Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Thattekere

2026-05-07T10:02:38Z

VetaPmc978: adding a data w/ refs - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tattekere
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
Village
| image_skyline = File:Thattekere Lake, Bannerghatta.jpg
| image_alt = Thattekere Lake
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.67209|N|77.57345|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Karnataka|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru South district|Bengaluru South]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]s
| parts = Kanakapura
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bengaluru
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tattekere''' is a village in [[Kanakapura]] taluk in [[Bengaluru South district]], 40 km away from [[Bengaluru]]. It had a population of 1,293 in 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/626412-thattekere-karnataka.html | title=Thattekere Village Population - Kanakapura - Ramanagara, Karnataka }}</ref> The village derives its name from a lake there which is a picnic spot, "tatte" means plate and "kere" means lake in native [[Kannada]] language.

A Mahadeshwara temple is there in the village on west side of the Tattekere lake, situated in elephant corridor of [[Bannerghatta National Park]] and it is a [[birdwatching]] place.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gaadi.com/cycles/news/5-places-to-cycle-near-bangalore | title=5 Places to cycle near Bangalore | access-date=29 March 2016 | archive-date=16 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416040112/http://www.gaadi.com/cycles/news/5-places-to-cycle-near-bangalore | url-status=dead }}</ref> Another tourist attraction [[Muthyalamaduvu]] is nearby.
<div style="float:right">[[File:Thattekere.jpg|thumb|upright=1.136|Forest in the background]]</div>

== References ==
{{commons category|Thattekere}}
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ramanagara district]]
[[Category:Lakes of Karnataka]]

W.i.S.H.

2026-05-06T19:38:46Z

VetaPmc978: adding some post added tags

{{Short description|Indian girl group}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=September 2025}}
{{Promotional|date=September 2025}}
{{Resume-like|date=September 2025}}
}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = W.i.S.H.
| image = W.i.s.h. official-20250814-0001.jpg
| image_upright =
| landscape = yes
| alt =
| caption = W.i.S.H. in July 2025 From Left to Right: Suchi, Zo, Sim and Ri
| origin = [[India]]
| genre = [[Indian pop|I-pop]] • [[Pop music|Pop]] • [[Disco]]
| years_active = 2024–present
| label = Bay Music House<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roach |first1=Brenessa |title=W.i.S.H: Indian Pop Girl Group Unveils Formation Story, New Hit "Therapy" & Ambitious Future Plans. [Exclusive Interview] |url=https://behindthebeat.ca/w-i-s-h-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=5 October 2024 |publisher=Behind The Beat |date=23 July 2024 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007095219/https://behindthebeat.ca/w-i-s-h-exclusive-interview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Sony Music India]]
| current_members = * Ri
* Sim
* Zo
* Suchi
| past_members =
| website = {{Official website|https://wish.bstage.in/}}
}}

'''WiSH''' (stylised as W.i.S.H.) is an Indian pop [[girl group]] formed and managed by Bay Music House. The group consists of four members: Ri, Sim, Zo, and Suchi. They debuted on 1 March 2024 with the [[Single (music)|single]] “Lazeez” which was part of their debut eight-track [[album]] ''Sweetburn''. The group incorporates a mix of [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]] lyrics, blending international pop music with elements of Indian traditional music.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2024-02-29 |title=Mikey McCleary's project W.I.S.H set to bring new pop star energy to India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/mikey-mcclearys-project-wish-set-to-bring-new-pop-star-energy-to-india/articleshow/108107244.cms |access-date=2024-03-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314071413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/mikey-mcclearys-project-wish-set-to-bring-new-pop-star-energy-to-india/articleshow/108107244.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBC-takeover">{{Cite web |last=Bobby |first=Harpal |date=22 March 2024 |title=W.i.S.H.: The Indian girl group aiming to take over the world |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-68594052 |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=March 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325122211/https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-68594052 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Srushti |date=2024-02-29 |title=Mikey McCleary introduces all-girl Indian-pop band, W.I.S.H, with the release of their debut music video today |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2024/Feb/29/mikey-mccleary-introduces-all-girl-indian-pop-band-wish-with-the-release-of-their-debut-music-video-today |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en |archive-date=March 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319220328/https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2024/Feb/29/mikey-mccleary-introduces-all-girl-indian-pop-band-wish-with-the-release-of-their-debut-music-video-today |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bijolia |first=Disha |date=2024-03-01 |title=Careful What You W.i.S.H. For: Get To Know The Newest Homegrown Girl Group |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-creators/careful-what-you-wish-for-get-to-know-the-newest-homegrown-girl-group |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Homegrown |language=en}}</ref>

== Name ==
W.i.S.H. is an [[acronym]] for the phrase "''World Inka Stage Hai'' " ({{langx|hi|वर्ल्ड इनका स्टेज है|translation=The world is their stage}}).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2025-08-12 |title=W.i.S.H. Breaks India’s 22-Year Girl Group Drought With Global Ambitions: ‘We Have a Spiciness and an Edge to Us’ |url=https://variety.com/2025/music/news/wish-india-girl-group-sweetburn-album-1236487193/ |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=August 14, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814151009/https://variety.com/2025/music/news/wish-india-girl-group-sweetburn-album-1236487193/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
===Pre-Debut activities===
Two years before their official debut under Dreampop Entertainment, Bay Music House, and [[Sony Music India]] in March 2024, all the members were collaborating to form a girl group.<ref name=":1" />

In 2024, [[Composer|music composer]] Mikey McCleary announced the formation of the all-girl I-pop group W.i.S.H.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gogoi |first=Monami |date=2024-04-08 |title=India's newest girl group W.i.S.H wants to disrupt K-pop market. They're I-pop ambassadors |url=https://theprint.in/feature/indias-newest-girl-group-w-i-s-h-wants-to-disrupt-k-pop-market-theyre-i-pop-ambassadors/2032160/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=May 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505133420/https://theprint.in/feature/indias-newest-girl-group-w-i-s-h-wants-to-disrupt-k-pop-market-theyre-i-pop-ambassadors/2032160/ |url-status=live }}</ref> McCleary stated that the project was conceived to bridge the gap between mainstream [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] music and India's independent music scene.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-29 |title=Mikey McCleary's project W.I.S.H set to bring new pop star energy to India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/mikey-mcclearys-project-wish-set-to-bring-new-pop-star-energy-to-india/articleshow/108107244.cms |access-date=2025-08-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Ri and Sim, who are sisters, previously performed together as the pop duo ''Simetri''. Ri is the leader of W.i.S.H.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=David |date=2019-09-24 |title=Meet Nexa Music Top 24 Artist: Simetri |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/meet-nexa-music-top-24-artist-simetri/ |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> Zo, was previously part of the musical duo Zoe & Urgen.<ref name=":0" /> She also appeared on the reality television series The Stage.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=David |date=2021-10-07 |title=See Zoe Siddharth Pick Herself Up in New Video For 'Chasing' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/see-zoe-siddharth-pick-herself-up-in-new-video-for-chasing/ |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> Suchi, previously worked in a production-house desk role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-20 |title=W.I.S.H — here's the rise of India's first all-GenZ girl band after 22 years - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/indias-first-all-girl-music-band-after-22-years-w-i-s-h-ri-zo-sim-and-suchi-mickey-mccleary-19399508.htm |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

McCleary contacted the members individually over a period of time, beginning with Ri, followed by Sim, Suchi, and Zo.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} Some were approached through prior professional associations, while others were invited after their performances or online content were noted by the production team.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gogoi |first=Monami |date=2024-04-08 |title=India's newest girl group W.i.S.H wants to disrupt K-pop market. They're I-pop ambassadors |url=https://theprint.in/feature/indias-newest-girl-group-w-i-s-h-wants-to-disrupt-k-pop-market-theyre-i-pop-ambassadors/2032160/ |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

===March 2024—December 2024: Debut with ''Lazeez, Galti, Therapy, Headrush, Boom Boom''===

Music composer [[Mikey McCleary]] launched the all-girl [[Indian pop|I-pop]] group W.i.S.H. in collaboration with [[Sony Music India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-29 |title=Mikey McCleary's project W.I.S.H set to bring new pop star energy to India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/mikey-mcclearys-project-wish-set-to-bring-new-pop-star-energy-to-india/articleshow/108107244.cms |access-date=2024-03-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> McCleary aims to fill the gap between the mainstream [[Bollywood music]] and [[Indie music]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Keswani |first=Pallavi |date=2024-03-19 |title=Mikey McCleary and his new girl group W.i.S.H. have ambitious plans for Indian pop music |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/mikey-mccleary-and-his-new-girl-group-wish-have-ambitious-plans-for-indian-pop-music/article67929960.ece |access-date=25 March 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Rajeev">{{Cite news |last=Rajeev |first=Vibha |date=2024-07-01 |title=WiSH going places with third single |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/wish-going-places-with-third-single/article68312599.ece |access-date=2024-07-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725125406/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/wish-going-places-with-third-single/article68312599.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

On March 1, 2024, W.i.S.H. debuted by performing and releasing their first [[Single (music)|single]], "Lazeez".

On September 23, 2024, the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) released the official theme song for the [[2024 ICC Women's T20 World Cup]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-09-23 |title='Whatever It Takes' - Official ICC Women's T20 World Cup 2024 event song launched |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/whatever-it-takes-official-icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2024-event-song-launched |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> The tournament's theme song, "Whatever It Takes," was written by W.i.S.H.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhabria |first=Vinay |date=24 September 2024 |title=Who is W.i.S.H.? 5 interesting facts about the Indian girl band in 2024 Women's T20 World Cup song |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/who-w-i-s-h-5-interesting-facts-indian-girl-band-2024-women-s-t20-world-cup-song |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Sportskeeda |archive-date=September 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925143549/https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/who-w-i-s-h-5-interesting-facts-indian-girl-band-2024-women-s-t20-world-cup-song |url-status=live }}</ref>

A rendition of [[Star/Boom Boom #W.i.S.H. version|Boom Boom]] originally performed by [[Nazia Hassan]] in 1982, was published by W.i.S.H. on December 13, 2024 and was produced by [[Mikey McCleary]] and Parth Parekh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2024 |title=Indian pop girl group W.i.S.H. revives Nazia Hassan's Boom Boom with contemporary twist |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/indian-pop-girl-group-gives-contemporary-twist-to-nazia-hassans-classic-track/cid/2071065 |access-date=6 January 2024 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Narain |first=Yatamanyu |date=18 December 2024 |title=W.i.S.H. Talks Live Performances, Rituals And Breaking Barriers: 'We Bring Girl Power To The Stage' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/w-i-s-h-talks-live-performances-rituals-and-breaking-barriers-we-bring-girl-power-to-the-stage-exclusive-9160555.html |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2025—present: ''Bolo Bolo, Sweetburn, Desi Girl'' ===
W.i.S.H. collaborated with rapper Panther from [[MTV Hustle]] for their track Bolo Bolo.

On August 10, 2025, W.i.S.H. released their first full album titled ''Sweetburn.''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narain |first=Yatamanyu |date=2025-08-11 |title=W.i.S.H Drops Debut Album Sweetburn, Blending Desi Glam With Global Pop Sounds {{!}} Deets Inside |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/w-i-s-h-drops-debut-album-sweetburn-blending-desi-glam-with-global-pop-sounds-deets-inside-ws-kl-9498290.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918144002/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/w-i-s-h-drops-debut-album-sweetburn-blending-desi-glam-with-global-pop-sounds-deets-inside-ws-kl-9498290.html |archive-date=September 18, 2025 |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=News18 |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Members==
* Ri (Riya Duggal)
* Sim (Simran Duggal)
* Zo (Zoe Siddharth)
* Suchi (Suchita Shirke)

== Influences ==
They draw musical influences from Indian musicians such as [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=David |date=2019-09-24 |title=Meet Nexa Music Top 24 Artist: Simetri |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/meet-nexa-music-top-24-artist-simetri/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US |archive-date=March 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320171811/https://rollingstoneindia.com/meet-nexa-music-top-24-artist-simetri/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Suchi has also mentioned admiration for [[Fifth Harmony]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Keswani |first=Pallavi |date=19 March 2024 |title=Mikey McCleary and his new girl group W.i.S.H. have ambitious plans for Indian pop music |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/mikey-mccleary-and-his-new-girl-group-wish-have-ambitious-plans-for-indian-pop-music/article67929960.ece |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In an interview with India Today on 21 May 2025, South Korean singer, songwriter, rapper, composer, and dancer [[Kino (singer)|Kino]], who was a member of the boy band [[Pentagon (South Korean band)|Pentagon]], stated that he would like to work with W.i.S.H.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Zinia |date=2025-05-21 |title=Ex-Pentagon member Kino wants to collaborate with W.i.S.H. Girl band reacts {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/music/story/ex-pentagon-k-pop-artist-kino-wants-to-collaborate-with-wish-girl-band-reacts-exclusive-2728196-2025-05-21 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Unable to follow the K-pop approach, the band is trying to create their own way.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Zinia |date=2025-05-01 |title=Exclusive: Girl group W.i.S.H wants to collaborate with Jungkook, Dua Lipa |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/music/story/wish-interview-exclusive-dream-collaboration-finishing-a-year-challenges-competing-with-k-pop-2717519-2025-05-01 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=July 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715003125/https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/music/story/wish-interview-exclusive-dream-collaboration-finishing-a-year-challenges-competing-with-k-pop-2717519-2025-05-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Discography==

===Albums===
* "Sweetburn" (2025) <ref>{{cite web|title=W.i.S.H Drops Debut Album Sweetburn, Blending Desi Glam with Global Pop Sounds | Deets Inside|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/w-i-s-h-drops-debut-album-sweetburn-blending-desi-glam-with-global-pop-sounds-deets-inside-ws-kl-9498290.html|access-date=August 11, 2025|archive-date=September 18, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918144002/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/w-i-s-h-drops-debut-album-sweetburn-blending-desi-glam-with-global-pop-sounds-deets-inside-ws-kl-9498290.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year!!Title!!Release date!!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}!!Album
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2024
|''Lazeez''
|1 March 2024
|
| rowspan="4" | Sweetburn
|-
|''Galti'' {{small|(ft. MxRZI)}}
|11 April 2024
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mazumdar |first=Ratnalekha |date=May 2, 2024 |title=The new all-girl music band W.iS.H is all set to breathe a lease of life into the indie pop music movement in India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/the-new-all-girl-music-band-w-is-h-is-all-set-to-breathe-a-lease-of-life-into-the-indie-pop-music-movement-in-india/cid/2017218 |access-date=May 5, 2024 |archive-date=May 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505132844/https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/the-new-all-girl-music-band-w-is-h-is-all-set-to-breathe-a-lease-of-life-into-the-indie-pop-music-movement-in-india/cid/2017218 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Therapy''
|7 June 2024
|<ref name="Rajeev" />
|-
|''Headrush''
|24 July 2024
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khatoon |first=Farah |date=2024-08-28 |title=Girl band W.i.S.H gives a ‘Headrush’ with their latest number |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/girl-band-w-i-s-h-gives-a-headrush-with-their-latest-number/cid/2042710 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009130625/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/girl-band-w-i-s-h-gives-a-headrush-with-their-latest-number/cid/2042710 |archive-date=October 9, 2024 |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=telegraphindia.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Whatever It Takes''
|23 September 2024
|<ref name=":3" />
|{{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
|''Boom Boom''
|13 December 2024
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2024 |title=Indian Pop girl group W.i.S.H. revives the classic track 'Boom Boom' with a contemporary twist |url=https://radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/241216-indian-pop-girl-group-wish-revives-the |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref>
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2025
|''[[Bolo Bolo]]'' {{small|(ft. Panther)}}
|11 July 2025
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Khushi |date=2025-07-11 |title=When Girl Power Meets Street Swagger: W.i.S.H. x Panther's "Bolo Bolo" Is Here |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/viral/2025/when-girl-power-meets-street-swagger-w-i-s-h-x-panther-s-bolo-bolo-is-here-469161.html |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="5" | Sweetburn
|-
|''Ishaare''
| rowspan="3" | August 2025
|-
|''Mere Aasmaan''
|-
|''Drameboss''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{YouTube|channel=UCsARLEe4mqifnRXRqfig7UQ}}
* {{allMusic}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:WiSH}}
[[Category:2024 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2024]]
[[Category:Indian girl groups]]
[[Category:Indian pop music groups]]

Puppy pregnancy syndrome

2026-05-05T07:14:59Z

VetaPmc978: Created New Pg

{{Short description|Culture-bound psychosomatic illness}}'''Puppy pregnancy syndrome''' ('''PPS''') is a [[psychosomatic]] illness in humans brought on by [[mass hysteria]]. Individuals suffering from PPS believe that shortly after being bitten by a dog, puppies are conceived within their abdomen.<ref name="Welle" /> This is said to be especially likely if the dog is [[Sexual arousal|sexually excited]] at the time of the attack.<ref name="Scientific">{{Cite web |last=Bering |first=Jesse |date=November 15, 2011 |title=Puppy Pregnancy Syndrome: Men Who Think They Are Pregnant with Dogs |url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/bering-in-mind/2011/11/15/puppy-pregnancy-syndrome-men-who-are-pregnant-with-dogs/ |access-date=March 26, 2013 |publisher=Scientific American}}</ref> Victims are said to bark like dogs and have reported being able to see the puppies inside them when looking at water or hear them growling in their abdomen.<ref name="Welle" /><ref name="Scientific" /><ref name="Radio">{{cite news |last=Achin |first=Kurt |date=March 26, 2012 |title=Bizarre Medical Myth Persists In Rural India |newspaper=Voice of America |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/bizarre-medical-myth-persists-in-rural-india-143818636/179310.html |access-date=March 26, 2013}}</ref> It is believed that the victims will eventually die – especially men, who will give birth to their puppies through the [[human penis|penis]].<ref name="Scientific" /><ref name="Radio" /> [[Witch doctors]] offer oral cures, which they claim will dissolve the puppies, allowing them to pass through the [[Human digestive system|digestive system]] and be [[Excretion|excreted]] "without the knowledge of the patient".<ref name="Welle" /><ref name="Scientific" /> The syndrome is thought to be localized in villages in several states of [[India]]. Some psychiatrists believe that PPS meets the criteria for a [[Culture-bound syndrome|culture-bound disorder]].

== Epidemiology ==
The syndrome is thought to be localized in villages in several states of [[India]], including [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], and [[West Bengal]], and has been reported by tens of thousands of individuals.<ref name="Welle">{{cite news | title = Medicine challenges Indian superstition | newspaper = Deutsche Welle World | date = December 31, 2012 | access-date = March 26, 2013|first=Shaikh Azizur |last=Rahman|url=http://www.dw.de/medicine-challenges-indian-superstition/a-16489334 }}</ref> It is far more prevalent in areas with little access to education.<ref name="Welle" /> Some psychiatrists believe that PPS meets the criteria for a [[Culture-bound syndrome|culture-bound disorder]].<ref name="Scientific" />

== Education ==
Doctors in India have tried to educate the public that this condition is impossible and a superstition.<ref name="Radio" /> Believing the condition may be dangerous, as a person may have become infected with [[rabies]] after a bite, and seeking witch doctor treatment can delay medical treatment.<ref name="Welle" /> Most sufferers are referred to [[psychiatric treatment|psychiatric service]]s, but in some instances patients fail to take anti-rabies medication before symptom onset, thinking that they are pregnant with a puppy and that folk medicine will cure them.<ref name="Welle" /><ref name="Scientific" /> This misbelief is further compounded by witch doctors who state that their medicine will fail if sufferers seek standard treatment.<ref name="Welle" />

==See also==
*[[Clinical lycanthropy]]
*[[Delusional parasitosis]]
*[[Superstition in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal|last1=Chowdhury|first1=A.N..|last2=Mukherjee|first2= Himadri |last3= Ghosh|first3= Kumar Kanti|last4= Chowdhury|first4= Shyamali|title=Puppy pregnancy in humans: a culture-bound disorder in rural West Bengal, India|journal=The International Journal of Social Psychiatry|date=March 2003|volume=49|issue=1|pages=35–42|pmid=12793514|doi=10.1177/0020764003049001536|s2cid=35796771}}

{{Superstitions}}

[[Category:Canid attacks]]
[[Category:Culture-bound syndromes]]
[[Category:Dogs]]
[[Category:Mass psychogenic illness in Asia]]
[[Category:Psychopathological syndromes]]
[[Category:Superstitions of India]]

Kamalpur, Assam Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T17:47:50Z

VetaPmc978: adding new pg first draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kamalpur
| constituency_no = 32
| type = SLA
| map_image = Kamalpur, Assam Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year =
| loksabha_cons = [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang–Udalguri]]
| district = [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
'''Kamalpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref><ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> Kamalpur forms part of the newly formed [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1951
| [[Mohendranath Deka]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 1957
| Sarat Chandra Goswami
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1962
| Sarat Chandra Goswami
|-
| 1967
| [[Lakshyadhar Choudhury|L. Choudhury]]
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 1972
| [[Girindra Choudhury]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1978
| [[Daibasakti Deka]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| 1983
| [[Mathura Deka]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 1985
| [[Maidul Islam Bora]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 1991
| [[Dr Hitesh Deka]]
| {{Full party name with color|Natun Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| 1996
| [[Maidul Islam Bora]]
| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| 2001
| rowspan=2|[[Uttara Kalita]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2006
|-
| 2011
| [[Jadab Chandra Deka]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 2016
| [[Satyabrat Kalita]]
| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| 2021
| rowspan=2|[[Diganta Kalita]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2026
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamalpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Satyabrat Kalita]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=55,006|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate|candidate=Ankur Das|party=[[Independent politician|Independent (BJP Rebel)]]|votes=31,940|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Diganta Kalita]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=74,455| percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19449|percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Diganta Kalita|loser=Satyabrat Kalita |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamalpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kishor Kumar Bhattacharyya]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes= 62,969| percentage=42.53|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Sisir Kumar Kakati | party=Social Unity Centre of India|votes=7,21|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Diganta Kalita]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=81,083| percentage=54.50|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,449|percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= BJP|loser= AGP |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamalpur<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Satyabrat Kalita
|votes = 78,170
|percentage = 57.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pranjit Choudhury
|votes = 41,261
|percentage = 30.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Matlebuddin Ahmed
|votes = 6,882
|percentage = 5.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Omar Rashid
|votes = 3,400
|percentage = 2.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Madhabi Deka
|votes = 1,840
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Harmohan Rajbongshi
|votes = 1,021
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = JMBP
|candidate = Ramen Mahanta
|votes = 650
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Saidur Rahman
|votes = 505
|percentage = 0.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rekibar Rahman
|votes = 441
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Sisir Kakati
|votes = 361
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 939
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 36,909
|percentage = 27.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,35,470
|percentage = 85.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,57,921
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Kamrup district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

A. R. R. Raghuraman

2026-05-04T07:32:34Z

VetaPmc978:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. R. R. Raghuraman
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2 May 2021
| term_end = 4 May 2026
| constituency = [[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
| party = [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = R. K. Ravichandhran
| successor =
}}

'''A. R. R. Raghuraman''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222104416/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC204.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC204.pdf|access-date= 28 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=sattur Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a204|access-date= 28 Apr 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://virudhunagar.nic.in/about-district/elected-representatives/ |access-date= 28 Apr 2022 |title=Virudhunagar District, Elected Representatives}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Sattur Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Sattur Assembly constituency|2021}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Sattur Assembly constituency|2016}}}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghuraman, A}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Sanghamitra Superfast Express

2026-05-03T16:34:05Z

VetaPmc978: adding new post w/ sources - done

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = BB00FF
| name = Sanghamitra Superfast Express
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale = [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Bihar]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1988|07|01}}
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru||SMVT Bengaluru}} (SMVB)
| stops = 33
| end = {{stnlnk|Danapur}} (DNR)
| distance = {{convert|2681|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 46 hours 25 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved.
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}} [[Broad Gauge]]
| trainnumber = 12295 / 12296
| speed = {{convert|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Sanghamitra Express (Patna - Bangalore) Route map.png|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12295 / 12296 '''Sanghamitra Superfast Express''' is a [[Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train that runs daily between the [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal]] in [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka and [[Danapur railway station]] in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Railways Train Enquiry, Insights & IRCTC eTicket booking - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/time-table/12295 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=www.railyatri.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=12295/Sanghamitra SF Express (PT) - SMVT Bengaluru to Danapur SWR/South Western Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-sanghamitra-sf-express-12295/1453/12827/601 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

This is the one and only daily train from Patna which connects Patna with [[Chennai]] and Bengaluru. It initially ran between {{stnlnk|Chennai Central}} to Patna, but in 2001 it was extended to [[Yeswanthpur]] in [[Karnataka]] and ran between Yeswantpur to Patna via Chennai Central.

It marks as the longest-running daily train of the South Western Railway Division. This train takes a total of 43 hours and 45 minutes to cover the 2681 km distance. Trains numbered 12295UP and 12296DN belong to the [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] category of Indian Railways.

In April 2024, railways started monitoring reserved compartments to prevent unauthorised occupancy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lalitha |first=S. |date=2024-04-30 |title=Railways sets up special teams for crowd control in reserved bogies |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Apr/30/railways-sets-up-special-teams-for-crowd-control-in-reserved-bogies |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> A stop at Bayappanahalli was proposed in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-01 |title=Soon, express trains will stop at Byappanahalli station of Bengaluru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/soon-express-trains-will-stop-at-byappanahalli-station/articleshow/63978526.cms |access-date=2026-03-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Relevance==
This train was named in honour of Sanghamitra, the daughter of [[Emperor Ashoka]], ruler of Patliputra, the present city of Patna, and the [[Mauryan Empire]]. This train is the longest daily superfast train of [[South Western Railway zone]].

==History==
This train used to run from {{stnlnk|Chennai Central}} every Tuesday and Thursday at 13:30. Then, in early 2001, the train's route was extended to the {{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}} departing at 7:00 on Tuesdays and Thursdays and running under the codes 6595/6596.

By 2013, the [[Patliputra–Yesvantpur Superfast Express]] route was created and ran on Fridays. It departed from [[Pataliputra]] and went to [[Yeswanthpur]]. This train, however, ran daily between the [[Bangalore City railway station|Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna Bengaluru City]] and Patna.

==Traction==
Earlier it was hauled by [[WDP-4B]], since The route is fully electrified, it is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram Loco Shed]] / [[Diesel & Electric Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapuram Loco Shed]] / [[Electric Loco Shed, Gomoh|Gomoh Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] and [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive from SMVT Bangaluru to Danapur.

==Timings==
*This train leaves SMVT Bengaluru daily at 9:20 AM, reaching Danapur at 7:40 AM on the third day.
*The train leaves Danapur daily at 20:15 to reach SMVT Bengaluru at 16:00 on the third day.

==Route and halts==
* '''{{stnlnk|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru||SMVT Bangaluru}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Krishnarajapuram}}
* {{stnlnk|Bangarapet Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jolarpettai Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Katpadi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Arakkonam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Perambur}}
* {{stnlnk|Gudur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nellore}}
* {{stnlnk|Ongole}}
* {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|khammam}}
* {{stnlnk|Warangal}}
* {{stnlnk|Ramagundam}}
* {{stnlnk|Balharshah Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Sewagram Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Katni Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Satna Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Chheoki Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Mirzapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Buxar}}
* {{stnlnk|Ara Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Danapur}}'''

==Coach composition==
The train has 1 AC First Cum AC Two Tier, 2 AC 2-Tier, 6 AC 3-Tier, 7 Sleeper class, 3 Second class, 2 Head-on Generator cars, 1 Pantry car and a HCP (High Capacity Parcel Van) (total of 23 LHB coach).

{| class"wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:brown;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:gold;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 21
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 22
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:pink;"| 23
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||HOG||SLR||GS||GS||S1||S2||S3||S4||S5||S6||S7||PC||B1||B2||B3||B4||B5||B6||A1||A2||HA1||GS||EOG
|}

== References ==
<references />

==See also==
*[[Ganga Kaveri Express]]
*[[Secunderabad–Danapur Express]]
*[[Udhna–Danapur Express]]
*[[Akal Takht Express|Akal Takth Express]]

==External links==
* https://web.archive.org/web/20140601030217/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/
* [http://indiarailinfo.com India Rail Info]

{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanghamithra Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1988]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]

Guna Caves

2026-05-02T10:58:28Z

VetaPmc978: added first pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|Cave in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{distinguish|Devil's Kitchen (cave)|Devil's Kitchen Sinkhole}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox cave
|name=Guna Caves
|alt_name=Devil's Kitchen
|location=Kodaikanal, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu
|discovery=1821 by B. S. Ward, a British officer
|access=restricted
|map=Tamil Nadu
|relief=1
|coords={{coord|10.2105|N|77.4614|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|photo=File:Guna cave.jpg
}}

'''Guna Caves''', initially named as '''Devil's Kitchen''', is a cave located in [[Kodaikanal]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-02-09 |title='Manjummel Boys' : Everything to know about The Guna Caves aka 'The Devil's Kitchen' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/everything-to-know-about-the-guna-caves-aka-the-devils-kitchen/articleshow/107549529.cms |access-date=2024-02-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224192316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/everything-to-know-about-the-guna-caves-aka-the-devils-kitchen/articleshow/107549529.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It attracts many visitors every year.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-04 |title=All About Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu's Scenic Hill Station |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/destinations/india/all-about-kodaikanal-tamil-nadus-scenic-hill-station |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224192715/https://www.outlooktraveller.com/destinations/india/all-about-kodaikanal-tamil-nadus-scenic-hill-station |url-status=live }}</ref> The location got the name Guna Caves after it was featured in the 1991 film ''[[Gunaa]]'' starring [[Kamal Haasan]]. Since the release of the film, the location has attracted a large number of visitors and tourists.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2024-03-06|title=Loved Malayalam Movie 'Manjummel Boys'? Here Is A Real-Life Guna Caves Rescue Story For You|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/originals/malayalam-movie-manjummel-boys-real-life-guna-caves-rescue-story-629150.html|access-date=2024-03-09|website=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN|archive-date=2024-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309000440/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/originals/malayalam-movie-manjummel-boys-real-life-guna-caves-rescue-story-629150.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, other movies were also shot there, including the climax of the Malayalam film ''[[Shikkar]]'' (2010),<ref>{{cite news |author1=TOI Entertainment Desk |title=When Mohanlal referred to Guna caves as 'Nature's mortuary' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-shikkar-guna-caves-natures-mortuary/articleshow/108101592.cms |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 February 2024 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229091823/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-shikkar-guna-caves-natures-mortuary/articleshow/108101592.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ഗുണ കേവിലിറങ്ങാൻ മോഹൻലാലും അനന്യയുമെടുത്ത റിസ്ക്: അനുഭവം പറഞ്ഞ് എം. പത്മകുമാർ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2024/02/29/mohanalal-ananya-guna-cave-shoot-experience-m-padmakumar-interview.html |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml |archive-date=2024-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302030541/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2024/02/29/mohanalal-ananya-guna-cave-shoot-experience-m-padmakumar-interview.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and another Malayalam film ''[[Manjummel Boys]]'' (2024), which was based on a real accident in the cave.<ref name=":0" />

The caves are notorious for its dangerous history as many people who entered to explore them have disappeared without a trace. As of 2016, police have recorded 16 disappearances in connection with the cave without bodies being retrieved. To date, only one person has ever escaped from the depths of the Guna caves, which serves as the central narrative for the 2024 [[Malayalam film]] ''[[Manjummel Boys]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Vannan |first=Gokul |date=2016-09-11 |title=Guna cave' in Kodai to be opened after 10 years |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/110916/guna-cave-in-kodai-to-be-opened-after-10-years.html |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223113641/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/110916/guna-cave-in-kodai-to-be-opened-after-10-years.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
The caves were allegedly first recorded in 1821 by British officer B.S. Ward, who named it Devil’s Kitchen, but remained in obscurity until the late 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Devil's Kitchen {{!}} Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/devils-kitchen |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Tamilnadu Tourism |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224192716/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/devils-kitchen |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1991, the caves and surrounding areas were the prime locations in the [[Kamal Haasan]] film ''[[Gunaa]]'', leading to its name and attracting more tourists.

Since then, multiple people have mysteriously disappeared after entering the caves, with authorities being unable to recover their bodies, including that of the nephew of a [[Union Council of Ministers|central minister]] in 1996. Some of the cases were supposedly suicide, while others were of tourists or locals who went in to explore the cave and fell into dangerous holes inside the caves.

From the early 2000s until 2016, the cave was closed to the public due to increasing numbers of disappearances. However, people ignored the warnings and continued to explore the place. As of police records in 2016, the holes in the cave has caused the death of at least 16 people who attempted to explore the cave.

In 2006, a group of friends from [[Manjummel]], Kochi, [[Kerala]] went to explore the caves as one among them named [[Guna Caves rescue|Subhash fell into a hole]]. Later he was rescued through efforts, mainly by his friend Siju David (Kuttan) and locals with the support of police. This incident is depicted in the 2024 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Manjummel Boys]]'' which had an even larger impact as the Guna Caves gained more popularity. Even though most of the portions were shot in a film set due to the risk element of shooting at the caves, some of the portions were shot in and around the caves and Kodaikanal.<ref name=":1"/>

As of 2024, the road to the cave was reopened to the public, but the entrance to the cave still remains closed for the safety of the tourists.<ref name=":2" />

==In popular culture==

List of films shot at Guna Caves:
{{static row numbers}}{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text hover-highlight" style="font-size: 100%"
|-
! class="unsortable" | Film
!Year
!Language
|-
| ''[[Gunaa]]''
| 1991
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Shikkar]]''
| 2010
|[[Malayalam]]
|-
| ''[[Manjummel Boys]]''
| 2024
| [[Malayalam]]
|-
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Roots of trees near Guna cave.jpg|Roots of trees near Guna cave
Guna cave Kodaikanal Harry 6.jpg|Guna cave Kodaikanal
Steps made up of wooden trunks at Guna cave Kodaikanal.jpg|Steps made up of wooden trunks at Guna cave Kodaikanal
GunaCaves,Kodaikanal.JPG|Guna Caves, Kodaikanal
Guna cave, Kodaikanal.jpg|Guna cave, Kodaikanal
Entrance of Guna cave.jpg|Entrance of Guna cave
Guna Cave.jpg|Guna Cave
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guna Cave}}
[[Category:Kodaikanal]]
[[Category:Caves of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Caves of India]]
[[Category:Caves of Asia]]

Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 13

2026-04-30T10:45:58Z

VetaPmc978:

{{Short description|Season of television series (2019)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 13
| image = Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13) Logo.png
| caption =
| bgcolour = #FA8072;
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Salman Khan]]
| num_days = 141
| num_contestants = 21
| winner = [[Sidharth Shukla]]
| runner_up = Asim Riaz
}}
| num_episodes = 139
| network = Colors TV
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|09|29}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2020|02|15}}
| episode_list =
}}

'''''Bigg Boss 13''''', also known as '''''Bigg Boss Tedha''''', is the thirteenth season of the Indian [[reality TV]] series ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]'' and premiered on 29 September 2019 on [[Colors TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-from-celebrity-line-up-premiere-date-to-new-house-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-upcoming-season/photostory/69559758.cms|title=Bigg Boss 13 premiere date, timing, celebrity line-up REVEALED|date=29 May 2019|work=The Times of India|access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref> [[Salman Khan]] hosted the season for the tenth time. The grand finale of the show took place on 15 February 2020, when [[Sidharth Shukla]] emerged as the winner and Asim Riaz as the runner-up. It is also one of the most watched and successful seasons ever. It had an average 2.1-2.5 TRP every week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-29 |title=Why Bigg Boss 13 was the most successful Bigg Boss ever. On Throwback Thursday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/why-bigg-boss-13-was-the-most-successful-bigg-boss-on-throwback-thursday-1736212-2020-10-29 |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Production==
This season it was revealed by the show makers that this season will only feature celebrity contestants, therefore declaring no commoners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-13-to-witness-major-makeover-no-commoners-this-time-1531661-2019-05-22|title=Bigg Boss 13 to witness major makeover. No commoners this time|date=22 May 2019 |publisher=India Today|access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref>

===Eye Logo===
The season featured a red eye logo with several fire flares coming out of it. The pupil of the eye was sky blue with a black lens in it.

===House===
House pictures were officially released on 23 September 2019; the House followed the theme of a "Bigg Boss Museum" and was located in [[Goregaon]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/a-sneak-peek-at-the-bigg-boss-house/articleshow/71245097.cms|title=Bigg Boss 13: A sneak peek at the redesigned house|work=The Times of India|date=23 September 2019 |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref> On Week 16, BB Jail was closed introducing BB Elite Club.

==Housemates status==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" style="background:#292929; color: #FFFFFF" |Sr
! scope="col" style="background:#292929; color: #FFFFFF" |Housemates
! scope="col" style="background:#292929; color: #FFFFFF" |{{nowrap|Day entered}}
! scope="col" style="background:#292929; color: #FFFFFF" |{{nowrap|Day exited}}
! scope="col" style="background:#292929; color: #FFFFFF" |Status
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1
| rowspan=2 | Sidharth S
| Day 1
| Day 71
| {{Quit|Hospitalized}}
|-
| Day 79
| Day 141
| {{won|Winner}}
|-
| 2
| Asim
| Day 1
| Day 141
| {{runner-up|last runner-up}}
|-
| 3
| Shehnaaz
| Day 1
| Day 141
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" | 2nd runner-up
|-
| rowspan="2" | 4
| rowspan="2" | Rashmi
| Day 1
| Day 34
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Day 40
| Day 141
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" | 3rd runner-up
|-
| 5
| Arti
| Day 1
| Day 141
| style="background:#FF69B4;" | 4th runner-up
|-
| rowspan="2" | 6
| rowspan="2" | Paras
| Day 1
| Day 68
| {{Quit|Walked}}
|-
| Day 75
| Day 141
| {{Quit|Walked, 5th runner-up}}
|-
| 7
| Mahira
| Day 1
| Day 137
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 8
| Vishal
| Day 43
| Day 127
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 9
| Shefali J
| Day 35
| Day 119
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 10
| Madhurima
| Day 65
| Day 111
| {{CRemoved|Ejected}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 11
| rowspan="2" | Shefali B
| Day 1
| Day 34
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Day 65
| Day 99
| style="background:#BFF000;" | Evicted by Housemates
|-
| rowspan="2" | 12
| rowspan="2" | Arhaan
| Day 35
| Day 49
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Day 65
| Day 92
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 13
| rowspan="2" | Devoleena
| Day 1
| Day 34
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Day 41

| Day 63
| {{Quit|Walked}}
|-
| Vikas G
| Day 70
| Day 87
| style="background:#D0A7F4;" | Duration Completed
|-
| 14
| Vikas P
| Day 35
| Day 77
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 15
| Himanshi
| Day 35
| Day 70
| style="background:#BFF000;" | Evicted by Housemates
|-
| 16
| Khesari
| Day 35
| Day 54
| style="background:#BFF000;" | Evicted by Housemates
|-
| 17
| Tehseen
| Day 35
| Day 42
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 18
| Siddhartha D
| Day 1
| Day 30
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 19
| Abu
| Day 1
| Day 22
| style="background:#BFF000;" | {{nowrap|Evicted by Housemates}}
|-
| 20
| Koena
| Day 1
| Day 14
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 21
| Dalljiet
| Day 1
| Day 13
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|}

== Housemates ==
The participants in the order of appearance and entered in house are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/siddharth-shukla-devoleena-bhattacharjee-confirmed-contestants-on-bigg-boss-13-2316413.html|title=Bigg Boss 13 Confirmed contestants|date=20 September 2019|publisher=News 18|access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref>

===Original entrants===
* [[Sidharth Shukla]] – Actor and model.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 July 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: 'Dil Se Dil Tak' Actor Sidharth Shukla To PARTICIPATE in Salman Khan's Show? |url=https://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-13-dil-se-dil-tak-actor-sidharth-shukla-to-participate-in-salman-khans-show-1036828 |website=ABP |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920192400/https://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-13-dil-se-dil-tak-actor-sidharth-shukla-to-participate-in-salman-khans-show-1036828 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 September 2019 |title=Meet Bigg Boss 13 contestant Sidharth Shukla |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-contestant-sidharth-shukla-profile-biography-photos-and-video-6027260/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> He was known for his role of Shiv in ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' and Parth Bhanushali in ''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]''
* Siddhartha Dey – Writer.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 October 2019 |title=Siddhartha Dey: Not many know I wrote the first two episodes of Bigg Boss Season 1 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-contestant-siddhartha-dey-6076060/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 midnight eviction: Siddhartha Dey is out of the house |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-13-midnight-eviction-siddhartha-dey-is-out-of-the-house-1613482-2019-10-29 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> He has written for many reality shows like ''[[Bigg Boss]]'', ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' and ''[[Indian Idol]]''.
* [[Paras Chhabra]] – Television actor, reality TV star and model.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 September 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Former 'Splitsvilla' Winner & TV Actor Paras Chhabra To Participate In Salman Khan's Reality Show? |url=https://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-13-mtv-splitsvilla-5-winner-tv-actor-paras-chhabra-reacts-on-participating-in-salman-khans-show-1074357 |website=ABP |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926223209/https://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-13-mtv-splitsvilla-5-winner-tv-actor-paras-chhabra-reacts-on-participating-in-salman-khans-show-1074357 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 October 2019 |title=Paras Chhabra: Told my girlfriend that any love story in Bigg Boss house will only be for three months |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/paras-chhabra-bigg-boss-13-contestant-journey-game-plan-girlfriend-6064158/ |access-date= |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> He participated in ''[[MTV Splitsvilla]] 5'' and became the winner in 2012.
* Abu Malik – Singer and brother of music director [[Anu Malik]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-contestant-abu-malik-profile-photos-and-videos/articleshow/71360637.cms|title=Bigg Boss 13 contestant: Abu Malik profile, photos, and videos|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 contestant Abu Malik: I can easily light up any dull moment |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-contestant-abu-malik-6074619/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> He acted in the film ''Pyaar Kiya Toh Darna Kya''.
* Asim Riaz – Model.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 contestant Asim Riaz: I'm here to win and not make friends |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-contestant-asim-riaz-6072219/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> He appeared in the 2014 film ''[[Main Tera Hero]]'' in a cameo appearance.
* Mahira Sharma – Television actress.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 August 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Naagin 3 Actress Mahira Sharma To Participate In Salman Khan's Show? |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-naagin-3-actress-mahira-sharma-to-participate-in-salman-khans-show-1057867 |website=ABP}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 October 2019 |title=Mahira Sharma: Want to emerge as the style icon of Bigg Boss 13 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mahira-sharma-want-to-emerge-as-the-style-icon-of-bigg-boss-13-6070422/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> She is known for her roles in ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 3]]'', ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]'' and ''[[Bepanah Pyaar]]''.
* [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]] – Television actress and dancer.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 May 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya actress Devoleena Bhattacharjee aka Gopi to participate in show |url=https://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-13-manikarnika-actress-ankita-lokhande-saathiya-actress-devoleena-bhattacharjee-approached-for-salman-khan-show-1001414 |website=ABP |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629010054/https://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-13-manikarnika-actress-ankita-lokhande-saathiya-actress-devoleena-bhattacharjee-approached-for-salman-khan-show-1001414 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=6 November 2019 |title=Rashami Desai and Devoleena Bhattacharjee to re-enter Bigg Boss 13 on Thursday |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/rashami-desai-and-devoleena-bhattacharjee-to-re-enter-bigg-boss-13-6105941/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> She is known for her role of Gopi Modi in ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''.
* [[Rashami Desai]] – Television and film actress.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Uttaran actress Rashami Desai to enter Salman Khan's reality show's house |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-uttaran-actress-rashami-desai-is-the-highest-paid-contestant-of-salman-khans-bb13-1081424 |access-date=4 December 2019 |website=ABP}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 September 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 contestant Rashami Desai: Excited and scared to interact with Salman Khan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-contestant-rashami-desai-excited-and-scared-to-interact-with-salman-khan-6040405/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> She is known for playing the roles of Tapasya in ''[[Uttaran]]'' and Shorvari in ''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]''.
* [[Shehnaaz Gill]] – Punjabi singer and actress.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 September 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Meet Shehnaaz Gill who called herself 'Punjab ki Katrina Kaif', left Salman Khan gushing |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-meet-shehnaaz-gill-who-called-herself-punjab-ki-katrina-kaif-left-salman-khan-gushing/story-VyVL8w9l64XSrEROj8pz9L.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 October 2019 |title=Shehnaaz Gill: Will never fake a relationship on Bigg Boss 13 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shehnaaz-gill-will-never-fake-a-relationship-in-bigg-boss-13-6068781/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> She has featured in the music video song "Yeh Baby" by [[Garry Sandhu]].
* Shefali Bagga – Journalist and television news anchor with the [[India Today]] group.
* [[Dalljiet Kaur]] – Television actress. She is known for her role of Anjali in ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]''.
* [[Koena Mitra]] – Film actress and model. She is known for appearing in the film ''[[Musafir (2004 film)|Musafir]]'' for the item song 'Saki Saki'.
* [[Arti Singh]] – Television actress. She is known for her role of Amba in ''[[Waaris (2016 TV series)|Waaris]]''.

===Wild card entrants===
* Vikas Pathak (also known as Hindustani Bhau) – Content creator.
* Tehseen Poonawalla – Lawyer and political analyst.
* [[Khesari Lal Yadav]] – Indian actor, singer, and model associated with [[Bhojpuri cinema]].
* [[Shefali Jariwala]] – Actress. She was known for her music video "Kaanta Laga".
* [[Arhaan Khan]] – Actor and model. He is known for his role of Rana Singh Ahlawat in ''[[Badho Bahu]]''.
* [[Himanshi Khurana]] – Punjabi singer and actor. She is known for acting in the Punjabi film ''[[Sadda Haq (film)|Sadda Haq]]''.
* [[Vishal Aditya Singh]] – Television actor. He is known for his roles in ''[[Begusarai (TV series)|Begusarai]]'', ''[[Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]'', ''[[Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala]]'' and participating in ''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 9]]''.
* [[Madhurima Tuli]] – Television and film actress. She is known for her roles in ''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]'', ''[[Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]'' and participating in ''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 9]]''.

===Guest entrants===
* [[Vikas Gupta]] – Producer and [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 11)|season 11]] finalist.<ref name="producer">{{cite web|url = http://www.india.com/showbiz/bigg-boss-11-contestant-vikas-gupta-take-a-look-at-the-lesser-known-facts-about-kaisi-yeh-yaariyan-fame-actor-and-producer-2508697/|title = Bigg Boss 11 contestant Vikas Gupta: All you Wanted to Know About the Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan Actor and Producer|date = 1 October 2017}}</ref> He entered as proxy of [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee|Devoleena]].

== Twists ==

This season featured various twists, following are few of the twists:

===Bed Friend Forever (BFF)===
On Launch Day before housemates entering the house, female housemate were given two options to choose from to be their BFF. Bigg Boss later announced that they have to abide by the rules and can not change their bed partners.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-day-1-synopsis-bed-friends-forever-changes-dynamics-in-the-house/articleshow/71379196.cms|title=Bigg Boss 13, Day 1 synopsis: Bed Friends Forever changes dynamics in the house |website=The Times of India|date=30 September 2019 |language=en|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" |Band Color
! scope="col" |Band 1
! scope="col" |Band 2
!Band 3
|-
| style="background:#E51F29; color:#FFFFFF;" |Red
|Mahira
|Asim
| –
|-
| style="background:orange" |{{Font colour|white|Orange}}
|Arti
|Paras
|Devoleena
|-
| style="background:yellow" |Yellow
|Rashami
|Sidharth
| –
|-
| style="background:green; color:#FFFFFF;" |Green
|Shefali
|Koena
| –
|-
| style="background:#2454E5" |{{Font colour|white|Blue}}
|Shehnaaz
|Siddhartha D
| –
|-
| style="background:#8F53EA" |{{Font colour|white|Violet}}
|Dalljiet
|Abu
| –
|}
Due to legal issues, this concept was canceled by Bigg Boss on Day 10.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/bigg-boss/article/after-outrage-bigg-boss-13-makers-revoke-bed-friends-forever-allow-contests-to-choose-their-own-partners/501380|title=After outrage, Bigg Boss 13 makers revoke 'bed friends forever'; allow contests to choose their own partners|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=8 October 2019 |language=en|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref>

===Sultani Akhada===
The season brought back the segment for the third time. Two housemates have to do physical tasks during the weekend ka vaar's with Salman Khan. There are two rounds. In the first round will be a debate between the two housemates and second will be a light wrestling match. Whoever succeeds these two rounds will be the winner and will get a power. It ended after week eight.
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; font-family: sans-serif; line-height:13px;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Weeks
! style="width: 5%;" | 1
! style="width: 5%;" | 2
! style="width: 5%;" | 3
! style="width: 5%;" | 4
! style="width: 5%;" | 5
! style="width: 5%;" | 6
! style="width: 5%;" | 7
! style="width: 5%;" | 8
|-
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 7
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 13
| rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |N/A
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 34
| rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |N/A
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 55
|- style="background:#5DADEC;" |
! Participants for Sultani Akhada
| {{nowrap|Siddhartha Sidharth}}
| Mahira {{nowrap|Shefali B}}
| Asim Paras Sidharth
| Himanshi Shehnaaz
|- style="background:#FFFF99;" |
! Winner
| '''Sidharth'''
| '''Mahira'''
| '''Asim'''
| '''Himanshi'''
|}
</blockquote>

=== BB Elite Club ===

In week 16, Bigg Boss announced about BB Elite Club whose members will get some special privileges and power to save themselves from being nominated for any one week before the finale week.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; font-family: sans-serif; line-height:13px;"
! style="width: 5%;" | Weeks
! style="width: 5%;" | 16
! style="width: 5%;" | 17
! style="width: 5%;" | 18
! style="width: 5%;" | 19
|- style="background:#5DADEC;" |
! Contenders
| Asim Shehnaz
| Arti Rashami Mahira
|Sidharth Asim Paras Mahira
|Shehnaz Arti Rashami Paras Mahira
|- style="background:gold;" |
! Elite Club Member
| '''Asim'''
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''{{nowrap|No Elite Club}} Member''
|'''Sidharth'''
|'''Rashami'''
|-
!Ref.
|<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-asim-riaz-becomes-the-first-contestant-to-get-bb-elite-club-membership-1142033|title=Bigg Boss 13: Asim Riaz Becomes The First Contestant To Get 'BB Elite Club' Membership!|date=14 January 2020|website=news.abplive.com|language=en|access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/bigg-boss-13-hina-khan-announces-there-no-elite-club-winner-week-200122|title=Bigg Boss 13: Hina Khan announces that there is no Elite Club winner this week|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en|access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-is-sidharth-shukla-the-new-member-to-join-the-elite-club/articleshow/73638325.cms|title=Bigg Boss 13: Is Sidharth Shukla the new member to join the 'Elite Club'? |website=The Times of India|date=26 January 2020 |language=en|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>
|
|}

=== Connection Week ===

In Week 18 (Only for Week 18), Bigg Boss announced that connections of housemates will come to play with their connections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-connection-week-himanshi-khurana-shefali-jariwala-vikas-gupta-kashmera-shah-6237851/|title=Bigg Boss 13 connection week: Himanshi, Devoleena, Vikas and Shefali back in the house|date=27 January 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-13-devoleena-vikas-gupta-and-himanshi-khurana-to-re-enter-the-house-1640669-2020-01-27|title=Bigg Boss 13: Devoleena, Vikas Gupta and Himanshi Khurana to re-enter the house|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=31 January 2020|agency=Ist}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text"

|-
| style="background:#FF6F62" |{{Font colour|Black|'''Housemates'''}}
| style="background:#FF6F62" |{{Font colour|Black|'''Connection Name'''}}
| style="background:#FF6F62" |{{Font colour|Black|'''Connection'''}}
|-
| Rashami
| Devoleena
| Friend
|-
| Sidharth
| Vikas G
| Friend
|-
| Asim
| Himanshi
| Girlfriend
|-
| Arti
| Kashmera
| Sister-in-law
|-
| Paras
| Shefali J
| Friend
|-
| Vishal
| Kunal
| Brother
|-
| Mahira
| Akash
| Brother
|-
| Shehnaaz
| Shehbaz
| Brother
|}

==Guest appearances==
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;font-size:85%; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; width:100%;"
|- style="background:#FF6F62; text-align:center"
! width=2% |Week(s)
! width=2% |Day(s)
! width=15% | Guest(s)
! width=30% | Notes
! width=1% | Ref
|-
! rowspan="7" |'''First Day First Show'''
! rowspan="7" |Day 0
| [[Krushna Abhishek]]
| To support sister Arti Singh
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/heres-how-bigg-boss-13-contestant-arti-singh-prepared-for-her-opening-act-with-brother-krushna-abhishek-see-bts-video/articleshow/71375018.cms|title=Here's how Bigg Boss 13 contestant Arti Singh prepared for her opening act with brother Krushna Abhishek; see BTS video|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Neha Kakkar]]
| rowspan="3" | To support friend Siddhartha Dey
| rowspan=6 |<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2019 |title=Everything you should know about Bigg Boss 13 premiere |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-launch-episode-highlights-6040225/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|-
| [[Farah Khan]]
|-
| Rashmi Singh
| To support his [[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya|''Saathiya'']] co-star Devoleena Bhattacharjee
|-
| [[Anu Malik]]
| To support brother Abu Malik
|-
| [[Amaal Mallik]]
| To support uncle Abu Malik
|-
! rowspan="5" |'''Week 1'''
!Day 1
|[[Ameesha Patel]]
|As the Owner of the House
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Day 7
| [[Hina Khan]]
| To bring task for housemates
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-hina-khan-makes-contestants-emotional-tells-them-to-choose-between-groceries-or-their-loved-ones-messages/articleshow/71459363.cms|title=Bigg Boss 13: Hina Khan makes contestants emotional; tells them to choose between groceries or their loved ones messages|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sanaya Irani]]
| To support friend Dalljiet Kaur
| rowspan=3 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-brother-krushna-abhishek-advises-arti-singh-to-fight-back/articleshow/71467027.cms|title=Bigg Boss 13: Brother Krushna Abhishek advises Arti Singh to fight back|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ankita Lokhande]]
| To support friend Rashami Desai
|-
| [[Krushna Abhishek]]
| To give a message to Arti Singh
|-
! rowspan="3" |Week 2
! rowspan="3" |Day15
| [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
| To promote ''[[Motichoor Chaknachoor]]''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-sunil-grover-and-haarsh-make-some-fun-and-give-some-intresting-task-nawaz-judge-it-priyank-sharma-give-housemates-task-in-which-they-had-to-cross-on-the-face-of-their-target-housemate-from-red-color-messages/articleshow/71459363.cms|title=Bigg Boss 13: sunil grover and haarsh make some fun and give some interesting task nawaz judge it priyank sharma give housemates task in which they had to cross on the face of their target housemate from red color|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-arti-rashmi-perform-apple-task-/articleshow/71467027.cms|title=Bigg Boss 13: arti and rashmi perform apple task|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-siddharth-shukla-asim-sid-dey-paras-perform-cake-cherry-task/articleshow/71467027.cms|title=Bigg Boss 13: sid shukla asim sid dey paras perform the cake and cherry task|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sunil Grover]] and [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa|Haarsh Limbachiya]]
| To show his orchestra/magic and to conduct Ration Task
|-
| Priyank Sharma
| To promote his show ''Bigg Buzz'' which is related to ''Bigg Boss'' and to give housemates a task
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|Week 3
! rowspan="2" | Day 21
| [[Taapsee Pannu]] and [[Bhumi Pednekar]]
| To promote ''[[Saand Ki Aankh]]''
|
|-
| [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Mouni Roy]] and [[Boman Irani]]
| To promote [[Made In China (2019 film)|''Made In China'']]
|
|-
! rowspan=4 |Week 4
! rowspan=4 |Day 28
| [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]]
| rowspan="3" | To perform some ''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra]]'' tasks
|
|-
| [[Aditya Narayan]]
|
|-
| [[Kitchen Champion|Garvit Parekh]]
|
|-
| [[Dhinchak Pooja]]
|To promote her song ''References''
|
|-
! rowspan="5" |Week 5
! Day30
| [[Farah Khan]]
| As a judge in the task
|
|-
! Day31
| [[Karishma Tanna]]
| As queen in a task
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Day34
| [[Gauhar Khan]]
| rowspan="2" |As quality control expert to ask questions to evicted contestants
|
|-
| [[Sanjay Dutt]]
|
|-
| [[Ayushman Khurana]], [[Yami Gautam]] and [[Bhumi Pednekar]]
| To promote [[Bala (2019 film)|''Bala'']]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Week 6
! rowspan="4" |Day 41
| [[Gautam Gulati]]
| As Vivo Caller of the Week
|
|-
| [[Sooraj Pancholi]]
| To promote ''[[Satellite Shankar]]''
|
|-
| [[Riteish Deshmukh|Ritesh Deshmukh]]
| rowspan="2" |To promote ''[[Marjaavaan]]''
|
|-
| [[Sidharth Malhotra]]
|
|-
! rowspan="6" |Week 8
! rowspan="6" |Day 57
| [[Jay Bhanushali]] (Sidharth's friend)
| rowspan="5" |To interact with [[Salman Khan]] about the housemates
|
|-
| [[Mahhi Vij]] (Rashami's friend)
|
|-
| [[Parag Tyagi]] (Shefali Jariwala's husband)
|
|-
| [[Akanksha Puri]] (Paras's girlfriend)
|
|-
| Umar Riaz (Asim's brother)
|
|-
| [[Rannvijay Singha]]
| For special task
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Week 9
! rowspan="3" |Day 63
| [[Ananya Panday]]
| rowspan="3" |To promote [[Pati Patni Aur Woh (2019 film)|''Pati Patni Aur Woh'']]
|
|-
| [[Kartik Aaryan]]
|
|-
| [[Bhumi Pednekar]]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Week 10
! rowspan="4" |Day 70
| [[Nia Sharma]], [[Vijayendra Kumeria]] and [[Jasmin Bhasin]]
| To promote [[Naagin (2015 TV series)|''Naagin- Bhagya Ka Zehreela Khel'']]
|
|-
|[[Rani Mukherji]]
|To promote ''[[Mardaani 2]]''
|
|-
| [[Prabhu Deva]], Saiee Manjrekar, [[Sonakshi Sinha]], [[Kiccha Sudeep]]
| To promote ''[[Dabangg 3]]''
|
|-
|[[Kiara Advani]]
|To promote ''[[Good Newwz]]''
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Week 11
! rowspan="4" |Day 77
| [[Kamya Punjabi]]
| rowspan="3"| For special task
|
|-
| [[Hiten Tejwani]]
|
|-
| Gaurav Desai (Rashami's brother)
|
|-
| [[Sunil Grover]]
| To interact with housemates
|
|-
! Week 12
! Day 84
| [[Mallika Sherawat]]
| For special task
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Week 13
! Day 88
| [[Jay Bhanushali]], [[Rubina Dilaik]], [[Arjun Bijlani]], [[Jasmin Bhasin]], [[Nimrit Kaur Ahluwalia]]
| For [[Christmas|Christmas Celebration]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-jasmin-bhasin-is-jealous-of-shehnaz-confesses-about-a-similar-bond-with-sidharth-shukla-in-the-past/articleshow/72967065.cms|title=Jasmin Bhasin is jealous of Shehnaz|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
!Day 90
|[[Rohit Shetty]]
|To sort out differences between [[Sidharth Shukla]] and Asim Riaz
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-rohit-shetty-enters-the-house-to-sort-out-differences-between-sidharth-shukla-and-asim-riaz/articleshow/73003581.cms|title=Bigg Boss 13: Rohit Shetty enters the house to sort out differences between Sidharth Shukla and Asim Riaz |website=The Times of India|date=28 December 2019 |language=en|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
!Day 91
|[[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]]
|OMG Task
|
|-
! rowspan="6" |Week 14
!Day 92
|[[Sunny Leone]]
|For [[Salman Khan|Salman Khan's]] special birthday surprise
|
|-
! Day 93
|[[Vijayendra Kumeria]], [[Jasmin Bhasin]], [[Pearl V Puri]], [[Ishita Dutta]], [[Nimrit Kaur Ahluwalia]], [[Avinesh Rekhi]], [[Mahima Makwana]], Akshit Sukhija, [[Meera Deosthale]], [[Namish Taneja]]
| For [[New Year's Eve]] celebration
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-13-episode-91-highlights-housemates-ring-in-new-year-with-a-bang-1633049-2020-01-01|title=Bigg Boss 13 Episode 91 highlights: Housemates ring in New Year with a bang|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=1 January 2020|agency=Ist}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" |Day 98
|[[Ajay Devgn]]
| rowspan="2" |To promote ''[[Tanhaji]]''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-ajay-devgn-and-kajol-hunt-for-jodi-no1-of-the-house|title=Bigg Boss 13: Ajay Devgn and Kajol hunt for Jodi no.1 of the house|website=Latest Indian news, Top Breaking headlines, Today Headlines, Top Stories at Free Press Journal|language=en|access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kajol]]
|-
|[[Kangana Ranaut]]
| rowspan="2" |To promote [[Panga (film)|''Panga'']]
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-13-salman-khan-kangana-ranaut-play-kabaddi-2446225.html|title=Bigg Boss 13: Salman Khan, Kangana Ranaut Play Kabaddi|website=News18|access-date=6 January 2020|date=5 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jassi Gill]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |Week 15
! rowspan="2" |Day 103
|[[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]]
| rowspan="2" |For Comedy Club Task
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thegoaspotlight.com/2020/01/08/bigg-boss-13-haarsh-limbachiyaa-to-hit-grand-entry-at-home-what-will-be-the-new-wild-card-entry/|title=Bigg Boss 13: Haarsh Limbachiyaa to hit grand entry at home, what will be the new wild card entry! – The Goa Spotlight|language=en-US|access-date=9 January 2020|archive-date=9 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109045151/http://thegoaspotlight.com/2020/01/08/bigg-boss-13-haarsh-limbachiyaa-to-hit-grand-entry-at-home-what-will-be-the-new-wild-card-entry/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Paritosh Tripathi
|-
!Day 105
|[[Deepika Padukone]]
----[[Vikrant Massey]]
----[[Chhapaak|Lakshmi Aggarwal]]
|To promote ''[[Chhapaak]]'' and to take Vishal, Shehnaaz, Arti, Madhurima, Shefali outside for a long drive
----To promote ''[[Chhapaak]]''
----To complete the new year wishes of the contestants
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rdduentertainment.com/deepika-padukone-on-the-sets-of-bigg-boss-13-for-chhapaak-promotions/|title=Deepika Padukone on the sets of Bigg Boss 13 for Chhapaak Promotions|date=11 January 2020|website=RDDU ENTERTAINMENT|language=en|access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="15" | Week 16
!Day 106
|[[Hina Khan]]
|For Elite Club Task
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Day 109
| [[Krushna Abhishek]](Arti's brother)
| rowspan="8" |To meet the housemates
|-
| Sanya Sharma (Mahira's mother)
|-
| Santokh Singh Sukh(Shehnaaz's father)
|-
| [[Parag Tyagi]](Shefali Zariwala's husband)
|-
! rowspan="4" |Day 110
| Umar Riaz (Asim's Brother)
|-
| Rita Shukla (Sidharth's mother)
|-
| Ruby Chabra (Paras's mother)
|-
| Rashami's niece and nephew
|-
! rowspan="6" |Day 112
|[[Kartik Aaryan]]
| rowspan="2" |To promote [[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|''Love Aaj Kal'']]
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-13-promo-sara-ali-khan-kartik-aaryan-give-hilarious-twist-to-sidharth-shukla-shehnaaz-gill-sidnaz-chemistry-580972|title=Bigg Boss 13 Promo: Sara Ali Khan, Kartik Aaryan give hilarious twist to Sidharth, Shehnaaz's chemistry|date=19 January 2020|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sara Ali Khan]]
|-
|[[Karan Singh Grover]]
| rowspan="3" |For Special Task
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[Vindu Dara Singh]]
|-
|[[Gautam Gulati]]
|-
|Siddharth Dey and Abu Malik
| For a fun task
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/showbiz/bigg-boss-13-weekend-ka-vaar-former-contestants-abu-malik-sidharth-dey-enter-the-house-for-fun-segment-3915102/|title=Bigg Boss 13 Weekend ka Vaar: Former Contestants Abu Malik, Sidharth Dey Enter The House For Fun Segment|date=19 January 2020|website=India.com|language=en|access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="10" |Week 17
! Day 113
| [[Hina Khan]]
| For Elite Club Task
|-
! rowspan="9" |Day 119
|[[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|To promote ''[[Happy Hardy and Heer]]''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-himesh-reshammiya-exposes-rashami-desai-in-front-of-the-housemates-asks-her-to-bring-the-tea-she-had-hidden/articleshow/73609362.cms|title=Bigg Boss 13: Himesh Reshammiya exposes Rashami Desai in front of the housemates; asks her to bring the tea she had hidden |website=The Times of India|date=25 January 2020 |language=en|access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Varun Dhawan]]
| rowspan="7" |To promote ''[[Street Dancer 3D]]''
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/salman-khan-colors-tv-bigg-boss-13-weekend-ka-vaar-day-117-full-episode-preview|title=Bigg Boss 13: Varun-Shraddha Get the Contestants to Shake a Leg|date=26 January 2020|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Shraddha Kapoor]]
|-
|[[Remo D'Souza]]
|-
|[[Raghav Juyal]]
|-
|[[Punit Pathak]]
|-
|[[Salman Yusuff Khan]]
|-
|Sushant Pujari
|-
|[[Saif Ali Khan]] & [[Alaya Furniturewala]]
|To promote ''[[Jawaani Jaaneman]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thelivemirror.com/saif-ali-khan-salman-khans-shoes-bb-13-jan-2020/|title=Bigg Boss 13: Saif Ali Khan to step into Salman Khan's shoes?|date=24 January 2020|website=The Live Mirror|language=en-US|access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="11" |Week 18
! rowspan="11" |Day 126
|[[Disha Patani]]
| rowspan="4" |To promote [[Malang (film)|''Malang'']]
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Citation|title=Malang Star Cast on The Sets of Bigg Boss 13 {{!}} Disha Patani, Aditya Roy Kapur, Kunal Khemu| date=February 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5XrjRGiNuo|language=en|access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Aditya Roy Kapur]]
|-
|[[Kunal Khemu]]
|-
|[[Anil Kapoor]]
|-
|[[Hina Khan]]
|To promote [[Hacked (film)|''Hacked'']]
|
|-
|[[Dhvani Bhanushali]]
|To promote her song ''Na Ja Tu''
|
|-
|[[Himanshi Khurana]]
| rowspan="5" |Connections have came to support their favourite contestants
| rowspan="5" |
|-
|[[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]]
|-
|[[Vikas Gupta]]
|-
|[[Shefali Jariwala]]
|-
|Shehbaz Badesha
|-
! rowspan="8" |Week 19
! rowspan="8" |Day 133
|[[Shilpa Shetty]]
| rowspan="3" |To promote ''[[Nikamma]]''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/tv/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-13-shilpa-shetty-yoga-class/|title=Bigg Boss 13: Shilpa Shetty takes yoga class; housemates struggle to hold a pose {{!}} Bollywood Bubble|date=8 February 2020|website=www.bollywoodbubble.com|language=en|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Shirley Setia]]
|-
|[[Abhimanyu Dassani]]
|-
|[[Adnan Sami]]
|To promote his single ''Tu Yaad Aya''
|
|-
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
| rowspan="3" |To promote ''[[Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan]]''
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[Neena Gupta]]
|-
|[[Jitendra Kumar]]
|-
|[[Rajat Sharma]]
|To conduct his segment ''[[Aap Ki Adalat]]'' with the host
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/saas-bahu-aur-suspense/rajat-sharma-grills-contestants-in-bigg-boss-13-588292|title=VIDEO: Rajat Sharma grills contestants in Bigg Boss 13|website=www.indiatvnews.com|date=12 February 2020 |language=en|access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Week 20
!Day 135
|[[Rajat Sharma]]
|To conduct his segment ''[[Aap Ki Adalat]]'' with the housemates
|
|-
!Day 137
|[[Vicky Kaushal]]
|For final eviction and to promote ''[[Bhoot – Part One: The Haunted Ship]]''
|
|-
! rowspan="8" |Grand Finale
! rowspan="8" |Day 141
|[[Harbhajan Singh]] and [[Mohammed Kaif]]
| Special appearance
|
|-
|[[Sunil Grover]]
| Special appearance
|
|-
|[[Rohit Shetty]]
| rowspan="6" |To promote ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 10]]''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/television-news/bigg-boss-13-rohit-shetty-to-announce-top-3-finalists-after-paras-chhabra-arti-singh-s-eviction-184819.html|title=Bigg Boss 13: Rohit Shetty to announce top 3 finalists after Paras Chhabra, Arti Singh's eviction|website=CatchNews.com|date=14 February 2020 |language=en|access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Karishma Tanna]]
|-
|[[Adaa Khan]]
|-
|[[Tejasswi Prakash]]
|-
|Balraj Syal
|-
|[[Karan Patel]]
|}

==Weekly summary==
The main events in the house are summarised in the table below. A typical week began with nominations, followed by the shopping task, and then the eviction of a housemate during the Sunday episode. Evictions, tasks, and other events for a particular week are noted in order of sequence.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:20px;"
|-
! rowspan="9" style="width: 6%;" | Week 1
| colspan="2" | '''Entrances''' ||On Day 1, [[Sidharth Shukla|Sidharth S]],<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Meet Balika Vadhu fame Sidharth Shukla |url=https://twitter.com/ColorsTV/status/1178333446155882501 |website=Twitter}}</ref> Siddharth D,<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Meet the writer Siddharth Dey |url=https://twitter.com/ColorsTV/status/1178333375389523968 |website=Twitter}}</ref> [[Paras Chhabra|Paras]],<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Meet the sanskaari playboy Paras Chhabra |url=https://twitter.com/ColorsTV/status/1178334661753196545 |website=Twitter}}</ref> Abu,<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Meet the crazy Abu Malik |url=https://twitter.com/ColorsTV/status/1178335500047802368 |website=Twitter}}</ref> Asim,<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Meet the young hot model from Kashmir, Asim Riaz |url=https://twitter.com/ColorsTV/status/1178342659812839424 |website=Twitter}}</ref> Mahira,<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Meet the stylish Mahira Sharma |url=https://twitter.com/ColorsTV/status/1178338405358260225 |website=Twitter}}</ref> [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee|Devoleena]],<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Meet the bahu bani babe Devoleena Bhattacharjee |url=https://twitter.com/ColorsTV/status/1178342084538814464 |website=Twitter}}</ref> [[Rashami Desai|Rashami]],<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Meet everyone's favourite Rashami Desai |url=https://twitter.com/ColorsTV/status/1178345313393709056 |website=Twitter}}</ref> Shefali B,<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Meet the feisty Shefali Bagga |url=https://twitter.com/colorstv/status/1178350835052343296 |website=Twitter}}</ref> [[Shehnaaz Gill|Shehnaaz]],<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Meet the punjabi kudi Shehnaaz Gill |url=https://twitter.com/ColorsTV/status/1178351387014393856 |website=Twitter}}</ref> [[Dalljiet Kaur|Dalljiet]],<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Meet the sweet Anjali, Dalljiet Kaur |url=https://twitter.com/ColorsTV/status/1178356036291321856 |website=Twitter}}</ref> [[Koena Mitra|Koena]]<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Meet the saki saki girl Koena Mitra |url=https://twitter.com/ColorsTV/status/1178364013823971328 |website=Twitter}}</ref> and [[Arti Singh|Arti]]<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2019 |title=Bigg Bosss 13: Meet the sherni Arti Singh |url=https://twitter.com/ColorsTV/status/1178368679647432704 |website=Twitter}}</ref> entered the house.
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Nominations''' ||For the first nomination of the season, each female housemate had a heart-shaped cushion with their picture on it. The female housemates had to give that cushion to one male housemate whom they felt they had a connection with, while male housemates had to break the female contestants' hearts whom they thought they didn't have a connection with and put them straight to nominations. As a result, Devoleena, Rashami, Shefali B, Koena & Dalljiet were nominated for this week's nomination.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 September 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Devoleena Bhattacharjee & Six Other Contestants Get Nominated For Eviction In First Week! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-nominations-devoleena-bhattacharjee-rashami-desai-koena-mitra-dalljiet-kaur-shefali-bagga-get-nominated-for-eviction-in-first-week-1084845 |website=ABP}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Tasks'''||
* '''BB Hospital''': whoever wins this task will become a queen for the first week and will control bathrooms. The house is divided into two – A and B. Team A includes Sidharth Shukla, Rashami Desai, Aarti Singh, Siddhartha Dey, Asim Riaz, and Koena Mitra while Team B has Shenaz Gill, Mahira Sharma, Devoleena Bhattacharjee, Shefali Bagga, Dalljiet Kaur, and Paras Chabbra. Abu Malik is the Dean of the hospital and has to moderate the task. Team A will be patients in the hospital and Team B will be medical staff, patients can't walk, and staff will take them via wheelchair. When the operation theater light is on, two staff members will be called and they will be told about illness and remedy for it. Staff will choose two patients and start applying those remedies on them. If patients get up from their chairs before lights go off then staff will get 2 points but if they don't get up then they won't. Dean will decide about points. They can use other stuff of the house.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Paras Chhabra Tortures Sidharth Shukla In 'BB Hospital' Task; Arti Singh Breaks Down After Shefali Bagga's Personal Comments! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-paras-chhabra-to-torture-sidharth-shukla-in-first-luxury-budget-task-bb-torture-arti-singh-breaks-down-after-shefali-baggas-personal-comments-video-1084781 |website=ABP}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 3 PREVIEW: 'Bigg Boss' House Turns Into A Hospital |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-day-3-episode-4-preview-bigg-boss-house-turns-into-a-hospital-1084930 |website=ABP}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 3 written update: Rashami Desai cries as she watches Sidharth Shukla get tortured |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-day-3-written-update-episode-3-october-2-rashami-desai-cries-as-she-watches-sidharth-shukla-get-tortured/story-s8Sy5nrMAGsySTmQBX8TYJ.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 3 written updates: BB house turns into a hospital |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/bigg-boss-13-day-3-written-updates-bb-house-turns-into-a-hospital-2238146.html |website=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=3 October 2019|title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 3, written update: Rashami and Arti break down seeing inhuman treatment to Sidharth|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-day-3-written-update-rashami-and-arti-break-down-seeing-inhuman-treatment-on-sidharth/articleshow/71414430.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Netizens Praise Sidharth Shukla & Koena Mitra; Slam Shefali Bagga For Personal Attack! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-netizens-impressed-by-sidharth-shukla-slam-shefali-bagga-for-personal-attack-1085211 |website=ABP}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Paras Chhabra, Devoleena Bhattacharjee & Team Wins First Luxury Budget Task 'BB Hospital'! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-paras-chhabra-devoleena-bhattacharjee-team-wins-first-luxury-budget-task-bb-hospital-1085380 |website=ABP}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 4 written update: Shefali Bagga is the villain of the house, fights with Devoleena Bhattacharjee |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-day-3-written-update-episode-4-october-3-shefali-bagga-is-the-villain-of-the-house-fights-with-devoleena-bhattacharjee/story-8sqglqHkc9idI4wsL7ixmM.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Written Update, October 3, 2019: Devoleena Bhattacharjee fails to be Queen; Shefali receives flak |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bigg-boss-13-october-3-2019-written-update-devoleena-bhattacharjee-fails-be-queen-shefali-receives-flak-477708 |website=PINKVILLA}}</ref>
*'''Ration Task''': All housemates will have to transfer ration items by mouth. If items fall down, They cannot claim it
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (BB Hospital) – Team B'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (BB Hospital) – Team A'''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Reward''' ||
* Housemates got their food after successfully completing the ration task
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Notes'''
|
* Since the Winning Team couldn't decide who will be the Queen, there will be no Queen.
* Season 11 first runner up, [[Hina Khan]] entered as a guest for a task which is called BB Supermarket. Each contestant will got in the activity area and will be asked to either pick an item for the ration or hear messages from their loved ones.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: 'Bigg Boss 11' Runner-Up Hina Khan To Grace First 'Weekend Ka Vaar'; Posts PICS With Salman Khan! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-kasautii-zindagii-kay-actress-hina-khan-to-grace-first-weekend-ka-vaar-posts-pictures-with-salman-khan-1086515 |website=ABP}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Twists''' ||
:* '''Report Card:''' The female housemates had to give a black ring to a male contestant who they feel is least deserving.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 5 PREVIEW: Sweet Revenge! Girls Get Back At Boys By Nominating Them |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-day-5-episode-6-preview-girls-get-to-nominate-boys-mahira-sharma-shenaz-gill-fight-over-paras-chhabra-1086087 |website=ABP}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Exits'''||
* There was no eviction in the first week
|-
! rowspan="8" |Week 2
| colspan="2" | '''Nominations''' ||
* For the second nomination of the season, there were two windows in the garden area. A male contestant will have to nominate one female contestant and save the other one<ref>{{cite web |date=7 October 2019 |title='Bigg Boss 13' Day 8 PREVIEW: Second Week In A Row Girls Face The Brunt Of Nominations |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-day-8-episode-9-preview-second-week-in-a-row-girls-face-the-brunt-of-nominations-in-bigg-boss-house-1087536 |website=ABP}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Episode 8 highlights: Girls get nominated, Sidharth nominates Rashami |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-13-episode-8-highlights-girls-get-nominated-sidharth-nominates-rashami-1607133-2019-10-08 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 8 Written Updates: Sidharth Shukla Chooses Arti Singh Over Rashami Desai to Save From Nominations |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-13-day-8-written-updates-siddharth-chooses-arti-over-rashami-to-save-from-nominations-2337527.html |website=News18}}</ref>

As a result; Shehnaaz, Rashami, Dalljiet and Koena were nominated.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Rashami Desai, Koena Mitra, Shehnaaz Gill, Dalljiet Kaur nominated for eviction |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-rashmi-desai-koena-mitra-shenaaz-gill-dalljiet-kaur-nominated-for-eviction/story-fr91aJq59d7mDZ6PmnMsKP.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Tasks'''||
:* '''Rani No. 1:''' All girls are queens. A male contestant will have to bring their respective favourite queen so that the female contestant will break another housemate's pot to take them out of the task.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 October 2019 |title='Bigg Boss 13' Day 9 PREVIEW: Ugly Fight Between Rashami-Sidharth; Hunt For Rani No. 1 Begins! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-day-9-episode-10-preview-hunt-for-rani-no-1-begins-ugly-fight-between-rashami-desai-sidharth-shukla-1088030 |website=ABP}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 October 2019 |title='Bigg Boss 13' Episode 10 Preview: 'Rani No 1' fight continues with Koena Mitra, Arti Singh, and real groupism emerges |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/photo-gallery-bigg-boss-13-episode-10-preview-rani-no-1-fight-continues-with-koena-mitra-arti-singh-and-real-groupism-emerges-2795893 |website=DNA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss Season 13: Koena Mitra & Paras turn masterminds during Rani No 1 task; Shehnaaz Gill to seek revenge |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bigg-boss-13-koena-mitra-paras-turns-masterminds-during-rani-no-1-task-shahnaz-gill-seek-revenge-478577 |website=PINKVILLA |access-date=23 December 2020 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107175735/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bigg-boss-13-koena-mitra-paras-turns-masterminds-during-rani-no-1-task-shahnaz-gill-seek-revenge-478577 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 11 highlights: Devoleena Bhattacharjee wins Rani No 1 task, becomes queen of house |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-day-11-highlights-devoleena-bhattacharjee-wins-rani-no-1-task-becomes-queen-of-house-7476101.html |website=Firstpost}}</ref>
:* ''' BB Fishery:''' The task name is ‘BB Fishery’. All 5 guys have their pools and there are 10 fish in a pool, The guys have to clean their pools and put their fish in someone else's pool, at the end of the task, the boy who has the least fish in his pool will win the task and others will be nominated. Girls will have their fish baskets and when the ship bell rings, two girls will come forward and put their fish in the guy's pool whom they want to nominate. As Devoleena is a queen, she will get two fish baskets and she will have to finish both baskets in one pool only, Devoleena will be the guardian of the task and has to make sure that there are no fish out in the pool at the end of the task.
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" | '''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Rani Task) – Devoleena'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Rani Task) – Rest of contestants'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (BB Fishery) – Sidharth S'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (BB Fishery) – Abu, Asim, Siddharth D & Paras'''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Twists''' ||
:'''Report Card'''
* The female housemates were each given a black ring. They then, have to give their respective rings to a male housemate who they feel is not deserving to stay in the house. But the one who has the most rings will get nominated for eviction next week.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsxset.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13/bigg-boss-13-day-11-episode-11-october-9-2019-written-updates-live-report-card-task-will-get-into-war-of-words-paras-wastes-eggs-for-curry|title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 11 Episode 11 October 10, 2019, written updates: Paras Chhabra gets four black rings in Report card task, is he in danger?|date=10 October 2019|access-date=23 December 2020|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107174027/https://www.newsxset.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13/bigg-boss-13-day-11-episode-11-october-9-2019-written-updates-live-report-card-task-will-get-into-war-of-words-paras-wastes-eggs-for-curry|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Exits''' ||
* On Day 13, [[Dalljiet Kaur]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Weekend Ka Waar written update day 13, October 12: Dalljiet Kaur eliminated, Mahira Sharma wins power card |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-weekend-ka-waar-written-update-day-13-october-12-dalljiet-kaur-eliminated-mahira-sharma-wins-power-card/story-Hjtup4si3kNVjkKfLVaXmN.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
* On Day 14, [[Koena Mitra]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Weekend Ka Waar written update day 14, October 13: Koena Mitra evicted, Salman Khan declares Sidharth Shukla as Rashami's slave |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-weekend-ka-waar-written-update-day-14-october-13-koena-mitra-evicted-salman-khan-declares-sidharth-shukla-as-rashami-s-slave/story-Ut1Ok0qeP7KL5TkyZWvw1K.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="6" |Week 3
| colspan="2" | '''Nominations'''||
* There will be a double eviction this week also, one will be a boy and one will be a girl. The boys nominated are Abu, Paras, Siddharth D, and Asim. The task is for the girls.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 day 15 preview: Devoleena Bhattacharjee tackles Shefali Bagga in an intense fight for tijori task |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-day-15-preview-devoleena-bhattacharjee-tackles-shefali-bagga-in-an-intense-fight-for-tijori-task/story-j5bYptYwlOgPBPYEgBC6LI.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 15 Written Update: Queen Of The House Devoleena Finds Herself In A Tough Spot |url=https://www.spotboye.com/television/television-news/bigg-boss-13-day-15-written-update-queen-of-the-house-devoleena-finds-herself-in-a-tough-spot/5da4884c87fb571eff7e27c2 |website=Spotboye}}</ref>

As a result; Abu, Asim, Mahira, Paras, Rashami & Siddhartha D were nominated.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 15 Written Updates: Rashami Desai, Mahira Sharma, Roshni Kaur Nominated for Eviction |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-13-day-15-written-updates-rashami-desai-mahira-sharma-nominated-for-eviction-2346077.html |website=News18}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#BFFF00;" |House Queen
!Devoleena
|-
| '''Tasks'''
| '''Finale Task''' ||
:'''BB Toy Factory'''

* Abu will be in charge. BB will give them orders from time to time, the team who completes it first will win. The team that completes more orders will win the task and one girl from their team will have a chance to win a ticket to the finale.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 PROMO: Devoleena Bhattacharjee gets aggressive during the BB Toy Factory task; WATCH |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bigg-boss-13-devoleena-bhattacharjee-gets-aggressive-during-bb-toy-factory-task-watch-479900 |website=PINKVILLA |access-date=23 December 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108191016/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bigg-boss-13-devoleena-bhattacharjee-gets-aggressive-during-bb-toy-factory-task-watch-479900 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss Season 13: After BB Hospital, Bigg Boss cancels the Toy Factory task as well? |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bigg-boss-13-after-bb-hospital-bigg-boss-cancels-toy-factory-task-well-480166 |website=PINKVILLA |access-date=23 December 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108035703/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bigg-boss-13-after-bb-hospital-bigg-boss-cancels-toy-factory-task-well-480166 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;" | ''BB Toy Factory was cancelled by Bigg Boss''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Punishments''' ||
:'''Jail'''

* Bigg Boss has opened a jail; where every week contestants will need to nominate two or three inmates they think were breaking the rules, least deserving or worst performers of the recent tasks. They all nominate Sidharth S & Shehnaaz.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Written Update, October 17, 2019: Shehnaaz Gill And Sidharth Shukla Land Behind Bars In The House |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-written-update-october-17-2019-day-19-latest-episode-shehnaaz-gill-and-siddharth-shukla-2118622#:~:text=After%20a%20heated%20discussion%20and,jail%20till%20the%20next%20announcement. |website=NDTV}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Exits''' ||
* On Day 23, Abu Malik was evicted from the house after facing the housemates' vote.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Written Update, October 21, 2019: Abu Malik Gets Evicted On 'Somvaar Ka Vaar' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-written-update-october-21-2019-abu-malik-gets-evicted-on-somvaar-ka-vaar-2120494#:~:text=In%20tonight's%20episode%20of%20'Somvaar,Malik's%20eviction%20from%20the%20house. |website=NDTV}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" style="width: 6%;" | Week 4
| colspan="2" | '''Entrances''' ||
* On Day 28, Hindustani Bhau, [[Khesari Lal Yadav]] & Tehseen Poonawalla entered as first, second & third wild card entrants in the secret room.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 27 highlights: Vikas Pathak, Tehseen Poonawalla enter the house as wild card contestants |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-day-27-highlights-vikas-pathak-tehseen-poonawalla-enter-the-house-as-wild-card-contestants-7565381.html |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 27 Written Updates: Khesari Lal Yadav enters the house |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/bigg-boss-13-day-27-written-updates-khesari-lal-yadav-enters-the-house-2242698.html |website=Zee News}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Nominations''' ||
:'''Rose Day'''

* Male contestants will get to protect themselves from nominations by grabbing a rose and giving it to a girl of their choice. The girl who gets it will have the power to nominate one boy. The girl who gets the rose in 3rd round is safe from elimination.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 22: Contestants Take Part in 'Rose-Day' Task |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/salman-khan-colors-tv-bigg-boss-13-day-22-episode-preview |website=Quint}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 day 22 written updates: Rose-day twist in nominations turns tables inside the house |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/bigg-boss-13-day-22-written-updates-rose-day-twist-in-nominations-turns-tables-inside-the-house-2241685.html |website=Zee News}}</ref>
:'''Reader:''' Paras
As a result; Devoleena, Mahira, Paras, Rashami, Shefali B, Shehnaaz, Siddharth D & Sidharth S were nominated.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Written Update October 22, 2019: Rashami Desai, Sidharth Shukla, Devoleena Bhattacharjee and others Are Nominated Along With Paras Chhabra |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-written-update-october22-2019-day-24-latest-episode-rashami-desai-siddharth-shukla-are-2121079 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
|-
| '''Tasks'''
| '''Main Task''' ||
:'''Seedhi Saanp Task'''

* One person who will win this task will be able to save themselves from nominations and take the place of safe people right now (Asim and Arti). Nominated inmates will keep making their ladders using their clay when dice roll plays, the referee will announce the one who has the biggest ladder at that time, and that inmate will roll the dice and move a pawn on the board as per the number on the rolled dice. Arti will tell whose snake is bigger and that person will be able to go on the board and bring any inmate's pawn down. Arti will be a referee of this task too, inmates have to protect their ladders and snakes from others.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title='Bigg Boss 13' Day 23: Snakes & Ladders Task Endangers Contestants |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/salman-khan-colors-tv-bigg-boss-13-day-23-episode-preview |website=Quint}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 25 highlights: Snake and Ladder task gets cancelled; all housemates nominated for eviction |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-day-25-highlights-snake-and-ladder-task-gets-cancelled-all-housemates-nominated-for-eviction-7552801.html |website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;" | ''Seedhi Saanp task was cancelled after poor behaviour and physical violence by Devoleena, Sidharth S and Paras''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Exits''' ||
* There was no eviction this week.
|-
! rowspan="11" style="width: 6%;" | Week 5
| colspan="2" | '''Entrances''' ||
* On Day 30, [[Shefali Jariwala]] entered as the fourth wild card entrants in the secret room.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 preview, October 30: Shefali Jariwala to enter as the wild card, Rashami Desai and Arti Singh fight over Sidharth Shukla |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-preview-october-30-shefali-jariwala-to-enter-as-wild-card-rashami-desai-and-arti-singh-fight-over-sidharth-shukla/story-CAlApGwARtoDOK0SnK10lK.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
* On Day 35, [[Himanshi Khurana]] & [[Arhaan Khan]] entered as the fifth and sixth wild card entrants. Shefali J, Khesari & Tehseen entered the main house too.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 November 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Written Update, November 3, 2019: Wild cards enter the house; Arti Singh is the first captain |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bigg-boss-13-november-3-2019-written-update-wild-cards-enter-house-arti-singh-first-captain-483521 |website=PINKVILLA}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Nominations''' ||
* All contestants were nominated for the first finale.
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''Tasks'''
| '''Main Task''' ||
: '''BB Home Delivery'''

* Mahira and Paras became the winners hence they both became the first two finalists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bigboss13/bigg-boss-13-day-30-oct-30-bigg-boss-announces-bb-home-delivery-task-shefali-zariwala-enter-wild-card-contestant-1502816023.html|title=Bigg Boss 13, Day 30, Oct 30: Bigg Boss announces 'BB Home Delivery' task; Shefali Zariwala to enter as wild card contestant|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=30 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=31 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Written Update October 30, 2019: Sidharth Shukla Snubbed During Home Delivery Task |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-written-update-october-30-2019-day-32-latest-episode-sidharth-shukla-snubbed-during-tas-2124859 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
|-
| '''Luxury Budget Task''' ||
:'''Maharani Karishma's task'''

* Season 8 runner-up [[Karishma Tanna]] entered the house as the Maharani to assign a new task for the contestants. She is the dictator and has to choose two guards that will protect the necklace on her statue that is placed in the garden. Other inmates will be her workers and will follow her orders but they have to keep trying to get that necklace to win the task.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Written Update, October 29, 2019: Siddharth Dey gets eliminated; Karishma Tanna graces the house |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bigg-boss-13-october-29-2019-written-update-siddharth-dey-gets-eliminated-karishma-tanna-graces-house-482550 |website=PINKVILLA}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" | '''Winner (BB Home Delivery) – Paras & Mahira'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (BB Home Delivery) – Other Contestants'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Maharani Task) – Devoleena & Sidharth S'''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Reward''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Twists''' ||
* Bigg Boss asks the contestants to tell who does not deserve to be here in the house.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 November 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Weekend Ka Vaar highlights: Arti Singh becomes first-ever opposing captain |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-13-weekend-ka-vaar-highlights-arti-singh-becomes-first-ever-opposing-captain-1630557-2019-12-22 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Bigg Boss had said that this was a task to announce the captain where Arti wins and becomes the new captain for next week.
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Punishments''' ||
:'''Jail'''

* Bigg Boss asked the contestants to choose three candidates who they want to put in jail. They choose Asim & Sidharth S.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 October 2019 |title=Sidharth Shukla, Asim Riaz Sent to Jail in Bigg Boss 13! |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/sidharth-shukla-asim-riaz-sent-to-jail-in-bigg-boss-13_156399 |website=Indiaforums}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Exits''' ||
* On Day 30, Siddharth Dey was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 October 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Written Update October 29, 2019: Siddharth Dey Gets Evicted From The Show |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-written-update-october-29-2019-day-31-latest-episode-siddharth-dey-gets-evicted-from-th-2124341 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
* On Day 34, [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]], [[Rashami Desai]] & Shefali Bagga were evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 November 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Weekend Ka Vaar written update: Shefali, Rashami, Devoleena get evicted, Gauahar calls out Shefali Jariwala's sexist comment |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-weekend-ka-vaar-written-update-shefali-rashami-devoleena-get-evicted-gauahar-calls-out-shefali-jariwala-s-sexist-comment/story-WOrxTcujuxZUxROYKi6DcK.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="10" style="width: 6%;" | Week 6
| colspan="2" | '''Entrances''' ||
* On Day 42, [[Vishal Aditya Singh]] entered as the seventh wild card entrants.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 November 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Weekend Ka Vaar written update: Siddharth reminds Rashami they weren't married in real life, Vishal Singh is new wild card entry |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-weekend-ka-vaar-written-update-siddharth-reminds-rashami-they-weren-t-married-in-real-life-vishal-singh-is-new-wild-card-entry/story-K73U1PH3rGE1P6BXgH94XL.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
* On Day 39, [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]] & [[Rashami Desai]] re-entered as contestants.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 November 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 day 38 written update episode 38 November 7: Rashami and Devoleena enter the house to change equations, Sidharth wants to stay away from Arti |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-day-38-written-update-episode-38-november-7-rashami-and-devoleena-enter-the-house-to-change-equations-sidharth-wants-to-stay-away-from-arti/story-mXcJSLwQ3xG6a7ChrRcZ2I.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Nominations''' ||
* Wild Card Entrants will nominate two old contestants and the others have to do the same. As a result; Arhaan, Mahira, Paras, Shefali J, Shehnaaz, Sidharth S & Tehseen get nominated.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 November 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 November 4, 2019 Written Update: Shefali, Arhaan, Tehseen and others get nominated |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bigg-boss-13-november-4-2019-written-update-shefali-arhaan-tehseen-and-others-get-nominated-483775#:~:text=Advertisement-,Bigg%20Boss%2013%20November%204%2C%202019%20Written%20Update%3A%20Shefali%2C,getting%20nominated%20by%20the%20housemates. |website=PINKVILLA}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''Tasks'''
| '''Main Task''' ||
:'''BB Transport Service'''

* There will be a truck and inmates will load the things from the godown. Paras and Asim will be the referees of the task too. When the shutter of the godown opens, both teams will bring the items to their tables and put a stamp on them.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Synopsis, Day 36: Paras Chhabra, Mahira Sharma and Sidharth Shukla get into a fight during task |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bigg-boss-13-synopsis-day-36-paras-chhabra-mahira-sharma-and-sidharth-shukla-get-fight-during-task-483974 |website=PINKVILLA }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=6 November 2019 |title='Bigg Boss 13' Episode 37 Preview: Asim Riaz backstabs Aarti Singh; Shehnaaz Gill, Vikas Bhau get into fight |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/photo-gallery-bigg-boss-13-episode-37-preview-asim-riaz-backstabs-aarti-singh-shehnaz-gill-hindustani-bhau-get-into-fight-2800440 |website=DNA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bigboss13/bigg-boss-13-day-38-nov-07-team-asim-wins-bb-transport-task-rashami-devoleena-enter-house-1502819160.html|title=Bigg Boss 13, Day 38, Nov 07: Team Asim wins 'BB Transport Task'; Rashami, Devoleena enter house|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=7 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| '''Captaincy Task''' ||
* For captaincy, all inmates will vote and will put a stamp of rejection on the person whom they don't want to make captain. The one with fewer votes will win.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-day-41-highlights-shefali-jariwala-becomes-house-captain-arhaan-joins-rashami-in-targeting-sidharth-shukla-10006030|title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 41 Highlights: Shefali Jariwala becomes house captain, Arhaan joins Rashami in targeting Sidharth Shukla|date=9 November 2019}}</ref> Whilist Shefali J got seven votes; Himanshi got five votes hence Shefali became the captain.
:'''Reader:''' Paras
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (BB Transport Service) – Team Asim'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (BB Transport Service) – Team Paras'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Captaincy Task) – Shefali J'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Captaincy Task) – Himanshi'''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Punishments'''||
* Shehnaaz was nominated for one week for disobeying Bigg Boss Orders
* Sidharth S was nominated for two weeks for physical violence.
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Exits''' ||
* On Day 41, Tehseen Poonawalla was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 November 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13, November 9 Weekend Ka Vaar Written Update: Tehseen Poonawalla Gets Evicted; Salman Khan Supports Sidharth Shukla Over Mahira Sharma |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-november-9-weekend-ka-vaar-written-update-tehseen-poonawalla-gets-evicted-salman-khan-supports-siddharth-shukla-over-mahira-sharma-3837298/ |website=India.com}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="9" |Week 7
| colspan="2" | '''Nominations'''||
* There are two phone booths in the garden area. Bigg Boss will send two inmates from time to time and they can talk to each other for 15 minutes, person who puts the phone down first will be nominated and other will be safe. If both the inmates don't put the phone down after 15 minutes then both will become nominated. Devoleena was nominated by captain Shefali J.
As a result; Arhaan, Arti, Asim, Devoleena, Himanshi, Khesari, Mahira, Paras, Shehnaaz, Sidharth S & Vishal were nominated.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 November 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 42 Written Updates: Paras Nominates Himself To Save Rashami; Himanshi, Devoleena and others also nominated |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-13-day-42-written-updates-paras-nominates-himself-to-save-rashami-2383405.html#:~:text=The%20contestants%20nominated%20for%20eviction,Khurana%2C%20Vishal%20and%20Arhaan%20Khan.&text=Share%20this%3A,every%20contestant%20in%20a%20fix. |website=News18}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''Tasks'''
| '''Main Task''' ||
: '''Rakshas Task'''
* There are caves made in the garden. Inmates will have to be afraid of the demons. Asim, Vishal, and Arhaan will be the demons and others will be villagers. When the buzzer plays, the demon that comes out of their cave first will be able to break the plate of one inmate. That inmate will be out of the captaincy race. At the end of the task, whoever has their plate safe will become the contender for captaincy and the demon which has broken the most plates will become the contender too.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 November 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 day 44 written update episode 44 November 13: Sidharth Shukla fights with Asim Riaz and Arti Singh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-day-44-written-update-episode-44-november-13-sidharth-shukla-fights-with-asim-riaz-and-arti-singh/story-kGgIVIN4GUxwcXTBFw9uPL.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bigboss13/bigg-boss-13-day-44-nov-13-vishal-paras-mahira-devoleena-compete-captaincy-task-1502821805.html|title=Bigg Boss 13, Day 44, Nov 13: Vishal, Paras, Mahira and Devoleena to compete for captaincy task|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=14 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| '''Luxury Budget Task'''||
* There will be two teams in the task. There are two houses in the garden, you have to make the house and paint the papers for the house. Teams will try to stop each other from making the house. Two persons from both the teams will make the house at a time. Shefali will judge the task too, the team which makes the house more will win the task and the luxury budget items.
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" | '''Winner (Rakshas Task) – Paras, Devoleena, Mahira & Vishal'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Rakshas Task) – Other contestants'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"| ''No task and captain as the contenders were breaking the rules''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Reward'''||
* Asim and Sidharth S got a reward after winning the pollution task and was gifted a present.
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Punishments''' ||
:'''Jail'''

* Bigg Boss asked the contestants to choose two candidates who they want to put in jail. They all choose Mahira and Paras.
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Exits''' ||
* On Day 49, [[Arhaan Khan]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 November 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 weekend ka vaar day 48 written update: Salman Khan evicted Arhaan Khan from the show |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-weekend-ka-vaar-day-48-written-update-salman-khan-evicted-arhaan-khan-from-the-show/story-cIh5CKFp1qJJRu9aV9RD8O.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="9" |Week 8
| colspan="2" | '''Nominations'''||
* Inmates have to save two contestants from facing eviction. As a result; Arti, Devoleena, Khesari, Rashami, Sidharth S got nominated.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 November 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 49 Written Updates: Sidharth,Arti, Devoleena, Rashami Nominated for Eviction |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-13-day-49-written-updates-sidharth-arti-devoleena-rashami-nominated-for-eviction-2391987.html#:~:text=On%20day%2049%2C%20as%20per,if%20others%20don't%20stop. |website=News18}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''Tasks'''
| '''Main Task''' ||
:'''Shehnaaz Ki Shaadi'''

* Vikas P is a landlord, this house is his property, his daughters are Shehnaaz and his wife is Rashami. Shehnaaz is a spoilt brat, romantic and is very naughty. Sidharth S and Paras like her, Shehnaaz is confused about them. Whoever becomes the groom for Shehnaaz will win. At the end of the task, the winning groom's family will be a part of captaincy task.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 November 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 50 Written Updates: Sidharth, Paras Compete to Woo Shehnaaz |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-13-day-50-written-update-sidharth-paras-compete-to-woo-shehnaz-2393371.html |website=News18}}</ref>
|-
| '''Captaincy Task'''||
* All contenders – Vikas P, Shehnaaz, Sidharth S & Himanshi; will hold on to a frame and people who lose the grip will be out of the task. The one standing in the last will become the captain. Shefali J will be the judge of the task, the task will start as soon as the instructions are over.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 November 2019 |title=BB 13: Himanshi Becomes The New Captain of House |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/bb-13-himanshi-becomes-the-new-captain-of-house_157323 |website=Indiaforums}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" | '''Winner (Shehnaaz Ki Shaadi Task) – Paras (it was later changed to Sidharth's team)'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Shehnaaz Ki Shaadi) – Sidharth S (after Paras lost as his team couldn't decide)'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Captaincy Task) – Himanshi'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Captaincy Task) – Vikas P, Shehnaaz & Sidharth S'''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Punishments''' ||
:'''Jail'''

* Bigg Boss asked the contestants to choose three candidates who they want to put in jail.
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Exits''' ||
* On Day 54, [[Khesari Lal Yadav]] was evicted from the house after facing the housemates vote.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 November 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 55 Highlights: Khesari Lal Yadav evicted, Himanshi Khurrana becomes house captain |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-day-55-highlights-khesari-lal-yadav-evicted-himanshi-khurrana-becomes-house-captain-after-getting-hit-by-sidharth-10006414#:~:text=What%20came%20as%20a%20shock,voting%20in%20favour%20of%20him. |website=Jagran}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="13" |Week 9
| colspan="2" | '''Nominations'''||
* They have to nominate two inmates for eviction. As a result; Vikas P, Asim, Himanshi, Paras, Rashami & Shefali J were nominated.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 November 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Episode 56 highlights: Mahira, Shehnaaz, Paras, Shefali, Vikas get nominated |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-13-episode-56-highlights-mahira-shehnaaz-paras-shefali-hindustani-bhau-get-nominated-1622665-2019-11-26 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | '''Tasks'''
| '''Main Task''' || rowspan="2" |
:'''BB College'''

* Sidharth became new captain after his scooter was the only clean one.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 November 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Synopsis, Day 57: Sidharth Shukla, Hindustani Bhau to turn teachers in BB College task |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bigg-boss-13-synopsis-day-57-sidharth-shukla-hindustani-bhau-turn-teachers-bb-college-task-488420 |website=PINKVILLA |access-date=23 December 2020 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107105226/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bigg-boss-13-synopsis-day-57-sidharth-shukla-hindustani-bhau-turn-teachers-bb-college-task-488420 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 November 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Written Update November 27, 2019: Sidharth Shukla Becomes The Captain Of The House (Again) |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-written-update-november-27-2019-day-60-latest-episode-sidharth-shukla-becomes-the-capta-2139781 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
|-
| '''Captaincy Task'''
|-
| '''Luxury Budget Task''' ||

|-
| '''Other Tasks'''
|
* There was a hit TV show named ''[[Dil Se Dil Tak (TV series)|Dil Se Dil Tak]]''. Bigg Boss wants to re-create that trailer of the show in the house. First, it will be re-created by Sidharth S and Rashami and then with Vishal and Mahira. Shehnaaz will direct Rashami and Sidharth's video and Paras will shoot for Mahira and Vishal. They have one hour. In the end, Himanshi will take their photo.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 November 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Sidharth Shukla, Rashami Desai shoot romatic[sic] sequence, fans hail Shehnaaz Gill for uniting them |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-sidharth-shukla-rashami-desai-s-shoot-romatic-sequence-fans-hail-shehnaaz-gill-for-uniting-them/story-osWybskWLHlSaegY74lU4N.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="6" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (BB College) – Sidharth S'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (BB College) – Other Contestants'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Luxury Budget Task) – Team B'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Luxury Budget Task) – Team A'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Video Task) – Rashami & Sidharth S'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Video Task) – Mahira & Vishal'''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Punishments''' ||
:'''Jail'''

* Bigg Boss asked the contestants to choose three candidates who they want to put in jail. They chose Asim and Paras
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Exits''' ||
* On Day 63, [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]] exit the show as an emergency due to her back injury.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 November 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Weekend Ka Vaar written update day 59: Paras-Mahira receive {{as written|le|ast [sic]}} votes but Devoleena exits the house, sings Ye Dosti as she hugs Rashami and cries |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-weekend-ka-vaar-written-update-day-59-paras-mahira-receive-least-votes-but-devoleena-exits-the-house-sings-ye-dosti-as-she-hugs-rashami-and-cries/story-UL3NHykUkcKGqDIVNUOWkJ.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="8" style="width: 6%;" | Week 10
| colspan="2" | '''Entrances''' ||
* On Day 65, [[Arhaan Khan]] & Shefali Bagga re-entered the house as contestants. [[Madhurima Tuli]] entered as eighth wild card entrant.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 December 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Preview December 2, 2019: Madhurima Tuli, Arhaan Khan And Shefali Bagga Will Re-Enter The House |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-preview-december-2-2019-madhurima-tuli-arhaan-khan-and-shefali-bagga-will-re-enter-the--2142225 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
* On Day 71, Season 11 second runner up [[Vikas Gupta]] entered as a guest and a proxy for [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]] where he is playing on her behalf.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=8 December 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Weekend Ka Vaar written update day 65: Himanshi Khurrana evicted, Vikas Gupta enters the show as Devoleena's replacement |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-weekend-ka-vaar-written-update-day-65-himanshi-khurrana-evicted-vikas-gupta-enters-the-show-as-devoleena-s-replacement/story-sOVR1IX6PMgfqaErDtYsxN.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Nominations''' ||
* Sidharth S will run the nominations task. Shefali B, Arhaan, Madhurima were safe as they were the new contestants, Shehnaaz also was declared Safe by Bigg Boss as Majority Housemates chose her as the entertainer of the Season. Sidharth S is also safe as He is the House Captain. Bigg Boss will call some inmates and Sidharth S have to choose one from them to nominate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-sidharth-shukla-nominates-friend-asim-riaz-saves-mahira-sharma/articleshow/72346458.cms|title=Bigg Boss 13: Sidharth Shukla nominates 'friend' Asim Riaz; saves Mahira Sharma|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 December 2019}}</ref> As a result; Vikas P, Asim, Himanshi, Paras, Rashami & Shefali J were nominated.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 December 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Sidharth Gets SPECIAL Power; Rashami, Paras & 4 Other Contestants NOMINATED For Eviction |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-nomination-rashami-desai-paras-chhabra-asim-riaz-shefali-jariwala-himanshi-khurana-nominated-for-eviction-1117896 |website=ABP}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''Tasks'''
| '''Main Task''' || rowspan="2" |
:'''BB Railway Station'''
* The garden is turned into a railway station. When buzzer plays, they have to take luggage of the other inmate and have to get on the train when it is on the junction. The person who enters the train last will show the bag of the inmate that he/she has and that person will be eliminated from the captaincy. When alarm plays, they all have to get down from the train, the last one to get out will show the bag he/she has will be eliminated too. So each round will eliminate two inmates from the race.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bigboss13/bigg-boss-13-day-65-dec-4-sidharth-paras-vishal-asim-captaincy-task-1502830014.html|title=Bigg Boss 13, Day 65, Dec 4: Sidharth, Paras, Vishal and Asim out of captaincy task|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=6 December 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 65 Highlights: BB cancels Captaincy Task; Shehnaaz confesses her love for Paras |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-day-65-highlights-bb-cancels-captaincy-task-shehnaaz-confesses-her-love-for-paras-10006771 |website=Jagran}}</ref>
|-
| '''Captaincy Task'''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;" | ''Bigg Boss cancelled the task due to aggression and said there is no captain for next week''.
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Reward''' ||
* After many named Shehnaaz name as the entertainer of this season, she was given immunity for this week and was saved from nominations.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 December 2019 |title='Bigg Boss 13' December 1, 2019 Written Update: Shehnaaz Gill picked as the reason behind Salman Khan's show turning hit |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/photo-gallery-bigg-boss-13-december-1-2019-written-update-kartik-bhumi-ananya-promote-pati-patni-aur-woh-with-salman-khan-2804043 |website=DNA}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Punishments''' ||
* Bigg Boss punished Sidharth S for pushing Asim and nominated him for two weeks.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 December 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Sidharth Shukla PUNISHED For Pushing Asim Riaz; Gets NOMINATED For Two Weeks |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-sidharth-shukla-punished-for-physical-violence-pushing-asim-riaz-nominated-for-two-weeks-1119279 |website=ABP}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Exits''' ||
* On Day 67, [[Paras Chhabra]] exit the show after his finger injury that needs medical treatment.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 December 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 day 62 written update episode 62 December 5: Paras Chhabra exits the game for a surgery, Shehnaaz tells him 'I love you' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-day-62-written-update-episode-62-december-5-paras-chhabra-exits-the-game-for-a-surgery-shehnaaz-tells-him-i-love-you/story-5LAoQU6rThqv1YFucfrTBJ.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
* On Day 70, [[Himanshi Khurana]] was evicted from the house after facing the housemates vote against Shefali J.<ref name=":1" /> Later [[Sidharth Shukla]] was asked to leave the house for medical treatment for his typhoid but was sent to the secret room.
|-
! rowspan="13" style="width: 6%;" | Week 11
| colspan="2" | '''Entrances''' ||
* [[Paras Chhabra]] re-entered the house as a contestant and was in the secret room with Sidharth S.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 December 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 69: Sidharth, along with Paras, enters secret room; Vishal, Madhurima solve their differences |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-day-69-sidharth-along-with-paras-enters-secret-room-vishal-madhurima-solve-their-differences-10006878 |website=Jagran}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Nominations''' ||
* In this week nomination task, all housemates will go to confession room one by one and will nominate two people for eviction. Sidharth S is already nominated as a punishment. As a result; Madhurima, Shehnaaz, Sidharth S & Vikas P were nominated.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 December 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Apart from Sidharth Shukla, Shehnaaz Gill, Madhurima Tuli & Vikas Pathak nominated this week |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bigg-boss-13-apart-sidharth-shukla-shehnaaz-gill-madhurima-tuli-hindustani-bhau-nominated-week-491307 |website=PINKVILLA |access-date=23 December 2020 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109021209/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bigg-boss-13-apart-sidharth-shukla-shehnaaz-gill-madhurima-tuli-hindustani-bhau-nominated-week-491307 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Paras and Sidharth S saved Mahira from nominations.
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''Tasks'''
| '''Main Task''' ||
:'''BB Post Office'''

* They all have got letters from their families but if they get that or not, it will be decided by a task. The task name is BB Post office. This task will decide about the captaincy too. Rashami, Shehnaaz, Mahira, Asim, Arti, Shefali J & Vikas P's post box are made in the garden. There are letters from their families in the post box but empty letters are there too. If he or she doesn't tear it and give it to the person who got that letter then no one will win the contender position for captaincy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-mahira-sharma-sacrifices-her-captaincy-chance-for-asim-he-breaks-her-trust/articleshow/72469480.cms|title=Bigg Boss 13: Mahira Sharma sacrifices her captaincy chance for Asim; he breaks her trust|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| '''Captaincy Task''' ||
* Asim, Rashami, Shefali J & Vikas G will get the tasks from their earpiece. They have to do all the tasks given to them, the person who performs the best will win the task and become the captain. You won't tell about your task to anyone. You have to keep wearing the earpiece. Paras and Sidharth S will give the tasks but the contenders or other housemates don't know its them.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 December 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 day 66 written update episode 66 December 11: Paras makes captaincy task funny as housemates dance to his tunes, Shehnaaz ends up crying |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-day-66-written-update-episode-66-december-11-paras-makes-captaincy-task-funny-as-housemates-dance-to-his-tunes-shehnaaz-ends-up-crying/story-jxlB4DxGZoO6VSX6l0lUgK.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Later Bigg Boss asked Paras & Sidharth S to announce the new captain and the chose Vikas G.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-paras-chhabra-and-sidharth-shukla-elect-vikas-gupta-as-the-new-captain-of-the-house/articleshow/72498209.cms|title=Bigg Boss 13: Paras Chhabra and Sidharth Shukla elect Vikas Gupta as the new captain of the house|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| '''Luxury Budget Task''' ||
* Paras and Asim will be sellers in the task and Vikas G will be the judge and he can use the items earned. Vishal and Shefali B won't be part of this task. Other inmates will get 5000 points each, they have to bargain from the sellers.
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="6" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (BB Post Office) – Asim, Rashami, Shefali J & Vikas G'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (BB Post Office) – Rest of contestants'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Captaincy Task) – Vikas G'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Captaincy Task) – Asim, Rashami & Shefali J'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Luxury Budget Task) – Paras'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Luxury Budget Task) – Asim'''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Punishments'''||
:'''Jail'''

* Bigg Boss asked the contestants to choose two candidates who they want to put in jail. They all chose Shefali B & Vishal.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 December 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 69 highlights: Shefali Bagga, Vishal Aditya Singh nominated for jail punishment |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-day-69-highlights-shefali-bagga-vishal-aditya-singh-nominated-for-jail-punishment-7781431.html |website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Exits'''||
* On Day 71, [[Sidharth Shukla]] made an exit due to his condition of typhoid was getting worse and needed medical treatment. Bigg Boss said he is still a part of the show but needs to go straight to the hospital.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 December 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 December 13 HIGHLIGHTS: Sidharth Shukla hospitalised, Shefali and Vishal in jail |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-13-december-13-sidharth-shukla-sent-to-hospital-571154 |website=INDIA TV NEWS}}</ref>
*On Day 78, Vikas P got evicted by the public vote
|-
! rowspan="9" style="width: 6%;" | Week 12
| colspan="2" | '''Entrances''' ||
* On Day 79, Sidharth re entered the house.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 day 71 written update episode 71 December 16: Sidharth Shukla reveals Rashami's game plan to Shehnaaz enters |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-day-71-written-update-episode-71-december-16-sidharth-shukla-reveals-rashami-s-game-plan-to-shehnaaz/story-z4LqOmm8tWAM6DJpokiYwM.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Nominations'''||
* Vikas G is a captain so no one will nominate him. Sidharth S is already nominated because of pushing Asim. They have to call the person out whom they want to nominate and break the bottle on their head. As a result; Arhaan, Arti, Asim, Madhurima, Shefali B, Sidharth S & Vishal are nominated.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 77 Highlights: Sidharth Shukla re-enters the house, gets nominated alongside Arti, Shefali Bagga, Arhaan, Madhurima, Vishal and Asim |url=https://www.peepingmoon.com/bigg-boss-news/news/39145/Bigg-Boss-Day-Highlights-Sidharth-Shukla-re-enters-the-house-gets-nominated-alongside-Arti-Shefali-Bagga-Arhaan-Madhurima-Vishal-and-Asim.html |website=Peepingmoon}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''Tasks'''
| '''Main Task''' ||
:'''Mere Billi Mujhe Se Meow'''

* A cat is sleeping, she will wake up and will eat the rats one by one. All inmates are rats. Sidharth S won't participate in this task but will be the judge. Bigg Boss have made two nests for both the teams. When the cat is sleeping, both teams will try to control the rat. The two inmates will try to put their bell around the cat's neck. When the cat wakes up, the team whose bell is around the cat's neck will be safe and they will enter their nest. Rashami and Paras are hurt so they will not try to put the bell around the cat.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 December 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 80: 'Meri billi, mujhi se meow' task begins; stiff breaks out between Shefali Bagga, Rashami and others |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-day-80-meri-billi-mujhi-se-meow-task-begins-stiff-breaks-out-between-shefali-bagga-rashami-and-others-10007124 |website=Jagran}}</ref>
|-
| '''Captaincy Task'''||
* Arti, Shefali J, Asim, Arhaan, Vishal & Madhurima will have a competition. Other inmates will decide who will become the captain. There are 4 cars in the garden area. They will be driven by Mahira, Shefali B, Shehnaaz and Vikas G. The contenders will become the passengers. The drivers will give rides to the contenders. The car that reaches the parking lot, in the end, will be out of the task. Inmates will put no parking board there. Sid will be a referee of the task. Paras and Rashami are hurt so they can't play.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 December 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 day 74 written update episode 74 December 19: Asim is the new captain of the house as Vikas ditches Rashami and Arhaan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-day-74-written-update-episode-74-december-19-asim-is-the-new-captain-of-the-house-as-vikas-ditches-rashami-and-arhaan/story-17utrs9cP2S3q4GPT0EcPP.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" | '''Winner (Mere Billi Mujhe Se Meow) – Arti, Shefali J, Arhaan, Asim, Vishal & Madhurima'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Mere Billi Mujhe Se Meow) – Other contestants'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Captaincy Task) – Asim'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Captaincy Task) – Arti'''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Exits'''||
* On Day 84, Salman Khan announced that there is no eviction.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 December 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Weekend Ka Vaar Elimination News: No Evictions Planned for This Week, Double Elimination Next Week? |url=https://thenewscrunch.com/bigg-boss-13-weekend-ka-vaar-elimination-news-no-evictions-planned-for-this-week-double-elimination-next-week/12847/ |website=The News Crunch}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="11" |Week 13
| colspan="2" | '''Nominations''' ||
* As there was no eviction last week; the nominations from last week carried out forward for this week. As a result; Arhaan, Arti, Madhurima, Shefali B, Sidharth S & Vishal were nominated.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 December 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Salman Khan's Controversial Show to Have no Eviction This Weekend? |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-salman-khans-controversial-show-to-have-no-eviction-this-weekend-3884591/ |website=India.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''Tasks'''
| '''Main Task''' ||
:'''Mission Mangal Grah'''

* There are 6 pits filled with water, all scientists will be tied to robots and will have to fill their container from the pits. The scientist who has their robot with them till the end will become the contender as well.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=It's Mission Mangal in Big Boss 13! |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/its-mission-mangal-in-big-boss-13_158470 |website=Indiaforums}}</ref>
|-
| '''Captaincy Task''' ||
* Shehnaaz & Vishal will enter a brain house when the brain wakes up and it will give an instruction to Vishal and Shehnaaz. Shehnaaz and Vishal will have to make the inmates agree to do that task for them, whoever gets more tasks done will win.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 December 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13 day 81 written update episode 81 December 26: Shehnaaz Gill is the new captain |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-day-81-written-update-episode-81-december-26-shehnaaz-gill-is-the-new-captain/story-DOppCiS05xy9gSfuWVA1zI.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
| '''Luxury Budget Task''' ||
* There will be a feast challenge.
Asim will be a referee too. Both team have a stall where they will cook and sell. Two members from both the teams will be cooks, you have to use sauces in three dishes. When the doorbell rings, the guests will enter and you will have to make food for them, they will have 10K each and you have to earn money from the guests. The winning team will get a surprise.

The team of Sidharth S, Paras, Mahira, Shefali J, Arti and Shehnaaz
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="6" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" | '''Winner (Mission Mangal Grah) – Shehnaaz & Vishal'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Mission Mangal Grah) – Other contestants'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Captaincy Task) – Shehnaaz'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Captaincy Task) – Vishal'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Luxury Budget Task) – Team A'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Luxury Budget Task) – Team B'''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Exits'''||
* On Day 87, [[Vikas Gupta]]'s duration of being a guest contestant completed and he left the house while it was said by Bigg Boss that [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee|Devoleena Bhattacherjee]] is not returning as well.
* On Day 92, [[Arhaan Khan]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 January 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 94 Highlights: Arhaan Khan gets eliminated; New Year party begins in house |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-day-94-highlights-arhaan-khan-gets-eliminated-new-year-party-begins-in-house-10007472#:~:text=Bigg%20Boss%20told%20them%20that,didn't%20agree%20to%20it. |website=Jagran}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="6" |Week 14
| colspan="2" | '''Nominations''' ||
* Contestants will nominate two inmates by applying a red stamp on their faces. Shehnaaz is a captain so she can't be nominated. As a result; Madhurima, Mahira, Rashami, Shefali B, Shefali J & Vishal were nominated.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Rashami Desai, Madhurima Tuli, Shefali Bagga And Mahira Sharma Get Nominated |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-rashami-desai-madhurima-tuli-shefali-bagga-and-mahira-sharma-get-nominated-3896132/ |website=India.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''Tasks'''
| '''Main Task''' || rowspan="3" |
* The inmates have to win the luxury task to become captains.

Madhurima will be a referee. There are 2 baskets per team. The two inmates from each team will wear these baskets on their backs and roam around in the house. There are treasure chests in the house where we will send the blocks. Other team can steal the blocks. The team who gets more blocks will win the items written on the boxes and also become the captaincy contenders.
|-
| '''Captaincy Task'''
|-
| '''Luxury Budget Task'''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;" | ''BB rejected the main and luxury task''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Exits'''||
* On Day 98, Shefali Bagga was evicted from the house after facing the housemates vote.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 January 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Weekend Ka Vaar day 91 written update January 5: Salman Khan announces Shefali Bagga is eliminated from the house |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-weekend-ka-vaar-day-91-written-update-january-5-salman-khan-announces-shefali-bagga-is-eliminated-from-the-house/story-ELKA3sJbtSIkb06l7lUSZI.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" |Week 15
| colspan="2" | '''Nominations''' ||
* Bigg Boss nominated all the housemates for this week.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 January 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Episode 98 highlights: All housemates get nominated, Sidharth ignores Shehnaaz |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-13-episode-98-highlights-all-housemates-get-nominated-sidharth-ignores-shehnaaz-1634926-2020-01-08 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''Tasks'''
| '''Main Task''' || rowspan="2" |
* They will decide about each other as each inmate will get a photo of another inmate. If you don't want them to become the captain then you can burn it.

There will be 5 buzzers and whoever keeps their photos saved will become the contenders. Till 4th buzzer, the two persons who enter the box first will get the chance.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 January 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Written Update January 9, 2020: Rashami Desai Tickled The Housemates' Funny Bone; Bigg Boss rejects the task as Paras, Mahira & Asim fight |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-written-update-january-9-2020-rashami-desai-tickled-the-housemates-funny-bone-2161596 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
|-
| '''Captaincy Task'''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" | Task Rejected
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Exits'''||
* On Day 105, there was no eviction.
|-
! rowspan="12" |Week 16
| colspan="2" | '''Nominations''' ||
* All are nominated.
|-
| rowspan="4" | '''Tasks'''
| '''Main Task''' || rowspan="2" |
:'''Family Task'''
* There is a magician in the garden, she will take your test by bribing you. Shehnaaz, Arti, Mahira and Shefali J will be kidnapped by the magician, they will be locked in the stands and they can't even look back. When door bell rings, a temptation related to the prisoner will come and if the prisoner opens her lock to meet that person then that prisoner will be out of the task but if she doesn't open the lock then she will become the contender for captaincy. Paras, Rashami, Sidharth S, Asim will freeze when temptation come in the house. Vishal and Madhurima won't be a part of this task as they are punished by Bigg Boss. Paras, Rashami, Sidharth S, Asim will also be locked as well after.
|-
| '''Captaincy Task'''
|-
| '''Luxury Budget Task''' ||
* Team A will be Mahira, Paras, Vishal and Madhurima. Team B will have Shehnaaz, Rashami, Asim and Sidharth S. Arti and Shefali J will be judges. Both the teams will make ads for Kurkure. Mahira and Sana will be Miss. Kurkure from their teams, they will lead the team.
|-
| '''Elite Club Task''' ||
* [[Hina Khan]] came to assign the elite club task where the winner will get an immunity and will be able to stay in a room. The two contestants who are chosen are Asim & Shehnaaz. Arti & Rashami will be their witnesses and will fight for them. The winner will wear a jacket.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 January 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Hina Khan to choose between Shehnaaz Gill and Asim Riaz for BB Elite Club |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-hina-khan-to-chose-between-shehnaaz-gill-and-asim-riaz-for-bb-elite-club/story-vPb7lPFNV1fC2BdOUZ7N5H.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 January 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Episode 105 highlights: Hina Khan selects Asim Riaz as the first BB Elite Club member |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-13-episode-105-highlights-hina-khan-selects-asim-riaz-as-the-first-bb-elite-club-member-1637006-2020-01-15 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="5" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"| ''No captain as they lost the task''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Luxury Budget Task) – Team A'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Luxury Budget Task) – Team B'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Elite Club Task) – Asim'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Elite Club Task) – Shehnaaz'''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Punishments''' ||
* Madhurima and Vishal were punished and asked to stay in jail and also was not allowed to take part in the family task.
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Exits''' ||
* On Day 113, [[Madhurima Tuli]] was asked to leave the house after she violently hit Vishal during this week which was against the rules.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 January 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Written Update, January 18, 2020: Salman loses calm at Paras, Madhurima Tuli ousted for violence |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bigg-boss-13-written-update-january-18-2020-salman-loses-calm-paras-madhurima-tuli-ousted-violence-501158 |website=PINKVILLA}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="11" |Week 17
| colspan="2" | '''Nominations'''||
* There are pawns of every inmate on a board in the garden. After some moves, the pawns can enter the safe zone. There will be 5 buzzers and inmates will move pawns of another inmate with a reason. They will move the pawns whom you want to save in the nominations. As a result; Arti, Asim, Mahira, Paras, Rashami, Shefali J and Vishal were nominated.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 January 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13: THESE Seven Contestants Get NOMINATED For Elimination In Salman Khan's Show? |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-nomination-rashami-desai-arti-singh-asim-riaz-mahira-sharma-shefali-jariwala-paras-chhabra-vishal-aditya-singh-nominated-for-eviction-1146930 |website=ABP}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''Tasks'''
| '''Main Task''' ||
* There is a spider and all inmates have their baskets, each round spider will give eggs. The inmates have to collect the eggs in their baskets. The person who has the most eggs will win that round, then that inmate will eliminate one person from the task. Then the next round will start and the inmates will have to empty their baskets. They can't keep the eggs anywhere else, they can't put a cap on their baskets. Whoever loses the task first will become the referee of this task. Sidharth S and Asim were not allowed to participate in the task due to physical violence in the previous day. This task was rejected because of Vishal.
:'''Reader:''' Shefali J
|-
| '''BB Elite Club Task'''||
* There are 3 horses and any three inmates can sit at the start. When the buzzer plays, they can change the place on the horse. There will be 4 buzzers and each time, the inmates on the horses will mutually decide who will go down and who will take their place. At the end of the task, the three inmates on the horses will become a member of the elite club. Asim is already a member so he is not a part of this task and will be a referee in this task. At the end Arti, Mahira & Rashami are the contenders.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 January 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Episode 112 highlights: Hina Khan adds major twist to Elite Club task |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-13-episode-112-highlights-hina-khan-adds-major-twist-in-the-elite-club-task-1639035-2020-01-22 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
Season 11 finalist [[Hina Khan]] has come to decide the winner along. At the end Hina decided not to give the membership to either of them as they both worked hard and it will be unfair so it was rejected.
* [[Varun Dhawan]] & [[Shraddha Kapoor]] came to promote their new film but also assigned a new task for the elite membership. They will need to be in pairs and need to say who does not deserve to be here.
There for Mahira, Paras, Sidharth S & Arti are the remaining to participate for the task. At the end Sidharth is the winner.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 January 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Written Update, January 26, 2020: Shefali Jariwala evicted; Sidharth becomes elite club member |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bigg-boss-13-january-26-2020-written-update-shefali-jariwala-evicted-sidharth-becomes-elite-club-member-503026 |website=PINKVILLA}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"| ''Captaincy Task rejected because of Vishal''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"| ''Hina rejected the elite club membership''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Elite Task P2) – Sidharth S'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Elite Task P2) – Mahira, Paras & Arti'''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Reward''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Twists''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Punishments''' ||
As a result of Back to Back cancellation of Tasks, Bigg Boss announced that There will be no immunity tasks for the rest of the season
Bigg Boss asked the inmates to choose two people who is the reason behind the tasks getting rejected. Majority said Paras and Vishal therefore Bigg Boss punished Paras and Vishal and said that they will be servants of inmates.
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Exits''' ||
* On Day Day 119, [[Shefali Jariwala]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 January 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Weekend Ka Vaar written update day 119 January 26: Shefali Jariwala is evicted, Salman Khan reveals Himanshi Khurana, Kashmera Shah will enter soon |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-weekend-ka-vaar-written-update-day-119-january-26-shefali-jariwala-is-evicted-salman-khan-reveals-himanshi-khurana-kashmera-shah-will-enter-soon/story-Rbrt5o8aCYcPBmaGMRSlNP.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="7" |Week 18
| colspan="2" |'''Nominations'''||
* Bigg Boss will call the contestants in a dome. They will have to count the seconds and when they think 17 minutes have finished then they have to press the buzzer and come out. The 5 inmates whose idea is worse about the 17 minutes will lose and will be nominated. The other inmates will try to distract the inmate in the dome so they can lose the track of time. You all have to make sure to be attentive about time.
**Arti: 13 Mins and 24 Secs (3 Mins and 36 Secs early)
**Asim: 17 Mins and 46 Secs (46 Seconds late)
**Mahira: 20 Mins and 26 Secs (3 Mins and 26 secs late)
**Paras: 20 Mins and 28 Secs (3 Mins and 28 secs late)
**Rashami: 18 Mins and 11 Secs (1 Min and 11 secs late
**Shehnaaz: 24 Mins and 35 Secs (7 Mins and 35 secs late)
**Sidharth S: 24 Mins and 31 Secs (7 Mins and 31 secs late)
**Vishal: 33 Mins and 39 Secs (16 Mins and 39 Secs late)
As a result; Arti, Shehnaaz, Sidharth S & Vishal were nominated.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 January 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Episode 118 highlights: Sidharth, Shehnaaz, Vishal, Arti get nominated for eviction |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-13-episode-118-highlights-sidharth-shehnaaz-vishal-arti-get-nominated-for-eviction-1640861-2020-01-28 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''Tasks'''
| '''Main Task''' || rowspan="2" |
* Bigg Boss has sent in some connections of the inmates who will decide who will be the new captain of the house.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 January 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Himanshi, Devoleena, Vikas & Kashmera Enter BB 13 House |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-himanshi-khurana-devoleena-bhattacharjee-vikas-gupta-kashmera-shah-enter-bb-13-house-1150016 |website=ABP}}</ref>
Sidharth is the new captain.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 January 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 113 highlights: Housemates' connections nominate Sidharth Shukla as interim captain |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-day-113-highlights-housemates-connections-nominate-sidharth-shukla-as-interim-captain-7975251.html |website=Firstpost}}</ref>

:'''Captaincy Task Part 2'''

* The house has a note printing factory. All the inmates will be workers who will print the notes. They will fill the bags and one worker will stand on a platform when the buzzer and throws the notes on the other side of the wall. The connections will have to get the notes and save it in their safes. The one with the most notes at the end of the round will take out one inmate from the task. There is no new captain for next week as the task was rejected after Himanshi was hurt.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 February 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Himanshi Khurana hurts herself and faints during a task, Asim fears she stopped breathing. Watch video |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-himanshi-khurana-hurts-herself-and-faints-during-a-task-asim-fears-she-stopped-breathing-watch-video/story-sphZ2s7Ne0CujaSnboMDeM.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
| '''Captaincy Task'''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Captaincy Task) – Sidharth S'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"| ''The phone task got rejected''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Twists''' ||
* Shahbaz & Vikas got a power to save someone from nominations and getting evicted. They chose Arti so she is saved.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 February 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Episode 123 highlights: Vikas and Shehbaaz save Arti from elimination |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-13-episode-123-highlights-vikas-and-shehbaaz-save-arti-from-elimination-1642516-2020-02-02 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Exits''' ||
* On Day 127, [[Vishal Aditya Singh]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 February 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13, Day 127 Written Updates: Salman Khan Evicts Vishal Aditya Singh on Weekend Ka Vaar |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-13-day-127-written-updates-salman-khan-evicts-vishal-aditya-singh-on-weekend-ka-vaar-2485619.html |website=News18}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="8" style="width: 6%;" | Week 19
| colspan="2" | '''Entrances''' || {{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Nominations''' ||
* Bigg Boss has nominated all of the contestants but later in order to save themselves they will need to do a task. They can keep their necks out of the shell only. Sid, Asim, and Rashami will try to bring the inmates out of the shells. At the end of the task, if all inmates are out of the shells then elite club members will be safe but if the inmates remain in the shells then they will be able to take any member's immunity from the club. Rashami will be the referee of the task too. As a result; Arti, Mahira, Paras & Shehnaaz get nominated.
|-
| '''Tasks'''
| '''Main Task''' ||
:'''BB Media & Elite Task'''

* Reporters from different media platforms have come to the house to ask questions to the ten contestants. At the end the reporters decide to give Rashami the winning tag and she becomes a member of the elite club and is saved.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 February 2020|title=Bigg Boss 13: Rashami Desai becomes the new 'Elite club member' after Asim and Sidharth|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-rashami-desai-becomes-the-new-elite-club-member-after-asim-and-sidharth/articleshow/73969211.cms}}</ref>

:'''Immunity Task'''

* One more inmate will be able to secure a position in the finale. There are two jails in the garden area. One jail will have Paras and Mahira and other jail will have Shehnaaz and Arti. There is an immunity card but they have cross 5 locked doors to get to the card. Asim, Rashami and Sidharth S will have to get the keys when the buzzer plays. They can open the locked door for any inmate that they want to give immunity too. The inmate who is able to open the 5 doors first will win the immunity.
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" | '''Winner (Elite Task) – Rashami'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Elite Task) – Arti, Shehnaaz, Mahira & Paras'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Immunity Task) – Paras'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Immunity Task) – Arti, Mahira & Shehnaaz'''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Exits'''||
* On Day 133, Salman Khan said there was no eviction this week.
|-
! rowspan="12" style="width: 6%;" | '''Week 20'''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Tasks''' ||
:'''BB Secret Task'''

* Paras comes to the storeroom. Bigg Boss gives him a secret task in which a guest will give him some tasks on a microphone and he will have to make the inmates believe that there is a ghost in the house. Paras can involve Sidharth with him. He successful in this task
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"| '''Winner – Paras'''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Happenings''' ||
* '''Day 133''' : Weekend Ka Vaar continues with Salman Khan. Mahira-Asim is given a task.
* '''Day 134''': [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] has come to promote his upcoming film. Adnan Sami also came.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 February 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Adnan Sami asks Salman Khan to get married, says 'Look at me, I did it three times' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-adnan-sami-asks-salman-khan-to-get-married-says-look-at-me-i-did-it-three-times/story-UHvP4uCnORTI8h5Bt9qJxL.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
* '''Day 135''': [[Rajat Sharma]] has come to the house with the task names Rajat Ki Adalat. He gives some questions and accusations to the contestants.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 February 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13 day 136 written update episode 136 February 11: Rashami-Paras reaffirm their breakups, Asim reveals Shehnaaz had planned on making Sidharth her boyfriend |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-day-136-written-update-episode-136-february-11-rashami-paras-reaffirm-their-breakups-asim-reveals-shehnaaz-had-planned-on-making-sidharth-her-boyfriend/story-CogFMBQeQAGH2U3QLuVZaO.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
* '''Day 136''': The Rajat ki Aadalat continued. Paras got a secret task
* '''Day 137''': [[Vicky Kaushal]] came to promote his next film and announce the final eviction.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 February 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Vicky Kaushal brings Bhoot into BB house. Also has a bad news for contestants |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-13-vicky-kaushal-brings-bhoot-into-bb-house-also-has-a-bad-news-for-contestants-1645720-2020-02-12 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Also Bigg Boss had shown the journeys of the finalists which started with Arti & Sidharth S.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 February 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Day 138 Written Updates: Mahira Sharma Evicted, Arti and Sidharth Relive Their Journey |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-13-day-138-written-updates-mahira-sharma-evicted-arti-and-sidharth-relive-their-journey-2500457.html |website=News18}}</ref>
*'''Day 137''': Rashami, Asim, Paras & Shehnaaz's journeys are also shown.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 February 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13 Written Update February 14, 2020: Rashami Desai, Asim Riaz, Sidharth Shukla, Shehnaaz Gill, Aarti Singh And Paras Chhabra Relive Their Memories, Get Emotional |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-written-update-february-14-2020-latest-episode-shehnaaz-gill-asim-riaz-rashami-desai-si-2180457 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
*'''Day 139''': The grand finale aired with Sidharth S as the winner of the show.
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | '''Exit''' ||
* On Day 137, Mahira Sharma was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 February 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13 day 138 written update episode 138 February 13: Mahira Sharma is evicted, cries and hugs Paras |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-day-138-written-update-episode-138-february-13-mahira-sharma-is-evicted-cries-and-hugs-paras/story-lQPin6xVQqy3GNpdnIwQEN.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" colspan=3|'''Finalists'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" style="background:#73FB76;" | '''Winner''' || style="text-align:center;"| [[Sidharth Shukla]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF;" | {{nowrap|'''1st Runner Up'''}} || style="text-align:center;"| Asim Riaz
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" style="background:#7FFFD4;" | {{nowrap|'''2nd Runner Up'''}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[Shehnaaz Gill]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" style="background:#DDA0DD;" | {{nowrap|'''3rd Runner Up'''}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[Rashami Desai]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" style="background:#FF69B4;" | {{nowrap|'''4th Runner Up'''}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[Arti Singh]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" style="background:#FFCCFF;" | {{nowrap|'''5th Runner Up, Walked'''}}|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Paras Chhabra]]
|}

== Nominations table ==
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:15px; font-size:85%"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | First level
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 1
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 2
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 3
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 4
! colspan="3" style="width: 5%;" | Week 5
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Next level
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 6
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 7
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 8
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 9
! colspan="3" style="width: 5%;" | Week 10
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 11
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 12
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 13
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 14
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 15
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 16
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 17
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 18
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 19
! colspan="5" style="background:gold;" | Week 20
|-
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 16
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 22
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 24
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 26
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 30
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 33
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 34
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 50
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 54
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 63
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 64
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 70
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 93
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 98
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 128
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 131
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 137
! colspan="4" style="background:gold;" | Day 141
|-style="background:#87CEEB;" |
! style="background:#87CEEB;" | Nominees for Queen
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| Dalljiet Devoleena Mahira Shefali B Shehnaaz
| Arti Dalljiet Devoleena Koena Mahira Rashami Shefali B Shehnaaz
| colspan="6" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
! style="background:#87CEEB;" | {{nowrap|Nominees for Captaincy}}
| Arhaan Arti Asim Himanshi Khesari Mahira Paras Shefali J Shehnaaz Sidharth S Tehseen Vikas F
| Himanshi Shefali J
| colspan="2" | Devoleena Mahira Paras Vishal
| Himanshi Shehnaaz Sidharth S Vikas F
| colspan="2" | Asim Sidharth S Vishal
| colspan="2" | Arhaan Arti Asim Madhurima Mahira Paras Rashami Shefali B Shefali J Shehnaaz Vikas F
|Asim Rashami Shefali J Vikas G
| Arhaan Asim Arti Madhurima Shefali J Vishal
| Shehnaaz Vishal
| colspan="2" | Madhurima
| All Housemates
| Arti Asim Mahira Paras Rashami Shefali J Shehnaaz Sidharth S
| Arti Asim Mahira Paras Rashami Shefali J Shehnaaz Sidharth S
Vishal
| colspan="2" | Arti
Asim Mahira Paras Rashami Shehnaaz Vishal
| colspan="5" rowspan="5" | ''None''
|-style="background:#cfc;" |
! style="background:#FFDEAD;" | House Queen
| rowspan="4" colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" | ''No Queen''
| style="background:#FFDEAD;" |'''Devoleena'''
| colspan="6" rowspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Queen''
!House Captain
| style="background:#cfc;" |'''Arti'''
| '''Shefali J'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''No Captain''
|'''Himanshi'''
| colspan="2" | '''Sidharth S'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''No Captain''
|'''Vikas G'''
| '''Asim'''
| '''Shehnaaz'''
| colspan="5" rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" | ''No Captain''
| colspan="2" | '''Sidharth S'''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Queen's Nominations
| rowspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" | ''No Nominations''
!Captain's Nominations
| Asim (to save)
| Devoleena (to evict)
| Mahira
| Shehnaaz (to save)
| Asim Shefali J Himanshi Rashami Paras (to evict)
| Asim
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Rashami
| 24:31 Mins
| style="background:#ccc;" | ''Not eligible''
|-style="background:#87CEEB;"
!Nominees For Elite Club Membership
! colspan="14" rowspan="2" | ''Not eligible''
|Asim Shehnaaz
| Arti <s>Mahira</s> Rashami
| colspan="2" | Arti Mahira Paras Sidharth S
|Arti Mahira Paras Rashami Shehnaaz
|-
!Elite Club Members
|'''Asim'''
| bgcolor="gold" |''No Elite Club Members''
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" | '''Sidharth S'''
|'''Rashami'''
|- style="background:#FAD1D0;" |
! {{nowrap|Jail Nominations}}
| colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Jail Punishment''
| '''Shehnaaz Sidharth S'''
| colspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Jail Punishment''
| colspan="3" | '''Asim Sidharth S'''
! {{nowrap|Jail Nominations}}
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Jail Punishment''
| '''Mahira Paras'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Jail Punishment''
| '''Asim Paras'''
| colspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Jail Punishment''
| '''Shefali B Vishal'''
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Jail Punishment''
| '''Madhurima Vishal'''
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5;" | ''Jail Tasks Ended''
|-
! colspan="35" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Vote to
! colspan="2" | Evict
! Task
! colspan="2" | Evict
! colspan="2" | None
! Task
! {{nowrap|1st Finale}}
! Vote to
! Evict
! {{nowrap|Save / Evict}}
! Save
! colspan="2" | Evict
! Save
! Evict
!Save
!Evict
!Evict
! None
! colspan="2" | Evict
! colspan="2" | None
! Save
! 17-Min
! Save
! colspan="2" | Task
! colspan="4" | WIN
|-
! colspan="35" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! rowspan="3" | Sidharth S
| rowspan="3" | Devoleena
| rowspan="3" | Rashami
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| rowspan="3" style="background:gold;" |''{{nowrap|Moved to Next Level}}''
! rowspan="3" | Sidharth S
| rowspan="3" | Arhaan Khesari
| rowspan="3" style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#959FFD;" |Asim Shehnaaz
| rowspan="3" | Khesari
| rowspan="3" | Rashami Shefali J
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| rowspan="3" | Shefali J
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#959FFD;" |Shefali J Vishal
| rowspan="3" style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| rowspan="3" | Shefali B Vishal
| rowspan="3" | Shefali B
| rowspan="3" style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| rowspan="3" | Arti
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" bgcolor=gold| ''Elite Club Member''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#CFFFE5;" |''Safe''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="background:#73FB76;" |'''''Winner''''' (Day 141)
|-
| style="background:#87CEFA;" |{{nowrap|''Secret Room'' (Days 71–75)}}
|-
| style="background:#fcf;" |{{nowrap|''Walked'' (Day 75)}}
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#cfc" |''House Captain''
|-
! Asim
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Koena
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:gold;" |''{{nowrap|Moved to Next Level}}''
! Asim
| Arhaan Tehseen
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Arhaan (to evict)
| Himanshi Vikas P
| Khesari
| Paras Shehnaaz
| Sidharth S
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated by Captain''
| Himanshi
| Mahira Shefali B
| Arti Madhurima
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Mahira Shefali J
| Shefali B
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:gold;" |''Elite Club Member''
| Shehnaaz
| 17:46 Mins
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#CFFFE5;" |''Safe''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| colspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF;" |''{{nowrap|'''1st runner-up'''}}'' (Day 141)
|-
! Shehnaaz
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| Siddhartha
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:gold;" |''{{nowrap|Moved to Next Level}}''
! Shehnaaz
| Shefali J Vikas P
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| Himanshi Paras
| Rashami
| Arti Shefali J
| Paras
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| Himanshi
| Madhurima Vikas P
| Arti Madhurima
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Madhurima
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Sidharth S
| 24:35 Mins
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''''2nd runner-up''''' (Day 141)
|-
! Rashami
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| Abu
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:red;"|''{{font color|white|Rejected}}''
! Rashami
| style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 34)
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved by Paras''
| Devoleena Vikas P
| Khesari
| Shehnaaz Vikas P
| Shehnaaz
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated by Captain''
| Shefali J
| Mahira Shehnaaz
| Mahira Vikas
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| Mahira Shefali J
| Shefali B
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Shehnaaz
| 18:11 Mins
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:gold;" |''Elite Club Member''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| colspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#DDA0DD;" |'''''3rd runner-up''''' (Day 141)
|-
! Arti
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| {{nowrap|Siddhartha D}}
| Paras {{nowrap|Siddhartha D}}
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 3''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:gold;" |''{{nowrap|Moved to Next Level}}''
! Arti
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Mahira (to evict)
| Shefali J Shehnaaz
| Khesari
| Paras Vishal
| {{nowrap|Sidharth S}}
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved by Captain''
| Shefali J
| Shehnaaz Vikas P
| Arhaan Shefali B
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| Madhurima Shefali B
| Shefali B
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| {{nowrap| Sidharth S}}
| {{nowrap|13:24 Mins}}
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved by Shehbaz & Vikas G''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FF69B4;" |'''''4th runner-up''''' (Day 141)
|-
! Paras
| Rashami Shefali B Koena Dalljiet
| Shehnaaz
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| style="background:gold;" |''{{nowrap|Moved to Next Level}}''
! Paras
| Himanshi Shefali J
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Rashami (to save)
| Khesari Mahira
| Rashami
| Arti Shefali J
| Shehnaaz
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated by Captain''
| style="background:#fcf;" |''Walked'' (Day 67)
| style="background:#87CEFA;" |{{nowrap|''Secret Room'' (Days 71–73)}}
| Arhaan Vishal
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| Madhurima Shefali B
| Shefali B
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Sidharth S
| 20:28 Mins
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved by Sidharth S''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| colspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#fcf;" |'''''{{nowrap|Walked, 5th runner-up}}''''' (Day 141)
|-
! Mahira
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| Abu
| Sidharth S
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 3''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| style="background:gold;" |''{{nowrap|Moved to Next Level}}''
! Mahira
| Shefali J Tehseen
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Arti (to evict)
| Paras Vishal
| Rashami
| Arti Shefali J
| Paras
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved by Captain''
| Shefali J
| Madhurima Vikas P
| Arhaan Madhurima
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| Madhurima Shefali B
| Shefali B
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Paras
| 20:26 Mins
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="4" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 137)
|-
! Vishal
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Entered Next Level''
! Vishal
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Vikas P (to save)
| Mahira Shehnaaz
| Rashami
| Shefali J Vikas P
| Shehnaaz
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved by Captain''
| Shefali J
| Mahira Shehnaaz
| Arhaan Shefali B
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| Mahira Shefali J
| Shefali B
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Shehnaaz
| 33:39 Mins
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="6" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 127)
|-
! Shefali J
| colspan="8" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Entered Next Level''
|style="background:#87CEFA;" |{{nowrap|''Secret Room''}}
! Shefali J
| Paras Shehnaaz
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Arti Himanshi
| Khesari
| Paras Shehnaaz
| Shehnaaz
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated by Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 2''
| Mahira Shehnaaz
| Paras Madhurima
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| Madhurima Vishal
| Shefali B
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Mahira
| colspan="8" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 119)
|-
! Madhurima
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Entered Next Level''
! Madhurima
| colspan="6" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| Shefali J
| Mahira Shehnaaz
| Paras Shefali B
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| Arti Mahira
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 2''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="9" style="background:#FFE08B" |''Ejected'' (Day 111)
|-
! Shefali B
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| Abu
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:red;"|''{{font color|white|Rejected}}''
! Shefali B
| colspan="6" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 34)
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| Shefali J
| Arti Mahira
| Arti Madhurima
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| Mahira Paras
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 2''
| colspan="11" style="background:#BFFF00" |''Evicted by Housemates'' (Day 98)
|-
! Arhaan
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Entered Next Level''
! Arhaan
| Asim Sidharth S
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Asim (to evict)
| colspan="4" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 49)
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| Himanshi
| Mahira Shehnaaz
| Arti Paras
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="13" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 92)
|-
! Devoleena
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FFDEAD;" |''House Queen''
| Abu
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:red;"|''{{font color|white|Rejected}}''
! Devoleena
| style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 34)
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated by Captain''
| Rashami Shefali J
| Khesari
| Shehnaaz Vikas P
| colspan="2" style="background:#fcf;" |''Walked'' (Day 62)
! Vikas G
| bgcolor="beige" |''Entered as proxy''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| colspan="13" style="background:#D0A7F4;" |''Duration Complete / Left'' (Day 87)
|-
! Vikas P
| colspan="8" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Entered Next Level''
|style="background:#87CEFA;" |{{nowrap|''Secret Room''}}
! Vikas P
| Mahira Shehnaaz
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved by Vishal''
| Himanshi Shefali J
| Khesari
| Devoleena Rashami
| Sidharth S
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved by Captain''
| Shefali J
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="15" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 77)
|-
! Himanshi
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Entered Next Level''
! Himanshi
| Paras Shehnaaz
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Khesari (to evict)
| Asim Shefali J
| Khesari
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Shehnaaz
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated by Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 2''
| colspan="16" style="background:#BFFF00;" |''Evicted by Housemates'' (Day 70)
|-
! Khesari
| colspan="8" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Entered Next Level''
|style="background:#87CEFA;" |{{nowrap|''Secret Room''}}
! Khesari
| Asim Sidharth S
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Himanshi (to evict)
| Mahira Vishal
| Rashami
| colspan="20" style="background:#BFFF00;" |''Evicted by Housemates'' (Day 54)
|-
! Tehseen
| colspan="8" style="background:#E5E5E5;"|''Entered Next Level''
|style="background:#87CEFA;" |{{nowrap|''Secret Room''}}
! Tehseen
| Asim Mahira
| colspan="23" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 41)
|-
! {{nowrap|Siddhartha D}}
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Dalljiet
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 2''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 3''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 30)
! {{nowrap|Siddhartha D}}
| colspan="24" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted in First level''
|-
! Abu
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Koena
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 2''
| colspan="5" style="background:#BFFF00;" |''Evicted by Housemates'' (Day 22)
! Abu
| colspan="24" style="background:#BFFF00;" |''Evicted by Housemates in First level''
|-
! Koena
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="7" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 14)
! Koena
| colspan="24" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted in First level''
|-
! Dalljiet
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="7" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 13)
! Dalljiet
| colspan="24" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted in First level''
|-
| colspan="35" style="background:#000" |
|-
! Notes
| ''[[#endnote 1|1]]'',''[[#endnote 2|2]]''
| ''[[#endnote 1|1]]''
| ''[[#endnote 3|3]]''
| ''[[#endnote 4|4]]''
| colspan="5" {{n/a|None}}
! Notes
| colspan="2" {{n/a|None}}
| ''[[#endnote 5|5]]'', ''[[#endnote 6|6]]''
| colspan="2" | ''[[#endnote 5|5]]'',''[[#endnote 7|7]]''
| ''[[#endnote 8|8]]''
| colspan="2" | ''[[#endnote 9|9]]'',''[[#endnote 10|10]]''
| ''[[#endnote 11|11]]''
| colspan="2" | ''[[#endnote 12|12]]'',''[[#endnote 13|13]]'',''[[#endnote 14|14]]'',''[[#endnote 15|15]]'',''[[#endnote 16|16]]''
| {{n/a|None}}
| ''[[#endnote 17|17]]'',''[[#endnote 18|18]]''
| {{n/a|None}}
| ''[[#endnote 19|19]]''
| ''[[#endnote 20|20]]''
| ''[[#endnote 20|20]]'',''[[#endnote 21|21]]'',''[[#endnote 22|22]]''
| {{n/a|None}}
| colspan="2" | ''[[#endnote 23|23]]''
| ''[[#endnote 24|24]]'',''[[#endnote 25|25]]''
| colspan="3" {{n/a|None}}
|- style="background:#B2FFFF;" |
! Against Public Vote
| Dalljiet Devoleena Koena Rashami Shefali B
| Dalljiet Koena Rashami Shehnaaz
| Abu Asim Mahira Paras Rashami {{nowrap|Siddhartha D}}
| Abu Siddhartha D
| Devoleena Mahira Paras Rashami Shefali Shehnaaz Siddhartha D Sidharth S
| Arti Asim Devoleena Mahira Paras Rashami Shefali B Shehnaaz {{nowrap|Siddhartha D}} Sidharth S
| Arti Mahira {{nowrap|Siddhartha D}}
|Arti
Asim

Devoleena Mahira

Paras

Rashami

Shehnaaz

Shefali B

Sidharth S
|Arti
Asim

Devoleena

Rashami

Shefali B

Shehnaaz

Sidharth S
! Against Public Vote
| Arhaan Mahira Paras Shefali J Shehnaaz Sidharth S Tehseen
| Arhaan Arti Asim Devoleena Himanshi Khesari Mahira Paras Shehnaaz Sidharth S Vishal
| colspan="2" | Arti Devoleena Khesari Rashami Sidharth S
| Arti Mahira Paras Shefali J Shehnaaz Vikas P
| colspan="2" | Asim Himanshi <s>Paras</s> Rashami Shefali J
| Himanshi Shefali J
| Madhurima Shehnaaz Sidharth S Vikas P
| Arhaan Arti Asim Madhurima Shefali B Sidharth S Vishal
| Arhaan Arti Madhurima Shefali B Sidharth S Vishal
| Madhurima Mahira Rashami Shefali B Shefali J Vishal
| Madhurima Shefali B
| Arti Asim Madhurima Mahira Paras Rashami Shefali J Shehnaaz Sidharth S Vishal
| Arti Asim Madhurima Mahira Paras Rashami Shefali J Shehnaaz Sidharth S Vishal
| Arti Asim Mahira Paras Rashami Shefali J Vishal
| colspan="2" | <s>Arti</s> Shehnaaz Sidharth S Vishal
| Arti <s>Asim</s> Mahira <s>Paras Rashami</s> Shehnaaz <s>Sidharth S</s>
| Arti Mahira Shehnaaz
| colspan="4" | '''Arti Asim Paras Rashami Shehnaaz Sidharth S'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Re-entered
| colspan="9" rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
! rowspan="2" | Re-entered
| style="background:#DAFF99;" |'''Devoleena'''
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
| colspan="3" style="background:#DAFF99;" |'''Arhaan'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#DAFF99;" |'''Paras'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#DAFF99;" |'''{{nowrap|Sidharth S}}'''
| colspan="14" rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
|-
| style="background:#DAFF99;" |'''Rashami'''
| colspan="3" style="background:#DAFF99;" |'''Shefali B'''
|-
! rowspan="4" | {{nowrap|Secret Room}}
| colspan="8" rowspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
| style="background:#87CEFA" |'''Vikas P'''
! rowspan="4" | {{nowrap|Secret Room}}
| colspan="8" rowspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#87CEFA" |'''{{nowrap|Sidharth S}}'''
| colspan="15" rowspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
|-
| style="background:#87CEFA" |'''Tehseen'''
|-
| style="background:#87CEFA" |'''Shefali J'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#87CEFA" |'''Paras'''
|-
| style="background:#87CEFA" |'''Khesari'''
|-
! Guest
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
! Guest
| colspan="8" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
| colspan="3" style="background:#8FCCC1;" |{{nowrap|'''Vikas G'''}}
| colspan="13" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
|-
! Left
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
! Left
| colspan="10" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
| style="background:#D0A7F4;" |{{nowrap|'''Vikas G'''}}
| colspan="13" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
|-
! Walked
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
! Walked
| colspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
| style="background:#fcf" |'''Devoleena'''
| colspan="3" style="background:#fcf" |'''Paras'''
| style="background:#fcf" |'''{{nowrap|Sidharth S}}'''
| colspan="15" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
|-
! Ejected
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
! Ejected
| colspan="14" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
| style="background:#FFE08B " |'''Madhurima'''
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Evicted
| rowspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Dalljiet'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" style="background:#BFFF00;" |'''Abu'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''{{nowrap|Siddhartha D}}'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Devoleena'''
! rowspan="4" | Evicted
| rowspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Tehseen'''
| rowspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Arhaan'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" style="background:#BFFF00;" |'''Khesari'''
| rowspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" style="background:#BFFF00;" |'''Himanshi'''
| rowspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Vikas P'''
| rowspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Arhaan'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" style="background:#BFFF00;" |'''Shefali B'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Shefali J'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Vishal'''
| rowspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Mahira'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#fcf;" |'''Paras'''
| style="background:#FF69B4;" |'''Arti'''
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |'''Rashami'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Rashami'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''Shehnaaz'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Asim'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Koena'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Shefali B'''
| colspan="4" style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Sidharth S'''
|}
</blockquote>
<div style="font-size:smaller;">
'''Color key'''
: {{color box|#959FFD}} indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction.
: {{color box|#FBF373}} indicates that the Housemate was immune prior to nominations.
: {{color box|salmon}} indicates the contestant has been evicted.
: {{color box|#fcf}} indicates the contestant walked out.
: {{color box|#BFFF00}} indicates that the Housemate has been evicted by Housemates.
: {{color box|#FFE08B}} indicates the contestant has been ejected by bigg boss.
: {{color box|#DAFF99}} indicates that the housemate has re entered.
: {{color box|#CCFFCC}} indicates the house captain.
: {{Color box|Navajowhite}} indicates the House Queen.

===Nomination notes===
* {{note|1|Note 1}}: Only male housemates were eligible to nominate.
* {{note|2|Note 2}}: The Voting Lines were closed for the week.
* {{note|3|Note 3}}: Bigg Boss gave a task as part of the nomination process.
* {{note|4|Note 4}}: On Day 20, Salman revealed that Abu and Siddharth D received the least votes. And the female housemates had the power to Vote to Eject one of them. Abu received the most votes and therefore, was ejected.
* {{note|5|Note 5}}: Sidharth S was nominated for 2 weeks due to violent behaviour
* {{note|6|Note 6}}: Shehnaaz was nominated by Bigg Boss for 1 week as she disobeyed Bigg Boss Orders
* {{note|7|Note 7}}: On Day 54, Bigg Boss asked all the contestants to tell one name from the nominated contestants i.e, Arti, Devoleena, Khesari, Sidharth S and Rashami who has given less contribution to the show, Majority took Khesari's name. Bigg Boss announced that This was a process to evict one contestant. Since Majority took Khesari's name, He was evicted.
* {{note|8|Note 8}}: On Day 62, Devoleena left the issue due to medical issues.
* {{note|9|Note 9}}: Shehnaaz was immuned from nominations as she was declared as the entertainer of the season.
* {{note|10|Note 10}}: On Day 67, Paras left the house for medical treatment due to injury on his finger and was removed from nomination list.
* {{note|11|Note 11}}: On Day 70, Salman revealed that Himanshi and Shefali J were in Bottom 2, Majority saved Shefali J and Himanshi was evicted.
* {{note|12|Note 12}}: On Day 70, Vikas Gupta entered the house as Devoleena's proxy
* {{note|13|Note 13}}: Sidharth S was punished for pushing Asim and was nominated for 2 weeks.
* {{note|14|Note 14}}: On Day 71, Bigg boss announced that Sidharth needs to go to the hospital immediately for treatment but he will be a part of the show.
* {{note|15|Note 15}}: On Day 71, Paras and Sidharth entered the Secret Room
* {{note|16|Note 16}}: On Day 72, After the nomination process was completed, Paras and Sidharth were given a privilege to save one nominated contestant, They saved Mahira
* {{note|17|Note 17}}: On Day 85, Since the eviction was cancelled, The nominations will be carryforwarded to the following week. Since Asim was the captain, He was immune from nominations.
* {{note|18|Note 18}}: On Day 87, Bigg Boss announced that Vikas Gupta's stay at house was completed as Devoleena's health condition is not good and she will not be returning to the show.
* {{note|19|Note 19}}: On Day 98, Salman announced that Madhurima and Shefali Bagga are in Bottom 2. Rest of the housemates had the power to eject one of them. Majority took Shefali Bagga's name and She was evicted.
* {{note|20|Note 20}}: On Day 99, Madhurima was punished for beating Vishal with a slipper and was nominated for 2 weeks by Bigg Boss
* {{note|21|Note 21}}: On Day 105, On the occasion of the season's huge success, Salman announced No eviction but the nominations will be carryforwarded to the following week.
* {{note|22|Note 22}}: On Day 112, Madhurima was ejected from the house due to physical violence
* {{note|23|Note 23}}: On Day 126, As Shehbaz and Vikas Gupta won the task, They had a power to save one housemate from nominations, They saved Arti.
* {{note|24|Note 24}}: On Day 129, As the nomination Task was cancelled, Asim, Sidharth and Rashami used their Elite Club Immunity and became the 1st 3 finalists
* {{note|25|Note 25}}: On Day 132, In Task, Sidharth saved Paras from nominations and became the 4th finalist
</div>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.colorstv.com/in/bigboss13/ Official Website]

{{Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)}}
{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:2019 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) seasons|13]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian celebrity reality television series]]

Asind Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:23:25Z

VetaPmc978: new new pg

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Asind
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-177-Asind.svg
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 177
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Bhilwara district|Bhilwara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhilwara Lok Sabha constituency|Bhilwara]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Jabbar Singh Sankhala]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = {{formatnum:296914}}<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Asind Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> [[asind]] assembly constituency is considered as [[gurjar]] dominant. And the number of gurjar voters in this seat is around 65 thousand.

It is part of [[Bhilwara district|Bhilwara]] district. As of 2023, its representative is [[Jabbar Singh Sankhala]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|1}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[Ramlal Gurjar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|rowspan=2| [[Jabbar Singh Sankhala]]
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Asind<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jabbar Singh Sankhala
|votes = {{formatnum:74586}}
|percentage = 33.6
|change = -1.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Hagamilal Mewara
|votes = {{formatnum:73060}}
|percentage = 32.91
|change = -2.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Dhanraj Gurjar
|votes = {{formatnum:56904}}
|percentage = 25.63
|change = +4.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Naru Lal Bhil
|votes = {{formatnum:7676}}
|percentage = 3.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2029}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change = -0.57
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1526}}
|percentage = 0.69
|change = +0.61
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:222014}}
|percentage = 74.77
|change = +1.98
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Asind<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Jabbar Singh Sankhala
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:70249}}
|percentage = 35.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Manish Mewara
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:70095}}
|percentage = 35.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mansukh Singh
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|votes = {{formatnum:42070}}
|percentage = 21.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dhanna Lal Salvi
|votes = {{formatnum:6092}}
|percentage = 3.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Yuva Shakti
|candidate = Ram Kumar Mali
|votes = {{formatnum:2597}}
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Jagdish
|votes = {{formatnum:2001}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2943}}
|percentage = 1.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:154}}
|percentage = 0.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:199236}}
|percentage = 72.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bhilwara district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|25.74|74.33|display=title}}

[[Category:Bhilwara district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Rough (film)

2026-04-19T02:19:31Z

VetaPmc978: Created New Info

{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rough
| image = Rough movie poster.jpg
| writer = Marudhuri Raja
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Aadi (Telugu actor)|Aadi]]
*[[Rakul Preet Singh]]
*[[Srihari]]
}}
| director = C. H. Subba Reddy
| cinematography = [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]] S. Arun Kumar
| producer = M. Abhilash
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = Sridevi Entertainments
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|11|28}}
| runtime =
| language = Telugu
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|8|c}}
| gross = {{INRConvert|15|c}}
}}

'''''Rough''''' is a 2014 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[romantic action]] [[comedy film]] directed by C. H. Subba Reddy. The movie is produced by M. Abilash on Sridevi Entertainments Banner while [[Aadi (Telugu actor)|Aadi]], [[Rakul Preet Singh]] and [[Srihari]] play pivotal roles. [[Mani Sharma]] composed the Music.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/aadis-next-film-titled-rough-hm.html|title=Aadi's next film titled 'Rough'|date=19 May 2013 |publisher=123telugu.com|accessdate=19 May 2013}}</ref> Actor [[Srihari]] died before the film was released. The film received mixed reviews from critics and was an average hit at the box office.

It was dubbed into Hindi under the same title.

==Plot==
Chandhu is an orphan who falls for Nandhu, a college student and decides to marry her. Later on, he learns that Nandhu is the only sister of a rich businessman, Siddharth. One day, Chandhu meets Siddharth and reveals his desire to marry his sister. A shocked and upset Siddharth challenges Chandhu to make his sister fall in love with him.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Aadi (Telugu actor)|Aadi]] as Chandu
*[[Rakul Preet Singh]] as Nandini "Nandu"
*[[Srihari]] as Siddharth
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[Raghu Babu]]
*[[Y. Kasi Viswanath]] as Chandu's father
*[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]]
*[[Ravi Prakash]] as Chandu's brother-in-law
*[[Raja Ravindra]] as Police
*[[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]] as Chandu's sister
*[[Pavithra Lokesh]] as Chandu's mother
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Sooraj's father
*[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Sooraj
*[[Supreet]] as Sooraj's brother
*[[Krishna Bhagawan]] as Dharmaraju
}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rough
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 3 November 2014
| recorded = 2013–2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 27:18
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Times Music|Junglee Music]]
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title = Basanthi
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Lion (2015 film)|Lion]]
| next_year =2015
}}
The film soundtrack and background music were composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. The soundtrack was marketed by Junglee Music. The soundtrack was unveiled on 3 November 2014 at JRC Function Hall in Hyderabad. [[Suriya]] attended the event as the chief guest while [[Rana Daggubati]], [[Nithiin (actor)|Nithiin]] and [[Allari Naresh]] in attendance along with the film's principal cast & crew.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Roughs-audio-launched/articleshow/45043783.cms|title=Rough's audio launched|work=The Times of India|date=4 November 2014|accessdate=29 November 2014}}</ref>

Reviewing the soundtrack, ''IndiaGlitz'' wrote "Mani Sharma's albums have always raised expectations. This one is no exception. Helped by the experienced Bhaskarabhatla, he delivers an album that has the potential to entertain sections of mass and class audiences. The choice of singers is the saving grace. He may not be back in full form but he proves that he is a thoroughgoing entertainer even in 2014."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/musicreview/17576.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124080632/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/musicreview/17576.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 November 2014|title=Rough - Not so melody brahma|website=IndiaGlitz|date=18 November 2014|accessdate=29 November 2014}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Artist(s)
|all_writing = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]]
| total_length = 27:18
| title1 = Rabbaru Banthi
| extra1 = Narendra, Sudhamayi
| length1 = 04:19
| title2 = Oye Oye Meettapillaku
| extra2 = [[N. C. Karunya|Karunya]]
| length2 = 04:28
| title3 = Edukondala Venkata
| extra3 = Narendra, [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
| length3 = 04:11
| title4 = Abbobbo Veedu
| extra4 = Pavan Charan
| length4 = 02:13
| title5 = Ee Vennela Bommani
| extra5 = Pavan Charan
| length5 = 03:58
| title6 = Nandu I Love You
| extra6 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]]
| length6 = 03:58
| title7 = Edukondala Venkata Simha
| extra7 = Simha, [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
| length7 = 04:11
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4112354}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]

Paniya people

2026-04-16T07:04:42Z

VetaPmc978: Created Data

{{Short description|Ethnic group in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Paniya
| image = Women of Paniya community in Kerala .jpg
| caption = Paniya women in Kerala
| pop = 99,079
| popplace = {{flag|India}}
| region1 = [[Kerala]]
| pop1 = 88,450<ref>{{cite web |title=A-11: State primary census abstract (PCA) for individual scheduled tribes - Kerala |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42971/download/46639/ST-3200-PCA-A-11-ddw.xlsx |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=August 20, 2024}}</ref>
| region2 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| pop2 = 10,134<ref>{{cite web |title=A-11: State primary census abstract (PCA) for individual scheduled tribes - Tamil Nadu |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42972/download/46640/ST-3300-PCA-A-11-ddw.xlsx |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=August 20, 2024}}</ref>
| region3 = [[Karnataka]]
| pop3 = 495<ref>{{cite web |title=A-11: State primary census abstract (PCA) for individual scheduled tribes - Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42968/download/46636/ST-2900-PCA-A-11-ddw.xlsx |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=August 20, 2024}}</ref>
| languages = [[Paniya language]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]], [[traditional religion]], [[Christianity]]
| related = [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]], [[Tamils|Tamil]], [[Malayali]]
}}
The '''Paniya''', also known as '''Paniyar''', '''Panyer''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tribes of India |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft8r29p2r8&chunk.id=d0e705&toc.id=&brand=ucpress |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=publishing.cdlib.org}}</ref> and '''Paniyan''', are an ethnic group of [[India]]. They constitute the single largest Scheduled Tribe in [[Kerala]] and are mainly found in the Wayanad District and the neighbouring areas of Karnataka. They primarily inhabit villages around edge of forestland in Kerala's [[Wayanad District|Wayanad]], [[Kozhikode District|Kozhikode]], [[Kannur District|Kannur]] and [[Malappuram District|Malappuram]] districts. The Paniya speak the [[Paniya language]], which belongs to the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] family, closely related to Malayalam. The center of the bonding contracts was the famous temple of the regional mother goddess of the [[Valliyoorkkavu]] shrine near [[Mananthavady]].<ref name= "MSSRF ">{{cite web|title=Wild Food Report |url=https://mssbg.mssrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/wild-food-report-compressed.pdf}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:The races of man, figure 126 Group of Paniyan men and children of Malabar (IA deniofmanoutlinraces00rich).png|left|thumb|A group of Paniya men and children.]]
There is a theory that the Paniyas were brought to Wayand by the Jain Gounders who trained them to be agricultural labourers in their fields (Thurston, 1909).

The Paniya have historically worked as agricultural labourers. They are believed to have been brought to Wayanad by the king of [[Malabar region|Malabar]], and thereafter tilled the land as serfs. Following the abolishment of the slave-holding system, the Paniya were resettled in different areas established by the government.<ref name="Kerala">{{cite web|title=Major Tribals in Kerala|url=http://www.focusonpeople.org/major_tribals_in_kerala.htm|publisher=FocusonPeople|accessdate=6 November 2013}}</ref>

Paniyas were also historically reputed for their boldness and recklessness. For this reason, they were often employed as thieves.<ref name="Keane">{{cite web|last=Keane|first=A. H.|title=Man, Past and Present|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/35685/35685-h/35685-h.htm|publisher=Cambridge University Press|accessdate=10 November 2013}}</ref>

The Paniya today are a [[scheduled tribe]].<ref name="Pcg">{{cite web|title=Paniya: A Language of India|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/pcg|publisher=Ethnologue|accessdate=6 November 2013}}</ref> One particular sub-group of theirs, the Kattupaniyar, inhabits the forest region of Nilambur in the [[Malappuram district|Malappuram District]]. Here, members lead a traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle.<ref name="Kerala"/>

==Demographics==
The Paniya mainly inhabit [[Kerala]], and the [[Wayanad District|Wayanad]], [[Kozhikode District|Kozhikode]], [[Kannur District|Kannur]] and [[Malappuram District|Malappuram]] districts of India. Others reside in [[Tamil Nadu]], the area west of the [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris hills]], as well as the [[Kodagu district|Kodagu District]] of [[Karnataka]].<ref name="Pcg"/> Their total population depends on agriculture and agriculture labour for their livelihood.
[[File:Paniya girl.jpg|thumb|A Paniya girl.]]
Their population has remained unchanged during this decade (2003).<ref name="Pcg"/> and nearly 67,948 live in the Kerala hills, notably fringes of Western Ghats.<ref name="Kerala"/> People's Action for Educational and Economic development of Tribal People (PEEP) which has been working among Paniya settlers of Kerala since 2005 to promote literacy and improving economic status of the group.

==Language==
The Paniya speak the [[Paniya language]] as a mother tongue. A member of the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] family, it is most closely related to [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Kadar language|Kadar]], [[Ravula language|Ravula]] and other [[Dravidian languages]].<ref name="Pcg"/>

Paniya is spoken both at home and during religious ceremonies. Some Paniyas also use other Dravidian languages, such as Malayalam, [[Tamil language|Tamil]] or [[Kannada language|Kannada]].<ref name="Pcg"/>

Paniyas use different writing systems depending on where in India they reside. Those in Karnataka use the [[Kannada script]], those in Kerala write in the [[Malayalam script]], while the Paniya in Tamil Nadu use the [[Tamil script]].<ref name="Pcg"/>

==Culture==
[[File:Monsoon scene1.jpg|thumb|right|Paniya primarily inhabit [[Kerala]], and the [[Wayanad]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Kannur]] and [[Malappuram]] districts.]]
[[File:Valliyurkavu bhagavathhi temple.jpg|thumb|[[Valliyoorkkavu]] temple with banyan tree considered sacred by Paniya tribe.]]
Paniyas typically live in villages (''padis'') consisting of a few huts (''pire'' or ''chala'') with courtyards. Each hut settlement contains 5 to 15 families.<ref name="Varghese">{{cite web|last=Varghese|first=T.|title=Socio-Economic Profile of Paniya Tribe|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/222/16/16_chapter7.pdf|publisher=Shodhganga|accessdate=9 November 2013}}</ref>

For attire, Paniya men wear a lengthy cloth wrapped around the waist, which is known as a ''mundu''. A smaller mundu is also slung over the shoulders to cover the body. Paniya women or ''panichi'' don a long cloth, with a smaller one above the breast area and around the armpits. In addition, they wear a red or black ''aratti'' scarf around the waist. Land grabbers and poachers exploit them by encouraging drinking habit, sexual infidelity and other vices. PEEP Wayanad also organises various events to spread awareness on social menaces like alcoholism and chewing tobacco. Street plays in the local language has been staged at several forest settlements.<ref name="Varghese"/>

The Paniyas bury their dead in formal funeral rites. Typically, the place of burial is close to the padi. The interment is accompanied by a seven-day mourning period by family members.<ref name="Varghese"/>

==Religion==
The modern Paniya practice a variety of faiths. Among these are [[Hinduism]] with local traditional beliefs, and minority follow [[Christianity]].<ref name="Pcg"/> Their chief deities are ''Kuttichathan'', ''Kattu-bhagavathi'' or Kaali of the forest, ''Mariyamma'' and ''Ayyappan'' are the chief God and Goddess. [[Valliyoorkkavu]] (temple) is where their prominent festivals take place which can be fall in the months of February, March and April. The worship of banyan tree is very significant in their unseen world, they are considered sacred.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nambiar |first1=A. C. K. |title=Population, Development, and the Environment: The Dynamic Interface |date=2005 |publisher=Serials Publications |isbn=978-81-86771-59-4 |page=64}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Irulas]]
*[[Soliga tribe]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Paniya people}}
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/pcg Paniya: A Language of India]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Dravidian peoples]]
[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:People from Wayanad district]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]

Bazooka (film)

2026-04-11T09:07:43Z

VetaPmc978: new new post

{{Short description|2025 Malayalam film by Deeno Dennis}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bazooka
| image = Bazooka poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Deeno Dennis
| producer = {{ubl|Dolwin Kuriakose|Jinu V. Abraham|Vikram Mehra|Siddharth Anand Kumar}}
| writer = Deeno Dennis
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mammootty]]
* [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
}}
| music = Saeed Abbas 
| cinematography = [[Nimish Ravi]] [[Roby Varghese Raj]]
| editing = [[Nishadh Yusuf]] Praveen Prabhakar
| distributor = Capital Cinema
| studio = Theatre of Dreams [[Yoodlee Films]] [[Saregama]]
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|2025|4|10|df=yes|}}
| runtime = 151 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Censor Board clears Mammootty's 'Bazooka' for release with U/A certificate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/censor-board-clears-mammoottys-bazooka-for-release-with-u/a-certificate/articleshow/120009610.cms |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=Times of India}}</ref>
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}25.50 crore<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Mohit |date=7 May 2025 |title=Bazooka Final Box Office Worldwide: Mammootty's game thriller closes theatrical run at just Rs 25.5 crore; a major FLOP |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/bazooka-final-box-office-worldwide-mammoottys-game-thriller-closes-theatrical-run-at-just-rs-25-5-crore-a-major-flop-1386483 |access-date=7 May 2025 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Bazooka''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by Deeno Dennis in his directorial debut. It is produced by [[Yoodlee Films]] and Theatre of Dreams, starring [[Mammootty]] and [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]].

The project was initially reported in March 2018 as Dennis' debut film. He narrated the one liner to Mammootty, whom he had in mind who accepted to do the film, asked him to take time and write the entire script, and also persuaded Denno to direct the film. The film was announced in April 2023 with the current title. [[Principal photography]] began by mid-May that year in [[Kochi]] and concluded in October 2024. It has music by Saeed Abbas, and [[Midhun Mukundan]], cinematography by [[Nimish Ravi]] and [[Roby Varghese Raj]], editing by [[Nishadh Yusuf]] and Praveen Prabhakar.

''Bazooka'' was released in theatres on 10 April 2025 and received negative reviews, and ended up being a box office failure.<ref name=":3" />

== Plot ==
A painting is smuggled from abroad and spotting it amidst a road check, Benjamin Joshua, an ACP in [[Kochi]], intervenes and transfers it into an encrypted location. Months later, in a [[Bengaluru]]-bound bus, a hardcore gamer Sunny acquaints with his co-passenger Aryan Achary, a seemingly introverted accountant, also traveling to the city. Due to a turn of events a curious Sunny goes through Aryan's laptop which reveals that the guy is neither Aryan Acharyan nor an accountant. With his identity leaked, Aryan, revealing himself as John, confides to Sunny about himself.

John is a former police forensic professional who is on sabbatical due to some reasons, and Benjamin Joshua's childhood friend. In Kochi, a mysterious gang of serial robbers who disguise themselves and loot strange items from certain locations create chaos. During the investigation, Benjamin learns that the killers are following the pattern of a video game - each time an officer in Benjamin's team is picked, and sourced with a random clue which should be cracked before the loot happens, which Benjamin's team fails every time. John arrives to aid Benjamin in tracking down the criminal gang. The gang even bugs Benjamin himself by luring his son with a [[Mario]] gameset, which the boy keeps despite Benjamin warning him to not take it.

After missing the gang a couple of times, Benjamin nabs one of the boys in the gang who reveals nothing despite being tortured by the police. However, John links the clues to a gameplay with his investigation, and Benjamin's son, also a gamer, reveals about the game he kept out of curiosity. With the boy's help, and playing through the game titles as Bazooka, John and Benjamin crack the final level. John finally finds that it leads to the smuggled painting, which is currently locked in a high-profile customs office in Kochi. John, officially rejoining service, devises a heavy security [[Electronic lock|electric lock]] to mask the painting at any cost.

Listening to the story, Sunny challenges John that a hardcore hacker can easily crack the lock. John, seeing his confidence, allows him to try. Despite initial hurdles, Sunny cracks the lock hacking into it, which amazes John. As they reach Bangalore, the men part, as Sunny goes on to meet his instagram girlfriend as planned and John leaves too. Later, Sunny sees in the news that John Caesar, who assisted the police, has been arrested in [[Kerala]] in connection to the lock he made failing.

Sunny rushes back to Kochi to know the truth. Meanwhile, Benjamin is in court, trying his best to free John as only he can bring the case to an end. However, the arrested John Caesar is shown to be a different man, Benjamin's childhood friend who was assisting him in the serial robbery case.

Simultaneously, Sunny spots his girlfriend Jovita, whom he met in Bangalore, in a car in Kochi. Sunny follows her in a car with her real boyfriend to their hideout. The duo fights Sunny, who nevertheless overpowers them. Their leader, an eccentric and loud guy revealed to be the same person who posed as John in the bus journey, arrives with the rest of the gang. It is revealed that guy, calling himself "Bazooka" or "Mr. Mario", is a monomaniac and addict gamer whom Benjamin and the real John were trying to trace all along. Bazooka reveals how Benjamin angered him while locking up his painting which has a hidden treasure in it. To exact vengeance, Bazooka and gang employ a series of robberies to trouble Benjamin and the police. However, John Caesar was smarter than their predictions and made it near impossible to lay hands on the painting (Every scene of "John" featured the actual John Caesar who was guiding Benjamin and his team). That's when Bazooka, posing as John and choosing Sunny on whom he has a grudge for continually surpassing him virtually, lures Sunny into cracking the painting lock by leveraging his hacking skills. With the truth unrevealed and learning of the Bazooka gang's insanity, Sunny leaves, feeling helpless. All of the worth looted by the gang is dumped back right in front of the police.

Bazooka is seen flying to [[Dubai, United Arab Emirates|Dubai]], where in Benjamin and Sunny are shown as his co-passengers in the flight. Benjamin finally gets to interact with Bazooka and assures that he'll lock him up, while Bazooka challenges him to do the same after they land in Dubai (possibly hinting at a sequel).

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mammootty]] as: Aryan Acharya / John Caesar (Fake) / Bazooka
* [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Benjamin Joshua [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Divya Pillai]] as Annie Benjamin
* [[Sidharth Bharathan]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Arjun Ramaswamy
* [[Iswarya Menon]] as Jovita / Pocket Dynamite
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Franco Salvatore / Stonerman (Cameo)
* Sumith Naval as Ansari / Big B
* [[Hakim Shahjahan]] as Sunny Varghese / Mr. Mario / SD_47
* Sneha Ajith as Tamil Nadu Police Officer
* Bhama Arun as [[Sub Inspector of Police|SI]] Saniya
* Dinu Dennis as CI Tony
* [[Joemon Jyothir]]
* Abin Bino as Conductor
* Zena Shankar as Mia / Superblondie
* Vasisht Umesh
* [[Binu Pappu]] as Psychartist Zachariah Varghese
* Meenakshi Raveendran
* Joe John Chacko as Cerealkiller
* [[Babu Antony]] as John Caesar (Cameo)
* Santhosh Varkey ([[Aaraattu (2022 film)|Arattu Annan]]) as a biker (cameo)
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In March 2018, it was reported that Deeno Dennis, son of veteran scriptwriter [[Kaloor Dennis]], would direct a film starring [[Mammootty]] in the lead role. Dennis is known for scripting 24 of Mammootty' films from ''[[Aa Raathri|Aa Rathri]]'' to ''[[Ezhupunna Tharakan]]''. It would mark Deeno's debut as a director. According to Deeno it would be the first "game thriller" in Malayalam cinema and will have elements connected to gaming and he also described it as a "mass thriller" which would have elements of [[Action film|action]], [[Drama film|drama]], [[Romantic film|romance]], [[humour]] and [[Adventure film|adventure]].<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |last=Prakash |first=Asha |date=30 March 2018 |title=Mammootty to act in a 'game thriller' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-to-act-in-a-game-thriller/articleshow/63534298.cms |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The ''Untitled'' film was intended to start shooting in December 2018. Meanwhile Mammootty will be wrapping up his ongoing projects such as ''[[Yatra (2019 film)|Yathra]],'' ''[[Uncle (2019 film)|Uncle]]'', ''[[Abrahaminte Santhathikal]]'' and ''[[Mamangam (film)|Maamaankam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |date=2018-04-02 |title=Mammootty to star in Mollywood's first 'game thriller'? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/mammootty-star-mollywoods-first-thriller-video-gaming-elements-78886 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

{{Quote box
| quote = "I knew Mammootty listens only to one-liners so I made a story outline and approached him. But he listened for two and a half hours, and asked me to take my time and write the entire script. I was planning to rope in another director but Mammootty asked me to direct the film myself, so here I am."
| source = Deeno Dennis, on Mammootty's involvement in the film.<ref name="TOI" />
| align = right
| width = 33%
}}

Four years later, on 2 June 2022, production manager N. M. Badusha announced through social media that the film would be bankrolled by Dolwin Kuriakose and Jinu V. Abraham under the banner of Theatre of Dreams. At the same time, Nimish Ravi was signed on as the cinematographer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2022 |title=Mammootty's next is a thriller directed by Dino Dennis |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-next-is-a-thriller-directed-by-dino-dennis/articleshow/91961568.cms |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2022 |title=Mammootty To Play The Lead In Dino Dennis's Debut Directorial |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/mammootty-to-play-the-lead-in-dino-dennis-s-debut-directorial-news-199956/ |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> Abraham revealed to ''[[OTTplay]]'' that the film was not the project that Dennis had planned in 2018. The same month it was also reported that the film would go on floor the next year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=2 June 2022 |title=Mammootty signs his third thriller this year, to team up with Kaloor Dennis' son Deeno next for big budget film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mammootty-signs-his-third-thriller-this-year-to-team-up-with-kaloor-dennis-son-deeno-next-for-big-budget-film/37aef5ee0c771 |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref> On 9 April 2023, Mammootty announced the film officially by revealing its title to be ''Bazooka'', which would also be co produced by [[Saregama]] under their film studio [[Yoodlee Films]] with Vikram Mehra and Sidharth Anand Kumar serving as the co-producers .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=10 April 2023 |title=Mammootty gives James Bond vibes in new look from Bazooka. Seen yet? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mammootty-gives-james-bond-vibes-in-new-look-from-bazooka-seen-yet-2357950-2023-04-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119145439/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mammootty-gives-james-bond-vibes-in-new-look-from-bazooka-seen-yet-2357950-2023-04-10 |archive-date=19 January 2025 |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> [[Nishadh Yusuf]] and [[Midhun Mukundan]] were recruited as editor and music composer respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 April 2023 |title=Mammootty's next mass thriller titled 'Bazooka' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-next-mass-thriller-titled-bazooka/articleshow/99371839.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417163956/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-next-mass-thriller-titled-bazooka/articleshow/99371839.cms |archive-date=17 April 2023 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Editing credits are shared between Nishadh Yusuf and Praveen Prabhakar.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Features |first=Express |date=2025-02-08 |title=Mammootty's 'Bazooka' postponed to April 10 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Feb/08/mammoottys-bazooka-postponed-to-april-10 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Midhun was later replaced by Saeed Abbas.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

=== Casting ===
In March 2023, [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] was signed to play a prominent role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2023 |title=Gautham Menon joins the cast of Mammootty's next? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/07/gautham-menon-joins-the-cast-of-mammoottys-next-42050.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113175241/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/07/gautham-menon-joins-the-cast-of-mammoottys-next-42050.html |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=After Vijay's Leo, Gautham Vasudev Menon to star in Mammootty's mass thriller helmed by Deeno Dennis {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/after-vijays-leo-gautham-vasudev-menon-to-star-in-mammoottys-mass-thriller-helmed-by-deeno-dennis-exclusive/c7a070988a801 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113181433/https://www.ottplay.com/news/after-vijays-leo-gautham-vasudev-menon-to-star-in-mammoottys-mass-thriller-helmed-by-deeno-dennis-exclusive/c7a070988a801 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> In May 2023, [[Iswarya Menon]] and [[Divya Pillai]] were chosen to play major female roles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=10 May 2023 |title=Divya Pillai, Iswarya Menon to play the female leads in Mammootty's Bazooka |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/10/divya-pillai-iswarya-menon-to-play-the-female-leads-inmammoottysbazooka-43268.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113164149/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/10/divya-pillai-iswarya-menon-to-play-the-female-leads-inmammoottysbazooka-43268.html |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The other female actors include Bhama Arun and [[Gayathiri Iyer]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2023 |title=Mammootty starts shooting for Bazooka |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/13/mammootty-starts-shooting-for-bazooka-43378.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113155419/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/13/mammootty-starts-shooting-for-bazooka-43378.html |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Sidharth Bharathan|Siddharth Bharathan]] was cast in a significant role who later associated with Mammootty in ''[[Bramayugam]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 2023 |title=Is Mammootty teaming up with 'Bhoothakaalam' director Rahul Sadasivan for his next? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/is-mammootty-teaming-up-with-bhoothakaalam-director-rahul-sadasivan-for-his-next/articleshow/100815059.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608190537/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/is-mammootty-teaming-up-with-bhoothakaalam-director-rahul-sadasivan-for-his-next/articleshow/100815059.cms |archive-date=8 June 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Sumith Naval, known for appearing in early [[Amal Neerad]] films, is making a comeback and joined the cast in July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bazooka: Big B actor Sumith Naval joins Mammootty in this game thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bazooka-big-b-actor-sumith-naval-joins-mammootty-in-this-game-thriller/09738d5f45630 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113174354/https://www.ottplay.com/news/bazooka-big-b-actor-sumith-naval-joins-mammootty-in-this-game-thriller/09738d5f45630 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> In July 2023, [[Babu Antony]] was reported to play a role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mammootty's Bazooka to have Babu Antony as its antagonist? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mammoottys-bazooka-to-have-babu-antony-as-its-antagonist/4eaf51ebc5949 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113173301/https://www.ottplay.com/news/mammoottys-bazooka-to-have-babu-antony-as-its-antagonist/4eaf51ebc5949 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Abin Bino was cast to play a role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mammootty's touching gesture: Celebrates Abin Bino's birthday with warmth and love |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/08/07/mammootty-bazooka-movie-abin-bino-birthday-romancham-fame.html |access-date=30 November 2023 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
It was reported that the filming would begin by the end of April 2023 and was expected to be completed by July–August, with 90–100 days of shooting in [[Coimbatore]], [[Kochi]] and [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mammootty's Bazooka is a game-thriller that has other interesting elements too: Deeno Dennis {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mammoottys-bazooka-is-a-game-thriller-that-has-other-interesting-elements-too-deeno-dennis-exclusive/c5802f91ff35 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113155419/https://www.ottplay.com/news/mammoottys-bazooka-is-a-game-thriller-that-has-other-interesting-elements-too-deeno-dennis-exclusive/c5802f91ff35 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Filming was later postponed following the death of Mammootty's mother.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=13 May 2023 |title=Mammootty starts shooting for Bazooka |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/13/mammootty-starts-shooting-for-bazooka-43378.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113155419/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/13/mammootty-starts-shooting-for-bazooka-43378.html |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began on 10 May 2023 with a [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] ceremony at the Samudrika Convention Centre in [[Willingdon Island]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=10 May 2023 |title=Mammootty begins filming for new movie 'Bazooka' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mammootty-begins-filming-for-new-movie-bazooka/article66834332.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113153436/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mammootty-begins-filming-for-new-movie-bazooka/article66834332.ece |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2023 |title=Mammootty begins filming for crime drama Bazooka directed by debutant Deeno Dennis |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mammootty-begins-filming-for-crime-drama-bazooka-directed-by-debutant-deeno-dennis-8602224/ |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Mammootty joined the sets on 12 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title='ബസൂക്ക'യിൽ ജോയിൻ ചെയ്ത് മമ്മൂട്ടി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/05/12/mammootty-joined-in-bazooka.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513045602/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/05/12/mammootty-joined-in-bazooka.html |archive-date=13 May 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref> Mammootty completed his shooting portions on 5 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2023 |title=Mammootty completes shooting his portions in Bazooka |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/05/mammootty-completes-shooting-his-portions-in-bazooka-46312.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113153437/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/05/mammootty-completes-shooting-his-portions-in-bazooka-46312.html |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> In August 2023, Hakkim Shah met with an accident on the set while riding a bike as part of a chase sequence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bazooka: Hakkim Shah suffers a head injury on the set of the Mammootty-starrer |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bazooka-hakkim-shah-suffers-a-head-injury-on-the-set-of-the-mammootty-starrer/1bd290a53d571 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113160601/https://www.ottplay.com/news/bazooka-hakkim-shah-suffers-a-head-injury-on-the-set-of-the-mammootty-starrer/1bd290a53d571 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2023 |title=Hakkim Shah suffers head injury on Bazooka sets |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/07/hakkim-shah-suffers-head-injury-on-bazooka-sets-46361.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113160601/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/07/hakkim-shah-suffers-head-injury-on-bazooka-sets-46361.html |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Mammootty shot for 45 days for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title='ബസൂക്ക' പൂർത്തിയാക്കി മമ്മൂട്ടി; ഇനി 'ഭൂതകാലം' സംവിധായകന്റെ ഹൊറർ സിനിമ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/08/06/mammootty-finished-his-portions-for-bazooka-next-he-will-joins-Jayarams-abraham-ozler-for-a-cameo-role.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806082941/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/08/06/mammootty-finished-his-portions-for-bazooka-next-he-will-joins-Jayarams-abraham-ozler-for-a-cameo-role.html |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref>

The final shooting schedule started on 21 February 2024 progressing in Kochi, primarily filming the scenes featuring Gautham Vasudev Menon.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Mammootty starrer 'Bazooka' enters the last leg of its shoot with Gautham Vasudev Menon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-starrer-bazooka-enters-the-last-leg-of-its-shoot-with-gautham-vasudev-menon/articleshow/107878665.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213081328/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-starrer-bazooka-enters-the-last-leg-of-its-shoot-with-gautham-vasudev-menon/articleshow/107878665.cms |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was reported that shooting concluded after 90 days on 22 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mammootty starrer 'Bazooka' wraps up shooting |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mammootty-starrer-bazooka-wraps-up-793f722f |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> However, the filmmakers revealed that some scenes involving Gautham Vasudev Menon were yet to be completed, with plans for a short 2-3 day schedule. The delay has been due to scheduling conflicts, as both Mammootty and Gautham are currently working on an untitled upcoming project.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |title=Mammootty's 'Bazooka' hits road bump in September release: Here's what we know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-bazooka-hits-road-bump-in-september-release-heres-what-we-know/articleshow/112095193.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001201245/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-bazooka-hits-road-bump-in-september-release-heres-what-we-know/articleshow/112095193.cms |archive-date=1 October 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The entire filming was wrapped up in October 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2024 |title=Mammootty and team 'Bazooka' wrap up the shoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-and-team-bazooka-wrap-up-the-shoot/articleshow/113924933.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004133652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-and-team-bazooka-wrap-up-the-shoot/articleshow/113924933.cms |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The cinematography will be handled by [[Nimish Ravi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2023 |title=Mammootty's Bazooka to begin tomorrow |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/09/mammoottys-bazooka-to-begin-tomorrow-43212.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113170945/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/09/mammoottys-bazooka-to-begin-tomorrow-43212.html |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Stunt Silva]] is in charge of choreographing action sequences.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2023 |title='Bazooka' first look poster out; Mammootty all set for one hell of a ride! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bazooka-first-look-poster-out-mammootty-all-set-for-a-one-hell-of-a-ride/articleshow/100708125.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202155040/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bazooka-first-look-poster-out-mammootty-all-set-for-a-one-hell-of-a-ride/articleshow/100708125.cms |archive-date=2 December 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Nimish Ravi was unable to join the final schedule due to date conflicts as he was on a project in Hyderabad. [[Roby Varghese Raj]] stepped in to film the remaining portions.<ref name=":2" />

=== Post production ===
The post-production works started in July 2024.<ref name="The Times of India"/> The patchwork shoots were conducted in Kochi in September 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mammootty and team 'Bazooka' wrap up the shoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-and-team-bazooka-wrap-up-the-shoot/articleshow/113924933.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004133652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-and-team-bazooka-wrap-up-the-shoot/articleshow/113924933.cms |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film's music was composed by Saeed Abbas. [[Midhun Mukundan]] was initially attached as the composer. However, newcomer Saeed Abbas was selected to compose the teaser music. Abbas, an assistant of [[Sushin Shyam]] had earlier composed for [[Mahesh Narayanan]]'s segment ''Sherlock'' in the anthology film, ''[[Manorathangal]]''. After scoring the teaser Abbas was selected to do the background score of the film, with Midhun Mukundan still retained as the song composer. However, gradually Abbas replaced Mukundan as the sole composer of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2023 |title=Mammootty-Deeno Dennis film Bazooka launched |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/10/mammootty-deeno-dennis-film-bazooka-launched-43252.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113165224/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/10/mammootty-deeno-dennis-film-bazooka-launched-43252.html |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=Bazooka first look release date announced |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jun/01/bazooka-first-look-release-date-announced-44145.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113185905/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jun/01/bazooka-first-look-release-date-announced-44145.html |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Loading Bazooka
| extra1 = [[Sreenath Bhasi]]
| music1 = Saeed Abbas
| lyrics1 = Bins
| length1 = 2:40
}}

== Marketing ==
The teaser of the film was released on 15 August 2024, coinciding with [[Independence Day (India)|India's Independence Day]]. A promotional poster was also released, revealing the film's official release date.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2024 |title='Bazooka' teaser: Mammootty's bold presence infuses style into the pulse-pounding actioner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bazooka-teaser-mammoottys-bold-presence-infuses-style-into-the-pulse-pounding-actioner/articleshow/112546204.cms |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The official trailer was released on 26 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bazooka trailer: Mammootty, Gautham Vasudev join forces to nab 'daredevil antagonist'. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/bazooka-trailer-mammootty-gautham-vasudev-join-forces-to-nab-daredevil-antagonist-watch-9907412/ |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
Earlier reports indicated that ''Bazooka'' would be released alongside [[Mohanlal]]'s directorial debut ''[[Barroz]]'' in December 2023, during [[Christmas]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Mohanlal's Barroz and Mammootty's Bazooka likely to witness box office clash on Christmas 2023; Reports |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/mohanlals-barroz-and-mammoottys-bazooka-likely-to-witness-box-office-clash-on-christmas-2023-reports-1242648 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113171134/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/mohanlals-barroz-and-mammoottys-bazooka-likely-to-witness-box-office-clash-on-christmas-2023-reports-1242648 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref> However, it was delayed and pushed to 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2023 |title=Here's a release update on Mammootty's Bazooka |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/nov/12/heres-a-release-update-on-mammoottys-bazooka-49478.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112182554/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/nov/12/heres-a-release-update-on-mammoottys-bazooka-49478.html |archive-date=12 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 November 2023 |title=Mammootty unveils stylish avatar in latest 'Bazooka' poster; release date revealed for 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-unveils-stylish-avatar-in-latest-bazooka-poster-release-date-revealed-for-2024/articleshow/105168076.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112182555/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-unveils-stylish-avatar-in-latest-bazooka-poster-release-date-revealed-for-2024/articleshow/105168076.cms |archive-date=12 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was later reported that ''Bazooka'' and ''Barroz'' would release on the same day, 12 September 2024, during [[Onam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bazooka release: The Mammootty-starrer game thriller to hit theatres on this date? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bazooka-release-date-mammootty-starrer-game-thriller/7dc8facb71677 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009083914/https://www.ottplay.com/news/bazooka-release-date-mammootty-starrer-game-thriller/7dc8facb71677 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref> Despite these plans, the film was further delayed and was scheduled for the release on either late 2024 or early 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bazooka release update: Mammootty's film delayed due to this reason? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bazooka-release-update-mammootty-film-delayed-due-to-this-reason/344f1b82c6131 |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bazooka: New poster hints at the Mammootty-starrer's release soon |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bazooka-new-poster-mammootty-game-thriller-release-soon/33930c57d7101 |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref> The film got a release date as February 14, 2025, but was revised to April 10, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajpal |first=Roktim |date=8 February 2025 |title=Bazooka delayed from February 14 to April 10: Will the move benefit Mammootty's action thriller? Trade analyst reveals |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/originals/bazooka-malayalam-movie-delayed-from-february-14-to-april-10-will-the-move-benefit-mammoottys-action-thriller-trade-analyst-reveals-652354.html |access-date=22 February 2025 |website=India Times}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The post theatrical digital rights of the film is acquired by [[ZEE5]] and satellite rights by [[Zee Keralam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2025 |title=Bazooka OTT release date to be announced soon, digital partner of Mammootty-starrer locked |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bazooka-ott-release-date-to-be-announced-soon-digital-partner-of-mammootty-starrer-locked/7dec216fda72 |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Bazooka'' received negative reviews from critics.

Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film with 2/5 stars and wrote "A dashing Mammootty powers through a severely underwritten, yet sleek flick".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Bazooka Movie Review: A dashing Mammootty powers through a severely underwritten, yet sleek flick. It feels like serving a colourful dessert after a tasteless undercooked main course |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bazooka-movie-review-a-dashing-mammootty-powers-through-a-severely-underwritten-yet-sleek-flick-9935577/ |access-date=11 April 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

"Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' rated the film 1/5 stars and wrote "Watching ''Bazooka'' feels like attending multiple lectures given by some of the most boring teachers who took a crash course in their respective subjects".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Bazooka' review: Mammootty gets the worst kind of tribute — a 'game' where the audience becomes the loser |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/04/10/bazooka-review-mammootty-gets-the-worst-kind-of-tribute-a-game-where-the-audience-becomes-the-loser.html |access-date=11 April 2025 |website=The Week}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=27470003}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/bazooka}}

[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2024 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Yoodlee Films films]]

Shirala Walva Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:28:14Z

VetaPmc978: adding basic stub more to come - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shirala Walva
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1952 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=52-124}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 52,705
| mla = Babar Sarojini Krishnarao
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year= [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Shirala Walva Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After 1955 Delimitation act, it was split into [[Shirala Assembly constituency|Shirala]], [[Walva Assembly constituency|Walva]] and [[Karad]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Babar Sarojini Krishnarao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirala Walva <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Babar Sarojini Krishnarao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,066 |percentage = 36.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Yeshwant Chandroji |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 9,727 |percentage = 32.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Gajanan Balajee |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,974 |percentage = 13.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patankar Babuji Bala |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,231 |percentage = 10.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohite Mahadeo Tukaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,807 |percentage = 5.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahind Vishnu Bhau |party = Independent politician |votes = 578 |percentage = 1.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,339 |percentage = 4.41% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,383 |percentage = 57.65% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,383}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,705 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Wetland

2026-03-15T23:06:27Z

VetaPmc978: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Ecosystem that is flooded or saturated with water}}
{{Other uses|Wetland (disambiguation)}}
<noinclude>{{multiple image |perrow=2 |total_width=400 |image1=Coastal marsh profile.png |alt1=Upland vs. wetland vs. lacustrine zones |image2=Freshwater swamp forest in Gowainghat Sylhet Bangladesh photo taken in July 2016.jpg |alt2=Freshwater [[swamp]] forest in [[Bangladesh]] |image3=Tourbière 03 - Parc de Frontenac - Juillet 2008.jpg |alt3= [[Peat bogs]] are freshwater wetlands that develop in areas with [[standing water]] and low [[soil fertility]]. |image4= Remediated wetlands at the Mount Polley mine.jpg |alt4 = Mount Polley wetlands in [[British Columbia]], Canada |footer= Wetlands come in different sizes and types. From top left: Upland vs. wetland vs. lacustrine zones; freshwater [[swamp]] forest in [[Bangladesh]]; [[peat bogs]] are freshwater wetlands that develop in areas with [[standing water]] and low [[soil fertility]]; a freshwater cattail (''[[Typha]]'') marsh that develops with standing water and high soil fertility.}}</noinclude>

A '''wetland''' is a distinct [[semi-aquatic]] [[ecosystem]] whose [[groundcover]]s are [[flooded]] or [[soil saturation|saturated]] in [[water]], either permanently, for years or decades, or only seasonally. Flooding results in [[oxygen]]-poor ([[anoxic waters|anoxic]]) processes taking place, especially in the [[soil]]s.<ref name=Keddy2010>{{cite book |last=Keddy |first=P.A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVeaSqFy2VgC |title=Wetland ecology: principles and conservation |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51940-3 |edition=2nd |location=New York |access-date=2020-06-03 |archive-date=2023-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317201346/https://books.google.com/books?id=eVeaSqFy2VgC }}</ref> Wetlands form a transitional zone between [[waterbodies]] and [[dry land]]s, and are different from other [[terrestrial ecosystem|terrestrial]] or [[aquatic ecosystem]]s due to their [[vegetation]]'s [[root]]s having adapted to oxygen-poor [[hydric soil|waterlogged soils]].<ref name=ramsar>{{cite web|title=Official page of the Ramsar Convention|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs/main/ramsar/1-30_4000_0__|access-date=2011-09-25}}</ref> They are considered among the most [[biologically diverse]] of all ecosystems, serving as [[habitat]]s to a wide range of aquatic and semi-aquatic [[plant]]s and [[animal]]s, with often improved [[water quality]] due to plant removal of [[nutrient pollution|excess nutrients]] such as [[nitrate]]s and [[phosphorus]].

Wetlands exist on every [[continent]], except [[Antarctica]].<ref name=Davidson2014>{{cite journal |author=Davidson, N.C. |year=2014 |title=How much wetland has the world lost? Long-term and recent trends in global wetland area |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=65 |issue=10|pages=934–941|doi=10.1071/MF14173|bibcode=2014MFRes..65..934D |s2cid=85617334}}</ref> The water in wetlands is either [[freshwater]], [[brackish]] or [[seawater|saltwater]].<ref name=ramsar/> The main types of wetlands are defined based on the dominant [[plant]]s and the source of the water. For example, ''[[marsh]]es'' are wetlands dominated by [[aquatic plant#Emergent|emergent]] [[herbaceous vegetation]] such as [[reed (plant)|reed]]s, [[cattail]]s, and [[sedge]]s. ''[[Swamp]]s'' are dominated by [[woody vegetation]], such as [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s (although [[reedswamp|reed swamps]] in Europe are dominated by reeds, not trees). [[Mangrove forest]]<nowiki/>s are wetlands with [[mangrove]]s and [[halophytic]] woody plants that have evolved to tolerate [[salty water]].

Examples of wetlands classified by the sources of water include ''[[tidal wetland]]s'', where the water source is [[ocean tides]]; ''[[estuaries]]'', water source is mixed tidal and river waters; ''[[floodplain]]s'', water source is excess water from overflowed rivers or lakes; and ''[[bog]]s'' and ''[[vernal pond]]s'', water source is [[rainfall]] or [[meltwater]], sometimes mediated through groundwater springs.<ref name=Keddy2010/><ref name="water">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=US EPA|url=https://www.epa.gov/wetlands/what-wetland|access-date=2011-09-25}}</ref> The world's largest wetlands include the [[Amazon River basin]], the [[West Siberian Plain]],<ref name="FraserKeddy">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYeccNT_AsQC&pg=PP1 |title=The World's Largest Wetlands: Their Ecology and Conservation |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83404-9 |editor-last=Fraser |editor-first=L. |location=Cambridge, UK |editor2-last=Keddy |editor2-first=P.A.}}</ref> the [[Pantanal]] in South America,<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=WWF Pantanal Programme |url=http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/bolivia/our_work/pantanal_programme/ |access-date=2011-09-25}}</ref> and the [[Sundarbans]] in the [[Ganges]]-[[Brahmaputra]] delta.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |author=Giri, C. |author2=Pengra, B. |author3=Zhu, Z. |author4=Singh, A. |author5=Tieszen, L.L. |year=2007 |title=Monitoring mangrove forest dynamics of the Sundarbans in Bangladesh and India using multi-temporal satellite data from 1973 to 2000 |journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science |volume=73 |issue=1–2 |pages=91–100 |bibcode=2007ECSS...73...91G |doi=10.1016/j.ecss.2006.12.019}}</ref>

Wetlands contribute many [[ecosystem service]]s that benefit people. These include for example [[water purification]], stabilization of shorelines, storm protection and [[flood control]]. In addition, wetlands also process and condense [[carbon]] (in processes called [[carbon fixation]] and [[carbon sequestration|sequestration]]), and other nutrients and [[water pollution|water pollutants]]. Wetlands can act as a [[carbon sink|sink]] or a [[carbon source|source]] of carbon, depending on the specific wetland. If they function as a carbon sink, they can help with [[climate change mitigation]]. However, wetlands can also be a significant [[greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands|source of methane emissions]] due to [[anaerobic decomposition]] of soaked [[detritus]], and some are also emitters of [[nitrous oxide]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Bange|first=H. W.|date=2006 |title=Nitrous oxide and methane in European coastal waters |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0272771406002496|journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=361–374 |doi=10.1016/j.ecss.2006.05.042 |bibcode=2006ECSS...70..361B|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=A. J. |last2=Giannopoulos |first2=G. |last3=Pretty |first3=J. |last4=Baggs |first4=E. M. |last5=Richardson |first5=D. J. |date=2012 |title=Biological sources and sinks of nitrous oxide and strategies to mitigate emissions |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B |volume=367 |issue=1593 |pages=1157–1168 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2011.0415 |pmc=3306631 |pmid=22451101}}</ref>

Humans are disturbing and damaging wetlands in many ways, including [[oil and gas extraction]], building infrastructure, [[overgrazing]] of [[livestock]], [[overfishing]], alteration of wetlands including [[dredging]] and draining, [[nutrient pollution]], and [[water pollution]].<ref name="clewell2013" /><ref name="mitsch2007" /> Wetlands are more threatened by [[environmental degradation]] than any other [[ecosystem]] on Earth, according to the [[Millennium Ecosystem Assessment]] from 2005.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=N.C. |url=https://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.358.aspx.pdf |title=Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Wetlands and Water Synthesis: a report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment |last2=D'Cruz |first2=R. |last3=Finlayson |first3=C.M. |date=2005 |publisher=World Resources Institute |isbn=978-1-56973-597-8 |location=Washington, DC |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Methods exist for assessing wetland [[ecological health]]. These methods have contributed to [[wetland conservation]] by raising public awareness of the functions that wetlands can provide.<ref name="ACADEMIC PRESS">{{Cite book |title=Wetland and Stream Rapid Assessments: Development, Validation, and Application|date=2018|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-805091-0|editor-last=Dorney |editor-first=J. |location=London; San Diego, CA |oclc=1017607532|editor-last2=Savage |editor-first2=R.|editor-last3=Adamus |editor-first3=P.|editor-last4=Tiner |editor-first4=R.}}</ref> Since 1971, work under an international treaty seeks to identify and protect "[[wetlands of international importance]]."

{{TOC level|3}}

==Definitions and terminology==
[[File:A somewhat smoggy Midtown Manhattan skyline as seen from Jamaica Bay - panoramio (cropped).jpg|thumb|300px|[[Marshlands]] are often noted within wetlands, as seen here at the [[Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge]] in [[New York City]].]]

===Technical definitions===
A simplified definition of wetland is "an area of land that is usually saturated with water".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home: Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://www.oed.com/ |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=www.oed.com |language=en}}</ref> More precisely, wetlands are areas where "water covers the [[soil]], or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season".<ref name=":5" /> A patch of land that develops pools of water after a [[rain storm]] would not necessarily be considered a "wetland", even though the land is wet. Wetlands have unique characteristics: they are generally distinguished from other [[water bodies]] or [[landform]]s based on their [[water level]] and on the types of [[plant]]s that live within them. Specifically, wetlands are characterized as having a [[water table]] that stands at or near the [[land surface]] for a long enough period each year to support [[aquatic plants]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Glossary of Terms |url=http://www.cvwd.net/water_glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425163056/http://www.cvwd.net/water_glossary.htm |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |access-date=2012-05-23 |publisher=Carpinteria Valley Water District}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Glossary |url=http://mapping2.orr.noaa.gov/portal/calcasieu/calc_html/resources/glossary.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425163041/http://mapping2.orr.noaa.gov/portal/calcasieu/calc_html/resources/glossary.html |archive-date=2012-04-25 |access-date=2012-05-23 |publisher=Mapping2.orr.noaa.gov}}</ref>

A more concise definition is a community composed of [[hydric soil]] and [[hydrophytes]].<ref name="Keddy2010" />

Wetlands have also been described as [[ecotone]]s, providing a transition between dry land and water bodies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Glossary |url=http://www.alabamapower.com/hydro/glossary.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321233304/http://www.alabamapower.com/hydro/glossary.asp |archive-date=2012-03-21 |access-date=2012-05-23 |publisher=Alabama Power}}</ref> Wetlands exist "...at the interface between truly [[terrestrial ecoregion|terrestrial]] ecosystems and [[aquatic habitat|aquatic]] systems, making them inherently different from each other, yet highly dependent on both."<ref name="mitsch2007">{{cite book |last1=Mitsch |first1=William J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cSKeTCi894C |title=Wetlands |last2=Gosselink |first2=James G. |date=2007-08-24 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-471-69967-5 |edition=4th |location=New York, NY}}</ref>

In environmental decision-making, there are subsets of definitions that are agreed upon to make regulatory and policy decisions.

Under the [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar international wetland conservation treaty]], wetlands are defined as follows:<ref>{{cite web|title=The Ramsar 40th Anniversary Message for November| publisher = Ramsar| access-date = 2011-10-10 | url = http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-home/main/ramsar/1_4000_0__}}</ref>
* Article 1.1: "...wetlands are areas of marsh, [[fen]], [[peatland]] or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, [[fresh water|fresh]], [[brackish water|brackish]] or [[saline water|salt]], including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters."
* Article 2.1: "[Wetlands] may incorporate [[riparian]] and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, and [[island]]s or bodies of marine water deeper than six meters at [[low tide]] lying within the wetlands."
An ecological definition of a wetland is "an ecosystem that arises when inundation by water produces soils dominated by anaerobic and aerobic processes, which, in turn, forces the biota, particularly rooted plants, to adapt to flooding".<ref name="Keddy2010" />

Sometimes a precise legal definition of a wetland is required. The definition used for regulation by the United States government is: 'The term "wetlands" means those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally included swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas.'<ref>Environmental Laboratory. (1987). Corps of Engineers wetlands delineation manual. ''Tech. Rep. Y‐87–1''.</ref>

For each of these definitions and others, regardless of the purpose, hydrology is emphasized (shallow waters, water-logged soils). The soil characteristics and the plants and animals controlled by the wetland hydrology are often additional components of the definitions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharitz |first1=Rebecca R. |chapter=Ecology of Freshwater and Estuarine Wetlands: An Introduction |date=2019-12-31 |title=Ecology of Freshwater and Estuarine Wetlands |pages=1–22 |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |language=en |doi=10.1525/9780520959118-003 |isbn=978-0-520-95911-8 |last2=Batzer |first2=Darold P. |last3=Pennings |first3=Steven C. |s2cid=198427881}}</ref>

=== Types ===
[[File:Sunrise at viru bog.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Sunrise at Viru Bog, Estonia]]
{{Main|Classification of wetlands}}
Wetlands can be [[Tide|tidal]] (inundated by tides) or non-tidal.<ref name=":5"/> The water in wetlands is either [[freshwater]], [[brackish water|brackish]], [[Saline water|saline]], or [[alkali]]ne.<ref name="ramsar" /> There are four main kinds of wetlands – [[marsh]], [[swamp]], [[bog]], and [[fen]] (bogs and fens being types of peatlands or [[mire]]s). Some experts also recognize [[wet meadow]]s and [[aquatic ecosystem]]s as additional wetland types.<ref name="Keddy2010" /> Sub-types include [[mangrove swamp|mangrove forests]], [[Carr (landform)|carrs]], [[pocosin]]s, [[floodplain]]s,<ref name="Keddy2010" /> peatlands, [[vernal pool]]s, [[Sink (geography)|sinks]], and many others.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://dec.vermont.gov/watershed/wetlands/what/types|title = Wetland Types | Department of Environmental Conservation}}</ref>

The following three groups are used within [[Australia]] to classify wetland by type: Marine and coastal zone wetlands, inland wetlands and human-made wetlands.<ref>{{cite book|date=2001|title=A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia: Third edition, Chapter 2: Wetland classification system, Criteria for inclusion and Data presentation|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/water/publications/environmental/wetlands/directory.html |access-date=30 March 2021|publisher=Australian Department of the Environment}}</ref> In the US, the best known classifications are the [[Cowardin classification system]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=NPWRC :: Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States|url=https://www.fws.gov/wetlands/documents/classwet/index.html|access-date=2018-07-28|website=www.fws.gov|archive-date=2014-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121073314/http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/Documents/classwet/index.html}}</ref> and the hydrogeomorphic (HGM) classification system. The Cowardin system includes five main types of wetlands: [[Marine habitats|marine]] (ocean-associated), [[Estuary|estuarine]] (mixed ocean- and river-associated), [[riverine]] (within river channels), [[lacustrine]] (lake-associated) and [[palustrine]] (inland nontidal habitats).

==== Peatlands ====
[[Mire|Peatlands]] are a unique kind of wetland where lush plant growth and slow decay of dead plants (under anoxic conditions) results in organic peat accumulating; bogs, fens, and mires are different names for peatlands.

=== Wetland names ===
Variations of names for wetland systems:

{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Bayou]]
* [[Flooded grasslands and savannas]]
* [[Marsh]]
** [[Brackish marsh]]
** [[Freshwater marsh]]
* [[Mire]]
** [[Fen]]
** [[Bog]]
* [[Riparian zone]]
* [[Swamp]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest]]
**[[Tidal Freshwater forest]]
** [[Coniferous swamp]]
** [[Peat swamp forest]]
** [[Mangrove swamp]]
* [[Vernal pool]]
{{Div col end}}

Some wetlands have localized names unique to a region such as the prairie potholes of North America's northern plain, [[pocosin]]s, [[Carolina bay]]s and [[baygall]]s<ref name="Watson (2006)">{{cite book |author=Watson, G. E. |title=Big Thicket Plant Ecology: An Introduction |publisher=University of North Texas Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-57441-214-7 |edition=Third |series=Temple Big Thicket Series #5 |location=Denton, Texas}}</ref><ref name="Texas P&W">{{Cite web |work=Texas Parks and Wildlife. Ecological Mapping systems of Texas |url=https://tpwd.texas.gov/landwater/land/programs/landscape-ecology/ems/emst/woody-wetlands-and-riparian/west-gulf-coastal-plain-seepage-swamp-and-baygall |title=West Gulf Coastal Plain Seepage Swamp and Baygall |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710060502/https://tpwd.texas.gov/landwater/land/programs/landscape-ecology/ems/emst/woody-wetlands-and-riparian/west-gulf-coastal-plain-seepage-swamp-and-baygall |archive-date=2020-07-10 |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref> of the Southeastern US, mallines of Argentina, Mediterranean seasonal ponds of Europe and California, [[Turlough (lake)|turloughs]] of Ireland, [[billabong]]s of Australia, among many others.

=== Locations ===

==== By temperature zone ====
[[File:MiddleSpring.JPG|thumb|Wetlands contrast the hot, arid landscape around Middle Spring, [[Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge]], [[Utah]].]]
Wetlands are found throughout the world in different climates.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OW |date=2015-09-18 |title=What is a Wetland? |url=https://www.epa.gov/wetlands/what-wetland |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> Temperatures vary greatly depending on the location of the wetland. Many of the world's wetlands are in the [[temperate zone]]s, midway between the North or South Poles and the equator. In these zones, summers are warm and winters are cold, but temperatures are not extreme. In subtropical zone wetlands, such as along the [[Gulf of Mexico]], average temperatures might be {{convert|11|C|F}}. Wetlands in the [[tropics]] are subjected to much higher temperatures for a large portion of the year. Temperatures for wetlands on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] can exceed {{convert|50|C|F}} and these habitats would therefore be subject to rapid evaporation. In northeastern [[Siberia]], which has a polar climate, wetland temperatures can be as low as {{convert|−50|C|F}}. [[Peatland]]s in arctic and subarctic regions insulate the [[permafrost]], thus delaying or preventing its thawing during summer, as well as inducing its formation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ramsar.org/document/peatlands-climate-change-mitigation-biodiversity-conservation|title=Peatlands, climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation | The Convention on Wetlands, The Convention on Wetlands|website=www.ramsar.org}}</ref>

==== By precipitation amount ====
The amount of precipitation a wetland receives varies widely according to its area. Wetlands in [[Wales]], [[Scotland]], and western [[Ireland]] typically receive about {{convert|1500|mm|in|abbr=on}} per year.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} In some places in [[Southeast Asia]], where heavy rains occur, they can receive up to {{convert|10000|mm|in|abbr=on}}.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} In some drier regions, wetlands exist where as little as {{convert|180|mm|in|abbr=on}} precipitation occurs each year.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

Temporal variation:<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://www.ramsar.org/document/ramsar-technical-report-1-guidelines-rapid-assessment-inland-coastal-marine-wetland|title=Guidelines for the Rapid Ecological Assessment of Biodiversity in Inland Water, Coastal and Marine Areas|series=CBD Technical Series Number 22, Ramsar Technical Report No. 1|publisher=Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention|year=2006|location=Montreal, Canada and Gland, Switzerland|access-date=15 March 2026}}</ref>{{rp|15}}
* [[Perennial]] systems
* [[Seasonal]] systems
* Episodic (periodic or intermittent) systems
* [[Ephemeral]] (short-lived) systems
Surface flow may occur in some segments, with subsurface flow in other segments.

==Processes==
Wetlands vary widely due to local and regional differences in [[topography]], [[hydrology]], [[vegetation]], and other factors, including human involvement. Other important factors include fertility, natural disturbance, competition, [[herbivory]], burial and salinity.<ref name="Keddy2010" /> When [[peat]] accumulates, [[bog]]s and [[fen]]s arise.

===Hydrology===
[[File:Wetlands Cape May New Jersey.jpg|thumb|300px|The wetlands of [[Cape May]], [[New Jersey]], in the [[United States]] comprise an extensive hydrological network that makes them an [[ornithology|ornithologically]] important location to study the many birds which use the preserve as a place to [[nest]].]]
[[File:Mallows Bay Park wetlands.PNG|300px|thumb|A wetland in the [[Chesapeake Bay]] [[drainage basin]] in Mallows Bay Park in [[Charles County, Maryland|Charles County]], [[Maryland]], in the United States.]]
The most important factor producing wetlands is hydrology, or [[flooding]]. The duration of flooding or prolonged soil saturation by [[groundwater]] determines whether the resulting wetland has aquatic, [[marsh]] or [[swamp]] [[vegetation]]. Other important factors include soil fertility, natural disturbance, competition, [[herbivory]], burial, and salinity.<ref name="Keddy2010" /> When [[peat]] from dead plants accumulates, [[bog]]s and [[fen]]s develop.

Wetland hydrology is associated with the spatial and temporal dispersion, flow, and physio-chemical attributes of surface and ground waters. Sources of hydrological flows into wetlands are predominantly [[precipitation]], surface water (saltwater or freshwater), and groundwater. Water flows out of wetlands by [[evapotranspiration]], surface flows and [[tide]]s, and subsurface water outflow. [[Hydrodynamics]] (the movement of water through and from a wetland) affects hydro-periods (temporal fluctuations in water levels) by controlling the water balance and water storage within a wetland.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Richardson|first1=J. L.|last2=Arndt|first2=J. L.|last3=Montgomery|first3=J. A.|date=2001|contribution=Hydrology of wetland and related soils|editor1-first=J. L.|editor1-last=Richardson|editor2-first=M. J.|editor2-last=Vepraskas|title=Wetland Soils|publisher=Lewis Publishers|location=Boca Raton, FL}}</ref>

Landscape characteristics control wetland hydrology and water chemistry. The [[oxygen|O2]] and [[carbon dioxide|CO2]] concentrations of water depend upon [[temperature]], [[atmospheric pressure]] and mixing with the air (from winds or water flows). Water chemistry within wetlands is determined by the [[pH]], [[salinity]], nutrients, [[Electrical conductivity|conductivity]], soil composition, [[Water hardness|hardness]], and the sources of water. Water chemistry varies across landscapes and climatic regions. Wetlands are generally [[minerotrophic]] (waters contain dissolved materials from soils) with the exception of [[ombrotrophic]] bogs that are fed only by water from precipitation.

Because bogs receive most of their water from precipitation and humidity from the [[atmosphere]], their water usually has low [[mineral]] ionic composition. In contrast, wetlands fed by groundwater or tides have a higher [[concentration]] of dissolved nutrients and minerals.

Fen peatlands receive water both from precipitation and ground water in varying amounts so their water chemistry ranges from acidic with low levels of dissolved minerals to alkaline with high accumulation of [[calcium]] and [[magnesium]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vitt|first1=D. H.|last2=Chee|first2=W|date=1990|title=The relationships of vegetation to surface water chemistry and peat chemistry in fens of Alberta, Canada|journal=Plant Ecology|volume=89|issue=2|pages=87–106|doi=10.1007/bf00032163|s2cid=25071105}}</ref>

===Role of salinity===

Salinity has a strong influence on wetland water chemistry, particularly in coastal wetlands<ref name="Keddy2010" /><ref>{{cite book|editor1-first=B. R.|editor1-last=Silliman|editor2-first=E. D.|editor2-last=Grosholz|editor3-first=M. D.|editor3-last=Bertness|date=2009|title=Human Impacts on Salt Marshes: A Global Perspective|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, CA}}</ref> and in arid and semiarid regions with large precipitation deficits. Natural salinity is regulated by interactions between ground and surface water, which may be influenced by human activity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=M. J.|last2=Schreiber|first2=E. S. G.|last3=Kohout|first3=M.|last4=Ough|first4=K.|last5=Lennie|first5=R.|last6=Turnbull|first6=D.|last7=Jin|first7=C.|last8=Clancy|first8=T.|date=2007|title=Wetlands as landscape units: spatial patterns in salinity and water chemistry|journal=Wetlands, Ecology & Management|volume=15|issue=2|pages=95–103|doi=10.1007/s11273-006-9015-5|bibcode=2007WetEM..15...95S |s2cid=20196854}}</ref>

===Soil===
[[Carbon]] is the major [[nutrient cycle]]d within wetlands. Most nutrients, such as [[sulfur]], [[phosphorus]], [[carbon]], and [[nitrogen]] are found within the soil of wetlands. [[Anaerobic respiration|Anaerobic]] and [[aerobic respiration]] in the soil influences the [[nutrient cycling]] of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ponnamperuma|first=F. N.|date=1972|title=The chemistry of submerged soils|journal=Advances in Agronomy|volume=24|pages=29–96|doi=10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60633-1|isbn=978-0-12-000724-0}}</ref> and the solubility of phosphorus<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=P. A. Jr.|last2=Reddy|first2=K. R.|date=1994|title=Role of Eh and pH on phosphorus geochemistry in sediments of Lake Okeechobee, Florida|journal=Journal of Environmental Quality|volume=23|issue=5|pages=955–964|doi=10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300050016x|pmid=34872208|bibcode=1994JEnvQ..23..955M }}</ref> thus contributing to the chemical variations in its water. Wetlands with low pH and saline conductivity may reflect the presence of acid [[sulfate]]s<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Minh|first1=L. Q.|last2=Tuong|first2=T. P.|last3=van Mensvoort|first3=M. E. F.|last4=Bouma|first4=J.|date=1998|title=Soil and water table management effects on aluminum dynamics in an acid sulphate soil in Vietnam|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|volume=68|issue=3|pages=255–262|doi=10.1016/s0167-8809(97)00158-8|bibcode=1998AgEE...68..255M }}</ref> and wetlands with average salinity levels can be heavily influenced by calcium or magnesium. [[Biogeochemistry|Biogeochemical processes]] in wetlands are determined by soils with low [[redox]] potential.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schlesinger|first=W. A.|date=1997|title=Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780126251555|url-access=registration|edition=2nd|publisher=Academic Press|location=San Diego, CA|isbn=978-0-12-625155-5}}</ref>

== Biology ==
The life forms of a wetland system includes its plants ([[flora]]) and animals ([[fauna]]) and [[Microorganism|microbes]] (bacteria, fungi). The most important factor is the wetland's duration of flooding.<ref name="Keddy2010" /> Other important factors include fertility and salinity of the water or soils. The chemistry of water flowing into wetlands depends on the source of water, the geological material that it flows through<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bedford|first=B. L.|date=1996|title=The need to define hydrologic equivalence at the landscape scale for freshwater wetland mitigation|journal=Ecological Applications|volume=6|issue=1|pages=57–68|doi=10.2307/2269552|jstor=2269552|bibcode=1996EcoAp...6...57B }}</ref> and the nutrients discharged from organic matter in the soils and plants at higher elevations.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=M. L.|last2=Rhoades|first2=C. C.|last3=Dwire|first3=K. A.|date=2011|title=Influences of Bedrock Geology on Water Chemistry of Slope Wetlands and Headwaters Streams in the Southern Rocky Mountains|journal=Wetlands|volume=31|issue=2|pages=251–261|doi=10.1007/s13157-011-0157-8|bibcode=2011Wetl...31..251N |s2cid=14521026}}</ref> Plants and animals may vary within a wetland seasonally or in response to flood regimes.
[[File:Temperate wetlands in Pennsylvania.jpg|thumb|Humid wetland in Pennsylvania before a rain]]

=== Flora ===
[[File:Nelumbo nucifera LOTUS bud.jpg|thumb|upright|Bud of water lotus (''[[Nelumbo nucifera]]''), an aquatic plant]]

There are four main groups of [[hydrophyte]]s that are found in wetland systems throughout the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Blacktown Council wetlands |access-date=2011-09-25 |url=http://www.blacktown.nsw.gov.au/environment/educational-resources/wetlands/animals-plants-and-algae-in-wetlands.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410125002/http://www.blacktown.nsw.gov.au/environment/educational-resources/wetlands/animals-plants-and-algae-in-wetlands.cfm |archive-date=2011-04-10}}</ref>

[[Submergent plant|Submerged]] wetland vegetation can grow in saline and fresh-water conditions. Some species have underwater flowers, while others have long stems to allow the flowers to reach the surface.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hutchinson|first1=G. E.|date=1975|title=A Treatise on Limnology. Vol. 3: Limnological Botany|location=New York, NY|publisher=John Wiley}}</ref> Submerged species provide a food source for native fauna, habitat for invertebrates, and also possess filtration capabilities. Examples include [[seagrasses]] and [[Vallisneria|eelgrass]].

Floating water plants or floating vegetation are usually small, like those in the [[Lemnoideae]] subfamily (duckweeds).
Emergent vegetation like the cattails (''[[Typha]]'' spp.), sedges (''[[Carex]]'' spp.) and arrow arum (''[[Peltandra virginica]]'') rise above the surface of the water.

When trees and shrubs comprise much of the plant cover in saturated soils, those areas in most cases are called [[swamp]]s.<ref name="Keddy2010" /> The upland boundary of swamps is determined partly by water levels. This can be affected by dams<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Hughes|editor-first=F. M. R.|date=2003|title=The Flooded Forest: Guidance for policy makers and river managers in Europe on the restoration of floodplain forests|series=FLOBAR2, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK}}</ref> Some swamps can be dominated by a single species, such as [[silver maple]] swamps around the [[Great Lakes]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilcox|first1=D. A|last2=Thompson|first2=T. A.|last3=Booth|first3=R. K.|last4=Nicholas|first4=J. R.|date=2007|title=Lake-level variability and water availability in the Great Lakes|series=USGS Circular 1311}}</ref> Others, like those of the [[Amazon basin]], have large numbers of different tree species.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goulding|first=M.|date=1980|title=The Fishes and the Forest: Explorations in Amazonian Natural History|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> Other examples include cypress (''[[Taxodium]]'') and [[mangrove]] swamps.

=== Fauna ===
[[File:Northern Leopard Frog (Lithobates pipiens).jpg|thumb|upright|Many species of [[frog]]s live in wetlands, while others visit them each year to lay eggs.]]
[[File:Snapping turtle 3 md.jpg|thumb|[[Snapping turtle]]s are one of the many kinds of turtles found in wetlands.]]
Many species of [[fish]] are highly dependent on wetland ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Colvin |first1=S. A. R. |last2=Sullivan |first2=S. M. P. |last3=Shirey |first3=P. D. |last4=Colvin |first4=R. W. |last5=Winemiller |first5=K. O. |last6=Hughes |first6=R. M. |last7=Fausch |first7=K. D. |last8=Infante |first8=D. M. |last9=Olden |first9=J. D. |last10=Bestgen |first10=K. R. |last11=Danehy |first11=R. J. |last12=Eby |first12=L. |date=2019 |title=Headwater Streams and Wetlands are Critical for Sustaining Fish, Fisheries, and Ecosystem Services |journal=Fisheries |language=en |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=73–91 |doi=10.1002/fsh.10229|bibcode=2019Fish...44...73C |s2cid=92052162}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sievers |first1=M. |last2=Brown |first2=C. J. |last3=Tulloch |first3=V. J. D. |last4=Pearson |first4=R. M. |last5=Haig |first5=J. A. |last6=Turschwell |first6=M. P. |last7=Connolly |first7=R. M. |date=2019 |title=The Role of Vegetated Coastal Wetlands for Marine Megafauna Conservation |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |language=English |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=807–817 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.004 |pmid=31126633 |bibcode=2019TEcoE..34..807S |hdl=10072/391960 |s2cid=164219103 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Seventy-five percent of the United States' commercial fish and shellfish stocks depend solely on [[Estuary|estuaries]] to survive.<ref name="ramsar_a">{{cite web |title=Ramsar Convention Ecosystem Services Benefit Factsheets| access-date = 2011-09-25 | url = http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-info-ecosystem-services/main/ramsar/1-30-103%5E24258_4000_0__}}</ref>

[[Amphibian]]s such as [[frog]]s and [[salamander]]s need both terrestrial and aquatic habitats in which to reproduce and feed. Because amphibians often inhabit depressional wetlands like prairie potholes and Carolina bays, the connectivity among these isolated wetlands is an important control of regional populations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zamberletti |first1=P. |last2=Zaffaroni |first2=M. |last3=Accatino |first3=F. |last4=Creed |first4=I. F. |last5=De Michele |first5=C. |date=2018 |title=Connectivity among wetlands matters for vulnerable amphibian populations in wetlandscapes |journal=Ecological Modelling |language=en |volume=384 |pages=119–127 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.05.008 |bibcode=2018EcMod.384..119Z |s2cid=90384249|url=https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02626276/file/Zamberletti_2018_preprint.pdf }}</ref> While tadpoles feed on algae, adult frogs forage on insects. Frogs are sometimes used as an indicator of [[ecosystem health]] because their thin skin permits absorption of nutrients and toxins from the surrounding environment resulting in increased extinction rates in unfavorable and polluted environmental conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.savethefrogs.com/why-frogs/ |title=Frogs {{!}} Bioindicators |website=Savethefrogs.com |date=2011 |access-date=2014-01-21}}</ref>

[[Reptile]]s such as [[snake]]s, [[lizard]]s, [[turtle]]s, [[alligator]]s and [[crocodile]]s are common in wetlands of some regions. In freshwater wetlands of the Southeastern US, alligators are common and a freshwater species of crocodile occurs in South Florida. The Florida [[Everglades]] is the only place in the world where both the [[American crocodiles]] and [[American alligators]] coexist.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mazzotti, F.J. |author2=Best, G.R. |author3=Brandt, L.A. |author4=Cherkiss, M.S. |author5=Jeffery, B.M. |author6=Rice, K.G. |year=2009 |title=Alligators and crocodiles as indicators for restoration of Everglades ecosystems |journal=Ecological Indicators |volume=9 |issue=6 |page=S137−S149|doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.06.008 |bibcode=2009EcInd...9.S137M}}</ref> The [[saltwater crocodile]] inhabits estuaries and mangroves.<ref>{{cite book |author=Messel, H. |year=1981 |title=Surveys of tidal river systems in the Northern Territory of Australia and their crocodile populations |volume=1 |publisher=Pergamon Press}}</ref> [[Snapping turtle]]s also inhabit wetlands.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Piczak |first1=M. L. |last2=Chow-Fraser |first2=P. |date=2019 |title=Assessment of critical habitat for common snapping turtles (''Chelydra serpentina'') in an urbanized coastal wetland |journal=Urban Ecosystems |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=525–537 |doi=10.1007/s11252-019-00841-1 |bibcode=2019UrbEc..22..525P |s2cid=78091420}}</ref>

[[Bird]]s, particularly [[waterfowl]] and [[wader]]s use wetlands extensively.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Wetland birds: habitat resources and conservation implications |last=Milton |first=W. |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-511-01136-8 |location=Cambridge |oclc=50984660}}</ref>

[[Mammal]]s of wetlands include numerous small and medium-sized species such as [[vole]]s, [[bat]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mas |first1=M. |last2=Flaquer |first2=C. |last3=Rebelo |first3=H. |last4=López-Baucells |first4=A. |date=2021 |title=Bats and wetlands: synthesising gaps in current knowledge and future opportunities for conservation |journal=Mammal Review |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=369–384 |doi=10.1111/mam.12243 |bibcode=2021MamRv..51..369M |s2cid=233974999}}</ref> [[muskrat]]s<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bomske |first1=C. M. |last2=Ahlers |first2=A. A. |date=2021 |title=How do muskrats ''Ondatra zibethicus'' affect ecosystems? A review of evidence |journal=Mammal Review |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=40–50 |doi=10.1111/mam.12218 |bibcode=2021MamRv..51...40B |s2cid=224916636}}</ref> and [[platypus]] in addition to large herbivorous and [[apex predator]] species such as the [[beaver]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rosell |first1=F. |last2=Bozser |first2=O. |last3=Collen |first3=P. |last4=Parker |first4=H. |date=2005 |title=Ecological impact of beavers ''Castor fiber'' and ''Castor canadensis'' and their ability to modify ecosystems |journal=Mammal Review |volume=35 |issue=3–4 |pages=248–276 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2907.2005.00067.x |bibcode=2005MamRv..35..248R |hdl=11250/2438080 |issn=0305-1838|hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[coypu]], [[swamp rabbit]], [[Florida panther]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kerk |first1=M. |last2=Onorato |first2=D. P. |last3=Hostetler |first3=J. A. |last4=Bolker |first4=B. M. |last5=Oli |first5=M. K. |date=2019 |title=Dynamics, Persistence, and Genetic Management of the Endangered Florida Panther Population |journal=Wildlife Monographs |volume=203 |issue=1 |pages=3–35 |doi=10.1002/wmon.1041 |bibcode=2019WildM.203....3V |s2cid=199641325 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[jaguar]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Figel |first1=J. J. |last2=Botero-Cañola |first2=S. |last3=Forero-Medina |first3=G. |last4=Sánchez-Londoño |first4=J. D. |last5=Valenzuela |first5=L. |last6=Noss |first6=R. F.|date=2019 |title=Wetlands are keystone habitats for jaguars in an intercontinental biodiversity hotspot |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=14 |issue=9 |article-number=e0221705 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0221705 |doi-access=free|pmid=31509559 |pmc=6738587 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1421705F }}</ref> and [[moose]]. Wetlands attract many mammals due to abundant seeds, berries, and other vegetation as food for herbivores, as well as abundant populations of invertebrates, small reptiles and amphibians as prey for predators.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/water/wetlands/plants-and-animals-in-wetlands/mammals |title=Mammals in Wetlands |work=NSW Environment, Energy and Science |publisher=Department of Planning, Industry and Environment |date=2020 |access-date=2021-10-11}}</ref>

[[Invertebrate]]s of wetlands include aquatic insects such as [[dragonflies]], aquatic bugs and [[beetle]]s, midges, [[mosquito]]s, [[crustacean]]s such as crabs, crayfish, shrimps, microcrustaceans, mollusks like clams, mussels, snails and worms. Invertebrates comprise more than half of the known animal species in wetlands, and are considered the primary food web link between plants and higher animals (such as fish and birds).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: ecology and management |date=1999 |publisher=Wiley |last1=Batzer |first1=D. P. |last2=Rader |first2=R. Ben. |last3=Wissinger |first3=S. A. |isbn=978-0-471-29258-6 |location=New York |oclc= 39747651}}</ref>

== Ecosystem services ==
{{Further|Ecosystem service}}

Depending on a wetland's geographic and topographic location,<ref>Adamus, P.R. and L.T. Stockwell. 1983. ''A Method for Wetland Functional Assessment.'' Vol. I. Critical Review and Evaluation Concepts. FHWA-IP-82-23. Federal Highway Admin., Washington, DC.</ref> the functions it performs can support multiple [[ecosystem services]], values, or benefits. [[Millennium Ecosystem Assessment|United Nations Millennium Ecosystem Assessment]] and [[Ramsar Convention]] described wetlands as a whole to be of [[biosphere]] significance and societal importance in the following areas:<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ecosystems and human well-being: wetlands and water synthesis: a report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment |date=2005 |publisher=World Resources Institute |author=Millennium Ecosystem Assessment |isbn=1-56973-597-2 |location=Washington, DC |oclc=62172810}}</ref>
* [[Flood control|Water storage (flood control)]]
* Groundwater replenishment
* Shoreline stabilization and storm protection
* [[Water purification]]
* [[Wastewater treatment]] (in [[constructed wetland]]s)
* Reservoirs of [[biodiversity]]
* Pollination
* Wetland products
* Cultural values
* Recreation and [[Eco tourism|tourism]]
* [[Climate change mitigation]] and [[Climate change adaptation|adaptation]]

According to the Ramsar Convention:{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

<blockquote>The economic worth of the ecosystem services provided to society by intact, naturally functioning wetlands is frequently much greater than the perceived benefits of converting them to 'more valuable' intensive land use – particularly as the profits from unsustainable use often go to relatively few individuals or corporations, rather than being shared by society as a whole.</blockquote>

To replace these wetland [[ecosystem services]], enormous amounts of money would need to be spent on [[water purification]] plants, dams, levees, and other hard infrastructure, and many of the services are impossible to replace.

=== Storage reservoirs and flood protection ===

Floodplains and closed-depression wetlands can provide the functions of storage reservoirs and flood protection. The wetland system of [[floodplains]] is formed from major rivers downstream from their [[headwaters]]. "The floodplains of major rivers act as natural storage reservoirs, enabling excess water to spread out over a wide area, which reduces its depth and speed. Wetlands close to the headwaters of streams and rivers can slow down rainwater runoff and spring snowmelt so that it does not run straight off the land into water courses. This can help prevent sudden, damaging floods downstream."<ref name="ramsar_a" />

Notable river systems that produce wide floodplains include the [[Nile River]], the Niger river inland delta, the Zambezi River flood plain, the Okavango River inland delta, the Kafue River flood plain, the Lake Bangweulu flood plain (Africa), [[Mississippi River]] (US), [[Amazon River]] (South America), [[Yangtze River]] (China), [[Danube River]] (Central Europe) and [[Murray-Darling]] River (Australia).

===Groundwater replenishment===
Groundwater replenishment can be achieved for example by [[marsh]], [[swamp]], and subterranean [[karst]] and cave hydrological systems. The [[surface water]] visibly seen in wetlands only represents a portion of the overall water cycle, which also includes atmospheric water (precipitation) and [[groundwater]]. Many wetlands are directly linked to groundwater and they can be a crucial regulator of both the quantity and [[water quality|quality of water]] found below the ground. Wetlands that have [[Permeability (earth sciences)|permeable]] substrates like [[limestone]] or occur in areas with highly variable and fluctuating water tables have especially important roles in [[groundwater replenishment]] or water recharge.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van der Kamp |first1=Garth |last2=Hayashi |first2=Masaki |date=2009-02-01 |title=Groundwater-wetland ecosystem interaction in the semiarid glaciated plains of North America |journal=Hydrogeology Journal |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=203–214 |doi=10.1007/s10040-008-0367-1 |bibcode=2009HydJ...17..203V |s2cid=129332187 |issn=1435-0157}}</ref>

Substrates that are [[porous]] allow water to filter down through the soil and underlying rock into [[aquifers]] which are the source of much of the world's [[drinking water]]. Wetlands can also act as recharge areas when the surrounding water table is low and as a discharge zone when it is high.

===Shoreline stabilization and storm protection===
{{Main|Integrated coastal zone management}}
[[Mangrove]]s, [[coral reef]]s, [[salt marsh]] can help with shoreline stabilization and storm protection. Tidal and inter-tidal wetland systems protect and stabilize coastal zones.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Costanza |first1=Robert |last2=Anderson |first2=Sharolyn J. |last3=Sutton |first3=Paul |last4=Mulder |first4=Kenneth |last5=Mulder |first5=Obadiah |last6=Kubiszewski |first6=Ida |last7=Wang |first7=Xuantong |last8=Liu |first8=Xin |last9=Pérez-Maqueo |first9=Octavio |last10=Luisa Martinez |first10=M. |last11=Jarvis |first11=Diane |last12=Dee |first12=Greg |date=2021-09-01 |title=The global value of coastal wetlands for storm protection |journal=Global Environmental Change |language=en |volume=70 |article-number=102328 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102328 |issn=0959-3780|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021GEC....7002328C |hdl=1885/296695 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Coral reefs]] provide a protective barrier to coastal shoreline. [[Mangrove]]s stabilize the coastal zone from the interior and will migrate with the shoreline to remain adjacent to the boundary of the water. The main conservation benefit these systems have against storms and [[storm surge]]s is the ability to reduce the speed and height of waves and floodwaters.

The [[United Kingdom]] has begun the concept of managed coastal realignment. This management technique provides shoreline protection through restoration of natural wetlands rather than through applied engineering. In East Asia, reclamation of coastal wetlands has resulted in widespread transformation of the coastal zone, and up to 65% of coastal wetlands have been destroyed by coastal development.<ref>{{Citation | first1 = J. | last1 = MacKinnon | first2 = Y. I. | last2 = Verkuil | first3 = N. J. | last3 = Murray | date = 2012 | title = IUCN situation analysis on East and Southeast Asian intertidal habitats, with particular reference to the Yellow Sea (including the Bohai Sea) | series = Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 47 | page = 70 | publisher = IUCN | place = Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK | isbn = 978-2-8317-1255-0 | url = http://www.iucn.org/asiancoastalwetlands/ | archive-url = https://archive.today/20140624015227/http://www.iucn.org/asiancoastalwetlands/ | archive-date = 2014-06-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Murray | first1 = N. J. | last2 = Clemens | first2 = R. S. | last3 = Phinn | first3 = S. R. | last4 = Possingham | first4 = H. P. | last5 = Fuller | first5 = R. A. | date = 2014 |title = Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea| journal = Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 267–272 | doi = 10.1890/130260 | bibcode = 2014FrEE...12..267M | url = http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:331832/UQ331832_OA.pdf }}</ref> One analysis using the impact of hurricanes versus storm protection provided naturally by wetlands projected the value of this service at US$33,000/hectare/year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/static?dom=root&xml=index.xml|title=FAO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909042747/http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/static?dom=root&xml=index.xml|archive-date=2007-09-09|access-date=2011-09-25}}</ref>

===Water purification===
[[Water purification]] can be provided by floodplains, closed-depression wetlands, [[mudflat]], [[freshwater marsh]], [[salt marsh]], mangroves. Wetlands cycle both sediments and nutrients, sometimes serving as buffers between [[Terrestrial ecoregion|terrestrial]] and [[aquatic ecosystems]]. A natural function of wetland vegetation is the up-take, storage, and (for nitrate) the removal of nutrients found in [[Surface runoff|runoff]] water from the surrounding landscapes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wild.org/blog/letting-nature-do-the-job|title=Letting Nature Do the Job|date=2008-08-01|website=Wild.org|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113192135/http://www.wild.org/blog/letting-nature-do-the-job|archive-date=2013-01-13|access-date=2012-05-23}}</ref>

Precipitation and surface runoff induces [[soil erosion]], transporting sediment in suspension into and through waterways. All types of sediments whether composed of clay, silt, sand or gravel and rock can be carried into wetland systems through erosion. Wetland vegetation acts as a physical barrier to slow water flow and then trap sediment for both short or long periods of time. Suspended sediment can contain heavy metals that are also retained when wetlands trap the sediment.

The ability of wetland systems to store or remove nutrients and trap sediment is highly efficient and effective but each system has a threshold. An overabundance of nutrient input from fertilizer run-off, sewage effluent, or non-point pollution will cause [[eutrophication]]. Upstream erosion from [[deforestation]] can overwhelm wetlands making them shrink in size and cause dramatic [[biodiversity loss]] through excessive sedimentation load.

===Wastewater treatment===
Constructed wetlands are built for wastewater treatment. An example of how a natural wetland is used to provide some degree of [[sewage treatment]] is the [[East Kolkata Wetlands]] in [[Kolkata, India]]. The wetlands cover {{convert|125|km2|sqmi}}, and are used to treat Kolkata's sewage. The nutrients contained in the wastewater sustain fish farms and agriculture.
{{Excerpt|Constructed wetland|paragraphs=1,2}}

===Reservoirs of biodiversity===
Wetland systems' rich [[biodiversity]] has become a focal point catalysed by the [[Ramsar Convention]] and [[World Wildlife Fund]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is a wetland? And eight other wetland facts |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/what-is-a-wetland-and-8-other-wetland-facts |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en}}</ref> The impact of maintaining biodiversity is seen at the local level through job creation, sustainability, and community productivity. A good example is the Lower Mekong basin which runs through Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, supporting over 55 million people.

A key fish species which is overfished,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prestes |first1=Luiza |last2=Barthem |first2=Ronaldo |last3=Mello-Filho |first3=Adauto |last4=Anderson |first4=Elizabeth |last5=Correa |first5=Sandra B. |last6=Couto |first6=Thiago Belisario D'Araujo |last7=Venticinque |first7=Eduardo |last8=Forsberg |first8=Bruce |last9=Cañas |first9=Carlos |last10=Bentes |first10=Bianca |last11=Goulding |first11=Michael |date=2022-03-02 |editor-last=Aguirre |editor-first=Windsor E. |title=Proactively averting the collapse of Amazon fisheries based on three migratory flagship species |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=17 |issue=3 |article-number=e0264490 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0264490 |pmid=35235610 |pmc=8890642 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1764490P |issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free }}</ref> the Piramutaba catfish, ''[[Brachyplatystoma vaillantii]]'', migrates more than {{convert|3300|km|mi|abbr=on}} from its nursery grounds near the mouth of the Amazon River to its spawning grounds in Andean tributaries, {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level, distributing plant seeds along the route.

Intertidal mudflats have a level of productivity similar to that of some wetlands even while possessing a low number of species. The abundant [[invertebrates]] found within the mud are a food source for [[migratory waterfowl]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jing |first1=Zhu |last2=Kai |first2=Jing |last3=Xiaojing |first3=Gan |last4=Zhijun |first4=Ma |date=2007 |title=Food supply in intertidal area for shorebirds during stopover at Chongming Dongtan, China |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1872203207600456 |journal=Acta Ecologica Sinica |language=en |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=2149–2159 |doi=10.1016/S1872-2032(07)60045-6|bibcode=2007AcEcS..27.2149J |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Mudflats, saltmarshes, mangroves, and seagrass beds have high levels of both species richness and productivity, and are home to important nursery areas for many commercial fish stocks.

Populations of many species are confined geographically to only one or a few wetland systems, often due to the long period of time that the wetlands have been physically isolated from other aquatic sources. For example, the number of [[endemic species]] in the Selenga River Delta of [[Lake Baikal]] in Russia classifies it as a hotspot for biodiversity and one of the most biodiverse wetlands in the entire world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lane |first1=Charles R. |last2=Anenkhonov |first2=Oleg |last3=Liu |first3=Hongxing |last4=Autrey |first4=Bradley C. |last5=Chepinoga |first5=Victor |date=2015 |title=Classification and inventory of freshwater wetlands and aquatic habitats in the Selenga River Delta of Lake Baikal, Russia, using high-resolution satellite imagery |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11273-014-9369-z |journal=Wetlands Ecology and Management |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=195–214 |doi=10.1007/s11273-014-9369-z |bibcode=2015WetEM..23..195L |s2cid=16980247 |issn=0923-4861|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Wetland products===
[[File:Broadmoor Wildlife Sanctuary marsh.jpg|thumb|Wetland at the Broadmoor Wildlife Sanctuary in Massachusetts, United States, in February]]

Wetlands naturally produce an array of vegetation and other ecological products that can be harvested for personal and commercial use.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Waterlogged wealth: why waste the world's wet places? |last=Maltby |first=E. |date=1986 |publisher=International Institute for Environment and Development |others=Earthscan |isbn=978-0-905347-63-9 |location=London |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/waterloggedwealt0000malt}}</ref> Many fishes have all or part of their life-cycle occurring within a wetland system. Fresh and saltwater fish are the main source of protein for about one billion people<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tidwell |first1=James H |last2=Allan |first2=Geoff L |date=2001 |title=Fish as food: aquaculture's contribution: Ecological and economic impacts and contributions of fish farming and capture fisheries |journal=EMBO Reports |language=en |volume=2 |issue=11 |pages=958–963 |doi=10.1093/embo-reports/kve236 |issn=1469-221X |pmc=1084135 |pmid=11713181}}</ref> and comprise 15% of an additional 3.5 billion people's protein intake.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Béné |first1=Christophe |last2=Barange |first2=Manuel |last3=Subasinghe |first3=Rohana |last4=Pinstrup-Andersen |first4=Per |last5=Merino |first5=Gorka |last6=Hemre |first6=Gro-Ingunn |last7=Williams |first7=Meryl |date=2015-04-01 |title=Feeding 9 billion by 2050 – Putting fish back on the menu |journal=Food Security |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=261–274 |doi=10.1007/s12571-015-0427-z |s2cid=18671617 |issn=1876-4525|doi-access=free |hdl=10568/61842 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Another food staple found in wetland systems is rice, a popular grain that is consumed at the rate of one fifth of the total global calorie count. In Bangladesh, Cambodia and Vietnam, where rice paddies are predominant on the landscape, rice consumption reach 70%.<ref name="ramsar b">{{cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-info/main/ramsar/1-31-59_4000_0__|title=The Ramsar Information Sheet on Wetlands of International Importance|date=September 18, 2009|access-date=November 19, 2011}}</ref> Some native wetland plants in the Caribbean and Australia are harvested sustainably for medicinal compounds; these include the red mangrove (''[[Rhizophora mangle]]'') which possesses antibacterial, wound-healing, anti-ulcer effects, and antioxidant properties.<ref name="ramsar b" />

Other mangrove-derived products include fuelwood, salt (produced by evaporating seawater), animal fodder, traditional medicines (e.g. from mangrove bark), fibers for textiles and dyes and tannins.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hogarth |first=Peter J. |title=The biology of mangroves and seagrasses |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-102590-7 |edition=Third |location=Oxford |oclc=907773290}}</ref>

=== Additional services and uses of wetlands ===
Some types of wetlands can serve as fire breaks that help slow the spread of minor wildfires. Larger wetland systems can influence local precipitation patterns. Some boreal wetland systems in catchment headwaters may help extend the period of flow and maintain water temperature in connected downstream waters.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Leibowitz |first1=Scott G. |last2=Wigington |first2=Parker J. |last3=Schofield |first3=Kate A. |last4=Alexander |first4=Laurie C. |last5=Vanderhoof |first5=Melanie K. |last6=Golden |first6=Heather E. |date=2018 |title=Connectivity of Streams and Wetlands to Downstream Waters: An Integrated Systems Framework |journal=JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association |language=en |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=298–322 |doi=10.1111/1752-1688.12631 |pmc=6071435 |pmid=30078985|bibcode=2018JAWRA..54..298L }}</ref> Pollination services are supported by many wetlands which may provide the only suitable habitat for pollinating insects, birds, and mammals in highly developed areas.<ref>{{Citation |last=McInnes |first=Robert J. |title=Managing Wetlands for Pollination |date=2016 |work=The Wetland Book |pages=1–4 |editor-last=Finlayson |editor-first=C. Max |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-6172-8_226-1 |isbn=978-94-007-6172-8 |editor2-last=Everard |editor2-first=Mark |editor3-last=Irvine |editor3-first=Kenneth |editor4-last=McInnes |editor4-first=Robert J.|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Disturbances and human impacts ==
{{See also|Human impacts on the environment}}

Wetlands, the functions and services they provide as well as their flora and fauna, can be affected by several types of disturbances.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Swindles |first1=Graeme T. |last2=Morris |first2=Paul J. |last3=Mullan |first3=Donal J. |last4=Payne |first4=Richard J. |last5=Roland |first5=Thomas P. |last6=Amesbury |first6=Matthew J. |last7=Lamentowicz |first7=Mariusz |last8=Turner |first8=T. Edward |last9=Gallego-Sala |first9=Angela |last10=Sim |first10=Thomas |last11=Barr |first11=Iestyn D. |date=2019-10-21 |title=Widespread drying of European peatlands in recent centuries |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0462-z |journal=Nature Geoscience |language=en |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=922–928 |bibcode=2019NatGe..12..922S |doi=10.1038/s41561-019-0462-z |issn=1752-0908 |s2cid=202908362 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10871/39305}} [http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/151050/ Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727010653/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/151050/|date=2020-07-27}}</ref> The disturbances (sometimes termed stressors or alterations) can be human-associated or natural, direct or indirect, reversible or not, and isolated or cumulative.

Disturbances include [[Exogeny|exogenous]] factors such as flooding or drought.<ref name="clewell2013" /> Humans are disturbing and damaging wetlands for example by [[oil and gas extraction]], building infrastructure, [[overgrazing]] of [[livestock]], [[overfishing]], alteration of wetlands including [[dredging]] and draining, [[nutrient pollution]] and [[water pollution]].<ref name="clewell2013" /><ref name="mitsch2007" /> Disturbance puts different levels of stress on an environment depending on the type and duration of disturbance.<ref name="clewell2013" />

Predominant disturbances of wetlands include:<ref>{{Cite web |author=Office of Research & Development |title=Impacts on quality of inland wetlands of the United States: A survey of indicators, techniques, and applications of community-level biomonitoring data |url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?dirEntryID=39147 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728035704/https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?dirEntryID=39147 |archive-date=July 28, 2018 |access-date=2018-07-27 |website=cfpub.epa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Adamus |first1=Paul |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323993409 |title=Indicators for Monitoring Biological Integrity of Inland Freshwater Wetlands: A Survey of North American Technical Literature (1990–2000) |last2=J. Danielson |first2=Thomas |last3=Gonyaw |first3=Alex |date=2001-03-24 |publisher=13214 |doi=10.13140/rg.2.2.22371.86566}}</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Enrichment/[[eutrophication]]
* Organic loading and reduced dissolved oxygen
* Contaminant [[toxicity]]
* [[Freshwater acidification|Acidification]]
* [[Salinity|Salinization]]
* [[Sedimentation]]
* Altered solar input ([[turbidity]]/shade)
* Vegetation removal
* Thermal alteration
* Drying/[[aridification]]
* Inundation/flooding
* [[Habitat fragmentation]]
* Other human impacts
{{Div col end}}

Disturbances can be further categorized as follows:
* Minor disturbance: Stress that maintains ecosystem integrity.<ref name="clewell2013" />
* Moderate disturbance: Ecosystem integrity is damaged but can recover in time without assistance.<ref name="clewell2013" />
* Impairment or severe disturbance: Human intervention may be needed in order for ecosystem to recover.<ref name="clewell2013" />
[[Nutrient pollution]] comes from nitrogen inputs to aquatic systems and have drastically effected the dissolved nitrogen content of wetlands, introducing higher nutrient availability which leads to [[eutrophication]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Finlay |first1=Jacques C. |last2=Efi Foufoula-Georgiou |author-link2=Efi Foufoula-Georgiou |last3=Dolph |first3=Christine L. |last4=Hansen |first4=Amy T. |date=February 2018 |title=Contribution of wetlands to nitrate removal at the watershed scale |journal=Nature Geoscience |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=127–132 |bibcode=2018NatGe..11..127H |doi=10.1038/s41561-017-0056-6 |issn=1752-0908 |s2cid=46656300}}</ref>

[[Biodiversity loss]] occurs in wetland systems through [[land use change]]s, [[habitat destruction]], pollution, exploitation of resources, and [[invasive species]]. For example, the introduction of [[water hyacinth]], a native plant of South America into [[Lake Victoria]] in East Africa as well as [[duckweed]] into non-native areas of [[Queensland]], Australia, have overtaken entire wetland systems overwhelming the habitats and reducing the diversity of native plants and animals.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

=== Conversion to dry land ===
To increase economic productivity, wetlands are often converted into dry land with [[Ditch|dykes]] and [[Drainage|drains]] and used for agricultural purposes. The construction of dykes, and dams, has negative consequences for individual wetlands and entire watersheds.<ref name="Keddy2010" />{{rp|497}} Their proximity to lakes and rivers means that they are often developed for human settlement.<ref name="Alexander">{{cite book |last=Alexander |first=David E. |title=Encyclopedia of Environmental Science |date=1 May 1999 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=0-412-74050-8}}</ref> Once settlements are constructed and protected by dykes, the settlements then become vulnerable to land subsidence and ever increasing risk of flooding.<ref name="Keddy2010" />{{rp|497}} The [[Mississippi River Delta]] around [[New Orleans]], Louisiana is a well-known example;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Keddy |first1=P.A. |last2=Campbell |first2=D. |last3=McFalls |first3=T. |last4=Shaffer |first4=G.P. |last5=Moreau |first5=R. |last6=Dranguet |first6=C. |last7=Heleniak |first7=R. |date=2007 |title=The Wetlands of Lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas: Past, Present and Future |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/a06-008 |journal=Environmental Reviews |language=en |volume=15 |issue=NA |pages=43–77 |doi=10.1139/a06-008 |bibcode=2007EnvRv..15...43K |issn=1181-8700|url-access=subscription }}</ref> the [[Danube Delta]] in Europe is another.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gastescu|first=P.|year=1993|title=The Danube Delta: geographical characteristics and ecological recovery|journal=GeoJournal|volume=29|pages=57–67|issue=1|doi=10.1007/BF00806866|jstor=41145644}}</ref>

Water pollution is another key driver of the conversion of wetlands to dry land. Since wetlands tend to retain water with less influx or efflux compared to other bodies of water, they can quickly concentrate toxicants that originate from pollutants.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=ORD |date=2017-11-02 |title=Wetlands |url=https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/wetlands#:~:text=Withdrawal%20of%20ground%20water%20or,can%20accumulate%20in%20wetland%20sediments |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> This accumulation of toxicants will cause the biodiversity of a wetland to change, particularly since toxicants will be harmful to native aquatic species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pal |first1=Swades |last2=Debanshi |first2=Sandipta |date=2022-07-01 |title=Exploring the connection of physical habitat health of the wetland with its gas regulating services |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1574954122001364 |journal=Ecological Informatics |volume=69 |article-number=101686 |doi=10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101686 |bibcode=2022EcInf..6901686P |issn=1574-9541|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The loss of wetland [[biodiversity]] is associated with wetland degradation, as the case of alpine wetlands demonstrates.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Qiu |first1=Dongdong |last2=Zhang |first2=Hua |last3=Ren |first3=Yueheng |last4=Zhu |first4=Yanpeng |date=2024-04-01 |title=The lost biodiversity and degraded alpine wetlands caused by strong earthquake on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau did not self-restore in the short term |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=50 |article-number=e02830 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e02830 |bibcode=2024GEcoC..5002830Q |issn=2351-9894|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Drainage of floodplains ===
[[Drainage]] of [[floodplain]]s or development activities that narrow floodplain corridors (such as the construction of [[levee]]s) reduces the ability of coupled river-floodplain systems to control flood damage. That is because modified and less expansive systems must still manage the same amount of precipitation, causing flood peaks to be higher or deeper and floodwaters to travel faster.

Water management engineering developments in the past century have degraded floodplain wetlands through the construction of artificial embankments such as [[Levee|dykes]], bunds, [[levees]], [[weirs]], barrages and [[dams]]. All concentrate water into a main channel and waters that historically spread slowly over a large, shallow area are concentrated. Loss of wetland floodplains results in more severe and damaging flooding. Catastrophic human impact in the Mississippi River floodplains was seen in death of several hundred individuals during a [[2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans|levee breach in New Orleans caused by Hurricane Katrina]]. Human-made embankments along the Yangtze River floodplains have caused the main channel of the river to become prone to more frequent and damaging flooding.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Luqian |last2=Lu |first2=XiXi |last3=Chen |first3=Zhongyuan |date=2007 |title=River channel change during the last 50 years in the middle Yangtze River, the Jianli reach |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169555X06003151 |journal=Geomorphology |language=en |volume=85 |issue=3–4 |pages=185–196 |bibcode=2007Geomo..85..185L |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.03.035|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some of these events include the loss of [[riparian vegetation]], a 30% loss of the vegetation cover throughout the river's basin, a doubling of the percentage of the land affected by soil erosion, and a reduction in reservoir capacity through [[siltation]] build-up in floodplain lakes.<ref name="ramsar_a" />

=== Overfishing ===
[[Overfishing]] is a major problem for sustainable use of wetlands. Concerns are developing over certain aspects of farm fishing, which uses natural wetlands and waterways to harvest fish for human consumption. [[Aquaculture]] is continuing to develop rapidly throughout the Asia-Pacific region especially in China where 90% of the total number of aquaculture farms occur, contributing 80% of global value.<ref name="ramsar b" /> Some aquaculture has eliminated massive areas of wetland through practices such as the [[shrimp farming]] industry's destruction of mangroves. Even though the damaging impact of large-scale shrimp farming on the coastal ecosystem in many Asian countries has been widely recognized for quite some time now, it has proved difficult to mitigate since other employment avenues for people are lacking. Also burgeoning demand for shrimp globally has provided a large and ready market.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrimp Market Size, Share & Growth Analysis Report, 2030 |url=https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/shrimp-market-report |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=www.grandviewresearch.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Conservation ==
{{main|Wetland conservation}}

[[File:Hommik Mukri rabas.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Fog rising over the Mukri bog near [[Mukri, Estonia]]. The bog has an area of {{convert|2147|ha}} and has been protected since 1992.]]
Wetlands have historically subjected to large draining efforts for development ([[Real estate development|real estate]] or agriculture), and [[flooding]] to create recreational [[lake]]s or generate [[hydropower]]. Some of the world's most important agricultural areas were wetlands that have been converted to farmland.<ref>{{cite book|first=G. P.|last=Van de Ven|date=2004|title=Man-Made Lowlands: History of water management and land reclamation in the Netherlands|location=Utrecht|publisher=Uitgeverij Matrijs}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wells|first=Samuel A.|date=1830|title=A History of the Drainage of the Great Level of the Fens called Bedford Level 2|url=https://archive.org/details/historydrainage00wellgoog|location=London|publisher=R. Pheney}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Thomas E.|last1=Dahl|first2=Gregory J.|last2=Allord|title=History of Wetlands in the Conterminous United States|url=https://water.usgs.gov/nwsum/WSP2425/history.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Brian|last=Lander|title=State Management of River Dikes in Early China: New Sources on the Environmental History of the Central Yangzi Region|journal=T'oung Pao|volume=100|issue=4–5|date=2014|pages=325–362|doi=10.1163/15685322-10045p02}}</ref> Since the 1970s, more focus has been put on preserving wetlands for their natural functions. Since 1900, 65–70% of the world's wetlands have been lost.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davidson |first=Nick C. |date=2014 |title=How much wetland has the world lost? Long-term and recent trends in global wetland area |url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=MF14173 |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |language=en |volume=65 |issue=10 |page=934 |doi=10.1071/MF14173 |bibcode=2014MFRes..65..934D |issn=1323-1650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In order to maintain wetlands and sustain their functions, alterations and disturbances that are outside the normal range of variation should be minimized.

===Balancing wetland conservation with the needs of people===
Wetlands are vital ecosystems that enhance the livelihoods for the millions of people who live in and around them. Studies have shown that it is possible to conserve wetlands while improving the livelihoods of people living among them. Case studies conducted in Malawi and Zambia looked at how [[dambo]]s – wet, grassy valleys or depressions where water seeps to the surface – can be farmed sustainably. Project outcomes included a high yield of crops, development of [[Sustainable agriculture|sustainable farming]] techniques, and water management strategies that generate enough water for irrigation.<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-12-01 |title=Good practices and lessons learned in integrating ecosystem conservation and poverty reduction objectives in wetlands |url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/linking-wetland-management-and-poverty-reduction |access-date=10 May 2022 |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands}}</ref>

===Ramsar Convention===
{{Main|Ramsar Convention|List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance}}
[[File:Coverage-of-wetlands (OWID 0234).png|thumb|World map showing the coverage of wetlands as percentage of total land area defined as wetland according to the Ramsar convention by country<ref>{{cite web |title=Coverage of wetlands |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coverage-of-wetlands |website=[[Our World in Data]] |access-date=11 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>]]
The [[Ramsar Convention]] (full title: ''Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat''), is an international [[treaty]] designed to address global concerns regarding wetland loss and degradation. The primary purposes of the treaty are to list wetlands of international importance and to promote their wise use, with the ultimate goal of preserving the world's wetlands. Methods include restricting access to some wetland areas, as well as educating the public to combat the misconception that wetlands are wastelands. The Convention works closely with five International Organisation Partners (IOPs). These are: [[Birdlife International]], the [[IUCN]], the [[International Water Management Institute]], [[Wetlands International]] and the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]]. The partners provide technical expertise, help conduct or facilitate field studies and provide financial support.

==Restoration==
Restoration and [[Restoration ecology|restoration ecologists]] intend to return wetlands to their natural trajectory by aiding directly with the natural processes of the ecosystem.<ref name="clewell2013">{{cite book|last1=Clewell|first1=AF|last2=Aronson|first2=J|title=Ecological restoration|date=2013|publisher=Island Press|location=Washington, DC|edition=2nd}}</ref> These direct methods vary with respect to the degree of physical manipulation of the natural environment and each are associated with different levels of restoration.<ref name="clewell2013" /> Restoration is needed after disturbance or [[Disturbance (ecology)|perturbation]] of a wetland.<ref name="clewell2013" /> There is no one way to restore a wetland and the level of restoration required will be based on the level of disturbance although, each method of restoration does require preparation and administration.<ref name="clewell2013" />

===Levels of restoration===
Factors influencing selected approach may include<ref name="clewell2013" /> budget, time scale limitations, project goals, level of disturbance, landscape and ecological constraints, political and administrative agendas and socioeconomic priorities.

==== Prescribed natural or assisted regeneration ====
For this strategy, there is no biophysical manipulation and the ecosystem is left to recover based on the process of [[Ecological succession|succession]] alone.<ref name="clewell2013" /> The focus is to eliminate and prevent further disturbance from occurring and for this type of restoration requires prior research to understand the probability that the wetland will recover naturally. This is likely to be the first method of approach since it is the least intrusive and least expensive although some biophysical non-intrusive manipulation may be required to enhance the rate of succession to an acceptable level.<ref name="clewell2013" /> Example methods include prescribed burns to small areas, promotion of site specific soil [[microbiota]] and plant growth using nucleation planting whereby plants radiate from an initial planting site,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Corbin|first1=JD|last2=Holl|first2=KD|title=Applied nucleation as a forest restoration strategy|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|date=2012|volume=256|pages=37–46|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2011.10.013|bibcode=2012ForEM.265...37C }}</ref> and promotion of niche diversity or increasing the range of niches to promote use by a variety of different species.<ref name="clewell2013" /> These methods can make it easier for the natural species to flourish by removing environmental impediments and can speed up the process of succession.

==== Partial reconstruction ====
For this strategy, a mixture of natural regeneration and manipulated environmental control is used. This may require some engineering, and more intensive biophysical manipulations including ripping of [[subsoil]], [[Agrochemical|agrichemical]] applications of herbicides or insecticides, laying of [[mulch]], mechanical seed dispersal, and tree planting on a large scale.<ref name="clewell2013" /> In these circumstances the wetland is impaired and without human assistance it would not recover within an acceptable period of time as determined by ecologists. Methods of restoration used will have to be determined on a site by site basis as each location will require a different approach based on levels of disturbance and the local ecosystem dynamics.<ref name="clewell2013" /> Another form of partial reconstruction includes the utilization of semi-natural wetlands, such as [[Paddy field|paddy fields]] that are agricultural plains covered by water during planting seasons.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Osawa |first1=Takeshi |last2=Nishida |first2=Takaaki |last3=Oka |first3=Takashi |date=2020-07-01 |title=High tolerance land use against flood disasters: How paddy fields as previously natural wetland inhibit the occurrence of floods |journal=Ecological Indicators |volume=114 |article-number=106306 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106306 |bibcode=2020EcInd.11406306O |issn=1470-160X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Human assistance is required in order to maintain paddy fields, as they are agricultural in nature, but they have the capacity to reduce flooding in more inland regions.<ref name=":7" />

==== Complete reconstruction ====
{{further|Constructed wetland}}
This most expensive and intrusive method of reconstruction requires engineering and ground up reconstruction. Because there is a redesign of the entire ecosystem it is important that the natural trajectory of the ecosystem be considered and that the plant species promoted will eventually return the ecosystem towards its natural trajectory.<ref name="clewell2013" />

In many cases constructed wetlands are often designed to treat stormwater/wastewater runoff. They can be used in developments as part of [[water-sensitive urban design]] systems and have benefits such as flood mitigation, removing pollutants, carbon sequestration, providing habitat for wildlife and biodiversity in often highly urbanised and fragmented landscapes.<ref>{{cite book |title=Functional assessment of wetlands: towards evaluation of ecosystem services |date=2009 |publisher=Woodhead Publ. [u.a.] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-84569-516-3}}</ref>

The mechanism by which wetlands are able to support flood mitigation efforts is multifold. Due to their capacity to hold excess volumes of water during periods of heavy rainfall or inland water flow, wetlands are able to elicit reductions in flood area, flood depth, and flood duration.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Yun |last2=Leon |first2=Arturo S. |last3=Kavvas |first3=M. L. |date=2020-03-01 |title=Impact of Size and Location of Wetlands on Watershed-Scale Flood Control |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11269-020-02518-3 |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=1693–1707 |doi=10.1007/s11269-020-02518-3 |bibcode=2020WatRM..34.1693T |issn=1573-1650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Furthermore, wetlands are able to reduce the velocity of inland water flow, which is an additional mechanism by which wetlands reduce damages to local ecosystems and property found in surrounding regions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ferreira |first1=Carla S. S. |last2=Kašanin-Grubin |first2=Milica |last3=Solomun |first3=Marijana Kapović |last4=Sushkova |first4=Svetlana |last5=Minkina |first5=Tatiana |last6=Zhao |first6=Wenwu |last7=Kalantari |first7=Zahra |date=2023-06-01 |title=Wetlands as nature-based solutions for water management in different environments |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468584423000363 |journal=Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health |volume=33 |article-number=100476 |doi=10.1016/j.coesh.2023.100476 |bibcode=2023COESH..3300476F |issn=2468-5844}}</ref>

====Traditional knowledge====
The ideas from [[traditional ecological knowledge]] can be applied as a holistic approach to the restoration of wetlands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Inglis, J. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2CNS64AFvsC&pg=PR4 |title=Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Concepts and Cases |date=1993 |publisher=International Program on Traditional Ecological and International Development Research Centre |isbn=978-0-88936-683-1 |place=Ottawa, Canada}}</ref> These ideas focus more on responding to the observations detected from the environment considering that each part of a wetland ecosystem is interconnected. Applying these practices on specific locations of wetlands increase productivity, biodiversity, and improve its resilience. These practices include monitoring wetland resources, planting propagules, and addition of key species in order to create a self-sustaining wetland ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Craft |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNhOEAAAQBAJ&dq=Creating+and+Restoring+Wetlands+From+Theory+to+Practice&pg=PP1 |title=Creating and Restoring Wetlands: From Theory to Practice |date=2022-05-12 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-823982-7 |language=en}}</ref>

== Climate change aspects ==

=== Greenhouse gas emissions ===
In Southeast Asia, [[peat swamp forest]]s and soils are being drained, burnt, mined, and overgrazed, contributing to [[climate change]].<ref name="wetlands">{{cite web |title=Wetlands International works to sustain and restore wetlands for people and biodiversity |url=http://www.wetlands.org/ |access-date=2014-01-21 |publisher=Wetlands International}}</ref> As a result of peat drainage, the organic carbon that had built up over thousands of years and is normally under water is suddenly exposed to the air. The peat decomposes and is converted into [[carbon dioxide]] (CO2), which is then released into the atmosphere. Peat fires cause the same process to occur rapidly and in addition create enormous clouds of smoke that cross international borders, which now happens almost yearly in Southeast Asia. While peatlands constitute only 3% of the world's land area, their degradation produces 7% of all CO2 emissions.{{excerpt|Wetland methane emissions}}

===Climate change mitigation===
{{Further|Climate change mitigation#Wetlands|Carbon sequestration#Wetlands||Blue carbon}}

Studies have favorably identified the potential for coastal wetlands (also called [[blue carbon]] ecosystems) to provide some degree of [[climate change mitigation]] in two ways: by conservation, reducing the greenhouse gas emissions arising from the loss and degradation of such habitats, and by restoration, to increase carbon dioxide drawdown and its long-term storage.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Williamson |first1=Phillip |last2=Gattuso |first2=Jean-Pierre |date=2022 |title=Carbon Removal Using Coastal Blue Carbon Ecosystems Is Uncertain and Unreliable, With Questionable Climatic Cost-Effectiveness |journal=Frontiers in Climate |volume=4 |article-number=853666 |doi=10.3389/fclim.2022.853666 |issn=2624-9553|doi-access=free|bibcode=2022FrCli...4.3666W }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=2017-10-16 }}</ref> However, CO2 removal using coastal blue carbon restoration has questionable cost-effectiveness when considered only as a climate mitigation action, either for [[Carbon offset|carbon-offsetting]] or for inclusion in [[Nationally determined contribution|Nationally Determined Contributions]].<ref name=":6" />

When wetlands are restored they have mitigation effects through their ability to [[Carbon sink|sink carbon]], converting a greenhouse gas ([[carbon dioxide]]) to solid plant material through the process of [[photosynthesis]], and also through their ability to store and regulate water.<ref>{{cite book |title=Synthesis of Adaptation Options for Coastal Areas |date=2009 |publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency |series=Climate Ready Estuaries Program, EPA 430-F-08-024 |location=Washington, DC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-06 |title=Coastal Wetland Protection |url=https://drawdown.org/solutions/coastal-wetland-protection |access-date=2020-09-13 |website=Project Drawdown |language=en}}</ref>

Wetlands store approximately 44.6 million tonnes of carbon per year globally (estimate from 2003).<ref name="Chmura, G. L. 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Chmura |first1=G. L. |date=2003 |title=Global carbon sequestration in tidal, saline wetland soils |journal=Global Biogeochemical Cycles |volume=17 |issue=4 |page=1111 |article-number=2002GB001917 |bibcode=2003GBioC..17.1111C |doi=10.1029/2002GB001917 |doi-access=free |s2cid=36119878}}{{page needed|date=January 2017}}</ref> In [[salt marsh]]es and mangrove swamps in particular, the average [[carbon sequestration]] rate is {{nowrap|210 g CO2 m−2 y−1}} while [[peatlands]] sequester approximately {{nowrap|20–30 g CO2 m−2 y−1}}.<ref name="Chmura, G. L. 2003" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Roulet |first=N. T. |date=2000 |title=Peatlands, Carbon Storage, Greenhouse Gases, And The Kyoto Protocol: Prospects And Significance For Canada |journal=Wetlands |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=605–615 |doi=10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0605:pcsgga]2.0.co;2 |s2cid=7490212}}</ref>

Coastal wetlands, such as tropical [[mangrove]]s and some temperate [[salt marshes]], are known to be sinks for carbon that otherwise contribute to [[climate change]] in its gaseous forms (carbon dioxide and methane).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ouyang |first1=Xiaoguang |last2=Lee |first2=Shing Yip |date=2020-01-16 |title=Improved estimates on global carbon stock and carbon pools in tidal wetlands |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=317 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11..317O |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-14120-2 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=6965625 |pmid=31949151 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The ability of many tidal wetlands to store carbon and minimize methane flux from tidal sediments has led to sponsorship of [[blue carbon]] initiatives that are intended to enhance those processes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthtimes.org/blogs/climate/blue-carbon|title=Blue Carbon|website=Earth Times |date=19 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=F. |date=2021 |title=Global blue carbon accumulation in tidal wetlands increases with climate change |journal=National Science Review |volume=8 |issue=9 |article-number=nwaa296 |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwaa296 |pmid=34691731|pmc=8433083 }}</ref>

=== Climate change adaptation ===
{{Further|Climate change adaptation}}

The restoration of coastal blue carbon ecosystems is highly advantageous for [[climate change adaptation]], coastal protection, food provision and biodiversity conservation.<ref name=":6" />

Since the middle of the 20th century, human-caused [[climate change]] has resulted in observable changes in the global [[water cycle]].<ref name=":8">Arias, P.A., N. Bellouin, E. Coppola, R.G. Jones, G. Krinner, J. Marotzke, V. Naik, M.D. Palmer, G.-K. Plattner, J. Rogelj, M. Rojas, J. Sillmann, T. Storelvmo, P.W. Thorne, B. Trewin, K. Achuta Rao, B. Adhikary, R.P. Allan, K. Armour, G. Bala, R. Barimalala, S. Berger, J.G. Canadell, C. Cassou, A. Cherchi, W. Collins, W.D. Collins, S.L. Connors, S. Corti, F. Cruz, F.J. Dentener, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, A. Diongue Niang, F.J. Doblas-Reyes, A. Dosio, H. Douville, F. Engelbrecht, V. Eyring, E. Fischer, P. Forster, B. Fox-Kemper, J.S. Fuglestvedt, J.C. Fyfe, et al., 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_TS.pdf Technical Summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721021347/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_TS.pdf |date=2022-07-21 }}. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809131444/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ |date=2021-08-09 }} [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 33–144. doi:10.1017/9781009157896.002.</ref>{{rp|85}} A warming climate makes extremely wet and very dry occurrences more severe, causing more severe floods and droughts. For this reason, some of the ecosystem services that wetlands provide (e.g. water storage and flood control, groundwater replenishment, shoreline stabilization and storm protection) are important for climate change adaptation measures.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Blue Carbon |url=https://www.american.edu/sis/centers/carbon-removal/fact-sheet-blue-carbon.cfm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428062528/https://www.american.edu/sis/centers/carbon-removal/fact-sheet-blue-carbon.cfm |archive-date=April 28, 2021 |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> In most parts of the world and under all [[Climate change scenario#Emissions scenarios|emission scenarios]], water cycle variability and accompanying extremes are anticipated to rise more quickly than the changes of average values.<ref name=":8"/>{{rp|85}}

== Valuation ==
The value of a wetland to local communities typically involves first mapping a region's wetlands, then assessing the functions and ecosystem services the wetlands provide individually and cumulatively, and finally evaluating that information to prioritize or rank individual wetlands or wetland types for conservation, management, restoration, or development.<ref>{{Citation |last=Emerton |first=Lucy |title=Economic Valuation of Wetlands: Total Economic Value |date=2016 |work=The Wetland Book |pages=1–6 |editor-last=Finlayson |editor-first=C. Max |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-6172-8_301-1 |isbn=978-94-007-6172-8 |editor2-last=Everard |editor2-first=Mark |editor3-last=Irvine |editor3-first=Kenneth |editor4-last=McInnes |editor4-first=Robert J.|doi-access=free }}</ref> Over the longer term, it requires keeping inventories<ref>{{Cite web |title=A new toolkit for National Wetlands Inventories {{!}} Convention on Wetlands |url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/a-new-toolkit-for-national-wetlands-inventories |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=www.ramsar.org}}</ref> of known wetlands and monitoring a representative sample of the wetlands to determine changes due to both natural and human factors.

===Assessment===

Rapid assessment methods are used to score, rank, rate, or categorize various functions, [[ecosystem services]], species, communities, levels of disturbance, and/or [[ecological health]] of a wetland or group of wetlands.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McInnes |first1=R.J. |last2=Everard |first2=M. |date=2017 |title=Rapid Assessment of Wetland Ecosystem Services (RAWES): An example from Colombo, Sri Lanka |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S221204161630417X |journal=Ecosystem Services |language=en |volume=25 |pages=89–105 |doi=10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.03.024|bibcode=2017EcoSv..25...89M |s2cid=56403914 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This is often done to prioritize particular wetlands for conservation (avoidance) or to determine the degree to which loss or alteration of wetland functions should be compensated, such as by restoring degraded wetlands elsewhere or providing additional protections to existing wetlands. Rapid assessment methods are also applied before and after a wetland has been restored or altered to help monitor or predict the effects of those actions on various wetland functions and the services they provide. Assessments are typically considered to be "rapid" when they require only a single visit to the wetland lasting less than one day, which in some cases may include interpretation of aerial imagery and [[geographic information system]] (GIS) analyses of existing spatial data, but not detailed post-visit laboratory analyses of water or biological samples.

To achieve consistency among persons doing the assessment, rapid methods present indicator variables as questions or checklists on standardized data forms, and most methods standardize the scoring or rating procedure that is used to combine question responses into estimates of the levels of specified functions relative to the levels estimated in other wetlands ("calibration sites") assessed previously in a region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adamus |first=P. |date=2016 |title=Manual for the Wetland Ecosystem Services Protocol (WESP) |url=http://people.oregonstate.edu/~adamusp/WESP/Manual_WESP1.3_13Oct2016_Adamus.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728191340/http://people.oregonstate.edu/~adamusp/WESP/Manual_WESP1.3_13Oct2016_Adamus.pdf |archive-date=2018-07-28 |url-status=live |access-date=July 28, 2018 |website=Oregon State University}}</ref> Rapid assessment methods, partly because they often use dozens of indicators of conditions surrounding a wetland as well as within the wetland itself, aim to provide estimates of wetland functions and services that are more accurate and repeatable than simply describing a wetland's class type.<ref name="ACADEMIC PRESS" /> A need for wetland assessments to be rapid arises mainly when government agencies set deadlines for decisions affecting a wetland or when the number of wetlands needing information on their functions or condition is large.

===Inventory===

Although developing a global inventory of wetlands has proven to be a large and difficult undertaking, many efforts at more local scales have been successful.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=rsis.ramsar.org}}</ref> Current efforts are based on available data, but both classification and spatial resolution have sometimes proven to be inadequate for regional or site-specific environmental management decision making. Identifying small, long, and narrow wetlands within the landscape is difficult. Many of today's [[remote sensing]] satellites do not have sufficient spatial and spectral resolution to monitor wetland conditions, although multispectral IKONOS<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=Anhua |last2=Chow-Fraser |first2=Patricia |date=2007 |title=Use of IKONOS Imagery to Map Coastal Wetlands of Georgian Bay |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1577/1548-8446(2007)32[167:UOIITM]2.0.CO;2 |journal=Fisheries |language=en |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=167–173 |doi=10.1577/1548-8446(2007)32[167:UOIITM]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0363-2415|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and QuickBird<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=Bruce D. |last2=Bolstad |first2=Paul V. |last3=Næsset |first3=Erik |last4=Anderson |first4=Ryan S. |last5=Garrigues |first5=Sebastian |last6=Morisette |first6=Jeffrey T. |last7=Nickeson |first7=Jaime |last8=Davis |first8=Kenneth J. |date=2009-11-16 |title=Using LiDAR and quickbird data to model plant production and quantify uncertainties associated with wetland detection and land cover generalizations |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425709002119 |journal=Remote Sensing of Environment |language=en |volume=113 |issue=11 |pages=2366–2379 |doi=10.1016/j.rse.2009.06.017|bibcode=2009RSEnv.113.2366C |url-access=subscription }}</ref> data may offer improved spatial resolutions once it is 4 m or higher. Most of the pixels are just mixtures of several plant species or vegetation types. They are difficult to isolate, translating into an inability to classify the vegetation that defines the wetland. The growing availability of 3D vegetation and topography data from LiDAR has partially addressed the limitation of traditional multispectral imagery, as demonstrated in some case studies worldwide.<ref name="xu2022">{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Haiqing |last2=Toman |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Zhao |first3=Kaiguang |last4=Baird |first4=John |title=Fusion of Lidar and Aerial Imagery to Map Wetlands and Channels via Deep Convolutional Neural Network |journal=Transportation Research Record |date=2022 |volume=2676 |issue=12 |pages=374–381 |doi=10.1177/03611981221095522 |s2cid=251780248 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03611981221095522|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Monitoring and mapping===

A wetland needs to be monitored<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stephenson |first1=P. J. |last2=Ntiamoa-Baidu |first2=Yaa |last3=Simaika |first3=John P. |date=2020 |title=The Use of Traditional and Modern Tools for Monitoring Wetlands Biodiversity in Africa: Challenges and Opportunities |journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science |volume=8 |article-number=61 |doi=10.3389/fenvs.2020.00061 |issn=2296-665X|doi-access=free |bibcode=2020FrEnS...8...61S }}</ref> over time to assess whether it is functioning at an ecologically sustainable level or whether it is becoming degraded.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bhatnagar |first1=Saheba |last2=Gill |first2=Laurence |last3=Regan |first3=Shane |last4=Waldren |first4=Stephen |last5=Ghosh |first5=Bidisha |date=2021-04-01 |title=A nested drone-satellite approach to monitoring the ecological conditions of wetlands |journal=ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=174 |pages=151–165 |doi=10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2021.01.012 |bibcode=2021JPRS..174..151B |s2cid=233522024 |issn=0924-2716|doi-access=free }}</ref> Degraded wetlands will suffer a loss in water quality, loss of sensitive species, and aberrant functioning of soil geochemical processes.

Practically, many natural wetlands are difficult to monitor from the ground as they quite often are difficult to access and may require exposure to dangerous plants and animals as well as diseases borne by insects or other invertebrates. Remote sensing such as aerial imagery and satellite imaging<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Munizaga |first1=Juan |last2=García |first2=Mariano |last3=Ureta |first3=Fernando |last4=Novoa |first4=Vanessa |last5=Rojas |first5=Octavio |last6=Rojas |first6=Carolina |date=2022 |title=Mapping Coastal Wetlands Using Satellite Imagery and Machine Learning in a Highly Urbanized Landscape |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=14 |issue=9 |page=5700 |doi=10.3390/su14095700 |issn=2071-1050|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Sust...14.5700M }}</ref> provides effective tools to map and monitor wetlands across large geographic regions and over time. Many remote sensing methods can be used to map wetlands. The integration of multi-sourced data such as [[LiDAR]] and aerial photos proves more effective at mapping wetlands than the use of aerial photos alone,<ref name="xu2022" /> especially with the aid of modern machine learning methods (e.g., deep learning). Overall, using digital data provides a standardized data-collection procedure and an opportunity for data integration within a [[geographic information system]].

== Legislation ==

=== International efforts ===
{{excerpt|Ramsar Convention}}

=== National efforts ===

====United States====
Each country and region tends to have a codified definition of wetlands for legal purposes. In the United States, wetlands are defined as "those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs and similar areas".<ref>{{cite web|date=March 2015|title=EPA Regulations listed at 40 CFR 230.3(t)|url=https://www.epa.gov/cwa-404/policy-and-guidance-documents-under-cwa-section-404|access-date=2014-02-18|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> This definition has been used in the enforcement of the [[Clean Water Act]]. Some US states, such as [[Massachusetts]] and [[New York (state)|New York]], have separate definitions that may differ from the federal government's.

In the [[United States Code]], the term wetland is defined "as land that (A) has a predominance of hydric soils, (B) is inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support a prevalence of hydrophytic vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions and (C) under normal circumstances supports a prevalence of such vegetation." Related to these legal definitions, "normal circumstances" are expected to occur during the wet portion of the growing season under normal climatic conditions (not unusually dry or unusually wet) and in the absence of significant disturbance. It is not uncommon for a wetland to be dry for long portions of the growing season. Still, under normal environmental conditions, the soils will be inundated to the surface, creating anaerobic conditions persisting through the wet portion of the growing season.<ref>US Government Publishing Office. (2011) [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/16/3801 16 U.S. Code Chapter 58 Subchapter I, § 3801 – Definitions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206000118/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/16/3801 |date=2017-02-06 }}. Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, Ithaca.</ref>

==== Canada ====
* [[Wetlands and wetland policies in Canada]]<ref name=rubec2009>{{cite journal |last1=Rubec |first1=C. D.A. |last2=Hanson|first2=A. R|title=Wetland mitigation and compensation: Canadian experience |journal=Wetlands Ecol Manage |date=2009|volume=17|issue=1 |pages=3–14 |doi=10.1007/s11273-008-9078-6 |bibcode=2009WetEM..17....3R |s2cid=32876048}}</ref>
* Other Individual Provincial and Territorial Based Policies<ref name=rubec2009/>

== Examples ==
{{See also|List of Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance|Mediterranean wetlands|List of Ramsar wetland sites in Pakistan|List of Ramsar sites in Australia}}
The world's largest wetlands include the swamp forests of the [[Amazon River basin]], the peatlands of the [[West Siberian Plain]],<ref name="FraserKeddy" /> the [[Pantanal]] in South America,<ref name=":1" /> and the [[Sundarbans]] in the [[Ganges]]-[[Brahmaputra]] delta.<ref name=":2" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Wetlands|Environment|Ecology|Water}}
* {{annotated link|List of wetland plants}}
* {{in title|wetland}}

==References==
{{Reflist|24em}}

==External links==
* {{commons-inline}}

{{Wetlands}}
{{Aquatic ecosystem topics}}
{{Biomes}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Wetlands| ]]
[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Environmental terminology]]
[[Category:Freshwater ecology]]
[[Category:Habitat]]
[[Category:Terrestrial biomes]]
[[Category:Bodies of water]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Pritam Pyare Aur Woh

2026-03-09T13:55:18Z

VetaPmc978:

{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Pritam Pyare Aur Woh.jpg
| genre = Horror-Comedy Sitcom
| writer = Manoj Santoshi
| screenplay = Amit Sen Chaudhary
| director = Sanjay Satavase Hemen Chauhan
| starring = [[#Cast|''See Below'']]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 110
| executive_producer = Himanshu Thakur
| producer = [[Vipul D. Shah]] Sanjiv Sharma
| editor = K. Creation
| runtime = 20{{ndash}}24 minutes
| company = Optimystix Entertainment
| network = [[SAB TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2014|03|03|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2014|08|01|df=y}}
}}

'''''Pritam Pyare Aur Woh''''' is an Indian Hindi-language dark comedy horror sitcom television series that aired on SAB TV and was later re-aired on Sony Pal. The series premiered on 3 March 2014 and ended on 1 August 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-15 |title=Pritam, Pyare Aur Woh to end in two weeks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pritam-pyare-aur-woh-to-end-in-two-weeks/articleshow/38375613.cms |access-date=2024-12-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was produced by Optimystix Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pritam Pyare Aur Woh – OPTIMYSTIX |url=https://optimystix.tv/pritam-pyare-aur-woh/ |access-date=2024-12-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story centers on the constant rivalry between two brothers Pritam and Pyare, who maintain a running tally of their pranks and one-upmanship in their signature "tit-for-tat" fights.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-03-19 |title=Pritam supernatural prank supernatual prank scares pyaare |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pritam-supernatural-prank-supernatual-prank-scares-pyaare/articleshow/32292420.cms |access-date=2024-12-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Their lives are intertwined with Tiku Killawala, a wealthy businessman married to their younger sister, Gogi. Tiku deeply loves Gogi, but is constantly exasperated by her brothers' well-intentioned but troublesome ghostly antics. Gogi, in turn, has a soft spot for Pritam and Pyare and often intervenes on their behalf, pressuring Tiku to forgive their misdeeds and preventing him from throwing them out of the house, despite his frustration.

The show's central comedic premise revolves around Pritam and Pyare accidentally solving a ghostbusting case at the beginning of the series, earning them undeserved praise. This leads them to establish a laboratory where they research and create useless yet unique gadgets designed for trapping ghosts. Despite the gadgets' complete ineffectiveness (or even being forgotten at home), the cases are often resolved through coincidental events or the ghosts' own actions. Pritam and Pyare, however, firmly believe that their gadgets are responsible for their success.

To manage the brothers, Tiku employs Mary, a smart, beautiful, and charming secretary tasked with keeping them out of trouble. Pritam and Pyare are both smitten with Mary and constantly try to impress her, but she skillfully keeps them at bay while managing to get her work done. Adding to Tiku's woes is his mother-in-law, Nimmi Gulati, who lives with them and is prone to hallucinations. Tiku endures her eccentricities out of respect for her age.

The series features Rajesh Kumar as Dara Koyla, described as India’s first tall, lean, aristocratic-looking vampire on television. Dressed impeccably in black with a flowing cape, Dara possesses the ability to morph into a bat and hypnotize his victims. He is averse to sunlight and sleeps in his coffin during the day. He is aided by Dumroo, a hunchback (played by Sukesh Anand), and Hatuba, a monster (portrayed by Madan), in his gothic mansion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2014-03-01 |title=Pritam Pyaare Aur Woh is India's first Ghosht Buster show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pritam-pyaare-aur-woh-is-indias-first-ghosht-buster-show-on-sab-tv/articleshow/31206528.cms |access-date=2024-12-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===

* [[Siddharth Sagar]] as Pritam
* [[Prasad Barve]] as Pyare
* [[Tiku Talsania]] as Tiku Killawala
* [[Melissa Pais]] as Bhootrina
* [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]] as Dara Koyla<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-04-03 |title=Dara Koyla takes over the graveyard shift |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pritam-pyaare-aur-woh-dara-koyla-takes-over-the-graveyard-shift/articleshow/33185021.cms |access-date=2024-12-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Tapasya Nayak Srivastava]] as Mary D'Souza
* [[Parineeta Borthakur]] as Gogi
* Aarti Rana as Jigna
* Daljeet Soundh as Nimmi Gulati<ref name=":0" />

=== Recurring ===

* Dumroo (Sukesh Anand)
* Hatuba (Madan)
* Darpokli
* [[Neetha Shetty]] as Sweetrina<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-11 |title=Ghost Sweetrina to enter Pritam Pyaare Aur Woh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ghost-sweetrina-to-enter-pritam-pyaare-aur-woh/articleshow/36349483.cms#:~:text=Sweetrina,%20played%20by%20Neetha%20Shetty,flavour%20to%20the%20entire%20sequence. |access-date=2024-12-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-08 |title=Neeta Shetty to enter Pritam Pyaare Aur Woh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/neeta-shetty-to-enter-pritam-pyaare-aur-woh/articleshow/36260562.cms |access-date=2024-12-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Ami Trivedi]] as Banjaran<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-06 |title=Ami Trivedi in Pritam Pyaare Aur Woh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ami-trivedi-in-pritam-pyaare-aur-woh/articleshow/34730374.cms |access-date=2024-12-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Vijay Jolekar
* Tadka Shola
* Bhootbola
* Bhootprasad
* Jignesh
* Jamna
* Munni
* Pinto Uncle

== See also ==

* [[List of Hindi comedy shows|List of Hindi Comedy Shows]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{YouTube|playlist=PLfyXOEyr93G0e0QweyjJZiq8a-ETceSx5|title=Pritam Pyaare Aur Woh}}
* {{IMDb title|title=Pritam Pyare Aur Woh|id=tt8943778}}

{{SAB TV Programmes}}

[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television series by Optimystix Entertainment]]
[[Category:Vampires in television]]

Bara (1982 film)

2026-03-05T18:31:42Z

VetaPmc978: new entry

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bara (1982 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover of Kannada version
| director = [[M. S. Sathyu]]
| starring = [[Anant Nag]] [[C. R. Simha]] Loveleen Madhu Pankaj Dheer Veeraj Byakod M. V. Narayana Rao
| story = [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]]
| producer = [[M. S. Sathyu]]
| music = [[Mysore Ananthaswamy]] [[Siddalingaiah (poet)|Siddalingaiah]]
| cinematography = Ashok Gunjal
| editing = Chakravarthy
| studio = M. S. Sathyu Productions
| released = {{Film date|1982|10||df=yes}} (Kannada) 1983 (Hindi)
| runtime = 117 minutes
| language = Kannada Hindi
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Bara''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಬರ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|Drought}}) is a film directed and produced by [[M. S. Sathyu]]. It is based on the novel of same name by [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/ur-ananthamurthys-books-taken-as-movies/article6345000.ece|title=Celluloid faithfully celebrated his novels|first=Muralidhara|last=Khajane|date=23 August 2014|access-date=17 November 2021|website=Thehindu.com|archive-date=24 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024072914/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/ur-ananthamurthys-books-taken-as-movies/article6345000.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tirupradyumna.tumblr.com/post/60741519270/bara-kannada-film-by-m-s-satyu|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000000/http://tirupradyumna.tumblr.com/post/60741519270/bara-kannada-film-by-m-s-satyu|url-status=dead|title=Bara - Kannada Film by M.S.Satyu|archive-date=31 December 2013|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> Simultaneously shot in [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi]], the film starred [[Anant Nag]], [[C. R. Simha]] and Loveleen Madhu in lead roles. The film won many laurels upon release including the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]] for its script of an incisive analysis of the socio-political situation in a drought affected district. The film went on floors in 1980 and made its theatrical release in 1982.

The Hindi version of the film '''''Sookha''''' was released in 1983. However, unlike the Kannada version, the film could not get a theatrical release, and was shown on [[Doordarshan]].<ref name="GulazāraNihalani2003">{{cite book|author1=Gulazar|last2=Nihalani|first2=Govind|last3=Chatterjee|first3=Saibal|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT646|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5|pages=646–}}</ref> At the [[31st National Film Awards]], it won the award for [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Feature Film on National Integration]].<ref name="31staward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm31stNFAAward.aspx|title=31st National Film Awards|publisher=[[India International Film Festival]]|access-date=9 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112200555/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm31stNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=12 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="31stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/31st_nff_1984.pdf|title=31st National Film Awards (PDF)|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=9 December 2011|archive-date=24 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424114953/http://dff.nic.in/2011/31st_nff_1984.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Anant Nag]] as Collector Satish Chandra
* [[C. R. Simha]] as Bhimoji
* [[Uma Shivakumar]] as Bhimoji's wife
* Loveleen Madhu as Satish Chandra's wife
* Veeraj Byakod as Satish Chandra's son
* [[Shivaram]]
* Nitin Sethi
* M. V. Narayana Rao
* [[Pankaj Dheer]]
* [[Vaijanath Biradar]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Mysore Ananthaswamy]] and Siddalingaiah with lyrics by [[K. S. Nissar Ahmed]] and Siddalingaiah.

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ninna Anuragave
| extra1 = Jayashree
| music1 = [[Mysore Ananthaswamy]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Ondanondu Ooru
| extra2 = Janardhan
| music2 = Siddalingaiah
| length2 =
}}

==Awards==
===''Bara''===
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]] - 1981
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film]] - 1981-82

;[[30th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards Kannada]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film]] - Bara (1982)
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director]] - M. S. Sathyu (1982)
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]] - [[Anant Nag]] (1982)

===''Sookha''===
;[[31st National Film Awards]]
*[[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Feature Film on National Integration]].<ref name="31staward"/>
Also at the [[31st Filmfare Awards]], it was awarded [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Critics Award for Best Film| publisher = Filmfare Awards Official listing, [[Indiatimes]]| url = http://recipeguide.indiatimes.com/awards2001/ex_cfilm.htm| accessdate = 2014-05-20| archive-date = 18 December 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141218030957/http://recipeguide.indiatimes.com/awards2001/ex_cfilm.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0310714}}
* {{IMDb title|0246942|Sookha}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Kannada}}
{{Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration}}
{{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada}}

[[category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:1982 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1982 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on Kannada novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. S. Sathyu]]
[[Category:Best Kannada Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Best Film on National Integration National Film Award winners]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Karuppu Panam

2026-03-04T05:13:41Z

VetaPmc978: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Karuppu Panam
| image = Karuppu Panam.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = G. R. Nathan
| screenplay = [[Valampuri Somanathan]]
| story = [[Kannadasan]]
| producer = 
| starring = {{ubl|[[T. S. Balaiah]]|[[K. Sarangapani]]|[[K. Balaji|Balaji]]|[[K. R. Vijaya]]|[[Sheela]]}}
| cinematography = G. R. Nathan
| editing = S. Surya R. Devarajan
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = Visalakshi Films
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|1964|10|3|df=y}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Karuppu Panam''''' ({{Translation|[[Black market|Black Money]]}}) is a 1964 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime film]] directed and photographed by G. R. Nathan. The screenplay was written by [[Valampuri Somanathan]] from a story by [[Kannadasan]]. The music was by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]. It stars [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[K. Sarangapani]], [[K. Balaji|Balaji]], [[K. R. Vijaya]] and [[Sheela]]. The film was commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2016 |title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: பரபரப்பை ஏற்படுத்திய கண்ணதாசனின் கறுப்பு பணம் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/53337/cinema/Kollywood/Flashback-:-Kannadasans-Karuppu-Panam-movie.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610134518/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/53337/cinema/Kollywood/Flashback-:-Kannadasans-Karuppu-Panam-movie.htm |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=15 August 1964 |title=Tit-Bits |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98085/page/n663/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230309124731/https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98085/page/n663/mode/2up |archive-date=9 March 2023 |access-date=17 December 2021 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=50 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=18}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=September 2021}}

== Cast ==
;Male cast
* [[T. S. Balaiah]] as Sattanathan
* [[K. Sarangapani]] as Dhamodharan
* [[K. Balaji|Balaji]] as Gandhi
* [[Kuladeivam Rajagopal]] as Raju
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as Sambasivam
* [[Shanmugasundaram]] as Sundaram
* Ramanathan as Devi's brother
* [[Kannadasan]] as Thanikachalam

;Female cast
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Devi
* [[Sheela]] as Lucy
* [[C. K. Saraswathi]] as Shankari
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Sattanathan's first wife
* [[S. Varalakshmi]] as Kamala

== Production ==
''Karuppu Panam'' was directed and photographed by G. R. Nathan. The screenplay was written by [[Valampuri Somanathan]] from a story by [[Kannadasan]]. Editing was handled by S. Surya (for whom this was a posthumous release) and R. Devarajan, and art direction was handled by Alagappan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 1964 |title=Karuppu Panam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19641005&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=10 June 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=12 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1964 – கருப்பு பணம் – விசாலாட்சி பிலிம்ஸ் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1964-cinedetails8.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610134521/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1964-cinedetails8.asp |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> Kannadasan also played the antagonist, and many viewers believed the film parodied actor [[M. G. Ramachandran]]'s public life, given the tumultuous relationship between him and Kannadasan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=15 August 2015 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 29 {{!}} Salary and 'Black Money' |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-29/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505185109/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-29/ |archive-date=5 May 2016 |access-date=17 December 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]. Lyrics were written by Kannadasan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karuppu Panam |url=https://gaana.com/album/karuppu-panam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116131617/https://gaana.com/album/karuppu-panam |archive-date=16 November 2018 |access-date=17 December 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Ellarum Ellamum" || rowspan=2|[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] || 3:15
|-
| "Iraikka Iraikka" || 1:00
|-
| "Kanmani Kanmai Kanne" || [[P. Susheela]]|| 3:22
|-
| "Ammamma Keladi" || rowspan=3|[[L. R. Eswari]] || 5:28
|-
| "Kayilae Panamirundhal" || 3:28
|-
| "Aadavarellam Aadavaralam" || 3:23
|-
| "Pattu Chiragukonda" || [[A. L. Raghavan]] [[L. R. Eswari]] || 3:44
|-
| "Thangachi Chinna Ponnu" || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] [[L. R. Eswari]] || 6:24
|-
| "Iraiva Iraiva" (Unthan Rajasabai) || [[S. Janaki]] || 4:21
|}

== Reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "As a photographer, G. R. Nathan's work is slick but as a director it is slack at many places [...] Kannadasan writes better than he acts".<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 October 1964 |title=No safe keeping of 'black money' |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19641010&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=20 December 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1964 Indian films]]
[[Category:1964 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1964 crime films]]
[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian crime films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sargam (1950 film)

2026-03-04T04:11:53Z

VetaPmc978: expanded details for accuracy and fixed typos

{{short description|1950 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sargam
| image = Sargam 1950.jpeg

| caption =
| director = P. L. Santoshi
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Raj Kapoor]] [[Rehana (actress)|Rehana]]
| music = [[C. Ramchandra]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1950}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sargam''''' is a 1950 [[Bollywood]] family [[drama film]] directed by P. L. Santoshi. It stars [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Rehana (actress)|Rehana]] in lead roles, with [[Om Prakash]], [[David Abraham Cheulkar|David]], Radhakrishan in supporting roles. A moderate box office success, the film became the eighth highest-earning Indian film of 1950, earning an approximate gross of Rs. 85,00,000 and a net of Rs. 48,00,000.<ref>{{cite web|author=Box Office India|title=Top Earners 1950|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=155&catName=MTk1MA|publisher=boxofficeindia.com|accessdate=9 July 2008}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Raj Kapoor]] as Vinod
* [[Rehana (actress)|Rehana]] as Bhairavi
* [[Om Prakash]] as Seth Roopchand
* [[David Abraham Cheulkar|David]] as Pandit Shiv Shankar
* Radhakrishan as Babulal

==Music==
The lyrics were written by P. L. Santoshi, the director himself and the music was composed by [[C. Ramchandra]].
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Chhed Sakhi Sargam"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Koi Kisi Ka Deewana"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Do Din Ki Zindagani"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Baap Bhala Na Bhaiya, Sabse Bhala Rupaiya, Sabse Bhala Rupaiya"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[C. Ramchandra]]
|-
| "Main Hoon Alladin, Mere Paas Chirag-E-Cheen, Alladin Alladin Alladin"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[C. Ramchandra]]
|-
| "Kaisi Yeh Jodi Milayi, Mere Ram"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[C. Ramchandra]]
|-
| "Woh Humse Chup Hai, Hum Unse Chup Hai"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[C. Ramchandra]]
|-
| "Yaar Wai Wai, Yaar Wai Wai, Yaar Wai Wai Yaar"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[C. Ramchandra]]
|-
| "Mombasa Mombasa Mombasa Mombasa"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[C. Ramchandra]]
|-
| "Khalasi Bheem Palasi"
| [[C. Ramchandra]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0269826|title=Sargam}}

[[Category:1950 films]]
[[Category:1950 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1950 drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. Ramchandra]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1950s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Maurya (film)

2026-03-03T21:44:35Z

VetaPmc978: quick fix

{{short description|2004 Kannada language sports drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maurya
| image = Maurya poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[S. Narayan]]
| producer = [[Rockline Venkatesh]]
| writer = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi]]'' |[[Puri Jagannadh]]}}
| starring = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] [[Roja Selvamani]]
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = P. K. H. Das
| editing = P. R. Sounder Raj
| distributor = Rockline Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2004|10|22}}
| runtime = 162 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
}}
'''''Maurya''''' is a 2004 [[Kannada language]] [[sports drama film]] directed by [[S. Narayan]]. The film starred [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], [[Roja Selvamani]] and [[Meera Jasmine]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |title= Meera Jasmine debuts in Kannada|url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=8645 |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |accessdate=30 September 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040804041733/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=8645 |archivedate=4 August 2004 |date=30 July 2004}}</ref> This film is produced by [[Rockline Venkatesh]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_mourya.asp | title=Mourya film review – a film of Puneeth Rajkumar and Meera Jasmine directed by S. Narayan }}</ref> It is the remake of 2003 Telugu movie, ''[[Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi]]''.

== Plot ==
Manu's entire life is about his mother, Meena, a college lecturer. They live together in Bangalore. When Manu was a child, he was separated from his father/Meena's husband, Prathap. Manu is a passionate and great [[Kick boxing|kick-boxer]]. He later meets Alamelu "Andhra", a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] girl from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and starts to fall in love with her. Manu's happy life is suddenly jolted when Meena dies of a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]]. On her deathbed, Meena tells Manu to meet Prathap, who was a kickboxing champion that won the championship six times in a row and is presently a kickboxing coach. Manu reluctantly accepts.

When Manu meets Prathap, he learns that he has another wife and a daughter, and is happily settled with them. Manu gets a job as a janitor and juice provider at his father's kickboxing academy. Anand is Prathap's best student, and he is sure that Anand will win the championship. Later, Manu finds out that Anand had impregnated his step-sister and abandoned her, and also abandons Prathap by getting another master and other sponsors. Prathap is attacked by several of Anand's sponsors; Manu later beats them up, making Prathap learn that Manu is a great kick-boxer. Prathap also finds out that Manu was also participating in the kick-boxing championship. The rest of the story is about how Prathap trains Manu to win the championship.

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] as Manu
* [[Meera Jasmine]] as Alamelu
* [[Devaraj]] as Prathap, Manu's father
* [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Meena, Manu's mother
* [[Komal (actor)|Komal]] as Manu's friend
* [[Doddanna]] as broker
* Rekha Kumar
* Mandya Jayaram
* [[Shobaraj (Kannada Actor)|Shobaraj]] as Prathap's old boxing coach
* Jaidev as Anand
* Maithreyi Karthik
* [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] as Alamelu's father
* [[Sundar Raj]]
* [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]] as college bully's father
* Jayalakshmi
* Kote Prabhakar
* [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]
* Yathi Raj
* Aiyappa M.M
* V. K. Mohan
* Bank Suresh
* Bhanu Prakash
* Sridhar Raj
* Venkatesh Prasad
{{Colend}}

==Production==
A song was picturised at Chikmagalur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=9309|title=Song canned for Mourya|website=Screen|access-date=12 August 2025|date=22 October 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041107110236/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=9309|archive-date=7 November 2004}}</ref>
==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Maurya
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Gurukiran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 22 September 2004
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:58
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| language = [[Kannada]]
| producer = [[Gurukiran]]
| prev_title = [[Omkara (2004 film)|Omkara]]
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = [[Rishi (2005 film)|Rishi]]
| next_year = 2005
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|PYZSUNwEE6k|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}

}}
The music of the film was composed by [[Gurukiran]].
{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:47
| title1 = Amma Amma I Love You
| lyrics1 = [[S. Narayan]]
| extra1 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| length1 = 4:14
| title2 = Haadali Karunaadali
| lyrics2 = [[V. Manohar]]
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Lakshmi Nataraj]]
| length2 = 4:04
| title3 = Machchalli Kochodalli
| lyrics3 = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
| extra3 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
| length3 = 4:29
| title4 = Pilla Pilla
| lyrics4 = S. Narayan
| extra4 = Udit Narayan, [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| length4 = 3:49
| title5 = Simplallagi Helteen Kele
| lyrics5 = S. Narayan
| extra5 = Puneeth Rajkumar
| length5 = 3:57
| title6 = Usiraguve Hasiraguve
| lyrics6 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra6 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length6 = 4:22
}}

== Reception ==
S. N. Deepak of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' felt the film had "all essential ingredients like sentiments, action, romance and comedy" to make it "appealing." He added, "Cinematography is good. Dialogues, written by S Narayan, are catchy." Of the acting performances, he wrote, "Meera Jasmine, as an innocent Telugu speaking girl, has put in a good effort. Devaraj and Roja, as parents, suit their roles well", and praise the music on the film.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deepak |first1=S. N. |title=Maurya |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct242004/mr3.asp |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525025239/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct242004/mr3.asp |archive-date=25 May 2006 |date=24 October 2004}}</ref> ''Chitraloka'' wrote "Compared to earlier three films of Puneeth Rajkumar this one is brisk, gripping and intelligently made even though the film is a remake of Telugu blockbuster ‘Amma Naanna Oh Tamil Ammayyi’. There is some exotic location, fine comedy and cozy atmosphere for family audience".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2815-mourya-review.html |title=Mourya Movie Review |publisher=chitraloka.com |date=2004-10-22 |accessdate=29 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324000320/https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2815-mourya-review.html|archive-date=24 March 2016}}</ref> ''Sify'' wrote "Heavy sentiments and action scenes are the highlights of this wholesome family entertainer. Ace director S.Narayan has remade the film (Amma Naana O’ Tamil Ammayi and M.Kumaran son of Mahalakshmi in Telugu and Tamil respectively) but takes the credit for screenplay which he is not supposed to take".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?cid=2427|title=Mourya|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=29 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041105095519/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?cid=2427|archive-date=5 November 2004}}</ref>
==Box office==
The film was commercial successfully ran more than 100 days in 16 centers of [[Karnataka]] and was the fourth continuous 100-day run of a film for [[Puneeth Rajkumar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 5 films of power star Puneeth Rajkumar that were Telugu remakes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/top-5-films-of-power-star-puneeth-rajkumar-that-were-telugu-remakes/photostory/87365773.cms |website=The Times of India |date=29 October 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt6536784}}
{{S. Narayan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maurya (Film)}}
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Narayan]]
[[Category:Indian sports comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian boxing films]]
[[Category:Rockline Entertainments films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:2000s sports comedy-drama films]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Unnodu Oru Naal

2026-03-03T03:29:05Z

VetaPmc978: adding basic post v1

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Durai Karthikeyan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Unnodu Oru Naal
| image = Unnodu Oru Naal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Durai Karthikeyan
| producer = Arunmozhi Manikam
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Arjun Vijayraghavan
*Gibran
*[[Neelam Upadhyaya|Neelam]]
}}
| cinematography = Vijayaraj
| music = Sivaprakasam
| studio = Jarci Production
| released = {{film date|df=y|2013|9|14}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Unnodu Oru Naal''''' ({{translation|A day with you}}) is a 2013 Indian Tamil-language romantic thriller film<ref name="one">{{Cite web |last=Nikhil Raghavan |date=25 February 2012 |title=Friends and follies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsybitsy-experimenting-with-roles/article2932310.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709194600/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsybitsy-experimenting-with-roles/article2932310.ece |archive-date=9 July 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> directed by Durai Karthikeyan and starring Arjun Vijayraghavan, Gibran and [[Neelam Upadhyaya|Neelam]]. The film is inspired by the American film ''[[Across the Hall]]'' (2009). The Tamil film ''[[Ner Ethir]]'' (2014) has a similar storyline.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2014 |title=Ner Ethir |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ner-ethir-review--pcmbiWijgffff.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727091932/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:fyUPHQmCi00J:https://www.sify.com/movies/ner-ethir-review--pcmbiWijgffff.html+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Premise ==
The film is about two friends who fall in love with the same girl.<ref name=one/>

Madhav falls in love with Priya, but Priya leaves Madhav and falls in love with Karthik. Madhav tries to forget Priya and leaves the country. Karthik marries Priya but later reveals a different side of himself. What happens next forms the rest of the story.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nikhil Raghavan |date=20 August 2013 |title=Tale with twists |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shotcuts-role-of-a-lifetime/article5041721.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127203725/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shotcuts-role-of-a-lifetime/article5041721.ece |archive-date=27 November 2013 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nikhil Raghavan |date=24 August 2013 |title=Three in a row |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-success-despite-odds/article5055547.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809100505/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-success-despite-odds/article5055547.ece |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Arjun Vijayraghavan as Karthik
*Gibran Osman as Madhav
*[[Neelam Upadhyaya|Neelam]] as Priya
*Suganthi as Anitha
*Tajudeen as Karthik (DK)
*Raghavan as Ragha
*Prabhu as Prabhu
*Pari as Ashwini
*Nikitha as Nikitha
*Krishna as Krishna
*Imran as Imran
*Annadurai as Security
*Vanniyavel as Head Waiter
*Babu as Chef
*Kathiresan as Chef
*Kaali as Chef
*Ganesh Subramaniam as Man in Priya's room
*Karthikeyan as Inspector
*Ameer as Traffic Inspector
*Seenu as Traffic Constable
*Narayanan as Man with Traffic Constable
*Emmanuel as Office Boy
*Vinoth as Vinoth
*Biju as Biju
*Sunil as Sunil
}}

== Production ==
Director Durai Karthikeyan died during the film's production, and his assistant Shakthi took over the direction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nikilh Raghavan |date=31 March 2012 |title=Act II |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsybitsy-best-of-both-worlds/article3266038.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204074432/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsybitsy-best-of-both-worlds/article3266038.ece |archive-date=4 February 2014 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by Sivaprakasam. Lyrics by G. Malathi and Rudra.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2013 |title=உன்னோடு ஒரு நாள் |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cine-news-details.aspx?id=10946&id1=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809100515/https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cine-news-details.aspx?id=10946&id1=3 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[Dinakaran]] |language=ta}}</ref> The music launch was attended by [[A. R. Reihana]] and [[Mouna Guru|Shantha Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=24 March 2012 |title=Audio Beat: Unnodu Oru Naal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-unnodu-oru-naal/article3219901.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727095138/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-unnodu-oru-naal/article3219901.ece |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

*"Angel Nee" - [[Haricharan (singer)|Haricharan]], Krithika
*"Angel Nee" (remix) - Master Abishekh, Krithika
* "Swasathil" - [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
*"Dhoova Dhovaa" - Bhagyaraj, VJ Divya

== Reception ==
M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' opined that "With a weak script and limp performances, Durai Karthikeyan’s debut film mostly resembles a student film that has managed to get screened on the big screen".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=13 September 2013 |title=Unnodu Oru Naal Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/unnodu-oru-naal/movie-review/22617246.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730092302/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/unnodu-oru-naal/movie-review/22617246.cms |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On the contrary, Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Unnodu... is ideal fare for lovers of this genre".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malini Mannath |date=14 September 2013 |title=A crisp thriller |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/sep/14/a-crisp-thriller-516544.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809100508/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/sep/14/A-crisp-thriller-516544.html |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3154464}}

[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]

Union Council of Ministers

2026-02-26T15:45:02Z

VetaPmc978: small fix

{{Short description|Principal executive body of India}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Union Council of Ministers
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| seal = Emblem of India.svg
| seal_width = 100px
| seal_caption = [[State Emblem of India]]
| formed = {{start date and age|df=yes|1947|8|15}}
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| agency_type = Highest executive body of the [[Government of India]]
| jurisdiction = [[Republic of India]]
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = {{Wdib|P1308|qid=Q192711|fwd=ALL|osd=no}}
| chief1_position = [[Prime minister of India|Chair]]
| chief2_name = '''Vacant'''
| chief2_position = [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Chair]]
| child1_agency = Cabinet
| child2_agency = Ministries of the Government of India
| image = Modi_3.0_Ministry.jpg
| image_caption = The incumbent Union Council of Ministers of the [[Third Modi ministry]], 2024 at their [[Third oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi|swearing in]]
| website = {{URL|https://cabsec.gov.in/|cabsec.gov.in}}
}}

The '''Union Council of Ministers''' is the [[Cabinet (government)|principal executive organ]] of the [[Government of India]], which serves to aid and advise the [[President of India]] in execution of their functions.<ref name="Constitution:85">Article 74 of the ''[[Constitution of India]]''</ref> It is chaired by the [[Prime Minister of India]] and consists of the heads of each of the executive government ministries. Currently, the council is headed by {{wd|property|linked|Q192711|P1308|edit@end}} and consists of 71 fellow members. The council is answerable to the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>Article 75(3) of [[Constitution of India]]</ref>

A smaller executive body called the '''Union Cabinet''' is the supreme decision-making body in India; it is a subset of the Union Council of Ministers who hold important portfolios and [[Ministry (government department)|ministries]] of the government.<ref name="const1">[[Wikisource: Constitution of India/Part XVIII]]</ref>{{failed verification|no information about structure mentioned|date=January 2025}}

== Regulation ==
Pursuant to [[s: Constitution of India/Part V|Article 75(3)]], the Council of Ministers is responsible collectively to the lower house of the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]], called the [[Lok Sabha]] (House of the People).<ref name="CONSt2">[[Wikisource:Constitution of India/Part V#Article 74 .7BCouncil of Ministers to aid and advise President.7D]]</ref> The council of ministers upon losing the confidence of Lok Sabha shall resign to facilitate the formation of a new council.

A minister can take any decision without being considered by the council of ministers per [[s: Constitution of India/Part V|Article 78(c)]]. If needed, all union cabinet members shall submit in writing to the [[President of India|President]] to propose a proclamation of emergency by the president in accordance with [[s: Constitution of India/Part XVIII|Article 352]].

According to the [[Constitution of India]], the total number of ministers in the council of ministers must not exceed 15% of the total number of members of the Lok Sabha. Ministers must be members of parliament.{{efn|It is not mentioned anywhere that they must be 'elected' members of parliament.}} Any minister who is not a member of either of the houses of the parliament for six consecutive months is automatically stripped off his or her ministerial post.<ref name="CONSt2"/>{{efn|The newly appointed ministers are expected to attain [[Rajya Sabha #Qualifications|qualifications]] of being a member of parliament as specified by [[Constitution of India]] (article 84) within a period of six months from the date of their appointment as a minister.}}

==Ranking==
There are five categories of the council of ministers as given below, in descending order of [[Indian order of precedence|rank]]:
* [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]: Leader of the Union Council of Ministers.
* [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]] (if any): Presides as prime minister in his absence or as the senior most cabinet minister.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/of-deputy-chief-ministers-and-the-constitution/article3632410.ece|title=Of Deputy Chief Ministers and the Constitution|last=Rajendran|first=S.|date=13 July 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=7 March 2018|location=[[Bangalore]]|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201092604/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/of-deputy-chief-ministers-and-the-constitution/article3632410.ece|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Cabinet Minister: A member of the Union cabinet; leads a [[Ministry (government department)|ministry]].
* Minister of State (Independent charge): Junior minister not reporting to a Cabinet Minister.
* [[Minister of State]] (MoS): Deputy Minister reporting to a Cabinet Minister, usually tasked with a specific responsibility in that ministry.

==Appointment==
Pursuant to [[s: Constitution of India/Part V|Article 75]], a minister is appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and functions until the pleasure of the [[President of India]]. Since at least the turn of the millennia, evidence indicates that an [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]'s electoral performance enhances the likelihood of being granted a ministerial portfolio.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ladwig III |first1=Walter C. |title=Executive Particularism and Ministerial Selection in India |journal=Legislative Studies Quarterly |date=23 December 2019 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=469–493 |doi=10.1111/lsq.12261 |publisher=Department of Political Science at Washington University in St. Louis |url=http://osf.io/j46fv/ |access-date=21 January 2020 |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216233135/https://osf.io/j46fv/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Removal==
* Upon death
* Upon self resignation, or resignation or death of the prime minister
* Upon dismissal by the President for minister's unconstitutional acts per [[s:Constitution of India/Part V|Article 75(2)]]
* Upon direction from the Judiciary for committing violation of law
* Upon ceasing eligibility to be a member of Parliament
* Under the provision of "Collective Responsibility" under Article 75, the Prime Minister and the entire Council of Ministers resign if a [[Motion of no confidence|Vote of No Confidence]] is passed in the Lower House (Lok Sabha) of the Indian Parliament

==Council of Ministers in state governments==
Every state in India is governed by its council of ministers with rules and procedures similar to the union council of ministers per [[s: Constitution of India/Part VI|Articles 163, 164 and 167(c)]].

In March 2020, the Supreme Court of India used its powers for the first time to do "complete justice" under [[s: Constitution of India/Part V|Article 142]] of the Indian Constitution to remove a minister functioning in the state of Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-19 |title=Supreme Court invokes special powers, removes Manipur minister |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-invokes-special-powers-removes-manipur-minister-thounaojam-shyamkumar-singh-6320920/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Current Union Council of Ministers ==
{{further|Third Modi ministry}}
==Oath of office==
The oath of office for [[Union Council of Ministers]]:

The oath of office is as follows:
{{blockquote
|text = I, (name), do swear in the name of God (or, solemnly affirm) that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the Union and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law, without fear or favour, afection or ill-will.
|sign = Schedule III
|source = [[Constitution of India]]
}}oath of office of [[Union Council of Ministers]] In Hindi Version {{blockquote
|text = 'मैं, (अमुक), ईश्वर की शपथ लेता हूँ (सत्यनिष्ठा से प्रतिज्ञान करता हूँ) कि मैं विधि द्वारा स्थापित भारत के संविधान के प्रति सच्ची श्रद्धा और निष्ठा रखूँगा, मैं भारत की प्रभुता और अखंडता अक्षुण्ण रखूँगा, मैं संघ के मंत्री के रूप में अपने कर्तव्यों का श्रद्धापूर्वक और शुद्ध अंतःकरण से निर्वहन करूँगा तथा मैं भय या पक्षपात, अनुराग या द्वेष के बिना, सभी प्रकार के लोगों के प्रति संविधान और विधि के अनुसार न्याय करूँगा।'
|sign = तीसरी अनुसूची
|source = [[:hi:भारत का संविधान|भारत का संविधान]]
}}

The oath of secrecy is as follows:
{{blockquote
|text = I, (name), do swear in the name of God (or, solemnly affirm) that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my consideration, or shall become known to me as a Minister for the Union, except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as Minister).
|sign = Schedule III
|source = [[Constitution of India]]
}}Oath of Secrecy in Hindi Version{{blockquote
|text = 'मैं, (अमुक), ईश्वर की शपथ लेता हूँ (सत्यनिष्ठा से प्रतिज्ञान करता हूँ) कि जो विषय संघ के प्रधानमंत्री (या, मंत्री) के रूप में मेरे विचार के लिए लाया जाएगा अथवा मुझे ज्ञात होगा उसे किसी व्यक्ति या व्यक्तियों को, तब के सिवाय जबकि मंत्री के रूप में अपने कर्तव्यों के सम्यक्‌ निर्वहन के लिए ऐसा करना अपेक्षित हो, मैं प्रत्यक्ष अथवा अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से संसूचित या प्रकट नहीं करूँगा।'
|sign = तीसरी अनुसूची
|source = [[:hi:भारत का संविधान|भारत का संविधान]]
}}
=== Cabinet Ministers ===
Source:<ref name="Modi Cabinet 2024: List of Cabinet Ministers">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=9 June 2024 |title=Modi Cabinet 2024: List of Cabinet Ministers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/narendra-modi-30-whos-who-in-the-council-of-ministers/article68268973.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609183120/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/narendra-modi-30-whos-who-in-the-council-of-ministers/article68268973.ece |archive-date=9 June 2024 |access-date=9 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Full list of ministers with portfolios in Modi 3.0 government: Who gets what |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/full-list-of-portfolio-of-council-of-ministers-modi-government/article68274098.ece |access-date=2024-06-10 |work=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610155604/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/full-list-of-portfolio-of-council-of-ministers-modi-government/article68274098.ece |archive-date=10 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!style=| Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister|
title=[[Prime Minister of India|'''Prime Minister''']] [[Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] [[Department of Atomic Energy]] [[Department of Space]] All important policy issues; and All other portfolios not allocated to any Minister.|minister1=[[File:Modi tendering his resignation to the President (cropped).jpg|100px]] [[Narendra Modi]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=9 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= |image=}}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]|minister1=
[[File:Rajnath Singh photographed during the first Union Cabinet Meeting of the 18th Lok Sabha.jpg|100px]] [[Rajnath Singh]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] [[Minister of Co-operation]]|minister1=[[File:Amit Shah photographed during the first Union Cabinet Meeting of the 18th Lok Sabha (cropped).jpg|100px]] [[Amit Shah]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Minister of Road Transport and Highways]]|minister1=[[File:Shri Nitin Gadkari on March 3, 2023 (cropped).jpg|100px]] [[Nitin Gadkari]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Minister of Health and Family Welfare]] [[Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]|minister1=
[[File:Shri_J.P._Nadda,_in_New_Delhi_on_July_29,_2015.jpg|100px]] [[Jagat Prakash Nadda]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare]] [[Minister of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]]|minister1=
[[File:The Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, Shri Shivraj Singh Chauhan meeting the Union Minister for Civil Aviation, Shri Ajit Singh, in New Delhi on November 21, 2012 (cropped).jpg|100px]] [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]] [[Minister of Corporate Affairs]]|minister1=[[File:Union Minister of Finance, Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman addressing a press conference in July 2023.jpg|100px]] [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]|minister1_party=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|minister1_termstart=9 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]|minister1=[[File:MGR0169 (52896348586) (cropped).jpg|100px]] [[S. Jaishankar]]|minister1_party=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]] [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs]]|minister1=[[File:Chief Minister of Haryana Shri Manohar Lal.jpg|100px]] [[Manohar Lal Khattar]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=9 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title= [[Ministry of Heavy Industries|Minister of Heavy Industries]] [[Minister of Steel]]|minister1=
[[File:HDK Minister of Steel.jpg|100px]] [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]|minister1_party=Janata Dal (Secular)|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Minister of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industry]]|minister1=[[File:Shri Piyush Goyal Minister of Commerce and Industry addressing a press conference (4).jpg|100px]] [[Piyush Goyal]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of Education]]|minister1=[[File:Shri Dharmendra Pradhan Petroleum Minister.jpg|100px]] [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=9 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]|minister1=
[[File:Sri Jitan Ram Manjhi.jpg|100px]] [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]|minister1_party=Hindustani Awam Morcha|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Minister of Panchayati Raj]]|minister1=[[File:Shri Rajiv Ranjan Singh alias Lalan Singh interacting with media after taking charge as the Union Minister for Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying.jpg|100px]] [[Lalan Singh]]|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]]|minister1=
[[File:Sarbananda Sonowal with PM Modi (cropped).jpg|100px]] [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]]|minister1=
[[File:Virendra Kumar Khatik with PM Modi (cropped).jpg|100px]] [[Virendra Kumar Khatik]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]]|minister1=[[File:Shri Kinjarapu Rammohan Naidu.jpg|100px]] [[Kinjarapu Ram Mohan Naidu]]<ref name="Three MPs from Andhra Pradesh sworn in as Union Ministers">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Three MPs from Andhra Pradesh sworn in as Union Ministers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/three-mps-from-andhra-pradesh-sworn-in-as-union-ministers/article68270543.ece |access-date=9 June 2024 |date=9 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609183233/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/three-mps-from-andhra-pradesh-sworn-in-as-union-ministers/article68270543.ece |archive-date=9 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>|minister1_party=Telugu Desam Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]] 
[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of New and Renewable Energy]]|minister1=[[File:Shri Pralhad Joshi Minister of Coal.jpg|100px]] [[Prahlad Joshi]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Tribal Affairs|Minister of Tribal Affairs]]|minister1=
[[File:Jual Oram PIB (cropped).jpg|100px]] [[Jual Oram]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Minister of Textiles]]|minister1=[[File:Giriraj Singh addressing at the inauguration of the National Conclave (MSME Udyam Sangam 2018), on the occasion of the 2nd United Nations MSME Day, in New Delhi.JPG|100px]] [[Giriraj Singh]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Minister of Information and Broadcasting]] [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]] [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (India)|Minister of Electronics and Information Technology]]|minister1=[[File:Shri Ashwini Vaishnaw Minister of Railways.jpg|100px]] [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|Minister of Development of North Eastern Region]] [[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications]]|minister1=[[File:Shri Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia (cropped).jpg|100px]] [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]|minister1=[[File:Union Minister Bhupender Yadav.jpg|100px]] [[Bhupender Yadav]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of Culture]] 
[[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism]]|minister1=[[File:Gajendra Singh Shekhawat in June 2019 (cropped).jpg|100px]] [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Minister of Women and Child Development]]|minister1=[[File:Annpurna Devi Minister (cropped).jpg|100px]] [[Annpurna Devi]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Minister of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]] [[Ministry of Minority Affairs| Minister of Minority Affairs]]|minister1=[[File:Kiren Rijiju with Modi (cropped).jpg|100px]] [[Kiren Rijiju]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]|minister1=[[File:Hardeep Singh Puri with PM Modi (cropped).jpg|100px]] [[Hardeep Singh Puri]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour and Employment]] [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports]]|minister1=[[File:Mansukh Mandaviya Profile (4x5).png|100px]] [[Mansukh L. Mandaviya]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Coal|Minister of Coal]] 
[[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of Mines]]|minister1=[[File:The Union Minister of Coal and Mines, Shri G. Kishan Reddy attends the release meeting of the guidelines for the rejuvenation of traditional water bodies in coal and lignite mining regions.jpg|100px]] [[G. Kishan Reddy]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Minister of Food Processing Industries]]|minister1=
[[File:Shri Chirag Paswan.jpg|100px]] [[Chirag Paswan]]|minister1_party=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Jal Shakti|Minister of Jal Shakti]]|minister1=[[File:The Union Minister for Jal Shakti, Shri C.R. Paatil addressing at the Jal Shakti Abhiyan- Catch the Rain Programme, in New Delhi on June 24, 2024 (cropped).jpg|100px]] [[C. R. Patil]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table end}}

=== Ministers of State (Independent Charge) ===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!style=| Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Statistics and Programme Implementation]] [[Ministry of Planning (India)|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Planning]]
|minister1=[[File:Rao Inderjit Singh taking over as Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Planning in May 2014 (cropped).jpg|100px]][[Rao Inderjit Singh]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= |image=}}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Science and Technology]] 
[[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Earth Sciences]]
|minister1=[[File:The Minister of State for Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions, Dr. Jitendra Singh at the exclusive interview in New Delhi on August 4, 2024.jpg|100px]][[Jitendra Singh Rana|Jitendra Singh]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Law and Justice]]
|minister1=[[File:Shri Arjun Ram Meghwal.jpg|100px]][[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Ayush|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Ayush]]
|minister1=[[File:Prataprao Jadhav (cropped).jpg|100px]][[Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav]]|minister1_party=Shiv Sena (2022-present)|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]]
|minister1=[[File:Shri Jayant Chaudhary.jpg|100px]][[Jayant Chaudhary]]|minister1_party=Rashtriya Lok Dal|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table end}}

=== Ministers of State (MoS) ===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!style=| Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Culture]]|minister1=[[Rao Inderjit Singh]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Minister of State in the Prime Minister’s Office]] [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Minister of State in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] [[Department of Atomic Energy|Minister of State in the Department of Atomic Energy]] [[Department of Space|Minister of State in the Department of Space]]|minister1=[[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitendra Singh]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|minister2=[[File:L. Murugan addressing the Media after assuming charge as the Minister of State for Information & Broadcasting.jpg|100px]][[L. Murugan]]|title=[[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs]]|minister1=[[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= |minister2_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister2_termstart=10 June 2024|minister2_termend=|minister2_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|minister2=[[File:The official portrait of State Minister Anupriya Patel.jpg|100px]][[Anupriya Patel]]|title=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of State in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]|minister1=[[Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav]]|minister1_party=Shiv Sena (2022-present)|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= |minister2_party=Apna Dal (Sonelal)|minister2_termstart=10 June 2024|minister2_termend=|minister2_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|minister2=[[File:Sukanta Majumdar - Kolkata 2022-08-04 0400.jpg|100px]][[Sukanta Majumdar]]|title=[[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Education]]|minister1=[[Jayant Chaudhary]]|minister1_party=Rashtriya Lok Dal|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= |minister2_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister2_termstart=10 June 2024|minister2_termend=|minister2_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry]] [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Minister of State in the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]]|minister1=[[File:Jitin Prasada crop.jpg|100px]][[Jitin Prasada]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Power]] [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of State in the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]]|minister1=[[File:Shripad Yasso Naik - Kolkata 2014-10-12 7755.JPG|100px]][[Shripad Yesso Naik]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance]]|minister1=[[File:Pankaj Chaudhary in 2021 (cropped).jpg|100px]][[Pankaj Chaudhary]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|minister2=[[File:Murlidhar Mohol.jpg|100px]][[Murlidhar Mohol]]|title=[[Ministry of Co-operation|Minister of State in the Ministry of Co-operation]]|minister1=[[File:Krishan Pal at the National Workshop on Autism Tools (cropped).jpg|100px]][[Krishan Pal Gurjar]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= |minister2_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister2_termstart=10 June 2024|minister2_termend=|minister2_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|minister2=[[File:B. L. Verma with PM Modi 2021 (cropped).jpg|100px]][[B. L. Verma (Uttar Pradesh politician)|B. L. Verma]]|title=[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of State in the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]]|minister1=[[File:Ramdas Athawale in 2018.jpg|100px]][[Ramdas Athawale]]|minister1_party=Republican Party of India (Athawale)|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= |minister2_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister2_termstart=10 June 2024|minister2_termend=|minister2_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|minister2=[[File:Ministers of State for Agriculture and farmers Welfare Shri Bhagirath Choudhary.jpg|100px]][[Bhagirath Choudhary]]|title=[[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare]]|minister1=[[File:Shri Ram Nath Thakur.jpg|100px]][[Ram Nath Thakur]]|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= |minister2_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister2_termstart=10 June 2024|minister2_termend=|minister2_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|minister2=[[File:Sanjay Bandi Bjp.png|100px]][[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]|title=[[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs]]|minister1=[[File:Nityanand Rai (cropped).jpg|100px]][[Nityanand Rai]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= |minister2_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister2_termstart=10 June 2024|minister2_termend=|minister2_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Minister of State in the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]|minister1=[[Anupriya Patel]]|minister1_party=Apna Dal (Sonelal)|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|minister2=[[File:The President, Smt Droupadi Murmu administering the oath as Minister of State to Shri Raj Bhushan Choudhary at a Swearing-in Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on June 09, 2024.jpg|100px]][[Raj Bhushan Choudhary]]|title=[[Ministry of Jal Shakti|Minister of State in the Ministry of Jal Shakti]]|minister1=[[File:V. Somanna in 2024.jpg|100px]][[V. Somanna]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= |minister2_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister2_termstart=10 June 2024|minister2_termend=|minister2_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|minister2=[[File:Union Minister Shri Ravneet Singh Bittu as Minister of State for Food Processing Industries.png|100px]][[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]|title=[[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Railways]]|minister1=[[V. Somanna]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= |minister2_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister2_termstart=10 June 2024|minister2_termend=|minister2_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|minister2=[[File:Kamlesh Paswan, Minister of State for Rural Development in 2024.jpg|100px]][[Kamlesh Paswan]]|title=[[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Rural Development]]|minister1=[[File:The Minister of State for Rural Development and Communications, Dr. Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani (cropped).jpg|100px]][[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani|Pemmasani Chandra Sekhar]]|minister1_party=Telugu Desam Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= |minister2_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister2_termstart=10 June 2024|minister2_termend=|minister2_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Communications (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Communications]]|minister1=[[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani|Pemmasani Chandra Sekhar]]|minister1_party=Telugu Desam Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|minister2=[[File:George Kurian (cropped).jpg|100px]][[George Kurian (Indian politician)|George Kurian]]|title=[[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying|Minister of State in the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying]]|minister1=[[File:SPS Baghel MoS Health.jpg|100px]][[S. P. Singh Baghel]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= |minister2_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister2_termstart=10 June 2024|minister2_termend=|minister2_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Panchayati Raj|Minister of State in the Ministry of Panchayati Raj]]|minister1=[[S. P. Singh Baghel]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Minister of State in the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]] [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Labour and Employment]]|minister1=[[File:Shobha Karandlaje with PM Modi.jpg|100px]][[Shobha Karandlaje]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of State in the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]|minister1=[[File:Kirtivardhan Singh assuming charge as the Minister of State of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.jpg|100px]][[Kirti Vardhan Singh]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|minister2=[[File:Pabitra Margherita in 2024 (cropped).jpg|100px]][[Pabitra Margherita]]|title=[[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs]]|minister1=[[Kirti Vardhan Singh]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= |minister2_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister2_termstart=10 June 2024|minister2_termend=|minister2_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|minister2=[[File:Nimuben Jayantibhai Bambhaniya being welcomed on her arrival for assumption of charge as the Minister of State for Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (cropped).jpg|100px]][[Nimuben Bambhaniya]]|title=[[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of State in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]|minister1=[[B. L. Verma (Uttar Pradesh politician)|B. L. Verma]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= |minister2_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister2_termstart=10 June 2024|minister2_termend=|minister2_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|Minister of State in the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]]|minister1=[[File:Shri Shantanu Thakur.jpg|100px]][[Shantanu Thakur]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of State in the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]] [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Tourism]]|minister1=[[File:Suresh Gopi.jpg|100px]][[Suresh Gopi]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]|minister1=[[L. Murugan]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|minister2=[[Harsh Malhotra]]|title=[[Minister of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of State in the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|minister1=[[File:The Minister of State for Textiles, Shri Ajay Tamta addressing at the inauguration of the 60th India International Garment Fair, in New Delhi on January 17, 2018.jpg|100px]][[Ajay Tamta]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= |minister2_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister2_termstart=10 June 2024|minister2_termend=|minister2_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Coal|Minister of State in the Ministry of Coal]] [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Mines]]|minister1=[[File:Shri Satish Chandra Dubey.jpeg|100px]][[Satish Chandra Dubey]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Defence]]|minister1=[[File:Sanjay Seth (cropped).jpg|100px]][[Sanjay Seth (Jharkhand politician)|Sanjay Seth]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Minister of State in the Ministry of Food Processing Industries]]|minister1=[[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Tribal Affairs|Minister of State in the Ministry of Tribal Affairs]]|minister1=[[File:Durga Das Uikey 2024 (cropped).jpg|100px]][[Durga Das Uikey]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Minister of State in the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]|minister1=[[File:Raksha Nikhil Khadse assumed charge as the Minister of State for Youth Affairs and Sports (cropped).jpg|100px]][[Raksha Khadse]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|Minister of State in the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region]]|minister1=[[Sukanta Majumdar]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Minister of State in the Ministry of Women and Child Development]]|minister1=[[File:Savitri Thakur Minister.jpg|100px]][[Savitri Thakur]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of State in the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]|minister1=[[File:Tokhan Sahu.jpg|100px]][[Tokhan Sahu]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Heavy Industries|Minister of State in the Ministry of Heavy Industries]] [[Ministry of Steel|Minister of State in the Ministry of Steel]]|minister1=[[File:BhSrinivasaVarma.jpg|100px]][[Bhupathi Raju Srinivasa Varma]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Minister of State in the Ministry of Corporate Affairs]]|minister1=[[File:Harsh Malhotra.png|100px]][[Harsh Malhotra]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Civil Aviation]]|minister1=[[File:Murlidhar Mohol.jpg|100px]][[Murlidhar Mohol]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs|Minister of State in the Ministry of Minority Affairs]] 
[[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying|Minister of State in the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying]]|minister1=[[George Kurian (Indian politician)|George Kurian]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table minister|title=[[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Textiles]]|minister1=[[Pabitra Margherita]]|minister1_party=Bharatiya Janata Party|minister1_termstart=10 June 2024|minister1_termend=|minister1_ref= }}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==See also==
* [[List of longest-serving members of the Union Council of Ministers]]
* [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
* [[Modi ministry (disambiguation)|Council of Ministers of Narendra Modi]]
* [[Union government ministries of India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*Union Council of Ministers at the [http://india.gov.in/spotlight/union-council-ministers National Portal of India]

{{Navboxes|list=
{{Cabinet of India}}
{{Asia topic|Cabinet of |title=National cabinets of Asia}}
{{Councils of ministers of India}}
{{Current Indian ministries}}
{{Indian federal ministries}}
{{Types of government minister}}
{{Union ministries of India}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Union Council of Ministers of India}}
[[Category:Parliament of India]]
[[Category:Union ministers of India| ]]
[[Category:Cabinet of India| ]]
[[Category:National cabinets|India]]
[[Category:Council of Ministers of India]]

Samyukta

2026-02-24T15:20:51Z

VetaPmc978: minor edit

{{Short description|Rajput queen}}
{{Similar names|Samyuktha (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox character
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| based_on = [[Prithviraj Raso]]
| spouse = [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]
| creator = [[Chand Bardai]]
| title = Princess of [[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]
| family = [[Gahadavala]] ''(by birth)'' [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamanas]] ''(by marriage)''
| relatives = [[Jaichand]] ''(Father)''
| image = Equestrian painting of Prithviraj Chauhan and Samyukta, Rajasthani School, circa 19th century.jpg
| caption = Equestrian painting of Prithviraj Chauhan and Samyukta, Rajasthani School, circa 19th century
| first_date =
}}
'''Samyukta''', also known as '''Sanyogita''' or '''Sanjukta''', was the daughter of [[Jaichand]], the King of [[Kannauj]], and one of three wives of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]].{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=132}} The love between Prithviraj and Samyukta is one of India's most popular medieval romances, composed by [[Chand Bardai]] in ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prithviraja III|url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Prithviraja-III|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=21 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripāṭhī |first=Candrabalī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lptUQEU1GWcC&dq=sanyogita&pg=PA112 |title=The Evolution of Ideals of Womenhood in Indian Society |date=2005 |publisher=Gyan Books |isbn=978-81-7835-425-5 |language=en}}</ref>

==Legend==
[[File:Turning Point of Indian History.jpg|thumb|Saving Samyukta]]
At the peak of his reign, Prithviraj had annexed vast regions of India to his kingdom, and his fame had spread all across the subcontinent and to Afghanistan. Many lesser kings were envious and wary of his power, including Raja [[Jayachandra|Jaichand]] of [[Kannauj]]. Jaichand's daughter, Samyukta, was a headstrong girl who was known for her bewitching beauty. She is said to have fallen in love with Prithviraj–like the two other princesses, Shashivrata and Padmavati, before her{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=284}}—as his reputation dazzled her. She desired nobody but him. For his part, Prithviraj had heard of Samyukta's loveliness and fell in love with her as well. However, Jaichand and Prithviraj were rivals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Everything you must know about Sanyogita {{!}} Prithviraj Chauhan's wife history {{!}}|url=https://mahendrasinghbalot.blogspot.com/2020/12/Sanyogita-Prithviraj-Chauhan-wife-history.html|website=Reality of Indian history}}</ref>

On finding out about the affair, Raja Jaichand was outraged that a romance had been budding behind his back. Jaichand decided to insult Prithviraj and arranged a ''[[svayamvara]]'' for his daughter in 1185 CE. He invited royalty from far and wide to the ceremony, every eligible prince and king—except Prithviraj. He then commissioned a clay statue of Prithviraj, which served as a ''[[dvarapala]]'' (or, a figurative "doorman") to Jaichand's court.
Prithviraj Chauhan, on hearing about the impending ''svayamvara'', devised a plan to elope with the bride-to-be. On the day of the ceremony, Samyukta walked through the court holding the ceremonial garland, ignoring the gazes of her ardent suitors. She passed through the door and put the garland around the neck of Prithviraj's statue, declaring him her husband. Prithiviraj, who meanwhile was hiding behind the statue, caught Samyukta up in his arms, set her on his horse, and whisked her away to Delhi. Raja Jaichand was enraged.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Pradeep |title=कैसे बिना आँखों के पृथ्वीराज चौहान ने मुहम्मद गोरी को मार गिराया |url=https://www.newstrend.news/12425/prithviraj-chauhan/ |website=newstrend.news |date=11 October 2016 |publisher=Newstrend |access-date=5 June 2021 |language=Hindi}}</ref> This led to a rift between Delhi and [[Kannauj]], which was later taken advantage of by [[Mohammad Ghori]] of Afghanistan.

== Historicity ==

The historicity of Samyukta is a matter of debate. ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' is a historically unreliable text, having been embellished under the patronage of the Kshatriya rulers since the 16th century. However, some scholars such as [[Dasharatha Sharma]] believe that the more reliable ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'', which was composed during the reign of Prithviraj Chauhan, also contains a reference to Samyukta.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=40}}

An unfinished theme in the 11th chapter of ''Prithviraja Vijaya'' refers to Prithviraj's love for an unnamed woman who lived on the banks of the [[Ganges]] river (just like Samyukta). This woman is mentioned as an [[incarnation]] of [[Tilottama]], a legendary [[apsara]] (celestial nymph). However, even if this woman is same as Samyukta, there is no concrete evidence to support the ''Prithviraj Raso'' narrative of Samyuka's abduction and marriage to Prithviraj Chauhan.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=40}}

==Modern Indian culture==
"Samyukta", which means "united" in [[Sanskrit]], is a popular girl's name in modern India. The life of Prithviraj Chauhan has also been the subject of a television show aired on [[Star Plus]] titled ''[[Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan]]'', the character of Sanyogita was portrayed by [[Mugdha Chaphekar]] in that series.<ref>{{Cite web |title='My fans want me to do a historical drama', says Mugdha Chaphekar |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/i-and-my-fans-want-me-to-work-in-a-historical-drama-says-mugdha-chaphekar-of-satrangi-sasural-fame |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> A historical film titled ''[[Raani Samyuktha]]'' was made in 1962 with [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] and [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rani Samyuktha (1962) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-rani-samyuktha-1962/article7668441.ece |website=The Hindu |date=19 September 2015 |publisher=THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. |access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref> In the 2022 film ''[[Samrat Prithviraj]]'' by [[Chandraprakash Dwivedi]], the character of Sanyogita is portrayed by [[Manushi Chhillar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Prithviraj: Akshay Kumar, Manushi Chhilar's historical drama goes on floors; film to release on Diwali 2020|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/prithviraj-akshay-kumar-manushi-chhilars-historical-drama-goes-on-floors-film-to-release-on-diwali-2020-7655721.html/amp|work= The Firstpost|date=16 November 2019|access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref> In the 2008 Indian animated film Veeryodha Prithviraj Chauhan, she was voiced by [[Mona Ghosh Shetty]] in both, English and Hindi.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press UK |year=2015 |isbn=9781107118560 }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:1192 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kannauj]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Rajput princesses]]
[[Category:Indian princesses]]

Prahallada Nataka

2026-02-20T19:13:04Z

VetaPmc978: Content refined and expanded

{{Infobox performing art|name=Prahallada Nataka|image=Archival photo of Prahallada Nataka.jpg|caption=''Raja'' or Hiranyakasyapa and Prahallada|medium=[[Odissi music]] dance-drama|types=''ekaka'' (singular), ''badi'' (two-troupe competition)|ancestor=|descendant=|culture=[[Odia culture]]|era=19th century}}{{Italic title}}

'''Prahallada Nataka''' ({{langx|or|[[:or:ପ୍ରହଲ୍ଲାଦ ନାଟକ|ପ୍ରହଲ୍ଲାଦ ନାଟକ]]}} ''Prahallāda Nāṭaka'', or simply ''Rajā Nāṭa)'' is a traditional play native to the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. It narrates the story of [[Vishnu]]'s man-lion [[avatar]], [[Narasimha|Nrusingha]] or [[Narasimha]], through over 200 songs based on almost 35 ragas of [[Odissi music]]. The play is based on a text by Raja Ramakrusna Chhotaraya, King of Jalantara, a small kingdom in former southern Odisha, now in the [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]] district of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Kulke 2013">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2013|title=Crisis and Contestation in the Prahlada Nataka of Ganjam|encyclopedia=Imaging Orissa|publisher=Prafulla Publication|editor-last=Kulke|editor-first=Hermann|author=[[John Emigh]]}}</ref>

== History ==
The district of [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] had eighteen feudal chiefs, or [[Zamindar of Natore|''zamindars'']], who called themselves Rajas. They were patrons of art, literature and culture. The ''Prahallada Nataka'' was born in one such kingdom, or ''zamindari''.<ref name="Pattanaik 1998">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UXJ1AAAAIAAJ&dq=inauthor%3A%22Dhirendranath+Patanaik%22|title=Folk Theatre of Orissa|last=Pattanaik|first=Dhirendra Nath|publisher=Orissa Sangeet Natak Akademi|year=1998|location=Bhubaneswar|pages=29–36}}</ref>

The primary text of the ''Prahallada Nataka'' was written in the mid-19th century by Raja Ramakrusna Chhotaraya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Pani|first=Jiwan|title=Back to the Roots : Essays on Performing Arts of India|publisher=Manohar|year=2004|isbn=8173045607|location=New Delhi|pages=106–110|chapter=Indian Folk Theatre|author-link=Jiwan Pani}}</ref> Dr. Bhagaban Panda dates it to 1829-1927, Suresh Balabantaray places its creation from 1857-1905,<ref name="Balabantaray 2006">{{Cite book|title=ରାଜା ରାମକୃଷ୍ଣ ଛୋଟରାୟ ବିରଚିତ ପ୍ରହ୍ଲାଦ ନାଟକ|last=Balabantaray|first=Suresh|publisher=Bahi Patra|year=2006|location=Bhubaneswar|language=or|trans-title=Raja Ramakrusna Chhotaraya birachita Prahlada Nataka}}</ref> and Dr. [[John Emigh]] dates it to 1870-80.<ref name="Emigh 2001" /> Ramakrusna was the Raja of the small princely state of Jalantara in the southern part of Odisha that borders present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]] (the region until North Srikakulam district was part of ancient [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] and a large majority of the demography used to be Odia prior to 20th century state formation). Although attributed to the Raja, researchers agree that the majority of the text was written by the Odissi musician-poet Gourahari Parichha of [[Paralakhemundi]].<ref name="Kulke 2013" /><ref name="Emigh 2001">{{Cite journal|last=Emigh|first=John|author-link=John Emigh|date=September 2001|editor-last=Katyal|editor-first=Anjum|title=Use of Adversity: Embodiments of culture and crisis in the Prahlada nataka of Orissa|journal=Seagull Theatre Quarterly|publisher=Seagull Foundation for the Arts|volume=31|pages=33–55}}</ref><ref name="Patnaik 2018">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/rare-art-form-finds-few-takers-150-year-old-traditional-dance-languishes-in-neglect/cid/455439|title=Rare art form finds few takers - 150-year-old traditional dance languishes in neglect|last=Patnaik|first=Sunil|date=28 December 2010|work=The Telegraph|access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref> According to Dr. Purna Mahapatra, the play was first written in Tarala by Ramachandra Suradeo, the king of Tarala and later spread to Jalantara, whose version became the most famous.

While multiple other plays on the same theme exist, Ramakrusna's is generally considered the best example of the routine and was imitated by other Rajas, including Kishore Chandra Harichandan Jagaddeb Ray of Surangi, Padmanabha Narayana Deba of [[Paralakhemundi]], and Ramachandra Suradeo of Tarala.<ref name="Pattanaik 1998" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Balabantaray 2006" />

The original manuscript was preserved in the Madras Oriental Manuscript Library and collected by the Directorate of Culture of the Government of Orissa on March 8, 1938, and securely kept in the erstwhile Ravenshaw Library (now Kanika Library). The [[Odisha State Museum]] kept a paper manuscript of the text, copied some time in the 1920s.<ref name="Balabantaray 2006" /><ref name="Chhotray 1973">{{Cite book|title=ପ୍ରହ୍ଲାଦ ନାଟକ|last=Chhotray|first=Raja Ramakrushna|publisher=Directorate of Cultural Affairs|year=1973|editor-last=Panda|editor-first=Bhagaban|series=Orissa Oriental Text Series (Oriya)|location=Bhubaneswar|language=or|trans-title=Prahlād Nāṭaka}}</ref>
[[File:Gaurahari Parichha.jpg|thumb|Odissi musician and poet Gourahari Parichha, believed to be originator of the form]]
In the last century, as many as 172 troupes performed the play in the [[Ganjam district]]. As of the late 1990s, the play was performed by approximately 57 village theatre companies, due to dwindling audiences.<ref name="Kulke 2013" /> Only about fifty troupes exist today, as the number of professional Rajas declined from 150 to 20.<ref name="Patnaik 2018" />

== Performance ==
[[File:Guru Simanchal Patro, Prahallada Nataka.jpg|thumb|338x338px|Guru [[Simanchal Patro]], renowned for his musical prowess and lively ''abhinaya'' of Hiranyakasyapa. He received the ''[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]'' in the year 1990 for his contribution to the art form.]]Each performance lasts 12 hours. The complete play, as enacted in royal courts of Odisha's southern ''gadajatas,'' often took as long as 7 nights.

''Prahallada Nataka'' has multiple characters, but only a few remain relevant throughout the play. These include [[Hiranyakashipu|Hiranyakasyapa]] '''Raja''<nowiki/>'; his wife, ''Lilabati''; their son, [[Prahlada|Prahallada]]; and the ''sutradhara''. Occasionally, Hiranyakasyapa's ministers ''Biprachitti'' and ''Trimastaka,'' along with the sentry, or ''duari'', occupy the stage throughout the play. In the past days, Female characters were portrayed by male actors. But now, females are participating as well.

''Prahallada Nataka'' is performed in an open-air setting. It uses a unique seven-stepped platform called the ''mancha''. This is wooden platform, around six feet high. The top of the platform has an area of about 6 x 4 feet, on which is placed the throne of Hiranyakasyapa. The ''mancha'' is usually collapsible and easily dismantled. It is erected before the performance begins. The space in front of the ''mancha'' is used as the stage. This space is identified as Hiranyakasyapa's Royal Court (containing seven steps that represent his overlordship of the seven worlds). A chair fitted on top of the platform acts as his throne. A temporary pillar is constructed opposite to the ''Mancha'' for the last scene, where Nrusingha emerges.<ref name="Balabantaray 2006" /><ref name="Chhotray 1973" />

The mask used for Nrusingha is usually one or two centuries old. It receives regular worship in a village shrine throughout the year and is worn only during a performance. As a mark of respect, the performers maintain ritual purity, which usually means abstaining from non-vegetarian food and liquor.<ref name="Chhotray 1973" />

=== Music ===
{{Odissi Classical Music sidebar}}Music is the life of Prahallada Nataka. Since music is dominant, the lead singer, also known as the ''Gahaka'' must be an excellent vocalist. He also has to memorise the entire repertoire of songs. The Gahaka, apart from being the singer also acts as the interpreter, commentator and director of the performance. He does not have any elaborate makeup or costume but has specific songs and dialogues. He sings eulogies of deities, introduces the audience to situations and speaks the asides of a character. As an interpreter, he has the task of explaining to lay spectators the cryptic dialogues of the play. This is the reason why the ''Gahaka'' is also known as the ''Sutradhara'' in the tradition, allied to the use of the term 'Sutradhara' in Sanskrit plays.<ref name=":0" />

Prahallada Nataka has a repertoire of over three hundred songs. All the songs are classical, based on [[Odissi music]] and employ traditional ragas & talas unique to the Odissi tradition. Dhyana-shlokas of the respective ragas are sung before beginning any given song. The songs frequently employ ''padi'', a characteristic feature of Odissi music. The percussion instrument used in the music of Prahallada Nataka is a [[mardala]]. The ensemble, which typically stands on one side of the ''mancha'', includes ''[[Mardala]]'', ''Mukhabina'', ''Gini'', ''Jhanja,'' and a [[Harmonium]].<ref name=":0" />

== Recognition ==
[[File:Prahlada Nataka at Crafts Museum.jpg|thumb|276x276px|Hiranyakasyapa (standing on the ''mancha'') orders his ''duari'']]
Several performers have received awards from the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India. These include Raghunath Satpathy (1980), [[Simanchal Patro]] (1990), Krishna Chandra Sahu (2000) as ''Akademi'' Awardees and Brundaban Jena (2006), Pramod Kumar Nahak (2008) as ''Yuva Puraskar'' Awardees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/Awardees.php?section=all|title=SNA {{!}}{{!}} List of Awardees|website=sangeetnatak.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-10-26}}</ref> Some eminent Gurus of the early 20th century are Guru Ghanasyama Badatya, Guru Iswara Pradhan, Guru Bankini Satpathy, Guru Arjuna Panigrahi (Adhikari), Guru Raghunath Satpathy,Guru Trinath Pradhan (Kampa), Guru Krishna Chandra Sahu (Kansari), Guru [[Simanchal Patro]], Guru Laxman Satpathy and Guru Maheswar Rana. Among notable Gurus of the form in the present era are Guru Gokulananda Pradhan ((son of Great Guru Trinath Pradhan (Kampa)) and Guru Brundabana Jena.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references group="https://sites.google.com/site/ourbdpur/prahallada-nataka-a-folk-drama" />

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Odia culture}}{{Odissi music}}

[[Category:Performing arts in Odisha]]
[[Category:Ganjam district]]
[[Category:Artforms based on Odissi music]]

Mahiravana (film)

2026-02-19T12:36:39Z

VetaPmc978:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mahiravana
| image = Mahi Ravana 1940 Film.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Chitrapu Narayana Rao]]
| producer = [[Ghantasala Balaramayya]]
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Vemuri Gaggayya]] [[Kanchanamala]]
| music = [[Galipenchala Narasimha Rao]]
| cinematography = Govindrao Bhadsavle
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1940}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
'''''Mahiravana''''' is a 1940 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by [[Chitrapu Narayana Rao]] and produced by [[Ghantasala Balaramayya]] under the banner of Kubera Films. Veteran actor [[Vemuri Gaggayya]] played Ahiravan.

Mairavana turned out to be big hit because of its technical values.<ref>Mairavana (1940) by M. L. Narasimham in [[The Hindu]], 7 August 2011.</ref> The directorial involvement with trick photography (Govindrao Bhadsavle) and opulent sets (T. V. S. Sarma) supported by the make-up (Mangayya) have contributed greatly to its success.

==Plot==
The film is based on the story of [[Ahiravan|Mahiravana]], who ruled the lower world, [[Patala|Pathala]]. During the [[Ramayana]], [[Ravana]] kept [[Sita]] in captivity. The war ensued with the involvement of [[Vanara]]s. Ravana's wife, [[Mandodari]], plead to him to release Sita. She also warned him not to form an enmity with [[Lord Rama]]. Ravana refused to heed her advice and sought the help of Mahiravana to kill Lord Rama and [[Lakshmana]]. [[Lord Hanuman|Anjaneya]] built a fortress using his tail to safeguard them. But Mahiravana, using his mystical powers, brought them to the Pathala Loka. The Pathala Queen, Devi Bandini, was a devotee of Lord Rama and wished to marry him. Rama killed Mahiravana with her help and promised to marry her in the future generations.

==Cast==
* [[Vemuri Gaggayya]] as Ahiravan
* [[Kanchanamala]] as Chandrasena
* [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]]
* Rayaprolu Subrahmanyam as Ravana
* T. Ramakrishna Sastry as Lord Rama
* Y. R. Suri as Anjaneya
* G. Seshachalam as Lakshmana
* K. Subrahmanya Kumari
* Nellore Krishnaiah as Matsyavallabha

==1964 film==
The film was remade in 1964 by [[B. A. Subba Rao]]. It starred [[Kanta Rao]] as Rama, [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Anjaneya, [[Sobhan Babu]] as Lakshmana, Dhoolipala as Mairavana and [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] as Chandrasena. [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] gave the music.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0247496}}

[[Category:1940 films]]
[[Category:1940s Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:1940s musical drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Films directed by Chitrapu Narayana Rao]]
[[Category:1940 drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao]]
[[Category:Films based on the Krittivasi Ramayana]]

{{1940s-Telugu-film-stub}}
{{Hindu-film-stub}}

Puttintiki Ra Chelli

2026-02-17T23:03:56Z

VetaPmc978:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Puttintiki Ra Chelli
| image = Puttintiki Ra Chelli.jpg
| director = [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
| producer = R. S. Goud Basavraj
| writer = Pusala. V '''(Dialogues)'''
| screenplay = Kodi Ramakrishna
| story = Ajay Kumar
| based_on = ''[[Thavarige Baa Thangi]]'' (2002)
| starring = [[Arjun Sarja]] [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] [[Madhumitha|Swati]]
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = MEGA HIT FILMS
| released = {{Film date|2004|04|14|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross = ₹8 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2004 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2004/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>
}}
'''''Puttintiki Raa Chelli''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] and produced by R. S. Goud and Basavraj. It stars [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] and [[Madhumitha]] (credited as Swati). It was released on 14 April 2004, and was dubbed and released in Tamil as ''Anbu Sagotharan'' with comedy track reshot with [[Manivannan]], [[Senthil]] and [[Shakeela]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Anbu-Sagotharan-Arjun/dp/B06XTXSKPS|title=Anbu Sagotharan : Watch online now with Amazon Instant Video: Arjun, Meena, Ramana, Madhumitha, Shakeela, Manivannan, Senthil, Kodi Ramakrishan: Amazon.co.uk|website=www.amazon.co.uk|access-date=2018-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Ramakrishna|first=Kodi|title=Anbu Sagotharan|date=2005-06-24|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6418626/|others=Arjun, Madhumitha, Meena|accessdate=2018-05-09}}</ref> The movie is a remake of the 2002 Kannada film ''[[Thavarige Baa Thangi]]''. The movie became super hit at the box-office.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/together-again/article28360430.ece| title = Together again - HYDB - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 13 December 2004}} </ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Arjun Sarja]] as Sivanna
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Gowramma
* [[Madhumitha|Swati]] as Lakshmi
* [[Ramana (actor)|Srinath]] as Ajay
* [[Hema Choudhary]] as Kantham
* [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Sivanna and Lakshmi's mother
* [[Sivaji Raja]]
* Costumes Krishna
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
* Ananth Raj
* Jyothi
* [[Shakeela]]
* Kusumuri
* [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]]
* Apoorva
* [[Shanoor Sana]]
* [[Kalpana Rai]]
* Suma
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]] and the lyrics were penned by Sai Sri Harsha & Surendra Krishna.<ref>{{Citation|title=Puttintiki Raa Chelli - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - Saavn|date=2014-08-31|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/telugu/Puttintiki-Raa-Chelli-2014/w9M5rBJYNGI_|accessdate=2018-05-09}}</ref> "Chaamanthi Poobanthi" was reused again by Rajkumar as "Kandamma Kandamma" in Kannada film [[Maharaja (2005 film)|''Maharaja'']] for which [[K. S. Chithra]] won the Karnataka State Award. All songs were sung by eminent singers like [[K. S. Chithra]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] etc. The audio was launched on 29 February 2004 at Sitara Hotel, Ameerpet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-prc.html|title=Audio function - Puttintiki Raa Chelli|website=Idlebrain|access-date=23 September 2025|date=29 February 2004}}</ref>
;Telugu version
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Puttintiki Ra.. Chelli - Track List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Gopala Gopala
| length1 = 4:38
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| title2 = Chamanthi Poobanthi
| length2 = 5:43
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title3 = Anuragham Chese
| length3 = 5:18
| extra3 = K. S. Chihtra, [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| title4 = Ghunthakallu Ghumma
| length4 = 4:03
| extra4 = Sujatha Mohan, [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| title5 = Seethakoka Chilaka La Chelli
| length5 = 5:39
| extra5 = K. S. Chithra, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| title6 = Anna Anna Puttintiki
| length6 = 5:37
| extra6 = K. S. Chithra, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|S.P. Balu]]
| title7 = Chamanthi Poobanthi
| length7 = 5:43
| extra7 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| total_length = 36:41
}}
;Tamil version
Lyrics - [[Pa. Vijay]]
*Thaai Veettukku - Mano, Sujatha
*Gopala Gopala - Karthik, Malathi
*Aagaya Suriyane - S. A. Rajkumar, Sujatha
*Saamanthi - Unni Menon
*Dindukkal Poottu - Karthik, Kalpana
*Vanavil Pole - Mano, Vidya
==Reception==
''Idlebrain'' wrote "Screenplay of the film is average. Kodi Rama Krishna is expert at handling sentimental stories. In This film also he inserted all ingredients to attract female audiences. But he over did the sentiment scenes most of the times".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-puttintikiraachelli.html|title=Puttintiki Raa Chelli|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref> ''Telugu Cinema'' wrote "Do we need to buy this sort of remakes from other lanugages? This type of sentimental stuff we are watching from the day one of the Telugu cinema was born. (The film is a remake of Kannada block buster). We are already watching this sort of stuff in TV as serials".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/movies/prchelli.shtml|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=23 September 2025|title=Puttintiki Raa Chelli|last=Naga|date=16 April 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604122015/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/movies/prchelli.shtml|archive-date=4 June 2004}}</ref>
== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt3429302|Puttintiki Ra Chelli}}
* ''[https://www.saavn.com/s/album/telugu/Puttintiki-Raa-Chelli-2014/w9M5rBJYNGI_ Puttintiki Ra Chelli]'' on [[Saavn]]
{{Kodi Ramakrishna}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kodi Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]

Mar Thoma Sleeha Syro-Malabar Church, Thulappally

2026-02-11T13:53:05Z

VetaPmc978:

{{short description|Catholic parish church in India}}
{{primary sources|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Mar Thoma Sleeha Syro-Malabar Church
| fullname = Mar Thoma Sleeha Syro-Malabar Church, Nilackal-Thulappally
| image = Mar Thoma Sleeha Church.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| landscape =
| caption = Mar Thoma Sleeha Syro-Malabar Church
| latd =
| latm =
| lats =
| latNS =
| longd =
| longm =
| longs =
| longEW =
| coordinates = {{coord|9|25|14.4|N|76|57|59.2|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Thulappally]], [[Pathanamthitta]], [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| sui iuris church = [[Syro-Malabar Church]]
| previous denomination =
| churchmanship =
| membership =
| attendance =
| website = [http://www.smcim.org/church/nilackal/ http://www.smcim.org/church/nilackal]
| former name =
| bull date =
| founded date = 1956
| founder =
| dedication = [[Thomas the Apostle|Thomas the Apostle (Apostle of Jesus)]] from 2007. St.George (1956–2007)
| dedicated date = 3 July
| consecrated date = 17 January 1956
| cult =
| relics =
| events =
| past bishop =
| people =1700
| status = [[Parish]]
| functional status = Active
| heritage designation =
| designated date =
| architect =
| architectural type =
| style =
| groundbreaking =
| completed date =
| construction cost =
| closed date =
| demolished date =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width nave =
| height =
| diameter =
| other dimensions =
| floor count =
| floor area =
| dome quantity =
| dome height outer =
| dome height inner =
| dome dia outer =
| dome dia inner =
| spire quantity =
| spire height =
| materials =
| parish =
| deanery =
| archdeaconry =
| archdiocese = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanassery]]
| diocese = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Kanjirappally]]
| province =
| presbytery =
| synod =
| circuit =
| district =[[Pathanamthitta]]
| division =
| subdivision =
| archbishop =
| bishop = Jose Pulickal
| dean =
| subdean =
| provost =
| provost-rector =
| viceprovost =
| canon =
| canonpastor =
| precentor =
| archdeacon =
| prebendary =
| rector =
| asst. rector =
| vicar = James Kizhakkethakadiyel<ref>{{cite web|title=Vicar|url=https://kanjirapallydiocese.com/parish/?search=true&search_field=Nilackal|access-date=24 August 2014|archive-date=17 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017085103/http://kanjirapallydiocese.com/kply/priestindi.php?pr_id=102|url-status=dead}}</ref> (Feb 2026–present)
| curate =
| priestincharge =
| priest =
| asstpriest =
| minister =
| assistant =
| honpriest =
| deacon =
| deaconness =
| seniorpastor =
| pastor =
| abbot =
| chaplain =
| reader =
| organistdom =
| director =
| organist =
| organscholar =
| chapterclerk =
| laychapter =
| warden =
| flowerguild =
| musicgroup =
| parishadmin =
| serversguild =
| logo =
| logosize =
}}
'''Mar Thoma Sleeha Syro-Malabar Church''' is a [[pilgrimage church]] located in [[Thulappally]], [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Kanjirappally]] in the [[States of India|Indian state]] of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=About|title=about|url=http://www.smcimsite.org/parish.php?id=2417|access-date=24 August 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102833/http://www.smcimsite.org/parish.php?id=2417|url-status=dead}}</ref> The St. Thomas's feast festivities held there every July attract a number of devotees from in and around Kerala.

==About the parish==
This catholic church is located in the eastern bank of the [[Pamba River|River Pampa]], a [[holy river]] in [[Hindu mythology]]. The parish is surrounded by state forests. It is very close to the famous Hindu pilgrimage centers of the Sabarimala Sri [[Ayyappa]] Temple and the Nilackal Temple. The first church of Catholics has been established in the year 1956 and it was dedicated to St George. Recently the new church building has been constructed and the church has been dedicated in the name of St Thomas. This is done to show case that the Catholics of this are too are part of St Thomas Christian community which traces its origin to the arrival of St Thomas. The church renaming has been done to attract the pilgrims as the location is near to Nilackal/Chayal.

There are 325 Christian families and about 1850 members in the parish. Around 250 children attend the Sunday catechesis. it has four shrines.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}

The parish of Angelvalley was once the part of the parish. At the time of its formation, Angelvalley had around 250 families from the Nilackal, Thulapally parish.

The parish is divided into seventeen small groups called ''Koottayma'', each known after a Biblical place such as Jerusalem, Jordan, Emmaus, Hermon, Kapharnaum, Saini, Corinthose, Thesalonica, Nazareth, Alphonsa, Chavara, Galathia, Carmel and Calvary. Nazareth and Carmel have A and B sections. Each of these groups meet weekly for prayer and study classes.

Parish social works are arranged under the 'Malanadu Development Society' which is the social service organization of the Diocese of Kanjirappally. Fifty S.H.G.s (Self Help Groups) get help from the M.D.S. Unit. It has a rural electrification system called 'Malanadu Mycro Hydel Power Project' Thulappally (M.H.P.P.). This power project generates electricity from water and supplies about 250 families, and shops, clinics, temples, mosques and churches. The parish helps milk-producing farmers to sell their milk under M.M.P. (Mahima Milk Producers Union). Under the leadership of M.D.S. Unit of the parish the people of Pampavalley made the longest Rubberized Road in [[Asia]], two large bridges across the rivers Pampa and Azhuta, built many small bridges etc.

A government Primary School called St. Georges L.P.S. Thulappally which is under the management of the parish, and there are non-denominational social service institutions such as M.D.S., M.M.P. and M.H.P.P. serving all regardless of caste. Adoration sisters have their convent near the parish church.

'''Religious organisations working under the parish'''
* SMYM
*CML
*St. Vincent De Paul Society
*Mathrudeepthy
*Legion of Mary

'''Institutions under the parish'''
*St. George L.P. School

'''Syro-Malabar religious houses in the parish'''
*SABS Convent

==History==
History of Christians here starts from the arrival of St. Thomas the Apostle. The apostle reached [[Nilakkal]] at 52 AD and started a Christian Community here. At that time, Nilackal was a 'Trade City' having trade relations with "Pandi-chola" states and 'Venadu'. There were 'Palace Roads' from their countries to 'Nilackal Thavalam' which were illumined by great lights (ex. Keralachaitram : K.P. Padmanabhan P. 145. Thiruvithamcore State mannel Vol. 1-p. 665 Vol. 2-p. 128)
Since Nilackal was a vast region, there were many Christian churches here. Place here were known after the churches there. Even now places in the forests are called [[Plappally]], Thulappally etc. The head Church of all these small churches was called 'Thalappally and later as Thulappally. (cfr. History of Christianity in Kerala by Nagamayyas P. 136). Old tombs of Christians are seen even now in the forest area near the present church unfortunately the invasion of some alien force called 'Vakkrippali attack' the inhabitants of Nilackal fled to other places such as Kanjirappally, Aruvithura, and other parts of the Meenachil . Nilackal is also called 'Chayal' since the place slopes towards the River 'Pampa'.<ref>{{cite web|last1=history|title=Parish History|url=http://www.smcim.org/church/nilackal/article/341|access-date=24 August 2014|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220041537/http://www.smcim.org/church/nilackal/article/341|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After a long time migration started to these remote places. It started as early as 1938. The recession felt in the socio-economic spheres after the first world war stimulated the migration to the hilly regions from the places. The majority of the immigrants were Nasranis of Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian church (One of the St Thomas Christian Church) and non – Christians, a substantial number of Catholics also came to those Hillocks. They soon felt the strong need for a Church to meet their spiritual as well as social needs.

A Catholic parish was set up under the leadership of Fr. George Ponnadathukallel. This church was actually dedicated for St George. They offered the first Qurbana in a temporary chapel on 12 February 1955. In 1960 it was officially given the status of a parish and Fr. Joseph Kalayil was appointed as the first Vicar.

===New church===
[[File:St.George Church.jpg|thumb|The old church]]
The name of the church was St. George from 1956 to 2007. The new church was blessed on 17 January 2007 along with new Name '''Mar Thoma Sleeha Church, Nilackal Thulappally'''. Fr.Martin Uppukunnel who was the vicar from 2002 to 2007 lead the work of the new church. The old church was demolished during 2015–2016.

[[File:Mar Thoma Sleeha Syro-Malabar Church work in progress.jpg|thumb|New church; while work in progress]]

===Parish Hall===
[[File:St.George Parish Hall.jpg|thumb|Parish Hall. Picture taken on September 2025]]
A new parish hall, constructed in just 184 days, was officially inaugurated on 9 September 2025 by Mar Jose Pulickal, the Bishop of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Kanjirappally]]. The hall was designed by the former vicar, Fr. Peter Mesthiriparambil, and completed during the tenure of the current vicar, Fr. Benny Thattamparabil.

==Annual events==
*AD 52, 21 November – St. Thomas reached India. He started a Christian community at Nilackal
*72, 3 July – St. Thomas received martyrdom at Mylappoor.
*1938 – Migration Started
*1947-48 – Government of Kerala gave the farmers certain area for food production
*1955, 12 February– First Holy Qurbana
*1960 – Parish erection
*1964 – L.P. School
*1968 – Parish Church construction started
*1975 – Church consecration
*1978 – S.A.B.S. Convent started
*1984, 7 May – Presbytery
*2007, 17 January – Established new church(Mar Thoma Sleeha Church)

===St. Thomas Day===

St. Thomas Day which celebrates the death of [[Thomas the Apostle]] is the most important festival celebrated in the church and is attended by thousands of people. Held every 3 July.

===Parish's Day===

Parish Day which celebrates the blessing memory of the new church which is happening every year from 17 January to 26 January. Grand celebration will be held in the last day (26 Jan) and mass is attended by thousands of adults and children of [[Diocese of Kanjirappally|Kanjirappally Diocese]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Churches in the Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Kanjirappally}}
* {{official|http://www.smcim.org/church/nilackal}}
* [http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/parish.php?id=2417 Syro Malabar site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418204456/http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/parish.php?id=2417 |date=18 April 2015 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140920194334/http://kanjirapallydiocese.com/parishes/ List of parishes]
* [http://www.facebook.com/marthomasleehachurchtply Mar Thoma Sleeha Syro-Malabar Church, Thulappally] on [[Facebook]]

{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Churches of Kerala}}

[[Category:Churches in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic church buildings]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1956]]

Manohar Parrikar

2026-02-07T06:03:57Z

VetaPmc978: Revised and enhanced article content

{{short description|Indian politician (1955–2019)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manohar Parrikar
| image = The official photograph of the Union Minister for Defence, Shri Manohar Parrikar.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2014
| office = 8th [[Chief Minister of Goa]]
| term_start = 14 March 2017
| term_end = 17 March 2019
| governor = [[Mridula Sinha]]
| deputy =
| predecessor = [[Laxmikant Parsekar]]
| successor = [[Pramod Sawant]]
| term_start1 = 9 March 2012
| term_end1 = 8 November 2014
| governor1 = [[Bharat Vir Wanchoo]] [[Margaret Alva]] [[Mridula Sinha]]
| deputy1 = [[Francis D'Souza (politician)|Francis D'Souza]]
| predecessor1 = [[Digambar Kamat]]
| successor1 = [[Laxmikant Parsekar]]
| term_start2 = 24 October 2000
| term_end2 = 2 February 2005
| governor2 = [[Mohammed Fazal]] [[Kidar Nath Sahani]] [[S. C. Jamir]]
| deputy2 = [[Ravi Naik]]
| predecessor2 = [[Francisco Sardinha]]
| successor2 = [[Pratapsingh Rane]]
| office3 = 27th [[Minister of Defence (India)|Union Minister of Defence]]
| term_start3 = 9 November 2014
| term_end3 = 13 March 2017
| primeminister3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor3 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| successor3 = Arun Jaitley
| office4 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency4 = [[Panaji (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panaji]]
| term_start4 = 28 August 2017
| term_end4 = 17 March 2019
| predecessor4 = [[Sidharth Kuncalienker]]
| successor4 = [[Atanasio Monserrate]]
| term_start5 = 1994
| term_end5 = 2014
| predecessor5 = Joan Baptista Florino Gonsalves
| successor5 = [[Sidharth Kuncalienker]]
| constituency5 = [[Panaji (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panaji]]
| office6 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency6 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start6 = 26 November 2014
| term_end6 = 2 September 2017
| predecessor6 = [[Kusum Rai]]
| successor6 = [[Hardeep Singh Puri]]
| birth_name = Manohar Gopalkrishna Prabhu Parrikar
| birth_date = {{birth date|1955|12|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mapuçá]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| nationality = {{ubl|
* Portuguese (until 1961)
* Indian (from 1961)}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2019|03|17|1955|12|13}}
| death_place = [[Panaji, Goa]], India
| death_cause = [[Pancreatic cancer]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Engineer|politician}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Medha Parrikar||2001|end=died}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (since 1980s)
| education = [[Loyola High School (Goa)|Loyola High School]]
| alma_mater = [[IIT Bombay]] (1978)
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2020)
}}

'''Manohar Gopalkrishna Prabhu Parrikar''' (13 December 1955 – 17 March 2019) was an Indian politician and a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] who served as the eighth [[Chief Minister of Goa]], going on to serve a total of four times between 2000 and 2019. He also served as the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Union Minister of Defence]] from 2014 to 2017. In 2020, he was posthumously awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]].

Parrikar proposed [[Narendra Modi]] as the prime ministerial candidate at the 2013 BJP parliamentary elections convention in Goa. He then served in the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] government under Prime Minister Modi as [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister of India]] from 2014 to 2017. He was a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]] from 2014 to 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/thank-you-for-goa-digvijaya-singh-says-manohar-parrikar-in-rajya-sabha-1675731|title=Thank You For Goa, Digvijaya Singh, Says Manohar Parrikar in Rajya Sabha|access-date=31 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331114348/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/thank-you-for-goa-digvijaya-singh-says-manohar-parrikar-in-rajya-sabha-1675731|archive-date=31 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/memberlist.aspx|title=Alphabetical List of Sitting Members of Rajya Sabha|website=164.100.47.5|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812044225/http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/memberlist.aspx|archive-date=12 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/parrikar-makes-appearance-in-rajya-sabha-cong-protests/385083.html |title=Parrikar makes appearance in Rajya Sabha; Cong protests |work=The Tribune |date=2017-03-31 |access-date=2018-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331110318/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/parrikar-makes-appearance-in-rajya-sabha-cong-protests/385083.html |archive-date=31 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

He was the first [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]] alumnus to serve as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of an Indian state, the first IITian to become the Chief Minister of a state in India, the first Goan to become a cabinet-rank minister at the Centre, and also the first Chief Minister of a state to continue in office for over a year despite being diagnosed with terminal-stage cancer.<ref name="Sayta">{{Cite web|last=Sayta|first=Jay|date=17 July 2020|title=Manohar Parrikar Was Both An Opportunistic Politician and a Workaholic Leader, Says New Biography|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/opinion-manohar-parrikar-was-both-an-opportunistic-politician-and-an-honest-workaholic-leader-says-new-biography/356893|access-date=30 August 2020|website=Outlook India|archive-date=17 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817212602/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/opinion-manohar-parrikar-was-both-an-opportunistic-politician-and-an-honest-workaholic-leader-says-new-biography/356893/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Manohar Gopalkrishna Prabhu Parrikar was born on 13 December 1955, to a [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]] (GSB) family<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-11-23|title=Forward castes must think forward as well|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-view/forward-castes-must-think-forward-as-well/story-SQ9mT9rE8zOGDSyhO5If3K.html|access-date=2020-08-20|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090943/https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-view/forward-castes-must-think-forward-as-well/story-SQ9mT9rE8zOGDSyhO5If3K.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Mapuçá]], [[Portuguese Goa]].<ref name=a1>{{cite web|url=http://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member.php?id=42|title=Shri. Manohar Parrikar – M.L.A – Goa Legislative Assembly|access-date=10 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925192608/http://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member.php?id=42|archive-date=25 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> He studied at [[Loyola High School (Goa)|Loyola High School]] in [[Margao]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=111238|title=English Releases|access-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219151222/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=111238|archive-date=19 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Parrikar completed his [[Secondary School Certificate]] at G. S. Amonkar Vidya Mandir, Mapusa, which was previously known as New Goa High School. He completed his primary education in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and went on to graduate in [[Metallurgy|Metallurgical Engineering]] from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]] (IIT Bombay),<ref name=a1/> in 1978. He was awarded the Distinguished Alumnus Award by IIT Bombay in 2001.<ref name="iitb.ac.in">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitb.ac.in/alumni/en/awards/2001/distinguished-alumnus/mr-manohar-parrikar |title=Mr. Manohar Parrikar | Alumni and Corporate Relations |access-date=19 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040812/http://www.iitb.ac.in/alumni/en/awards/2001/distinguished-alumnus/mr-manohar-parrikar |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political career==

Parrikar served as [[Chief Minister of Goa]], holding the office four times (from 2000 to 2005, 2012 to 2014, and lastly from 2017 to 2019).<ref>{{Cite news |last=KAMAT |first=PRAKASH |title=Manohar Parrikar to take oath as Goa CM tomorrow |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/manohar-parrikar-to-take-oath-as-goa-cm-tomorrow/article17455622.ece?homepage=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313223646/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/manohar-parrikar-to-take-oath-as-goa-cm-tomorrow/article17455622.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=13 March 2017 |access-date=2017-03-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Goa CM">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/manohar-parrikar-appointed-as-new-goa-chief-minister/articleshow/57610213.cms |title=Manohar Parrikar appointed as new Goa Chief Minister |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=14 March 2017 |access-date=13 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313132900/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/manohar-parrikar-appointed-as-new-goa-chief-minister/articleshow/57610213.cms |archive-date=13 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> He also served as the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Union Minister of Defence]] from October 2014 to March 2017.

=== Early career ===
Parrikar joined the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) at a young age and became a ''mukhya shikshak'' (chief instructor) in the final years of his schooling. After graduating from IIT, he resumed RSS work in [[Mapusa]] while maintaining a private business, and became a ''sanghchalak'' (local director) at the age of 26.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} He was active in the RSS's [[North Goa district|North Goa]] unit, becoming a key organiser of the [[Ram Janmabhoomi movement]]. He was seconded by RSS to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) with the objective of fighting the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]].<ref>{{cite news |title=All you need to know about Manohar Parrikar |newspaper=The Economic Times|date=8 November 2014 |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/all-you-need-to-know-about-manohar-parrikar/articleshow/45076586.cms |access-date=8 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309061257/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/all-you-need-to-know-about-manohar-parrikar/articleshow/45076586.cms |archive-date=9 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> He is sometimes described as having been a [[RSS pracharak|pracharak]] of the RSS.<ref name=agrees>{{cite news |title=Manohar Parrikar agrees to shift to Delhi, Modi meets President |newspaper=India Today |date=6 November 2014 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/manohar-parrikar-narendra-modi-cabinet-reshuffle-defence-minister-pranab-mukherjee-226055-2014-11-06 |access-date=8 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109121826/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/manohar-parrikar-narendra-modi-cabinet-reshuffle-defence-minister-pranab-mukherjee/1/399371.html |archive-date=9 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Chief Minister of Goa (2000{{ndash}}05), (2012{{ndash}}14)===
As a member of the BJP, Parrikar was elected to the [[Legislative Assembly of Goa]] in 1994. He was [[Opposition (parliamentary)|leader of the opposition]] from June to November 1999. He successfully contested the election to become Chief Minister of Goa for the first time on 24 October 2000, but his tenure lasted only until 27 February 2002.<ref name=":0" /> In 2001, the Parrikar government had turned over fifty-one government primary schools in rural areas to [[Vidya Bharati]], the educational wing of the Hindu nationalist group [[Sangh Parivar]], inviting criticism from certain educationists.<ref>{{citation|last=Visweswaran|first=Kamala|title=The Hindutva view of history: Rewriting textbooks in India and the United States|url=http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19332402/1365020227/name/witzel_at_washington.pdf|journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs|year=2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031716/http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19332402/1365020227/name/witzel_at_washington.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=16 November 2015|display-authors=etal|archive-date=17 November 2015|pages=101–112}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author=Frederick Noronha|author-link=Frederick Noronha|title=Questionable Initiatives in Education|date=30 June 2001|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume=36|number=26|pages=2322–2325|jstor=4410796}}</ref>

On 5 June 2002, he was re-elected and served another term as Chief Minister.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/TicoqhVIpQjd3Dxl0X7GZM/Manohar-Parrikar-BJPs-poster-boy-in-Goa-returns-as-chief-m.html|title=Manohar Parrikar: BJP's poster boy in Goa returns as chief minister|last=PTI|date=16 March 2017|access-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219152044/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/TicoqhVIpQjd3Dxl0X7GZM/Manohar-Parrikar-BJPs-poster-boy-in-Goa-returns-as-chief-m.html|archive-date=19 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 January 2005, his government was reduced to a [[minority government|minority]] in the Assembly after four BJP [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLAs]] resigned from the House. [[Pratapsing Rane]] of the Indian National Congress would subsequently replace Parrikar as Chief Minister.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

In 2007, the Parrikar led BJP was defeated in the Goa state elections by the Congress led by [[Digambar Kamat]]. BJP and their party-allies won twenty-four seats against the Congress' nine in the Goa Assembly Elections held in March 2012. After coming to power on the promise of getting rid of casinos from the state, in 2014 Parrikar granted permanent licenses to casinos in Goa.<ref>{{cite news |title=After Fighting Against Goa's Casinos, Parrikar Gives Them What They Want |url=https://thewire.in/politics/parrikar-gives-casinos-always-wanted-permanent-base-goa |access-date=21 May 2025 |work=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=DNA Web |title=Casinos are now 'fait accompli' of Goa govt: Manohar Parrikar |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-casinos-are-now-fait-accompli-of-goa-govt-manohar-parrikar-2256089 |access-date=21 May 2025 |work=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

In 2014, Parrikar drew criticism for approving a junket costing at least {{INRConvert|8.9|m|lk=r|year=2014}} for six MLAs from the ruling party, including three ministers, to attend the [[2014 FIFA World Cup|FIFA World Cup]] in Brazil. The [[Indian National Congress]] termed the trip "wasteful expenditure" and criticized the lack of other government officials or soccer experts in the delegation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Goa-ministers-MLAs-edge-out-babus-in-Rs-89-lakh-junket-to-Brazil/articleshow/36406072.cms|title=Goa ministers, MLAs edge out babus in Rs 89 lakh junket to Brazil|last=Mergulhao|first=Marcus|author-link=Marcus Mergulhao|date=12 June 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=26 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615235049/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Goa-ministers-MLAs-edge-out-babus-in-Rs-89-lakh-junket-to-Brazil/articleshow/36406072.cms|archive-date=15 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-goa-cm-manohar-parrikar-sends-mlas-on-fifa-world-cup-junket-ignores-football-legends-1995055|title=Goa CM Manohar Parrikar sends MLAs on FIFA World Cup junket, ignores football legends|date=12 June 2014|website=DNA India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110054834/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-goa-cm-manohar-parrikar-sends-mlas-on-fifa-world-cup-junket-ignores-football-legends-1995055|archive-date=10 January 2016|url-status=live|access-date=29 May 2016}}</ref>

===Union Minister for Defence (2014{{ndash}}17)===
In the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general elections]], BJP won both the Lok Sabha seats in Goa.<ref name="heraldgoa.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Church-feels-alienated-and-sidelined-by-Parsekar/89655.html|title=Herald: Church feels alienated and sidelined by Parsekar|work=oHeraldo|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614071547/http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Church-feels-alienated-and-sidelined-by-Parsekar/89655.html|archive-date=14 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Parrikar was reluctant to leave Goa and move to Delhi in November 2014, by his own admission but was persuaded by Prime Minister Narendra Modi to join central government.<ref name="heraldgoa.in"/>

Parrikar was preceded by [[Laxmikant Parsekar]] as Goa's CM. Parrikar had represented the [[Panaji]] constituency in the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] when he was a player in the state politics.<ref name="MLA">{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-13/news/56060843_1_goa-mla-bjp-candidate-bjp-legislators|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125214518/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-13/news/56060843_1_goa-mla-bjp-candidate-bjp-legislators|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2016|title=Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar to resign as Goa MLA|date=13 November 2014|website=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=29 May 2016}}</ref>

In November 2014, Parrikar was chosen as the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] replacing [[Arun Jaitley]], who, till then, held additional charge of the Ministry.<ref name=agrees/><ref name=defence>{{cite news|title=Manohar Parrikar, an IIT-Mumbai Graduate, Likely to be New Defence Minister|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/manohar-parrikar-an-iit-mumbai-graduate-likely-to-be-new-defence-minister-617205|access-date=6 November 2014|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=6 November 2014}}</ref> His entry into the parliament was facilitated by choosing him as the party's candidate for the elected [[Rajya Sabha]] seat from [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="MLA"/>
=== Chief Minister of Goa (2017{{ndash}}19)===
On 14 March 2017, Parrikar was sworn in as Chief Minister of Goa. Goa Forward Party led by Vijai Sardesai, one of the parties who allied with BJP in Goa after election results were announced, had said that it would extend support to the BJP only if Parrikar was brought back to the state as Chief Minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2017/goa-assembly-election-2017/story/goa-election-result-cm-parrikar-mgp-gfp-965274-2017-03-12|title=Manohar Parrikar appointed Goa chief minister|website=India Today|date=12 March 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314043912/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/goa-election-result-cm-parrikar-mgp-gfp/1/902755.html|archive-date=14 March 2017|access-date=14 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/manohar-parrikar-bjp-goa-chief-minister-congress-floor-test-mridula-sinha-4569115/|title=Manohar Parrikar back in Goa saddle, ordered to prove majority in House Thursday|date=15 March 2017|website=The Indian Express|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314175405/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/manohar-parrikar-bjp-goa-chief-minister-congress-floor-test-mridula-sinha-4569115/|archive-date=14 March 2017|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>

==Reception==
In 2001, the Parrikar government turned over fifty-one government primary schools in rural areas to [[Vidya Bharati]], the educational wing of the [[Sangh Parivar]], inviting criticism from educationists.<ref>{{citation |last=Visweswaran |first=Kamala |display-authors=etal |title=The Hindutva view of history: Rewriting textbooks in India and the United States |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |year=2009 |pages=101–112 |url=http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19332402/1365020227/name/witzel_at_washington.pdf |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031716/http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19332402/1365020227/name/witzel_at_washington.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Frederick Noronha |title=Questionable Initiatives in Education |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=36 |number=26 |date=30 June 2001 |pages=2322–2325 |jstor=4410796}}</ref> He also drew criticism for approving a junket costing at least {{INRConvert|8.9|m|lk=r|year=2014}} for six government MLAs from the ruling party, including three ministers, to attend the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]] in Brazil. The [[Indian National Congress]] termed the trip "wasteful expenditure" and criticized the lack of other government officials or football experts in the delegation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mergulhao |first=Marcus |date=12 June 2014 |title=Goa ministers, MLAs edge out babus in Rs 89 lakh junket to Brazil |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Goa-ministers-MLAs-edge-out-babus-in-Rs-89-lakh-junket-to-Brazil/articleshow/36406072.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=26 May 2016 |archive-date=15 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615235049/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Goa-ministers-MLAs-edge-out-babus-in-Rs-89-lakh-junket-to-Brazil/articleshow/36406072.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-goa-cm-manohar-parrikar-sends-mlas-on-fifa-world-cup-junket-ignores-football-legends-1995055 |title=Goa CM Manohar Parrikar sends MLAs on FIFA World Cup junket, ignores football legends |date=12 June 2014 |website=DNA India |access-date=29 May 2016 |archive-date=10 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110054834/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-goa-cm-manohar-parrikar-sends-mlas-on-fifa-world-cup-junket-ignores-football-legends-1995055 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Parrikar often made remarks of controversial nature.<ref>{{cite web |title=Controversy's child: Statements made by Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2016/nov/29/controversys-child-statements-made-by-defence-minister-manohar-parrikar-100124.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=29 November 2016}}</ref> In wake of the debate on [[religious intolerance]] in India and actor [[Aamir Khan]] stating that his wife [[Kiran Rao]] had asked to move out of India, Parrikar made a controversial remark that "if anyone speaks like this, he has to be taught a lesson of his life".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Partha Sarathi |title=Parrikar takes swipe at actor (Aamir): those who speak like this must be taught lesson |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/parrikar-takes-swipe-at-actor-aamir-khan-intolerance-remark-those-who-speak-like-this-must-be-taught-lesson-2945440/ |work=The Indian Express |date=31 July 2016 |archive-date=24 June 2018 |access-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624175755/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/parrikar-takes-swipe-at-actor-aamir-khan-intolerance-remark-those-who-speak-like-this-must-be-taught-lesson-2945440/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He later clarified that he had not targeted any specific individual.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manohar Parrikar clarifies his remark on Aamir Khan, says 'comment not pointed out at anyone specifically' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Manohar-Parrikar-clarifies-his-remark-on-Aamir-Khan-says-comment-not-pointed-out-at-anyone-specifically/articleshow/53479663.cms |work=The Times of India |date=1 August 2016 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |access-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804183000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Manohar-Parrikar-clarifies-his-remark-on-Aamir-Khan-says-comment-not-pointed-out-at-anyone-specifically/articleshow/53479663.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2016, Parrikar stated that going to [[Pakistan]] is the same thing as "going to hell".<ref>{{cite news |title=Going to Pakistan same as going to hell, says Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/going-to-pakistan-same-as-going-to-hell-says-defence-minister-manohar-parrikar/ |work=The Indian Express |date=17 August 2016 |archive-date=24 June 2018 |access-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624175827/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/going-to-pakistan-same-as-going-to-hell-says-defence-minister-manohar-parrikar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2016, Parrikar, while serving as [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence of India]], raised a question about why [[India]] should bind itself to the [[no first use]] policy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why bind ourselves to 'no first use policy', says Parrikar on India's nuke doctrine |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Why-bind-ourselves-to-%E2%80%98no-first-use-policy%E2%80%99-says-Parrikar-on-India%E2%80%99s-nuke-doctrine/article16442100.ece |work=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu Group |date=10 November 2016 |language=en-IN |archive-date=5 December 2016 |access-date=27 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205083607/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Why-bind-ourselves-to-%E2%80%98no-first-use-policy%E2%80%99-says-Parrikar-on-India%E2%80%99s-nuke-doctrine/article16442100.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, an audio tape of Poriem MLA [[Vishwajit Rane]] surfaced where he spoke to an unknown person claiming that the [[Dassault Rafale]] Aircraft deal papers were in then Chief Minister Manohar Parrikar's bedroom. Congress Leader [[Rahul Gandhi]] attempted to play the alleged audio tape in the Lok Sabha but was not allowed to do so.<ref>{{cite news
|title='Rafale files in bedroom': Goa Health Minister Vishwajit Rane audio clip authentic, says Rahul Gandhi
|date= 2 January 2019
|work= [[The Hindu]]
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rafale-files-in-bedroom-goa-health-minister-vishwajit-rane-audio-clip-authentic-says-rahul-gandhi/article25891965.ece}}</ref>

== Illness and death ==
During March–June 2018, Parrikar was undergoing treatment for what would turn out to be [[pancreatic cancer]] at [[Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center]] in [[New York City|New York]], [[United States|USA]]. He returned to [[India]] and in September was admitted in the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS, Delhi]] for treatment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/goa-cm-manohar-parrikar-returns-home-after-treatment-in-us-visits-temple-in-goa-1260979-2018-06-15|title=Goa CM Manohar Parrikar returns home after treatment in US, visits temple in Goa|date=15 June 2018|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2018-12-12|first3=2018 13:06|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215225115/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/goa-cm-manohar-parrikar-returns-home-after-treatment-in-us-visits-temple-in-goa-1260979-2018-06-15|url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 October 2018, the [[Government of Goa]] announced that Parrikar had [[pancreatic cancer]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/manohar-parrikar-has-pancreatic-cancer-reveals-goa-health-minister/article25347338.ece|title=Manohar Parrikar has pancreatic cancer, reveals Goa Health Minister|first=Prakash|last=Kamat|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 October 2018|archive-date=26 December 2018|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226074241/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/manohar-parrikar-has-pancreatic-cancer-reveals-goa-health-minister/article25347338.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

He died on 17 March 2019 at the age of 63 from pancreatic cancer at his residence in [[Panaji]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamat |first1=Prakash |title=President Ram Nath Kovind announces death of Goa Chief Minister Manohar Parrikar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/goa-chief-minister-manohar-parrikar-critical/article26559334.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 March 2019 |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907144219/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/goa-chief-minister-manohar-parrikar-critical/article26559334.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NDTV_Death">{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/goa-chief-minister-manohar-parrikar-battling-illness-dies-at-63-updates-2008973 |title=Manohar Parrikar, Goa Chief Minister, Dies at 63 After Battling Cancer: Updates |author=Niharika Banerjee |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=17 March 2019 |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317223303/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/goa-chief-minister-manohar-parrikar-battling-illness-dies-at-63-updates-2008973 |url-status=live }}</ref> His death was announced by the [[President of India]], [[Ram Nath Kovind]] in a [[Twitter|tweet]] condoling his death.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-man-who-changed-goan-politics/articleshow/68453523.cms|title=Manohar Parrikar – The man who changed Goan politics|website=The Times of India|date=18 March 2019 }}</ref> His death was condoled by [[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Narendra Modi]], [[Home Minister of India|HM]] [[Rajnath Singh]], [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]] president [[Amit Shah]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]] president [[Rahul Gandhi]], and several other political leaders from all over [[Goa]] and India.

On the evening of 18 March, Parrikar was cremated with full state honours at [[Miramar, Goa|Miramar]] in [[Panaji]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/live-updates-manohar-parrikar-to-be-accorded-state-funeral-with-full-military-honours-at-miramar-beach/liveblog/68452853.cms|title=Manohar Parrikar funeral updates: Manohar Parrikar cremated with full state honours|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-03-18|archive-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318045010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/live-updates-manohar-parrikar-to-be-accorded-state-funeral-with-full-military-honours-at-miramar-beach/liveblog/68452853.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Biography ==
In June 2020, a [[biography]] titled ''An Extraordinary Life: A Biography of Manohar Parrikar'' was published by [[Penguin Random House]] India. The book, written by journalists Sadguru Patil and Mayabhushan Nagvenkar, documents Parrikar's life and political career.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-09|title=An Extraordinary Life: A biography of Manohar Parrikar. An Excerpt|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/an-extraordinary-life-a-biography-of-manohar-parrikar-an-excerpt-6449030/|access-date=2020-08-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
*2020: [[Padma Bhushan]] by Government of India
*2018: Honorary Doctorate by [[National Institute of Technology Goa]] on 28 September 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/manohar-parrikar-conferred-honorary-doctorate-by-nit-goa/317317|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928100201/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/manohar-parrikar-conferred-honorary-doctorate-by-nit-goa/317317|archive-date=28 September 2018|title=Manohar Parrikar Conferred Honorary Doctorate By NIT Goa|date=28 September 2018|access-date=28 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2012: [[CNN-IBN Indian of the Year]] in politics category<ref>{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indian-of-the-year-2012-winners-announced/310199-3-244.html | title=CNN-IBN Indian of the Year 2012 | date=12 December 2012 | agency=IBN live | access-date=13 December 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214025125/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indian-of-the-year-2012-winners-announced/310199-3-244.html | archive-date=14 December 2012 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
*2001: Distinguished Alumnus Award IIT-Mumbai<ref name="iitb.ac.in"/>

==Legacy==
[[File:Manohar Parrikar Smriti Sthal.jpg|thumb|Manohar Parrikar Smriti Sthal, memorial for Manohar Parrikar, Miramar, Panaji, Goa]]
In 2019, it was announced that a part of the Miramar beach would be converted to a memorial for Parrikar, featuring a library, a meditation hall, an audio-visual room and a souvenir shop. The memorial is named The Manohar Parrikar Smriti Sthal.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shetye |first=Murari |date=2019-09-11 |title=A museum-like memorial for Parrikar at Miramar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/a-museum-like-memorial-for-parrikar-at-miramar/articleshow/71072111.cms |access-date=2025-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The Indian Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses was renamed the [[Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses]] in February 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title= IDSA renamed Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/idsa-renamed-as-manohar-parrikar-institute-for-defence-studies-and-analyses/article30850268.ece|access-date= 2022-08-07|website= The Hindu|date= 18 February 2020|language= en|archive-date= 9 February 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240209033155/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/idsa-renamed-as-manohar-parrikar-institute-for-defence-studies-and-analyses/article30850268.ece|url-status= live}}</ref>

In December 2022, the new international airport at [[Mopa, Goa]] was named [[Manohar International Airport]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/mopa-international-airport-in-goa-named-after-former-defence-minister-manohar-parrikar20221211190549|title=Mopa International Airport in Goa named after former Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar|website=ANI}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Manohar Parrikar}}
* [http://164.100.47.5/newmembers/Website/Main.aspx Detailed Profile: Shri Manohar Parrikar]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Francisco Sardinha]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chief Ministers of Goa|Chief Minister of Goa]]|years=2000–2005}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pratapsingh Rane]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Digambar Kamat]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chief Ministers of Goa|Chief Minister of Goa]]|years=2012–2014}}
{{s-aft|after={{nowrap|[[Laxmikant Parsekar]]}}}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Arun Jaitley]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]|years=2014–2017}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Arun Jaitley]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before={{nowrap|[[Laxmikant Parsekar]]}}}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chief Ministers of Goa|Chief Minister of Goa]]|years=2017–2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pramod Sawant]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Defence Ministers of India}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party chief ministers|state=collapsed}}
{{Chief Ministers of Goa}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2020–2029}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parrikar, Manohar}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Goa]]
[[Category:Ministers of defence of India]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Goa]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:People from Mapusa]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pracharaks]]
[[Category:Deaths from pancreatic cancer in India]]
[[Category:Members of the National Cadet Corps (India)]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1999–2002]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2007–2012]]

Santi Gopal Sen

2026-02-06T05:38:49Z

VetaPmc978: adding the post basic info - done

{{short description|Bengali revolutionary (1913-1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shanti Gopal Sen
| image = File:Statue of Shanti Gopal Sen.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth-date| 25 December 1913}}
| birth_place = [[English Bazar]], [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death-date and age|16 September 1996| 25 December 1913}}
| death_place = [[English Bazar]], Malda, India
| known =
| occupation = Revolutionary
| organization = [[Bengal Volunteers]]
| movement = [[Indian Freedom Movement]]
| known for =
| citizenship =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Shanti Gopal Sen ''' ( 25 December 1913 – 16 September 1996 ) was an Indian revolutionary and member of the [[Bengal Volunteers]] who carried out assassinations against British colonial officials in an attempt to secure Indian independence.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.literacyparadise.com/2020/08/List-of-Bengali-Freedom-Fighters-in-Cellular-Jail.html | title=আন্দামান সেলুলার জেলের ৩৯০ জন বাঙালি স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামীর তালিকা }}</ref> As he was a sharp shooter the British named him as Shanti Gopal Crackshoot Sen.

== Early life and education ==
Santi Gopal Sen was born in [[Malda district|Malda]] in the year 1913. After passing the matriculation examination from [[Malda Zilla School]]<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://mzsalumni.org.in/about|title= Malda Zilla School Allumni Association |website= mzsalumni.org.in }}</ref> he went to Midnapur with his father who was transferred from Malda to Midnapur and later he admitted to Midnapur College for further studies. Later he joined the Bengal Volunteers, a revolutionary organisation of [[British India]].<ref name=Sengupta-Basu>{{Cite book|title=Sansad Bangali Charitavidhan (Bengali)|last1=Sengupta |first1=Subodhchandra |last2=Basu |first2=Anjali |publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2002|isbn=81-85626-65-0|volume=I|location=Kolkata|page=297}}</ref> [[ File:Andaman_Cellular_Jail_-_Port_Blair_2009-04-15_4150245.JPG |thumb|Shanti Gopal Sen's name in Andaman Cellular Jail list, Port Blair 2009]]

== Revolutionary activities ==
After the murders of two previous [[District Magistrate]]s James Peddy and Robert Douglas, no British officer was ready to take charge of [[Midnapore district]]. Former soldier Bernard E. J. Burge was then posted to [[Midnapore district]].<ref name=Sengupta-Basu/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sabyasachi |first1=Biplabi |title=Historic Day: আজ অত্যাচারী ব্রিটিশ জেলাশাসক বার্জ হত্যার সেই ঐতিহাসিক দিন |url=https://biplabisabyasachi.com/that-was-the-historic-day-of-the-assassination-of-the-oppressive-british-district-magistrate-burge/ |website=Biplabi Sabyasachi |access-date=2 March 2024 |date=2 September 2021}}</ref> Members of the Bengal Volunteers: [[Ramkrishna Roy]], [[Brajakishore Chakraborty]], [[Prabhanshu Sekhar Pal]], [[Kamakhya Charan Ghosh]], Sonatan Roy, Nanda Dulal Singh, [[Sukumar Sengupta]], Bijoy Krishna Ghose, Purnananda Sanyal, Manindra Nath Choudhury, Saroj Ranjan Das Kanungo, Santi Gopal Sen, Sailesh Chandra Ghose, [[Anath Bondhu Panja]] and [[Mrigendra Dutta]] decided to assassinate him.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hssXP1hBYscC&q=Bhattacharya+killed+magistrate+Douglas&pg=PA254|title=History of the Freedom Movement in India (1857–1947)|last=S. N. Sen|year=1997|publisher=New Age International |isbn=9788122410495|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=বেঙ্গল ভলান্টিয়ার |last= Madhumanti Sengupta |publisher= Ananda Publishers |date= 1 January 2016 |isbn=978-9389876772|location= Kolkata |pages=}}</ref> Roy, Chakraborty, [[Nirmal Jibon Ghosh]] and Dutta planned to shoot Burge dead while he was playing in a football match between Midnapore Mohammedan sporting Club (a fan club of [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)]]) and Midnapore Town Club([[Francis Bradley Bradley-Birt|Bradley-Birt Challenge Cup]] Corners Shield Competition.) at the police grounds of [[Midnapore]].<ref>{{Cite web|first=Meghdeep |last=Bhattacharyya |date=11 July 2025 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/terrorist-tag-on-freedom-fighters-mistake-in-question-paper-was-unintentional-vidyasagar-university-vc-prnt/cid/2112554 | title='Terrorist' tag on freedom fighters, mistake in question paper was unintentional: Vidyasagar University VC |website=telegraphindia.com |access-date=September 12, 2025}}</ref> On 2nd September 1933 during the half time of the football match on the police parade ground, Burge was shot and killed by Panja and Dutta. Panja was killed instantly by one of Burges' bodyguards. Dutta was also shot and died in hospital on the next day.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Who's Who of Indian Martyrs|first=P. N. | last=Chopra|volume=1|year=1969|publisher=Ministry of Education and Youth Services, Government of India |isbn=9788123021805}}</ref> Anath Bondhu Panja and Mrigendra Dutta were acquitted of the murder of Magistrate Burge.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rammanohar Lohia|last=Volume 9|year=1990|isbn=9788171002511}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wbcorrectionalservices.gov.in/history_heritage03.html|title=Midnapore Central Correctional Home|website=wbcorrectionalservices.gov.in|access-date=24 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Chronological Dictionary of India's Independence|last=Kali Charan Ghosh|publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2012|isbn=978-81-86806-20-3|location=Kolkata|pages=87}}</ref><ref name="midnapore-volunteers">{{cite web |title=Bengal Volunteers of Midnapore |url=https://www.midnapore.in/bv.html |website=www.midnapore.in |access-date=28 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1Pclr-6w94C&q=Nirmal+Jiban+Ghosh&pg=PA44|title=Rammanohar Lohia|last=Volume 9|year=1990|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=9788171002511|access-date=24 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y74pDwAAQBAJ&q=Bhattacharya+killed+magistrate+Douglas&pg=PA151|title=Gentlemanly Terrorists: Political Violence and the Colonial State in India|last=Durba Ghosh|date=20 July 2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107186668|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> After the shootout he took a cycle and fled to the Salbani Jungle. There he boarded train from the railway station of Godapiasal. A revolutionary named Binod Sen aks Binod Bihari Sen from village Godapiasal helps him for this matter. After one year he was arrested from Kolkata. British Government made a separate trial for him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/600128/|title= Emperor vs Nirmal Jiban Ghose And Ors. on 30 August, 1934|access-date=28 October 2021}}</ref> The special tribunal sentenced him and six others to life imprisonment and moved him to the Andaman Islands. He release from prison in 1946,

== Later life ==
After the [[Independence of India]], Sen won several elections, which included the [[English Bazar Assembly constituency|English Bazar seat of West Bengal Assembly]] in 1957, 1962, and 1967. Each time he won the Assembly poll as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate. For the rest of his life Sen worked as a social worker.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aajbangla.in/English-Bazar-Assembly-constituency--in-Malda-district | title=ইংরেজ বাজার বিধানসভা কেন্দ্রঃ মালদা জেলার একটি বিধানসভা কেন্দ্র ইংরেজ বাজার - Aaj Bangla Bengali News | work=Aaj Bangla | date=27 April 2021 | author1=Aajbangla | access-date=12 July 2022 | archive-date=18 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218051325/https://www.aajbangla.in/English-Bazar-Assembly-constituency--in-Malda-district | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was honoured with a [[Tamrapatra]] by the Indian Government in 1972. He donated in various way for the establishment of [[Malda Women's College]] and Malda Girls School (Shanti Sen Girls School). A road named Shanti Sen Sarani was named after him.Sen died on 16 September 1996.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Shanti Gopal}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Indian nationalism]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian murderers]]
[[Category:People from Malda district]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali politicians]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]

The UnReal Times

2026-01-21T20:53:22Z

VetaPmc978: adding initial data basic info - done

{{Infobox website
| name = The UnReal Times
| logo = TheUnrealTimes website.png
| logocaption =
| screenshot =
| collapsible =
| collapsetext =
| caption =
| url = {{URL|http://www.theunrealtimes.com/|theunrealtimes.com}}
| commercial = No
| type = [[News Satire]]
| registration =
| language = English
| num_users =
| content_license =
| owner =
| author = Karthik Laxman and C.S. Krishna
| editor =
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2011|04|14|df=yes}}
| alexa =
| revenue =
| current_status = Inactive
| footnotes =
}}

'''"The UnReal Times"''' was an Indian satire, spoof, parody and humour portal featuring satirical articles on politics, entertainment, cricket, media, international affairs and society. Founded in 2011, the portal publishes fake news reports, comic strips, mock transcripts, fake Facebook and Twitter conversations among other formats, combining irreverent humour with biting satire in its commentary on current events. The Unreal Times has been referred to as [[The Onion]] of India (after American satire portal The Onion), most notably by tech blog makeuseof.com.<ref>{{cite web|last=Parrack|first=Dave|title=Faking It: 8 Of The Best Spoof News Websites|date=23 January 2013 |url=http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/faking-it-8-of-the-best-spoof-news-websites/|publisher=MakeUseOf.com}}</ref> The Unreal Times shut down in November, 2016 for unknown reasons.

==History==
The UnReal Times was initiated on 14 April 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magnamags.com/society/an-interview-with-the-unreal-times-founders/2885|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201133608/http://www.magnamags.com/society/an-interview-with-the-unreal-times-founders/2885|url-status=usurped|archive-date=February 1, 2014|title=An interview with The Unreal Times founders : MagnaMags|work=magnamags.com}}</ref> when the founders CS Krishna and Karthik Laxman wrote an article titled "Government mulls direct cash transfers by dropping money bags from the sky" jibing the government's direct cash transfer schemes.<ref name="auto">{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Web-of-true-lies/articleshow/11151297.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505181703/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-18/mumbai/30530930_1_fairness-cream-news-portals-readers | url-status=live | archive-date=2013-05-05 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Web of true lies}}</ref> After the article's positive reception, the founders booked the domain name www.theunrealtimes.com, created the first version of The UnReal Times and began to publish one satirical article per day.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hebbar|first=Nistula|title=Modern Day Aesops|url=http://mobileet.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=21&sectid=edid=&edlabel=ETBG&mydateHid=07-04-2013&pubname=Economic+Times+-+Bangalore&edname=&articleid=Ar02100&publabel=ET|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926121546/http://mobileet.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=21&sectid=edid=&edlabel=ETBG&mydateHid=07-04-2013&pubname=Economic+Times+-+Bangalore&edname=&articleid=Ar02100&publabel=ET|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 26, 2013|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Through social media websites, [[Facebook]] and [[Twitter]], the website began to gain traction and grew in popularity, aided from time to time by viral articles such as "Manmohan Singham",<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=Video: Watch the trailer of 'MANMOHAN SINGHAM' starring Dr. Manmohan Singh|url=http://www.theunrealtimes.com/2011/07/16/video-watch-the-trailer-of-%E2%80%98manmohan-singham%E2%80%99-starring-dr-manmohan-singh/|publisher=The UnReal Times}}</ref> "BCG hires McKinsey to advise it on how to become number 1",<ref>{{cite web|title=BCG hires McKinsey to advise it on how to become number 1|url=http://www.theunrealtimes.com/2011/08/12/bcg-hires-mckinsey-to-advise-it-on-how-to-become-number-1/|publisher=The UnReal Times}}</ref> "Journalist mistakenly interviews Bollywood actor Imran Khan instead of Pakistani cricket legend",<ref>{{cite web|title=Journalist mistakenly interviews Bollywood actor Imran Khan instead of Pakistani cricket legend|url=http://www.theunrealtimes.com/2011/09/15/journalist-mistakenly-interviews-bollywood-actor-imran-khan-instead-of-pakistani-cricket-legend/|publisher=The UnReal Times}}</ref> and "Stunning Revelation: West Indies' Cricket captain, Darren Sammy, is a Tamil Brahmin!".<ref>{{cite web|title=Stunning revelation: West Indies' cricket captain, Darren Sammy, is a Tam brahm!!!|url=http://www.theunrealtimes.com/2011/12/10/stunning1-revelation-west-indian-cricket-captain-darren-sammy-is-a-tam-bahm|publisher=The UnReal Times}}</ref> The website became inactive on 30 November 2016 shortly after the [[2016 United States Presidential Election]] and the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Satire website 'The UnReal Times' shuts down; is rising intolerance the reason? |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/satire-website-the-unreal-times-shuts-down-website-is-rising-intolerance-the-reason/459421/ |accessdate=5 February 2019 |work=Financial Express |date=29 November 2016}}</ref>

In 2017, URT columnist Ashwin Kumar launched a weekly satire series titled ''Unreal Missions'' that ran for ten episodes.<ref>{{cite web |title=The UnReal Times on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/TheUnRealTimes/status/899490477640007681 |publisher=Twitter |accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref>

==Features and columnists==
The UnReal Times features a variety of article formats including fake news reports, mock transcripts of cabinet meetings and cricket dressing room conversations, picture series, fake Facebook wall snippets, fake Tweet series and videos. The picture series format is particularly popular among readers, and the columnist responsible for its popularity, Ashwin Kumar, is regarded as one of the top writers in this genre.<ref>{{cite news|title=Not just for laughs|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nxg/not-just-for-laughs/article5044722.ece|work=The Hindu | location=Chennai, India|first=Uthra|last=Nagarajan|date=2013-08-21}}</ref> Other popular columnists are Ajayendar Reddy, whose article on Dr. [[Raghuram Rajan]] was referenced in mainstream media,<ref>{{cite news|title=Raghuram's handsomeness averts India's crisis|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-16/edit-page/42113443_1_food-inflation-gold-imports-raghuram-rajan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919142734/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-16/edit-page/42113443_1_food-inflation-gold-imports-raghuram-rajan|url-status=dead|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Raman|first=Kripa|title=The new Rajan|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/cover-story/The-new-Rajan/articleshow/22236192.cms|work=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bose|first=Adrija|title=How 'Rockstar' Rajan is storming Twitter, Tumblr|url=http://www.firstpost.com/economy/how-rockstar-rajan-is-storming-twitter-tumblr-1089447.html|work=FirstPost|date=6 September 2013 }}</ref> Anand Walunjkar, Divya Srikanth, Lokesh Bahety, Pankaj Vaidya, Pritam Chatterjee, and Srini Chandra. Some columnists write under pen names, among them are D-MAN, Hitler Swamy, MedWarrior and Insane Insaan. The editors write under the pen name UnReal Mama.

==Media coverage==
The UnReal Times has been mentioned in mainstream media several times:

* ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' magazine, in one of its articles, said, "...on the other hand, it has also inspired some brilliant satire in web magazines like The UnReal Times which almost daily brings out rollicking spoofs on the Gandhis and Congress luminaries..."<ref>{{cite web|last=Bose|first=Ajoy|title=The Mango Harvest|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?282656|publisher=Outlook}}</ref>
* ''[[India Today]]'' in a feature on The UnReal Times says, "Do we have the ability to laugh at ourselves? Two IIMA graduates are testing our humour quotient with a website that pokes fun at all and sundry, especially politicians..."<ref>{{cite web|last=Chaturvedi|first=Devika|title=The Ideas Factory: With Malice for All |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/20120507-ideas-factory-with-malice-for-all-karthik-laxman-cs-krishna-758213-2012-04-26|publisher=India Today}}</ref>
* ''Firstpost'' based one of its articles on an UnReal Times spoof titled "Kejriwal widens attacks, demands thorough probe into how Priyanka Gandhi could fall for a chap like Vadra".<ref>{{cite web|last=Chaudhry|first=Lakshmi|title=The Robert Vadra mystery: Forget property, how did he acquire Priyanka?|date=9 October 2012 |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/the-robert-vadra-mystery-forget-property-how-did-he-acquire-priyanka-484188.html|publisher=FirstPost.com}}</ref>
* ''[[The Economist]]'' cited articles from The Unreal Times in its article on [[political satire]] in India <ref>{{cite news|last=Banyan|title=All the news that's fit to fake|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2013/05/satire-india|newspaper=The Economist|accessdate=21 May 2013|date=2013-05-21}}</ref>

The UnReal Times or its articles have also been featured or linked to in DNA,<ref>{{cite web|last=Chaturvedi|first=Devika|title=Will the real Imran Khan|url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=1/woAGJHBIseHQOgLIYnBjbCol42uDojFxRcpZLoAEk=|publisher=DNA}}</ref> ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'',<ref>{{cite news|last=Rakic|first=Josh|title=Gold Coast contest could leave Slater high and dry |url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/gold-coast-contest-could-leave-slater-high-and-dry-20120305-1uedm.html|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> ''[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]''<ref>{{cite news|last=Choudhury|first=Chandrahas|title=India's Ultimate Insider Tries for Outsider Status|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-22/india-s-ultimate-insider-tries-for-outsider-status.html|publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> and ''[[New York Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Timmons|first=Heather|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/27/parody-or-actual-government-of-india-statement/?_r=0|work=New York Times|title=Parody, or Actual Government of India Statement?|date=2012-08-27}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In August 2011, The UnReal Times released a video titled Manmohan Singham, featuring Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh (morphed over Singham protagonist [[Ajay Devgn]]) as an action hero fighting evils such as inflation, corruption, terrorism and so on. The video went viral on Facebook and Twitter, and was also shared by Ajay Devgn on his Twitter and Facebook page. However, Congress party workers in some states filed complaints with cyber crime cells of their respective states.<ref name="auto"/>

In early 2013, an UnReal Times article on [[Indian Institute of Planning and Management|IIPM]] founder [[Arindam Chaudhuri]] titled "Dare to think beyond Google: Arindam Chaudhuri launches Ponytail Search" was blocked by the Department of Telecom along with over 70 other URLs on the basis of a court order after Arindam Chaudhari sought legal action against pages critical of his organization.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/call-me-ugly-but-dont-attack-my-business-says-arindam-chaudhari-629759.html|title=Call me ugly but don't attack my business, says Arindam Chaudhari|work=Firstpost|date=19 February 2013 }}</ref>

== Books ==
In April 2014, the founders of The UnReal Times launched ''Unreal Elections'' a satirical novel published by [[Penguin Random House]]. The book traces key political events in the year leading to General Elections 2014 with imaginative and fictitious accounts of backroom machinations, eventually resulting in an unexpected climax towards the end. The book received positive reviews in mainstream media - [[Business Standard]] wrote that the book "will leave you breathless with waves of irresistible and uncontrollable laughter".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/unreal-elections-an-unnaturally-incisive-view-of-the-2014-polls-book-review-114041900269_1.html | work=Business Standard | title='Unreal Elections' : An unnaturally incisive view of the 2014 polls (Book Review)}}</ref> Mid-day.com wrote: "Be prepared to laugh a lot at the humorous proceedings but also to feel a tinge of sadness about the murkiness of politics".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/unreal-elections/15240070 | work=Mid-day | title=Unreal Elections}}</ref>

In 2016, a second novel titled ''UnReal Aliens'' was released. The book was a satirical take on aliens visiting India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Unreal Aliens book review: Alienation? The Alien visit and invasion of Modi's India |url=https://www.india.com/life/unreal-aliens-book-review-alienation-the-alien-visit-and-invasion-of-modis-india-1630127/ |accessdate=5 February 2019 |work=IANS |publisher=India.com |date=5 November 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of satirical magazines]]
* [[List of satirical news websites]]
* [[List of satirical television news programs]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.theunrealtimes.com/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unreal Times, The}}
[[Category:Indian comedy websites]]
[[Category:Indian satirical websites]]
[[Category:News blogs]]
[[Category:Parodies]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2011]]

Mary Reed (missionary)

2026-01-10T14:05:22Z

VetaPmc978:

{{Short description|American Christian missionary}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Mary Reed
| honorific-suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Mary Reed (Mary Reed, missionary to the lepers, 1900).png
| alt =
| caption = Reed in 1900
| religion = Christianity
| denomination = [[Methodist Episcopal Church]]
| school =
| lineage =
| sect =
| subsect =
| temple =
| order =
| institute =
| church = 
| founder =
| philosophy =
| known_for =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| other_names = 
| dharma_names = 
| monastic_name =
| pen_name =
| posthumous_name =
| nationality = 
| flourished =
| home_town =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1854
| birth_place = [[Lowell, Ohio]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death year and age|1943|1854}}
| death_place = Chandag, [[Pithoragarh]], India
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| mother =
| father =
| location =
| title =
| period =
| consecration =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| reason =
| rank =
| teacher = 
| reincarnation_of =
| students = 
| initiated =
| works = 
| ordination =
| initiation =
| initiation_date =
| initiation_place =
| initiator =
| profession = missionary to lepers
| previous_post =
| present_post =
| post = India
| website = 
| signature = Mary Reed signature (Mary Reed, missionary to the lepers, 1899).png
| background = 
| awards = [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]]
}}
'''Mary Reed''' (1854–1943) was an American [[Christian mission]]ary to India. For the first ten years of her career, she worked as a school teacher in her home state of [[Ohio]]. In 1884, she went to India as a missionary of the [[Cincinnati]] Branch of the [[Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church]], and entered upon [[zenana missions]] work at [[Kanpur|Cawnpore]]. In 1890, she became conscious of a strange physical disability, and thinking that her health was failing, returned to the U.S. on a furlough. While recovering in Cincinnati came the dread suspicion and subsequent discovery that the malady was [[leprosy]]. At first, she was overwhelmed with the realization, but she quickly decided to give her life to work among the lepers in India, and her thoughts turned to [[Pithoragarh]], among the foothills of the [[Himalayas]], at the base of Chandag Heights, where a group of lepers lived in whom she had already become interested. Her suspicions as to the nature of her disease were confirmed by every specialist she consulted. She kept the diagnosis a secret, however, from her family, with the exception of one sister, and returned to India in 1891. Proceeding to Pithoragarh, Reed informed her family and friends by letter of her purpose, and her reason for choosing this service. Thereafter, she conducted her important work at Chandag, and built up an institution which in many respects was a model of order and well-arranged facilities. Reed continued to work among the lepers of India until her death in 1943.<ref name="Christian-1897" /> She was a recipient of the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]].

==Early life==
Mary Reed was born in [[Lowell, Ohio]], in 1854.<ref name="Jackson-1900" /><ref name="BU">{{cite web |title=Reed, Mary (1854–1943) |publisher= History of Missiology, Boston University |url=https://www.bu.edu/missiology/2020/02/21/reed-mary-1854-1943/ |website=www.bu.edu |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref>{{efn|According to Logan (1912), Reed was born in [[Crooked Tree, Ohio]].<ref name="Logan-1912" />}}{{efn|Dennis (1897) records her year of birth as 1857,<ref name="Christian-1897">{{cite book |last1=Dennis |first1=James S. (James Shepard) |title=Christian missions and social progress; a sociological study of foreign missions |date=1897 |publisher=New York, F. H. Revell |url=https://archive.org/details/christianmissi02denn/page/441 |access-date=30 May 2022 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref> while the International Leprosy Association records her year of birth as 1858.<ref name="Leprosyhistory">{{cite web |title=Mary Reed |url=https://leprosyhistory.org/database/person76 |website=leprosyhistory.org |publisher=International Leprosy Association – History of Leprosy |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref> }} She was the first daughter in a family of four brothers and four sisters.<ref name="Jackson-1900" />

At 16, she became a Christian.<ref name="TheWestern-1897" />

==Career==
===Public school teacher===
At the age of 18, she became a public school teacher, and taught for 10 years in [[Ohio]].<ref name="TheWestern-1897" />

She often felt a desire to enter the foreign mission field, but considered herself too unworthy and inefficient. Eventually, she shed the doubts, obtained the consent of her parents, resigned her position as teacher, and offered herself to the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society.<ref name="TheWestern-1897">{{cite journal |title=OUR BENEVOLENCES. MARY REED. |journal=The Western Christian Advocate |date=February 17, 1897 |volume=64 |pages=203–04 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BydFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA203 |access-date=29 May 2022 |publisher=C. Holliday and J.F. Wright |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref> Reed was moved by some compelling claim to give her life to India. She had heard of the narrow lives women were forced to live, confined within [[zenana]]s, with little or no occupation to relieve their monotonous days. Their condition of arrested growth, deprived of athletic development, awakened a responsive interest in the mind of Reed, as she taught boys and girls in the public schools in Ohio.<ref name="Luther-1921" />

===Zenanas===
She reached India in 1884. At the Society's North India Conference in January, 1885, Reed was allocated to Cawnpore, Uttar Pradesh on the [[Ganges]],<ref name="Luther-1921" /><ref name="Logan-1912" /> for work in the zenanas of the city.<ref name="Jackson-1900" />
[[File:The meeting of heaven and earth.jpg|thumb|200px|Pithoragarh]]
At this juncture, her health gave way, and a period of rest and change became necessary. Pithoragarh, in the bracing climate of the Himalayas, was selected for the purpose. Here she spent a few weeks of preparation for the work then awaiting her. In addition to study of the language, and observation of missionary work being carried on in the neighbourhood,<ref name="Jackson-1900" /> she had an opportunity of seeing the spot in which was to be erected an asylum for lepers, and she learned of their sufferings. With restored health, she gladly returned to Cawnpore to enter upon the work to which she had been appointed, remaining for four years.<ref name="TheWestern-1897" /><ref name="Logan-1912" /><ref name="Luther-1921" /><ref name="Jackson-1900" />

===Girls' Boarding School teacher===
From Cawnpore she was transferred to [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh]], where for 12 months, she taught in the Girls' Boarding School. By this time, her health was seriously undermined, and in January, 1890, she returned to the U.S. in search of renewed strength for further service.<ref name="Jackson-1900" /><ref name="TheWestern-1897" /><ref name="Logan-1912" /><ref name="Luther-1921" />

===Furlough===
In Cincinnati, she underwent a lengthy course of treatment, including at least one operation, but without the hoped-for restoration. Amongst the symptoms, which for some time completely baffled her physicians, were a constant tingling pain in the fore-finger of the right hand, and later, a strange spot on one cheek, near the ear.<ref name="Jackson-1900" />

After searching such medical books as she could lay her hands upon, she confided her suspicions to her physician and to one friend (the Cincinnati secretary of her Society). Her fears that it was leprosy were confirmed by her doctor, but as his knowledge of the disease was purely theoretical, he transferred his patient to [[New York City]] as soon as Reed was fit for the journey. In New York, she was examined by a specialist who had studied the disease in the [[Hawaiian Islands|Sandwich Islands]]. His verdict confirmed her own suspicion that she had fallen a victim to leprosy.<ref name="Jackson-1900" /><ref name="Luther-1921" />

Desiring to spare her family the pain the knowledge must have brought to them, she kept them, with the single exception of her sister Rena, in ignorance of the diagnosis.<ref name="Jackson-1900" /> Reed insisted on returning to India.<ref name="TheWestern-1897" /><ref name="Logan-1912" /><ref name="Luther-1921" />

On her return trip, Reed left New York, crossing the Atlantic in the same steamer which carried the [[Epworth League]] pilgrims to England in 1891. She arrived in [[London]] with her letters of introduction to two eminent specialists, who both confirmed the decision of the American physician.<ref name="Jackson-1900" />

In London, Reed met a young woman school-teacher from [[New England]], whose companionship she greatly enjoyed, and with whom she traveled in Europe, though [[Paris]], as far as [[Lake Lucerne]].<ref name="TheWestern-1897" />

===Work with lepers===
In September 1891, a Scottish organization, the Mission to Lepers in India and the East, was approached on behalf of Reed, with a view to finding her a sphere of service among her fellow patients. This Mission carried on work among lepers in 34 centers in India, Burma, Ceylon, and China, establishing and maintaining leper asylums.<ref name="TheWestern-1897" /> A letter from Bishop [[James Mills Thoburn]], the Superintendent in India of the Methodist Episcopal Church, first informed the committee of this new worker, but whose name was, for the time being, withheld. In writing to propose that Reed be appointed Superintendent of the Asylum at Pithoragarh, Bishop Thoburn said: {{blockquote| "It is a hard thing to say, and yet it does look as if Providence was sending her to a very needy people who otherwise could receive no help. The district in which Pithoragarh is located, that is, Eastern Kumaun, has more lepers in proportion to its population than any other district in India; at least, so the census indicates. It is a mystery how she ever contracted the disease. She accepts her fate, and feels that she is set apart for the poor creatures who are similarly afflicted in Eastern Kumaun.}} Shortly after this, the U.S. newspapers made Reed's name public, together with such particulars as could be collected or invented. A deep impression was created on the mind of the public, eliciting much sympathy.<ref name="Jackson-1900" />

In the meantime, while waiting the decision of the committee, Reed found a welcome resting place at Pithora with Miss A. M. Budden, who, together with her sister and preceded by their devoted father, had done faithful service among the women, the children, and the lepers of that district.<ref name="Jackson-1900" />

The committee decision came: they were glad to be able to act on the recommendations of Thoburn and Budden, and to appoint Reed to the superintendence of their Asylum for Lepers at Chandag.<ref name="Jackson-1900" />

From [[Mumbai|Bombay]], Reed wrote to her sister:— "I shall have the joy of ministering to a class of people, who, but for the preparation which has been mine for this special task, would have no helper at all." Her mother was not told of her condition until Reed reached India.<ref name="TheWestern-1897" /><ref name="Logan-1912" /><ref name="Luther-1921" />

Reed climbed {{convert|6400|feet}} above sea level, up to Chandag Heights in the Himalayas, where her bungalow was being built, to meet, for the first time, the men, women, and children who were to be her future charge. The disabled people assembled while she told them briefly of the circumstances that brought her to them. At the time, the lepers were housed in huts and stables and other quarters inadequate for their comfort. Reed's first move was to secure proper accommodation for the people.<ref name="Luther-1921" />
[[File:Home of Mary Reed, Chandag Heights, India (Christian missions and social progress, 1897).png|thumb|Reed's home, Chandag Heights, India]]
Reed purchased additional land, and in the course of time, built two good sized structures, accommodating 60 men and boys, three smaller ones for women and children, an isolation hospital for extreme cases with a dispensary attached. There were four other buildings, one of which was the little bungalow fitted up for Reed's occupancy,<ref name="TheWestern-1897" /> which she named "Sunny Crest Cottage".<ref name="GFA">{{cite web |title=1854–1943 Mary Reed |url=https://gfamissions.org/mary-reed/ |website=gfamissions.org |publisher=Gospel Fellowship Association Missions |access-date=30 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Luther-1921" /> A stone-wall, {{convert|3|feet}} high enclosed the property which {{convert|66|acres}}.<ref name="Luther-1921" />

She explored the mountains for a water supply, and in an out-of-the-way place discovered a spring of clear water, which skilled engineers connected with the asylum. With flower seed sent from the U.S. she filled the mountainside with blossoms. A vegetable garden and small chicken yard helped the food supply, which was always uncertain in this famine zone of the world. Reed was housekeeper, head nurse, chaplain, secretary and bookkeeper, all in one. With several native assistants, she looked after the diet and simple medical treatment of her patients, taught them to read and held religious services, prayer groups and Bible classes among them. In five years' time, 67 out of 85 converted Christianity.<ref name="Luther-1921" />

In addition to the work among the lepers, at one time, Reed was district missionary for the [[Methodist Episcopal Church]], and supervised six village schools and three Sunday Schools, directed a group of Bible women and taught pupils in their homes. Riding or walking, she covered a circumference of {{convert|40|miles}}.<ref name="Luther-1921" />

==Personal life==
[[File:Mary Reed (Mary Reed, missionary to the lepers, 1899).png|thumb|Mary Reed]]
While working diligently among the lepers, Reed received treatment herself.<ref name="Logan-1912">{{cite book |last1=Logan |first1=Mrs John A. |title=The Part Taken by Women in American History |date=1912 |publisher=Perry-Nalle publishing Company |page=515 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hnIEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA515 |access-date=29 May 2022 |language=en |chapter=MARY REED}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref>

Early in 1892, a missionary wrote that Reed suffered constantly and was highly sensitive. For the first six months after Reed's arrival at Pithora, the disease made rapid progress, and she suffered intense pain most of the time. In September, 1893, she wrote:— "My good health is a marvel to all." On July 11, 1896, she wrote:— "As for my health, it is simply marvelous." Then, in August, she wrote again: "I could not tie myself down to my writing-desk this morning till I first sat down at my organ and played and sang."<ref name="TheWestern-1897" /> Outward traces of the disease disappeared so completely that physicians pronounced her practically cured, although she herself was at times conscious of its presence in her system. For thirty years, she worked from 12 to 14 hours a day, and in the year 1920, was told by her friends that she never looked so well in her life.<ref name="Luther-1921">{{cite journal |last1=Sease |first1=Rosalyn Summer |title=GIRL WHO CONSECRETATED HER HANDICAP (MARY REED) (MISSIONARY) |journal=Luther League Review |date=1921 |volume=34 |pages=26–27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSERAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA12-PA26 |access-date=29 May 2022 |publisher=Luther League of America |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref>

By 1899, Reed's health was noted to be quite improved.<ref name="BU" /> By many, it was thought that the physicians were mistaken in pronouncing the disease leprosy, but that it must have been an aggravated form of an [[Dermatitis|eczema]], which was prevalent in India.<ref name="TheWestern-1897" /> However, the leprosy returned in 1932.<ref name="BU" />

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Mary Reed, missionary to the lepers (IA cu31924090985247).pdf|thumb|''Mary Reed, missionary to the lepers'']]
In 1900, Reed's biography was published by the missionary, John Jackson (1853–1917),<ref name="Jackson-1900">{{cite web |last1=Jackson |first1=John |title=Mary Reed, missionary to the lepers |url=https://archive.org/details/maryreedmissiona1900jack |publisher=New York, Chicago, [etc.] Fleming H. Revell company |access-date=29 May 2022 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution |date=1900}}</ref> a secretary of the ([[Edinburgh]]) "Mission to Lepers".<ref name="Woman-1900">{{cite journal |title=Books Received |journal=Woman's Work for Woman |date=February 1900 |volume=15 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pcAaYWwLSgC&pg=PA53 |access-date=29 May 2022 |publisher=Woman's Foreign Missionary Societies of the Presbyterian Church |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref>

Mary Reed died in Chandag, India, in 1943,<ref name="BU" /> sometime before May 27.<ref name="NewsJournal-27may1943">{{cite news |title=Dave Boone Says |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/293516532/?terms=Mary%20Reed&match=1 |access-date=30 May 2022 |work=News-Journal |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=27 May 1943 |location=Mansfield, Ohio |page=10 |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
* 1917, Kaisar-i-Hind gold medal, awarded by the Government of India<ref name="BU" /><ref name="Leprosyhistory" />

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* John Jackson, ''Mary Reed, Missionary to Lepers''. London, 1899. ([https://archive.org/details/maryreedmissiona1900jack Text])
* E Mackerchar, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MH5KtAEACAAJ Mary Reed of Chandag. Mission to Lepers]'', 1960?
* Alfred Donald Miller, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ysJIPAAACAAJ All My Mountains: an Easter Diary of a Visit to M. Reed of Chandag Heights]''. London, 1943.

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reed, Mary}}
[[Category:1854 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:American Methodist missionaries]]
[[Category:Methodist missionaries in India]]
[[Category:People from Washington County, Ohio]]
[[Category:People from Pithoragarh]]
[[Category:Female Christian missionaries]]
[[Category:Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church]]
[[Category:Zenana missions]]
[[Category:American missionaries in India]]

Raorchestes sanctisilvaticus

2025-12-18T04:12:47Z

VetaPmc978: Created Bio

{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Indraneil Das, Sushil Dutta, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, S.P. Vijayakumar |date=2004 |title=''Raorchestes sanctisilvaticus'' |volume=2004 |article-number=e.T58897A11846368 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58897A11846368.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Raorchestes sanctisilvaticus
| authority = ([[Indraneil Das|Das]] and Chanda, 1997<ref>{{cite journal |author=Das, I. |author2=S. K. Chanda |name-list-style=amp |year=1997 |title=''Philautus sanctisilvaticus'' (Anura: Rhacophoridae), a new frog from the sacred groves of Amarkantak, central India |journal=Hamadryad |location=Madras |volume=22 |pages=21–27}}</ref>
| synonyms =
* ''Philautus sanctisilvaticus'' Das and Chanda, 1997
* ''Philautus sanctipalustris'' Das and Chanda, 1997 [lapsus]
* ''Philautus similipalensis'' Dutta, 2003
* ''Philautus terebrans'' Das & Chanda, 1998
* ''Raorchestes terebrans'' (Das & Chanda, 1998)
}}

'''''Raorchestes sanctisilvaticus''''', also known as the '''sacred grove bushfrog''', '''sacred grove bush frog''' or '''Similipal bush frog''', is a critically endangered species of [[frog]] in the family [[Rhacophoridae]].

==Distribution and habitat==
It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to India and only known from the [[Kapildhara Falls]] near [[Amarkantak]], in the [[Madhya Pradesh]] state and Gurguria, in the Similipal Biosphere Reserve (near or in the [[Simlipal National Park]]), [[Odisha]] state in south-eastern India.<ref name=frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Philautus/Philautus-sanctisilvaticus |title=''Philautus sanctisilvaticus'' Das and Chanda, 1997 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2014 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref>

Its natural [[habitat]] is old growth tropical moist, semi-evergreen and mesic forest. It has been found underneath rotten sal (''[[Shorea robusta]]'') leaves, and in loose leaf-covered soil and inside rotten logs, close to riverbanks, and likely in tropical dry forest. It is threatened by [[habitat loss]] caused by harvesting of wood for subsistence purposes, infrastructure development for tourism, and fires.<ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021" />

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q737489|from2=Q2701884|from3=Q28064329}}

[[Category:Raorchestes|sanctisilvaticus]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 1997]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]

{{Rhacophoridae-stub}}

Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise

2025-12-18T01:57:38Z

VetaPmc978:

{{Short description|Government department of Tamil Nadu state, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Government agency
| agency_name = Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise (Tamil Nadu)
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo = TamilNadu Logo.svg
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| formed = 1811
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| headquarters = [[Chennai]]
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| minister1_pfo = Chief Minister and Minister for Home Department
| minister2_name = [[S. Muthusamy]]
| minister2_pfo = Minister for Prohibition and Excise Department
| chief1_name = P Amudha, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = Home Secretary and Additional Chief Secretary, Home, Prohibition & Excise
| parent_agency = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = [http://www.tn.gov.in/department/14 Home, Prohibition and Excise Department]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise''' is one of the [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments|departments]] of [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

== Sub-divisions==
The following departments and wings function under the administrative control of the department.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/pdf/home_prohibition.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|title=Organizations under Home, Prohibition and Excise Department|access-date=30 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/department/14|title=Home, Prohibition and Excise Department|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
;Home
* [[Tamil Nadu Police|Police]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services|Fire and Rescue Services]]
* Forensic Sciences
* Prisons
* Transport
* Courts
* Cinemas
* Citizenship
* Prosecution

;Prohibition and Excise
* The Commissionerate of Prohibition and Excise
* The Prohibition Enforcement Wing
* [[Tamil Nadu State Marketing Corporation|Tamil Nadu State Marketing Corporation (TASMAC)]]
* The Narcotics Intelligence Bureau (NIB)

== Ministers ==
;Home
* [[M. K. Stalin]] (2021–)
* [[O. Panneerselvam]] (2016–17)
* [[J. Jayalalithaa]] (2011–16)
* [[M. Karunanidhi]] (2006–11)

;Prohibition and Excise
*[[V. Senthil Balaji]] (2024–)
* [[S. Muthusamy]] (2023–24)
* [[V. Senthil Balaji]] (2022–23)
* [[P. Thangamani]] (2016–21)
* [[Natham R. Viswanathan|R. Viswanathan]] (2011–16)

== See also ==
* [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments]]
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* [http://www.tn.gov.in/department/14 Official Website of the Tamil Nadu Home, Prohibition and Excise Department]
* [http://www.tn.gov.in Official website of Government of Tamil Nadu]

{{Government of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Government Departments of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Law enforcement in India}}

[[Category:Government departments of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:State taxation in India]]
[[Category:1811 establishments in India]]

Pankaj Pushkar

2025-12-12T17:51:20Z

VetaPmc978: quick corrected details for clarity also and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Pankaj Pushkar
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Timarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Timarpur]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]
| term_start = Feb. 2015
| term_end = Feb. 2020
| successor = [[Dilip Pandey]]
| constituency2 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency3 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| constituency4 =
| office4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| constituency5 =
| office5 =
| term_start5 =
| term_end5 =
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 =
| constituency6 =
| office6 =
| term_start6 =
| term_end6 =
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|5|4}}<ref name="Member Profile">{{cite news|title=Member Profile|publisher=Legislative Assembly official website|accessdate=29 May 2016|url=http://delhiassembly.nic.in/aspfile/whos_who/VIthAssembly/WhosWho/PankajPushkar.htm}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Gajraula]]<ref name="Member Profile"/>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| birthname =
| parents = Prem Parkash Pushkar (father)<ref name="Member Profile"/>
| citizenship =
| nationality = Indian
| party = Aam Aadmi Party<ref name="Member Profile"/>
| otherparty =
| spouse = Medha (wife)
| partner =
| relations =
| children = 1 daughter
| residence = Delhi
| alma_mater = [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]]<ref name="Candidate affidavit">{{cite news|title=Candidate affidavit|publisher=My neta.info|accessdate=29 May 2016|url=https://myneta.info/delhi2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=89}}</ref>
| occupation =
| profession = Politician & [[Teacher]]
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| predecessor = [[Harish Khanna (politician)|Harish Khanna]]
}}
'''Pankaj Pushkar''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]] in India.<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/> He is a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for the [[Timarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Timarpur]] constituency of Delhi and is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="2015 Election Results">{{cite news|title=2015 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=29 May 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2015/StatReportDelhi_AE2015.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from constituency|publisher=elections.in|accessdate=29 May 2016|url=https://www.elections.in/delhi/assembly-constituencies/timarpur.html}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Pankaj Pushkar was born in [[Gajraula]]. He attended the [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]] and attained [[Master of Arts]] degree.<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/><ref name="Member Profile"/>

==Political career==
Pankaj Pushkar has been a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for one term. He represented the [[Timarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Timarpur]] constituency and is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/><ref name="Member Profile"/>

On 1 September 2015, he protested against his own party over their neglecting the demands of the people of his constituency on dengue deaths. Pushkar led a march to the [[Chief Minister of Delhi]], [[Arvind Kejriwal]]'s residence and protested. Pushkar attempted to meet the Chief Minister and hand over a memorandum but was prevented by the police from doing so. He also accused the government of not being sensitive to backward castes.<ref name="MLA leads march to CM’s residence">{{cite news|title=MLA leads march to CM's residence|publisher=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|accessdate=10 Sep 2015|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/news/delhi/mla-leads-march-to-cm-s-residence/88207.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/AAP-MLA-protests-against-Delhi-government/articleshow/48758157.cms |title=AAP MLA protests against Delhi government - The Times of India |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901165307/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/AAP-MLA-protests-against-Delhi-government/articleshow/48758157.cms |archive-date=2015-09-01}} </ref><ref name="Sangam Vihar residents march up to CM's house">{{cite news|title=Sangam Vihar residents march up to CM's house|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|accessdate=10 Sep 2015|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/sangam-vihar-residents-march-up-to-cm-s-house/129735.html}}</ref><ref name="One man show makes AAP a rampant dictatorship">{{cite news|title=One man show makes AAP a rampant dictatorship|publisher=Big News Network|accessdate=10 Sep 2015|url=http://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/236320755/one-man-show-makes-aap-a-rampant-dictatorship-says-satish-upadhyay}}</ref>

On 18 October 2015, Pushkar accused the Delhi government of "suppressing" his voice in the Assembly and said there were "permanent barricades" between the ministers and the public in the capital.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/aap-mla-pankaj-pushkar-accuses-delhi-govt-of-suppressing-voice_1811774.html | title=AAP MLA Pankaj Pushkar accuses Delhi govt of 'suppressing' voice | Delhi News | date=18 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || Feb. 2015 || Feb. 2020 || Member, [[Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]] ||
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
*[[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Government of India]]
*[[Politics of India]]
*[[Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]
*[[Timarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pushkar, Pankaj}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from New Delhi]]

Home Shanti

2025-10-23T05:24:13Z

VetaPmc978: adding the stub w/ sources

{{short description|2022 Indian comedy-drama web television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date = May 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Home Shanti poster.jpg
| caption = Official Release Poster
| genre = [[Comedy]] [[Drama]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer =
| story = {{plainlist|
*[[Nidhi Bisht]]
*Akshay Asthana
*Akanksha Dua
*Mayank Pandey
*Nikhil Sachan
*Saurabh Khanna}}
| screenplay =
| director = Akanksha Dua
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Manoj Pahwa]]
*[[Supriya Pathak]]
*Chakori Dwivedi
*Poojan Chhabra
*Happy Ranajit}}
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| executive_producer = [[Sameer Saxena (filmmaker)|Sameer Saxena]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
*Amit Gilani
*[[Biswapati Sarkar]]
*[[Sameer Saxena (filmmaker)|Sameer Saxena]]
*Saurabh Khanna}}
| cinematography = Dhirendra Shukla
| editor = Ashutosh Matela
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime =
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = 
| last_aired =
| list_episodes =
| image_alt =
| theme_music_composer =
| company = Posham Pa Pictures
| related =
}}
'''''Home Shanti''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language family [[comedy drama]] series written and directed by Akanksha Dua. The series premiered on 6 May 2022 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. It stars [[Supriya Pathak]], [[Manoj Pahwa]], Chakori Dwivedi and Poojan Chhabra.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/supriya-pathak-manoj-pahwa-starrer-home-shanti-gets-a-release-date-news-193252/amp|title=Supriya Pathak, Manoj Pahwa-Starrer 'Home Shanti' Gets A Release Date|publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date = 26 Apr 2022 | access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/supriya-pathak-sheds-light-on-her-home-shanti-character/articleshow/91142055.cms|title=Supriya Pathak sheds light on her 'Home Shanti' character|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date = 26 Apr 2022 |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref>

==Plot==
A middle class Joshi family wants to build a house of their own in [[Dehradun]] area. The series talks about the ups and downs the family faces during the construction of their dream house.

==Reception==
Reviewers praised the acting of Manoj Pahwa and Supriya Pathak, and called the series as a whole "relatable and mildly amusing" (''Indian Express'') and "trapped within the four walls of averageness" (''NDTV'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/home-shanti-review-designed-to-squeeze-last-ounce-of-mirth-from-middle-class-minutiae-2953861 |title=Home Shanti Review: Designed To Squeeze Last Ounce Of Mirth From Middle-Class Minutiae |publisher= NDTV | date = 7 May 2022 |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/home-shanti-review-supriya-pathak-manoj-pahwa-series-comes-off-as-gullak-lite-7903846/ |title=Home Shanti review: Supriya Pathak, Manoj Pahwa series comes off as Gullak lite |publisher= Indian Express| date = 7 May 2022 |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Supriya Pathak]] as Sarla Joshi
* [[Manoj Pahwa]] as Umesh Joshi Sujan
* Chakori Dwivedi as Jigyasa Joshi
* Poojan Chhabra as Naman Joshi
* Happy Ranajit as Pappu Pathak
* Arnav Bhasin as inexperienced architect ''in Episode 2''
* [[Nidhi Bisht]] as [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate|SDM]] ''in Episode 4''
* Biswapati Sarkar as Corrupt government officer ''in Episode 4''
* [[Rakesh Bedi]] ''in Episode 5''
* Sameer Saxena as Poet Muradabadi ''in Episode 5''
* [[Neha Tomar]] as Akshara Mehta
* Amarjeet Singh as Shankar Dhoni
* Neelu Dogra as Gulatan
* [[Yamini Singh (Hindi actress)|Yamini Singh]] as Mehtan

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table|background=#053ba1 |overall=|title=|writer=|director=Deepak Kumar Mishra|airdate=3 July 2020|episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Joshis ka Bhoomi Pujan
|DirectedBy = Akanksha Dua
|WrittenBy = Mayank Pandey / Saurabh Khanna
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|05|06}}
|ShortSummary = Sarla Joshi eagerly looks forward to the bhoomi pujan, thanks to her thorough planning. But her husband and children have other respective priorities. Sujan is more interested in watching a cricket match and their daughter is planning a camping trip for herself.
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Ghar ka Naksha
|DirectedBy = Akanksha Dua
|WrittenBy = Mayank Pandey / Saurabh Khanna
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|05|06}}
|ShortSummary = The floor planning of the new house goes for a toss as Sarla and Umesh demand a study. Naman demands a private gym and Jigyasa a personal attached bathroom. It is not possible that all of them cannot have their way.
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Deewaaron ki Taraai
|DirectedBy = Akanksha Dua
|WrittenBy = Akshay Asthana
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|05|06}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Ghar ka Lanter
|DirectedBy = Akanksha Dua
|WrittenBy = Akshay Asthana / Saurabh Khanna / Nikhil Sachan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|05|06}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Budget ke Bahar Wale Interiors
|DirectedBy = Akanksha Dua
|WrittenBy = Akshay Asthana / Saurabh Khanna
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|05|06}}
|ShortSummary =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Happy Annisary
|DirectedBy = Akanksha Dua
|WrittenBy = Akshay Asthana / Saurabh Khanna
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|05|06}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 053ba1
}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt19862474}}

[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]

Sir William Peel Island

2025-10-20T13:51:54Z

VetaPmc978: adding basic pg nd citations

{{Short description|Island of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Peel Island
| native_name =
| native_name_link =
| native_name_lang =
| sobriquet = Sir William Peel Island
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands#India
| map_alt =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12|05|N|92|59|E|region:IN-AN_type:isle_dim:50000|display=inline,title}}
| etymology =
| location = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| archipelago = [[Andaman Islands]]
| waterbody = [[Indian Ocean]]
| total_islands = 1
| major_islands = {{hlist|Peel}}
| area_km2 = 23.7
| area_footnotes = <ref name="cit">{{cite web|url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf|title=Islandwise Area and Population - 2011 Census|publisher=Government of Andaman}}</ref>
| rank =
| length_km = 7.3
| width_km = 4.5
| coastline_km = 28.9
| elevation_m =
| elevation_footnotes =
| highest_mount =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[List of districts in India#Andaman and Nicobar (AN)|District]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[South Andaman district|South Andaman]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Island group]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Andaman Islands]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 = Island sub-group
| country_admin_divisions_2 = [[Ritchie's Archipelago]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_3 = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsil]]
| country_admin_divisions_3 = [[Port Blair|Port Blair Tehsil]]
| population = 0
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_rank_max =
| density_km2 =
| density_rank =
| density_footnotes =
| ethnic_groups =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 744211<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |title=A&N Islands - Pincodes |date=22 September 2016 |access-date=22 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323224041/http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |archive-date=23 March 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 031927 <ref name="allcodesindia">{{cite web|url=http://allcodesindia.in/stdcode/andaman+and+nicobar.php |publisher=allcodesindia.in|title=STD Codes of Andaman and Nicobar|accessdate=2016-09-23}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.and.nic.in/}}
| iso_code_type = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO code]]
| iso_code = IN-AN-00<ref>Registration Plate Numbers added to ISO Code</ref>
}}

'''Peel Island''' is an island of the [[Andaman Islands]]. It belongs to the [[South Andaman district|South Andaman]] administrative [[Districts of India|district]], part of the [[India]]n [[union territory]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref name="census">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-VillageDirectory/Directory/short_code_rural_35.pdf|title=Village Code Directory: Andaman & Nicobar Islands|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref>
The island lies {{convert|51|km|0|abbr=on}} to the North-East of [[Port Blair]].

==Etymology==
The island is named after [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[William Peel (Royal Navy officer)|Sir William Peel]] of the Royal Navy, who died in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].

==Geography==
The island is part of the [[Ritchie's Archipelago]] Group and is located between [[Nicholson Island (Ritchie's Archipelago)|Nicholson Island]] and [[John Lawrence Island]].

==Administration==
Politically, Peel Island is part of [[Port Blair]] [[Tehsils of India|Taluk]].<ref name="and">{{cite web|url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf |publisher=andssw1.and.nic.in|title=DEMOGRAPHIC – A&N ISLANDS |accessdate=2016-09-23}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The island is uninhabited.

==Image gallery==
<gallery widths=180>
File:Ritchies Archipelago locale.png|Outline map of the [[Andaman Islands]], with Ritchie's Archipelago highlighted (in red).
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Portal|India|Islands}}
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Ritchie's Archipelago}}
{{South Andaman district |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Ritchie's Archipelago]]
[[Category:Islands of South Andaman district]]
[[Category:Islands of the Andaman Sea]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of India]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Islands of the Bay of Bengal]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Peel Island}}

{{AndamanNicobar-geo-stub}}

Skimmia arborescens

2025-10-05T12:50:45Z

VetaPmc978: adding initial details w/ sources

{{Short description|Species of shrub}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN |author1=Ye, J. |author2=[[Botanic Gardens Conservation International|Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI)]] & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |year=2019 |title=''Skimmia arborescens'' |volume=2019 |article-number=e.T147648099A147648101 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147648099A147648101.en |access-date=8 February 2024}}</ref>
| taxon = Skimmia arborescens
| authority = [[Thomas Anderson (botanist)|T. Anderson]] ''ex'' [[James Sykes Gamble|Gamble]]
| synonyms = *''Skimmia euphlebia'' Merrill
*''Skimmia japonica'' var. ''euphlebia'' (Merrill) [[Nigel Paul Taylor|N. P. Taylor]]
*''Skimmia japonica'' var. ''kwangsiensis'' (C. C. Huang) N. P. Taylor
*''Skimmia kwangsiensis'' C. C. Huang.
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=FoC>{{cite book |editor-last1=Wu |editor-first1=Zhengyi |editor-last2=Raven |editor-first2=Peter H. |editor-last3=Hong |editor-first3=Deyuan |last1=Zhang |first1=Dianxiang |last2=Hartley |first2=Thomas G. |last3=Mabberley |first3=David J. |year=2008 |title=Flora of China: Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae |series=[[Flora of China (series)|Flora of China]] |publisher=[[China Science Publishing & Media|Science Press]] and [[Missouri Botanical Garden Press]] |volume=11 |page=79 |isbn=978-1-930723-73-3 |lccn=95164893}}</ref>
}}
'''''Skimmia arborescens''''', also known as '''{{transliteration|zh|qiao mu yin yu}}''' ({{Lang-zh|t=乔木茵芋}}), is a species of plant in the family [[Rutaceae]]. It is widely distributed in Asia, occurring in [[Bhutan]], [[China]] ([[Guangdong]], [[Guangxi]], [[Guizhou]], [[Sichuan]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], [[Yunnan]]), [[Hong Kong]], [[India]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[Thailand]], and [[Vietnam]].<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=FoC/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3335645}}

[[Category:Skimmia|arborescens]]
[[Category:Flora of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Least concern plants]]
[[Category:Taxa named by James Sykes Gamble]]
[[Category:Flora of Guangdong]]
[[Category:Flora of Guangxi]]
[[Category:Flora of Guizhou]]
[[Category:Flora of Sichuan]]
[[Category:Flora of Tibet]]
[[Category:Flora of Yunnan]]
[[Category:Flora of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Flora of India]]
[[Category:Flora of Laos]]
[[Category:Flora of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Flora of Nepal]]
[[Category:Flora of Thailand]]
[[Category:Flora of Vietnam]]

{{Rutaceae-stub}}

Bardha Dam

2025-08-10T20:28:02Z

VetaPmc978: new new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Bardha Dam
| image = Bardha Dam l Bundi l Rajasthan.jpg
| image_size = 250
| image_caption = View of Bardha Dam in Monsoon
| coordinates = {{coord|25.2510|N|75.6930|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Bundi district]], [[Rajasthan]]
| status = O
| construction_began =
| dam_type = G
| dam_height = {{Convert|21|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_length = {{Convert|200|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_crosses = Talera River
| purpose = I
}}
'''Bardha Dam''' is a [[gravity dam]] on the [[Talera]] river in the [[deoriya]] village of [[Bundi district|Bundi District]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It's a popular tourist destination in [[monsoon]] season where thousands of tourist come from different districts of [[Rajasthan]] state including [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Bundi district|Bundi]], [[Baran district|Baran]] [[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]], [[Bhilwara district|Bhilwara]] and [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=बरधा बांध में 20 हजार लोगों ने उठाया स्नान का लुत्फ |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/bundi/news/rajasthan-news-20-thousand-people-took-bath-in-barda-dam-080504-5169678.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadauti can develop as monsoon tourism spot |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-hadauti-can-develop-as-monsoon-tourism-spot-2634205 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==

The Bardha dam is an old dam that was constructed in 1872. It was built by British [[Dewan]] Robertson of the princely state [[Bundi State|Bundi]] for irrigation purposes in the town [[Alphangagr]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Princely States before 1947 A-J |url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=www.worldstatesmen.org}}</ref>

== Architecture and Attraction ==
The length of dam is about 200 meters with a height of about 21 ft. A large number of tourists come during the monsoon season to see the waterfall. People also visit the rocks in the foothills.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-04 |title=बरधा बांध पर पहुंचे हजारों लोग, परिवार सहित पानी में की अठखेलियां {{!}} Bundi news, Bundi rajasthan news,Bardha Dam,Water,Pickets,rain |url=https://www.patrika.com/bundi-news/bundi-news-bundi-rajasthan-news-bardha-dam-water-pickets-rain-4931745/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Due to the water being clear and the lush greenery, the dam is also known as Goa of [[Hadoti]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=बूंदी |first=सलीम अली |date=2022-07-13 |title=Bundi News: बारिश के बाद बूंदी के पर्यटक स्थल हुए गुलजार, बरधा बांध पर मॉनसून एंजॉय करने पहुंचे लोग, देखिए तस्वीरें |url=https://www.abplive.com/photo-gallery/states/rajasthan-rajasthan-after-the-rain-people-reached-bundi-bardha-dam-to-enjoy-the-monsoon-see-photos-ann-2167080 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

Many types of aquatic birds are seen at this place, including [[stork]]s, [[Indian skimmer]]s, and [[flamingo]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-03 |title=Winged visitors throng wetlands in Bundi district |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/winged-visitors-throng-wetlands-in-bundi-dist/articleshow/88655077.cms |access-date=2024-02-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=बांध की खासियत:बरधा बांध बन सकता है राज्य का पहला सारस संरक्षण केंद्र |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/kota/bundi/news/bardha-dam-can-become-the-first-stork-conservation-center-of-the-state-127434871.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bundi district]]

{{India-dam-stub}}

DC Books

2025-07-18T07:33:45Z

VetaPmc978: brief adjust layout per sources further and added references

{{short description|Indian book publishing company based in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Advert|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox publisher
| image = [[File:Dc logo updated.png|200px]]
| parent =
| status =
| founded = {{Start date and age|1974||}}
| founder =[[D. C. Kizhakemuri|Dominic Chacko Kizhakemuri]]
| country = [[India]]
| headquarters = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]
| distribution =
| keypeople =
| publications =
| topics =
| genre =
| imprints =
| revenue =
| numemployees =
| nasdaq =
| url = {{URL|https://www.dcbooks.com/}}
}}

'''DC Books''' is a book publisher based in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It publishes books in [[Malayalam]].

==DC Books==
DC Books<ref>[http://dcbooks.com dcbooks.com]</ref> is a [[publisher]] and bookseller with headquarters in [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It has published over 6,500 titles, mainly literature in [[Malayalam]]{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}, but also including children's literature, poetry, reference, biography, self-help, yoga, management titles, and foreign translations.

DC Media is the media division of DC Books. DC Media publishes five magazines including ''Education Insider'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://educationinsider.net/ |title=Asias largest circulated Education Magazine |publisher=Education Insider |access-date=2013-11-17 |archive-date=1 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101085251/http://educationinsider.net/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Asia's leading magazine on education; ''Future Medicine'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://futuremedicineonline.com/ |title=Asia's largest circulated magazine on Medical Industry |publisher=Futuremedicineonline.com |access-date=2013-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127142943/http://futuremedicineonline.com/ |archive-date=27 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a magazine on the Asian medical industry; ''Emerging Kerala'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://emkerala.com/aboutus |title=Emerging Kerala - Emergin KeralaAbout Us |access-date=2012-11-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608230240/http://emkerala.com/aboutus |archive-date=2012-06-08 }}</ref> Kerala's fastest growing magazine on business, economy and society; ''Money Indices;'' and ''Travel and Flavors''.

DC Books was founded in 1974 by [[Dominic Chacko Kizhakemuri]], known as D.C. Kizhakemuri, or DC. At that time, DC was secretary of the [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society]], a cooperative venture of Malayalam writers. The society helped writers with business and publishing details and instituted a standard royalty of 30-40%, as well as the system of an 'advance' payment for their books to help enable them to devote themselves to writing full-time. When DC turned his attention to founding DC Books, DC began promoting and creating markets for its books by organizing festivals, clubs, and pre-publication subscriptions, and installment schemes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990129/02950505.html |title=para. 4-5 |publisher=Indianexpress.com |access-date=2013-11-17 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Their bookclub scheme allows buyers to build a library of their own by buying books on installments. In 1977, Current Books became its [[Subsidiary|sister business]]. In 2001, DC Books launched dcbooks.com, an Indian local language bookstore with over 4,000 titles.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ew/2005/04/04/stories/2005040400020100.htm The Hindu Business Line : Quiet flows the Puzha] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930224121/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ew/2005/04/04/stories/2005040400020100.htm |date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> In 2004, DC Books partnered with Corner Books to open a [[New Delhi]] branch for Keralites in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/13/stories/2004051301060300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025214852/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/13/stories/2004051301060300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 October 2012 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Books, Kerala books | date=13 May 2004}}</ref>

DC Books is the publisher of several translation dictionaries used by professionals and South Asian Linguists,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0212&L=vyakaran&P=193 | title=Linguist Listserv, nos. 11-13 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228214126/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0212&L=vyakaran&P=193 | archive-date=2008-02-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.keralalawsect.org/books_new2.html | title=Government of Kerala, Law Library, Acquisitions | date=November 2007 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716191913/http://www.keralalawsect.org/books_new2.html | archive-date=2011-07-16 }}</ref> such as their:
* "English-English-Malayalam dictionary" by T. Ramalingam Pillai ({{ISBN|81-7130-302-1}})
* Malayalam English Dictionary by M. Varier, et al.

==Imprints==
DC Books is the parent company of the following imprints:
*DC Books:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dcpress.net/dcbooks.asp | title=Welcome to DC Books | access-date=4 October 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609005829/http://dcpress.net/dcbooks.asp |archive-date=9 June 2008 }}</ref> non-fiction, literature, translations, and reference books
*Kairali Mudralayam:<ref>[http://dcpress.net/kairali.asp]{{dead link|date=November 2013}}</ref> popular fiction, including children's books and translations
*Kairali Children's Book Trust:<ref>[http://dcpress.net/KCBT.asp]{{dead link|date=November 2013}}</ref> produces children's literature and gives annual awards for best works in Malayalam
*[[Mango Books]]: Children's imprint in English. Winner of Awards for Excellence (2014) constituted by the Federation of Indian Publishers.

==Achievements==
* In 2004 alone, won five awards in the General, Reference, Paperback, House Magazine, and Catalogues categories for their: Malayalam Encyclopedia, Thesaurus, Charithrakaandom, Pachakuthira.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/12/stories/2004021202170300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040311103426/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/12/stories/2004021202170300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 March 2004 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Awards for DC Books | date=12 February 2004}}</ref>
* In 2004 alone, D.C. Books brought out 531 titles, the maximum number among Indian publishers
* DC Books was the first publishers/book sellers in India to get [[ISO 9000]] Certification.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.totstat.com/clientele.asp |title=Clientele - Total Quality Consultants |access-date=2010-11-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503032033/http://www.totstat.com/clientele.asp |archive-date=2008-05-03 }} and {{cite web |url=http://dcpress.net/aboutus.asp |title=Welcome to DC Books.com-The first ISO Certified Publishing House in India |access-date=2007-11-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207174207/http://dcpress.net/aboutus.asp |archive-date=2007-12-07 }}</ref>

==Controversy==
In 2004, DC Books published a translated version of Britannica Concise Encyclopædia into [[Malayalam]] in the name Britannica Malayalam Encyclopedia.<ref name="hindu">{{cite web |title=Britannica in Malayalam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/09/20/stories/2002092001770200.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=September 20, 2002}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="the hindu2"/> The book won an award from the Federation of Indian Publishers in 2004.<ref name="the hindu2">{{cite web |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica wins awards |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/02/19/stories/2004021901520400.htm |website=[[The Hindu Businessline]] |date=February 18, 2004}}</ref>

The sale of the book was banned by a Consumer Court due to numerous factual errors, rendering it an erroneous reference. The court also found that unfair trade practices were employed by the publishers, namely DC Books, Kerala and Encyclopædia Britannica India Pvt. Ltd., a subsidiary of Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.<ref>{{cite web |last1=George |first1=Sanu |title=Errors in Encyclopaedia Britannica in Malayalam |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/040810/43/2fffq.html |website=[[Yahoo News]] |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115095834/http://in.news.yahoo.com/040810/43/2fffq.html |archive-date=15 January 2006 |date=August 8, 2004}}</ref>

==DC Books Clubs and Festivals==
The DC International Book Fair<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dcbookfair.com/ |title=dcbookfair.com |publisher=dcbookfair.com |access-date=2013-11-17 |archive-date=19 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219071052/http://www.dcbookfair.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> offers book releases and exhibitions. The Fair also features youth contests in Spot Poetry Writing, English Quiz, Malayalam Quiz, Street Drama - Malayalam, Declamation, Pen A Story, Special Schools Only, Film Appreciation, English Reading, Malayalam Reading, Painting, and Readers Theatre.

==Headquarters==
[[File:DC Books HQ, Kottayam.jpg|thumb|DC Books headquarters, Kottayam]]
The headquarters of DC Books on Good Shepherd Street in [[Kottayam]] houses an art gallery, hosting exhibits of modern and traditional paintings and [[Sculpture|sculptures]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/D-C-Books-58162.htm |title=D C Books in Kottayam India |publisher=India9.com |date=2005-08-19 |access-date=2013-11-17}}</ref>

==DC Media==

DC Media,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dcmediacorp.com/ |title=Untitled-1 |publisher=Dcmediacorp.com |access-date=2013-11-17 |archive-date=22 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122054634/http://www.dcmediacorp.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> the media wing of DC Books was launched in January 2011. DC Media publishes ''Education Insider'', a pan-Asian magazine for the education sector; ''Future Medicine'', a global magazine on health and medicine;''Emerging Kerala (Magazine)'', a magazine which focuses on the socio-economic development of Kerala; and ''Pachakuthira'', a magazine which intervenes into the socio-political space.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Book publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Bookstores of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kottayam]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1974]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1974]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Kerala]]

2004 Rajya Sabha elections

2025-04-16T08:20:48Z

VetaPmc978:

{{Short description|Elections for the Upper House of Indian Parliament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox election
|election_name = 2004 Rajya Sabha elections
|country = India
|type = parliamentary
|previous_election = 2003 Rajya Sabha elections
|previous_year = 2003
|election_date =
|next_election = 2005 Rajya Sabha elections
|next_year = 2005
|seats_for_election = (of 228 seats) to the [[Rajya Sabha]]
|image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Jaswant Singh (cropped).jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
|image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=IBSA-leaders Manmohan Singh.jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
|leader2 = [[Jaswant Singh]]
|party2 = [[BJP]]
|leader1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
|party1 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
}}'''Rajya Sabha elections''' were held in 2004, to elect members of the [[Rajya Sabha]], [[Indian Parliament]]'s [[upper chamber]]. The elections were held to elect respectively 13 members from six states,<ref name="mar">{{cite web|title= Biennial Elections to the Council of States to fill the seats of members retiring in April, 2010 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/7PN22022010.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160515155144/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/7PN22022010.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date= 15 May 2016 |publisher=Election Commission of India, New Delhi |accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref> 49 members from 12 states,<ref name="june">{{cite web|title= Biennial and Bye-Elections to the Council of States |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/Press_Note-14.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160515155221/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/Press_Note-14.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date= 15 May 2016 |publisher=Election Commission of India, New Delhi |accessdate=5 October 2017}} </ref> six members from Andhra Pradesh,<ref name="ap">{{cite web|title= Biennial Election to the Council of States from the State of Andhra Pradesh |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/Press_Note_15.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160515095003/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/Press_Note_15.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date= 15 May 2016 |publisher=Election Commission of India, New Delhi |accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref> and two members from Haryana,<ref name="hr">{{cite web|title= Biennial Election to the Council of States from the State of Haryana |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN19090610.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160515123306/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN19090610.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date= 15 May 2016 |publisher=Election Commission of India, New Delhi |accessdate=5 October 2017}} </ref> for the Council of States, the Rajya Sabha.<ref name="alist">{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|accessdate=13 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="retire-2007-12">{{cite web|title=RAJYA SABHA – RETIREMENTS – ABSTRACT As on 1 st November, 2006|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/miscellaneous_statistics/rajya_sabha_council.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009123012/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/miscellaneous_statistics/rajya_sabha_council.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 October 2010 |website= eci.nic.in|accessdate=6 October 2017}}</ref>

==Elections==
Elections were held in 2004 to elect members from various states.
''The list is incomplete.''
===Members elected===
The following members are elected in the elections held in 2004. They are members for the term 2004–2010 and retire in year 2010, except in case of the resignation or death before the term.

State – Member – Party
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Rajya Sabha members for term 2004–2010
! State !! Member Name !! Party !! Remark
|-

|-
| AS<ref name="mar"/> || [[Silvius Condpan]] || INC || R
|-
| AS || [[Syeda Anwara Taimur]] || INC
|-

|-
| HP<ref name="mar"/> || [[Anand Sharma]] || INC ||
|-

|-
| KL<ref name="mar"/> || [[P. V. Abdul Wahab]] || IUML ||
|-
| KL || [[A. K. Antony]] || INC
|-
| KL || [[A. Vijayaraghavan ]] || CPM
|-

|-
| NG<ref name="mar"/> || [[Khekiho Zhimomi ]] || INC ||
|-

|-
| TR<ref name="mar"/> || [[Matilal Sarkar]] || CPM ||
|-

|-
| PB<ref name="mar"/> || [[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]] || INC ||
|-
| PB || [[Naresh Gujral ]] || SAD
|-
| PB || [[Dharam Pal Sabharwal]] || INC ||
|-
| PB || [[Varinder Singh Bajwa]] || SAD
|-
| PB || [[M S Gill]] || INC ||
|-

|-
| CG<ref name="june"/> || [[Nand Kumar Sai]] || BJP ||
|-
| CG || [[Mohsina Kidwai]] || INC
|-

|-
| MP<ref name="june"/> || [[Anil Madhav Dave]] || BJP ||
|-
| MP || [[Pyarelal Khandelwal]] || BJP || Dea 6.10.2009
|-
| MP || [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]] || BJP || Res.11.2009
|-

|-
| TN<ref name="june"/> || [[Anbumani Ramadoss]] || PMK ||
|-
| TN || [[S. Anbalagan]] || ADMK
|-
| TN || [[N. R. Govindarajar ]] || ADMK
|-
| TN || [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]] || ADMK
|-
| TN || [[K. Malaisamy]] || ADMK
|-
| TN || [[E. M. Sudarsana Natchiappan]] || INC ||

|-
| KA<ref name="june"/> || [[Oscar Fernandes]] || INC ||
|-
| KA || [[M. Venkaiah Naidu]] || BJP
|-
| KA || [[M. A. M. Ramaswamy]] || JDS
|-
| KA || [[B. K. Hariprasad]] || INC

|-
|OR<ref name="june"/> || [[Bhagirathi Majhi]] || BJP ||
|-
|OR || [[Pyarimohan Mohapatra]] || BJD
|-
|OR || [[Radhakant Nayak]] || INC

|-
| MH<ref name="june"/> || [[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]] || NCP ||
|-
| MH || [[Sharad Joshi]]|| SBP
|-
| MH || [[Shivraj Patil]] || INC || Res 21.01.2010
|-
| MH || [[Vijay J. Darda]] || INC
|-
| MH || [[Sanjay Raut]] || SS
|-
| MH || [[Rahul Bajaj]] || IND
|-
| MH || [[Pramod Mahajan]] || BJP || dea 03/05/2006
|-

|-
| PB<ref name="june"/> || [[Ambika Soni]] || INC ||
|-
| PB || [[Raj Mohinder Singh]] || SAD
|-

|-
| RJ<ref name="june"/> || [[Lalit Kishore Chaturvedi]] || BJP
|-
| RJ || [[Najma Heptulla]] || BJP
|-
| RJ || [[Santosh Bagrodia]] || INC
|-
| RJ || [[Narendra Budania]] || INC || Bye 2009
|-
| RJ || [[Jaswant Singh]] || BJP || res 16/05/2009 LS
|-

|-
| UP<ref name="june"/> || [[Arun Shourie]] || BJP ||
|-
| UP || [[Kamal Akhtar]] || SP
|-
| UP || [[Nand Kishore Yadav (SP)| Nand Kishore]] || SP
|-
| UP || [[Jaya Bachchan]] || SP
|-
| UP || [[Bhagwati Singh]] || SP
|-
| UP || [[Ram Narayan Sahu]] || SP
|-
| UP || [[Amir Alam Khan]] || SP
|-
| UP || [[Brij Bhushan]] || SP
|-
| UP || [[Murli Manohar Joshi]] || BJP || res 23/04/2009 LS
|-
| UP || [[Shriram Pal]] || BSP || ele 19/06/2009
|-
| UP || [[Satish Chandra Mishra]] || BSP
|-
| UP || [[Ambeth Rajan]] || BSP
|-

|-
| UK<ref name="june"/> || [[Satish Sharma]] || INC ||
|-

|-
| BR<ref name="june"/> || [[George Fernandes]] || JDU ||
|-
| BR || [[Motiur Rahman (Indian politician)|Motiur Rahman]] || RJD
|-
| BR || [[Sharad Yadav]] || JDU || 16/05/2009 LS
|-
| BR || [[Jai Narain Prasad Nishad]] || BJP
|-
| BR || [[Subhash Prasad Yadav]] || RJD
|-
| BR || [[R K Dhawan]] || INC

|-
| JH<ref name="june"/> || [[Dhiraj Prasad Sahu]] || INC ||
|-
| JH || [[Hemant Soren]] || JMM || res 4.1.2010
|-

|-
| AP<ref name="ap"/> || [[Jairam Ramesh]] || INC ||
|-
| AP || [[N. Janardhana Reddy ]] || INC
|-
| AP || [[Jesudasu Seelam ]] || INC
|-
| AP || [[V. Hanumantha Rao]] || INC
|-
| AP || [[Gireesh Kumar Sanghi]] || INC
|-
| AP || [[Penumalli Madhu]] || CPM
|-

|-
| HR<ref name="hr"/> || [[Ajay Singh Chautala]] || INLD || Res 03.11.2009
|-
| HR || [[Tarlochan_Singh]] || IND
|-

|-
|}

==Bye-elections==
The following bye elections were held in the year 2004.

State – Member – Party

* Bye-elections were held on 21/06/2004 for vacancy from Andhra and Punjab due to death of seating members [[K. M. Khan]] on 16/10/2003 with term ending on 02/04/2006 and [[Gurcharan Singh Tohra|Gurcharan Singh ]] on 01/04/2004, with term ending on 09/04/2008.<ref name=may04>{{cite web |title=Biennial and Bye -Elections to the Council of States and State Legislative Councils by Members of Legislative Assembly |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN_240504ii.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160518001757/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN_240504ii.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date= 18 May 2016 |publisher= ECI, New Delhi |accessdate= 3 October 2017}}</ref>

* Bye-elections were held on 21/06/2004 for vacancy from Rajasthan due to death of seating member Dr [[Abrar Ahmed (INC Politician)|Abrar Ahmed]] on 04/05/2004 with term ending on 09/04/2008.<ref name= may04/>

* Bye-elections were held on 28/06/2004 for vacancy from Bihar due to election to Lok Sabha of seating members [[Rajiv Ranjan Singh]] on 13/05/2004 with term ending on 02/04/2006 and [[Lalu Prasad]] on 13/05/2004 with term ending on 09/04/2008.<ref name=june04>{{cite web |title=Biennial and Bye -Elections to the Council of States and State Legislative Councils by Members of Legislative Assembly |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN_240504ii.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160518001757/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN_240504ii.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date= 18 May 2016 |publisher= ECI, New Delhi |accessdate= 3 October 2017}}</ref>

* Bye-elections were held on 28/06/2004 for vacancy from Madhya pradesh and West Bengal due to election to Lok Sabha of seating members [[Kailash Chandra]] on 13/05/2004 with term ending on 02/04/2006 and [[Pranab Mukherjee]] on 13/05/2004 with term ending on 18/08/2005.<ref name=june04/>

* Bye-elections were held on 28/06/2004 for vacancy from Orissa due to election to Lok Sabha of seating members [[Manamohan Samal]] on 13/05/2004 with term ending on 03/04/2006.<ref name=june04/>

* Bye-elections were held on 28/06/2004 for vacancy from Delhi due to resignation of seating members [[Ambika Soni]] on 10 June 2004 with term ending on 27 January 2006 and Dr [[A R Kidwai]] on 7 July 2004 with term ending on 27 January 2006.<ref name=dl-bye>{{cite web |title=Bye-elections to the Council of States from the National Capital Territory of Delhi. |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN230704.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160518003125/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN230704.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date= 18 May 2016 |publisher= ECI, New Delhi |accessdate= 3 October 2017}}</ref>

* Bye-elections were held on 06/01/2005 for vacancy from Kerala due to death of seating members [[V. V. Raghavan]] on 27/10/2004 with term ending on 01/07/2006.<ref name=kl-bye>{{cite web |title=Bye-election to the Council of States from Kerala to fill up the vacancy occurring due to the death of sitting member of the Shri V. V. Raghavan |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN_13122004.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160517181652/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN_13122004.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-date= 17 May 2016|publisher= ECI, New Delhi |accessdate= 3 October 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajya Sabha}}

[[Category:2004 elections in India]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha elections in India|2004]]

Nedumankuzhy Basil

2025-04-11T18:37:02Z

VetaPmc978:

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Nedumankuzhy Basil
| image =
| fullname = Nedumankuzhy Poulose Basil
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|10|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Perumbavoor]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[fast-medium]]
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]

| club1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| year1 = 2019-present
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 12
| runs1 = 42
| bat avg1 = 8.40
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 16[[not-out|*]]
| deliveries1 =1,959
| wickets1 = 28
| bowl avg1 = 32.03
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 4/117
| catches/stumpings1 = 6/0

| column2 = [[List-A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 18
| runs2 = 38
| bat avg2 = 38.00
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 15[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 751
| wickets2 = 16
| bowl avg2 = 43.18
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 4/17
| catches/stumpings2 = 3/0
| column3 =[[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches3 = 4
| runs3 = 7
| bat avg3 = –
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 7[[not out|*]]
| deliveries3 = 71
| wickets3 = 5
| bowl avg3 = 17.60
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 3/16
| catches/stumpings3 = 0/–
| date = 8 April 2025
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1214015.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Nedumankuzhy Paulose Basil''', (born 20 October 1996) commonly known as '''NP Basil'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/16702/np-basil|work=Cricbuzz|title=NP Basil |access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays for [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] in domestic cricket. He is a right-handed [[Fast bowling|medium-pacer]].<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1214015.html |title=Nedumankuzhy Basil |access-date=27 January 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Domestic career==
Basil was born on 20 October 1996 in [[Perumbavoor]] in [[Ernakulam district]] of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Bio"/> He started his cricketing career at Perumbavoor Cricket Club and later moved to Ernakulam District Academy. He has represented Kerala in all age-group levels.<ref name=NIE>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2020/jun/06/after-a-breakthrough-season-kerala-pacer-basil-looks-to-push-on-2153135.html|title=After a breakthrough season, Kerala pacer Basil looks to push on |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] on 27 January 2020 in the [[2019–20 Ranji Trophy]].<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203556.html |title=Elite, Group A, Ranji Trophy at Ongole, Jan 27-30 2020 |access-date=27 January 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He played two matches in the tournament and took four wickets with a best bowling figure of 3/54 against [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=13223;team=1912;type=tournament|title= Records / Ranji Trophy, 2019/20 - Kerala / Batting and bowling averages|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name=NIE/> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut on 20 February 2021 for Kerala in the [[2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1250899.html |title=Elite, Group C, Bengaluru, Feb 20 2021, Vijay Hazare Trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref> His best-bowling figure (3 for 57 in eight overs) from the tournament came against [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] in a losing cause.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/cricket/2021/02/26/vijay-hazare-trophy-karnataka-kerala-vathsal-govind-mohammed-azharuddeen-sachin-baby.html|title=Hazare Trophy: Devdutt Padikkal stars as Karnataka end Kerala's unbeaten run|work=OnManorama|date=26 February 2021|access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/vijay-hazare-trophy-2020-21-devdutt-padikkal-s-fourth-successive-ton-propels-karnataka-into-semi-finals-1254230|work=ESPNcricinfo|title=Devdutt Padikkal's fourth successive ton propels Karnataka into semi-finals}}</ref> He played 5 matches in the tournament and took 5 wickets.<ref>[https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=13856;team=1912;type=tournament Records / Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2020/21 - Kerala / Batting and bowling averages - ESPNcricinfo]</ref>

He played for KCA Eagles in the [[2020–21 KCA President's Cup T20|2020–21]] season of [[KCA President's Cup T20]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/kca-presidents-cup-2021-full-schedule-squads-match-timings-live-streaming-details|work=Sports Keeda|title=KCA President's Cup 2021 : Full schedule, squads, match timings and live streaming details|first=Farzan|last=Mohammad|date=5 March 2020|access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1214015}}

{{Kerala cricket squad}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basil, Nedumankuzhy}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Kerala cricketers]]

Hindi Granth Karyalay

2025-03-30T05:16:29Z

VetaPmc978: adding a info basic info

{{inline|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox publisher
| image = [[File:HGK logo.JPG|225px]]
| parent =
| status = Active
| founded = {{Start date|1912}}
| founder = [[Nathuram Premi]]
| successor = Manish Modi
| country = [[India]]
| headquarters = 9 Hirabaug, C. P. Tank, Mumbai - 400004
| distribution = Worldwide
| keypeople = Manish Modi, (Owner, Publisher and Author)
| publications =
| topics = [[Jain Philosophy|Jainology]], [[Indology]]
| genre = [[Religion]], [[Literature]], [[Philosophy]], [[Mythology]]
| imprints =
| revenue =
| numemployees =
| url = http://www.hindibooks.8m.com
}}

'''Hindi Granth Karyalay''' is an Indian publishing house and specialized book store dealing in books pertaining to Jainology and Indology in [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit]] and [[Apabhramsha]]. It was established in Mumbai, India in 1912 by its founder [[Nathuram Premi]]. It publishes and distributes serials, monographs, and scholarly publications on [[Indian religions]], [[philosophy]], [[history]], [[culture]], [[arts]], [[architecture]], [[archaeology]], [[language]], [[literature]], [[linguistics]], [[musicology]], [[mysticism]], [[yoga]], [[tantra]], [[occult]], [[medicine]], [[astronomy]], [[astrology]] and other related subjects, and to date have published over 100 works of noted Indian and International authors and scholars.

==History==

===Establishment===
{{Main|Nathuram Premi}}
[[Image:Premijifestschrift.jpg|thumb|left|Nathuram Premi, founder of Hindi Granth Karyalay]]
On 24 September 1912, Pandit [[Nathuram Premi]] founded the publishing house ''Hindi Granth Ratnākar Kāryālay'' (now known as ''Hindi Granth Karyalay'') at C.P. Tank, Mumbai. It was to become the foremost Hindi publishing house in India and is also the oldest bookstore of [[Mumbai]].
Born on 26 November 1881 in Deori, in the district of [[Sagar District|Sagar]] in [[Bundelkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], Nāthūrām Premī was the eldest child of Tundelal Modi, a travelling merchant of modest means, belonging to the [[Parwar (Jain)|Paravāra]] community of [[Digambara]] Jains hailing from [[Bundelkhand]]. He arrived in Mumbai in 1901, and started working for the [[Digambara Jain Tīrthakṣetra Committee]] as a clerk. The owner of Hirabaug, Seth Manikchandra, impressed by his honesty, diligence and intellect asked the young Nāthūrām Premī to take up rooms at the Hirabaug Dharmashala at the heart of the [[Mumbai]] market and start his business from there. He accepted the offer and together with Pannalal Bakhliwal started the ''Jain Granth Ratnākar Kāryālay'' in 1906. From this humble beginnings, in 1912 he started the publishing house ''Hindi Granth Ratnākar Kāryālay.''

===Early history===
The first publication of Hindi Granth Ratnākar Kāryālay was a Hindi translation of [[John Stuart Mill]]'s ''Liberty'', titled ''Svādhīnatā'' translated by Pandit Mahaviraprasad Dvivedi. They published almost the entire oeuvre of [[Sharat Chandra Chatterji]], the great Bengali writer and some works of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], such as ''Ānkh kī Kirkirī'', and ''Naukā Dūbī''. Premiji also published Hindi translations of the Gujarati writer KM Munshi, such as ''Gujarāt ke Nāth'' and ''Pātan kā Prabhutva''. Other famous works published include [[Munshi Premchand]]'s classic novel, ''Godān'' and short story collections titled ''Nava Nidhi'' and ''Sapta Saroj''. He also published works of then new writers such as Hajariprasad Dvivedi, Jainendrakumar, Yashpal, Acharya Chatursen, and Pandit Sudarshan. He also published the Bengali plays of Dvijendra Lal Rai for the first time in Hindi.

In memory of Seth Manikchandra, Premiji established the ''Manikacandra Jain Granthamālā'' wherein he published Jain scriptures, for the first time systematically edited by philologists. The ''Manikacandra Jain Granthamālā'' published over 48 [[Digambara]] Jain texts, mostly written in [[Prakrit]], [[Apabhramsa|Apabhramśa]] or [[Sanskrit]]. He ran the Manikacandra Jain Granthamālā on an honorary basis between 1915 and the 1950s selling all the books at cost price. When his health began to fail, it was decided to hand over the series to ''Bhāratīya Jñānapītha'' in [[Varanasi]].

===Current management ===
[[File:Hindi granth karyalay.JPG|thumb|300px|Book shop Hindi Granth Karyalay at Hirabaug, C.P. Tank, Mumbai]]
Under Premiji’s tutelage, Hindi Granth Ratnākar Kāryālay became India's No. 1 publishers of [[Hindi literature]]. In recognition of his contributions to Indian literature, the acclaimed Hindi novelist [[Vishnu Prabhakar]] called Premiji the ''"Bhīsma Pitāmaha"'' of Hindi publishing.
Premiji had suffered from asthma for a long time and died owing to old age on 30 January 1960. He left behind his daughter-in-law and two grandsons. His elder grandson, Yashodhar Modi, continued his legacy till his death in 2014, along with his son, Manish Modi. Now Hindi Granth Karyalay is being managed by Premiji's great grandson Manish Modi. In Premiji's memory, his grandson Yashodhar Modi has started the '''Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series'''. This series has published select volumes focusing on subjects as varied as Jainism, philosophy and yoga and published original texts by ancient and medieval Jain ascetics such as ''[[Kundakunda]], Samantabhadra, [[Pujyapada|Pūjyapāda]], Joindu, Prabhācandra, Vādirāja, Bhāvadeva ''and many others, usually accompanied by translation in either Hindi or English.
Also, highly respected modern scholars such as Premiji himself, Prof. Ludwig Alsdorf, [[Maurice Bloomfield|Prof. Maurice Bloomfield]], Prof. Willem Bollée and Dr. [[Jaykumar Jalaj]] have been and are being published in the Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series.

==Bookstore==
Hindi Granth Karyalay's bookstore is located at 9 Hirabaug, C. P. Tank, Mumbai 400004. Besides housing its own published titles, Hindi Granth Karyalay also stocks, sells and distribute Indological literature of thousands of different titles.

==Publications==
===Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series===

*:'''Jain Studies: Their Present State and Future Tasks'''
::{English}
::By Prof Dr Ludwig Alsdorf
::English tr. by Bal Patil
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 1
::Published in 2006
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-13-1}}
::In reprint

*:'''The Story of Paesi'''
::Based on the Rayapasenia Kaha
::{Prakrit text + English commentary}
::English tr. by Prof Dr Willem Bollée
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 2
::Published in 2005
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-03-2}}
::₹ 1200

*:'''Ratnakaranda Shravakacara'''
::{Sanskrit text + Hindi translation}
::Sanskrit text by Acarya Samantabhadra
::Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 3
::Published in 2006, 2006, 2012
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-78-0}}
::₹ 50

*:'''Vyavahara Bhashya Pithika'''
::{Prakrit text + English commentary}
::English tr. by Prof Dr Willem Bollée
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 4
::Published in 2006, 2012
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-70-4}}
::In reprint

*:'''Samadhitantra'''
::{Sanskrit text + Hindi translation}
::Sanskrit text by Acarya Pujyapada
::Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 5
::Published in 2006, 2006, 2008, 2016
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-06-3}}
::₹ 34

*:'''Atthapahuda'''
::{Prakrit text + Hindi translation}
::Prakrit text by Acarya Kundakunda
::Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 6
::Published in 2006, 2008, 2013
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-15-5}}
::₹ 125

*:'''Tattvarthasutra'''
::{Sanskrit text + Hindi translation}
::Sanskrit text by Acarya Prabhacandra
::Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 7
::Published in 2008
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-16-2}}
::In reprint

*:'''Yogamrit : Yog Sahaj Jivan Vigyan'''
::{Hindi}
::By Mahavir Sainik
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 8
::Published in 2006
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-17-9}}
::Out of print

*:'''Paramatmaprakasha'''
::{Apabhramsha text + Hindi translation}
::Apabhramsa text by Acarya Joindu
::Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 9
::Published in 2007
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-09-4}}
::In reprint

*:'''Yogasara'''
::{Apabhramsha text + Hindi translation}
::Apabhramsa text by Acarya Joindu
::Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 10
::Published in 2007, 2009
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-12-4}}
::₹ 30

*:'''Dhyanastava'''
::{Sanskrit text + Hindi translation}
::Sanskrit text by Acarya Bhaskaranandi
::Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 11
::Published in 2007
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-20-9}}
::In reprint

*:'''Dhyanashataka'''
::{Prakrit text + Hindi translation}
::Prakrit text by Jinabhadragani Kshamashramana
::Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
::Published in 2007, 2009
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 12
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-21-6}}
::In reprint

*:'''Barasa Anuvekkha'''
::{Prakrit text + Sanskrit translation + Hindi translation}
::Prakrit text by Acarya Kundakunda
::Sanskrit tr. & Hindi gloss by Pt. Nathuram Premi
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 13
::Published in 2010
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-22-3}}
::₹ 50

*:'''Ishtopadesha'''
::{Sanskrit text + Hindi translation}
::Sanskrit text by Acarya Pujyapada
::Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 14
::Published in 2007, 2009, 2013
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-23-0}}
::In reprint

*:'''Life and Stories of the Jain Saviour Parshvanatha'''
::{English}
::An English tr. of Acarya Bhavadeva's Parshvacaritram
::by Prof Dr Maurice Bloomfield
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 15
::Published in 2008
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-24-7}}
::In reprint

*:'''Tattvasara'''
::{Prakrit text + English translation}
::Prakrit text by Acarya Devasena
::English tr. by Manish Modi
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 16
::Published in 2013
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-25-4}}
::In reprint

*:'''The Apabhramsha of Svayambhudeva’s Paumacariu'''
::{English}
::By Dr Eva de Clercq
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 17
::Published in 2010
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-28-5}}
::₹ 180

*:'''Jainism and the Definition of Religion'''
::{English}
::By Dr Piotr Balcerowicz
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 18
::Published in 2009
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-29-2}}
::₹ 50

*:'''Dravyasamgraha'''
::Compendium of Substances
::{Prakrit text + English translation}
::Prakrit text by Acarya Nemicandra
::English tr. by Prof Dr Nalini Balbir
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 19
::Published in 2010, 2013
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-87-2}}
::₹ 50

*:'''Tattvarthasutra'''
::{Sanskrit text + Hindi & English translations}
::Sanskrit text by Acarya Prabhacandra
::Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj, English tr. by Anish Shah
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 20
::Published in 2012
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-31-5}}
::₹ 30

*:'''Rayanasara'''
::{Prakrit text + Hindi translation}
::Prakrit text by Acarya Kundakunda
::Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 21
::Published in 2011
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-32-2}}
::₹ 50

*:'''Jainism: An Eternal Pilgrimage'''
::{English}
::By Bal Patil
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 23
::Published in 2008, 2011
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-54-4}}
::In reprint

*:'''Dravyasamgraha'''
::{Prakrit text + Hindi translation}
::Prakrit text by Acarya Nemicandra
::Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 24
::Published in 2009
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-37-7}}
::₹ 30

*:'''Parshvanathacaritram'''
::Sanskrit text by Acarya Vadiraja
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 25
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-27-8}}
::In press

*:'''Parshvacaritram: The Life of Parshva'''
::{Sanskrit text + English translation}
::Sanskrit text by Acarya Gunabhadra
::English tr. by Prof Dr Willem Bollée
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 26
::Published in 2008
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-35-3}}
::₹ 60

*:'''Jain Sahitya aur Itihas'''
::{Hindi}
::By Pt. Nathuram Premi
::Published in 1942, 1956
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-02-5}}
::In reprint

*:'''Understanding Jainism'''
::{English}
::By Prof Dr Lawrence A. Babb
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 27
::Published in 2016
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-98-8}}
::₹ 250

*:'''Tales of Atonement'''
::Stories from Malayagiri's Commentary on the Vyavahara Bhashya
::{Prakrit text + English translation}
::English tr. by Prof Dr Willem Bollée
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 28
::Published in 2008
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-38-4}}
::₹ 300

*:'''A Handbook on the Three Jewels of Jainism'''
::THE YOGASHASTRA OF HEMACANDRA
::A 12th Century Jain Treatise on Yoga
::{Sanskrit text + English translation}
::Sanskrit text by Acarya Hemacandra
::English tr. by Prof Dr Olle Qvarnström
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 29
::Published in 2012, 2012, 2012, 2012, 2013, 2013
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-94-0}}
::₹ 700

*:'''Samayasara'''
::{Prakrit text + Hindi translation}
::Prakrit text by Acarya Kundakunda
::Hindi translation by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 30
::Published in 2012, 2012
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-80-3}}
::₹ 80

*:'''Dhyanabattisi'''
::32 Steps to Liberation
::{Braj text + English translation}
::Braj text by Banarasidas
::English tr. by Jerome Petit
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 31
::Published in 2010
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-48-3}}
::In reprint

*:'''Tattvarthasutra'''
::Aspects of Reality in Jainism, through the Eyes of a Scientist
::{Sanskrit text + English translation & gloss}
::Sanskrit text by Acarya Umasvati
::English tr. and commentary by Dr Duli Chandra Jain
::Preface by Prof Padmanabh S. Jaini
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 32
::Published in 2012, 2013
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-50-6}}
::₹ 600

*:'''Svarupa-Sambodhana'''
::Right Instruction on the Nature of the Soul
::{Sanskrit text + English translation & gloss}
::Sanskrit text by Acarya Akalanka
::English tr., notes and introduction by Nagin J. Shah
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 33
::Published in 2011
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-51-3}}
::₹ 50

*:'''Tattvajnana Dvatrimshika'''
::{Sanskrit text + English translation}
::Sanskrit text by Acarya Siddhasena Divakara
::English tr. by Manish Modi
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 34
::Published in 2013
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-95-7}}
::₹ 20

*:'''Three Prakrit Grammars'''
::{Sanskrit text + English translation & gloss}
::By Saartje Verbeke
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 35
::Published in 2010
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-55-1}}
::₹ 300

*:'''Ishtopadesha'''
::Beneficial Teachings
::{Sanskrit text + Gujarati tr. + English translation}
::Sanskrit text by Acarya Pujyapada
::Gujarati tr. by Pravina Mehta, English tr. by Manish Modi
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 36
::Published in 2010, 2013
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-93-3}}
::₹ 20

*:'''Bhaktamara Stotra'''
::{Sanskrit text + Hindi translation & gloss + English translation}
::Sanskrit text by Acarya Manatunga
::Hindi poetic tr. and gloss by Pt Nathuram Premi, English tr. by Manish Modi
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 37
::Published in 2012, 2013
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-92-6}}
::In reprint

*:'''Mrityu Mahotsava'''
::A Celebration of Death
::{Sanskrit text + Hindi, Gujarati & English translations}
::Sanskrit text by an Unknown Writer
::Hindi tr. by Shreyans Sukhani, Gujarati tr. by Dr Shilpa Vasani,
::English tr. by Manish Modi
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 38
::Published in 2010
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-58-2}}
::In reprint

*:'''Chhahdhala'''
::By Pandit Daulatram
::Original text in Braj + Hindi translation
::Hindi prose and poetic translations by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 39
::Published in 2014, 2014
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-62-9}}
::₹ 100

*:'''Hridaya Pradipa'''
::Verses to Illumine Your Heart
::{Sanskrit text + English translation}
::Sanskrit text by an Unknown Writer
::English tr. by Manish Modi
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 40
::Published in 2013
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-82-7}}
::In reprint

*:'''Ratnakarandaka Shravakacara'''
::{Sanskrit text + English translation}
::Sanskrit text by Acarya Samantabhadra
::English tr. and commentary by Prof Dr Willem Bollée
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 41
::Published in 2012, 2012
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-66-7}}
::In reprint

*:'''Kalyanamandira Stotra'''
::{Sanskrit text + Hindi translation + English translation}
::Sanskrit text by Acarya Kumudacandra
::Hindi poetic tr. and gloss by Pt Shobhachandra Bharill, English tr. by Manish Modi
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 42
::Published in 2013
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-88-9}}
::In reprint

*:'''Sadbodha-Candrodaya'''
::{Sanskrit text + English translation}
::Sanskrit text by Acarya Padmanandi
::English tr. by Manish Modi
::Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 43
::Published in 2014
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-52-0}}
::₹ 25

===Other books that we have published===

*:'''International Journal of Jain Studies, Volume 1 - 3'''
::{English}
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-36-0}}
::In reprint

*:'''International Journal of Jain Studies, Volume 4 - 6'''
::{English}
::Published in 2011
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-67-4}}
::₹ 800

*:'''International Journal of Jain Studies, Volume 7 - 9'''
::{English}
::Published in 2014
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-98-8}}
::₹ 700

*:'''Christianity and Jainism'''
::An Interfaith Dialogue
::{English}
::By Prof Padmanabh S. Jaini
::Published in 2009
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-42-1}}
::₹ 30

*:'''Bhagavan Mahavir ka Buniyadi Chintan'''
::{Hindi}
::By Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
::Published in 2017 (46th edition)
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-84-1}}
::₹ 34

*:'''The Basic Thought of Bhagavan Mahavir'''
::{English}
::By Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
::English tr. by Manish Modi
::Published in 2017 (14th edition)
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-99-5}}
::₹ 34

*:'''Bhagavan Mahavir nu Buniyadi Chintan'''
::{Gujarati}
::By Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
::Gujarati tr. by Prof. Bhagavati Prasad Upadhyay
::Published in 2010
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-53-7}}
::In reprint

*:'''Rebirth of the Karma Doctrine'''
::{English}
::By Prof Dr Subhash Jain
::Published in 2010
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-44-5}}
::₹ 125

*:'''Unlimited Horizons'''
::{English}
::By Hermann Kuhn
::Published in 2010
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-49-0}}
::₹ 285

::-----

*:'''Dilon ke Rishte'''
::{Hindi}
::By Prem Dhavan
::Published in 2001
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-00-1}}
::₹ 100

*:'''Religious Ethics: A Sourcebook'''
::{English}
::By Prof Dr Arthur Dobrin
::Published in 2004
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-01-8}}
::In reprint

*:'''The Lost Art of Happiness'''
::{English}
::By Prof Dr Arthur Dobrin
::Published in 2007, 2009
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-11-7}}
::₹ 250

*:'''Business Ethics: The Right Way to Riches'''
::{English}
::By Prof Dr Arthur Dobrin
::Published in 2006, 2008, 2009
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-26-1}}
::In reprint

*:'''Spelling God with Two O's'''
::{English}
::By Prof Dr Arthur Dobrin
::Published in 2009
::{{ISBN|978-81-88769-39-1}}
::In reprint

==External links==
* http://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/2012/sep/270912-Meet-the-literary-revolutionary.htm
* http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/a-publishing-house-thrives-on-a-legacy-of-reform-ushered-in-by-its-founder-2767539/#sthash.4SKmdTxg.dpuf
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Book publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Indology]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1912]]
[[Category:Bookstores of India]]
[[Category:1912 establishments in India]]

Baradi, Goa

2025-02-16T14:51:35Z

VetaPmc978:

{{short description|Neighborhood in Goa, India}}
{{distinguish|Baradi (village)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baradi
| native_name = ''Barade''
| settlement_type = Neighborhood
| image_skyline =
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image1 = Holy cross chapel Baradi, Velim, Goa B.JPG
| image2 =
Holy cross chapel Baradi, Velim, Goa C.JPG
| image3 =
Holy cross chapel Baradi, Velim, Goa G.JPG
| image4 =
Holy cross chapel Baradi, Velim, Goa D.JPG
| image5 =
Holy Cross Feast - 8706959840.jpg
| image6 =
Beautiful View - 8704876960.jpg
}}
| image_caption = '''From top, left to right''': {{olist |item_style=text-align: left; |Miraculous cross|Holy Cross Chapel|Small cross located atop the hill|Panoramic view from the hill|Sweets displayed on 3 May feast|Panoramic view of the Betul Beach}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|15|8|50.34|N|73|57|27.68|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Goa district|South Goa]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsils of India|Sub-district]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Salcete]]
| leader_title = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name = [[Cruz Silva]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[Konkani language|Konkani]]|[[Indian English|English]]}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 403723
| area_code = 0832
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| demographics1_title2 = Additional/Cultural
| demographics1_info2 = [[Romi Konkani]] [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#GA—Goa|GA]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
}}

'''Baradi''' ([[Konkani language|Konkani]]: ''Barade'') is a scenic neighborhood located within the village of [[Velim, Goa]], neighbouring [[Tollecanto]] and [[Betul, Goa|Betul]]. It is situated in the [[Salcete]] ''taluka'' and falls under the [[South Goa district]], in the Indian coastal state of [[Goa]]. It is about {{cvt|18|km}} away from the [[Margao]] city and is also a part of the [[Velim Assembly constituency]]. It is famous for the Miraculous Cross located atop the hill known as the Baradi Holy Cross, the feast of the cross is celebrated on 3 May, every year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-17 |title=This is one of the few places in Goa where the river meets the sea |url=https://itsgoa.com/this-is-one-of-the-few-places-in-goa-where-the-river-meets-the-sea/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=ItsGoa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2020 |first=Isidore Domnick |last=Mendis |title=Keeping decades of tradition alive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/keeping-decades-of-tradition-alive/articleshow/74288192.cms |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Polling Booths in Velim (Goa) Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.elections.in/goa/polling-booth/velim.html |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

==Miraculous Cross==
[[File:Holy cross chapel Baradi, Velim, Goa H.JPG|thumb|Facade of the Miraculous cross]]
The Baradi Holy Cross ([[Konkani language|Konkani]]: ''Baradicho Khuris''), also known as the Miraculous cross is a huge cross located on a white base atop the Baradi hill in [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|ward]] VII, Velim. It provides a scenic view of the Velim, Betul, [[Sal River (India)|Sal river]] and the [[Arabian Sea]]. It is one of the two Miraculous crosses in Goa, one of which is in [[North Goa]] at [[Vanxim]] island. The cross has a staircase surrounding it which allows devotees to reach at the top, near the cross. Many are seen from across the state, irrespective of their faiths offering flower garlands, kissing the cross and lighting candles.

[[File:Holy cross chapel Baradi, Velim, Goa A.JPG|thumb|Protected monument notice]]

However, due to its location, there's no canopy over it, although many previous attempts had been made. According to the tradition, the devotees offer their prayer by circling around the cross thrice. As per the widespread beliefs, the nearby locals were accompanied by a [[brass band]], in prayer and singing hymns and would take a trip to the cross by foot during the [[lent]] season. It also plays an important role in the ''mell'' procession and is also considered as a revered spot for the tourists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miraculous crosses in Baradi, Vanxim |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/miraculous-crosses-in-baradi-vanxim/68926.html |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

===History===
According to the local folklore, soon after the [[Cuncolim Massacre|Cuncolim massacre]] involving the ''Ganvkars'' at [[Assolna]] and [[Cuncolim]] in 1583, the then [[Portuguese India|Portuguese government]] confiscated all of these villages land up to [[Betul, Goa|Betul]]. These properties were then given to [[Don (honorific)|Don]] Pedro de Crasto, he then handed out to the [[Paulist Fathers]]. In 1585, the locals of the Velim and Betul villages were converted into [[Christians]], as a mark of their victory, the [[Paulists]] then constructed a cross, however it was later abandoned when the [[religious orders]] were suppressed in Goa.

Around the early 20th century, Fr. Simphriano Caetano Dias, the [[vicar]] of Velim [[parish]], visioned the cross in his dream that had its pedestal wrinkled with holes and steps leading to the cross. He later made an inquiry about the same in the village. Thereafter, a ''[[Kunbi]]'' from Baradi met the priest and told him about an abandoned cross on the hill which was in ruins, since nobody visited it. The priest then took the task to cut his way up the hill where he found the cross lying under the thick cover of trees. He later cleansed the place and built a small chapel next to it, now known as the Holy Cross Chapel, Baradi.

==Holy Cross Chapel==
[[File:Holy cross chapel Baradi, Velim, Goa F.JPG|thumb|Entrance of the Holy Cross Chapel]]
The Holy Cross Chapel, Baradi is a small chapel located atop the hill besides the Miraculous cross. Every year on 3 May, a feast mass is celebrated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernandes |first=Paul |date=May 29, 2016 |title=Going to the chapel and we're gonna get married |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/going-to-the-chapel-and-were-gonna-get-married/articleshow/52485107.cms |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://goanchurches.info/chapel/holy-cross-chapel-baradi-tollecanto-goa/ Holy Cross Chapel, Baradi]
* [https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100078834485239 Holy Cross Youth Baradi]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Geography of South Goa district]]

Andrew George Lehmann

2024-05-12T08:24:19Z

VetaPmc978: general expanded content for consistency further and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{refimprove|date=December 2015}}
'''Andrew George Lehmann''' (17 February 1922 – 9 July 2006) was a [[literary criticism|literary critic]], [[Academy (educational institution)#Academic personnel|academic]], and seminal author and [[list of essayists|essayist]] in French [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]], and the intellectual history of European [[Romanticism]].

==Early life==
Born in [[Chile]] to Mary Grisel Lehmann (née Bissett) and Andrew William Lehmann, a mining engineer, Professor Lehmann was the younger brother of [[Olga Lehmann]] and [[Monica Pidgeon]]. His father was of German and French descent (born in Paris) and his mother was Scottish.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/wiltshire/content/articles/2009/04/06/olga_lehmann_bunker_murals_feature.shtml] Olga Lehmann's Burlington murals</ref> Naturalized a British citizen and educated at [[Dulwich College]], [[London]], and [[The Queen's College, Oxford]], he demonstrated impressive intellectual and athletic capabilities, achieving the status of Junior Fencing Champion for England. In 1942, he married Alastine Mary Bell, by whom he had three children.

==Career==
He was commissioned in to the [[6th Rajputana Rifles]] of the [[British Indian Army]] on the 26 November 1942.<ref>April 1944 Indian Army List</ref> He contracted [[poliomyelitis]], which effectively put an end to any athletic ambitions, but did nothing to diminish his intellectual and academic achievements after the war. He relinquished his commission due to ill health and was granted the honorary rank of lieutenant on 19 May 1944.<ref>London Gazette 14 July 1944, page 3298</ref>

In addition to his literary output, Lehmann assumed a variety of academic posts at the Universities of [[Victoria University of Manchester|Manchester]], [[University of Reading|Reading]], worked as a director of [[Linguaphone (company)|Linguaphone]], and in 1983 accepted the post of Rank Foundation Professor of European Studies and dean of studies at [[University of Buckingham]], which he held until his retirement in 1988.

==Other work==
He was on the governing body of [[Abingdon School]] from 1966-1969.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abingdon.org.uk/uploads/school/files/abingdonian/1966_January_V013_N007.pdf#page=4|title=School Notes|publisher=The Abingdonian}}</ref>

==Further reading==
*''Marquis Who's Who in the World'', "Lehmann, Andrew George", N.J.: [[Marquis Who's Who]], 2005.
* [https://books.google.com/books?q=a+g+lehmann&btnG=Search+Books] Google Books "A. G. Lehmann"

== Selected books ==
*''The Symbolist Aesthetic in France, 1885–1895'', Oxford: [[Blackwell Publishing|Blackwell]], 1950, 1968.
*''Sainte-Beuve: a portrait of the critic, 1804–1842'', Oxford: [[Clarendon Press]], 1962.
*''The European Heritage: an outline of Western culture'', Oxford: [[Phaidon Press|Phaidon]], 1984. {{ISBN|978-0-7148-2307-2}}, {{ISBN|0-7148-2307-4}}.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lehmann, Andrew George}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:English art critics]]
[[Category:English literary critics]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Buckingham]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Queen's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:People educated at Dulwich College]]
[[Category:Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Reading]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Chilean people of German descent]]
[[Category:Chilean people of French descent]]
[[Category:Chilean people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:English people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:English people of French descent]]
[[Category:English people of German descent]]
[[Category:Governors of Abingdon School]]
[[Category:Chilean emigrants to the United Kingdom]]

Bharatpedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/WikiProject India articles by quality statistics

2023-02-02T00:15:17Z

VetaPmc978: adding first bio w/ refs - done

{{User:WP 1.0 bot/Tables/Project/India}}
<noinclude>[[Category:India articles by quality]]</noinclude>

Govindpura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)

2022-05-12T11:26:37Z

VetaPmc978: basic correct information per sources and improved wording

#REDIRECT [[Govindpura Assembly constituency]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Sanskrit theatre

2017-12-18T08:00:05Z

VetaPmc978: stub - done

#REDIRECT [[Indian classical drama]]