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Shakuni Choudhary

2026-05-07T09:37:33Z

Veronasie: adding first details initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1936)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shakuni Choudhary
| image = File:Shakuni Chaudhary.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1936|01|04|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Lakhanpur, [[Munger district]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present day [[Bihar]], India)
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khagaria]], [[Bihar]]
| term = 10 March 1998 — 26 April 1999
| predecessor = [[Anil Kumar Yadav (politician, born 1956)|Anil Kumar Yadav]]
| successor = [[Renu Kumari Singh]]
| office1 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Tarapur Assembly constituency]]
| term1 = 1985-1998
| predecessor1 =
| office2 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Tarapur Assembly constituency]]
| term2 = 2000-2010
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[Neeta Choudhary]]
| party = {{Party index link|Samata Party}}
| other_party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}} {{Party index link|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
| spouse = [[Parvati Devi (Bihar politician)|Parvati Devi]]
| children = 5 (incl. [[Samrat Choudhary]])
| education = Diploma in Automobile Engineering
| alma_mater = Baroda School of Engineering, [[Vadodara]]
| profession = {{hlist|Former Armyman|Engineer}}
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3852.htm
}}

'''Shakuni Choudhary''' (born 4 January 1936) is an Indian politician who is a founding member of [[Samata Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19941115-new-samata-party-leaders-do-better-than-mungeri-lal-809919-1994-11-15|title=New Samata Party leaders do better than TV's Mungeri Lal - Laloo Prasad Yadav|website=india today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116092307/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19941115-new-samata-party-leaders-do-better-than-mungeri-lal-809919-1994-11-15|accessdate=2020-11-16|archive-date=16 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SAMATA PARTY – Official Website|url=https://samataparty.org/|access-date=2022-02-16|language=en-US|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215101928/https://samataparty.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency]] as member of the [[Samata Party]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3852.htm | title=Shakuni Choudhury Lok Sabha Profile | publisher=[[Lok Sabha]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116064518/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3852.htm | accessdate=1 June 2016| archive-date=16 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S04/partycomp28.htm | title=Partywise Comparison since 1977 Khagaria Parliamentary Constituency | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | accessdate=1 June 2016 | archive-date=10 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510101104/http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S04/partycomp28.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="People1998">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. House of the People|title=Lok Sabha Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tL5XAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=1 June 2016|year=1998|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat.|page=1|archive-date=26 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426084515/https://books.google.com/books?id=tL5XAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Choudhary has been known for political defection and has remained [[Deputy Speaker]] in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. Chaudhary is a six time MLA from [[Tarapur Assembly constituency]] of Munger district.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/munger-bihar-politics-bjp-candidate-shakuni-choudhary-son-samrat-choudhary-filed-nomination-from-tarapur-munger-today-for-bihar-election-2025-40010999.html|title=Bihar Politics: पिता शकुनी चौधरी की तूती बोलती है यहां, तारापुर से सम्राट चौधरी आज करेंगे नामांकन, जुटेंगे देशभर के दिग्गज |website=Jagran|accessdate=23 November 2025}}</ref>

He was a former loyal to the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD) but left the party on the ground of it promoting the interest of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]'s family. The defection happened soon after his son [[Samrat Choudhary]] orchestrated a split in RJD by alienating thirteen MLAs to seek recognition as separate splinter group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/shakuni-chaudhary-and-five-rjd-leaders-join-jd-u-114031200798_1.html|title=Shakuni Chaudhary and five RJD leaders join JD(U)|website=Business Standard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116075410/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/shakuni-chaudhary-and-five-rjd-leaders-join-jd-u-114031200798_1.html|accessdate=2020-11-16|archive-date=16 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3852.htm|title=Members Bioprofile|accessdate=17 July 2023|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219162953/https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3852.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life ==
[[File:Nitish Kumar with Samrat Chaudhary and Shakuni Choudhary at latter's house warming ceremony.jpg|thumb|Shakuni Choudhary and his son Samrat Chaudhary hosting Nitish Kumar at their house warming ceremony on 14 October 2024.]]
Choudhary was born on 4 January 1936 in Lakhanpur village of [[Munger district]]. He is married to Parvati Devi. Choudhary belongs to [[Koeri]] community and had claimed to hold significant hold over his community in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Caste-leaders-image-hit-for-six/articleshow/1313909.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110130519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Caste-leaders-image-hit-for-six/articleshow/1313909.cms?from=mdr |title=Caste leaders' image hit for six|website=Times of India|access-date=2020-11-16|url-status= live|archive-date=10 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/loss-lesson-for-party-hoppers/cid/459659|title=Loss lesson for party-hoppers|website=The Telegraph|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116094141/https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/loss-lesson-for-party-hoppers/cid/459659|accessdate=2020-11-16|archive-date=16 November 2020}}</ref>
His ancestral village is in Lakhanpur in Tarapur block of [[Munger district]]. His son [[Samrat Choudhary]] is the [[Chief Minister of Bihar]] from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Choudhary has served in the [[Indian Army]] for 15 years after that he joined active politics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/ham-bihar-chief-quits-157720|title=HAM Bihar chief quits|website=The Tribune|accessdate=2020-11-16|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806005005/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/ham-bihar-chief-quits-157720|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/bjp-declares-candidates-for-bihar-legislative-council-polls-853250.html|title=BJP declares candidates for Bihar legislative council polls|website=Deccan Herald|accessdate=2020-11-16|archive-date=26 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426163530/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/bjp-declares-candidates-for-bihar-legislative-council-polls-853250.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Political career ==

Choudhary was elected to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tarapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tarapur constituency]] in [[Munger district]] of [[Bihar]] in 1985 as [[Independent politician]]. Later joined [[Indian National Congress]] and won the same seat in [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]. In [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], he shifted allegiance to [[Samata Party]] of [[George Fernandes]].<ref name="jansatta">{{cite web|url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/bihar/bihar-mewalala-chaudhary-and-shakuni-chaudhary-on-tarapur-seat-why-have-been-a-place-of-discussion/1574925/|title=ब‍िहार: पद संभालते ही इस्‍तीफे को मजबूर हुए मेवालाल से पहले शकुनी चौधरी के चलते भी बदनाम हुई है तारापुर सीट|website=Jansatta|accessdate=8 March 2023|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126181704/https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/bihar/bihar-mewalala-chaudhary-and-shakuni-chaudhary-on-tarapur-seat-why-have-been-a-place-of-discussion/1574925/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1995 Bihar Assembly elections, the Tarapur constituency came into limelight, when the candidate of [[Indian National Congress]], Sachidanand Singh was attacked by [[grenade]]s along with his supporters. Singh was taken to a hospital at Tarapur; the hospital was subsequently attacked and Singh was assassinated. In these subsequent incidents, nine people were killed. A total of thirty three people were accused in this case, among them, Choudhary was one of the main accused. However, the investigations were halted after some time. Soon after this incident, in the counting of votes, Choudhary was declared winner in the 1995 Assembly elections.<ref name="jansatta"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bihar-deputy-cm-samrat-choudhary-prashant-kishor-lawyer-filed-affidavit-10326764/|title= Bihar Deputy CM Samrat Choudhary responds to PK's attacks: 'My lawyer filed affidavit that said I was a minor … but court did not accept it'|website=Indian express|accessdate=23 November 2025}}</ref>

In 1998, he was elected to [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khagaria]], [[Bihar]], as member of the [[Samata Party]] by defeating [[Anil Kumar Yadav (politician, born 1956)|Anil Kumar Yadav]] of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]. He was elected to [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000 Bihar Election]] from [[Tarapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tarapur constituency]] as a member of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and was made a minister in [[Rabri Devi |Rabri Devi cabinet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/shakuni-quits-electoral-politics-ham-s-post/articleshow/49774051.cms|title=Shakuni quits electoral politics, HAM-S|website=Times of India|accessdate=19 February 2023|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219162735/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/shakuni-quits-electoral-politics-ham-s-post/articleshow/49774051.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, he joined the [[2015 Bihar political crisis|rebellion]] of [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]] and joined [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]] a party created by Manjhi after his exit from [[Janata Dal (United)]]. He was made Bihar State President of [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/jitan-ram-manjhi-announces-new-party-as-hindustani-awam-morcha/|title=Jitan Ram Manjhi announces new party as Hindustani Awam Morcha|website=Indian Express|accessdate=2020-11-16|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202141212/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/jitan-ram-manjhi-announces-new-party-as-hindustani-awam-morcha/|url-status=live}}</ref> He again contests in [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015 Bihar Election]] from [[Tarapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tarapur constituency]] as a member of [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]] but lost to Mewalal Chaudhary of [[Janata Dal (United)]] by about 12,000 votes. After the dismal performance of the party, he quit the Party chief position and politics.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/shakuni-chaudhary-quits-politics/article7874771.ece | title=Shakuni Chaudhary quits politics | work=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=16 November 2020 | archive-date=16 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116084312/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/shakuni-chaudhary-quits-politics/article7874771.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/bihar/bihar-shakuni-choudhary-son-samrat-bjp/1135823/|title=Samrat Chaudhary the son of Shakuni Chaudhary|website=Jansatta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116091344/https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/bihar/bihar-shakuni-choudhary-son-samrat-bjp/1135823/|accessdate=2020-11-16|archive-date=16 November 2020}}</ref>

However, in 2019, Choudhary addressed a meeting of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leaders and gave indication of joining active politics once again with the membership of the BJP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patnadaily.com/index.php/news/14052-shakuni-chowdhary-emerges-from-political-retirement.html|title=Shakuni Chowdhary Emerges from Political Retirement|website=Patna Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116081425/https://www.patnadaily.com/index.php/news/14052-shakuni-chowdhary-emerges-from-political-retirement.html|accessdate=2020-11-16|archive-date=16 November 2020}}</ref> Between 1985 and 2010, he represented Tarapur Assembly constituency for six times with his tenure as legislator spanning over three decades. In 2021, his younger son Rohit Chaudhary was inducted into Janata Dal United by the party leadership with an eye over formidable Kushwaha votes in the constituency. It is reported that due to his influence in Munger region, the member of parliament, [[Lalan Singh]], who represents the constituency in [[Lok Sabha]] rushed to his house to take his blessing soon after filing of nomination papers by JDU candidate [[Rajeev Kumar Singh Kushwaha]] for the 2021 bypolls to ensure latter's victory .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/shakunis-younger-son-joins-jdu/articleshow/87143165.cms|title=Shakunis younger son inducted into JDU|website=Times of India|accessdate=1 February 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3852.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhury, Shakuni}}
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:People from Munger district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]
[[Category:Hindustani Awam Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]

Bihar school meal poisoning incident

2026-05-05T07:57:12Z

Veronasie: details!

{{Short description|2013 fatal insecticide poisoning in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox News event
| name = Bihar school meal poisoning incident
| image = India Bihar locator map.svg
| caption = Location of Bihar in India
| place = Dharmasati Mata School, Gandama village, [[Mashrakh]] town, state of [[Bihar]] {{IND}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|26|06|19|N|84|44|23|E|type:event_region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}}
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|7|16}}
| cause = [[Food adulteration]] and yellow phosphorus poisoning
| reported deaths = 23
| arrests =
| suspects =
| accused =
| charges =
| verdict =
}}

On 16 July 2013, 23–27 students died, and dozens more fell ill at a [[primary school]] in the village of [[Gandaman]] in the [[Saran district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Bihar]] after eating a [[Midday Meal Scheme|Midday Meal]] contaminated with [[pesticide]].<ref name=BBC2 /><ref name=TimesOfIndia /><ref name=BBC3/> Angered by the deaths and illnesses, villagers took to the streets in many parts of the district in violent protest.<ref name=NYT /> Subsequently, the Bihar government took a series of steps to prevent any recurrence of such incidents.<ref name=bp1/>

== Background ==
Across India, the [[Midday Meal Scheme]] provides roughly 120 million children with free lunch, making it the world's most extensive school lunch program.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 2013 |first=Soutik |last=Biswas |title=Why India's school meal deaths are a terrible tragedy |work=[[BBC News]] |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-23339206 |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-date=17 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717235116/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-23339206 |url-status=live}}</ref> In spite of corruption involved in implementing the scheme, it aims to fight widespread poverty and improve children's school attendance and health as a large number of India's children suffer from [[malnutrition]].<ref name=CNN /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Corruption, poor quality taint India school meal scheme |date=19 July 2013 |first1=Sunrita |last1=Sen |first2=Doreen |last2=Fiedler |work=[[Business Recorder]] |location=Karachi |url=http://www.brecorder.com/articles-a-letters/187/1212787/ |access-date=19 July 2013 |archive-date=22 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222071022/http://www.brecorder.com/articles-a-letters/187/1212787/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bihar in northern India is among the nation's poorest states.<ref name=Reuters /> According to [[Mashrakh]] residents, students have suffered from [[food poisoning]] after eating school lunches on multiple occasions.<ref name=BBC /> P. K. Shahi, [[Bihar]]'s education minister, said complaints about food quality were not uncommon, but there had been no reported incidents of widespread food poisoning during his tenure.<ref name=CNN /> The nonprofit [[Hare Krishna Food for Life]] describes the meal programmes in Bihar and neighbouring [[Uttar Pradesh]] as "the worst in India." Public health is poor in general, with most water sources contaminated, and hospitals underfunded.<ref name=NYT />

The primary school Dharmashati-Mata Mandir, in the village of Gandaman, was established in 2010. At the time of the incident, 89 children were registered with the school.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nine children die after mid-day meal in Bihar school |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nine-children-die-after-midday-meal-in-bihar-school/article4921193.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |date=16 July 2013 |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-date=18 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718102145/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nine-children-die-after-midday-meal-in-bihar-school/article4921193.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> The food material for Midday Meals was stored in the residence of the headmistress as the school did not have sufficient infrastructure for storage.<ref name=Hindu />

== Incident ==
On 16 July 2013, children aged between four and twelve years at the Dharmashati Mata primary school complained that their lunch, served as a part of the Midday Meal Scheme, tasted odd.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news |title=Contaminated Lunches Kill 22 Children in India |first1=Gardiner |last1=Harris |first2=Hari |last2=Kumar |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/18/world/asia/children-die-from-tainted-lunches-at-indian-school.html |date=17 July 2013 |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-date=18 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718165726/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/18/world/asia/children-die-from-tainted-lunches-at-indian-school.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The headmistress rebuked children who questioned the food.<ref name=CNN /> Earlier, headmistress Meena Kumari had been informed by the school's cook that the new cooking oil was discoloured and smelled odd.<ref name=BBC /> Kumari replied that the oil was purchased at a local grocery store and safe to use.<ref name=Reuters>{{cite news |title=Contaminated school meal kills 25 Indian children |work=[[Reuters]] |location=New York City |date=17 July 2013 |first1=Annie |last=Banerji |first2=Mayank |last2=Bhardwaj |first3=Anurag |last3=Kotoky |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-chidren-poison-idUSBRE96G0AY20130717 |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-date=17 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717203115/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/17/us-india-chidren-poison-idUSBRE96G0AY20130717 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BBC /> The cook, who was also hospitalized by the poisoning, later told reporters that it looked like there was "an accumulation of residual waste at the bottom [of the oil jar]".<ref name=Reuters /> The meal cooked at the school that day consisted of soya beans, rice and potato curry.<ref name=Reuters />

Thirty minutes after eating the meal, the children complained of stomach pain and soon after were taken ill with [[vomiting]] and [[diarrhoea]]. The number of sick children overwhelmed the school and the local medical system. Some of the sick children were sent home, forcing their parents to seek help on their own.<ref name=NYT /> According to the official count, 23 children died as a result of the contaminated food.<ref name=BBC2/> Parents and local villagers said at least 27 had died.<ref name=TimesOfIndia /> Sixteen children died on-site, and four others were declared dead upon arrival at the local hospital. Others died in hospital. Among the dead were two children of one of the schools cooks, Panna Devi; her third child survived.<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news |title=Death toll rises to 22 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/death-toll-rises-to-22/article4924937.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=17 July 2013 |date=17 July 2013 |archive-date=19 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719222826/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/death-toll-rises-to-22/article4924937.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=sick>{{cite news |title=At least 23 more Indian children treated after getting sick at school lunch |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/19/world/asia/india-school-meal-poisoning |access-date=20 July 2013 |work=[[CNN]] |location=Atlanta |date=20 July 2013 |archive-date=27 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727094908/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/19/world/asia/india-school-meal-poisoning/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A total of 48 students fell ill from the contaminated food. Three remained in a critical condition as of 17 July.<ref name=Reuters /> Thirty-one children were moved from the local hospital to [[Patna Medical College Hospital]] (PMCH) for further treatment.<ref name=CNN />

== Cause ==
Initial indications were that the food was contaminated by an [[organophosphate]], a class of chemicals commonly found in [[insecticide]]s, [[pesticide]]s and [[herbicide]]s.<ref name=CNN>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/17/world/asia/india-school-meal-poisoning/index.html |title=School meals tainted with poison kill 22 children in Indian village |first1=Aloke |last1=Devichand |first2=Tim |last2=Hume |work=[[CNN]] |location=Atlanta |date=17 July 2013 |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-date=17 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717120245/http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/17/world/asia/india-school-meal-poisoning/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A local government administrator commented "It appears to be a case of poisoning but we will have to wait for forensic reports ... Had it been a case of natural food poisoning, so many children would not have died."<ref name=Reuters /> Dr Amar Kant Jha, superintendent of PMCH in [[Patna]], said that the survivors were emitting toxic vapours, which led his team to suspect almost immediately that they had been poisoned with an organophosphate.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=204422677 |title=Police hunt for principal after Indian school lunch deaths |last=McCarthy |first=Julie |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=2013-07-24 |access-date=3 April 2018 |archive-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202021806/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=204422677 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Late on 17 July, officials stated that they believed the cooking oil had been placed in a container formerly used to store insecticides.<ref name=NYT /> According to state officials, the school's headmistress had bought the cooking oil used in the food from a grocery store owned by her husband.<ref name=BBC2/> On 20 July police said that a forensic report confirmed the cooking oil contained "very toxic" levels of [[monocrotophos]], an agricultural pesticide.<ref name=BBC3>{{cite news |title=India school lunch deaths: high pesticide levels found |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23390972 |work=[[BBC News]] |location=London |date=20 July 2013 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=31 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731234028/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23390972 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=India school lunch deaths: pesticide found |date=20 July 2013 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/20/india-school-meal-deaths-bihar-pesticide |access-date=20 July 2013 |archive-date=5 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905101926/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/20/india-school-meal-deaths-bihar-pesticide |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
Nineteen of the children's bodies were buried on or near school grounds in protest. Across Bihar, numerous students refused to eat their meals in the days following the incident.<ref name=BBC2>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-23353017 |title=India lunch deaths children buried in Bihar school |work=[[BBC News]] |location=London |date=18 July 2013 |access-date=18 July 2013 |archive-date=18 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718164216/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-23353017 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 July, hundreds of Mashrakh residents took to the streets in protest.<ref name=BBC /> Demonstrators lit fires and burned effigies of Bihar Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]].<ref name=Reuters /> The flames damaged four police vehicles.<ref name=BBC /> Others threw stones at the police station and chanted slogans denouncing the government.<ref name=Reuters /> Some villagers demanded that the Midday Meal program be scrapped.<ref name=TimesOfIndia>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Poison-theory-floats-as-Bihar-midday-meal-kills-27-kids/articleshow/21130119.cms |title=Poison theory floats as Bihar midday meal kills 27 kids |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |date=18 July 2013 |access-date=18 July 2013 |archive-date=19 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719210204/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Poison-theory-floats-as-Bihar-midday-meal-kills-27-kids/articleshow/21130119.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Angry protesters carrying sticks and poles blocked roads and rail lines.<ref name=BBC /> Desks and chairs from the school were taken and smashed, while the kitchen area was destroyed.<ref name=TimesOfIndia /> In nearby [[Chhapra]], multiple arson attacks were reported, including reports that a crowd set fire to a bus, but no injuries were reported from either city.<ref name=BBC2 /><ref name=TimesOfIndia /><ref name=NYT /><ref name=BBC>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-23342003 |title=Violent protests in India over school meal deaths |work=[[BBC News]] |location=London |date=17 July 2013 |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-date=17 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717164007/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-23342003 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Bihar State Education Minister Shahi commented that many people involved in the program were looking for easy money and that "it is just not possible to taste meals in all the 73,000 schools before children eat the food."<ref name=NYT /> He also alleged that the contaminated oil had been purchased from a member of a rival political party.<ref name=TimesOfIndia /> Opposition party members accused the ruling [[Janata Dal (United)]] party of acting too slowly<ref name=Reuters /> and called for a general strike.<ref name=CNN />

The Bihar government promised a thorough investigation and offered [[Indian rupee|INR]] 200,000 ([[United States dollar|US$]]3,400) compensation for families of the dead children. Kumar called an emergency meeting and dispatched forensic experts to Mashrakh.<ref name=BBC /> The headmistress and her husband fled after the deaths became public knowledge, and the administrative authority suspended her.<ref name=Reuters /><ref name=BBC /> A [[First Information Report]] was filed against the headmistress for [[criminal negligence]], and police began searching for her. A district magistrate told the BBC that her property would be confiscated if she did not surrender to the authorities.<ref name=BBC3/><ref name=Hindu /> She was apprehended by police in [[Chhapra]] on 24 July and held on suspicion of murder and criminal conspiracy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian headteacher arrested after fatal school food poisoning: Meena Devi is arrested while travelling to court to hand herself in a week after tragedy left 23 children dead |first1=Jason |last1=Burke |first2=Manoj |last2=Chaurasia |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/24/indian-food-poisoning-school-headteacher-arrested |access-date=19 July 2014 |date=24 July 2013 |archive-date=25 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725184415/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/24/indian-food-poisoning-school-headteacher-arrested |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=India school poisonings: Principal arrested on murder charge |first=Mark |last=Magnier |date=24 July 2013 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |location=Los Angeles |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-india-school-food-poisoning-20130724,0,4520779.story |access-date=24 July 2013 |archive-date=25 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725005528/http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-india-school-food-poisoning-20130724,0,4520779.story |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2013 the headmistress and her husband were charged with murder and faced the death penalty if convicted.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=India school meal deaths: headteacher and husband charged with murder |date=22 October 2013 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/22/india-school-meal-deaths-headteacher-charged-murder |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=25 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725194011/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/22/india-school-meal-deaths-headteacher-charged-murder |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[Bihar Government]] has taken steps to prevent the recurrence of such incidents. The government issued a [[Toll-free telephone number|toll-free number]] for all complaints related to Midday Meal. It also ordered that the raw grain samples would be kept for three months at Godowns from where items for Midday Meal are supplied.<ref name="bp1">{{cite web |title=Bihar Government to introduce Toll Free Number for Mid Day Meal |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/bihar-government-to-introduce-toll-free-number-for-mid-day-meal/ |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=8 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908093412/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/bihar-government-to-introduce-toll-free-number-for-mid-day-meal/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A case was filed by Akhilanand Mishra (one of the victims). On 29 August 2016, headmistress Meena Kumari was sentenced to 17 years in prison for her role in the incident.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rohit |title=Bihar: School principal sentenced to 17 years in prison for mid-day meal tragedy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chhapra-mid-day-meal-tragedy-principal-sentenced-to-imprisonment-337901-2016-08-29 |access-date=16 July 2019 |date=29 August 2016 |archive-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716014245/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chhapra-mid-day-meal-tragedy-principal-sentenced-to-imprisonment-337901-2016-08-29 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Disasters in India in 2013}}
{{Portal bar|India}}

[[Category:2013 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2013 health disasters]]
[[Category:Academic meals]]
[[Category:Child deaths by poisoning]]
[[Category:Corruption in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by poisoning]]
[[Category:Disasters in Bihar]]
[[Category:Disasters in schools]]
[[Category:Health disasters in India]]
[[Category:Mass poisonings]]
[[Category:Saran district]]
[[Category:Crime in Bihar]]
[[Category:Food safety scandals]]
[[Category:July 2013 in India]]
[[Category:2010s in Bihar]]
[[Category:Toxic effects of pesticides]]

List of Gujarat tropical cyclones

2026-05-01T14:03:01Z

Veronasie: adding a data - done

{{Short description|none}}
[[Gujarat]], located on the western coast of India, is impacted by the [[tropical cyclone]]s originating mostly in the [[Arabian Sea]]. The Arabian Sea, historically considered less susceptible to intense cyclonic activity compared to the Bay of Bengal, has exhibited an unusual and increasingly severe pattern of cyclonic storms, with high-intensity tropical cyclones forming at short intervals. This shift, marked by a growing formation and increased severity of cyclones, is largely attributed to [[climate change]], which is projected to escalate both the intensity and frequency of these storms in the region. Scientific studies corroborate this trend, indicating a significant rise in the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) of the Arabian Sea and a threefold increase in the frequency of severe cyclones reaching extreme intensities. There is a positive trend in both the frequency and intensity of cyclonic activity between 2001 and 2019.

Gujarat demonstrates significant vulnerability to cyclonic activity, with 12 of its 16 coastal districts situated within 100 km of the coastline classified as "Highly Prone" (P2) to cyclone hazards by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) in 2015.

== Climatology ==
The Arabian Sea, historically considered less prone to intense cyclonic activity compared to the Bay of Bengal, has exhibited an unusual and increasingly severe pattern of cyclonic storms. This shift is evidenced by the observation of high-intensity tropical cyclones forming in short intervals, with five extremely severe cyclones originating in the Sea between 1998 and 2013. This abnormal activity, which has led to a growing formation and increased severity of cyclones, is largely attributed to the climate change, which is projected to aggravate both the intensity and frequency of cyclonic storms in the region.<ref name=":2" />

Scientific studies corroborate this trend, indicating a significant rise in the [[Sea surface temperature|Sea Surface Temperature]] (SST) of the Arabian Sea. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) special report in 2019 noted that the Arabian Sea is rapidly responding to climate change signals, registering a threefold increase in the frequency of severe cyclones and reaching extreme intensities. The [[National Institute of Oceanography, India|National Institute of Oceanography]] study identified a warming of the Arabian Sea from 10 milli-degree per year between 1960 and 1995 to 14 milli-degree per year post-1995, resulting from a decreased capacity to dissipate accumulated heat. Koll et al. (2018) documented a significant increase in cyclones from one (1979–1996) to six (1997–2014), linking this to La Niña-like conditions that create favorable conditions for cyclogenesis. Murakami et al. (2017) suggested that anthropogenic warming is altering cyclone behavior over the Arabian Sea, with 64% of the cyclone risk attributed to climate change. Evan et al. (2011) indicated that weakened climatological vertical wind shear and increased anthropogenic aerosol emissions, which diminish monsoonal circulation winds, contribute to heightened cyclonic activity. Sun et al. (2019) further confirmed an accelerated warming of the Arabian Sea since the 1990s, particularly in spring, leading to increased cyclonic activity. Analysis of cyclonic activity in the Arabian Sea from 2001 to 2019 reveals a positive trend in both frequency and weighted intensity, suggesting a projected increase in the number and destructive potential of cyclones impacting the region.<ref name=":2" />

== Cyclone vulnerability ==
[[File:India wind zone map en.svg|thumb|Wind Zone Map of India. Gujarat, on the west, has the districts around [[Gulf of Kutch]] in "Very High Damage Risk Zone" while the districts around [[Gulf of Khambhat]] in a "High Damage Risk Zone".]]
Gujarat exhibits a significant vulnerability to cyclonic activity, a proneness confirmed by various scientific analyses. A 2015 study of the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) classified 12 of 16 coastal districts of Gujarat, situated within 100 km of the coastline, as "Highly Prone" (P2) to cyclone hazards, with the remaining districts falling into "Moderately Prone" (P3) and "Low Prone" (P4) categories. Newer districts such as [[Morbi district|Morbi]] and [[Gir Somnath district|Gir Somnath]] are also identified as "Highly Prone" (P2), while [[Devbhumi Dwarka district|Devbhumi Dwarka]] falls between P2 and P3. Specifically, the coastal regions extending from [[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]] to [[Navsari district|Navsari]] are deemed "Highly Prone" to cyclone risks.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://gidm.gujarat.gov.in/sites/default/files/educate_your_self_document/Report%20on%20Frequency%20of%20Cyclones%20Affecting%20Gujarat%20State%20%26%20Role%20of%20Mangroves%20%26%20Shelterbelt.pdf |title=A Report on Frequency of Cyclones Affecting Gujarat State & Role of Mangroves & Shelterbelt in Cyclone Risk Mitigation |publisher=Gujarat Institute of Disaster Management}}</ref>

According to the Gujarat Wind Hazard Map published by the Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC) in 2015, Bhavnagar and Ahmedabad districts within this stretch are designated as "Very High Damage Risk Zone" with basic wind speeds of 180 kmph, while the other districts under consideration are in a "High Damage Risk Zone" with basic wind speeds of 169 kmph. The 2019 Cyclone Occurrence Map by BMTPC indicates that most coastal regions from Bhavnagar to Navsari typically experience maximum sustained winds of 119–167 kmph, although Navsari district records lower sustained winds of 63–87 kmph.<ref name=":2" />

Furthermore, the 2005 Hazard Risk Vulnerability Atlas of Gujarat State, prepared by the Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA), highlights that parts of the Saurashtra coast, including [[Porbandar district|Porbandar]], [[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]], and [[Junagadh district|Junagadh]] districts, are exposed to high-intensity cyclonic and storm impacts, with potential maximum wind speeds exceeding 198 kmph. Overall, the Arabian Sea, which impacts Gujarat, has shown a positive trend in both the frequency and intensity of cyclonic activity between 2001 and 2019, suggesting a projected increase in the number and destructive potential of cyclones affecting the region.<ref name=":2" />

== List of tropical cyclones ==

=== 1880s ===

* November 4 – 10, 1888 – A [[1888 Arabian Sea cyclone|tropical cyclone]] had formed in the Arabian Sea and later moved northeastwards before making landfall on the [[Kathiawar]] coast. More than 740 people went missing when a ship [[SS Vaitarna|SS ''Vaitarna'']] disappeared in the sea during the storm.

=== 1960s ===

* July 2 – 5, 1960 – A depression remained stationary off the Saurashtra coast for days. Heavy rains amounting to more than {{convert|300|mm|in|abbr=on}} fell across much of the Saurashtra. These rains triggered severe flooding that killed at least 35 people and left 6,000 others homeless.<ref name="DFour">{{cite journal |author=India Meteorological Department |year=1960 |title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Depression in the Arabian Sea |url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26A.pdf |journal=India Weather Review |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |pages=5–6 |access-date=May 9, 2013}}</ref> At least 500 homes were destroyed in the region.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 5, 1960 |title=30 Die In Floods |newspaper=The Morning Herald |location=Bombay, India |page=2 |agency=Associated Press}} {{subscription required|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
* June 21 – 26, 1961 – A severe cyclonic storm developed in the Arabian Sea. The system struck Gujarat before dissipating.<ref name="SCSSeven">{{cite journal |author=India Meteorological Department |year=1961 |title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Severe cyclonic storm in the Arabian Sea |url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26B.pdf |journal=India Weather Review |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |pages=11–12 |access-date=May 10, 2013}}</ref>
* June 27 – 28, 1961 – A land depression remained around the Gujarat for several days, resulting in prolonged rains that amounted to {{convert|680|mm|in|abbr=on}} in [[Junagadh]].<ref name="LDTen">{{cite journal |author=India Meteorological Department |year=1961 |title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Land depression over Saurashtra-Kutch |url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26B.pdf |journal=India Weather Review |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |pages=14 |access-date=May 10, 2013}}</ref>
* July 8 – 15, 1962 – A depression affected Gujarat.<ref name="DDSeven2">{{cite journal |author=India Meteorological Department |year=1962 |title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Depression in the Bay of Bengal and Deep Depression in the Arabian Sea |url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26E.pdf |journal=India Weather Review |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |pages=7–9 |access-date=May 12, 2013}}</ref>
* September 8 – 14, 1962 – A depression affected Gujarat.<ref name="DDSeven">{{cite journal |author=India Meteorological Department |year=1962 |title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Depression in the Bay of Bengal and Deep Depression in the Arabian Sea |url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26E.pdf |journal=India Weather Review |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |pages=7–9 |access-date=May 12, 2013}}</ref>
* October 13 – 17, 1963 – Thunderstorms were noted in Gujarat due to this off coast cyclonic storm.<ref name="CSEleven">{{cite journal |author=India Meteorological Department |year=1963 |title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Cyclonic storm in the Arabian Sea |url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED272.pdf |journal=India Weather Review |pages=16–18 |access-date=May 13, 2013}}</ref>
* June 9 – 3, 1964 – A very severe cyclonic storm formed off coast of Karnataka in Arabian Sea recurved northeastwards and crossed the coast of [[Gujarat]] near [[Naliya]]. 27 deaths were reported due to the cyclone in India.<ref name="SCSTwo">{{cite journal |author=India Meteorological Department |year=1964 |title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Severe cyclonic storm in the Arabian Sea |url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED275.pdf |journal=India Weather Review |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |pages=3–8 |access-date=May 13, 2013}}</ref> Prolonged rains associated with the system triggered severe flooding in Pakistan that killed 450 people. Approximately 400,000 were affected by the floods and damage amounted to $4.1 million.<ref>{{cite web |author=Noreen Haider |year=2006 |title=Living With Disasters: Disaster profiling of districts of Pakistan |url=http://www.ndma.gov.pk/Publications/livingwithdisasters.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085830/http://www.ndma.gov.pk/Publications/livingwithdisasters.pdf |archive-date=July 9, 2011 |access-date=May 14, 2013 |publisher=National Disaster Management Authority |page=27}}</ref>
* August 3 – 8, 1968 – A deep depression caused heavy to very heavy rainfall in Saurashtra and [[Kutch district|Kutch]]. Thus severe flooding occurred in parts of Gujarat. South Gujarat also got affected because of the overflowing of the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] and [[Tapti River|Tapti]] rivers. Rail communications between Gujarat and [[Bombay State]] were cut off, only being restored after a month.<ref name="IMD">{{cite report |url=ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED27E.pdf |title=India Weather Review Annual Summary — Part-C: Storms and Depressions 1968 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=May 26, 2020 |format=PDF |year=1969 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
* June 5 – 6, 1969 – A depression made land near [[Diu, India|Diu]].<ref name="IMD2">{{cite report |url=ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED280.pdf |title=India Weather Review Annual Summary — Part-C: Storms and Depressions 1969 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=August 2, 2021 |format=PDF |year=1969 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Under the influence of the system, the monsoon advanced on the Arabian Sea, particularly on Maharashtra and south Gujarat coasts.<ref name="IMD2" />

=== 1970s ===

* September 2 – 13, 1970 – A low-pressure area that was centred over [[West Bengal]]. It intensified as it moved to the west, becoming a deep depression which continued to move west across India, before weakening into a depression on near [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat. The depression then turned northward and entered southwest [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="1970 AR">{{cite report |url=ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED281.pdf |title=India Weather Review Annual Summary — Part-C: Storms and Depressions 1970 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=May 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614112938/ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED281.pdf |archive-date=June 14, 2019 |url-status=dead |year=1971}}</ref> On September 8, the system turned to the southwest and emerged into the [[Arabian Sea]] and turned into cyclonic storm. This system brought widespread rains to a wide swathe of India during its existence. Both the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] and [[Tapti River]]s inundated parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and Gujarat. The floods in Gujarat took many lives and caused severe damage to crops and other properties. Between 300 and 400 people were washed away in two villages in [[Bharuch district]].<ref name="1970 AR" /> {{convert|260|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain fell on [[Surat]] on July 7 and a further {{convert|80|mm|in|abbr=on}} on [[Kutch District]] as the cyclone moved out to sea.<ref name="1970 AR" />
* October 17 – 24, 1975 – A [[1975 Porbandar cyclone|very severe cyclonic storm]] formed in the Arabian Sea, off the coast of [[Maharashtra]] and moved towards Gujarat coast. It made landfall in [[Porbandar]]. It killed 85 people and caused estimated damages worth {{INRconvert|75|c|year=1975}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Mukherjee |first=A. K. |last2=Subramanian |first2=S. K. |date=1977-10-01 |title=Some features of Porbandar cyclone of October 1975 |url=https://mausamjournal.imd.gov.in/index.php/MAUSAM/article/view/2756 |journal=MAUSAM |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=439–446 |doi=10.54302/mausam.v28i4.2756 |issn=0252-9416|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=G. R. |last2=Mishra |first2=D. K. |last3=Yadav |first3=B. R. |date=1977-04-01 |title=The Porbandar cyclone of October 1975 |url=https://mausamjournal.imd.gov.in/index.php/MAUSAM/article/view/2687 |journal=MAUSAM |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=177–188 |doi=10.54302/mausam.v28i2.2687 |issn=0252-9416|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://gidm.gujarat.gov.in/sites/default/files/educate_your_self_document/Report%20on%20Frequency%20of%20Cyclones%20Affecting%20Gujarat%20State%20%26%20Role%20of%20Mangroves%20%26%20Shelterbelt.pdf |title=A Report on Frequency of Cyclone Affecting Gujarat State & Role of Mangroves and Shelterbelt in Cyclone Mitigation |publisher=Gujarat Institute of Disaster Management}}</ref>
* May 31 – June 6, 1976 – An extremely severe cyclonic storm formed on 31 May and gradually intensified to a severe cyclone. On 3 June, the storm made landfall over Saurashtra coast and rapidly weakened thereafter. 70 people and 4500 cattle were killed due to the storm with 25,000 houses damaged. Damages were estimated to be {{INRconvert|3|c|year=1976}}.<ref name=":1" />

=== 1980s ===

* November 4 – 9, 1982 – An extremely severe cyclonic storm formed in the Arabian Sea. It tracked northeastward, strengthening into a tropical storm on the 6 November and a cyclone on 7 November. The system peaked at 100 mph winds before hitting [[Veraval]] next day. The cyclone rapidly dissipated, after resulting in 511 casualties and heavy flooding. Damages were estimated to be {{INRconvert|128|c|year=1982}}.<ref name=":1" />

=== 1990s ===

* June 4 – 10, 1998 – An [[1998 Gujarat cyclone|extremely severe cyclonic storm]] formed over the [[Laccadive Islands]] and moved across the Arabian Sea and made landfall near Porbandar and then moved towards [[Kandla Port]]. It killed at least 1,173 people, mostly in Gujarat. It was one of the deadliest cyclones which hit the state.<ref name=":x0">{{Cite web |last=Rawat |first=Mukesh |date=2019-06-13 |title=Cyclone Vayu spares Gujarat: 21 yrs ago, a cyclone rained death, killed thousands in state |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cyclone-vayu-gujarat-landfall-1998-kandla-destruction-1548051-2019-06-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109141837/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cyclone-vayu-gujarat-landfall-1998-kandla-destruction-1548051-2019-06-13 |archive-date=2021-11-09 |access-date=2019-06-14 |website=India Today}}</ref>
* May 16 – 22 – An [[1999 Pakistan cyclone|extremely severe cyclonic storm]] formed in the Arabian Sea and landfall in Kutch and then moved to Pakistan. It proved to be very deadly with 6,400 people reported to be dead. Damages totaled to $6 million (1999 USD).<ref name=":1" />

=== 2000s ===

* May 21 – 29, 2001 – An [[2001 Gujarat cyclone|extremely severe cyclonic storm]]. Heavily affected Kandla, Kosamba, Jamnagar and Valsad.<ref name=":1" /> Between 120 and 900 fishermen were listed as missing after contact was lost with their vessels during the storm.
* October 7 – 13, 2001 – A cyclonic storm formed and weaken in the Arabian Sea but brought heavy rains in South Gujarat.<ref name=":1" />
* September 30 – October 10, 2004 – A [[Cyclone Onil|severe cyclonic storm Onil]] attained its peak intensity on October 2. However, dry air quickly entered the system, causing it to rapidly weaken to a depression just off the coast of [[Gujarat]], India. Over the following several days, the system took a slow, erratic track towards the south-southeast. After turning northeastward, the system made [[landfall]] near [[Porbandar]] on October 10 and dissipated shortly thereafter.<ref name=":1" />
* June 21 – 22, 2005 – A depression impacted western Gujarat.<ref name=":1" />
* September 14 – 16, 2005 – A depression impacted western Gujarat and caused 13 deaths.<ref name=":1" />
* September 21 – 24, 2006 – A severe cyclonic storm Mudka formed in sea but did not make landfall and dissipated. Impacted Saurashtra region with rains.<ref name=":1" />

=== 2010s ===

* May 31 – June 7, 2010 – A [[Cyclone Phet|very severe cyclonic storm Phet]] impacted Gujarat and killed 5 people.<ref name="army">{{cite web |date=June 8, 2010 |title=Rains claim four lives in Kutch |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rains-claim-four-lives-in-kutch-1393385 |access-date=November 12, 2016 |work=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><ref name="ie68">{{cite news |date=June 8, 2010 |title=Four killed as winds, heavy rains lash Saurashtra, Kutch |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/four-killed-as-winds--heavy-rains-lash-saurashtra--kutch/630906 |access-date=November 12, 2016 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
* June 11 – 12, 2011 - A depression made a landfall on Saurashtra coast.<ref name=":1" />
* October 25 – 31, 2014 - An [[Cyclone Nilofar|extremely severe cyclonic storm Nilofar]] formed and dissipated in the Arabian Sea but brought rains in Gujarat.<ref name=":1" />
* June 22 – 24, 2015 - A [[Deep Depression ARB 02 (2015)|deep depression]] caused flood in Amreli, Gir Somnath and Rajkot districts of Gujarat. It caused 81 deaths and heavy damages.<ref name=":1" />
* November 29 –December 6, 2017 - A [[Cyclone Ockhi|very severe cyclonic storm Ockhi]] had minor impact on [[Surat district]].<ref name=":1" />
*June 10 – 17, 2019 – A [[Cyclone Vayu|very severe cyclonic storm Vayu]] heavily impacted Gujarat during its two approaches to land. 8 were killed and thousands were evacuated.<ref name=":1" />
*September 22 – 25, 2019 - A [[Cyclone Hikaa|very severe cyclonic storm Hikaa]] limited effects on southern coast of Gujarat.<ref name=":1" />
*September 29 – October 1, 2019 - A land depression caused heavy rains in parts of Gujarat.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="land 01">{{cite web |title=Premilary report of a Depression over Gulf of Kutch &neighborhood during (29 September{{snd}}01 October 2019) |url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/report/26/26_94e8bb_dsep29.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004055512/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/report/26/26_94e8bb_dsep29.pdf |archive-date=October 4, 2021 |access-date=June 23, 2021 |website=www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>
*October 30 – November 7, 2019 - An extremely severe cyclonic storm Maha had made landfall near Gujarat as a tropical depression. It had impacted [[Diu, India|Diu]].<ref name=":1" />

=== 2020s ===

* May 14 – 19, 2021 – An [[Cyclone Tauktae|extremely severe cyclonic storm Tauktae]] caused 174 deaths and estimated damages worth $1.57 billion.
* September 12 – 15, 2021 – A deep depression result in heavy rainfall in Gujarat.<ref name="bob03">{{cite web |date=September 2021 |title=Preliminary Report of Deep Depression over northwest Bay of Bengal during 12–15 September |url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/report/26/26_2a0ef3_Preliminary%20Report%20of%20Deep%20Depression%20over%20northwest%20Bay%20of%20Bengal%20%20during%2012-15%20Sept.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108173009/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/report/26/26_2a0ef3_Preliminary%20Report%20of%20Deep%20Depression%20over%20northwest%20Bay%20of%20Bengal%20%20during%2012-15%20Sept.pdf |archive-date=January 8, 2022 |access-date=January 8, 2022 |website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>
* September 30 – October 4, 2021 – A [[Cyclones Gulab and Shaheen|severe cyclonic storm Shaheen]] caused heavy rains in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 29, 2021 |title=મેઘાનું રૌદ્ર સ્વરૂપ: વલસાડ અને કપરાડામાં 6 કલાકમાં 6 ઈંચ વરસાદ, જાણો ક્યા કેટલો પડ્યો? |url=http://sandesh.com/valsad-rains-begin-in-gujarat-heavy-rains-in-many-districts-from-late-night/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929060402/https://sandesh.com/valsad-rains-begin-in-gujarat-heavy-rains-in-many-districts-from-late-night/ |archive-date=September 29, 2021 |access-date=September 29, 2021 |website=sandesh.com |publisher=[[Sandesh (Indian newspaper)|Sandesh]] |language=gu}}</ref>
* July 16 – 18, 2022 – A depression off the Saurashtra coast had no impact on Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web |author=Shobhit Katiyar |date=July 18, 2022 |title=Special Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean (the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea) |url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_c6f267_SPECIAL%20Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20based%20on%200000%20UTC%20of%2018%20July2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723113003/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_c6f267_SPECIAL%20Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20based%20on%200000%20UTC%20of%2018%20July2022.pdf |archive-date=July 23, 2022 |access-date=July 20, 2022 |website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>
* August 12 – 13, 2022 – A depression off the Saurashtra coast had no impact on Gujarat.<ref name="arb02:03">{{cite web |author=A K Das |date=August 13, 2022 |title=Special Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean (for the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea) |url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_4ca1f7_Special%20Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20based%20on%201200%20UTC%20of%2013.08.2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220814080844/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_4ca1f7_Special%20Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20based%20on%201200%20UTC%20of%2013.08.2022.pdf |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>
* June 6–19, 2023 – An [[Cyclone Biparjoy|extremely severe cyclonic storm Biparjoy]] made landfall in [[Naliya]].<ref name="JTWC">{{cite JTWC|date=15 June 2023|type=prog|category=tc|designation=02A|no=39|name=Biparjoy|url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/text/2023-06-15-1930-io0223web.txt|access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref> More than 1,50,000 people were evacuated.<ref name="bbcnews2">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-15 |title=Cyclone Biparjoy: More than 150,000 evacuated as India, Pakistan braces for storm |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65911739 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615054815/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65911739 |archive-date=2023-06-15 |access-date=2023-06-15 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> At least 23 people were injured as well as 4,600 villages were affected by power outages.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-13 |title=Cyclone Biparjoy Live Updates: Rain in parts of Delhi under the influence of Cyclone Biparjoy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/newsblogs/cyclone-biparjoy-live-updates-imb-alert-gujarat-latest-news-16-june-2023/liveblog/101031291.cms |access-date=2023-06-16 |work=India Times |language=en}}</ref> Total 12 people were confirmed to have been killed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyclone Biparjoy to Impact 12 Districts in Rajasthan, Including Jodhpur, Udaipur {{!}} Weather.com |url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/news/news/2023-06-13-cyclone-biparjoy-to-impact-12-rajasthan-districts-including-jodhpur |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=The Weather Channel |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* August 25 – September 2, 2024 – [[Cyclone Asna]] formed as deep depression over land, intensified in the cyclone and moved into [[Arabian Sea]]. The heavy rains caused widespread flooding across Gujarat and Sindh, leading to the deaths of 49 people in Gujarat and 24 in Pakistan.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=Heavy rain claimed 49 lives in August last week, 37,000 people rescued across state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/heavy-rain-claimed-49-lives-in-august-last-week-37000-people-rescued-across-state-9550772/#:~:text=Heavy%20downpour%20in%20August%20last,Kumar%20Pandey%20said%20on%20Wednesday. |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* October 25 – 31, 2025 – A depression over the Arabian Sea brought heavy rainfall across Gujarat causing widespread crop loss.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of tropical cyclones]]
[[Category:Disasters in Gujarat]]

List of Padma Shri award recipients in other fields

2026-04-22T20:52:02Z

Veronasie: adding entry

{{Sources exist|date=September 2025}}
{{Short description|Recipients of a civilian award in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

This is a list of recipients of the [[Padma Shri]] award, the fourth-highest civilian award of the [[Republic of India]], in the Others category. As of 2025, a total of 134 individuals have been awarded Padma Shri for their contributions in this field.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards Dashboard |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in |url-status= |access-date=31 July 2025 |website=padmaawards.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (Govt. of India)}}</ref>

== Recipients ==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" | 1950-1959
! Year !! Name !! State !! Field
|-
| 1959 || [[Ghulam Yazdani]] || Andhra Pradesh || Others
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" | 1960-1969
! Year !! Name !! State !! Field
|-
| 1961 || [[Kartar Singh Dewana]] || Punjab || Others
|-
| 1961 || [[Vithalrao Eknathrao Vikhe Patil]] || Maharashtra || Others
|-
| 1962 || [[Natthi Singh]] || Uttar Pradesh || Others
|-
| 1968 || [[Narendra Singh Dev]] || Madhya Pradesh || Others
|-
| 1968 || [[Shamrao Sakharamrao Kadam]] || Maharashtra || Others
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" | 1970-1979
! Year !! Name !! State !! Field
|-
| 1971 || [[Sukharam Abaji Patil]] || Maharashtra || Others
|-
| 1971 || [[Surya Deo Singh]] || Rajasthan || Others
|-
| 1971 || [[Zafar Futehally]] || Maharashtra || Others
|-
| 1975 || [[Arjan Singh]] || Uttar Pradesh || Others
|-
| 1977 || [[Rana Moti Singh]] || Punjab || Others
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" | 1980-1989
! Year !! Name !! State !! Field
|-
| 1981 || [[Madhav Gadgil|Madhav Dhananjaya Gadgil]] || Karnataka || Others
|-
| 1986 || [[Anil Kumar Agarwal]] || Delhi || Others
|-
| 1986 || [[Avdhesh Kaushal]] || Uttarakhand || Others
|-
| 1986 || [[Chandi Parsad Bhatt]] || Uttarakhand || Others
|-
| 1986 || [[G. B. Joshi|Govind Bhimacharya Joshi]] || Karnataka || Others
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" | 1990-1999
! Year !! Name !! State !! Field
|-
| 1990 || [[Rajinder Singh Sarkaria|Rajinder Singh]] || Himachal Pradesh || Others
|-
| 1990 || [[(Smt.) Gisela Bonn]] || Germany || Others
|-
| 1990 || [[Inder Sharma]] || Delhi || Others
|-
| 1991 || Bharat Bhushan || Uttar Pradesh || Others
|-
| 1992 || [[Goro Koyama]] || Japan || Others
|-
| 1992 || [[Bratindra Nath Mukherjee]] || West Bengal || Others
|-
| 1992 || [[Alfred Georg Wuerfel]] || Delhi || Others
|-
| 1992 || [[Jagjit Singh Hara]] || Punjab || Others
|-
| 1992 || [[Kailash Singh Sankhala]] || Rajasthan || Others
|-
| 1992 || [[Shanti Lal Jain]] || Delhi || Others
|-
| 1999 || [[Ramkinker Upadhyay]] || Uttar Pradesh || Others
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" | 2000-2009
! Year !! Name !! State !! Field
|-
| 2000 || [[Anil Kumar Agarwal]] || Delhi || Others
|-
| 2000 || [[Aloysius Prakash Fernandez]] || Karnataka || Others
|-
| 2000 || [[Dina Nath Malhotra]] || Delhi || Others
|-
| 2001 || [[Rajendra Kumar Pachauri]] || Delhi || Others
|-
| 2003 || [[Tekkatte Narayan Shanbhag]] || Maharashtra || Others
|-
| 2005 || [[Chandi Prasad Bhatt]] || Uttarakhand || Others
|-
| 2005 || [[Sunita Narain]] || Delhi || Others
|-
| 2006 || [[Air Com. Jasjit Singh]] || Haryana || Others
|-
| 2006 || [[Arjan Singh]] || Uttar Pradesh || Others
|-
| 2007 || [[Lalit Pande]] || Uttarakhand || Others
|-
| 2007 || [[Rabinder Gokaldas Ahuja]] || Maharashtra || Others
|-
| 2007 || [[Tarla Dalal]] || Maharashtra || Others
|-
| 2008 || [[Sunita Williams]] || United States of America || Others
|-
| 2008 || [[Jasdev Singh]] || Delhi || Others
|-
| 2008 || [[Haji Kaleem Ullah Khan]] || Uttar Pradesh || Others
|-
| 2009 || [[Sunderlal Bahuguna]] || Uttarakhand || Others
|-
| 2009 || [[Lt.Gen. (Retd.) Satish Nambiar]] || Delhi || Others
|-
| 2009 || [[Syed Iqbal Hasnain]] || Delhi || Others
|-
| 2009 || [[Ameen Sayani]] || Maharashtra || Others
|-
| 2009 || [[Surinder Mehta]] || Delhi || Others
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" | 2010-2019
! Year !! Name !! State !! Field
|-
| 2010 || [[Ranjit Bhargava]] || Uttarakhand || Others
|-
| 2011 || [[Om Prakash Agrawal]] || Uttar Pradesh || Others
|-
| 2011 || [[Prof.(Dr) Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar]] || Maharashtra || Others
|-
| 2011 || [[Gulshan Nanda]] || Delhi || Others
|-
| 2011 || [[Shanti Teresa Lakra]] || Andaman And Nicobar Islands || Others
|-
| 2012 || [[Kota Ullas Karanth]] || Karnataka || Others
|-
| 2012 || [[Katragadda Paddayya]] || Maharashtra || Others
|-
| 2012 || [[Kartikeya V. Sarabhai]] || Gujarat || Others
|-
| 2012 || [[Swapan Guha]] || Rajasthan || Others
|-
| 2012 || [[T. Vengadapathi Reddiar]] || Puducherry || Others
|-
| 2013 || [[Ravindra Singh Bisht]] || Uttar Pradesh || Others
|-
| 2013 || [[Ritu Kumar]] || Delhi || Others
|-
| 2014 || [[B. K. S. Iyengar|Bellur Krishnamachar Sundararaja Iyengar]] || Maharashtra || Others
|-
| 2014 || [[Wendell Augustine Rodricks]] || Goa || Others
|-
| 2015 || [[Shivakumara Swamigalu]] || Karnataka || Others
|-
| 2015 || [[Swami Satyamitranand Giri]] || Uttarakhand || Others
|-
| 2015 || [[Chewang Norphel]] || Jammu and Kashmir || Others
|-
| 2015 || [[Jadav Payeng]] || Assam || Others
|-
| 2015 || [[Jagat Guru Amrta Suryananda Maha Raja]] || Portugal || Others
|-
| 2015 || [[Thegtse Rinpoche]] || Arunachal Pradesh || Others
|-
| 2016 || [[Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]] || Karnataka || Others
|-
| 2016 || [[Hafeez Sorabe Contractor]] || Maharashtra || Others
|-
| 2016 || [[Swami Dayananda Saraswati (Arsha Vaidya)|Dayananda Saraswati]] (Posthumous) || Uttarakhand || Others
|-
| 2016 || Swami [[Tejomayananda]] || Maharashtra || Others
|-
| 2016 || [[H. R. Nagendra]] || Karnataka || Others
|-
| 2016 || [[Mohammed Imtiaz Qureshi]] || Maharashtra || Others
|-
| 2016 || [[Predrag K. Nikic]] || Serbia || Others
|-
| 2016 || [[Ravindra Kumar Sinha (biologist)|Ravindra Kumar Sinha]] || Bihar || Others
|-
| 2016 || [[Piyush Pandey]] || Maharashtra || Others
|-
| 2016 || [[Simon Oraon]] || Jharkhand || Others
|-
| 2016 || [[Subhash Palekar]] || Maharashtra || Others
|-
| 2016 || [[Zhang Hui Lan]] || United States of America || Others
|-
| 2017 || [[Jaggi Vasudev|Sadhguru Jagadish Vasudev]] || Tamil Nadu || Others
|-
| 2017 || [[Jainacharya Vijay Ratnasunderi Maharaja]] || Gujarat || Others
|-
| 2017 || Swami [[Niranjanananda Saraswati]] || Bihar || Others
|-
| 2017 || [[Arun Kumar Sharma]] || Chhattisgarh || Others
|-
| 2017 || [[Sanjeev Kapoor]] || Maharashtra || Others
|-
| 2017 || [[Asoke Kumar Bhattacharyya]] (Posthumous) || West Bengal || Others
|-
| 2017 || [[Genabhai Darghabhai Patel]] || Gujarat || Others
|-
| 2017 || [[Meenakshi P]] || Kerala || Others
|-
| 2018 || [[Philipose Mar Chrysostom Mar Thoma Valiya Metropolitan]] || Kerala || Others
|-
| 2018 || [[Ramachandran Nagaswamy]] || Tamil Nadu || Others
|-
| 2018 || [[Narayan Das (Rajasthan)|Narayan Das]] || Rajasthan || Others
|-
| 2018 || [[V Nanammal]] || Tamil Nadu || Others
|-
| 2018 || [[Most Venerable Dr. Nguyen Tien Thien]] || Vietnam || Others
|-
| 2018 || [[Romulus Whitaker]] || Tamil Nadu || Others
|-
| 2018 || [[Bounlap Keokangna]] || Laos || Others
|-
| 2018 || [[Nouf Almarwaai]] || Saudi Arabia || Others
|-
| 2018 || [[His Holiness Shri Somdet Phra Ariyavamsagatanana]] || Thailand || Others
|-
| 2019 || [[Bangaru Adigalar]] || Tamil Nadu || Others
|-
| 2019 || [[Dilip Chakrabarti]] || Delhi || Others
|-
| 2019 || [[Kanwal Singh Chauhan]] || Haryana || Others
|-
| 2019 || [[Babulal Dahiya]] || Madhya Pradesh || Others
|-
| 2019 || [[Raj Kumari]] || Bihar || Others
|-
| 2019 || [[Vallabhbhai Vasrambhai Marvaniya]] || Gujarat || Others
|-
| 2019 || [[Muhammed K K]] || Kerala || Others
|-
| 2019 || [[Jagdish Prasad Pareek]] || Rajasthan || Others
|-
| 2019 || [[Bimal Hasmukh Patel]] || Gujarat || Others
|-
| 2019 || [[Hukumchand Patidar]] || Rajasthan || Others
|-
| 2019 || [[Tao Porchon-Lynch]] || United States of America || Others
|-
| 2019 || [[Kamala Pujari]] || Odisha || Others
|-
| 2019 || Narender Singh || Haryana || Others
|-
| 2019 || [[Sultan Singh]] || Haryana || Others
|-
| 2019 || [[Sharada Srinivasan]] || Karnataka || Others
|-
| 2019 || [[Bharat Bhushan Tyagi]] || Uttar Pradesh || Others
|-
| 2019 || [[Ram Saran Verma]] || Uttar Pradesh || Others
|-
| 2019 || [[Brahmasree Visudhananda Swami]] || Kerala || Others
|-
| 2019 || [[Yadlapalli Venkateswara Rao]] || Andhra Pradesh || Others
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" | 2020-2029
! Year !! Name !! State !! Field
|-
| 2020 || [[Vishwesha Tirtha|Shri Vishwesha Theertha Swamiji]] (Posthumous) || Karnataka || Others
|-
| 2020 || [[Sri M|Mumtaz Ali (Sri M)]] || Kerala || Others
|-
| 2020 || [[B. V. Doshi|Balkrishna Doshi]] || Gujarat || Others
|-
| 2020 || [[Prof.(Dr.) Enamul Haque]] || Bangladesh || Others
|-
| 2020 || [[Rahibai Soma Popere]] || Maharashtra || Others
|-
| 2020 || [[Chinthala Venkat Reddy]] || Telangana || Others
|-
| 2020 || [[Radhamohan (Posthumous) and Kumari Sabarmatee (Duo)]] || Odisha || Others
|-
| 2020 || [[Bata Krushna Sahoo]] || Odisha || Others
|-
| 2020 || [[Trinity Saioo]] || Meghalaya || Others
|-
| 2021 || Maulana [[Wahiduddin Khan]] (Posthumous) || Delhi || Others
|-
| 2021 || [[Braj Basi Lal]] || Delhi || Others
|-
| 2021 || [[Syed Kalbe Sadiq]] (Posthumous) || Uttar Pradesh || Others
|-
| 2021 || [[M. Ali Manikfan]] || Lakshadweep || Others
|-
| 2021 || [[Nanadro B Marak]] || Meghalaya || Others
|-
| 2021 || [[Rangammal alias Pappmmal]] || Tamil Nadu || Others
|-
| 2021 || [[Prem Chand Sharma]] || Uttarakhand || Others
|-
| 2021 || [[Chandrashekhar Singh]] || Uttar Pradesh || Others
|-
| 2022 || [[Madhur Jaffrey]] || United States of America || Others
|-
| 2022 || [[Sosamma Iype]] || Kerala || Others
|-
| 2022 || [[Abdulkhadar Imamsab Nadakattin]] || Karnataka || Others
|-
| 2022 || [[Amai Mahalinga Naik]] || Karnataka || Others
|-
| 2022 || [[His Eminence 12th Guru Tulku Rinpoche]] || Arunachal Pradesh || Others
|-
| 2022 || [[Sethpal Singh]] || Uttar Pradesh || Others
|-
| 2022 || [[Swami Sivananda]] || Uttar Pradesh || Others
|-
| 2022 || [[Sadguru Brahmeshanand Acharya Swami]] || Goa || Others
|-
| 2023 || [[Balkrishna Doshi]] (Posthumous) || Gujarat || Others
|-
| 2023 || H H Tridandi [[Chinna Jeeyar]] Swami || Telangana || Others
|-
| 2023 || [[Kamlesh D. Patel]] || Telangana || Others
|-
| 2023 || [[Sukama Acharya]] || Haryana || Others
|-
| 2023 || [[Raman Cheruvayal]] || Kerala || Others
|-
| 2023 || [[Pataet Kumar Sahu]] || Odisha || Others
|-
| 2023 || [[Nek Ram Sharma]] || Himachal Pradesh || Others
|-
| 2023 || [[Kushok Thiksey Nawang Chamba Stanzin]] || Ladakh || Others
|-
| 2023 || [[S Subbaraman]] || Karnataka || Others
|-
| 2023 || [[Tularam Upreti]] || Sikkim || Others
|-
| 2024 || [[Togdan Rinpochey]] (Posthumous) || Ladakh || Others
|-
| 2024 || [[Sarbeswar Basumatary]] || Assam || Others
|-
| 2024 || [[Sathyanarayana Beleri]] || Kerala || Others
|-
| 2024 || [[K. Chellammal]] || Andaman And Nicobar Islands || Others
|-
| 2024 || [[Charlotte Chopin]] || France || Others
|-
| 2024 || [[Chitta Ranjan Debbarma]] || Tripura || Others
|-
| 2024 || [[Yanung Jamoh Lego]] || Arunachal Pradesh || Others
|-
| 2024 || [[Shri. Sanjay Anant Patil]] || Goa || Others
|-
| 2024 || [[Kiran Labhshanker Vyas]] || France || Others
|-
| 2024 || [[M. S. Swaminathan|Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan]] (Posthumous) || Tamil Nadu || Others
|-
| 2025 || [[Kailash Nath Dikshit]] || Delhi || Others
|-
| 2025 || [[Baijnath Maharaj]] || Rajasthan || Others
|-
| 2025 || [[Chandrakant Sompura]] || Gujarat || Others
|-
| 2025 || [[Hariman Sharma]] || Himachal Pradesh || Others
|-
| 2025 || [[Jonas Masetti]] || Brazil || Others
|-
| 2025 || [[K. Damodaran]] || Tamil Nadu || Others
|-
| 2025 || [[L Hangthing]] || Nagaland || Others
|-
| 2025 || [[Lama Lobzang]] (Posthumous) || Ladakh || Others
|-
| 2025 || [[Subhash Khetulal Sharma]] || Maharashtra || Others
|-
| 2025 || [[Swami Pradiptananda (Kartik Maharaj)]] || West Bengal || Others
|-
| 2025 || [[Vijay Nityanand Surishwar Ji Maharaj]] || Bihar || Others
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Padma Shri award recipients]]

Sanjiv Chaurasiya

2026-04-21T04:21:29Z

Veronasie: adding first post v1

{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjiv Chaurasia
| birth_name = Sanjiv Chaurasia
| caption =
| image = File:Sanjeev Chaurasiya and Vijay Kumar Sinha at Khajpura Pandal for Durga Puja (cropped).jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|07|06|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Digha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Digha]]
| term_start = 2015
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Punam Devi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| father = [[Ganga Prasad]]
| website =
| education = Ph.D.
| alma_mater = [[Ranchi University]]
| profession = Assistant Professor, Politician
| date =

|
| year =

|
| source =
}}
'''Sanjiv Chaurasia''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Digha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Digha]] in the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. <ref>[http://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=1123 My Neta]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/BJP-names-Sanjiv-Chaurasia-from-Digha/articleshow/49029152.cms BJP names Sanjiv Chaurasia from Digha]</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/digha-land-tussle-erupts-afresh/cid/1442273 Digha land tussle erupts afresh]</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/bjp-citadel-intact-with-major-breaches/cid/1509570#.VkGmI7crLIU BJP citadel intact, with major breaches]</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tewary |first=Amarnath |date=2023-03-30 |title=Patna court summons Rahul Gandhi in ‘Modi surname’ case on April 12 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/patna-court-has-issued-summons-to-rahul-gandhi-in-defamation-case-bihar-bjp-leader-sushil-modi/article66679533.ece |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaurasia, Sanjiv}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Patna]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Centre

2026-04-19T16:21:48Z

Veronasie: new!

{{Short description|Non-profit organization located primarily in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
'''Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Centre''' is a non-profit organisation located in India with a presence across the country. It was formed in the memory of [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]] (11th President of India) in 2015. The organisation was founded by [[Srijan Pal Singh]], an author, social entrepreneur, and public speaker. He also worked as the Officer-on-Special-Duty and Advisor for Science, Technology, and Policy to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam between 2009 and 2015.

The organisation aspires to create a sustainable and livable planet Earth for humanity by taking forward the vision of Dr. Kalam. It also aims to promote innovations, especially in governance and social enterprises, to improve youth participation in national and international development so as to improve access to education as well as knowledge in all strata of society.

== Pillars ==

=== Education ===
Kalam Centre runs a network of free libraries across remote and low-income regions of India under the banner of Kalam Library. These libraries cater to the reading and learning needs of children in slums, government schools, low-cost private schools, and children [[observation homes]]. Collectively, the libraries serve the needs of over 500,000 children. Another initiative is that of Dreamathon<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/92780/sapno-ka-dibba-metro-underprivileged-kids/|title=All Aboard the Sapno ka Dibba! A Metro Ride Inspires Underprivileged Kids to Reach for Their Dreams|date=2017-03-24|website=The Better India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-20}}</ref> which is an annual flagship campaign to ignite the passion for learning among youth. It supports them by providing relevant skills to help them reach their full potential and go beyond. Kalam Centre also has over 500 auxiliary teachers in Telangana under the initiative of Kalam Bharat<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-ncr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam-birth-anniversary-writing-of-new-india-with-kalam-pen-jagran-special-19668666.html|title=38 हजार बच्चों को कलाम बनने का सामर्थ्‍य देने का नाम है 'कलाम भारत' प्रोजेक्ट|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=2019-11-20}}</ref> to help fill the knowledge gaps in government schools.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2015 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Literacy in India]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2015]]
[[Category:Foundations based in India]]
[[Category:Child education organizations]]

Generalganj Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:51Z

Veronasie: new a article

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Generalganj
| type = SLA
| state = Uttar Pradesh
| district = [[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar]]
| reservation =
| established = 1967
| abolished = 2012
}}
'''Generalganj (Assembly constituency)''' was a legislative assembly of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], Generalganj (Assembly constituency) ceased to exist in 2012.

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Year
!Neme
!Party
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh
}}" |
|| 1967 || Ganga Ram Talwar || [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|| 1969 || Ganesh Dutt Bajpai|| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|| 1977 || Reoti Raman Rastogi || [[Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|| 1980 || Suman Lata Dixit<ref name="election1980">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3254-uttar-pradesh-1980/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref> || [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|| 1985 || Virendra Nath Dixit || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|| 1989 || Virendra Nath Dixit || [[Janata Dal]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| 1991 || [[Neeraj Chaturvedi]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| 1993 || [[Neeraj Chaturvedi]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| 1996 || [[Neeraj Chaturvedi]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| 2002 || [[Salil Vishnoi]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| 2007 || [[Salil Vishnoi]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kanpur|Generalganj]]<ref name="election2007">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3261-uttar-pradesh-2007/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Salil Vishnoi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 29,461
|percentage = 40.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Surendra Mohan Agarwal
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 26,977
|percentage = 36.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abdul Mannan Ansari
|votes = 11,355
|percentage = 15.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sarvesh Shukla
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 4,209
|percentage = 5.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mumtaz Ahmad Siddiqui
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 380
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,484
|percentage = 3.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 73,637
|percentage = 41.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2002: Generalganj}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Salil Vishnoi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 28,854
|percentage = 36.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abdul Mannan Ansari
|votes = 27,823
|percentage = 34.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Surendra Mohan Agarwal
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 19,475
|percentage = 24.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Asif Hussain
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,084
|percentage = 2.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anwari Kinnar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 497
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,031
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 79,830
|percentage = 39.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1996: Generalganj}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Neeraj Chaturvedi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 37,411
|percentage = 39.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Surendra Mohan Agarwal
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 34,664
|percentage = 36.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Dixit
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 20,523
|percentage = 21.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Natural Law Party
|candidate = Mohammad Naseem
|votes = 846
|percentage = 0.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohammad Suleman
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 549
|percentage = 0.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,747
|percentage = 2.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 94,349
|percentage = 47.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1993: Generalganj}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Neeraj Chaturvedi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 45,254
|percentage = 46.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Anant Misra Antu
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 38,090
|percentage = 38.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shyam Mishra
|votes = 12,114
|percentage = 12.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Virendra Nath Dixit
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 1,327
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Subodh Kumar Chopra
|party = Shiv Sena
|votes = 340
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,164
|percentage = 7.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 98,161
|percentage = 56.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1991: Generalganj}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Neeraj Chaturvedi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 38,816
|percentage = 53.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sita Ram Dixit
|votes = 13,958
|percentage = 19.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Syed Mohammad Ahamad
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 13,376
|percentage = 18.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shanker Datt Mishra
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,176
|percentage = 4.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohammad Raza
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,405
|percentage = 3.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,858
|percentage = 33.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 73,235
|percentage = 42.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin | title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1989: Generalganj<ref name="election1989">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3256-uttar-pradesh-1989/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Virendra Nath Dixit
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 21,653
|percentage = 29.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ragendra Swarup
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 18,796
|percentage = 25.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Neeraj Chaturvedi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 18,274
|percentage = 24.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Mohammad Raza
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 12,450
|percentage = 16.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Asrey
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,668
|percentage = 2.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,857
|percentage = 3.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 73,889
|percentage = 44.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin | title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1985: Generalganj<ref name="election1985">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3255-uttar-pradesh-1985/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Virendra Nath Dixit|party=Indian National Congress|votes=23,262|percentage=52.33|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Babu Ram Shukla|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=14,244|percentage=32.04|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Babu Badre]]|party=Lok Dal|votes=4,391|percentage=9.88|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bharat Singh|party=Janata Party|votes=1,612|percentage=3.63|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Irshad Ali|party=Independent (politician)|votes=383|percentage=0.86|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,018|percentage=20.29|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=44,455|percentage=31.89|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Kanpur}}
{{coords|26.47|80.35|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kanpur Nagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Kanpur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]

Andheri Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:19:47Z

Veronasie: starting

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Andheri
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no =
| established = 1962
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''[[Andheri]]''' Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the constituencies of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]], in [[India]]. Andheri seat existed until the 2004 elections after which it became defunct when the map of constituencies in India was redrawn. In 2008, two new Vidhan Sabha seats ([[Andheri East Assembly constituency|Andheri East]] and [[Andheri West Assembly constituency|Andheri West]]) were created covering this area.

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==
{|class=wikitable
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Shantilal Shah{{efn|Parle Andheri seat}}
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| V. G. Rawal
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Ramnath Pandey
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Nilkant Samant
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| [[Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Chandrakant Tripathi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2"|Ramesh Dube
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| Sitaram Dalvi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Suresh Shetty]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''2008 onwards: See [[Andheri East Assembly constituency|Andheri East]] & [[Andheri West Assembly constituency|Andheri West]]''}}
|}
{{noteslist}}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Andheri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Shetty]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 96,514 |percentage = 47.98% |change={{decrease}}2.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravindra Dattaram Waikar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 87,445 |percentage = 43.47% |change={{increase}}1.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pasi Kashinath(Kaka) |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 11,198 |percentage = 5.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Sufer Rajbhar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,649 |percentage = 1.32% |change={{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,069 |percentage = 4.51% |change= {{decrease}}4.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,01,163 |percentage = 52.78% |change= {{increase}}7.49 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,01,156}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,81,142|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Andheri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Shetty]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 80,588 |percentage = 50.62% |change={{increase}}18.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sitaram Bhikaji Dalvi Aaba |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 66,431 |percentage = 41.73% |change={{decrease}}3.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Vashi Manubhai Pragji |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,781 |percentage = 4.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Bhojgar Chandrakant |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 2,313 |percentage = 1.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,157 |percentage = 8.89% |change= {{decrease}}4.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,62,490 |percentage = 46.23% |change= {{decrease}}15.94 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,59,193}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,51,514|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}5.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Andheri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sitaram Bhikaji Dalvi Aaba |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 89,566 |percentage = 45.54% |change={{increase}}1.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Dubey |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 63,425 |percentage = 32.25% |change={{decrease}}12.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hegde M. J. |party=Janata Dal |votes = 32,212 |percentage = 16.38% |change={{increase}}6.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sumant Mohan Mishra |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 2,771 |percentage = 1.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Singh Sanjay Sitalaprasad |party=Janata Party |votes = 2,008 |percentage = 1.02% |change={{increase}}0.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Syed Amanulla Mahaboob |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes = 1,548 |percentage = 0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,141 |percentage = 13.29% |change= {{increase}}12.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,00,042 |percentage = 62.28% |change= {{increase}}7.58 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,96,671}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,21,217|ref = |change= {{increase}}22.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.18 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Andheri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Dubey |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 62,276 |percentage = 44.36% |change={{decrease}}9.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=More Ramesh Shankar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 61,264 |percentage = 43.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Solanki Veersen |party=Janata Dal |votes = 14,145 |percentage = 10.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,012 |percentage = 0.72% |change= {{decrease}}31.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,41,880 |percentage = 54.22% |change= {{increase}}8.21 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,40,384}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,61,697|ref = |change= {{increase}}34.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.18 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Andheri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Dubey |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 47,346 |percentage = 53.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. P. Vashi |party=Janata Party |votes = 19,013 |percentage = 21.50% |change={{increase}}12.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sheikh Noor Hasan |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,945 |percentage = 8.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ayyadurai |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,266 |percentage = 7.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasantrao Baburao Shinde |party=Lokdal |votes = 3,812 |percentage = 4.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Neelkanth Samant |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,060 |percentage = 1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=H. R. Khan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,022 |percentage = 1.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,333 |percentage = 32.04% |change= {{increase}}6.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 89,823 |percentage = 46.15% |change= {{increase}}16.96 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 88,425}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,94,623|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}1.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Andheri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chandarkant Tripathi |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 25,073 |percentage = 54.70% |change={{increase}}32.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Neelkanth Samant |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 13,283 |percentage = 28.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Basista Narayan Singh |party=Janata Party |votes = 4,340 |percentage = 9.47% |change={{decrease}}35.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Shiwaji Baburao |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 1,288 |percentage = 2.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Solanki Virsen Balavantsingh |party=Janata Party (Secular) [[Charan Singh]] |votes = 1,192 |percentage = 2.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Siyaram Kalauji |party=Independent politician |votes = 355 |percentage = 0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,790 |percentage = 25.72% |change= {{increase}}3.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,364 |percentage = 28.80% |change= {{decrease}}29.25 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,838}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,60,980|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}9.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Andheri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Nilkant Samant |party=Janata Party |votes = 37,585 |percentage = 44.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sharma C. M. |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 18,838 |percentage = 22.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramnath Pandey |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 11,558 |percentage = 13.77% |change={{decrease}}36.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kisan Waghmare |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 8,322 |percentage = 9.92% |change={{decrease}}8.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hegde Mudalkatte Jagannath |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,919 |percentage = 5.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Carwalo Leo Janorious |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,410 |percentage = 1.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madadik Shankar Ramchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 704 |percentage = 0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,747 |percentage = 22.34% |change= {{decrease}}9.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 85,465 |percentage = 58.79% |change= {{decrease}}2.65 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 83,914}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,45,364|ref = |change= {{decrease}}7.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.68 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Andheri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ramanath Mahavir Pandey |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 47,710 |percentage = 50.47% |change={{increase}}13.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raginwar Rajeswar Waman |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 17,427 |percentage = 18.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balkrishna S. Dhome |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 12,681 |percentage = 13.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasudev Gulabram Rawal |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 11,359 |percentage = 12.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,283 |percentage = 32.04% |change= {{increase}}30.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 96,651 |percentage = 61.74% |change= {{increase}}0.21 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 94,527}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,56,556|ref = |change= {{increase}}42.62 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Andheri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=V. G. Rawal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,666 |percentage = 37.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. S. Bhume |party=Independent politician |votes = 23,565 |percentage = 35.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. S. Patil |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 11,151 |percentage = 16.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=H. V. Sawe |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,139 |percentage = 6.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. K. Damley |party=Swatantra Party |votes = 2,525 |percentage = 3.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,101 |percentage = 1.67% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,945 |percentage = 62.81% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,046}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,771|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parle Andheri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shantilal Harijivan Shah |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,349 |percentage = 46.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balkrishana Shantaram Dhume |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 29,127 |percentage = 39.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sureshchandra Gendalal Cheturvedi |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 7,916 |percentage = 10.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tulsidas Dayalji Boda |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes = 2,916 |percentage = 3.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,222 |percentage = 7.03% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,369 |percentage = 64.91% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,308}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,19,190|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19.124|72.851|display=title}}

[[Category:Mumbai City district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Mumbai-geo-stub}}

Nasreen Mohamedi

2026-04-15T18:24:44Z

Veronasie: adding new article - done

{{Short description|Indian artist (1937–1990)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Nasreen Mohamedi
| image = Photo of Nasreen Mohamedi.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| other_names =
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1937}}
| birth_place = [[Karachi]], British India (now in Pakistan)
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1990|1937}}
| death_place = Kihim, India
| education = St.Martins School of Art, London, UK
| field = Painting, Photography, Collage
| training =
| movement = Abstract Expressionism
| works =
| patrons =
| awards =
| spouse =
| partner =
| website =
}}
'''Nasreen Mohamedi''' (1937–1990) was an Indian artist best known for her line-based drawings, and is today considered one of the most essential modern artists from India. Despite being relatively unknown outside of her native country during her lifetime, Mohamedi's work has been the subject of remarkable revitalisation in international critical circles and has received popular acclaim over the last decade. Her work has been exhibited at the [[Museum of Modern Art|Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)]] in New York, the [[Kiran Nadar Museum of Art]] in New Delhi, [[documenta]] in [[Kassel]], Germany, and at Talwar Gallery, which organised the first solo exhibition of her work outside of India in 2003, Today, Mohamedi is considered one of the major figures of the art of the twentieth century. Mohamedi is a member of the [[Tyabji family]].

== Life and career ==

Born in 1937 in [[Karachi]],<ref name="AWARE">{{cite web |title=Nasreen Mohamedi |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/nasreen-mohamedi/ |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref> India, in what became western Pakistan some ten years after her birth, Mohamedi lived, even from her early years, a cosmopolitan life.<ref>[http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/nasreen_mohamedi/ Frieze, ''Nasreen Mohamedi''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401041542/http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/nasreen_mohamedi/ |date=1 April 2012 }}, November–December 2009.</ref> She was born into the elite [[Tyabji family]], a [[Suleymani Bohra]] family<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www3.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2016/nasreen-mohamedi|title=Of Calligraphic Lines and Radiant Light: Nasreen Mohamedi and Islamic Aesthetics|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=5 May 2023|archive-date=4 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504094938/https://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2016/nasreen-mohamedi|url-status=live}}</ref> She was one of eight children. Her mother died when she was very young. Her father owned a photographic equipment shop in Bahrain, among other business ventures.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/a-life-on-the-lines-celebrating-three-decades-of-nasreen-mohamedis-work/|title=A life on the lines: Celebrating three decades of Nasreen Mohamedi's work|date=2015-11-22|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-03-03|language=en-US|archive-date=29 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529001201/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/a-life-on-the-lines-celebrating-three-decades-of-nasreen-mohamedis-work/|url-status=live}}</ref> Her family moved to [[Mumbai]] in 1944, and later Mohamedi attended [[Central St. Martin's|St. Martin's School of the Arts]], in London, from 1954 to 1957.<ref>Anders Kreuger, "Making the Maximum Out of the Minimum," ''Afterall'', Summer 2009.</ref> After living briefly with her family in Bahrain, Mohamedi studied on a scholarship in Paris from 1961 to 1963, where she also worked at a printmaking atelier,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tsjeng|first=Zing|title=Forgotten Women, The Artists|publisher=An Hachette UK Company|year=2018|isbn=978-1-78840-063-3|location=Great Britain|pages=26}}</ref> and on her return to India, joined the [[Bhulabhai Desai Institute]] for the Arts in Mumbai. Here she met other artists working at the time, including [[Vasudeo S. Gaitonde|V.S. Gaitonde]], [[M.F. Husain]] and [[Tyeb Mehta]]. Sometime after she joined the Bhulabhai Desai Institute, her first solo exhibition was hosted at Gallery 59. It was in Mumbai where she met abstractionist Jeram Patel, who went on to become her friend and colleague, while Gaitonde served as her mentor.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="SusetteMin">Susette Min, "Fugitive Time: Nasreen Mohamedi's Drawings and Photographs,” ''Lines among Lines'', Drawing Papers 52, New York: The Drawing Center, 2005.</ref><ref name="Klauss Kertess 2009">Klauss Kertess, "A Detached Joy: The Drawings of Nasreen Mohamedi," ''Art on Paper'' 13.5, May/June 2009.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.talwargallery.com/artists/nasreen-mohamedi#tab:slideshow|title=Nasreen Mohamedi - Artists - Talwar Gallery|website=www.talwargallery.com|accessdate=5 May 2023|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602112808/https://www.talwargallery.com/artists/nasreen-mohamedi#tab:slideshow|url-status=live}}</ref>

She settled in [[Baroda]] in 1972, where she taught Fine Art at [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|Maharaja Sayajirao University]], and would continue teaching until her death in 1990. She also travelled abroad extensively, spending time in Kuwait, Bahrain, Japan, the United States of America, Turkey, and Iran over the course of her life.<ref name="SusetteMin" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Times |first=The New York |date=2008-10-31 |title=Art in Review |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/31/arts/design/31gall.html |access-date=2026-04-15 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":1">Zehra Jumbahoy, "The line of control," ''Mint'', 2 February 2013.</ref> Travel provided an essential source of inspiration for Mohamedi, who photographed and kept diaries throughout her life. Not only was she influenced by the deserts, Islamic architecture, and Zen aesthetics that she was exposed to during her travels, but, as Susette Min notes, "Mohamedi was deeply and intensely aware, as indicated in her photographs and journal entries, of herself and her body moving in time."<ref name="SusetteMin" /> During the last decade of her life, Mohamedi's motor functions gradually deteriorated due to [[Huntington's disease|Huntington's Chorea]]; she was able, however, to retain control of her drawing hand, and continued to create until her death in 1990 in Kihim, India at age at age 53.<ref name="GeetaKapur"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Museum of Art|first=Kiran Nadar|date=2016|title=Nasreen Mohamedi, Himmat Shah, Jeram Patel|journal=Three Retrospectives (2013-2016)}}</ref><ref name="AWARE"/>

== Influences ==

In the West, Mohamedi is most often associated with [[Agnes Martin]], with whom she was paired at the 2007 [[documenta]] in [[Kassel]], Germany.<ref>Marta Kuzma, "Best of 2007," ''Artforum'', December 2007.</ref> However, Mohamedi was not aware of the American artist and her paintings until late in her life.<ref name="GeetaKapur">{{Cite web|url=https://www.talwargallery.com/books-shop/nasreen-mohamedi#tab:slideshow|title=NASREEN MOHAMEDI - Books & Shop - Talwar Gallery|website=www.talwargallery.com|accessdate=5 May 2023|archive-date=22 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222183851/https://www.talwargallery.com/books-shop/nasreen-mohamedi#tab:slideshow|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Vasudeo S. Gaitonde|V.S. Gaitonde]] and [[Tyeb Mehta]] were Mohamedi's mentors in the 1960s.<ref name="GeetaKapur" /> Despite working at a time when the tendency was toward figurative or representational work, Mohamedi developed her own style.<ref name="Klauss Kertess 2009" />

In her diaries, Mohamedi makes reference to [[Kasimir Malevich]] and [[Wassily Kandinsky]], both of whom she admired and claimed as influences on her work.<ref name=":2">Kapur, "Elegy."</ref> In 1970, at what [[Geeta Kapur|Kapur]] names as a critical point in her career, Mohamedi wrote in her diary, "Again I am reassured by Kandinsky – the need to take from an outer environment and bring it an inner necessity."<ref>''Diaries'', 1980, p. 97, as quoted in Kapur, "Elegy," 12.</ref><ref name=":3" />

Mohamedi is often associated with the [[minimalism|American minimalism]] of the 1960s and 1970s and likened to artists such as [[Carl Andre]], [[Ad Reinhardt]], [[Barnett Newman]], [[Mark Rothko]], [[Richard Tuttle]], and [[John Cage]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Susan |date=2009-02-24 |title=Nasreen Mohamedi |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/aia-reviews/nasreen-mohamedi-60238/ |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=ARTnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Eva Hesse]] has also been comparative example to Mohamedi, especially her role as a teacher and mentor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cotter |first=Holland |date=2003-10-10 |title=ART IN REVIEW; Nasreen Mohamedi |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/10/arts/art-in-review-nasreen-mohamedi.html |access-date=2026-04-15 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Mohamedi's travel also had an influence on her work. The emotive aspect of her work has been cited as influenced by [[Sufi]], while her combination of geometry and [[Arabesque]] line is often traced to an exposure to [[Islamic art|Islamic design]], especially the [[Islamic architecture|architecture]] of Iran, Turkey, and [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Robert |date=2009-09-18 |title=Exhibition preview: Nasreen Mohamedi, Milton Keynes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/sep/19/nasreen-mohamedi-milton-keynes-gallery |access-date=2026-04-15 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

== Work ==

Mohamedi's work defies categorisation; the result of a disciplined and sustained effort to craft an individual formal vocabulary, it remains without parallel, the product and artefact of Mohamedi's distinctive personality, process, and aesthetic values. In some of her early work, one can see attempts to capture the human form. She explored various mediums such as sketches, canvas based watercolour and oils to pencil and graphite. Her preferred medium of work was pencil and paper. She drew delicate but deliberate lines. She experimented with grid like formations and varying gradations at acute angles. What stood out in her works was her perception of light and shade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/press/exhibitions/2016/nasreen-mohamedi|title=Nasreen Mohamedi {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art|website=www.metmuseum.org|date=16 November 2015|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=4 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304054656/https://www.metmuseum.org/press/exhibitions/2016/nasreen-mohamedi|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Although it is often difficult to temporally locate her work – she often left pieces untitled and undated – many critics have segmented her oeuvre into three general periods: an early period of sketches and semi-representational collage in the 1950s to mid-1960s, a "classic" period of increasingly non-representational forms, including her signature grid-based drawings, and a mature style in pen and ink.<ref name=":1" />
Although her work, especially the mature drawings of the 1970s and 1980s, is disciplined, even austere, it remains highly rhythmic – releasing the energy and movement of natural phenomena through line. The grid that so often provides a spatial environment for her drawings is less a limitation than a framework for her compositions, allowing, in the words of Deepak Talwar, the “poetry within structure” to emerge.<ref name="GeetaKapur"/>

Mohamedi's work can be found in the permanent collection of The Metropolitan Museum of Art (MET), New York, NY;<ref name ="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">{{cite web|title=Nasreen Mohamedi|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search?q=nasreen+mohamedi|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|access-date=2023-06-28}}</ref> the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York, NY;<ref name="Museum of Modern Art">{{cite web |title=Nasreen Mohamedi |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/31784 |website=Museum of Modern Art |access-date=2023-04-22}}</ref> the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL;<ref name="The Art Institute of Chicago">{{cite web|title=Nasreen Mohamedi|url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/239771/untitled|website=Art Institute of Chicago|access-date=2023-06-28|archive-date=31 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831131026/https://www.artic.edu/artworks/239771/untitled|url-status=live}}</ref> Kiran Nadar Museum of Art, New Delhi, India;<ref name="Kiran Nadar Museum of Art">{{cite web|title=Nasreen Mohamedi|url=https://www.knma.in/vignettes-collection|website=Kiran Nadar Museum of Art|date=21 February 2017|access-date=2023-06-28|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330113320/https://www.knma.in/vignettes-collection|url-status=live}}</ref> and Queensland Art Gallery, Queensland, Australia.<ref name="Queensland Art Gallery">{{cite web|title=Nasreen Mohamedi|url=https://collection.qagoma.qld.gov.au/creators/mohamedi-nasreen|website=Queensland Art Gallery|access-date=2023-06-28}}</ref>

Mohamedi has been the subject of solo exhibitions at The Metropolitan Museum of Art (MET Breuer), New York (2016);<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2016/nasreen-mohamedi|title=Nasreen Mohamedi|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|access-date=2023-06-27}}</ref> Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid, Spain (2015);<ref>{{cite web|title=NASREEN MOHAMEDI: Waiting is Part of Intense Living|url=https://www.talwargallery.com/exhibitions/nasreen-mohamedi7#tab:slideshow|website=Talwar Gallery|access-date=2023-06-27}}</ref> Tate, Liverpool, UK (2014);<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-liverpool/nasreen-mohamedi|title=Nasreen Mohamedi|website=Tate|access-date=2023-06-27}}</ref> Kiran Nadar Museum of Art, India (2013);<ref>{{cite web|title=NASREEN MOHAMEDI: A view to infinity: A Retrospective (1937-1990)|url=https://www.talwargallery.com/exhibitions/nasreen-mohamedi8#tab:slideshow;tab-1:slideshow|website=Talwar Gallery|access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref> and The Drawing Center, New York (2005).<ref>{{cite web|title=NASREEN MOHAMEDI: Lines among Lines|url=https://www.talwargallery.com/exhibitions/nasreen-mohamedi4#tab:slideshow;tab-1:slideshow|website=Talwar Gallery|access-date=2023-06-27|archive-date=7 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607065502/https://talwargallery.com/exhibitions/nasreen-mohamedi4#tab:slideshow;tab-1:slideshow|url-status=live}}</ref>

Her work was included in the 2021 exhibition ''[[Women in Abstraction]]'' at the [[Centre Pompidou]].<ref name="Women in abstraction">{{cite book |title=Women in abstraction |date=2021 |publisher=Thames & Hudson Ltd.; Thames & Hudson Inc |location=London : New York, New York |isbn=978-0500094372 |pages=170}}</ref>

=== Photography ===

Beginning in the 1950s and early 1960s, Mohamedi began photographing her surrounding environment – not only during her frequent travels, but in the course of her daily life. Her photographs were more than documentary however; photos from the 1980s, for example, like her late work in pen and ink, are abstracted to the point of becoming non-representational. Her friend and art historian [[Geeta Kapur]] has placed Mohamedi's photographs between the artistic and the real, stating that they create "an allegory of (dis)placement between the subject and the object."<ref name="GeetaKapur" />

The photographs, although neither preparations for her drawings nor works incomplete in themselves, help to illuminate the principles that inform all of Mohamedi's work; as Gregory Galligan notes, "Mohamedi's is...a roaming, cursive, meandering consciousness, which lights effortlessly upon fragments in a landscape, the cityscape and Islamic architectural forms, such as the stepped cornice of an early mosque observed in extreme close-up...Spare, nearly weightless and almost entirely self-effacing, Mohamedi's aesthetic is ultimately about focusing consciousness back onto itself with the aid of an abstract foil."<ref>Gregory Galligan, "Nasreen Mohamedi: Lines Among Lines," ''Art Asia Pacific'', Fall 2005.</ref>
The first exhibition of Mohamedi's photowork outside of India was in 2003, at Talwar Gallery in New York. Her photography was based on themes such as desert landscapes, seascapes, weaving patterns, the architecture of [[Fatehpur Sikri]], and modern structures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-liverpool/exhibition/nasreen-mohamedi|title=Nasreen Mohamedi – Exhibition at Tate Liverpool {{!}} Tate|last=Tate|website=Tate|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/17/arts/design/nasreen-mohamedi-becoming-one.html|title=Nasreen Mohamedi: 'Becoming One'|last=Cotter|first=Holland|date=2014|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-03-03|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=3 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303164758/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/17/arts/design/nasreen-mohamedi-becoming-one.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/magazine/philippe-vergne-on-nasreen-mohamedi/ Art in America, ''Philippe Vergne on Nasreen Mohamedi''], August 2015.
* [http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/11/artists-on-artists-william-kentridge-on-the-subtle-drama-of-the-indian-minimalist-nasreen-mohamedi/ The New York Times, ''William Kentridge on Nasreen Mohamedi''], 11 October 2013.
* [https://www.ft.com/content/35a60ec6-7127-11e2-9b5c-00144feab49a Financial Times, ''Nasreen Mohamedi: A View to Infinity''], 8 February 2013.
* [http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/remembering-nasreen-mohamedi-the-artist/263954 NDTV, ''Remembering Nasreen Mohamedi''], 3 February 2013.
* [http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9rL8WWOanCRAf4GiI7sjBK/Art--The-line-of-control.html Mint, ''The line of control''], 1 February 2013.
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/02/arts/design/02online.html?scp=4&sq=HollandCotterMOMA&st=cse The New York Times, ''Squiggly, Tangly and Angular''], 1 December 2010.
* [http://www.brooklynrail.org/2008/12/artseen/nasreen-mohamedi-the-grid-unplugged The Brooklyn Rail, ''Nasreen Mohamedi:The grid, unplugged''], December 2008/January 2009.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081020084616/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/10/19/stories/2008101950260700.htm The Hindu, ''Between the Lines''], 19 October 2008.
* [http://metropolism.com/magazine/2007-no6/gematigd-modernisme/english Metropolis M, ''Moderate Modernism: On Tagore, Le Corbusier and Nasreen Mohamedi''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506153457/http://metropolism.com/magazine/2007-no6/gematigd-modernisme/english |date=6 May 2016 }}, December 2007.
* [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B00E7DE1130F930A25756C0A9639C8B63 The New York Times, ''Lines Among Lines''], 13 May 2005.
* [http://www.artcritical.com/2003/12/01/nasreen-mohamedi/ Artcritical.com, ''Nasreen Mohamedi''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818045254/http://www.artcritical.com/2003/12/01/nasreen-mohamedi/ |date=18 August 2022 }}, December 2003.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohamedi, Nasreen}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Sulaymani Bohras]]
[[Category:Indian Ismailis]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Bahrain]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Artists from Karachi]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Alumni of Central Saint Martins]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]

Spying Stars

2026-04-13T16:06:09Z

Veronasie: adding first stub more to come

{{short description|2025 Science fantasy drama film by Vimukthi Jayasundara}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Spying Stars
| image = Spying Stars film poster.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| native_name =
| director = {{plainlist|
* [[Vimukthi Jayasundara]]
}}
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Nila Madhab Panda]]
* Vincent Wang
}}
| screenplay = Vimukthi Jayasundara
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Indira Tiwari]]
* [[Kaushalya Fernando]]
* [[Samanalee Fonseka]]
* [[Saumya Liyanage]]
}}
| music = [[Alokananda Dasgupta]]
| cinematography = Eeshit Narain
| editing = Saman Alvitigala
| studio = {{plainlist|
* Eleeanora Images
* House on Fire
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2025|9|23|[[30th Busan International Film Festival|Busan]]}}
| runtime = 99 minutes
| country = {{plainlist|
* Sri Lanka
* India
* France
}}
| language = Sinhala
| budget =
}}

'''''Spying Stars''''' is a 2025 [[Science fantasy]], [[drama film]] directed by [[Vimukthi Jayasundara]] and produced by [[Nila Madhab Panda]] and Vincent Wang. Starring [[Indira Tiwari]], [[Kaushalya Fernando]], [[Samanalee Fonseka]] and [[Saumya Liyanage]], the film follows the journey of Anandi, a bio-technician, who travels to Hanuman Island to perform last rites of her late father. But when she arrives, she's forced into quarantine at a distant hotel because a pandemic has broken out in a world ruled by machines.<ref name="busan:hr">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/busan-international-film-festival-nila-madhab-panda-backed-spying-stars-selected-as-part-of-inaugural-competition-section/amp |title= Busan International Film Festival: Nila Madhab Panda-Backed 'Spying Stars' Selected As Part Of Inaugural Competition Section|website= [[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date= 1 September 2025 |access-date= 6 September 2025|language=en}}</ref>

An Indo-French-Sri Lankan co-production, it had its world premiere at the [[30th Busan International Film Festival]] in Competition on 23 September 2025 vying for the various Busan Awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/08/busan-film-festival-unveils-inaugural-competition-line-up-1236497537/ |title=Busan Film Festival Unveils Inaugural Competition Line-Up, Including Ten World Premieres|first= Liz |last=Shackleton |date=26 August 2025|access-date=6 September 2025 |website= [[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Synopsis==

Anandi, a bioengineer, comes back to the Earth after spending years in space. But soon after arriving, she's sent to a quiet mountain resort to be quarantined because of a fast-spreading virus called illvibe. Though the resort is beautiful and fancy, but Anandi notices strange things such as hidden cameras, a [[Unidentified flying object|UFO]] heading toward the Earth, and people in the town disappearing or dying without any clear reason. Her sadness grows when her father's ashes arrive, showing he also died from the virus. One day, Anandi runs away into the forest and finds shelter with Nita, a transgender resort worker who had been secretly watching her, and Nita's mother. As she spends time with them, away from the rest of the world, Anandi slowly starts to heal from her grief.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-16 |title=Cannes winner Vimukthi Jayasundara’s Busan Competition Film ‘Spying Stars’ debuts first trailer |url=https://themorning.lk//articles/E0u9HyZQYHIQsvKtYb3Z |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=Latest in the News Sphere {{!}} The Morning}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shackleton |first=Liz |date=2025-09-22 |title=Vimukthi Jayasundara On Spirituality, Sound & Surveillance In Busan Competition Title ‘Spying Stars’ |url=https://deadline.com/2025/09/busan-competition-vimukthi-jayasundara-spying-stars-1236551708/ |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Cast==

* [[Indira Tiwari]] as Anandi
* [[Kaushalya Fernando]] as Nita's Mother
* [[Samanalee Fonseka]] as Wasana
* [[Saumya Liyanage]] as Scientist
* Hidaayath Hazeer as Nita
* [[Shreerupa Mithra]] guest appearance

==Production==

The film produced by [[Nila Madhab Panda]], Vincent Wang's House on Fire and National Film Corporation of Sri Lanka Productions, is directed by [[Vimukthi Jayasundara]]. The film received backing from the [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]]’s Hubert Bals Fund, and is supported by France’s CNC – Aide aux CInemas du Monde fund and Taiwan Creative Content Agency’s Taiwan International co-funding program. It was shot around [[Central Province, Sri Lanka|the hills of central Sri Lanka]] in October 2024.<ref name="prod:variety">{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/vimukthi-jayasundara-turtles-gaze-on-spying-stars-shoot-1236161259/ |title=Cannes Prizewinner Vimukthi Jayasundara's 'Turtle's Gaze on Spying Stars' Commences Shoot (EXCLUSIVE)|author= Naman Ramachandran|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=1 October 2024 |access-date= 6 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

The film also received the [[Swiss franc|CHF]] 20,000 for post-production from visions sud est, the Swiss fund for film in countries with low production capacity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visionssudest.ch/projects/spying-stars |title=Spying Stars (Vimukthi Jayasundara)|access-date=6 September 2025|website= visions sud est |language=en}}</ref>

==Release==

Bangkok-based Diversion has acquired the international sales rights of the film in August 2025.<ref name="gen:sd">{{cite web |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/diversion-boards-vimukthi-jayasundaras-busan-competition-drama-spying-stars/5208232.article |title=Diversion boards Vimukthi Jayasundara's Busan Competition drama 'Spying Stars' |author= Silvia Wong|date=27 August 2025 |access-date= 6 September 2025 |website=[[ScreenDaily]] |language=en}}</ref>

''Spying Stars'' competed in the Competition section of the [[30th Busan International Film Festival]] on 23 September 2025 for 'Bosan Awards'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/busan-film-festival-reveals-first-competition-lineup-ahead-of-2025-edition/5208202.article |title=Busan film festival reveals first Competition lineup ahead of 2025 edition |author=Michael Rosser |website= [[Screen Daily]]|date=26 August 2025 |access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref>

==Accolades==

The film competed for various Vision Awards at [[Busan International Film Festival]].

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row"|[[Busan International Film Festival]]
| [[30th Busan International Film Festival|September 26, 2025]]
| Main Competition (Official Selection)
| ''Spying Stars''
| {{Nom}}
| align="center"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biff.kr/eng/html/program/prog_view.asp?idx=82795&c_idx=427&sp_idx=&QueryStep=2 |title=Spying Stars (World Premiere)|publisher=[[Busan International Film Festival]]|date=6 September 2025 |access-date=6 September 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="gp:variety">{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/festivals/shu-qi-girl-resurrection-busan-competition-1236498500/ |title=Shu Qi's 'Girl' and 'Resurrection' Among Competition Titles as Busan Film Festival Unveils Lineup for 30th Edition |author= Naman Ramachandran|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=26 August 2025 |access-date= 6 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ecS_SvI3UK8 Official trailer] on [[YouTube]]
* [https://www.biff.kr/eng/html/program/prog_view.asp?idx=82795&c_idx=427&sp_idx=&QueryStep=2 ''Spying Stars''] on [[Busan International Film Festival]]

{{Vimukthi Jayasundara}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 science fiction action films]]
[[Category:2025 Sinhala-language films]]
[[Category:2025 French films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s fantasy action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vimukthi Jayasundara]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan drama films]]
[[Category:French science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Science fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Films set in Sri Lanka (1948–present)]]

Mahboob Ali Baig Sahib Bahadur

2026-04-10T13:59:25Z

Veronasie: adding a bio

{{refimprove|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}

'''Mahboob Ali Baig Sahib Bahadur''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharia courts: Seeds sown 70 years ago |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/columnists/sharia-courts-seeds-sown-70-years-ago.html |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> also known as '''Mahboob Ali Baig''', was an indian politician. He was the member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]] from Madras since 14 July 1947 to 24 January 1950.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Arun |date=2021-11-26 |title=How Ambedkar, Munshi & Krishnaswamy Ayyar argued for Uniform Civil Code at Constituent Assembly |url=https://theprint.in/india/how-ambedkar-munshi-krishnaswamy-ayyar-argued-for-uniform-civil-code-at-constituent-assembly/771945/ |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> He played a key role in making [[Muslim personal law]] Act 1937.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time for a fresh start with Uniform Civil Code |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2022/apr/22/time-for-a-fresh-start-with-uniform-civil-code-2444987.html |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=The New Indian Express|date=22 April 2022 }}</ref>
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahboob Ali Baig Sahib Bahadur
| office = Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
| birth_place = [[Madras]]
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Muslim activists]]

Cheeka (dog)

2026-04-10T11:50:02Z

Veronasie: new page

{{Short description|Dog used in Hutchison Essar advertisements}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
[[Image:Cheeka1.jpg|thumb|right|A still in which Cheeka follows a boy to a barber shop]]

'''Cheeka''' is a [[pug]] who appeared in the "You & I" [[advertising campaign]] of [[Hutchison Essar]]'s cellular service in India, along with the child actor [[Jayaram (child actor)|Jayaram]]. The dog follows the boy to unlikely locations, prompting the [[tagline]], "Wherever you go, our network follows." The duo first appeared on [[Television in India|TV]], [[billboard (advertising)|billboard]]s, newspapers and [[bus shelter]]s in 2003. The campaign was created by [[Mahesh V.]] and [[Rajeev Rao]], senior creative directors at [[Ogilvy & Mather]], Mumbai. The commercials were directed by [[Prakash Varma]]. The dog was born in the [[United Kingdom]] and is owned by Vishal and Lisa Bandekar in [[Goa]].

==Conception==
Several telecommunications companies were competing for a share of the rapidly growing mobile phone market in India during the early 2000s. Hutch hired Ogilvy & Mather in Mumbai to create an advertisement campaign focusing on this theme. Mahesh V. and Rajeev Rao, senior creative directors at the agency, spent a whole night developing the idea.<ref name="topdog">Mitra, Moinak. [http://www.india-today.com/btoday/20031207/books.html Top Dog!] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104457/http://www.india-today.com/btoday/20031207/books.html |date=29 September 2007 }} ''Business Today'', 7 December 2003, retrieved 24 November 2006.</ref> "We did not want to talk about technology, and we consciously avoided showing people talking on the mobile", says Mahesh.<ref name="iipm">[http://www.iipm.edu/iipm-editorial-294.html IIPM Editorial]</ref> Their initial idea was a younger sister following an older brother. "On second thoughts, we concluded that a dog would be much less mushy", adds Mahesh.<ref>Dobhal, Shailesh. [http://www.india-today.com/btoday/20040523/cover2.html HUTCH: You & I in this beautiful world] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616185003/http://www.india-today.com/btoday/20040523/cover2.html |date=16 June 2007 }}, ''Business Today'', 23 May 2004, retrieved 24 November 2006.</ref> This led to the slogan, "Wherever you go, our network follows", and the idea of a dog following a boy everywhere. "Man's best friend was the simplest analogy that could represent unconditional support", says [[Renuka Jaypal]], National Business Director of O&M.<ref name="topdog"/>

The first television ad was shot as a 1-minute sequence in Goa. The role of the boy was played by [[Jayaram (child actor)|Jayaram]], who had already starred in four other ads. Cheeka was suggested for the role by an assistant at [[Nirvana Films]], the makers of the ad. The campaign was soon followed by a print version for newspapers. Cheeka earned ₹150,000 for the campaign,<ref name="topdog"/> and appeared in Hutch ads, until the merger with Vodafone India, representing the network.<ref name="iipm"/>

==Reception==
The campaign was well received in India. "To me the magic of this campaign is its simplicity", says [[Piyush Pandey]], National Creative Director of O&M.<ref name="top10">Thomas, Prince Matthews. [http://www.the-week.com/24jul18/lifestyle_article7.htm You and I...] ''The Week'', 18 July 2004, retrieved 24 November 2006.</ref> "It impacts your emotional retina in such a way that you enjoy it while it is happening", adds advertising legend [[Alyque Padamsee]].<ref name="topdog"/> "There was something about Cheeka that was very enduring and also there was an instant rapport with the kid", says Jaypal.<ref name="top10"/> Padamsee adds, "You rarely see pugs in ads because they are ugly. This goes against the grain and that's why it clicks."<ref name="topdog"/> The campaign was ranked the Top Print Ad of 2003 and among the Top 10 TV Campaigns of 2003 in India by [[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]].<ref name="top10"/>

The ad is similar to the approach used by [[Fido Solutions]], a major mobile service provider in Canada. It is also similar to the concept of network technicians following the customer in recent [[Verizon Wireless]] ads in the US.

==Legacy==
The ad campaign increased the popularity of [[pugs]] in India, and the sale of pugs doubled rapidly, with prices going from roughly ₹10,000 to ₹60,000.<ref name="topdog"/> A few other ads also appeared in the following months, inspired by the idea of a dog following a boy. In addition, Cheeka was the [[mobile wallpaper|wallpaper]] most often downloaded by Hutch customers onto their phone screens in 2005.<ref>Jaypal, Renuka. [http://www.ogilvy.com/uploads/koviewpoint/vp_58-59_jaypal_apr17.pdf Going Digital in India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015155833/http://www.ogilvy.com/uploads/koviewpoint/vp_58-59_jaypal_apr17.pdf |date=15 October 2006 }}, ''Viewpoint'', May 2006, retrieved 24 November 2006.</ref>

==See also==
* {{section link|Verizon Wireless|Advertising}}
* [[List of individual dogs]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vodafone}}

[[Category:Vodafone]]
[[Category:Advertising in India]]
[[Category:Dog mascots]]
[[Category:Indian mascots]]
[[Category:Corporate mascots]]
[[Category:Real-life animal mascots]]
[[Category:Mascots introduced in 2003]]

List of Scheduled Tribes in Uttar Pradesh

2026-04-09T08:46:34Z

Veronasie: adding new pg

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}

The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] comprise 15 tribes, with a population of 1,134,273, constituting 0.47% of the state's population according to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]]. Until 2003, the recognized Scheduled Tribes in Uttar Pradesh were limited to five: [[Bhoksa people|Buksa]], [[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhotiya]], [[Jaunsari people|Jaunsari]], Raji, and Tharu. Subsequently, additional tribes were notified as Scheduled Tribes in the state, but their scheduled status is limited to specific districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tribal Development Department: Home page |url=https://uptdd.gov.in/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribal.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Documents/201212010356439267578File1068.pdf |title=State wise Scheduled Tribes — Uttar Pradesh |publisher=Ministry Tribal Affairs, Government of India |accessdate=2017-02-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123041643/http://tribal.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Documents/201212010356439267578File1068.pdf |archivedate=2016-11-23 }}</ref>

== List of Scheduled Tribes ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Scheduled Tribes
! colspan="2" |Total Population
|-
!Code
!Tribes
!Pop (2011)
!%age of Pop
|-
|001
|[[Bhotiya]]
|5,196
|0.46
|-
|002
|[[Buksa people|Buksa]]
|4,710
|0.41
|-
|003
|[[Jaunsari people|Jaunsari]]
|3,720
|0.33
|-
|004
|[[Raji people|Raji]]
|1,295
|0.11
|-
|005
|[[Tharu people|Tharu]]
|1,05,291
|9.28
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|Added later in the year 2003 (as per the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Order, 2003)}}
|-
|006
|[[Gondi people|Gond]], Dhuria, [[Rajgond]], Pathari, [[Nayak people|Nayaka]] (in the districts of Mehrajganj, Sidharth Nagar, Basti, Gorakhpur, Deoria, Mau, Azamgarh, Jonpur, Balia, Gazipur, Varanasi, Mirzapur and Sonbhadra)
|5,69,035
|50.16
|-
|007
|[[Kharwar]], Khairwar (in the districts of Deoria, Balia, Ghazipur, Varanasi and Sonbhadra)
|1,60,676
|14.16
|-
|008
|[[Sahariya (caste)|Sahariya]] (in the district of Lalitpur)
|70,634
|6.23
|-
|009
|[[Parahiya]] (in the district of Sonbhadra)
|901
|0.08
|-
|010
|[[Baiga people|Baiga]] (in the district of Sonbhadra)
|30,006
|2.64
|-
|011
|Pankha, [[Panika]] (in the districts of Sonbhadra and Mirzapur)
|24,862
|2.19
|-
|012
|[[Agariya people|Agariya]] (in the district of Sonbhadra)
|17,376
|1.53
|-
|013
|[[Patari]] (in the district of Sonbhadra)
|132
|>0.01
|-
|014
|[[Chero]] (in the districts of Sonbhadra and Varanasi)
|42,227
|3.72
|-
|015
|[[Bhuiya]] (in the district of Sonbhadra)
|15,599
|1.37
|-
| colspan="2" |Generic tribes (for those who have identified them as [[Adivasi]], [[Vanvasi]], Giri-Jan)
|82,613
|7.28
|-
! colspan="2" |
!1,134,273
!100%
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Scheduled Castes in Uttar Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* The Ministry of Tribal Affairs, The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 2002 (No. 10 of 2003) dated 7 January 2003)
* https://tribal.nic.in/downloads/CLM/CLM_1/20.pdf
* [https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_parliament/2022/The%20Constitution%20(Scheduled%20Castes%20and%20Scheduled%20Tribes)%20Orders%20(Amendment)%20Act,%202022.pdf Addition of Gond, Dhuriya, Nayak, Raj Gond, Ojha, Pathariin Districts - Sant Kabir Nagar, Kushinagar, Chandauli and Bhadohi]

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Uttar Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]

Karakoram

2026-03-31T16:53:17Z

Veronasie: Started New Post

{{Short description|Mountain range spanning the borders between Pakistan, India and China}}
{{About|the mountain range|the medieval city in Mongolia|Karakorum |other uses|Karakoram (disambiguation)||||}}
{{Distinguish|Karakum (disambiguation){{!}}Karakum}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Karakoram
| photo = Baltoro glacier from air.jpg
| photo_caption = {{nowrap|[[Baltoro Glacier]] in the Central Karakoram}} {{nowrap|[[Gilgit-Baltistan]], Pakistan-administered Kashmir}}
| subdivision2_type = Regions/Provinces
| subdivision2 = {{hlist|[[Gilgit-Baltistan]]|[[Ladakh]]|[[Xinjiang]]|[[Badakhshan Province|Badakhshan]]}}
| country = {{hlist|[[Afghanistan]]|[[China]]|[[India]]|[[Pakistan]]|[[Tajikistan]]}}
| borders_on = {{hlist|[[Pamir Mountains]]|[[Hindu Kush]]|[[Kunlun Mountains]]|[[Himalayas]]|[[Ladakh Range]]}}
| highest = [[K2]]
| elevation_m = 8611
| coordinates = {{coord|35|52|57|N|76|30|48|E|type:mountain_region:CN_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline}}
| length_km = 500
| geology =
| orogeny =
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|zoom= 5|stroke-width=2|frame-lat=35.555|frame-long=76.465|type=shape-inverse|stroke-color=#808080|id=Q5469|text=Interactive map outlining Karakoram range }}
| map_caption =
| range_coordinates = {{coord|36|N|76|E|type:mountain_region:CN_scale:300000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Karakoram
| pic =
| c = {{linktext|lang=zh|喀|喇|昆|仑|山|脉}}
| l = "Kara-Kunlun mountain range"
| p = Kālǎ Kūnlún shānmài
| showflag = p
| uig = قاراقورام
| uly = 
| uyy = 
| tib = ཁར་ཁོ་རུམ་རི
| wylie = kha ra kho rum ri
| thdl = 
| zwpy =
}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}

The '''Karakoram''' ({{IPA|en|ˌkɑːrəˈkɔːrəm, ˌkær-|lang}}, {{IPA|ur|kaːɾaːkoːɾəm|lang}})<ref>{{cite Dictionary.com|Karakoram}}</ref> is a [[mountain range]] in Asia located primarily in the [[Kashmir]] region. The range spans the borders of [[Pakistan]], [[China]], and [[India]],{{efn|The sovereignty over the Kashmir region is disputed and the region is partly administered by Pakistan, India and China.}} with the north-western extremities of the range extending into [[Afghanistan]] and [[Tajikistan]]. The Karakoram contains four of the fourteen [[eight-thousander]]s, the highest of which is [[K2]], the second highest mountain on Earth.

The Karakoram begins in the [[Wakhan Corridor]] in western Afghanistan and extends eastwards into Indian-administered [[Ladakh]] and Chinese-administered [[Aksai Chin]], as well as the Chinese province of [[Xinjiang]]. Most of the Karakoram is located within the Pakistani-administered [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] region. The Karakoram is bounded on the east by the Aksai Chin plateau, on the north-east by the edge of the [[Tibetan Plateau]], and on the north by the river valleys of the [[Yarkand River|Yarkand]] and [[Karakash River|Karakash rivers]], beyond which lie the [[Kunlun Mountains]]. At the north-west corner are the [[Pamir Mountains]], while to the west lies [[Hindu Kush]]. The southern boundary of the Karakoram is formed west to east by the [[Gilgit River|Gilgit]], [[Indus River|Indus]], and [[Shyok River|Shyok]] rivers, which separate the range from the north-western end of the [[Himalayas|Himalaya]]. These rivers flow north-west before making an abrupt turn south-westwards towards the plains of Pakistan. Roughly in the middle of the Karakoram range is the [[Karakoram Pass]], which was part of a now unused trade route between Ladakh and [[Yarkant County|Yarkand]].

The range is about {{cvt|500|km|mi|0}} in length and is the most [[glacier|glaciated]] place on Earth outside the [[polar regions of Earth|polar regions]]. The [[Siachen Glacier]] ({{cvt|76|km|mi}} long) and [[Biafo Glacier]] ({{cvt|63|km|mi}} long) are the second- and third-longest glaciers outside the polar regions.<ref name="Measurements">Tajikistan's Fedchenko Glacier is {{cvt|77|km|mi}} long. Baltoro and Batura Glaciers in the Karakoram are {{cvt|57|km|mi}} long, as is Bruggen or Pio XI Glacier in southern Chile. Measurements are from recent imagery, generally supplemented with Russian 1:200,000 scale topographic mapping as well as Jerzy Wala,''Orographical Sketch Map: Karakoram: Sheets 1 & 2'', [[:de:Schweizerische Stiftung für Alpine Forschung|Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research]], [[Zurich]], 1990.</ref> The Karakoram is the [[Greater Ranges|second-highest mountain range]] on Earth and part of a complex of ranges that includes the Pamir Mountains, Hindu Kush, and the Himalayas.<ref>{{Britannica |312055 |title=Karakoram Range |last=Bessarabov|first=Georgy Dmitriyevich |date=7 February 2014 |access-date=3 May 2015}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://icimod.org/?q=1137 |title=Hindu Kush Himalayan Region |publisher=[[International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development]] |access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> The range contains eighteen summits higher than {{cvt|7500|m|ft|}} in [[elevation]], with four above {{cvt|8000|m|ft|}}<ref>{{harvnb |Shukurov, The Natural Environment of Central and South Asia |2005 |p=512}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Eight-Thousanders |last=Voiland|first=Adam |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/8000MeterPeaks |year=2013 |website=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] |access-date=23 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode |network=[[BBC]] |series=[[Planet Earth (2006 TV series)|Planet Earth]] |title=Mountains |number=3}}</ref> which include [[K2]], [[Gasherbrum I]], [[Broad Peak]], and [[Gasherbrum II]].

== Name ==
[[File:Biafo Glacier, Gilgit Region.jpg|thumb|The black gravel of the Karakoram mountains, as seen near [[Pakistan]]'s [[Biafo Glacier]]]]
Karakoram is a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] term meaning ''black gravel''. The Central Asian traders originally applied the name to the [[Karakoram Pass]].<ref name="Mason">{{Cite book |last=Mason |first=Kenneth |author-link=Kenneth Mason (geographer) |title=Exploration of the Shaksgam Valley and Aghil ranges, 1926 |year=1928 |page=72 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LrbVqD06aXYC |isbn=978-81-206-1794-0}}</ref> Early European travelers, including [[William Moorcroft (explorer)|William Moorcroft]] and [[George W. Hayward|George Hayward]], started using the term for the range of mountains west of the pass, although they also used the term '''Muztagh''' (meaning, "Ice Mountain") for the range now known as Karakoram.<ref name="Mason" /><ref>{{cite journal |title=Nomenclature in the Karakoram: Discussion |vauthors=Close C, Burrard S, Younghusband F, etal |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=76 |issue=2 |year=1930 |pages=148–158 |doi=10.2307/1783980 |jstor=1783980 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing|bibcode=1930GeogJ..76..148C }}</ref> Later terminology was influenced by [[Thomas Montgomerie]] of the [[Great Trigonometric Survey of India|Survey of India]], who gave the labels K1 to K6 (K for Karakoram) to six high mountains visible from his station at [[Mount Haramukh]] in the 1850s. These codes were extended up to more than thirty.

In traditional Indian geography, the mountains were known as '''Krishnagiri''' (black mountains), ''Kanhagiri'', and ''Kanheri''.<ref name="Kohli2002">{{citation|last=Kohli|first=M.S.|title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&pg=PA22|page=22|year=2002|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-135-1}}</ref>

== Exploration ==
Due to its altitude and ruggedness, the Karakoram is much less inhabited than parts of the Himalayas further east. European explorers first visited in the early 19th century, followed by [[Great Trigonometrical Survey|British surveyors]] starting in 1856.

The [[Muztagh Pass]] was crossed in 1887 by the expedition of Colonel [[Francis Younghusband]],<ref>[[Patrick French|French, Patrick]]. (1994). ''Younghusband: The Last Great Imperial Adventurer'', pp. 53, 56-60. HarperCollins''Publishers'', London. Reprint (1995): Flamingo. London. {{ISBN|0-00-637601-0}}.</ref> and the valleys above the [[Hunza River]] were explored by General Sir [[George Cockerill (British Army officer)|George K. Cockerill]] in 1892. Explorations in the 1910s and 1920s established most of the geography of the region.

The name Karakoram was used in the early 20th century, for example by [[Kenneth Mason (geographer)|Kenneth Mason]],<ref name="Mason" /> for the range now known as the [[Baltoro Muztagh]]. The term is now used to refer to the entire range from the [[Batura Muztagh]] above [[Hunza Valley|Hunza]] in the west to the [[Saser Muztagh]] in the bend of the [[Shyok River]] in the east.

[[File:Hunza Valley, view from Eagle's Nest.jpg|thumb|[[Hunza Valley]] in the [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] region, administered by Pakistan]]
Floral surveys were carried out in the Shyok River catchment and from Panamik to Turtuk village by [[Chandra Prakash Kala]] during 1999 and 2000.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Indigenous Uses, Population Density, and Conservation of Threatened Medicinal Plants in Protected Areas of the Indian Himalayas |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=368–378 |year=2005 |first=Chandra Prakash |last=Kala |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00602.x|bibcode=2005ConBi..19..368K |s2cid=85324142 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kala |first=Chandra Prakash |title=Health traditions of Buddhist community and role of amchis in trans-Himalayan region of India |journal=Current Science |volume=89 |number=8 |year=2005 |page=1331 |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/oct252005/1331.pdf}}</ref>

== Geology and glaciers ==

The Karakoram is in one of the world's most geologically active areas, at the [[Geology of the Himalaya|plate boundary between the Indo-Australian plate and the Eurasian plate]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3301/IJG.2011.08 |title=Geological evolution of the Karakoram ranges |journal=Italian Journal of Geosciences |volume=130 |year=2011 |issue=2 |pages=147–159}}</ref> A significant part, somewhere between 28 and 50 percent, of the Karakoram Range is glaciated, covering an area of more than {{convert|15,000|sqkm|sqmi|-2|disp=or}},<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.04.057 |bibcode=2019JHyd..574..467M |title=Early twenty-first century glacier mass losses in the Indus Basin constrained by density assumptions |year=2019 |last1=Muhammad |first1=Sher |last2=Tian |first2=Lide |last3=Khan |first3=Asif |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=574 |pages=467–475 |doi-access=free}}</ref> compared to between 8 and 12 percent of the Himalaya and 2.2 percent of the [[Alps]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gansser |year=1975 |title=Geology of the Himalayas |publisher=Interscience Publishers |location=London}}</ref> Mountain [[glacier]]s may serve as an indicator of climate change, advancing and receding with long-term changes in temperature and precipitation. The Karakoram glaciers are slightly retreating,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/01/110124162708.htm |title=Debris on certain Himalayan glaciers may prevent melting |first=Gail |last=Gallessich |work=sciencedaily.com |year=2011 |access-date=30 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.rse.2016.10.034 |bibcode=2016RSEnv.187..505M |title=Changes in the ablation zones of glaciers in the western Himalaya and the Karakoram between 1972 and 2015 |year=2016 |last1=Muhammad |first1=Sher |last2=Tian |first2=Lide |journal=Remote Sensing of Environment |volume=187 |pages=505–512 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1017/jog.2019.5 |bibcode=2019JGlac..65..270M |title=No significant mass loss in the glaciers of Astore Basin (North-Western Himalaya), between 1999 and 2016 |year=2019 |last1=Muhammad |first1=Sher |last2=Tian |first2=Lide |last3=Nüsser |first3=Marcus |journal=Journal of Glaciology |volume=65 |issue=250 |pages=270–278 |doi-access=free}}</ref> unlike the Himalayas, where glaciers are losing mass at a significantly higher rate, many Karakoram glaciers are covered in a layer of rubble which insulates the ice from the warmth of the sun.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141119 |title=Thin debris layers do not enhance melting of the Karakoram glaciers |year=2020 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume= 746 |article-number=141119 |pmid=32763605 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.74641119M |doi-access=free|last1=Muhammad |first1=Sher |last2=Tian |first2=Lide |last3=Ali |first3=Shaukat |last4=Latif |first4=Yasir |last5=Wazir |first5=Muhammad Atif |last6=Goheer |first6=Muhammad Arif |last7=Saifullah |first7=Muhammad |last8=Hussain |first8=Iqtidar |last9=Shiyin |first9=Liu }}</ref> Where there is no such insulation, the rate of retreat is high.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Remote sensing approach for monitoring debris-covered glaciers in the high altitude Karakoram Himalayas |first=B.K. |last=Veettil |journal=International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences |year=2012 |volume=2 |pages=833–841 |issue=3}}</ref> Some recent studies reveal slight increase or stability in glacier mass in central and western Karakoram, termed by some scholars as "Karakoram Anomaly",<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Farinotti |first1=Daniel |last2=Immerzeel |first2=Walter W. |last3=de Kok |first3=Remco J. |last4=Quincey |first4=Duncan J. |last5=Dehecq |first5=Amaury |date=January 2020 |title=Manifestations and mechanisms of the Karakoram glacier Anomaly |journal=Nature Geoscience |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=8–16 |doi=10.1038/s41561-019-0513-5 |issn=1752-0908 |pmc=6949123 |pmid=31915463 |bibcode=2020NatGe..13....8F }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Jiajia |last2=Xu |first2=Baiqing |last3=Li |first3=Zhen |last4=Nasir |first4=Jawad |last5=Farhan |first5=Suhaib Bin |last6=Wang |first6=Mo |last7=Xie |first7=Ying |last8=Yang |first8=Song |last9=Cauquoin |first9=Alexandre |last10=Hussain |first10=Azfar |date=2025-01-16 |title=The Interpretation of Karakoram Anomaly by High Karakoram Ice Core Record |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023JD040235 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=130 |issue=1 |article-number=e2023JD040235 |doi=10.1029/2023JD040235 |bibcode=2025JGRD..13040235W |issn=2169-897X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Attaullah |first1=Haleema |last2=Khan |first2=Asif |last3=Khan |first3=Mujahid |last4=Khan |first4=Firdos |last5=Ali |first5=Shaukat |last6=Masud |first6=Tabinda |last7=Iqbal |first7=Muhammad Shahid |date=2022-10-07 |title=The Karakoram Anomaly: Validation through Remote Sensing Data, Prospects and Implications |journal=Water |language=en |volume=14 |issue=19 |pages=3157 |doi=10.3390/w14193157 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Water..14.3157A |issn=2073-4441}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Latif |first1=Yasir |last2=Pryor |first2=Sara C. |last3=Ateeq-Ur-Rehman |first3=Sardar |last4=Muhammad |first4=Sher |last5=Yaseen |first5=Muhammad |last6=Wazir |first6=Muhammad Atif |date=2025-12-01 |title=Transition of the Karakoram anomaly under emerging hydroclimatic trends |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969725023186 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=1006 |article-number=180678 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180678 |pmid=41223551 |bibcode=2025ScTEn100680678L |issn=0048-9697}}</ref> contrasting with eastern Karakoram where glaciers were found to be retreating.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Shuaibo |last2=Sun |first2=Zhangli |last3=Xie |first3=Jinpeng |last4=Zhao |first4=Fanyu |last5=Huang |first5=Kaihong |last6=Wang |first6=Hangtong |last7=Yang |first7=Chenxi |date=2025-10-01 |title=Investigating glacier mass balance and driving factors of the Karakoram Anomaly |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581825004410 |journal=Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies |volume=61 |article-number=102616 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102616 |bibcode=2025JHyRS..6102616Z |issn=2214-5818}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ougahi |first1=Jamal Hassan |last2=Cutler |first2=Mark E. J. |last3=Cook |first3=Simon J. |date=2022-11-01 |title=Assessing the Karakoram Anomaly from long-term trends in earth observation and climate data |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352938522001604 |journal=Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment |volume=28 |article-number=100852 |doi=10.1016/j.rsase.2022.100852 |bibcode=2022RSASE..2800852O |issn=2352-9385}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Batool |first1=Insha |last2=Ashraf |first2=Arshad |last3=Khokhar |first3=Muhammad Fahim |date=2025-12-01 |title=Anomalous glaciers response to climate variability in the Karakoram region |journal=ISPRS Open Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing |volume=18 |article-number=100105 |doi=10.1016/j.ophoto.2025.100105 |doi-access=free |issn=2667-3932}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jiawei |last2=Sun |first2=Meiping |last3=Yao |first3=Xiaojun |last4=Duan |first4=Hongyu |last5=Zhang |first5=Cong |last6=Wang |first6=Shuyang |last7=Niu |first7=Shuting |last8=Yan |first8=Xin |date=2023-09-09 |title=A Review of Karakoram Glacier Anomalies in High Mountains Asia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=15 |issue=18 |pages=3215 |doi=10.3390/w15183215 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023Water..15.3215L |issn=2073-4441}}</ref> Notable glaciers in Karakoram include:

* [[Siachen Glacier]]
* [[Baltoro Glacier]]
* [[Hispar Glacier]]
* [[Batura Glacier]]
* [[Biafo Glacier]]
* [[Chogo Lungma Glacier]]
* [[Yinsugaiti Glacier]]

=== Ice Age ===
In the last [[ice age]], a [[ice cap|connected series of glaciers]] stretched from western [[Tibet]] to [[Nanga Parbat]], and from the [[Tarim Basin]] to the [[Gilgit District]].<ref name="K1988">{{cite journal |last=Kuhle |first=M. |year=1988 |title=The Pleistocene Glaciation of Tibet and the Onset of Ice Ages- An Autocycle Hypothesis.Tibet and High Asia. Results of the Sino-German Joint Expeditions (I) |journal=GeoJournal |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=581–596 |doi=10.1007/BF00209444 |s2cid=129234912}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kuhle |first=M. |year=2006 |chapter=The Past Hunza Glacier in Connection with a Pleistocene Karakoram Ice Stream Network during the Last Ice Age (Würm) |editor1-last=Kreutzmann |editor1-first=H. |editor2-last=Saijid |editor2-first=A. |title=Karakoram in Transition |location=Karachi, Pakistan |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=24–48}}</ref><ref name="K2011">{{cite book |last=Kuhle |first=M. |year=2011 |chapter=The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and Last Glacial Maximum) Ice Cover of High and Central Asia, with a Critical Review of Some Recent OSL and TCN Dates |editor1-last=Ehlers |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Gibbard |editor2-first=P.L. |editor3-last=Hughes |editor3-first=P.D. |title=Quaternary Glaciation – Extent and Chronology, A Closer Look |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Elsevier BV |pages=943–965}} (glacier maps [https://web.archive.org/web/20130606133044/http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780444534477/ downloadable])</ref> To the south, the [[Indus Valley|Indus glacier]] was the main valley glacier, which flowed {{convert|120|km|mi}} down from the Nanga Parbat massif to {{convert|870|m|ft}} elevation.<ref name="K1988" /><ref name="K2001">{{cite journal |last=Kuhle |first=M. |year=2001 |title=Tibet and High Asia (VI): Glaciogeomorphology and Prehistoric Glaciation in the Karakoram and Himalaya |journal=GeoJournal |volume=54 |issue=1–4 |pages=109–396 |doi=10.1023/A:1021307330169}}</ref> In the north, the Karakoram glaciers joined those from the [[Kunlun Mountains]] and flowed down to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} in the Tarim Basin.<ref name="K2011" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kuhle |first=M. |year=1994 |title=Present and Pleistocene Glaciation on the North-Western Margin of Tibet between the Karakoram Main Ridge and the Tarim Basin Supporting the Evidence of a Pleistocene Inland Glaciation in Tibet. Tibet and High Asia. Results of the Sino-German and Russian-German Joint Expeditions (III) |journal=GeoJournal |volume=33 |pages=133–272 |issue=2/3 |doi=10.1007/BF00812877|s2cid=189882345 }}</ref>

While the current valley glaciers in the Karakoram reach a maximum length of {{convert|76|km|mi}}, several of the ice-age valley glacier branches and main valley glaciers, had lengths up to {{convert|700|km|mi}}. During the Ice Age, the glacier snowline was about {{Convert|1300|m|ft}} lower than today.<ref name="K2011" /><ref name="K2001" />

== Highest peaks ==
[[File:Baltoro region from space annotated.png|upright=1|thumb|Highest '''Karakoram''' peaks in the Baltoro region as seen from the [[International Space Station]]]]
{{Karakoram OSM}}
The majority of the highest peaks are in the [[Gilgit–Baltistan]] region administered by Pakistan. Baltistan has more than 100 mountain peaks exceeding {{convert|6100|m|ft}} height from sea level.{{cn|date=October 2025}} Following is a list for the highest peaks of the Karakoram. Included are some of the mountains named with a K code, the most well-known of which is the K2.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Mountain
! Height<ref>For Nepal, the heights indicated on the Nepal Topographic Maps are followed. For China and the [[Baltoro Muztagh|Baltoro]] Karakoram, the heights are those of Mi Desheng's "The Maps of Snow Mountains in China". For the [[Hispar Muztagh|Hispar Karakoram]] the heights on a Russian 1:100,000 topo map of {{cite web |title=Hispar area expeditions |url=http://echidna.rutgers.edu/expeditions/Hispar/Default.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427142155/http://echidna.rutgers.edu/expeditions/Hispar/Default.htm |archive-date=27 April 2008 |access-date=15 July 2008}} </ref>
! [[List of highest mountains on Earth|Ranked]]
! K code
! Area administered by
|-
| [[K2]]
| {{convert|8611|m|ft}}
| 2
| K2
| [[Pakistan]]–[[China]], at the head of the Godwin-Austen Glacier
|-
| [[Gasherbrum I]]
| {{convert|8080|m|ft}}
| 11
| K5
| [[China]]–[[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Broad Peak]]
| {{convert|8051|m|ft}}
| 12
|
| [[China]]–[[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Gasherbrum II]]
| {{convert|8034|m|ft}}
| 13
| K4
| [[China]]–[[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Gasherbrum III]]
| {{convert|7952|m|ft}}
|
| K3a
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Gasherbrum IV]]
| {{convert|7925|m|ft}}
| 17
| K3
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Distaghil Sar]]
| {{convert|7885|m|ft}}
| 19
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Kunyang Chhish]]
| {{convert|7852|m|ft}}
| 21
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Masherbrum I]]
| {{convert|7821|m|ft}}
| 22
| K1
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Batura I]]
| {{convert|7795|m|ft}}
| 25
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Rakaposhi]]
| {{convert|7788|m|ft}}
| 26
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Batura II]]
| {{convert|7762|m|ft}}
|
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Kanjut Sar]]
| {{convert|7760|m|ft}}
| 28
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Saltoro Kangri]] I
| {{convert|7742|m|ft}}
| 31
| K10
| [[India]]–[[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Batura III]]
| {{convert|7729|m|ft}}
|
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Saltoro Kangri]] II
| {{convert|7705|m|ft}}
|
| K11
| [[India]]–[[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Saser Kangri]] I
| {{convert|7672|m|ft}}
| 35
| K22
| [[India]]
|-
| [[Chogolisa]]
| {{convert|7665|m|ft}}
| 36
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Shispare Sar]]
| {{convert|7611|m|ft}}
| 38
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Trivor]] Sar
| {{convert|7577|m|ft}}
| 39
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Skyang Kangri]]
| {{convert|7545|m|ft}}
| 43
|
| [[China]]–[[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Mamostong Kangri]]
| {{convert|7516|m|ft}}
| 47
| K35
| [[India]]
|-
| [[Saser Kangri]] II
| {{convert|7513|m|ft}}
| 48
|
| [[India]]
|-
| [[Saser Kangri]] III
| {{convert|7495|m|ft}}
| 51
|
| [[India]]
|-
| [[Pumari Chhish]]
| {{convert|7492|m|ft}}
| 53
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Passu Sar]]
| {{convert|7478|m|ft}}
| 54
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Yukshin Gardan Sar]]
| {{convert|7469|m|ft}}
| 55
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Teram Kangri]] I
| {{convert|7462|m|ft}}
| 56
|
| [[China]]–[[India]]
|-
| [[Malubiting]]
| {{convert|7458|m|ft}}
| 58
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[K12 (mountain)|K12]] or [[Saitang Peak]]
| {{convert|7428|m|ft}}
| 61
| [[K12 (mountain)|K12]]
| [[India]]–[[Pakistan]] subsidiary of [[Saltoro Kangri]]
|-
| [[Sia Kangri]]
| {{convert|7422|m|ft}}
| 63
|
| [[China]]–[[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Ghursay Kangri – II|Skilma Gangri or Ghursay Kangri II]]
| {{convert|7422|m|ft}}
|
| K8
| [[Pakistan]], on the western flank of the [[Siachen Glacier]]
|-
| [[Momhil Sar]]
| {{convert|7414|m|ft}}
| 64
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Skil Brum]]
| {{convert|7410|m|ft}}
| 66
|
| [[China]]–[[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Haramosh Peak]]
| {{convert|7409|m|ft}}
| 67
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Ghent Kangri]]
| {{convert|7401|m|ft}}
| 69
|
| [[India]]–[[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Ultar Peak]]
| {{convert|7388|m|ft}}
| 70
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Rimo I]]
| {{convert|7385|m|ft}}
| 71
|
| [[India]]
|-
| [[Sherpi Kangri]]
| {{convert|7380|m|ft}}
| 74
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Bojohagur Duanasir]]
| {{convert|7329|m|ft}}
|
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Yazghil Dome South]]
| {{convert|7324|m|ft}}
|
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Baltoro Kangri]]
| {{convert|7312|m|ft}}
| 81
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[The Crown (mountain)|Crown Peak]]
| {{convert|7295|m|ft}}
| 83
|
| [[China]]
|-
| [[Baintha Brakk]]
| {{convert|7285|m|ft}}
| 86
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Yutmaru Sar]]
| {{convert|7283|m|ft}}
| 87
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Baltistan Peak]]
| {{convert|7282|m|ft}}
| 88
| K6
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Muztagh Tower]]
| {{convert|7273|m|ft}}
| 90
|
| [[China]]–[[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Diran]]
| {{convert|7266|m|ft}}
| 92
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Apsarasas Kangri]] I
| {{convert|7243|m|ft}}
| 95
|
| [[China]]–[[India]]
|-
| [[Rimo I]]II
| {{convert|7233|m|ft}}
| 97
|
| [[India]]
|-
| [[Gasherbrum V]]
| {{convert|7147|m|ft}}
|
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Link Sar]]
| {{convert|7041|m|ft}}
|
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| Gamba Gangri
| {{convert|7000|m|ft}} (approx)
|
| K9
| [[Pakistan]] near [[Trango Towers]]
|-
| [[Ghursay kangri – I|Gomgma Gangri]]
| {{convert|6934|m|ft}}
|
| K7
| [[Pakistan]] at the head of the [[Charakusa Valley]]
|-
| [[Dansam Peak]]
| {{convert|6666|m|ft}}
|
| K13
| [[Pakistan]] south west of [[Saltoro Kangri]]
|-
| [[Paiju Peak]]
| {{convert|6610.|m|ft}}
|
|
| [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Pastan Kangri]]
| {{convert|6523|m|ft}}
|
| K25
| [[India]] south of [[Saltoro Kangri]]
|}

== Subranges ==
[[File:Karakoram Range.jpg|upright=0.9|thumb|View of the Moon over Karakoram Range in Pakistan]]
The naming and division of the various subranges of the Karakoram is not universally agreed upon. However, the following is a list of the most important subranges, following Jerzy Wala.<ref>Jerzy Wala, ''Orographical Sketch Map of the Karakoram'', Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research, Zurich, 1990.</ref> The ranges are listed roughly west to east.

* [[Batura Muztagh]]
* [[Rakaposhi-Haramosh Mountains]]
* [[Spantik-Sosbun Mountains]]
* [[Hispar Muztagh]]
* [[South Ghujerab Mountains]]
* [[Panmah Muztagh]]
* [[Wesm Mountains]]
* [[Masherbrum Mountains]]
* [[Baltoro Muztagh]]
* [[Saltoro Mountains]]
* [[Siachen Muztagh]]
* [[Rimo Muztagh]]
* [[Saser Muztagh]]

== Passes ==
{{Karakoram Mountain Pass OSM}}
Passes from west to east are:
* [[Dandala Pass]] is the most important and earlier pass. It starts from Ghursay [[saitang city]] to Yarqand in China. It is the main trade route between Khaplu, Ladakh, Kharmang to Yarqand, China.
* [[Kilik Pass]]
* [[Mintaka Pass]]
* [[Khunjerab Pass]] is the highest paved international border crossing at {{convert|4693|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It serves the China-Pakistan [[Karakoram Highway|Friendship Highway]], the "8th world wonder".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230903-the-karakoram-highway-the-road-thats-the-eighth-world-wonder | title= The Road that's the Eighth World Wonder | last=Shea | first=Samantha | date= 8 September 2023 | publisher=BBC }}</ref>
* [[Shimshal]] Pass
* [[Mustagh Pass]]
* [[Karakoram Pass]]
* [[Sasser Pass]]
* [[Naltar Valley|Naltar]] Pass

The Khunjerab Pass is the only motorable pass across the range. The Shimshal Pass (which does not cross an international border) is the only other pass still in regular use.

== Cultural references ==
The Karakoram mountain range has been referred to in a number of [[novels]] and movies. [[Rudyard Kipling]] refers to the Karakoram mountain range in his novel ''[[Kim (novel)|Kim]]'', which was first published in 1900. [[Marcel Ichac]] made a film titled ''Karakoram'', chronicling a French expedition to the range in 1936. The film won the Silver Lion at the [[Venice Film Festival]] of 1937. [[Greg Mortenson]] details the Karakoram, and specifically K2 and the [[Balti people|Balti]], extensively in his book ''[[Three Cups of Tea]]'', about his quest to build schools for children in the region. ''K2 Kahani'' (The K2 Story) by [[Mustansar Hussain Tarar]] describes his experiences at K2 base camp.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tarar |first=Mustansar Hussain |date=1994 |title=K2 kahani |location=Lahore |publisher=Sang-e-Meel (published in Urdu) |page=179 |isbn=969-35-0523-9 |ol=18941738M}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Karakoram Highway]]
* [[List of mountain ranges]] of the world
* [[List of highest mountains]] (a list of mountains above {{convert|7200|m|ft|abbr=on}})
* [[Mount Imeon]]

== References ==
{{notelist}}
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* [[George Nathaniel Curzon|Curzon, George Nathaniel]]. 1896. ''The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus''. Royal Geographical Society, London. Reprint: Elibron Classics Series, Adamant Media Corporation. 2005. {{ISBN|1-4021-5983-8}} (pbk); {{ISBN|1-4021-3090-2}} (hbk).
* [[Rudyard Kipling|Kipling, Rudyard]] 2002. ''[[Kim (novel)]]''; ed. by Zohreh T. Sullivan. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. {{ISBN|039396650X}}—This is the most extensive critical modern edition with footnotes, essays, maps, etc.
* [[Greg Mortenson|Mortenson, Greg]] and Relin, David Oliver. 2008. ''[[Three Cups of Tea]]''. Penguin Books Ltd. {{ISBN|978-0-14-103426-3}} (pbk); Viking Books {{ISBN|978-0-670-03482-6}} (hbk); Tantor Media {{ISBN|978-1-4001-5251-3}} (MP3 CD).
* Kreutzmann, Hermann, ''Karakoram in Transition: Culture, Development, and Ecology in the Hunza Valley'', Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-19-547210-3}}.
* {{citation |first=E. |last=Shukurov |chapter=The Natural Environment of Central and South Asia |editor=Chahryar Adle |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. VI – Towards the contemporary period: from the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century |chapter-url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001412/141275e.pdf |year=2005 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103985-0 |pages=480–514 |ref={{sfnref|Shukurov, The Natural Environment of Central and South Asia|2005}} }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Dainelli, G. (1932). [https://doi.org/10.2307/1784325 A Journey to the Glaciers of the Eastern Karakoram]. ''The Geographical Journal'', '''79'''(4), 257–268.

== External links ==
{{Commons and category}}
* [http://blankonthemap.free.fr/default.htm Blankonthemap] The Northern Kashmir Website

{{Clear}}
{{GeoSouthAsia}}
{{Mountain ranges of China}}
{{Gilgit-Baltistan topics}}
{{Ladakh topics}}
{{Xinjiang topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Karakoram| ]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Landforms of Badakhshan Province]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of India]]
[[Category:Mountains of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of China]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Sites along the Silk Road]]
[[Category:Turkic words and phrases]]

Tilde

2026-03-29T09:04:53Z

Veronasie: brief cleanup information to improve readability additionally and added references to improve readability

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Punctuation and accent mark (~, ◌̃)}}
{{About|the punctuation and diacritical mark|the Swedish singer|Tilde (singer)}}
{{Redirect|~|the album|~ (album){{!}}''~'' (album)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox symbol
|mark=~{{nbsp}}◌̃
|name=Tilde (symbol) Combining tilde (diacritic)
|unicode={{unichar|007E|html=}} {{unichar|0303|cwith=◌}}
}}
{{Orthography notation}}

The '''tilde''' ({{IPAc-en|"|t|I|l|d|@}}, also {{IPAc-en|"|t|I|l|d|,_|-|d|i||,_|-|d|eI}})<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary|publisher=Chambers|year=2003|isbn=0-550-10105-5|edition=9th|chapter=tilde}}</ref> is a [[grapheme]] {{angbr|'''˜'''}} or {{angbr|'''~'''}} with a number of uses. The name of the character came into [[English language|English]] from [[Spanish language|Spanish]] {{wikt-lang|es|tilde}}, which, in turn, came from the [[Latin]] {{wikt-lang|la|titulus}}, meaning 'title' or 'superscription'.<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|tilde}}</ref> Its primary use is as a [[diacritic]] in combination with a base letter. Its freestanding form is used in modern texts mainly to indicate [[approximation]].

== History ==
===Use by medieval scribes===
The tilde was originally one of a variety of marks written over an omitted letter or several letters as a [[scribal abbreviation]] (a "mark of contraction").<ref>Martin, Charles Trice (1910). The record interpreter : a collection of abbreviations, Latin words and names used in English historical manuscripts and records (2nd ed.). London, preface, p.5 [https://archive.org/details/recordinterprete00martuoft/page/n9/mode/2up]</ref> Thus, the commonly used words ''[[Anno Domini]]'' were frequently abbreviated to ''Ao Dñi'', with an elevated terminal with a contraction mark placed over the "n", such a mark could denote the omission of one letter or several letters. This saved on the expense of the scribe's labor and the cost of vellum and ink. Medieval European charters written in Latin are largely made up of such abbreviated words with contraction marks and other abbreviations; only uncommon words were given in full.

The text of the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086, relating for example, to the [[manor of Molland]] in [[Devon]] (see adjacent picture), is highly [[Scribal abbreviation|abbreviated]] as indicated by numerous tildes.

[[File:Text of Exeter Domesday Book of 1086.jpg|center|thumb|upright=1.35|Text of Exeter [[Domesday Book]] of 1086]]

The text with abbreviations expanded is as follows:

{{blockquote|{{lang|la|Mollande tempore regis Eduardi geldabat pro quattuor hidis et uno ferling. Terra est quadraginta carucae. In dominio sunt tres carucae et decem servi et triginta villani et viginti bordarii cum sedecim carucis. Ibi duodecim acrae prati et quindecim acrae silvae. Pastura tres leugae in longitudine et latitudine. Reddit quattuor et viginti libras ad pensam. Huic manerio est adjuncta Blachepole. Elwardus tenebat tempore regis Edwardi pro manerio et geldabat pro dimidia hida. Terra est duae carucae. Ibi sunt quinque villani cum uno servo. Valet viginti solidos ad pensam et arsuram. Eidem manerio est injuste adjuncta Nimete et valet quindecim solidos. Ipsi manerio pertinet tercius denarius de Hundredis Nortmoltone et Badentone et Brantone et tercium animal pasturae morarum.}}}}

:{{resize|Translation: In the time of King Edward Mollande gelded for four hides and one ferling. The land is forty [[carucate]]s. In the domain there are three barons and ten serfs and thirty peasants and twenty bordars with sixteen barons. There are twelve acres of meadow and fifteen acres of wood. A pasture three leagues in length and breadth. It should weigh four and twenty pounds. Blachepole is attached to this manor. Elward held it in the time of King Edward for a manor and gelded for half a hide. The earth is two carucas. There are five peasants with one servant. It is worth twenty shillings for weighing and burning. The same manor is unjustly attached to Nimes and is worth fifteen shillings. To the manor belongs a third of the penny of the Hundred of Nortmolton and Badenton and Branton, and a third of the cattle of the pasture.}}

===Role of mechanical typewriters===
{{More|Dead key|Diacritic}}
[[File:Olivetti Lettera 32.JPG|thumb|An [[Olivetti Lettera 32]] typewriter (Portuguese Model) with tilde (and circumflex) dead-key beside {{keypress|Ç}} ]]
[[File:Idazmakina.jpg|thumb|Spanish typewriter (QWERTY keyboard) with dead keys for acute, circumflex, diaeresis and grave accents. Ñ/ñ is present as a precomposed character only.]]

On [[typewriter]]s designed for languages that routinely use [[diacritic]]s (accent marks), there are two possible solutions. Keys can be dedicated to [[precomposed character]]s or alternatively a [[dead key]] mechanism can be provided. With the latter, a mark is made when a dead key is typed, but unlike normal keys, the paper carriage does not move on and thus the next letter to be typed is printed under that accent. Typewriters for [[Spanish (language)|Spanish]] typically have a dedicated key for [[Ñ]]/ñ but, as [[Portuguese (language)|Portuguese]] uses [[Ã]]/ã and [[Õ]]/õ, a single dead-key (rather than take two keys to dedicate) is the most practical solution.

The tilde symbol did not exist independently as a [[movable type]] or [[Hot metal typesetting|hot-lead]] printing character since the [[type case]]s for Spanish or Portuguese would include [[sort (typesetting)|sort]]s for the accented forms.

===The centralized ASCII tilde ===
{| align=right cellpadding="2px" border=0 style="margin-left:2em"
| align=right |Serif:
| style="font-size:large; font-family:serif" |—~—
|-
| align=right |Sans-serif:
| style="font-size:large; font-family:sans-serif" |—~—
|-
| align=right |Monospace:
| style="font-size:large; font-family:monospace" |—~—
|-
| colspan=2 style="font-size:small" |A free-standing tilde between two em dashes in three font families
|}

The first [[ASCII]] standard (X3.64-1963) did not have a tilde.<ref name="Mackenzie_1980">{{cite book |url=https://textfiles.meulie.net/bitsaved/Books/Mackenzie_CodedCharSets.pdf |title=Coded Character Sets, History and Development |series=The Systems Programming Series |author-last=Mackenzie |author-first=Charles E. |date=1980 |edition=1 |publisher=[[Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.]] |isbn=978-0-201-14460-4 |lccn=77-90165 |access-date=2019-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526172151/https://textfiles.meulie.net/bitsaved/Books/Mackenzie_CodedCharSets.pdf |archive-date=May 26, 2016 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref>{{rp|246}} Like Portuguese and Spanish, the French, German and [[Scandinavia|Scandinavian]] languages also needed symbols in excess of the basic 26 needed for English. The [[American Standards Association|ASA]] worked with and through the [[CCITT]] to internationalize the code-set, to meet the basic needs of at least the Western European languages.

{{blockquote|It appears to have been at their May 13–15, 1963 meeting that the CCITT decided that the proposed ISO 7-bit code standard would be suitable for their needs if a lower case alphabet and five diacritical marks [...] were added to it.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meeting of CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet |url= https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs/ascii-history/ccit.html |publisher=CCITT |date=May 15, 1963}} See Paragraph 3.</ref> At the October 29–31 meeting, then, the ISO subcommittee altered the ISO draft to meet the CCITT requirements, replacing the up-arrow and left-arrow with diacriticals, adding diacritical meanings to the apostrophe and quotation mark, and making the [[number sign]] a dual{{efn|alternative association for the same [[code point]]}} for the tilde.<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorandum to Members, Alternates, and Consultants of A.S.A. X3.2 and task groups |vauthors=((L. L. Griffin, Chairman, X3.2)) | publisher=US Department of the Navy |url=https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs/ascii-history/iso.html |page=8 |date=29 November 1963}}</ref>|source=Yucca's free information site (which cites the original sources).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jkorpela.fi/latin1/ascii-hist.html#60|title=Character histories: notes on some ASCII code positions}}</ref>}}

Thus ISO{{nbsp}}646 was born (and the ASCII standard updated to X3.64-1967), providing the tilde and other symbols as optional characters.<ref name="Mackenzie_1980" />{{rp|247}}{{efn|ISO{{nbsp}}646 (and ASCII, which it includes) is a standard for 7-bit encoding, providing just 96 printable characters (and 32 [[control characters]]). This was insufficient to meet the needs of Western European languages and so the standard specifies certain [[code points]] that are available for national variation. With the arrival of 8-bit "[[extended ASCII]]", this issue was largely mitigated, though not fully resolved until [[Unicode]] was established.}}

ISO{{nbsp}}646 and ASCII incorporated many of the overprinting lower-case diacritics from typewriters, including tilde. Overprinting was intended to work by putting a [[backspace]] code between the codes for letter and diacritic.<ref>{{cite web |title= Second ISO draft proposal {{!}} 6 and 6 bit character codes for information processing interchange |publisher =ISO |date=December 1963 |url=https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs/ascii-history/draft.html}} See paragraph 2</ref> However even at that time, mechanisms that could do this or any other overprinting were not widely available, did not work for capital letters, and were impossible on video displays, with the result that this concept failed to gain significant acceptance. Consequently, many of these free-standing diacritics (and the [[underscore]]) were quickly reused by software as additional syntax, basically becoming new types of syntactic symbols that a programming language could use. As this usage became predominant, [[type design]] gradually evolved so these diacritic characters became larger and more vertically centered, making them useless as overprinted diacritics but much easier to read as free-standing characters that had come to be used for entirely different and novel purposes. Most modern fonts align the plain ASCII "[[spacing character|spacing]]" (free-standing) tilde at the same level as [[dash]]es, or only slightly higher.

The free-standing tilde is at code 126 in ASCII, where it was inherited into Unicode as U+007E.

A similar shaped mark ({{char|⁓}}) is known in typography and [[lexicography]] as a [[swung dash]]: these are used in dictionaries to indicate the omission of the entry word.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=swung+dash&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o8=1&o1=1&o7=&o5=&o9=&o6=&o3=&o4=&h=000000000000 | title = WordNet | type = search | edition = 3.0 | contribution = Swung dash}}</ref>

===Connection to Spanish===
{{Main|Ñ}}
[[File:Logotipo del Instituto Cervantes.svg|thumbnail|left|Logo of the Instituto Cervantes]]
[[File:Logo de CNN en Español (2010-2015).svg|thumbnail|right|Logo of CNN en Español]]

As indicated by the etymological origin of the word "tilde" in English, this symbol has been closely associated with the [[Spanish language]]. The connection stems from the use of the tilde above the letter {{angbr|n}} to form the (different) letter {{angbr|ñ}} in Spanish, a feature shared by only [[#Palatal n|a few other languages]], most of which are historically connected to Spanish. This peculiarity can help non-native speakers quickly identify a text as being written in Spanish with little chance of error. Particularly during the 1990s, Spanish-speaking intellectuals and news outlets demonstrated support for the language and the culture by defending this letter against [[globalisation]] and [[computer]]isation trends that threatened to remove it from keyboards and other standardised products and codes.<ref>{{cite web|title=26 argumentos para seguir defendiendo la Ñ|url=http://www.larazon.es/historico/651-26-argumentos-para-seguir-defendiendo-la-n-SLLA_RAZON_352314#.Ttt1ZN8CWth9pio|website=La Razón|access-date=31 January 2016|date=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/internacionales/batalla-de-la-n-una-aventura-quijotesca-para-defender-el-alma-de-la-lengua-797718.html |title=Batalla de la Ñ: Una aventura quijotesca para defender el alma de la lengua |last=AFP |date=18 November 2004 |website=Periódico ABC Paraguay |access-date=31 January 2016}}</ref> The [[Instituto Cervantes]], founded by [[Spanish government|Spain's government]] to promote the Spanish language internationally, chose as its logo a highly stylised {{char|Ñ}} with a large tilde. The 24-hour news channel [[CNN]] in the US later adopted a similar strategy on its existing logo for the launch of its [[CNN en Español|Spanish-language version]], therefore being written as CN͠N. And similarly to the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA), the [[Spain men's national basketball team]] is nicknamed "ÑBA".

In Spanish itself the word {{lang|es|tilde}} is used more generally for diacritics, including the stress-marking acute accent.<ref>[http://dle.rae.es/?id=ZkHNOE8 Diccionario de la lengua española], Real Academia Española</ref> The diacritic {{char|~}} is more commonly called {{lang|es|virgulilla}} or {{lang|es|la tilde de la eñe}}, and is not considered an accent mark in Spanish, but rather simply a part of the letter {{char|ñ}} (much like [[tittle|the dot]] over {{char|ı}} makes an {{char|i}} character that is familiar to readers of English).

==Usage==
===Common use in English===


The [[English language]] does not use the tilde as a diacritic, though it is used in some [[loanword]]s. The standalone form of the symbol is used more widely. Informally,<ref name=wolfram_tilde /> it means [[approximation|"approximately"]], "about", or "around", such as "~30 minutes before", meaning "''approximately'' 30 minutes before".<ref name="bymath1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.microsoft.com/typography/developers/fdsspec/maths.aspx|title=Character design standards – Maths|website=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref> It may also mean "similar to",<ref name="htmlhelp1">{{cite web| first =Liam | last = Quinn |url=http://htmlhelp.com/reference/html40/entities/symbols.html |title=HTML 4.0 Entities for Symbols and Greek Letters |publisher=HTML help |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> including "of the same [[order of magnitude]] as",<ref name=wolfram_tilde>{{cite web|url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Tilde.html | publisher = Wolfram/MathWorld | title = Tilde |date=3 November 2011 |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> such as "{{math |{{mvar |x}} ~ {{mvar|y}}}}" meaning that {{mvar|x}} and {{mvar|y}} are of the same order of magnitude. Another approximation symbol is the [[approximation#Mathematics|double tilde]] {{char|≈}}, meaning "approximately/almost equal to".<ref name="bymath1" /><ref name="htmlhelp1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.solving-math-problems.com/math-symbols-approximately-equal.html |title=Math Symbols... Those Most Valuable and Important: Approximately Equal Symbol |publisher=Solving Math problems |date=20 September 2010 |access-date=11 November 2011 |archive-date=9 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109213922/http://www.solving-math-problems.com/math-symbols-approximately-equal.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The tilde is also used to indicate [[congruence (geometry)|congruence]] of shapes by placing it over an {{char|1==}} symbol, thus {{char|≅}}.

In more recent digital usage, tildes on either side of a word or phrase have sometimes come to convey a particular tone that "let[s] the enclosed words perform both sincerity and irony", which can pre-emptively defuse a negative reaction.<ref name=Bernstein>{{cite web |last1=Bernstein |first1=Joseph |title=The Hidden Language of The ~Tilde~ |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/josephbernstein/the-hidden-language-of-the-tilde |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |date=5 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref> For example, [[BuzzFeed News|BuzzFeed]] journalist Joseph Bernstein interprets the tildes in the following [[Twitter#Tweets|tweet]]:

<blockquote>in the ~ spirit of the season ~ will now link to some of the (imho) #Bestof2014 sports reads. if you hate nice things, mute that hashtag.</blockquote>

as a way of making it clear that both the author and reader are aware that the enclosed phrase – "spirit of the season" – "is cliche and we know this quality is beneath our author, and we don't want you to think our author is a cliche person generally".<ref name=Bernstein />{{efn|See also [[Air quotes]].}}

Among other uses, the symbol has been used on [[social media]] to [[Irony punctuation|indicate sarcasm]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Internet Tilde Perfectly Conveys Something We Don't Have the Words to Explain |author= Jess Kimball Leslie | date=June 5, 2017 |website=The Cut |url=https://www.thecut.com/article/why-the-internet-tilde-is-our-most-perfect-tool-for-snark.html}}</ref> It may also be used online, especially in informal writing such as [[fan fiction|fanfiction]], to convey a cutesy, playful, or flirtatious tone.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Are Tildes ( ~ ) And How Do You Use Them? | date=April 12, 2022 |website=Thesaurus.com |url=https://www.thesaurus.com/e/grammar/tildes/}}</ref>


===Diacritical use===
In some languages, the tilde is a [[diacritic]] mark placed over a [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] to indicate a change in its pronunciation:

====Pitch====
The tilde was firstly used in the [[Greek diacritics|polytonic orthography]] of [[Ancient Greek]], as a variant of the [[circumflex]], representing a rise in [[pitch accent|pitch]] followed by a return to standard pitch.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peek |first=Philip S. |url=https://books.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/obp.0264/ch3.xhtml |title=Ancient Greek I: A 21st Century Approach; Module 3 - Accents and Accenting Verbs I |date=2021-10-19 |publisher=Open Book Publishers |isbn=978-1-80064-655-1 |pages=19–26 |doi=10.11647/OBP.0264.03 |doi-access=free |oclc=1277513901}}</ref>

====Abbreviation====
[[File:Hic Fabricatur Naves.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Carta marina]]'' showing Finnish economy, with the captions {{lang|la|Hic fabricantur naves}} and {{lang|la|Hic fabricantur [[Bombard (weapon)|bombarde]]}} abbreviated]]

Later, it was used to make [[scribal abbreviation|abbreviations]] in medieval [[Latin language|Latin]] documents. When an {{angle bracket|n}} or {{angle bracket|m}} followed a vowel, it was often omitted, and a tilde (physically, a small {{angle bracket|N}}) was placed over the preceding vowel to indicate the missing letter; this is the origin of the use of tilde to indicate nasalization (compare [[Umlaut (diacritic)#Umlaut history|the development of the umlaut]] as an abbreviation of {{angle bracket|e}}.){{Citation needed|date=December 2024|reason=Seemingly contradicted by Reimer (2015)}} A tilde represented an omitted {{angle bracket|a}} or a syllable containing it.<ref name="Reimer2015">{{Cite web |last=Reimer |first=Stephen R. |date=30 May 2015 |title=IV.vi. Paleography: Scribal Abbreviations |url=https://sites.ualberta.ca/~sreimer/ms-course/course/abbrevtn.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129100307/https://sites.ualberta.ca/~sreimer/ms-course/course/abbrevtn.htm |archive-date=2024-11-29 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Manuscript Studies: Medieval and Early Modern}}</ref> The practice of using the tilde over a vowel to indicate omission of an {{angle bracket|n}} or {{angle bracket|m}} continued in printed books in [[French language|French]] as a means of reducing text length until the 17th century. It was also used in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

The tilde was also used occasionally to make other abbreviations, such as over the letter {{angle bracket|q}}, making {{char|q̃}}, [[wikt:q̃|to signify the word ''que'']] ("that").{{Citation needed|date=December 2024|reason=Seemingly contradicted by Reimer (2015)}} It also appears for ''qua'' and together with the letter {{angle bracket|p}} to form {{char|p̃}} for ''pra''.<ref name="Reimer2015" />

====Nasalization====
It is also as a small {{angle bracket|n}} that the tilde originated when written above other letters, marking a [[Latin language|Latin]] {{angle bracket|n}} which had been [[elision|elided]] in old Galician-Portuguese. In modern [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] it indicates [[nasalization]] of the base vowel: {{lang|pt|mão}} "hand", from Lat. ''manu-''; {{lang|pt|razões}} "reasons", from Lat. {{lang|la|rationes}}.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} This usage has been adopted in the orthographies of several [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|native languages of South America]], such as [[Guarani language|Guarani]] and [[Nheengatu language|Nheengatu]], as well as in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) and many other phonetic alphabets. For example, {{IPA|[ljɔ̃]}} is the IPA transcription of the pronunciation of the French place-name ''[[Lyon]]''.

In [[Breton language|Breton]], the symbol {{angle bracket|ñ}} after a vowel means that the letter {{angle bracket|n}} serves only to give the vowel a nasalised pronunciation, without being itself pronounced, as it normally is. For example, {{angle bracket|an}} gives the pronunciation {{IPA|[ãn]}} whereas {{angle bracket|añ}} gives {{IPA|[ã]}}.

In the [[Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft|DMG]] romanization of [[Tunisian Arabic]], the tilde is used for nasal vowels õ and ṏ.

====Palatal n====
{{main|Ñ}}

The tilded {{angle bracket|n}} ({{angle bracket|ñ}}, {{angle bracket|Ñ}}) developed from the digraph {{angle bracket|nn}} in Spanish. In this language, {{angle bracket|ñ}} is considered a separate letter called ''[[Ñ|eñe]]'' ({{IPA|es|ˈeɲe|IPA}}), rather than a letter-diacritic combination; it is placed in Spanish dictionaries between the letters {{angle bracket|n}} and {{angle bracket|o}}. In Spanish, the word ''tilde'' actually refers to diacritics in general, e.g. the acute accent in ''José'',<ref>{{cite book |title=Ortografía de la lengua española |year=2010 |publisher=Real Academia Española |location=Madrid |isbn=978-84-670-3426-4 |page=279 }}</ref> while the diacritic in {{angle bracket|ñ}} is called "virgulilla" ({{IPA|es|birɣuˈliʝa|IPA}}) ([[yeísta]]) or ({{IPA|es|birɣuˈliʎa|IPA}}) (non-yeísta).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=virgulilla |title=Lema en la RAE |publisher=[[Real Academia Española]] |access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> Current languages in which the tilded {{angle bracket|n}} ({{angle bracket|ñ}}) is used for the [[palatal nasal]] consonant {{IPA|/ɲ/}} include

{{div col|colwidth=8em}}
* [[Asturian language|Asturian]]
* [[Aymara language|Aymara]]
* [[Basque language|Basque]]
* [[Chamorro language|Chamorro]]
* [[Filipino language|Filipino]]
* [[Galician language|Galician]]
* [[Guaraní language|Guaraní]]
* [[Iñupiaq language|Iñupiaq]]
* [[Mapudungun]]
* [[Papiamento]]
* [[Quechua languages|Quechua]]
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
* [[Tetum language|Tetum]]
* [[Wolof language|Wolof]]
{{div col end}}

====Tone====
In [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], a tilde over a vowel represents a creaky rising [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] (''ngã''). Letters with the tilde are not considered separate letters of the [[Vietnamese alphabet]].

====International Phonetic Alphabet====
{{uncited section|date=June 2024}}

In [[phonetics]], a tilde is used as a [[IPA diacritics|diacritic that is placed]] above a letter, below it or [[superimpose]]d onto the middle of it:

* A tilde above a letter indicates [[nasalization]], e.g. {{IPA|[ã], [ṽ]}}.
* A tilde superimposed onto the middle of a letter indicates [[velarization]] or [[pharyngealization]], e.g. {{IPA|[ɫ], [z̴]}}. If no precomposed [[Unicode]] character exists, the Unicode character {{unichar|0334| COMBINING TILDE OVERLAY|cwith=◌}} can be used to generate one.
* A tilde below a letter indicates [[Creaky voice|laryngealisation]], e.g. {{IPA|[d̰]}}. If no precomposed Unicode character exists, the Unicode character {{unichar|0330| COMBINING TILDE BELOW|cwith=◌}} can be used to generate one.

A tilde between two [[phoneme]]s indicates optionality, or "alternates with". E.g. {{angbr IPA|ɕ ~ ʃ}} could indicate that the sounds may alternate depending on context ([[free variation]]), or that they vary based on region or speaker, or some other variation.

====Letter extension====
In [[Estonian language|Estonian]], the symbol {{angle bracket|õ}} stands for the [[close-mid back unrounded vowel]], and it is considered an independent letter.

====Other uses====
Some languages and alphabets use the tilde for other purposes, such as:

* [[Arabic script]]: A symbol resembling the tilde ({{unichar|0653|ARABIC MADDAH ABOVE|cwith=ـ|nlink=Arabic diacritics#Maddah}}) is used over the letter {{angle bracket|ا}} ({{IPA|/a/}}) to become {{angle bracket|[[آ]]}}, denoting a long {{IPA|/ʔaː/}} sound.
* [[Guaraní language|Guaraní]]: The tilded {{angle bracket|[[G̃]]}} (note that {{angle bracket|G/g}} with tilde is not available as a precomposed glyph in [[Unicode]]) stands for the [[velar nasal]] consonant. Also, the tilded {{angle bracket|y}} ({{angle bracket|Ỹ}}) stands for the nasalized upper central rounded vowel {{IPA|[ɨ̃]}}. [[Munduruku language|Munduruku]], Parintintín, and two older spellings of Filipino words also use {{angle bracket|g̃}}.
* [[Syriac script]]: A tilde (~) under the letter ''[[Kaph]]'' represents a {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} sound, transliterated as ''ch'' or ''č''.<ref>[[Eberhard Nestle|Nestle, Eberhard]] (1888). ''Syrische Grammatik mit Litteratur, Chrestomathie und Glossar''. Berlin: H. Reuther's Verlagsbuchhandlung. [translated to English as ''Syriac grammar with bibliography, chrestomathy and glossary'', by R. S. Kennedy. London: Williams & Norgate 1889. p. 5].</ref>
* [[Estonian phonology|Estonian]] and [[Võro language|Võro]] use the tilde above the letter {{angbr|o}} to give {{angbr|õ}}, indicating the vowel {{IPA|[ɤ]}}, a rare sound among languages.
* [[Unicode]] has a [[combining character|combining]] vertical tilde character: {{unichar|033E|COMBINING VERTICAL TILDE|cwith=◌}}. It is used to indicate [[tone accent|middle tone]] in linguistic transcription of certain dialects of the [[Lithuanian language]],<ref>Lithuanian Standards Board (LST), [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2597.pdf proposal for a zigzag diacritic]</ref> and was also used historically in the letter [[х̾]], which was part of the [[Cyrillization of Polish under the Russian Empire|Polish Cyrillic alphabet]] of the late 19th century.
* [[Resurrección María de Azkue]]'s 1906 Basque dictionary used an idiosyncratic spelling including {{anglebracket|[[ã]] [[d̃]] [[ẽ]] [[ĩ]] [[l̃]] [[ñ]] [[õ]] [[s̃]] [[t̃]] [[ũ]] [[x̃]]}}.<ref name="Azkue">{{cite web |title=R. M. de Azkue: "Euskara-Gaztelania-Frantsesa Hiztegia" / "Diccionario Vasco-Español-Francés" online -Tutorial de uso |url=https://www.aurtenbai.eus/dok/Azkue-tutoriala_ES.pdf |publisher=Aurten Bai Fundazioa |access-date=12 February 2024 |page=6 |language=es |quote=El autor usaba fuentes propias para representar fenómenos propios de algunos de los dialectos del euskera. Estos son los caracteres especiales utilizados en el diccionario: ã d̃ ẽ ĩ l̃ ñ õ s̃ t̃ ũ x̃.}}</ref>

===Punctuation===
The tilde is used in various ways in punctuation, including:

In some languages (such as in French),{{cn|date=July 2024}} a tilde or a tilde-like [[wave dash]] (Unicode: {{unichar|301C|wave dash}}) may be used as a [[punctuation]] mark (instead of an unspaced [[hyphen]], [[en dash]] or [[em dash]]) between two [[number]]s, to indicate a [[Interval (mathematics)|range]]. Doing so avoids the risk of confusion with [[subtraction]] or a hyphenated number (such as a part number or model number). For example, "12~15" means "12 to 15", "~3" means "up to three", and "100~" means "100 and greater".{{cn|date=December 2023}} [[Languages of East Asia|East Asian languages]] almost always use this convention, but it is sometimes done for clarity in some other languages as well. [[Chinese language|Chinese]] uses the wave dash and [[Halfwidth and fullwidth forms|full-width]] em dash interchangeably for this purpose. In English, the tilde is often used to express ranges and model numbers in [[electronics]], but rarely in formal grammar or in type-set documents, as a wavy dash preceding a number sometimes represents an approximation (see below).

The '''range tilde''' is used for various purposes in [[French language|French]], but only to denote ranges of numbers (e.g., {{lang|fr|« 21~32 degrés Celsius »}}" means "21 to 32 degrees Celsius").{{cn|date=May 2024}}

(The symbol {{unichar|2248}} (a [[double tilde (disambiguation)|double tilde]]) is also used in French, for example, {{lang|fr|« ≈400 mètres »}} means "approximately 400 meters".{{cn|date=May 2024}})

==== Approximation ====
{{See also|Approximation}}

Before a number, the tilde can mean "approximately": e.g., "~42" means "approximately 42".<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.linfo.org/tilde.html | title = Tilde Definition | website=linfo.org | publisher = The Linux Information Project | date = 24 June 2005 | access-date= 27 January 2020}}</ref> Such usage goes against [[ISO/IEC_80000|ISO/IEC 80000-2]] and should be avoided. When used with [[currency symbol]]s that precede the number (national conventions differ), the tilde precedes the symbol, thus for example "~$10" means "about ten dollars".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/116048/using-a-tilde-with-currency |title=Using a tilde with currency|website=[[Stackexchange]]}}</ref>{{better source|reason=Not a reliable source|date=February 2024}}

The symbols <big>≈</big> (almost equal to) and <big>≅</big> (approximately equal to) are among the other [[approximation#Unicode|symbols used to express approximation]].

====Japanese====
{{Further|Japanese punctuation#Wave dash}}

The {{Nihongo|'''wave dash'''|波ダッシュ|nami dasshu}} is used for various purposes in Japanese, including to denote ranges of numbers (e.g., ''5〜10'' means between 5 and 10) in place of dashes or brackets, and to indicate origin. The wave dash is also used to separate a title and a subtitle in the same line, as a [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] is used in English.

When used in conversations via email or instant messenger it may be used as a [[sarcasm mark]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

The sign is used as a replacement for the {{transliteration|ja|[[Chōonpu|chōon]]}}, katakana character, in Japanese, extending the final syllable.

====Chinese====
[[WeChat]] users frequently replace final punctuation with tildes in messages. An analysis of such "innovative uses" of tildes found that final tildes are most used to make the message friendlier and polite. They make expressives more sincere and directives less abrupt. Less commonly, final tildes imply sounds such as [[wikt:onomatopoeia|onomatopoeia]] and sound extensions. This use is compared to ''sajiao'' ({{Lang-zh|s=撒娇}}), a child-like acting seen in East Asian cultures that are also vocalized by raising or extending tone.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Huan |last2=Xia |first2=Dengshan |date=2023-09-01 |title=Digital tildes ("∼") may convey more: analyzing innovative uses of tildes in Chinese WeChat messages |journal=Language and Semiotic Studies |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=443–460 |doi=10.1515/lass-2023-0009 |issn=2751-7160|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Mathematics===
====As a unary operator====
A tilde in front of a single quantity can mean "approximately", "about"<ref name="bymath1">{{Cite web |title=All Elementary Mathematics – Mathematical symbols dictionary |url=http://www.bymath.com/symbols/symbols.html |publisher=Bymath |accessdate=2014-09-25 |archive-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502113549/http://www.bymath.com/symbols/symbols.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> or "of the same [[order of magnitude]] as."

====As a relational operator====
In [[mathematics]], the tilde operator (which can be represented by a tilde or the dedicated character {{unichar|223C|TILDE OPERATOR}}), sometimes called "twiddle", is often used to denote an [[equivalence relation]] between two objects. Thus "{{math|{{mvar|x}} ~ {{mvar|y}}}}" means "{{mvar|x}} is [[equivalence relation|equivalent]] to {{mvar|y}}". It is a weaker statement than stating that {{mvar|x}} [[equality (mathematics)|equals]] {{mvar|y}}. The expression "{{math|{{mvar|x}} ~ {{mvar |y}}}}" is sometimes read aloud as "{{mvar|x}} twiddles {{mvar|y}}", perhaps as an analogue to the verbal expression of "{{math |1={{mvar |x}} = {{mvar|y}}}}".<ref>{{Citation | last = Derbyshire | first = J | title = Prime Obsession: Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics | journal = Physics Today | place = New York | publisher = Penguin | year = 2004 | volume = 57 | issue = 6 | page = 63 | doi = 10.1063/1.1784281 | bibcode = 2004PhT....57R..63D | url = http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Tilde.html}}.</ref>

The tilde can indicate approximate equality in a variety of ways. It can be used to denote the [[asymptotic analysis|asymptotic equality]] of two functions. For example, {{math|{{mvar|f}} ({{mvar|x}}) ~ {{mvar |g}}({{mvar |x}})}} means that <math>\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{f(x)}{g(x)} = 1</math>.<ref name=wolfram_tilde />

In [[physics]] and [[astronomy]], a tilde can be used between two expressions (e.g. {{math|{{mvar|h}} ~ 10−34 J s}}) to state that the two are of the same [[order of magnitude]].<ref name=wolfram_tilde />

In [[statistics]] and [[probability theory]], the tilde means "is distributed as";<ref name = wolfram_tilde /> see [[random variable]] (e.g. {{math|''X'' ~ ''B''(''n'', ''p'')}} for a [[binomial distribution]]).

A tilde can also be used to represent geometric [[Similarity (geometry)|similarity]] (e.g. {{math |∆{{mvar |ABC}} ~ ∆{{mvar|DEF}}}}, meaning [[triangle]] {{mvar|ABC}} is similar to {{mvar|DEF}}). A triple tilde ('''≋''') is often used to show [[congruence (geometry)|congruence]], an equivalence relation in geometry.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In [[graph theory]], the tilde can be used to represent adjacency between vertices. The edge <math>(x,y)</math> connects vertices <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> which can be said to be adjacent, and this adjacency can be denoted <math>x \sim y</math>.

====As a diacritic====
The symbol "<math>\tilde{f}</math>" is pronounced as "eff tilde" or, informally, as "eff twiddle".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Tilde.html |title = Tilde |publisher = Wolfram Research |access-date = 4 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SY5fZIK63NMC&q=schlange+twiddle&pg=PA53 |title=Proceedings of the Analysis Conference, Singapore 1986 |publisher=Elsevier | year = 1988 | first1 =Stephen TL | last1 = Choy | first2 =Judith Packer | last2 = Jesudason | first3 = Peng Yee | last3 = Lee|isbn=9780080872612 }}</ref> This can be used to denote the [[Fourier transform]] of ''f'', or a [[lift (mathematics)|lift]] of ''f'', and can have a variety of other meanings depending on the context.

A tilde placed below a letter in mathematics can represent a [[Euclidean vector|vector]] quantity (e.g. <math>(x_1, x_2, x_3, \ldots, x_n) = \underset{^\sim}{\mathbf x}</math>).

In [[statistics]] and [[probability theory]], a tilde placed on top of a variable is sometimes used to represent the [[median]] of that variable; thus <math>\tilde{\mathbf y}</math> would indicate the median of the variable <math>\mathbf y</math>. A tilde over the letter n (<math>\tilde{n}</math>) is sometimes used to indicate the [[harmonic mean]].

In machine learning, a tilde may represent a candidate value for a cell state in [[Gated recurrent unit|GRUs]] or [[LSTM]] units. (e.g. c̃)

===Physics===
Often in [[physics]], one can consider an [[equilibrium solution]] to an equation, and then a perturbation to that equilibrium. For the variables in the original equation (for instance <math>X</math>) a substitution <math>X\to x+\tilde{x}</math> can be made, where <math>x</math> is the equilibrium part and <math>\tilde{x}</math> is the perturbed part.

A tilde is also used in [[particle physics]] to denote the hypothetical [[supersymmetric]] partner. For example, an [[electron]] is referred to by the letter ''e'', and its [[superpartner]] the [[selectron (particle)|selectron]] is written ''ẽ''.

In multibody mechanics, the tilde operator maps three-dimensional vectors <math>\boldsymbol{\omega}\in\mathbb{R}^3</math> to skew-symmetrical matrices <math>\tilde{\boldsymbol{\omega}}=\begin{bmatrix}0&-\omega_3& \omega_2\\ \omega_3& 0& -\omega_1\\ -\omega_2&\omega_1&0\end{bmatrix}</math> (see <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallrapp |title=Standardization of flexible body modeling in multibody system codes, Part I: Definition of Standard Input Data |date=1994 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=283–304 |doi=10.1080/08905459408905214 |journal=Mechanics of Structures and Machines |bibcode=1994MSM....22..283W }}</ref> or <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Valembois |first1=R. E. |last2=Fisette |first2=P. |last3=Samin |first3=J. C. |title=Comparison of Various Techniques for Modelling Flexible Beams in Multibody Dynamics |journal=Nonlinear Dynamics |date=1997 |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=367–397 |doi=10.1023/A:1008204330035|bibcode=1997NonDy..12..367V |s2cid=122487067 }}</ref>).

===Economics===
For relations involving preference, [[economist]]s sometimes use the tilde to represent [[Preference (economics)#Notation|indifference]] between two or more bundles of goods. For example, to say that a consumer is indifferent between bundles ''x'' and ''y'', an economist would write ''x'' ~ ''y''.

===Electronics===
It can approximate the sine wave symbol (∿, [[Unicode|U+]]223F), which is used in [[electronics]] to indicate [[alternating current]], in place of +, −, or ⎓ for [[direct current]].

===Linguistics===
The tilde may indicate alternating [[allomorph]]s or [[Morphophonology|morphological alternation]], as in {{IPA|//ˈniː~ɛl+t//}} for ''kneel~knelt'' (the [[plus sign#Other uses|plus sign]] '+' indicates a morpheme boundary).<ref>Collinge (2002) ''An Encyclopedia of Language'', §4.2.</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last=Hayes | first=Bruce | author-link=Bruce Hayes (linguist) | title=Introductory Phonology | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | date=2011 | isbn=9781444360134 | pages=87–88 }}</ref>

The tilde may represent some sort of phonetic or phonemic variation between two sounds, which might be [[allophone]]s or in [[free variation]]. For example, {{IPA|[χ ~ x]}} can represent "either {{IPA|[χ]}} or {{IPA|[x]}}".

In [[formal semantics (linguistics)|formal semantics]], it is also used as a notation for the ''[[squiggle operator]]'' which plays a key role in many theories of [[focus (linguistics)|focus]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Buring |first=Daniel |date=2016 |title=Intonation and Meaning |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226269.003.0003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=36–41 |isbn=978-0-19-922627-6}}</ref>

In [[interlinear gloss]], a tilde sets off an element added to a word by [[reduplication]]; were a hyphen or double hyphen used instead, confusion would arise because that element would be notated in the same way as an independent morpheme requiring an independent gloss.

===Computing===
[[Computer programmers]] use the tilde in various ways and sometimes call the symbol (as opposed to the diacritic) a '''squiggle''', '''squiggly''', '''swiggle''', or '''twiddle'''. According to the [[Jargon File]], other synonyms sometimes used in programming include '''not''', '''approx''', '''wiggle''', '''enyay''' (after ''[[ñ|eñe]]'') and (humorously) '''sqiggle''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|k|ɪ|ɡ|əl}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2012-01-05 |title=Jargon File 5.0.1 |url=http://cosman246.com/jargon.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827121341/http://cosman246.com/jargon.html |archive-date=2013-08-27}}</ref>

==== Directories and URLs ====
On [[Unix]]-like [[operating system]]s (including [[AIX]], [[BSD]], [[Linux]] and [[macOS]]), tilde normally indicates the current user's [[home directory]]. For example, if the current user's home directory is {{mono|/home/user}}, then the command {{mono|cd ~}} is equivalent to {{mono|cd /home/user}}, {{mono|cd $HOME}}, or {{mono|cd}}.<ref name=":0" /> This convention derives from the [[Lear-Siegler]] [[ADM-3A]] terminal in common use during the 1970s, which happened to have the tilde symbol and the word "Home" (for moving the cursor to the upper left) on the same key.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hogan |first=Brian |date=2019 |title=Small, Sharp Software Tools |publisher=Pragmatic Programmers |page=3 |isbn=978-1-68050-296-1 }}</ref> When prepended to a particular username, the tilde indicates that user's home directory (e.g., {{mono|~janedoe}} for the home directory of user {{mono|janedoe}}, such as {{mono|/home/janedoe}}).<ref>{{Citation | contribution = Tilde expansion | publisher = The GNU project | title = C Library Manual | access-date = 4 July 2010 | url = https://www.gnu.org/s/libc/manual/html_node/Tilde-Expansion.html}}.</ref>

Used in [[Uniform Resource Locator|URLs]] on the [[World Wide Web]], it often denotes a personal website on a [[Unix]]-based server. For example, {{mono|<nowiki>http://www.example.com/~johndoe/</nowiki>}} might be the personal website of John Doe. This mimics the Unix shell usage of the tilde. However, when accessed from the web, file access is usually directed to a [[subdirectory]] in the user's home directory, such as {{mono|/home/''username''/public_html}} or {{mono|/home/''username''/www}}.<ref>{{Citation | contribution = Module mod_userdir | publisher = The Apache foundation | title = HTTP Server Documentation | edition = version 2.0 | access-date = 4 July 2010 | url = http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/mod/mod_userdir.html}}.</ref>

In URLs, the characters {{mono|%7E}} (or {{mono|%7e}}) may substitute for a tilde if an input device lacks a tilde key.{{Ref RFC|3986|p=12}} Thus, {{mono|<nowiki>http://www.example.com/~johndoe/</nowiki>}} and {{mono|<nowiki>http://www.example.com/%7Ejohndoe/</nowiki>}} will behave in the same manner.

==== Computer languages ====
===== Regex =====
The tilde is used in the [[AWK]] [[programming language]] as part of the pattern match operators for [[regular expression]]s:<ref>{{cite web |title=The GNU Awk User's Guide |website=GNU Manuals Online |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/manual/html_node/Regexp-Usage.html |publisher=Free Software Foundation, Inc. |access-date=2024-10-20 |at=3.1 How to Use Regular Expressions}}</ref>
*<code>''variable'' ~ /''regex''/</code> returns true if the variable is matched.
*<code>''variable'' !~ /''regex''/</code> returns false if the variable is matched.

The operators are also used in the [[SQL]] variant of the database [[PostgreSQL]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PostgreSQL 17.0 Documentation |author=The PostgreSQL Global Development Group |date=2024-09-26 |url=https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/index.html |access-date=2024-10-20 |at=[https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-matching.html#FUNCTIONS-POSIX-REGEXP 9.7.3.{{nbsp}}POSIX Regular Expressions]}}</ref>

A variant of this, with the plain tilde replaced with <code>=~</code>, was adopted in [[Perl]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Perl expressions: operators, precedence, string literals |website=Perldoc Browser |url=https://perldoc.perl.org/5.40.0/perlop |access-date=2024-10-20 |at=[https://perldoc.perl.org/5.40.0/perlop#Binding-Operators Binding Operators]}}</ref>. [[Ruby programming language|Ruby]] also uses this variant without the negated operator.<ref>{{cite web |title=class Regexp |work=Documentation for Ruby 3.3 |url=https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/3.3/Regexp.html |access-date=2024-10-20}}</ref>

===== Negation =====
In [[APL (programming language)|APL]]<ref name="j303">{{cite web |title=APL2 Programming: Language Reference |publisher=[[IBM]] |url=https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/ZOKMYKOY |date=February 1994 |edition=2nd |access-date=2024-10-22}}</ref>{{rp|68}} and [[MATLAB]],<ref>{{cite web |title=MATLAB Operators and Special Characters - MATLAB & Simulink |website=MathWorks |url=https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/matlab_prog/matlab-operators-and-special-characters.html |access-date=2024-10-22}}</ref> tilde represents the monadic logical function NOT. and in APL it additionally represents the dyadic [[multiset]] function ''without'' ([[Complement (set theory)#Relative complement|set difference]]).<ref name="j303"/>{{rp|258}}

In [[C (programming language)|C]] the tilde character is used as [[bitwise NOT]] unary [[Operators in C and C++|operator]], following the notation in logic (an <code>!</code> causes a logical NOT, instead).<ref>{{cite web |title=Programming languages—C |url=https://files.lhmouse.com/standards/ISO%20C%20N2176.pdf |author=ISO/IEC |access-date=2024-10-19 |page=64 }}</ref> This is also used by many languages based on or influenced by C, such as [[C++]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[D programming language|D]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[JavaScript]], [[Perl]], [[PHP]], and [[Python (programming language)|Python]].<ref name="rigaux">{{Cite web |title=syntax across languages (One Big Page) |url=https://rigaux.org/language-study/syntax-across-languages.html |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=rigaux.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823220158/http://rigaux.org/language-study/syntax-across-languages.html |archive-date=2024-08-23}}</ref> The [[MySQL|MySQL database]] also use tilde as bitwise invert<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/bit-functions.html#operator_bitwise-invert|title=MySQL :: Reference Manual :: Bit Functions and Operators|website=dev.mysql.com|access-date=2019-12-20}}</ref> as does Microsoft's SQL Server [[Transact-SQL|Transact-SQL (T-SQL)]] language.

====== ~~ cast ======


[[JavaScript]] also uses tilde as bitwise NOT. Because bitwise operators work on integers, and numbers in JavaScript are 64 bit floating point numbers, the operator converts numbers to a 32-bit signed integer before it performing the negation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JavaScript Bitwise Operations |url=https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_bitwise.asp |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=W3Schools |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128173553/https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_bitwise.asp |archive-date=2024-11-28}}</ref> The conversion truncates the fractional part and most significant bits. This lets two tildes <code>~~x</code> to be used as a short syntax to cast to integer. However, it is not recommended as use for truncation. In contrast, it does not truncate BigInts, which are arbitrarily large integers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-15 |title=Bitwise NOT (~) - JavaScript |url=https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_NOT |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=MDN |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128173342/https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_NOT |archive-date=2024-11-28}}</ref>

=====Other uses=====
In C++<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-01 |title=Destructors (C++) |url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/cpp/destructors-cpp?view=msvc-170 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Microsoft Learn |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |language=en-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128170724/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/cpp/destructors-cpp?view=msvc-170 |archive-date=2024-11-28}}</ref> and C#,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-14 |title=Finalizers (C# Programming Guide) |url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/classes-and-structs/finalizers |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Microsoft Learn |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |language=en-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117135601/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/classes-and-structs/finalizers |archive-date=2024-11-17}}</ref> the tilde is also used as the first character in a [[Class (computer science)|class]]'s [[method (computer science)|method]] name (where the rest of the name must be the same name as the class) to indicate a [[destructor (computer science)|destructor]] – a special method which is called at the end of the [[Object lifetime|object's life]].

In ASP.NET applications, tilde ('~') is used as a shortcut to the root of the application's virtual directory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-03 |title=ASP.NET Core built-in Tag Helpers |url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/mvc/views/tag-helpers/built-in/?view=aspnetcore-9.0 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Microsoft Learn |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |language=en-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128180850/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/mvc/views/tag-helpers/built-in/?view=aspnetcore-9.0 |archive-date=2024-11-28}}</ref>

In the [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] stylesheet language, the tilde finds the element selected by the right-hand side that shares the parent with an element selected by the left-hand side.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-11 |title=Selectors Level 4 |url=https://www.w3.org/TR/selectors-4/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122212236/https://www.w3.org/TR/selectors-4/ |archive-date=2024-11-22 |access-date=2024-11-28 |publisher=CSS Working Group |at=[https://www.w3.org/TR/selectors-4/#general-sibling-combinators 15.4. Subsequent-sibling combinator (~)] |type=W3C Working Draft}}</ref>

In the [[D programming language]], the tilde is used as bitwise not operator, [[concatenation]] operator such as those of [[Array data structure|arrays]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Expressions |url=https://dlang.org/spec/expression.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128204134/https://dlang.org/spec/expression.html |archive-date=2024-11-28 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=dlang.org}}</ref> and to indicate an object destructor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Structs, Unions |url=https://dlang.org/spec/struct.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128210801/https://dlang.org/spec/struct.html |archive-date=2024-11-28 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=dlang.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Classes |url=https://dlang.org/spec/class.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128210843/https://dlang.org/spec/class.html |archive-date=2024-11-28 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=dlang.org}}</ref> Tilde operator can be overloaded for user types,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operator Overloading |url=https://dlang.org/spec/operatoroverloading.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128204128/https://dlang.org/spec/operatoroverloading.html |archive-date=2024-11-28 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=dlang.org}}</ref> and binary tilde operator is mostly used to merging two objects, or adding some objects to set of objects. It was introduced because plus operator can have different meaning in many situations. For example, "120" + "14" may produce "134" (addition of two numbers), "12014" (concatenation of strings), or something else.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arrays |url=https://dlang.org/spec/arrays.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128204600/https://dlang.org/spec/arrays.html |archive-date=2024-11-28 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=dlang.org}}</ref> D disallows + operator for arrays (and strings), and provides separate operator for concatenation (similarly [[PHP]] programming language solved this problem by using dot operator for concatenation, and + for number addition, which will also work on strings containing numbers).

In [[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]], the tilde is used for object comparison. If ''a'' and ''b'' denote objects, the Boolean expression ''a'' ~ ''b'' has value true if and only if these objects are equal, as defined by the applicable version of the library routine ''is_equal'', which by default denotes field-by-field object equality but can be redefined in any class to support a specific notion of equality.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2006 |title=Eiffel: Analysis, Design and Programming Language |url=https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-367_2nd_edition_june_2006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128214008/https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-367_2nd_edition_june_2006.pdf |archive-date=2024-11-28 |access-date=2024-11-28 |publisher=ECMA International |id=ECMA-367 |edition=2nd}}</ref>{{rp|114-115}} If ''a'' and ''b'' are references, the object equality expression ''a'' ~ ''b'' is to be contrasted with ''a'' = ''b'' which denotes reference equality. Unlike the call ''a''.''is_equal'' (''b''), the expression ''a'' ~ ''b'' is [[type safety|type-safe]] even in the presence of [[Covariance and contravariance (computer science)|covariance]].

In the [[Groovy (programming language)|Apache Groovy programming language]] the tilde character overloaded as a bitwise binary negation operation, and as the "pattern operator" that creates a [[regular expression]] pattern object. <code>=~</code> and <code>==~</code> can in Groovy be used to match a regular expression.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://groovy-lang.org/operators.html|title=The Groovy programming language – Operators}}</ref>

In [[Haskell (programming language)|Haskell]], the tilde is used in type constraints to indicate type equality.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/GHC/Type_families#Equality_constraints | title = Haskell Wiki | contribution = Type Families}}.</ref> Also, in pattern-matching, the tilde is used to indicate a lazy pattern match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Lazy_pattern_match|title=Lazy pattern match}}</ref>

In the [[Inform]] 6 programming language, the tilde is used to indicate a quotation mark inside a quoted string. Tilde itself is created by <code>@@126</code>.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nelson |first=Graham |date=July 2001 |contribution=§1 Routines |contribution-url=https://www.inform-fiction.org/manual/html/s1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607185340/https://www.inform-fiction.org/manual/html/s1.html |archive-date=2024-06-07 |access-date=2024-11-28 |title=The Inform Designer's Manual |publisher=Interactive Fiction Library |isbn=0-9713119-0-0 |edition=4th}}</ref>

In "text mode" of the [[LaTeX]] typesetting language a tilde diacritic can be obtained using, e.g., <code>\~{n}</code>, yielding "ñ". A stand-alone tilde can be obtained by using <code>\textasciitilde</code> or <code>\string~</code>. In "math mode" a tilde diacritic can be written as, e.g., <code>\tilde{x}</code>. For a wider tilde <code>\widetilde</code> can be used. The <code>\sim</code> command produce a tilde-like binary relation symbol that is often used in mathematical expressions, and the double-tilde [[≈]] is obtained with <code>\approx</code>.In both text and math mode, a tilde on its own (<code>~</code>) renders a white space with no line breaking.In both text and math mode, a tilde on its own (<code>~</code>) renders a white space with no line breaking.<ref>{{cite web |last=Doob| first=Michael|date=Jan 21, 2002 |title=A Gentle Introduction to TeX |url=https://texdoc.org/serve/gentle.pdf/0 |website=texdoc.org | page=11,12,15,32,36,37|location=Winnipeg, Manitoba |access-date=Apr 6, 2025}}</ref> The <code>url</code> package also supports entering tildes directly, e.g., <code><nowiki>\url{http://server/~name}</nowiki></code>.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

In [[MediaWiki]] syntax, four tildes are a shortcut for a user's signature. Three and five tildes puts the signature without timestamp and only the timestamp, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Help:Signatures |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Signatures&oldid=6657175 |date=20 July 2024 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=MediaWiki |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128225211/https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Signatures&oldid=6657175 |archive-date=2024-11-28}}</ref>

In [[Common Lisp]], the tilde is used as the prefix for format specifiers in format strings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lispworks.com/documentation/HyperSpec/Body/22_c.htm |title=CLHS: Section 22.3 |publisher=Lispworks.com |date=2005-04-11 |access-date=2010-07-30}}</ref>

In [[Max/MSP]], MSP objects have names ending with a tilde. MSP objects process at the computer's sampling rate and mainly deal with sound.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSP Basics Tutorial 1: Test Tone |url=https://docs.cycling74.com/learn/articles/05_mspbasicchapter01/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206215808/https://docs.cycling74.com/learn/articles/05_mspbasicchapter01/ |archive-date=2024-12-06 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Cycling '74 Documentation |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Standard ML]], the tilde is used as the prefix for negative numbers and as the unary negation operator.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Kathleen |title=Learning Standard ML |url=https://www.cs.tufts.edu/comp/105-2017f/readings/ml.html |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=www.cs.tufts.edu |at=[https://www.cs.tufts.edu/comp/105-2017f/readings/ml.html#expressions-ii-minus-signs Expressions II: Minus signs]}}</ref>

In [[OCaml]], the tilde is used to specify the label for a labeled parameter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Labelled and Optional Arguments |url=https://ocaml.org/docs/labels |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206214050/https://ocaml.org/docs/labels |archive-date=2024-12-06 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=OCaml |language=en}}</ref>

In [[R (programming language)|R]], the tilde operator is used to separate the left- and right-hand sides in a model formula.<ref>[https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/fullrefman.pdf The R Reference Index ]</ref>

In [[Object REXX]], the twiddle is used as a "message send" symbol. For example, <code>Employee.name~lower()</code> would cause the <code>lower()</code> method to act on the object <code>Employee</code>'s <code>name</code> attribute, returning the result of the operation. <code>~~</code> returns the object that received the method rather than the result produced. Thus, it can be used when the result need not be returned or when cascading methods are to be used. <code>team~~insert("Jane")~~insert("Joe")~~insert("Steve")</code> would send multiple concurrent <code>insert</code> messages, thus invoking the <code>insert</code> method three consecutive times on the <code>team</code> object.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ashley |first1=W. David |last2=Flatscher |first2=Rony G. |last3=Hessling |first3=Mark |last4=McGuire |first4=Rick |last5=Miesfeld |first5=Mark |last6=Peedin |first6=Lee |last7=Tammer |first7=Rainer |last8=Wolfers |first8=Jon |date=August 14, 2009 |title=Terms, Expressions, and Operators |url=https://www.oorexx.org/docs/rexxref/x974.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116122945/https://www.oorexx.org/docs/rexxref/x974.htm |archive-date=2021-01-16 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Open Object Rexx™: Reference |series=Version 4.0.0 Edition}}</ref>

In [[Raku (programming language)|Raku]], a prefixing tilde [[type conversion|converts]] a value to a string. An infix tilde [[concatenate]]s strings,<ref name="rakudocs-operators">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-13 |title=Operators |url=https://docs.raku.org/language/operators |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130145259/https://docs.raku.org/language/operators |archive-date=2024-11-30 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Raku documentation}}</ref> taking place of the dot operator in Perl, as the dot is used for member access instead of {{code|->}}.<ref name="rakudocs-perl">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-01 |title=Perl to Raku guide - in a nutshell |url=https://docs.raku.org/language/operators |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203160657/https://docs.raku.org/language/5to6-nutshell |archive-date=2024-12-03 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Raku documentation}}</ref> {{code|~~}} is called "the smartmatch operator" and its semantics depend on the type of the right-side argument. Namely, it checks numeric and string equalities, performs [[regular expression]] match tests (as opposed to {{code|{{=}}~}} in Perl<ref name="rakudocs-perl" />), and [[type checking]].<ref name="rakudocs-operators" />

<syntaxhighlight lang="raku">
my $concatResult = "Hello " ~ "world!";
$concatResult ~~ /<|w><[A..Z]><[a..z]>*<|w>/;

say $/; # outputs "Hello"
# the $/ variable holds the last regex match result
</syntaxhighlight>

In [[YAML]], the "Core schema," a set of aliases that processors are recommended to use, resolves a tilde as null.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-01 |title=YAML Ain't Markup Language (YAML™) revision 1.2.2 |url=https://yaml.org/spec/1.2.2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124004709/https://yaml.org/spec/1.2.2/ |archive-date=2024-11-24 |access-date=2024-11-28 |at=10.3.2. Tag Resolution}}</ref>

====Keyboards====
{{See also|QWERTY#Multilingual variants}}

The presence (or absence) of a tilde engraved on the keyboard depends on the territory where it was sold. In either case, computer's system settings determine the [[keyboard mapping]] and the default setting will match the engravings on the keys. Even so, it certainly possible to configure a keyboard for a different locale than that supplied by the retailer. On American and British keyboards, the tilde is a standard keytop and pressing it produces a free-standing "ASCII Tilde". To generate a letter with a tilde diacritic requires the [[US international]] or [[UK extended]] keyboard setting.

* With US-international, the {{key press|~}} key is a [[dead key]]: pressing that key and then a letter produces the tilde-accented form of that letter. (For example, {{key press|~}}{{nbsp}}{{key press|a}} produces {{char|ã}}.) With this setting active, an ASCII tilde can be inserted with the dead key followed by the space bar, or alternatively by striking the dead key twice in a row.
* With UK-extended, the key works normally but becomes a 'dead key' when combined with [[AltGr]]. Thus {{key press|AltGr|#}} followed by a letter produces the accented form of that letter.
* With a [[Mac (computer)|Mac]] either of the Alt/[[Option key|Option]] keys function similarly.
* With [[Linux]], the [[compose key]] facility is used.

Instructions for other national languages and keyboards are beyond the scope of this article.

==== Backup filenames ====
The dominant [[Unix]] convention for naming backup copies of files is appending a tilde to the original file name. It originated with the [[Emacs]] text editor<ref>{{cite web |title=GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Backup-Names.html |publisher=Free Software Foundation, Inc. |access-date=2024-12-06 |at=27.1.4 Naming Backup Files - [https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Backup-Names.html#index-make_002dbackup_002dfile_002dname Function: make-backup-file-name filename]}}</ref> and was adopted by many other editors and some command-line tools.

Emacs also introduced an elaborate numbered backup scheme, with files named {{mono|filename.~1~}}, {{mono|filename.~2~}} and so on.<ref>{{cite web |title=GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Numbered-Backups.html |publisher=Free Software Foundation, Inc. |access-date=2024-12-06 |at=27.1.3 Making and Deleting Numbered Backup Files}}</ref> It didn't catch on, as the rise of [[version control]] software eliminates the need for this usage.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==== Microsoft filenames ====
The tilde was part of [[Microsoft]]'s [[filename mangling]] scheme when it extended the [[File Allocation Table|FAT]] file system standard to support long filenames for [[Microsoft Windows]]. Programs written prior to this development could only access filenames in the so-called [[8.3 filename|8.3 format]]—the filenames consisted of a maximum of eight characters from a restricted character set (e.g. no spaces), followed by a period, followed by three more characters. In order to permit these legacy programs to access files in the FAT file system, each file had to be given two names—one long, more descriptive one, and one that conformed to the 8.3 format. This was accomplished with a name-mangling scheme in which the first six characters of the filename are followed by a tilde and a digit. For example, "{{mono|Program Files}}" might become "{{mono|PROGRA~1}}".<ref>{{cite web |title=How Windows Generates 8.3 File Names from Long File Names |url=https://www.betaarchive.com/wiki/index.php?title=Microsoft_KB_Archive/142982 |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>

The tilde symbol is also often used to prefix hidden temporary files that are created when a document is opened in Windows.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024|reason="Often" qualification should be cited}} For example, when a document "Document1.doc" is opened in Word, a file called "~$cument1.doc" is created in the same directory. This file contains information about which user has the file open, to prevent multiple users from attempting to change a document at the same time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Description of how Word creates temporary files |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/description-of-how-word-creates-temporary-files-66b112fb-d2c0-8f40-a0be-70a367cc4c85 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919095253/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/description-of-how-word-creates-temporary-files-66b112fb-d2c0-8f40-a0be-70a367cc4c85 |archive-date=2024-09-19 |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Microsoft Support}}</ref>


===Juggling notation===
In the [[juggling notation]] system Beatmap, tilde can be added to either "hand" in a pair of fields to say "cross the arms with this hand on top". [[Mills' Mess]] is thus represented as (~2x,1)(1,2x)(2x,~1)*.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jugglingdb.com/help/?id=125 | title=The Internet Juggling Database | archive-date=28 July 2005 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050728104414/http://www.jugglingdb.com/help/?id=125 | access-date=6 November 2009}}</ref>

==Unicode encoding ==
=== Letters with tilde ===
Unicode encodes a number of cases of "letter with tilde" as [[precomposed character]]s and these are displayed below. In addition, many more symbols may be composed using the [[combining character]] facility ({{unichar|0303|Combining tilde|cwith=◌|nlink=combining character}}, {{unichar|0330|Combining tilde below|cwith=◌|nlink=combining character}} and others) that may be used with any letter or other diacritic to create a customised symbol but this does not mean that the result has any real-world application and are not shown in the table. 

{{Letters with diacritic/header}}{{hlist|{{Letters with diacritic/diacritic|format=char|d=tilde}}{{Letters with diacritic/scriptname|1=Latin}}[[Ã|Ã{{NNBSP}}ã]]
| [[Ẵ|Ẵ{{NNBSP}}ẵ]]
| [[Ẫ|Ẫ{{NNBSP}}ẫ]]
| [[ᵬ]]
| [[ᵭ]]
| [[Ẽ|Ẽ{{NNBSP}}ẽ]]
| [[Ễ|Ễ{{NNBSP}}ễ]]
| [[Ḛ|Ḛ{{NNBSP}}ḛ]]
| [[ᵮ]]
| [[Ĩ|Ĩ{{NNBSP}}ĩ]]
| [[Ḭ|Ḭ{{NNBSP}}ḭ]]
| [[ɫ]]
| [[ᵯ]]
| [[Ñ|Ñ{{NNBSP}}ñ]]
| [[ᵰ]]
| [[Õ|Õ{{NNBSP}}õ]]
| [[Ỗ|Ỗ{{NNBSP}}ỗ]]
| [[Ỡ|Ỡ{{NNBSP}}ỡ]]
| [[Ṍ|Ṍ{{NNBSP}}ṍ]]
| [[Ṏ|Ṏ{{NNBSP}}ṏ]]
| [[Ȭ|Ȭ{{NNBSP}}ȭ]]
| [[ᵱ]]
| [[ᵳ]]
| [[ᵲ]]
| [[ꭨ]] 
| [[ᵴ]]
| [[ᵵ]]
| [[Ũ|Ũ{{NNBSP}}ũ]]
| [[Ữ|Ữ{{NNBSP}}ữ]]
| [[Ṹ|Ṹ{{NNBSP}}ṹ]]
| [[Ṵ|Ṵ{{NNBSP}}ṵ]]
| [[Ṽ|Ṽ{{NNBSP}}ṽ]]
| [[Ỹ|Ỹ{{NNBSP}}ỹ]]
| [[ᵶ]]


}}
{{Letters with diacritic/footer}}

A tilde diacritic can be added to almost any character by using a [[combining character|combining]] tilde. Greek and Cyrillic letters with tilde ([[Α͂|Α͂{{NNBSP}}ᾶ]], [[Η͂|Η͂{{NNBSP}}ῆ]], [[Ι͂|Ι͂{{NNBSP}}ῖ]], ῗ, [[Υ͂|Υ͂{{NNBSP}}ῦ]], ῧ and [[А̃|А̃{{NNBSP}}а̃]], [[Ә̃|Ә̃ ә̃]], [[Е̃|Е̃{{NNBSP}}е̃]], [[И̃|И̃{{NNBSP}}и̃]], [[О̃|О̃{{NNBSP}}о̃]], [[У̃|У̃{{NNBSP}}у̃]], [[Ј̃|Ј̃{{NNBSP}}j̃]]) are formed using this method.

===Unicode and Shift JIS encoding of wave dash===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Wave Dash.svg
| width1 = 100
| alt1 = Correct JIS wave dash
| caption1 = Correct JIS wave dash, current in Unicode
| image2 = Wave Dash2.svg
| width2 = 100
| alt2 = Previous Unicode wave dash (incorrect)
| caption2 = Previous Unicode wave dash (incorrect)
| footer =
}}

In practice the {{Nihongo|full-width tilde|全角チルダ|zenkaku chiruda}} (Unicode {{unichar|FF5E|fullwidth tilde}}), is often used instead of the {{Nihongo|wave dash|波ダッシュ|nami dasshu}} (Unicode {{unichar|301C|wave dash}}), because the [[Shift JIS]] code for the wave dash, 0x8160, which should be mapped to U+301C,<ref>{{Citation | chapter-url = http://x0213.org/codetable/sjis-0213-2004-std.txt | title = JIS X 0213:2004 | chapter = Appendix 1: Shift_JIS-2004 vs Unicode mapping table | publisher = X 0213}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/OBSOLETE/EASTASIA/JIS/SHIFTJIS.TXT | title = Shift-JIS to Unicode | publisher = Unicode}}.</ref> is instead mapped to U+FF5E<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/reference/dbcs/932/932_81.htm |title=Windows 932_81 |publisher=Microsoft | access-date=2010-07-30}}</ref> in [[code page 932 (Microsoft Windows)|Windows code page 932]] ([[Microsoft]]'s [[code page]] for Japanese), a widely used extension of Shift JIS.

This decision avoided a shape definition error in the original (6.2) Unicode code charts:<ref name="U6.2">{{Citation |url=http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U3000.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827100409if_/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U3000.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-27 | title = CJK Symbols and Punctuation (Unicode 6.2) | type = chart | publisher = Unicode}}.</ref> the wave dash reference glyph in JIS / Shift JIS<ref>{{cite iso-ir |number=87 |title=Japanese Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange |id-in-title=yes |sponsor=((Japanese National Committee on ISO/TC97/SC2))}}</ref><ref name="jisplane1">{{cite iso-ir | number = 233 | title = Japanese Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange, Plane 1 (Update of ISO-IR 228)| id-in-title = yes | sponsor = Japanese Industrial Standards Committee | sponsor-link = Japanese Industrial Standards Committee}}</ref> matches the Unicode reference glyph for U+FF5E {{resize|FULLWIDTH TILDE}},<ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFF00.pdf | title = Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms | type = chart | publisher = Unicode}}.</ref> while the original reference glyph for U+301C<ref name="U6.2" /> was reflected, incorrectly,<ref name="errata8">{{citation|url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode8.0.0/erratafixed.html|title=Errata Fixed in Unicode 8.0.0|publisher=Unicode}}</ref> when Unicode imported the JIS wave dash. In other platforms such as the [[classic Mac OS]] and [[macOS]], 0x8160 is correctly mapped to U+301C. It is generally difficult, if not impossible, for users of Japanese Windows to type U+301C, especially in legacy, non-Unicode applications.

A similar situation exists regarding the Korean [[KS X 1001]] character set, in which Microsoft maps the [[EUC-KR]] or [[Unified Hangul Code|UHC]] code for the wave dash (0xA1AD) to {{unichar|223C|Tilde Operator}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://icu4c-demos.unicode.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=windows-949-2000&b=A1&s=ALL#layout|title=windows-949-2000 (lead byte A1)|work=ICU Demonstration – Converter Explorer|publisher=International Components for Unicode}}</ref><ref name="mskrtilde">{{cite web|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc194958.aspx|title=Lead Byte A1-A2 (Code page 949)|work=MSDN|date=6 February 2008 |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> while [[IBM]] and [[Apple, Inc|Apple]] map it to U+301C.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://icu4c-demos.unicode.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-1363_P110-1997&b=A1&s=ALL#layout|title=ibm-1363_P110-1997 (lead byte A1)|work=ICU Demonstration – Converter Explorer|publisher=International Components for Unicode}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://icu4c-demos.unicode.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=euc-kr&b=A1&s=ALL#layout|title=euc-kr (lead byte A1)|work=ICU Demonstration – Converter Explorer|publisher=International Components for Unicode}}</ref><ref name="applekrtilde">{{cite web|url=https://unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/KOREAN.TXT|title=Map (external version) from Mac OS Korean encoding to Unicode 3.2 and later.|publisher=Apple}}</ref> Microsoft also uses U+FF5E to map the KS X 1001 raised tilde (0xA2A6),<ref name="mskrtilde" /> while Apple uses {{unichar|02DC|small tilde}}.<ref name="applekrtilde" />

The Unicode reference glyph for U+301C was corrected in Uncode 8.0.0 to match the JIS standard in response to a 2014 proposal,<ref name="errata8"/><ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U3000.pdf | title = CJK Symbols and Punctuation | type = chart | publisher = Unicode}}</ref> which noted that, while the existing Unicode reference glyph had been matched by fonts from the discontinued [[Windows XP]], all other major platforms including later versions of Microsoft Windows shipped with fonts matching the JIS reference glyph for U+301C.<ref>{{Citation | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14198-wave-dash.pdf | title=L2/14-198: Proposal for the modification of the sample character layout of WAVE_DASH (U+301C) | last=Komatsu | first=Hiroyuki}}</ref>

The JIS / Shift JIS wave dash is still formally mapped to U+301C as of [[JIS X 0213]],<ref>{{Citation | url=http://x0213.org/codetable/sjis-0213-2004-std.txt | title=Shift_JIS-2004 (JIS X 0213:2004 Appendix 1) vs Unicode mapping table | publisher=x0213.org}}</ref> whereas the [[WHATWG]] Encoding Standard used by [[HTML5]] follows Microsoft in mapping 0x8160 to U+FF5E.<ref>{{citation | url=https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/shift_jis.html | title=Shift_JIS visualization | work=Encoding Standard | publisher=WHATWG}}</ref> These two code points have a similar or identical glyph in several [[computer ]]fonts, reducing the confusion and incompatibility.

===Combining double tilde===
{{see also|Combining characters|Double tilde (disambiguation)}}
According to the Unicode 17.0.0 specification, "[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]], pronunciation systems, some transliteration systems, and a few languages such as [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], use diacritics that are applied to a sequence of two letters".<ref name="U17 7.9">{{cite book | title=Unicode 17.0.0 |chapter=Chapter 7 |at=7.9 Combining Marks |chapter-url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/core-spec/chapter-7/#G18130}}</ref> Accordingly, it provides encoding for a [[Combining characters|combining]] tilde diacritic that spans adjacent characters (although conventionally called a "double tilde", it is in fact a wide single tilde):
* {{unichar|0360|Combining double tilde|cwith=◌|suffix=◌}}

* Two other encodings exist but Unicode now discourages their use:<ref name="U17 7.9"/>
** {{unichar|FE22|cwith=}}
** {{unichar|FE23|cwith=}}

== See also ==
{{For|signing your comments on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Signatures|selfref=y}}
* {{Annotated link |Backtick}}
* {{Annotated link |Circumflex}}
** {{Annotated link |Caret (computing)}}
* {{Annotated link |Double tilde (disambiguation)}}
* {{Annotated link |Tittle}}
* {{Annotated link |Wave dash}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Latin script||tilde}}
{{Common logical symbols}}
{{Navbox punctuation}}

[[Category:Greek-script diacritics]]
[[Category:Latin-script diacritics]]
[[Category:Letters with tilde|*]]
[[Category:Logic symbols]]
[[Category:Mathematical symbols]]
[[Category:Punctuation]]
[[Category:Typographical symbols]]

Mouna Ragam

2026-03-27T17:13:55Z

Veronasie:

{{short description|1986 film by Mani Ratnam}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mouna Ragam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mani Ratnam]]
| writer = Mani Ratnam
| producer = [[G. Venkateswaran]]
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]]|[[Revathi]]}}
| cinematography = [[P. C. Sreeram]]
| editing = {{unbulleted list|[[B. Lenin]]|[[V. T. Vijayan]]}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[GV Films|Sujatha Films]]
| released = {{Film date|1986|08|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 145 minutes{{Sfnm|1a1=Rangan|1y=2012|1p=289|2a1=Rajadhyaksha|2a2=Willemen|2y=1998|2p=476}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mouna Ragam''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|aʊ|n|ə|_|ˈ|r|ɑː|ɡ|əm}} {{translation|Silent Symphony}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by [[Mani Ratnam]], and produced by [[G. Venkateswaran]]. The film stars [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] and [[Revathi]], with [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] in a guest appearance. [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[Ra. Sankaran]], Bhaskar, [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]], Vani, Kalaiselvi and [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]] play supporting roles. It narrates the life of Divya (Revathi), a free-spirited college girl who is forced into an [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|arranged marriage]] with Chandrakumar (Mohan) by her father (Sankaran) though she still lives with the memory of her deceased lover Manohar (Karthik). The story follows Divya's inner conflict between holding on to her past and coming to terms with the present.

The film's development began when Ratnam began writing a [[short story]] titled "Divya" with no cinematic plans until he finished it. Since production on his directorial debut ''[[Pallavi Anu Pallavi]]'' (1983) was delayed, he took a break for a month and developed "Divya" into a film script, which would eventually be renamed ''Mouna Ragam''. Although Ratnam began work on the script during ''Pallavi Anu Pallavi'', it languished in [[development hell]] and ended up becoming his fifth film. ''Mouna Ragam'' was the first film produced by Venkateswaran's [[GV Films|Sujatha Films]], and was shot primarily in [[Chennai|Madras]], with additional filming taking place in [[Delhi]] and [[Agra]]. The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]. [[P. C. Sreeram]] was the cinematographer, and the art director was [[Thota Tharani]]. The film was edited by [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]].

''Mouna Ragam'' was released on 15 August 1986. Despite opening to modest audiences, it became a major box-office success, with a theatrical run of over 175 days, and Mani Ratnam's breakthrough. The film received critical acclaim; it won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]], and Ratnam received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Filmfare]] and [[Cinema Express Awards]] for Best Director in Tamil. ''Mouna Ragam'' also became a breakthrough in Karthik's career despite his role being a cameo. The film introduced techniques such as soft-focus shots, flare filters and backlighting, which became popular in [[Tamil cinema]]. It was remade in [[Hindi]] in 1992 as ''[[Kasak (1992 film)|Kasak]]'', and in [[Kannada]] in 1999 as ''[[Chandrodaya]]''.

== Plot ==
Divya is a free-spirited college student from a conservative family in [[Chennai|Madras]]. Her father Chandramouli has planned an [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|arranged marriage]] for her and tells Divya to come home early from college to meet Chandrakumar, the prospective groom. Uninterested in marriage, she deliberately arrives home late, hoping Chandrakumar would have left, but finds him still patiently waiting. She gives various reasons to make him dislike her but, undeterred, he says that he likes her and agrees to the wedding. Divya initially refuses, but when her father has a heart attack, her mother begs her to accept the proposal to aid his recovery. Divya reluctantly marries Chandrakumar, but he sees how unwilling she is, and they do not consummate their marriage.

Chandrakumar takes Divya to his house in [[Delhi]], but she cannot accept him as her husband. When he asks her what she would like as a wedding gift, she says she wants a divorce, which shocks Chandrakumar. Some time later, Divya tells Chandrakumar about when she was in love with Manohar, during her college days: Divya had Manohar arrested after witnessing him robbing a politician's son. She later learns that the politician's son had run over a girl with his car, and Manohar robbed him to pay for the girl's medical treatment. Feeling guilty, Divya bails him out.

When Manohar meets Divya again, he falls in love with her; although she initially rejects him, she eventually returns his feelings. Manohar is part of a revolutionary group that plans to hold an illegal rally. Divya disapproves, and asks him not to attend; he agrees on the condition that she marry him. On their wedding day, Manohar is falsely accused of participating in the rally and arrested. He escapes and runs to the marriage registrar's office where Divya is waiting for him. A policeman accidentally shoots Manohar, and he dies in front of Divya.

After hearing her story, Chandrakumar tells Divya that he does not care about her past, but the future that he wants to build with her. He tells her to either sign the divorce papers he has obtained, or accept the anklets he bought as his wedding gift to her; Divya chooses divorce. They consult a lawyer who tells them that, per law they must wait one year to file for divorce since they are newly married. The couple is forced to live together for a year.

Having told Chandrakumar about her past and the reason she was unable to accept her marriage, Divya finds herself free from her mental baggage and discomfort around Chandrakumar. She begins to appreciate her situation and make the most of it. Conversely, Chandrakumar is wary of her presence in his life as he fears what would happen once their divorce is approved. Troubled, he distances himself from her and rejects her every move. At the same time, he slowly begins falling in love with her while denying his feelings to himself.

One day, Chandrakumar is attacked by his company's labourers because he had suspended their union leader, and Divya rushes him to a nearby hospital. After Chandrakumar is discharged, Divya takes care of him and realises that she has fallen in love with him. She tries to show it by wearing the anklets he bought for her. But before he can notice the anklets, they enter an argument as Divya tried to surprise him. He asks her to return to Madras and books her trip. Some time later, Chandrakumar notices the anklets and realises that Divya does love him, but the next morning, both continue remaining distant.

Once Chandrakumar leaves for work, Divya arrives alone at the railway station, where she sees Chandrakumar waiting for her. He hands her the divorce papers, saying they were approved that morning. Divya breaks down, telling Chandrakumar that she loves him and would wait indefinitely for him to reciprocate. She tears the divorce papers and leaves to catch her train. Chandrakumar, surprised at Divya's open declaration, catches the departing train, [[Emergency brake (train)#Passenger-applied brakes|stops it]] and carries Divya home.

== Cast ==

{{Cast listing|
* [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] as Chandrakumar<ref name="One of a kind">{{Cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=27 August 2016 |title=One-of-a-kind forever love on celluloid |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/One-of-a-kind-forever-love-on-celluloid/2016/08/27/article3598488.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828135043/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/One-of-a-kind-forever-love-on-celluloid/2016/08/27/article3598488.ece |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=28 August 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* [[Revathi]] as Divya<ref name="One of a kind" />
* [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Manohar (guest appearance)<ref name="One of a kind" />
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Chandrakumar's boss{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=289}}
* [[Ra. Sankaran]] as Chandramouli<ref name="FatherFigure">{{Cite news |last=Shivpprasadh |first=S. |date=14 June 2012 |title=Father figure |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/father-figure/article3527829.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129043212/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/father-figure/article3527829.ece |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=22 February 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* Bhaskar as Divya's brother{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=289}}
* [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] as the lawyer<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=20 August 2015 |title=Yesteryear actors: Old and still gold |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/yesteryear-actors-in-television-commercials/article7561812.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222141228/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/yesteryear-actors-in-television-commercials/article7561812.ece |archive-date=22 February 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* Vani as Janaki{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=289}}
* Kalaiselvi as Divya's sister{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=289}}
* [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]] as Divya's sister{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=289}}

;Uncredited
*John Babu as a dancer in the song "Panivizhum Iravu"
*Malini Vaman as a dancer in "Panivizhum Iravu"<ref>{{Cite web |first=கு. |last=ஆனந்தராஜ் |date=13 October 2018 |title="எங்க கஷ்டத்துக்கு உதவிய இரண்டு பிரபலங்கள்!" - மனம் திறக்கிறார் மாலினி மாஸ்டர் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/139609-dance-master-malini-talks-about-her-cinema-and-personal-life |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615025721/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/139609-dance-master-malini-talks-about-her-cinema-and-personal-life |url-status=live |trans-title="The two celebrities who helped us through our difficulties!" - Malini Master opens up}}</ref>
*[[Prabhu Deva]] as the flute player in "Panivizhum Iravu"
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
When the last filming schedule for [[Mani Ratnam]]'s directorial debut, the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Pallavi Anu Pallavi]]'' (1983) was delayed inordinately, he began work on his next script ''Divya''—which eventually became ''Mouna Ragam'', his fifth film.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=22}} "Divya" was originally a [[short story]] about a couple's wedding night that Ratnam did not plan to film, but after writing the story he realised it had cinematic possibilities. Ratnam took a break for a month from ''Pallavi Anu Pallavi'' due to its delays, and wrote the script for ''Divya''.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=38}} For the first time, he was able to write in his native language Tamil, unlike ''Pallavi Anu Pallavi'' where he wrote the script in English and had it translated into Kannada.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=22}}{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=38}} The new title ''Mouna Ragam'' was derived from the song "Naan Paadum Mouna Ragam", from Ratnam's fourth film, ''[[Idaya Kovil]]'' (1985).{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=29}} He considered ''Mouna Ragam'' the second film after ''Pallavi Anu Pallavi'' to be made exactly as he wanted,{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=31}} in contrast to ''Idaya Kovil'' where there was interference.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|pp=28}}

Ratnam initially read the script of ''Mouna Ragam'' when it was titled ''Divya'' to producer N. G. John, but the latter wanted a [[Political cinema|political film]], which eventually became the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Unaroo]]'' (1984), also directed by Ratnam.{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=22}} He then [[Pitch (filmmaking)|pitched]] ''Divya'' to [[T. G. Thyagarajan]] of [[Sathya Jyothi Films]], but Thyagarajan wanted an [[action film]], and Ratnam made ''[[Pagal Nilavu]]'' (1985) with him.{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=24}} [[Kovaithambi]] of Motherland Pictures too rejected ''Divya'', and Ratnam instead made ''Idaya Kovil'' with them.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=29}} The film was eventually picked up by Ratnam's brother, [[G. Venkateswaran]], under his [[GV Films|Sujatha Films]] banner,{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=10}} ending its five-year [[development hell]].{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=44}} It was the company's first film production; until then, it was only distributing and financing films.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=10}} ''Mouna Ragam'' was also Ratnam's first collaboration with cinematographer [[P. C. Sreeram]].{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=31}}<ref name="sifyMounaRagam30">{{Cite web |date=25 August 2016 |title=30 years of 'Mouna Ragam': Love, divorce and marriage like never before! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/30-years-of-mouna-ragam-love-divorce-and-marriage-like-never-before-news-tamil-qizlrTcfhdegc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901145051/http://www.sify.com/movies/30-years-of-mouna-ragam-love-divorce-and-marriage-like-never-before-news-tamil-qizlrTcfhdegc.html |archive-date=1 September 2016 |access-date=1 September 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was edited by [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]], with art direction by [[Thota Tharani]].{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=289}}

=== Casting ===
Ratnam cast [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] as Chandrakumar and [[Revathi]] as Divya, after casting both of them in ''Idaya Kovil'' and ''Pagal Nilavu'', respectively. He initially had "someone like [[Anant Nag]] and [[Supriya Pathak]]" in mind when he finished writing ''Divya''. Between finishing the story and making the film, he decided to include Revathi, whose performance in ''[[Mann Vasanai]]'' (1983) impressed him.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=31}} [[Nadhiya]] claims she was also considered for the role, but declined due to prior commitments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sangita |date=30 January 2008 |title=Nadia spelt fun |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/nadia-spelt-fun/article1407126.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115113135/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/nadia-spelt-fun/article1407126.ece |archive-date=15 November 2014 |access-date=15 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ratnam decided to cast [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] in the minor role of the lawyer since he believed "a certain amount of star quality helps" when the character has little screen time but is crucial to the plot.{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=52}} [[Prabhu Deva]], who became a successful dance choreographer, made his acting debut in the film as a boy playing the flute in the song "Panivizhum Iravu",<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=10 December 2011 |title=Born to Dance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/arts/born-to-dance/article2704092.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301113057/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/born-to-dance/article2704092.ece |archive-date=1 March 2016 |access-date=1 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2017 |title=Happy Birthday Prabhu Deva: The Dancing Superstar's Secret to a Lean Body |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/happy-birthday-prabhu-deva-the-dancing-superstars-secret-to-a-lean-body-1676606 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190204112403/https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/happy-birthday-prabhu-deva-the-dancing-superstars-secret-to-a-lean-body-1676606 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2019 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> and John Babu, who also became a dance choreographer, appears as the main dancer in the song.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=6 April 2020 |title=Watch: 16 times Prabhu Deva blew us away with his dance genius |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-16-times-prabhu-deva-blew-us-away-his-dance-genius-121978 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409052206/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-16-times-prabhu-deva-blew-us-away-his-dance-genius-121978 |archive-date=9 April 2020 |access-date=9 April 2020 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

According to Ratnam, the only difference between ''Divya'' and ''Mouna Ragam'' was the inclusion of [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]'s character Manohar, which was not part of the earlier screenplay. ''Divya'' did not explore the girl's past; it only dealt with how she settles into an arranged marriage. Ratnam realised that the story needed to satisfy a wider audience, and decided to give them something that would make them accept the character without questioning Divya's actions, then the film could depict the arranged marriage – two strangers suddenly thrown together – and how they adjust. He originally resisted this, but reconsidered because it provided a clear rationale for Divya's resistance to the arranged marriage.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=31}} Karthik said he was a last-minute addition to the cast,<ref name="navarasa">{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |date=5 April 2010 |title=Powerful comeback for Navarasa |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Powerful-comeback-for-Navarasa/articleshow/5759906.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025173957/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Powerful-comeback-for-Navarasa/articleshow/5759906.cms |archive-date=25 October 2014 |access-date=25 October 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="TicTac">{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=5 July 2018 |title=Wouldn't advise Gautam to do adult comedies like 'Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuthu', says dad Karthik |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/how-a-popular-dialogue-from-mouna-ragam-went-on-to-become-the-title-of-a-film/article24339256.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718092651/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/how-a-popular-dialogue-from-mouna-ragam-went-on-to-become-the-title-of-a-film/article24339256.ece |archive-date=18 July 2018 |access-date=18 July 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and described his role as a cameo.<ref name="One more time">{{Cite news |last=Prakash |first=R. S. |date=13 June 2010 |title=One more time |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=BGMIR/2010/06/13&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar03000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408135640/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=BGMIR%2F2010%2F06%2F13&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar03000 |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=5 November 2014 |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began at P. C. Sreeram's house in [[Alwarpet]], Madras.<ref name="RevathiSept2016">{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=3 September 2016 |title=Divya was a lot like me |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/%E2%80%98Divya-was-a-lot-like-me%E2%80%99/article14623283.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903173430/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-nostalgic-revathi-says-that-she-feels-mouna-raagam-was-just-shot-recently/article9069771.ece |archive-date=3 September 2016 |access-date=3 September 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2010 |title=Director PC Sreeram's daughter falls to death |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2010/nov/08/director-pc-sreerams-daughter-falls-to-death-201065.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904051149/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article278891.ece |archive-date=4 September 2016 |access-date=4 September 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film's introductory credits feature photographs of Revathi from her childhood through her teenage years;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=12 October 2007 |title=Why I like... Mouna Ragam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/why-i-like-mouna-ragam/article3023881.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016124025/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/why-i-like-mouna-ragam/article3023881.ece |archive-date=16 October 2014 |access-date=16 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> her mother gave Thota Tharani the pictures.<ref name="RevathiSept2016" /> Although the film was primarily set indoors in Delhi, Ratnam and Sreeram wanted the indoor scenes to look as lively as those shot outdoors. Since the cast was relatively small, Ratnam did not want it to resemble a play and used [[Backlighting (lighting design)|backlighting]] for the interior scenes.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=36}} Tharani found a house in the residential area of [[Kilpauk]] which admitted a great deal of sunlight, making it similar to houses in Delhi.<ref name="RevathiSept2016" />{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=36}} To reduce production costs, food for the film's crew was cooked at Venkateswaran's home.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2014 |title=How Mani Ratnam cut production cost? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/How-Mani-Ratnam-cut-production-cost/articleshow/33956526.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720114403/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/How-Mani-Ratnam-cut-production-cost/articleshow/33956526.cms |archive-date=20 July 2014 |access-date=15 October 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Sreeram made extensive use of frontal and profile close-ups, set against long shots with out-of-focus foregrounds.{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=476}} While filming Manohar's introductory scene, he had to lie on a bed sheet to film. The crew pulled the sheet, with Sreeram and the camera.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=40}} The scene where Manohar plays a prank on Divya's father ([[Ra. Sankaran]]), which later became known as the "Mr. Chandramouli scene",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=Anuja |author-link=Anuja Iyer |date=9 July 2012 |title=How To Name It |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-celebrity-column/How-to-name-it-09-07-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806071618/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-celebrity-column/How-to-name-it-09-07-12.html |archive-date=6 August 2014 |access-date=25 October 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> was shot at Tic Tac, an [[Outdoor dining|open-air restaurant]] in [[Nungambakkam]].<ref name="navarasa" /><ref name="TicTac" /> Filming was also done at Madras' [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=Nandita |date=4 June 2015 |title=Colleges turn shooting spots in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Colleges-turn-shooting-spots-in-Chennai/articleshow/47536976.cms? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825044054/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Colleges-turn-shooting-spots-in-Chennai/articleshow/47536976.cms |archive-date=25 August 2015 |access-date=25 August 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> the Schmidt Memorial on [[Edward Elliot's Beach]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Padmanabhan |first=Geeta |date=23 February 2016 |title=Chennai on reel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/chennai-on-reel/article8271994.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228101636/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/chennai-on-reel/article8271994.ece |archive-date=28 February 2016 |access-date=28 February 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and the [[Madras Literary Society]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kannadasan |first=Akhila |date=26 August 2016 |title=A place called Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/A-place-called-Chennai/article14591232.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826112732/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/a-place-called-chennai-what-makes-this-city-so-special/article9036111.ece |archive-date=26 August 2016 |access-date=28 August 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> While filming the song "Oho Megam Vandhadho" which shows Divya dancing in the rain,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=8 June 2013 |title=Sweat equity |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/xlZ7ieKFuhzlIaFgpFIpBJ/Sweat-equity.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114101227/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/xlZ7ieKFuhzlIaFgpFIpBJ/Sweat-equity.html |archive-date=14 November 2014 |access-date=14 November 2014 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> Revathi tied a handkerchief around her wrist to cover her watch because she felt Divya would actually do that.<ref name="RevathiSept2016" />

The crew filmed in Delhi for two days, and the scenes set in [[Agra]] were shot in one day.<ref name="RevathiSept2016" />{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=42}} Portions of "Panivizhum Iravu" were shot at the [[Taj Mahal]] in Agra,<ref name="sifyMounaRagam30" />{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=170}} and those from "Mandram Vandha" were shot at the [[India Gate]].<ref name="sifyMounaRagam30" /> The scenes involving Karthik were the last parts to be filmed,<ref name="navarasa" /> being shot in either a week or two.{{efn|In a 2010 interview with ''The Times of India'', Karthik said his scenes were shot in a week,<ref name="navarasa" /> and contradicted this in a later interview with ''The Hindu'', saying they were shot in fourteen days.<ref name="TicTac" />}} The scene where Manohar is killed was shot at the stairs before the [[Rajaji Hall]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=M. |first=Serena Josephine |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Flight of stairs at Chennai's Rajaji Hall where intense scenes in Tamil cinema unfold |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/flight-of-stairs-at-chennai-rajaji-hall-where-intense-scenes-in-tamil-cinema-unfold/article69940506.ece/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902054335/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/flight-of-stairs-at-chennai-rajaji-hall-where-intense-scenes-in-tamil-cinema-unfold/article69940506.ece/amp |archive-date=2025-09-02 |access-date=2025-09-02 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> In post-production, Mohan's voice was dubbed by [[S. N. Surendar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanan |first=V. V. |date=14 March 2008 |title=Cine quiz |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/cine-quiz/article3022655.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016000727/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article3022655.ece |archive-date=16 October 2014 |access-date=16 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film's final length was {{Convert|3987.50|m|feet}}.<ref name="cbfc">{{Cite web |date=14 August 1986 |title='Mouna Ragam' (Celluloid) |url=https://archive.org/details/MounaRagamCbfc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250808044526/https://archive.org/details/MounaRagamCbfc |archive-date=8 August 2025 |access-date=7 June 2016 |publisher=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>

== Themes and influences ==
''Mouna Ragam'' provides insight into the issues faced by married couples, exploring the plight and perception of divorce, how societies need to view the desires of women,<ref name="sifyMounaRagam30" /> and questions the agency of women.{{sfn|Dasgupta|Datta|2018|pp=159–160}} Film critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]] compared it to ''[[Nenjathai Killathe]]'' (1980), another story of a woman torn between the man she loves and the man she marries,{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=32}} ''[[Andha 7 Naatkal]]'' (1981) and its [[Hindi]] remake, ''[[Woh Saat Din]]'' (1983).<ref name="RNBDJ">{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=13 December 2008 |title=Review: Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2008/12/13/review-rab-ne-bana-di-jodi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805123459/http://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2008/12/13/review-rab-ne-bana-di-jodi/ |archive-date=5 August 2010 |access-date=30 April 2016 |website=Baradwaj Rangan}}</ref> Rakesh Mehar of ''[[The News Minute]]'' noted that one thing differentiating ''Mouna Ragam'' from ''Andha 7 Naatkal'' and similar films is that it remains focused on Divya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehar |first=Rakesh |date=31 August 2016 |title=30 years since 'Mouna Ragam': the Mani Ratnam we miss |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/30-years-mouna-ragam-mani-ratnam-we-miss-49133 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906100743/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/30-years-mouna-ragam-mani-ratnam-we-miss-49133 |archive-date=6 September 2016 |access-date=6 September 2016 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Kumuthan Maderya, writing for ''[[PopMatters]]'', described ''Mouna Ragam'' as a "[[chick flick]]", because like other chick flicks, the film allowed romance to blossom between Divya and Chandrakumar, rather than let divorce separate them; according to him, "chick flicks center on the romantic worldview of females while gratifying their hopes and dreams usually through a warm and fuzzy denouement".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maderya |first=Kumuthan |date=26 October 2016 |title=Is Indian Cinema's First Chick Flick, 'Mouna Raagam', a Hindu Nationalist Fantasy? |url=https://www.popmatters.com/mouna-raagam-indian-cinemas-first-chick-flick-a-hindu-nationalist-fantasy-2495413169.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108063517/http://www.popmatters.com/column/mouna-raagam-indian-cinemas-first-chick-flick-a-hindu-nationalist-fantasy/ |archive-date=8 November 2016 |access-date=8 November 2016 |website=[[PopMatters]]}}</ref>

Manohar was part of a group involved in anti-government activities. Rangan drew similarities between his motives and those of characters in the [[Cinema of Italy|Italian]] film ''[[The Night of the Shooting Stars]]'' (1982) and ''Unaroo''.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=33}} The connection to ''The Night of the Shooting Stars'' is referenced when a poster of it appears in a scene where Manohar and his anarchist friends plan an event.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=985700352505741315 |user=baradwajrangan |title=Vittorio Taviani has died. He & brother Paolo made several films. One of them (The Night of San Lorenzo) has a minor #Kollywood connect. Its poster is seen in #MounaRaagam, in the room where Karthik and his anarchist pals plan an event. That's where I heard of the film. |author=Baradwaj Rangan |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=15 April 2018}}</ref> According to Rangan, the scene where Divya is looking after Chandrakumar at the hospital reflects her traditional qualities; with her strengths, she is humane and vulnerable.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|pp=38–40}} Divya's mischievous nature is shown in a scene where she teaches a [[Sikhs|Sardar]] offensive Tamil phrases, which he says to Chandrakumar's boss.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Chandrika R. |date=26 August 2007 |title=Need to outgrow petty differences |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-openpage/need-to-outgrow-petty-differences/article2276003.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115113958/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-openpage/need-to-outgrow-petty-differences/article2276003.ece |archive-date=15 November 2014 |access-date=15 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Revathi compared herself to Divya, saying that Divya believes in "living life to the fullest" and she was once like that.<ref name="RevathiSept2016" /> Sujatha Narayanan, writing for ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', described Chandrakumar as a "patient-understanding-and-poised-at-all-times" man, contrasting him with Manohar who she described as a "dashing, brave and epitome-of-the-word-'dude{{'"}}.<ref name="One of a kind" /> She noted that Divya, like the female leads in most of Ratnam's films, is "practical with strong convictions" and the characters "go through their confusions unapologetically".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=5 September 2016 |title=Leading ladies in their element! |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Leading-ladies-in-their-element/2016/09/05/article3612299.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905123821/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Leading-ladies-in-their-element/2016/09/05/article3612299.ece |archive-date=5 September 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> According to Ratnam, the line "''Neenga thottaale kambilipoochi oorraa madhri irukku''" (When you touch me, it feels as if caterpillars are crawling on me), spoken by Divya to Chandrakumar, expressed how she would feel on her wedding night.{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=38}}<ref name="caterpillar">{{Cite news |last=குமார் |first=ந.வினோத் |date=2 September 2016 |title=மௌனராகம் 30: நினைவில் நகரும் கம்பளிப்பூச்சி! |trans-title=''Mouna Ragam'' 30: The caterpillar that moves in my thoughts! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/221019-30.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021055733/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/221019-30.html |archive-date=21 October 2019 |access-date=21 October 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

Many critics have mentioned that ''Mouna Ragam''{{'s}} background score suits its scenes and themes.{{Sfnm|1a1=Clayton|1a2=Herbert|1a3=Middleton|1y=2003|1pp=292–294|2a1=Rangan|2y=2012|2p=40}} According to Martin Clayton, Trevor Herbert and Richard Middleton's 2003 book, ''The Cultural Study of Music: A Critical Introduction'', "Oho Megam Vandhadho" resembled [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and [[MTV]] styles of singing and dancing, and the main songs combine American music with Indian vocals by [[S. Janaki]].{{Sfn|Clayton|Herbert|Middleton|2003|pp=292–294}} Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''The Hindu'' considered that Ratnam used rain in the film to accentuate the "childlike, free-spirited nature" of Divya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=26 July 2017 |title=Many moods of monsoon seen on the silver screen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rains-have-often-been-used-as-a-tool-for-romance-hope-fury-conflict-and-helplessness-in-cinema/article19363731.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170802102110/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rains-have-often-been-used-as-a-tool-for-romance-hope-fury-conflict-and-helplessness-in-cinema/article19363731.ece |archive-date=2 August 2017 |access-date=2 August 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The [[sarangi]] and [[nadaswaram]] are used in the music accompanying Chandrakumar and Divya's wedding. In scenes of the couple sightseeing in Delhi, light synth-based music depicts them as modern tourists in their own country. The restaurant scene with Manohar and Divya includes awkwardly played [[sitar]] music, indicating the couple's emotions. [[Music of Spain|Spanish music]] is used for the fight scene when Manohar attacks the politician's son.{{Sfn|Clayton|Herbert|Middleton|2003|pp=292–294}}

''[[The Hindu]]''<nowiki/>'s Sruthi Radhakrishnan described "Panivizhum Iravu" as "one of those only-80s songs that served as a stand-in for sexual tension, where you'd have two people looking intensely at each other."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Sruthi |date=2 June 2016 |title=The eclipsed gems from Raja and Ratnam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/not-so-well-known-songs-the-ilayaraja-and-mani-ratnam-combine-have-given-us/article8682410.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607083550/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/not-so-well-known-songs-the-ilayaraja-and-mani-ratnam-combine-have-given-us/article8682410.ece |archive-date=7 June 2016 |access-date=7 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Raveena Joseph of ''The Hindu'' noted that films in the 1980s which featured men stalking women, hoping to get them, were reflective of "the times where romances were covert and such discretion was necessary even in consensual encounters", citing Manohar stalking Divya in ''Mouna Ragam'' as an example.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joseph |first=Raveena |date=10 October 2017 |title=Stalking in society: is cinema to blame or just a scapegoat? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/stalking-in-society-is-cinema-to-blame-or-just-a-scapegoat/article19833737.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171011150301/http://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/stalking-in-society-is-cinema-to-blame-or-just-a-scapegoat/article19833737.ece |archive-date=11 October 2017 |access-date=11 October 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was Ratnam's first to follow the theme of a person moving to a strange place where they do not know the local language. Divya has a dilemma; since she does not know the language of Delhi, she can barely socialise with local people, and is in conflict with Chandrakumar, the only person with whom she can socialise.{{Sfnm|1a1=Shankar|1y=2012|1pp=113–114|2a1=Rangan|2y=2012|2p=42}} Rangan believed Manohar to be the first character in a Tamil film to invite a girl for a "cup of coffee", a form of [[dating]]. He contrasted it with ''[[Oru Thalai Ragam]]'' (1980), in which the protagonists barely spoke. Ratnam replied that although it was not uncommon to invite a girl for a cup of coffee in the 1980s, it was not reflected in mainstream Tamil cinema of the time.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|pp=33–34}}

== Music ==
{{Main|Mouna Ragam (soundtrack)}}
''Mouna Ragam''{{'s}} soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraaja with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref name="lp record">{{Cite web |title=Mouna Raagam Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/mouna-raagam-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213160935/https://mossymart.com/product/mouna-raagam-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |archive-date=13 February 2023 |access-date=13 February 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mouna Raagam (1986) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000102 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016044643/http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/mouna-raagam-T0000102 |archive-date=16 October 2014 |access-date=10 March 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> It was released by Echo Records.<ref name="lp record" /> The film and its soundtrack was dubbed in Telugu, under the same name, whose adapted lyrics were written by [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mouna Ragam {{sic|nolink=y|(1985)}} |url=https://mio.to/album/Mouna+Ragam+(1986) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928204721/http://mio.to/album/Mouna+Ragam+(1986) |archive-date=28 September 2018 |access-date=26 August 2020 |website=Music India Online}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Mouna Ragam'' was publicised with a shot of Revathi clinging to a lamp post and singing, which Ratnam confirmed as being inspired by "Singin' in the Rain".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shivakumar |first=S. |date=26 October 2012 |title=Balance that has spelt success |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/balance-that-has-spelt-success/article4032613.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228052841/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/balance-that-has-spelt-success/article4032613.ece |archive-date=28 February 2016 |access-date=28 February 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Before the film's release, a [[Central Board of Film Certification]] member wanted it to receive an [[A certificate|"A" (adults-only) certificate]] because the female lead asks for a divorce;{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=147}} after much deliberation, it received a [[U certificate (India)|"U" (unrestricted) certificate]].<ref name="sifyMounaRagam30" /><ref name="cbfc" /> ''Mouna Ragam'' was released on 15 August 1986,<ref name="sifyMounaRagam30" /><ref name="caterpillar" /> Despite opening to modest audiences, it picked up and became a box-office success,{{sfn|Kumar|1995|p=120}} running for over 175 days in theatres,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balasubramanian |first=Roshne |date=5 July 2018 |title=The reels of purohitham |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/jul/04/the-reels-of-purohitham-1838254.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718112539/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/jul/04/the-reels-of-purohitham-1838254.html |archive-date=18 July 2018 |access-date=18 July 2018 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> thereby becoming a [[silver jubilee film]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Selvaraj |first=N. |date=20 March 2017 |title=வெள்ளி விழா கண்ட தமிழ் திரைப்படங்கள் |trans-title=Tamil films that completed silver jubilees |url=http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170329085911/http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=18 February 2018 |website=Thinnai |language=ta}}</ref> Ratnam considered ''Mouna Ragam'' his first commercial success.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=22}} While the film performed very well in urban areas, it was largely shunned by audiences in rural areas.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S. |title=You have to get across |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/sshivu/status/1167382833234505728 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191021061304/https://mobile.twitter.com/sshivu/status/1167382833234505728 |archive-date=21 October 2019 |access-date=21 October 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film was critically acclaimed,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2020 |title=Happy Birthday Mani Ratnam: From 'Mouna Ragam' To 'Guru', 5 Films Of Veteran Director Which You Can Watch During Quarantine |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/happy-birthday-mani-ratnam-from-mouna-ragam-to-guru-five-movies-of-the-veteran-director-you-can-watch-during-quarantine-1250434 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621155852/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/happy-birthday-mani-ratnam-from-mouna-ragam-to-guru-five-movies-of-the-veteran-director-you-can-watch-during-quarantine-1250434 |archive-date=21 June 2020 |access-date=27 May 2022 |website=[[ABP News]]}}</ref> especially for its realistic portrayal of urban [[Tamils|Tamil people]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=7 September 2010 |title=Venice honours Mani Ratnam |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/venice-honours-mani-ratnam/story-yEljUzyquYZgXf4yj7SzQJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015135956/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Venice-honours-Mani-Ratnam/Article1-597191.aspx |archive-date=15 October 2014 |access-date=15 October 2014 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> In a 31 August 1986 review, the review board of the Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' praised Revathi and Mohan's performances, the film's camera work, music and lack of [[masala film|masala]], giving ''Mouna Ragam'' a score of 43 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vikatan Review Board |date=31 August 1986 |title=''மௌன ராகம்'': சினிமா விமர்சனம் |trans-title=''Mouna Ragam'': Movie Review |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/38038--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200514103440/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/38038--2 |archive-date=14 May 2020 |access-date=14 May 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] (a duo) of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that Karthik's presence completely overshadowed Mohan and Revathi while appreciating Sriram's cinematography. The duo said it almost felt like Sreeram had a magic wand instead of camera and also called the screenplay consistent which moves seamlessly but found the story slightly lagging after the [[intermission]] and the song set in Agra as minus points. Jayamanmadhan concluded that the relief that one gets after getting up from watching the film would get rid of all the irritants in the film and felt that was enough.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=7 September 1986 |title=மௌன ராகம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1986/sep/07-09-1986/p64.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220729121842/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1986/sep/07-09-1986/p64.jpg |archive-date=29 July 2022 |access-date=18 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=64 |language=ta}}</ref> Kaviya Shetty of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote in 1994, "[''Mouna Ragam''] found the perfect formula of a strong storyline and great music, presented in a fresh visual style that caught the audience by surprise".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shetty |first=Kaviya |date=15 February 1994 |title=A shooting success |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/19940215-a-shooting-success-754683-1994-02-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403114532/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/19940215-a-shooting-success-754683-1994-02-15 |archive-date=3 April 2018 |access-date=3 April 2018 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised the acting and direction.<ref>{{cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=31 August 1986 |title=மௌன ராகம் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_10_291/4.jp2/full/1000,1364/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714011951/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_10_291/4.jp2/full/1000,1364/0/default.jpg |archive-date=14 July 2025 |access-date=14 July 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organisations are in Alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" |Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" | Bommai Nagi Reddy Awards
| July 1987
| Bommai Nagi Reddy Award
| [[Mani Ratnam]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=13 July 1987 |title='Withdraw film bill' demand |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KIRlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=j54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=452%2C3149026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424083141/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KIRlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=j54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=452%2C3149026 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=27 May 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Cinema Express Awards]]
|[[7th Cinema Express Awards|2 August 1987]]
|[[Cinema Express Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
|[[Mani Ratnam]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 1987 |title=Cine artists asked to broaden talents |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=y4plAAAAIBAJ&sjid=f54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=787%2C2870744 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421034426/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=y4plAAAAIBAJ&sjid=f54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=787%2C2870744 |archive-date=21 April 2024 |access-date=22 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[34th Filmfare Awards South|9 August 1987]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
|[[Mani Ratnam]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 1987 |title=Filmfare awards announced |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19870717&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2 May 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Awards]]
|[[34th National Film Awards|29 September 1987]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film – Tamil]]
| [[G. Venkateswaran]] (film producer)
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=34th National Film Festival 1987 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm34ndNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=34NFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017014114/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm34ndNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=34NFA.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2014 |access-date=11 February 2011 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |page=62}}</ref>
|}

== Other versions ==
''Mouna Ragam'' was dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and released with the same title in 1987, which was also a success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hemanth |date=9 November 2010 |title=Evolution of Dubbed Films in Andhra Pradesh |url=http://southscope.in/telugu/article/evolution-dubbed-films-andhra-pradesh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021035422/http://southscope.in/telugu/article/evolution-dubbed-films-andhra-pradesh |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=18 May 2017 |website=[[South Scope]]}}</ref> It was remade in Hindi as ''[[Kasak (1992 film)|Kasak]]'' in 1992,<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2007 |title=Married to Mr Right |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/28sld8.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216110630/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/28sld8.htm |archive-date=16 February 2016 |access-date=28 February 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> and in [[Kannada]] in 1999 as ''[[Chandrodaya]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasa |first=Srikanth |date=7 February 1999 |title=Chandrodaya (Kannada) |url=http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb07/enter.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990506115422/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb07/enter.htm |archive-date=6 May 1999 |access-date=19 October 2018 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== Post-release ==
''Mouna Ragam'' was screened at the 11th [[International Film Festival of India]], the only Tamil entry.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1987 |title=Indian Cinema 1986 |url=http://www.dff.nic.in/images/Documents/137_IPCatalogue1987.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205155501/http://www.dff.nic.in/images/Documents/137_IPCatalogue1987.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2019 |access-date=5 February 2019 |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]] |pages=132–134}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Madhu |date=15 January 1987 |title=Good, bad and ugly – 11th IFFI: Picture of Indian cinema bleak, harvest of films better |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19870115-11th-iffi-picture-of-indian-cinema-bleak-harvest-of-films-better-798424-1987-01-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016064002/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/11th-iffi-picture-of-indian-cinema-bleak-harvest-of-films-better/1/336594.html |archive-date=16 October 2014 |access-date=16 October 2014 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> It has also been screened at other film festivals, including Mani Ratnam's Love Films at London's [[BFI Southbank|National Film Theatre]] in 2002, a Retrospective of Mani Ratnam's Films at the 2002 [[Kolkata International Film Festival|Calcutta Film Festival]]{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=289}} and at the 2002 [[Locarno Film Festival]].{{Sfn|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|2002|p=46}} An enhanced 5.1 Digital Dolby soundtrack was released in May 2008 by Bayshore Records.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 2008 |title=New in Stores: Masters Special |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2008/05/30&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar05300 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509142148/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH%2F2008%2F05%2F30&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar05300 |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=9 May 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Mouna Ragam'' emerged a milestone of Tamil cinema and Mani Ratnam's breakthrough film.<ref name="PavithraSrinivasan">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=9 June 2010 |title=Looking at Mani Ratnam's landmark movies |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-looking-at-mani-ratnams-landmark-movies/20100609.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006132648/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jun/09/slide-show-1-looking-at-mani-ratnams-landmark-movies.htm |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=16 October 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Joshi|Dudrah|2016|p=86}} It has been acclaimed for combining box-office success with elements of an [[art film]].{{Sfn|Joshi|2006|p=72}} The film introduced techniques such as soft-focus shots, flare filters and backlighting, which became popular in Tamil cinema. Ratnam continued using these techniques in his later films, notably ''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987) and ''[[Agni Natchathiram]]'' (1988).{{Sfn|The Hindu|2000|p=288}} ''Mouna Ragam''{{'}}s theme of a person moving to a new place where they do not know the local language was replicated in Ratnam's later films like ''Nayakan'', ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' (1992) and ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' (1995).{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=42}} It was also Ratnam's first film to make extensive use of [[staccato]] dialogue; this became another recurring feature in his later films.{{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=36}} The film became a major breakthrough for Karthik despite his role being a cameo,<ref name="One more time" /> and his "Mr. Chandramouli" dialogue became popular.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=T. Krithika |date=28 May 2010 |title=Second coming |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/second-coming/article3020929.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018004625/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/second-coming/article3020929.ece |archive-date=18 October 2014 |access-date=18 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A [[Mr. Chandramouli|feature film]], released in 2018 and starring him, was named after this dialogue.<ref name="TicTac" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=Karthik-Gautham Karthik' film titled 'Mr. Chandramouli' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karthik-gautham-karthik-film-titled-mr-chandramouli-news-tamil-rkkj6Udgcffag.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171010153937/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthik-gautham-karthik-film-titled-mr-chandramouli-news-tamil-rkkj6Udgcffag.html |archive-date=10 October 2017 |access-date=10 October 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The character of Chandramouli became one of Sankaran's best known roles.<ref name="FatherFigure" />

According to a [[Rediff.com]] article, "The Most Memorable Mani Movies", ''Mouna Ragam'' was "arguably the film that announced Mani Ratnam to the Tamil film industry as a talent to watch out for. An excellent script by Ratnam himself, [cinematography by P. C. Sreeram] and a lilting score by [Ilaiyaraaja] made it a hit with both critics and moviegoers".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2007 |title=The most memorable Mani movies |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/jan/12slide1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016055057/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/jan/12slide1.htm |archive-date=16 October 2014 |access-date=16 October 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of the same website said, "It took a Mani Ratnam to move away from [[cliché]]d romantic dialogues and capture subtle nuances that add so much richness to the story, introduce proper, three dimensional characters that lived breathed and sorrowed like everyone else".<ref name="PavithraSrinivasan" /> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' listed Karthik and Revathi on its "Top 10 Jodis" of Tamil cinema; they "made a fresh pair and were adored by the youth, especially the college students. Their awesome on-screen chemistry in ''Mouna Ragam'' was a talking point back then".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=14 February 2013 |title=Top 10 Jodis |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130214/entertainment-kollywood/article/top-10-jodis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016145852/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130214/entertainment-kollywood/article/top-10-jodis |archive-date=16 October 2014 |access-date=16 October 2014 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> For the April 2013 centenary of Indian cinema, ''[[Forbes India]]'' included Revathi's performance in its list, "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Prasad |first1=Shishir |last2=Ramnath |first2=N. S. |last3=Mitter |first3=Sohini |date=27 April 2013 |title=25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0#ixzz2ktYNETPs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028052937/http://forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0#ixzz2ktYNETPs |archive-date=28 October 2014 |access-date=28 October 2014 |work=[[Forbes India]]}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
''Mouna Ragam'' has influenced countless films, particularly regarding the [[Trope (cinema)|trope]] of the bride or groom being reluctantly married. These include ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'' (1999),<ref name="RNBDJ" /> ''[[Vallamai Tharayo]]'' (2008),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=27 June 2008 |title=Well begun, just half done – Vallamai Thaaraayo |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/well-begun-just-half-done-vallamai-thaaraayo/article1434676.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706042030/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/well-begun-just-half-done-vallamai-thaaraayo/article1434676.ece |archive-date=6 July 2015 |access-date=5 July 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2008 |title=Vallamai Tharayo |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vallamai-tharayo-review-tamil-pclwEddehgddb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706041854/http://www.sify.com/movies/vallamai-tharayo-review-tamil-pclwEddehgddb.html |archive-date=6 July 2015 |access-date=5 July 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=24 May 2010 |title=Kola Kolaya Mundhirika will have you in spilts [sic] |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-review-kola-kolaya-mundhirika/20100524.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115155426/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-review-kola-kolaya-mundhirika/20100524.htm |archive-date=15 January 2012 |access-date=16 February 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]'' (2008),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Shiva |date=19 December 2008 |title=Not even child's play |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/not-even-childs-play/article1436744.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014111507/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/not-even-childs-play/article1436744.ece |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=14 October 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]'' (2011),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=26 June 2013 |title=Woman is the ruin of man |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/jq7n1IJl2NFXYAYHM9cmVJ/Woman-is-the-ruin-of-man.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312022409/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/jq7n1IJl2NFXYAYHM9cmVJ/Woman-is-the-ruin-of-man.html |archive-date=12 March 2016 |access-date=11 March 2016 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]'' (2013) where both the male and female leads have past lovers,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=28 September 2013 |title=Raja Rani: Boy, Girl, Her Ex and His |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/raja-rani-boy-girl-her-ex-and-his/article5179239.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016141944/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/raja-rani-boy-girl-her-ex-and-his/article5179239.ece |archive-date=16 October 2014 |access-date=16 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2013 |title=Review: 'Raja Rani' |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/131004/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/review-raja-rani?page=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016142458/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/131004/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/review-raja-rani?page=2 |archive-date=16 October 2014 |access-date=16 October 2014 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2013 |title=Raja Rani |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/raja-rani-review-tamil-15039579.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016142310/http://www.sify.com/movies/raja-rani-review-tamil-15039579.html |archive-date=16 October 2014 |access-date=16 October 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[Bangalore Days]]'' (2014) where the man is unable to forget his past love and accept his wife,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=6 February 2016 |title=Bangalore Naatkal Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Bangalore-Naatkal/movie-review/50875354.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222143017/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Bangalore-Naatkal/movie-review/50875354.cms |archive-date=22 February 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and ''[[Maalai Naerathu Mayakkam]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=11 January 2016 |title=Script Lacks the Selvaraghavan Trademark |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Script-Lacks-the-Selvaraghavan-Trademark/2016/01/11/article3209153.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125222302/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Script-Lacks-the-Selvaraghavan-Trademark/2016/01/11/article3209153.ece |archive-date=25 January 2016 |access-date=29 February 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=13 January 2016 |title="Maalai Nerathu Mayakkam"... An unbelievable story about an unsuited couple |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2016/01/13/maalai-nerathu-mayakkam-an-unbelievable-story-about-an-unsuited-couple/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229160502/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2016/01/13/maalai-nerathu-mayakkam-an-unbelievable-story-about-an-unsuited-couple/ |archive-date=29 February 2016 |access-date=29 February 2016 |website=Baradwaj Rangan}}</ref>

[[Karthi]] said that his character in ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'' (2010) was similar to Karthik's "moody yet jovial" character in ''Mouna Ragam''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2010 |title=Karthi's Naan Mahaan Alla in July |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karthis-naan-mahaan-alla-in-july-news-tamil-kkfqvJfeacgsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303112719/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthis-naan-mahaan-alla-in-july-news-tamil-kkfqvJfeacgsi.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=3 March 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Sri Divya]] called Revathi's character an influence on her role in ''[[Mallela Theeram Lo Sirimalle Puvvu]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandian |first=Avinash |title=I am not a glam doll, will never be one |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-actress/sri-divya/sri-divya-interview-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108220646/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-actress/sri-divya/sri-divya-interview-2.html |archive-date=8 January 2016 |access-date=29 February 2016 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> [[Vaibhav Reddy]] compared his character in ''[[Kappal]]'' (2014) to Manohar in ''Mouna Ragam'' because of their shared effervescence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=29 November 2014 |title='It's now my turn to prove myself' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/interview-with-vaibhav-reddy/article6646419.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211073146/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/interview-with-vaibhav-reddy/article6646419.ece |archive-date=11 December 2014 |access-date=11 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Director [[B. V. Nandini Reddy]] said that the story of a bride unhappy with her husband in ''Mouna Ragam'' inspired her to make ''[[Kalyana Vaibhogame]]'' (2016), where neither the bride nor the bridegroom is interested in marriage.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=11 January 2016 |title=Director Nandini Reddy on Kalyana Vaibhogame, marriages, then and now |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-director-tells-us-what-triggered-her-forthcoming-film-kalyana-vaibhogame/article8092523.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174331/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-director-tells-us-what-triggered-her-forthcoming-film-kalyana-vaibhogame/article8092523.ece |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=3 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The scene where Manohar tries to declare his love for Divya through the college intercom in response to her challenge was parodied in ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Mouna Ragam |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Sujatha Productions |year=1986 |time=56:04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Tamizh Padam |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Cloud Nine Movies]] |year=2010 |time=40:40}}</ref> Director R. S. Prasanna described one scene in ''[[Kalyana Samayal Saadham]]'' (2013) where the male lead meets his father-in-law at a café as an ode to the "Mr. Chandramouli" scene.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=28 December 2013 |title=Well-served |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/wellserved/article5512081.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229140816/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/wellserved/article5512081.ece |archive-date=29 December 2013 |access-date=16 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In [[Master (2021 film)|''Master'']] (2021), JD ([[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]) lies about his past but from Manohar's perspective.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=13 January 2021 |title='Master' movie review: An in-form Vijay takes a backseat to have fun. But is that enough? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/master-movie-review/article33569018.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208063834/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/master-movie-review/article33569018.ece |archive-date=8 February 2021 |access-date=9 February 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Clayton |first1=Martin |title=The Cultural Study of Music: A Critical Introduction |last2=Herbert |first2=Trevor |last3=Middleton |first3=Richard |date=2003 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis|Psychology Press]] |isbn=0-415-93845-7}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Rohit K. |title=100 Essential Indian Films |last2=Datta |first2=Sangeeta |date=15 December 2018 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-4422-7799-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=The Hindu |title=Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1–5 |date=2000 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=0-85229-760-2}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=Priya |title=The 1970s and Its Legacies in India's Cinemas |last2=Dudrah |first2=Rajinder |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-415-83658-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Rajmohan |title=Environmental Biotechnology |publisher=Isha Books |year=2006 |isbn=81-8205-366-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=K. Naresh |title=Indian cinema: ebbs and tides |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=1995 |isbn=9788124103449}}
* {{Cite book |last=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V--JAAAAMAAJ |title=Report – Government of India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |year=2002}}{{cbignore}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |title=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |title-link=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-670-08520-0 |location=India}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shankar |first=Subramanian |title=Flesh and Fish Blood: Postcolonialism, Translation, and the Vernacular |date=2 July 2012 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-95234-8}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Mani Ratnam}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}
{{Good article}}
{{Portal bar|Film|India|1980s}}

[[Category:1980s feminist films]]
[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:1986 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1986 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about arranged marriage]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mani Ratnam]]
[[Category:Films produced by G. Venkateswaran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Films shot in Agra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Balarama (elephant)

2026-03-26T10:10:23Z

Veronasie: reworked details and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|Asian elephant (c. 1958–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox animal
| name = Balarama
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| species = ''[[Elephas maximus]]'' (Asian Elephant)
| breed =
| gender = Male
| birth_date = {{circa|1956}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2023|5|7|67|df=y}}
| death_place = Bheemanakatte Elephant camp
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| relativeage =
| nationality = India
| occupation = [[Golden Howdah]] carrier
| employer =
| years_active = 1999–2011
| known = [[Mysore Dasara]]
| predecessor = [[Drona (elephant)|Drona]]
| successor = [[Arjuna (elephant)|Arjuna]]
| owner = [[Mahout]] Thimma
| weight = 4535 Kilograms
| height = {{height|m=2.7|precision=0}}
| namedafter = [[Balarama]]
| website =
}}
'''Balarama''' ({{circa|1956}} – 7 May 2023) was the lead [[elephant]] of the [[Mysore Dasara]] procession and carried the idol of goddess [[Chamundeshwari]] on the fabled [[Golden Howdah]] thirteen times between 1999 and 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bennur|first1=Shankar|title=Arjuna to carry golden howdah this year|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/arjuna-to-carry-golden-howdah-this-year/article4013863.ece|accessdate=22 October 2015|work=The Hindu|date=20 October 2012}}</ref> Balarama was a bull born about 1958 and was accompanied in the procession by other [[Dasara Elephants]]. Of the many (about 16) elephants participating, Balarama was one of the star attractions when he carried on his back the sacred idol of goddess [[Chamundeshwari]] in the {{convert|750|kg}} golden howdah on the auspicious 10th day of Dasara celebrations.

== History ==
Balarama was captured in 1987 in the Kattepura forest near [[Somwarpet]], in the [[Kodagu]] region of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=R. Krishna|title=Know your Dasara elephants|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/know-your-dasara-elephants/article6320447.ece|accessdate=22 October 2015|work=The Hindu|date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Balarama has taken part in the Dasara procession since 1994, carrying the [[golden howdah]]. A very silent bull (against the norm for elephants), he was said to be an introvert, and had to have special training so he could withstand the firing of cannons that occurs during the festival.{{who|date=July 2012}}

He succeeded [[Drona (elephant)|Drona]] as the carrier of the Golden Howdah.

Balarama was not the first choice to carry the Howdah after Drona. Elephant Arjuna, a 44-year-old bull weighing {{Convert|5600|kg}} was supposed to be the carrier of the howdah, but was sidelined for accidentally killing a Mahout. One day, Arjuna went to bathe in a river with elephant Bahadur and Bahadur's trainer Annayya. While crossing a road, the elephants were startled by a vehicle and in the chaos that ensued, the rider Annayya fell down to the ground, only to be stamped on the head by Arjuna. He was crushed to death. People opined that an elephant that had killed a man was unfit to carry the religious duties of Dasara. So Arjuna, while being as capable as Drona, was not given the honorable duty, though he did have the honour of carrying the [[Chinnada Ambari]] once before being replaced by Balarama. Balarama had been rested from the duty of carrying the Golden Howdah due to his reducing weight and has been succeeded by Arjuna. Balarama led the procession as the 'nishane aane' or the lead elephant.

Balarama's Mahout Sannappa once refused to mount Balarama after his family were stopped by the police from watching him ride during [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]].

Balarama refused food given to him by anybody other than his [[Mahout]]. Balarama weighed about 4590 Kilograms and he conquered the hearts of human beings by his majestic looks and the silence that he possessed. He was looked after at the Morkal Elephant camp at Nagarahole national park and his previous mahout Sannappa has retired and his new master Thimma has taken over.

The 67-year-old elephant was critically ill and under the care of a veterinarians at the Bhimanakatte elephant camp in the Hunsur range of the Nagarhole park. Despite the efforts of the medical team, Balarama's condition deteriorated. According to reports, Balarama had been recovering from an ulcer in his mouth but the veterinarian treating him suspected that he may have been suffering from tuberculosis. He died on 7 May 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/an-elephant-never-forgotten-1217507.html|title=An elephant never forgotten|work=Deccan Herald|date=10 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/elephant-balarama-of-mysuru-dasara-fame-dies-at-67-2376291-2023-05-08|title=Elephant Balarama of Mysuru Dasara fame dies at 67|work=India Today|date=8 May 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of individual elephants]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*''Balarama: A Royal Elephant'', [[Ted Lewin|Ted & Besty Lewin]], [[Lee & Low Books]], 2009-08-01, {{ISBN|978-1-60060-265-8}}.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070313111058/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/13/stories/2005101316600100.htm Colour photo and news article]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20161018013946/http://www.mysoresamachar.com/dasara02_04.htm News article from Mysoresamachar]}}
*[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/95789/balarama-carry-howdah-last-time.html ''Deccan Herald'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180342/https://www.udayavani.com/news/187744L15-400-%E0%B2%95--%E0%B2%9C---%E0%B2%95-%E0%B2%B8-%E0%B2%A6-%E0%B2%85-%E0%B2%AC-%E0%B2%B0--%E0%B2%B9-%E0%B2%B0-%E0%B2%B5-%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B0-%E0%B2%AE--.html Udayavaani]

[[Category:1950s animal births]]
[[Category:2023 animal deaths]]
[[Category:Culture of Mysore]]
[[Category:Individual elephants in India]]
[[Category:Individual Asian elephants]]

Garh Palace, Jhalawar

2026-03-22T04:54:44Z

Veronasie: new new page

{{Short description|Former residence of the Maharaj Ranas of the Jhalawar}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Garh Palace
| native_name = गढ़ पैलेस
| native_name_lang = hi
| image = Garh Palace,Jhalawar,Rajasthan, India. 01.jpg
| location = [[Jhalawar]]
| address = Bhoj Mohalla, [[Jhalawar]], [[Rajasthan]] 326001, [[India]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.5962|76.1651|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| construction_start_date = 1840
| completion_date = 1845
| main_contractor = [[Jhala Madan Singh|Madan Singh]]
}}

The '''Garh''' (or Fort) '''Palace, Jhalawar,''' was a [[Palace|royal residence]] and former administrative headquarters of the rulers of the [[Jhalawar State]] in [[Jhalawar]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].

== History ==
Upon [[Jhala Madan Singh|Madan Singh]]'s investiture as the Maharaj Rana of [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]] in 1838, he initially resided in [[Jhalrapatan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_YvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=190 |language=en}}</ref> He began building the Garh Palace in 1840, and it was completed in 1845.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=sudhagee |date=2017-04-26 |title=The painted rooms of the Garh Mahal of Jhalawar |url=https://sudhagee.com/2017/04/26/the-painted-rooms-of-the-garh-mahal-of-jhalawar/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=My Favourite Things |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} DISTRICT & SESSIONS COURT JHALAWAR {{!}} India |url=https://jhalawar.dcourts.gov.in/about-department/history/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Over the years, his successors made further additions to it.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=RajRAS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdbHDwAAQBAJ |title=Art Architecture & Culture of Rajasthan |date=2018-03-02 |publisher=RajRAS |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Publication |first=Atharv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pfpDwAAQBAJ |title=Rajasthan District G.K.: English Medium |last2=Gupta 'SIR' |first2=Devesh |publisher=Atharv Publication |pages=67 |language=en}}</ref> After India's independence, Harish Chandra Singh, the Maharaj Rana of [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]] at the time, leased the property to the government for administrative offices.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Government Museum Jhalawar {{!}} Museum of India |url=https://shop.museumsofindia.org/node/801 |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=shop.museumsofindia.org}}</ref> This allowed [[Jhalawar]] to become a district with political representation.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Garh Palace,Jhalawar,Rajasthan, India. 02.jpg|thumb|Garh Palace, [[Jhalawar]]]]

== Structures within the complex ==
It consists of several buildings, a temple, outhouses, stables, and a non-functional theater.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=sudhagee |date=2017-04-19 |title=Discovering Jhalawar |url=https://sudhagee.com/2017/04/19/discovering-jhalawar/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=My Favourite Things |language=en}}</ref>

=== Mor Chowk ===
Mor Chowk, also known as the Peacock Courtyard, is famous for its [[Peafowl|peacock]] [[mosaic]]s and is part of the museum.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Sajnani |first=Manohar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdMNBxOsvrUC |title=Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India |date=2001 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-017-2 |pages=292 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Manak Mahal ===
Manak Mahal, also known as the Ruby Palace, is famous for its collection of [[glass]] and [[porcelain]] figures.<ref name=":4" />

=== Krishna Vilas ===
Krishna Vilas is known for its collection of miniatures.<ref name=":4" />

=== Bari Mahal ===
Bari Mahal is known for its central garden.<ref name=":4" />

=== Moti Mahal ===
Moti Mahal, also called the Palace of Pearls, is famous for its intricate mirrorwork.<ref name=":4" />

=== Chini Mahal ===
Chini Mahal is known for its ornamental tiles.<ref name=":4" />

=== Zenana Khas ===
Zenana Khas, the private apartments of royal women, is renowned for its frescoes and mirrors, which are fine examples of the Hadoti School of Art.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" />

=== Bhawani Natyashala ===
{{Main|Bhawani Natyashala}}
[[Bhawani Singh of Jhalawar|Bhawani Singh]] built a theater in Garh Palace in 1921.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Crump |first=Vivien |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_BuAAAAMAAJ |title=Rajasthan |last2=Toh |first2=Irene |date=1996 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf, Incorporated |isbn=978-0-679-76591-2 |pages=287 |language=en}}</ref> It was modeled after the opera houses he had seen abroad and was known for performances ranging from Shakespearean plays to Shakuntala dramas.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNsvAQAAIAAJ |title=Footprint India |date=2007 |publisher=Footprint Handbooks |pages=379 |language=en}}</ref>

== Artworks ==
[[File:Zalim Singh II.png|alt=Painted by Ghasiram Hardev Sharma, this posthumous portrait depicts Zalim Singh II (1864–1912), the Maharaj Rana of Jhalawar.|thumb|[[Zalim Singh II]], by Ghasiram Hardev Sharma, at Garh Palace.]]
Ghasiram Hardev Sharma was the chief painter and head of photography for the [[Shrinathji Temple]] in [[Nathdwara]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Kajri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bl8No2_PJ8AC&pg=PA137 |title=Gods in the Bazaar: The Economies of Indian Calendar Art |date=2007-04-06 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-8973-6 |pages=137–138 |language=en}}</ref> When his reputation for excellence reached [[Bhawani Singh of Jhalawar|Bhawani Singh]], he requested Tilkayat Goverdhan Lal to allow Ghasiram to work for him in [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Lyons |first=Tryna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cKnGJGOEQukC |title=The Artists of Nathadwara: The Practice of Painting in Rajasthan |date=2004 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-34417-5 |pages=172–179 |language=en}}</ref> Ghasiram was offered a monthly salary of 150 rupees, which was twice his earnings at [[Nathdwara]].<ref name=":6" /> He stayed in Jhalawar for about 10 to 12 years,<ref>{{Cite web |last=sudhagee |date=2017-04-26 |title=The painted rooms of the Garh Mahal of Jhalawar |url=https://sudhagee.com/2017/04/26/the-painted-rooms-of-the-garh-mahal-of-jhalawar/ |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=My Favourite Things |language=en}}</ref> during which he created contemporary artworks in the Company Style of painting.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Vaśishṭha |first=Rādhākr̥shṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmcLLEBmPHwC |title=Art and Artists of Rajasthan: A Study on the Art & Artists of Mewar with Reference to Western Indian School of Painting |date=1995 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-284-0 |pages=86–87 |language=en}}</ref> He painted oil and tempera works on the walls of Garh Palace.<ref name=":7" />

== Museum ==
Garh Palace has a museum established in 1915.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmgkAQAAMAAJ |title=The India Travel Planner |date=1996 |publisher=Cross Section Publications (P) Limited |pages=159 |language=en}}</ref> It is one of the oldest [[Museum|museums]] in [[Rajasthan]] and houses rare manuscripts, paintings, coins, and idols.<ref name=":2" /> When the palace was vacated in 2008 by the district collectorate and police, the Archaeology and Museums Department of Rajasthan took over the Mardana section to expand the museum, which opened in 2012.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jhalawar, Garh Palace}}
[[Category:Jhalawar]]
[[Category:Rajput architecture]]
[[Category:Palaces in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Palaces in India]]
[[Category:Museums in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Museums in India]]
[[Category:1845 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1845]]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]

Bhaiyya Ganpatrao

2026-03-21T16:47:57Z

Veronasie: done

{{Short description|Indian Classical Singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Bhaiyya Ganpatrao
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1852
| death_date = 1920
| origin = [[Gwalior]]
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]], [[Thumri]], [[Dhrupad]], [[Khyal|Khayal]]
| occupation = [[Harmonium]] player, Singer
| years_active =
| label =
| website =
}}

'''Bhaiyya Ganpatra''', alias '''"Sughar-piya"''', (1852–1920) was a member of the [[Gwalior]] royal family and known for pioneering the [[harmonium]] as an accompanying instrument. He was a member of the [[Gwalior gharana]] school of [[Indian classical music|classical music]].

==Background==
Bhaiyya Ganpatrao was born to [[Jayajirao Scindia]] of the Gwalior princely family. He was the brother of [[Jiwajirao Scindia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/culture/the-melodious-raag-durga/article_229348|title=Afternoondc.in}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

===Music training===
He studied with [[Sadiq Ali Khan]] of [[Kirana Gharana]] and later with [[Bande Ali Khan]] and [[Inayat Hussain Khan]], both students of [[Haddu Khan]] of [[Gwalior Gharana]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Amal Das |title=Musicians of India Past and Present |date=1993 |publisher=Pilgrims Publishing |isbn=8185421188}}</ref>

==Legacy==
In the late-19th Century and early-20th Century, Ganpatrao was the "greatest name" associated with the harmonium.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kasliwal |first1=Suneera |title=Classical musical instruments |date=2004 |publisher=Rupa |pages=259–260}}</ref> He popularized the instrument and developed its [[Thumri|Thumri-ang]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nadkarni |first1=Mohan |title=Music to thy ears: great masters of Hindustani instrumental music |date=2002 |publisher=Somaiya Publications |page=25}}</ref>

Like [[Govindrao Tembe]], Ganpatrao is credited with establishing [[harmonium]] as an instrument for [[Hindustani Classical music]]. Consequently, he had an enormous impact on many musicians whom he taught.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Deodhar |first1=B. R. |title=Pillars of Hindustani music |date=1993 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |page=240}}</ref>

===Compositions===
Ganpatrao was a prolific composer and used the [[Mudra (music)|mudra]] "Sughar-piya."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swarganga.org/artist_details.php?id=140|title=Artist - Bhaiyya Ganpatrao 'Sughar Piya' (Vocal), Gharana - None}}</ref>

===Influence===
[[Faiyaz Khan]] began singing thumris publicly because of Ganptrao's influence.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mukhopādhyāẏa |first1=Kumāraprasāda |title=The Lost World of Hindustani Music |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=India |page=242}}</ref> [[Bismillah Khan]] adopted some of Ganpatrao's techniques to his [[Shehnai]]-playing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parrikar.org/hindustani/todi/|title = The Empire of Todi}}</ref>

===Students===
The sarod maestro [[Hafiz Ali Khan]], father of [[Amjad Ali Khan]], learned dhrupad and thumri from Ganpatrao.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thakur |first1=Pradeep |title=Indian Music Masters of Our Times- i |date=2010 |publisher=Pradeep Thakure & Sons |location=Punjab, India |page=202}}</ref> He also taught Bashir Khan of Indore and Girija Shankar Chakrabarty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pradhan |first1=Aneesh |title=Hindustani Music: Ways of Listening |date=2016 |publisher=Aneesh Pradhan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=ITC Sangeet Research Academy beta - Tribute to a Maestro | url=https://www.itcsra.org/TributeMaestro.aspx?Tributeid=11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209055259/http://itcsra.org/TributeMaestro.aspx?Tributeid=11 | access-date=2026-03-21 | archive-date=2017-02-09}}</ref>

He also taught [[Jaddanbai]], the mother of [[Bollywood]] actress [[Nargis]].<ref name="Jaddanbai">{{cite web|title=Culcutta Living City|url=http://cba1415.web.unc.edu/files/2014/04/20140512100459514.pdf|access-date=18 April 2017|archive-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101528/http://cba1415.web.unc.edu/files/2014/04/20140512100459514.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganpatrao, Bhaiyya}}
[[Category:Gwalior culture]]
[[Category:Gwalior gharana]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Sindhudurg district]]
[[Category:Marathi-language singers]]
[[Category:1852 births]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from British India]]

Sangita Kalanidhi

2026-03-20T11:32:44Z

Veronasie: adding the post initial version

{{short description|Indian music award}}
{{Carnatic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
''' Sangita Kalanidhi''' ({{Translation|Treasure of Music and Art}}) is the title awarded annually to a [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] musician by the [[Madras Music Academy]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vignessh|date=2020-08-13|title=Madras Music Academy to hold Margazhi concerts online|url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/madras-music-academy-to-hold-margazhi-concerts-online/|access-date=2020-12-07|website=The Federal|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kolappan|first=B.|date=2017-07-16|title=Sangita Kalanidhi award for Chitraveena maestro Ravikiran|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/sangita-kalanidhi-award-for-chitraveena-maestro-ravikiran/article19288982.ece|access-date=2020-12-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

From 1929 to 1941, the award did not exist. The award was conceived in 1942 by Academy President K. V. Krishnaswami Iyer and on 1 January 1943 all musicians who had presided over the annual conferences between 1929 and 1942 were awarded the title. This included 2 or 3 past presidents - Palamarneri Swaminatha Iyer (1931), probably Umayalpuram Swaminatha Iyer (1936) and Mangudi Chidambara Bhagavatar (1937) - but no posthumous award has been presented since then.<ref name='award_hist'>{{Cite web|url=https://sriramv.wordpress.com/2020/12/09/a-season-sans-sangita-kalanidhi/|title = A Season sans Sangita Kalanidhi|date = 9 December 2020}}</ref> At times, 1946 is cited as the year of Umayalpuram Swaminatha Iyer's death, in which case he might have received the Sangita Kalanidhi in his lifetime.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/More-a-teacher/article16147011.ece | title=More a teacher | newspaper=The Hindu | date=26 August 2010 }}</ref>

==List of recipients==
Source(s):<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sangita Kalanidhi – Music Academy|url=https://musicacademymadras.in/awards/sangita-kalanidhi/|access-date=2020-12-07|website=musicacademymadras.in}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Recipient
! Field
|-
|2026
|[[Jayanthi Kumaresh]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Khurana |first=Suanshu |date=2026-03-15 |title=Jayanthi Kumaresh awarded the coveted Sangita Kalanidhi in The Music Academy’s 100th year |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-today/jayanthi-kumaresh-awarded-the-coveted-sangita-kalanidhi-in-the-music-academys-100th-year-10583455/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=2026-03-15}}</ref>
|[[Saraswati veena]] player
|-
|2025
|[[R. K. Shriramkumar]]
|[[Violin]]ist
|-
|2024
|[[T. M. Krishna]]
|[[Vocalist]]
|-
|2023
|[[Bombay Jayashri]]
|[[Vocalist]]
|-
|2022
|[[G. J. R. Krishnan]], [[Lalgudi Vijayalakshmi]]
|[[Violinists]]
|-
|-
|2021
|[[Thiruvarur Bakthavathsalam]]
|[[Mridangam]] player
|-
|-
|2020
|[[Neyveli Santhanagopalan]]
|[[Vocalist]], [[Composer]]
|-
|-
|2019
|[[S. Sowmya]]
|[[Vocalist]]
|-
|-
|2018
|[[Aruna Sairam]]
|[[Vocalist]], [[Collaboration|Collaborator]], [[Composer]]
|-
|2017
|[[N. Ravikiran]]
|Slide instrumentalist ([[Chitravina]]), Vocalist, [[Composer]] (Returned in 2024){{Efn|In protest against the Academy's decision to confer T M Krishna with the award for the year 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrinivasan |first=V. |title=Why we aren’t returning MS’s Sangita Kalanidhi title |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/art-and-culture/why-we-aren-t-returning-ms-s-sangita-kalanidhi-title-2958102 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>|group=note}}
|-
|-
|2016
|[[A. Kanyakumari]]
|[[Violin]]ist
|-
|-
|2015
|[[Sanjay Subrahmanyan]]
|[[Vocalist]]
|-
|-
| 2014
| [[T. V. Gopalakrishnan]]
| [[Vocalist]] / [[Mridangam]] player
|-
|-
| 2013
| [[Sudha Ragunathan]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
|-
| 2012
| [[Trichur V. Ramachandran]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 2011
| [[Trichy Sankaran]]
| [[Mridangam]] player
|-
| 2010
| [[Bombay Sisters]] (C. Saroja and C. Lalitha)
| [[Vocalist]]s
|-
| 2009
| [[Valayapatti A. R. Subramaniam]]
| [[Thavil]] player
|-
| 2008
| [[A. K. C. Natarajan]]
| [[Clarinet]] player
|-
| 2007
| [[Palghat R. Raghu]]
| [[Mridangam]] player
|-
| 2006
| [[T. N. Seshagopalan]]
| [[Vocalist]], [[Veena]] Player, [[Harikatha]] artiste
|-
| 2005
| [[M. Chandrasekaran]]
| [[Violin]]ist
|-
| 2004
| [[Vellore G. Ramabhadran]]
| [[Mridangam]] player
|-
| 2003
| [[T. V. Sankaranarayanan]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 2002
| [[Sikkil Sisters]] (Neela & Kunjumani)
| [[Flute]] players
|-
| 2001
| [[Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman]]
| [[Mridangam]] player
|-
| 2000
| [[Vedavalli]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1999
| [[T. K. Govindarao]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1998
| [[Sheik Chinna Moulana]]
| [[Nadaswaram]] player
|-
| 1997
| [[M. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
| [[Violin]]ist
|-
| 1996
| [[N. Ramani]]
| [[Flautist]]
|-
| 1995
| [[R. K. Srikantan]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1994
| [[T. K. Murthy]]
| [[Mridangam]] player
|-
| 1993
| [[Mani Krishnaswami]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1992
| [[Thanjavur K. P. Sivanandam]]
| [[Veena]] Player
|-
| 1991
| [[Nedunuri Krishnamurthy]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1990
| [[D. K. Jayaraman]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1989
| [[Maharajapuram Santhanam]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1988
| [[T. Viswanathan]]
| [[Flautist]]
|-
| 1987
| [[B. Rajam Iyer]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1986
| [[K. V. Narayanaswamy]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1985
| [[S. Ramanathan (musician)|S. Ramanathan]]
| [[Vocalist]] / [[Composer]]
|-
| 1984
| [[Doreswamy Iyengar]]
| [[Veena]] player
|-
| 1983
| [[Sripada Pinakapani]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1982
| [[Embar S. Vijayaraghavachariar]]
| [[Harikatha]] exponent
|-
| 1981
| [[T. M. Thiagarajan]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1980
| [[T. N. Krishnan]]
| [[Violin]] player
|-
| 1979
| [[K. S. Narayanaswamy]]
| [[Veena]] player
|-
| 1978
| Dr. [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
| [[Vocalist]], [[Composer]], [[Poet]], [[Violinist]] / [[Viola]] player, [[Mridangam]] artist, [[Kanjira]] player, Collaborator , [[Music Director]] and [[Actor]]
|-
| 1977
| [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1976
| [[T. Brinda]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1975
| [[Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma]]
| [[Composer]] / [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1974
| No Award Given (Bicentennary of Muttuswami Dikshitar's birth) <ref name="award_hist" />
| N/A
|-
| 1973
| [[Balasaraswati]]
| [[Bharatanatyam]] exponent
|-
| 1972
| [[Pichu Sambamoorthi]]
| [[Musicologist]]
|-
| 1971
| [[Papanasam Sivan]]
| [[Composer]] / [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1970
| [[D. K. Pattammal]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1969
| [[Madurai Srirangam Iyengar]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1968
| [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1967
| [[Palghat Mani Iyer]]
| [[Mridangam]] player
|-
| 1966
| No Award Given (Bicentennary of Tyagaraja's birth) <ref name="award_hist" />
| N/A
|-
| 1965
| [[Alathur Srinivasa Iyer]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1964
| [[Alathur_Brothers | Alathur Sivasubramanya Iyer]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1963
| [[Budalur Krishnamurthi Sastrigal]]
| [[Gottuvadhyam]] player
|-
| 1962
| [[Papa Venkataramaiah]]
| [[Violinist]]
|-
| 1961
| [[Thiruvidaimarudur Veerusami Pillai]]
| [[Nagaswaram]] player
|-
| 1960
| [[T. K. Jayarama Iyer]]
| [[Violin]]ist
|-
| 1959
| [[Madurai Mani Iyer]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1958
| [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]]
| [[Vocalist]] / [[Composer]]
|-
| 1957
| [[Chowdiah]]
| [[Violin]]ist
|-
| 1956
| [[Thiruveezhimizhalai Subramanya Pillai]]
| [[Nagaswaram]] Player
|-
| 1955
| [[Marungapuri Gopalakrishna Iyer]]
| [[Violinist]]
|-
| 1954
| [[Chittoor Subramaniam Pillai]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1953
| [[Thirupampuram N. Swaminatha Pillai]]
| [[Flautist]]
|-
| 1952
| [[Karaikudi Sambasiva Iyer]]
| [[Veena]] player
|-
| 1951
| [[Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1950
| [[Karur Chinnaswamy Iyer]]
| [[Violinist]]
|-
| 1949
| [[Mudicondan Venkatarama Iyer]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1948
| [[Kumbakonam Rajamanickam Pillai]]
| [[Violinist]]
|-
| 1947
| [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1946
| [[Maharajapuram Viswanatha Iyer]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1945
| No Award Given (Centenary of Tyagaraja's death) <ref name="award_hist" />
| N/A
|-
| 1944
| [[T. L. Venkatarama Iyer]]
| [[Musicologist]]
|-
| 1943
| [[Palladam Sanjiva Rao]]
| [[Flautist]]
|-
| 1942
| [[Mazhavarayanendal Subbarama Bhagavatar]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1941
| [[Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu]]
| [[Violin]] player
|-
| 1940
| [[Kallidaikurichi Vedanta Bhagavatar]]
| [[Harikatha]] exponent / [[Composer]]
|-
| 1939
| [[Musiri Subramania Iyer]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1938
| [[Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1937
| Agaramangudi [[Chidambara Bhagavatar]]
| [[Harikatha]] exponent
|-
| 1936
| [[Umayalapuram Swaminatha Iyer]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1935
| [[Mysore Vasudevachar]]
| [[Composer]] / [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1934
| [[T. S. Sabesha Iyer]]
| [[Vocalist]]
|-
| 1933
| [[K. Ponniah Pillai]]
| [[Composer]] / [[Pedagogue]]
|-
| 1932
| [[Tiger Varadachariar]]
| [[Vocalist]] / [[Composer]] / [[Pedagogue]]
|-
| 1931
| [[Pazhamaneri Swaminatha Iyer]]
| [[Vocalist]] / [[Violinist]]
|-
| 1930
| [[Muthiah Bhagavatar]]
| [[Composer]] / [[Vocalist]] / [[Harikatha]] exponent / [[Gottuvadhyam]] player
|-
| 1929
| [[T. V. Subba Rao]] and [[M. S. Ramaswamy Iyer]]
| [[Musicologists]]
|}

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist|group=note}}
===Sources===
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Sangita Kalanidhi recipients |url=https://musicacademymadras.in/awards/sangita-kalanidhi/ |publisher=[[Madras Music Academy]] website }}

[[Category:1926 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1929]]
[[Category:Carnatic music]]
[[Category:Indian music awards]]
[[Category:Sangeetha Kalanidhi recipients|*]]

Adhura

2026-03-18T22:07:14Z

Veronasie: new!

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Adhura Poster.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| based_on =
| writer = Ananya Banerjee Anand Jain
| director = Gauravv K. Chawla Ananya Banerjee
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rasika Duggal]]|[[Ishwak Singh]]|Shrenik Arora|[[Rahul Dev]]|[[Zoa Morani]]
}}
| composer = John Stewart Eduri
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Rahul Gandhi
| producer = {{ubl|Monisha Advani|[[Nikkhil Advani]]|Madhu Bhojwani}}
| cinematography = Srijan Chaurasia
| editor = Maahir Zaveri
| runtime =
| company = [[Emmay Entertainment]]
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|7|7}}
}}
'''''Adhura''''' ({{Translation|Incomplete}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Horror fiction|horror]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] television series on [[Amazon Prime Video]]. It stars [[Rasika Dugal]], [[Ishwak Singh]] and [[Rahul Dev]] and is directed by Ananya Banerjee and Gauravv K. Chawla and produced by Monisha Advani, [[Nikkhil Advani]] and Madhu Bhojwani.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shackleton|first=Liz|date=2023-06-28|title=Prime Video Announces India Slate Including Horror Series 'Adhura', Starring Rasika Dugal; Telugu YA Drama 'Hostel Days' |url=https://deadline.com/2023/06/prime-video-amazon-adhura-rasika-dugal-hostel-days-1235426094/|access-date=2023-06-28|website=Deadline|language=English}}</ref> The series premiered on the [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] platform [[Amazon Prime Video]] on July 7, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jain|first=Arushi|date=2021-05-08|title=Prime Video's first Hindi horror series Adhura to debut on July 7|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/prime-videos-first-hindi-horror-series-adhura-to-debut-on-july-7/cid/1948256|access-date=2023-06-28|website=The Telegraph|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-27|title=Amazon Prime Video Sets First Hindi Horror Series 'Adhura' For July 7 Debut|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/amazon-prime-video-sets-first-hindi-horror-series-adhura-for-july-7-debut-news-298334|access-date=2023-06-28|website=Outlook|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-27|title=Adhura trailer: Ishwak Singh returns to his alma mater for one hell of a reunion|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/adhura-trailer-ishwak-singh-returns-to-boarding-school-for-one-hell-of-a-reunion-8691216/|access-date=2023-06-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The primary shooting for the series was done in [[Lawrence School, Lovedale|The Lawrence School, Lovedale]].

== Plot ==
Strange occurrences at the Nilgiri Valley School appear to be connected to Vedant, a new 10-year-old pupil. Adhiraj Jaisingh, a former student, must confront actions from fifteen years ago when the class of 2007 reunites. But when Vedant and Adhiraj cross paths, the situation takes a terrifying turn. The lives of everyone on campus are at risk as a sinister secret begins to surface.

===Episode 1: "Psycho Puppy Killer"===

The Dean of Nilgiri valley school dies under suspicious circumstances. While Vedant is being bullied by fellow students in the boarding school, they lock him up in a locker and he mysteriously comes out of it.There starts the series of mishaps in his surrounding. A puppy is killed and Vedant is found near with blood all over his clothes. Everyone starts to believe he is the killer while newly appointed dean asks counsellor, Supriya Ghosh to look after him as Vedant's parents disregard the fact that he is having hard time adjusting.

Adhiraj flies in from the US to attend the school reunion. There, he meets his former batchmates, including Malvika, his school-time love interest, who is now married to Dev. However, Ninad is missing, and Adhiraj appears to be hiding some secrets.

===Episode 2: "Shadow Boy"===

Ninad becomes friends with Adhiraj, also known as Aadhu, who saves him from bullies at school. Ninad creates a comic-book world for himself, calling himself the Shadow Boy and seeing Adhiraj as the Phoenix Boy, his savior. All the grown-ups carry their own insecurities, even after all these years.

During the function, when Adhiraj is called on stage, Vedant approaches him and says something that deeply disturbs him. Vedant then faints and is kept under observation.

===Episode 3: "If You Make Trouble, You Will Be Punished"===

On the last day of school, Malvika plans a surprise date for Adhiraj and gets stood up. That's when Dev takes advantage and eventually marries her. Ninad in the heat of moment tries to kiss Adhiraj and Adhiraj calls him names in rage.

In the present, Adhiraj goes to Kotagiri and learns from Ninad’s parents that he has been missing for 15 years. Ninad left a note saying his grandfather was unwell and confirming Coach Vyas as his guardian. The case was closed with no results, and the police insisted that Ninad left willingly and was not considered missing.

Back at school, Suyash commits suicide under unknown influence. While returning to his room, Adhiraj has an anxiety attack and sees Vedant approaching him, confirming that Vedant is fighting back.

===Episode 4: "The Boy Who Lives Inside Vedant"===

The police start the investigation and ask old students to stay back for one more day. Malvika starts to have second thoughts about her breaking up with Adhiraj. Rajat is attacked by an unknown entity and is almost choked to death and Vedant also goes through same suffocation as him. Both of them survive the incident.

In the flashback of Vedant, he is offered in help and possessed by Ninad.

===Episode 5: "No Exit"===

A new investigating officer, Officer Bedi, is assigned for the case who wants to find out truth by hook or crook. Rajat dies mysteriously similar to Suyash by jumping off of an old building.

It is revealed that on the last day of school, Dev had beaten Ninad up for making Malvika cry.

===Episode 6: "Hush Little Baby"===

While pulling out Rajat's body, police find another body in the dump. Adhiraj believes it is Ninad's. He tries to find out what must have happened. Adhiraj investigates in his own way and finds out that Suyash, Rajat and Dev assaulted Ninad on the last day and Coach Vyas and peon Devi Prasad were all involved in the case. Dev tries to flee from campus only to see mass murders in front of him pointing him to stay back.

Vedant again has seizures and Supriya takes him to the hospital. In the flashback, Supriya was suffering from post partum depression and accidentally kills her newborn. Her husband commits suicide.

===Episode 7: "The Farewell"===

Dev is killed in front of everyone, and the situation initially seems resolved. However, when Ninad’s belongings are retrieved, Adhiraj finds a badge and approaches Malvika. He asks her to confess, but she denies everything. It is then revealed that Malvika pushed Ninad to his death, as she had always been jealous of his closeness to Adhiraj and saw him as a third wheel in their relationship. Malvika is also killed, and Ninad’s soul finally departs for good.

Supriya tries to connect with her dead child's spirit and is possessed by someone else instead. She calls Adhiraj for help while he is leaving for the US.

==Cast==
* [[Rasika Duggal]] as Supriya Ghosh
* [[Ishwak Singh]] as Adhiraj Jaisingh
* Shrenik Arora as Vedant Malik
* [[Rahul Dev]] as Officer Bedi
* [[Zoa Morani]] as Malvika Seth Jamwal
* [[Sahil Salathia]] as Suyash Verma
* Rijul Ray as Dev Pratap Jamwal
* Aru Krishansh Verma as Rajat
* Poojan Chhabra as teenage Ninad Raman
* Arjun Deswal as teenage Adhiraj Jaisingh
* Vansh Sethii as teenage Dev Jamwal
* Anisha Pahuja as teenage Malvika Seth
* Akshay Nagori as teenage Suyash Verma
* Chinmay Chandraunshuh as teenage Rajat
* K.C. Shankar as Dean K. C. Swamy
* [[Priya Banerjee]] as Nancy, Suyash's girlfriend
* Jaimini Pathak as Chandra Prakash Jha, school teacher
* Digvijay Savant as Dean Satyanshu Vyas
* Pawan Singh as Devi Prasad, a school peon

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title}}
*[https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Adhoora/0HO9C2J1RGA0ZV3H4VV1VNWDB7 ''Adhura''] at [[Amazon Prime Video]]

{{Amazon Video original series}}

[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related television shows]]

Josephine Dias

2026-03-14T20:37:48Z

Veronasie: Started New Pg.

{{Short description|Indian Eucharistic minister and former actress (born 1948)}}
{{AI-generated|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Josephine Dias
| image = Josephine Dias at Lifetime Contribution to Tiatr Awards’ 2014 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Dias at Ravindra Bhavan, [[Margao]] in 2014
| birth_name = Josefina Francisca Costa
| birth_place = [[Colva, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|7|19|df=y}}
| years_active = 1962–2018
| spouse = {{marriage|Francisco Dias|1971|1996|end=died}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer|Eucharistic minister}}
| children = 1
| relatives = [[Comedian Peter]] (brother)
}}

'''Josefina Francisca "Josephine" Dias''' ([[née]] '''Costa'''; born 19 July 1948) is an Indian [[Eucharistic minister]], former actress, and singer and who worked on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]].

==Early life==
The Costa family has a background in ''[[tiatr]]'', a form of traditional [[Goan]] theater, with several family members actively involved as writers and actors.<ref name=":1" /> Dias, being the eldest among her six siblings, grew up in an environment immersed in the world of ''tiatr''. Her brothers, including Dioginho, the late Camilo, Joaquim, [[Comedian Peter|Peter]], and David, were all performers in the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater scene,<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Comedian Peter is dead |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-Sunday-Roundtable/comedian-peter-is-dead/41135 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2024-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427183707/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-Sunday-Roundtable/comedian-peter-is-dead/41135 |url-status=live }}</ref> contributing significantly to its growth.<ref name=":0" />

Both Joaquim and David made contributions through their acting and singing, while Peter showcased his talent as a comedian. The Costa family's artistic heritage from Colva has been preserved and continued through future generations, ensuring a legacy of creativity and talent.<ref name=":0" /> From a young age, Dias demonstrated a natural aptitude for acting and singing.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Putting others first |url=https://www.thegoan.net//putting-others-first/2857.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427183626/https://www.thegoan.net//putting-others-first/2857.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She had the opportunity to witness her father's work as he wrote, directed, and performed in ''tiatrs''. Acknowledging her skills and enthusiasm,<ref name=":1" /> her father provided her with an opportunity to showcase her talent on the ''tiatr'' stage by including her in one of his productions, titled ''Ti Mhoji Maim'' (That is my Mother), in 1962.<ref name=":2" /> This marked the beginning of Dias's journey as a performer in the ''tiatr'' tradition.

==Career==
Dias embarked on her career in the ''[[tiatr]]'' industry at a young age, marking the beginning of her theatrical journey. Introduced by her late father, Casiano D'Costa, she made her debut in the ''tiatr'' production titled ''Ti Mhoji Maim'' (That is my Mother) in 1962. Dias's theatrical prowess captivated audiences and garnered admiration. The assistance and motivation she received from her father were instrumental in her journey to becoming a popular female artist on the ''tiatr'' stage.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=An award to bring out the best of young talent on the Konkani stage |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/An-award-to-bring-out-the-best-of-young-talent-on-the-Konkani-stage/207146 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2023-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709210337/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/An-award-to-bring-out-the-best-of-young-talent-on-the-Konkani-stage/207146 |url-status=live }}</ref> Recognizing Dias's talent, her father played a pivotal role in promoting her career, providing opportunities for her to collaborate with various directors of that era. This led to her active participation in several productions, showcasing her acting skills and versatility. In order to further refine her abilities in both singing and acting,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2023-07-18 |title=Golden years in tiatr – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/07/18/magazines/buzz/golden-years-in-tiatr/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718133733/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/07/18/magazines/buzz/golden-years-in-tiatr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dias's father cast her in his subsequent ''tiatr'' production, ''Birankul'' (Terrifying). This experience served as a catalyst for Dias, propelling her into the commercial ''tiatr'' scene. She secured a role in the acclaimed ''tiatr Maim Tum Asli Zalear'' (Mother, if you were there), directed by [[Antonio Sinforiano]]. While Dias portrayed a diverse range of characters throughout her career, she excelled particularly in comedic and semi-comedic roles, finding comfort and success in these performances. Her contributions to the ''tiatr'' industry are extensive, encompassing collaborations with [[Konkani language|Konkani]] directors such as [[Minguel Rod]], [[C. Alvares]], [[Jacinto Vaz]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[John Claro]], [[Aristides Dias]], Mike Mehta, Christopher, F. Cardozo, and [[Nelson Afonso]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Pires |first=Mario |date=2023-07-17 |title=Find out what tiatr's 'Josephine Dias Puroskar' is all about |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/josephine-dias-puroskar-award-for-child-artistes-of-the-tiatr-stage |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Gomantak Times |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427184303/https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/josephine-dias-puroskar-award-for-child-artistes-of-the-tiatr-stage |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dias has made significant contributions to the Konkani theatrical scene. She has garnered acclaim for her performances in various productions by popular writer-directors. Dias showcased her talent in Miguel Rod's ''tiatrs'', namely ''Lembddo Santan'' (Santan, the Stooge) and ''Pobre Fidalgo''. Her portrayals also captivated audiences in C. Alvares' productions of ''Rinn'' (Debt) and ''Durig'' (Wall). Dias's versatility and stage presence were further demonstrated in her collaborations with figures in the [[Tiatr|Konkani theater]]. The Konkani [[showman]] Prem Kumar cast Dias in the plays ''Mortikar'' (Criminal) and ''Ordhi Bakri'' (Half [[Bhakri]]), while the [[Padma Shri]] awardee [[M. Boyer]] featured her in ''Ekuch Kazar'' (One Marriage) and ''Mog Kazar Divorce'' (Love, Marriage, Divorce). Her performances in these productions received acclaim. Dias demonstrated her acting prowess in multiple ''tiatrs'', including productions like ''Kuniad ani Mana'' and ''Bombay Dekho'' (See Bombay) by the then-leading Konkani comedian [[Jacinto Vaz]], as well as ''Divorce'' and ''Doya'' by [[Aristides Dias]].<ref name=":1" />

Moreover, she received acclaim for his roles in ''Portuguese Kollvont'' (Portuguese Artist) and ''Camil Botler'' by [[John Claro]], where her performances were well received by the audience. In addition to her acting prowess, Dias expanded her artistic horizons by venturing into directing with ''Tarvotti'' (Seamen), a play authored by her sibling, Joaquim D'Costa. The theatrical production featured a distinguished ensemble of actors and garnered acclaim, establishing a successful presence in several theatrical venues across [[Goa]]. Dias's artistic contributions extended beyond the stage. Dias's [[music album]] ''Pordexi'' garnered positive reception from listeners, highlighting her musical prowess. Additionally, she contributed her vocals to several Konkani [[audio album]]s such as [[M. Boyer]]'s ''25 Vorsam'', Steve Rod's ''Goemcho Fuddar'', Socorro de Santa Cruz's ''No Time'', and Jr. Rod's ''Kid-Young-Rod'', among other works. Throughout her career, Dias frequently collaborated with Jr. Rod, resulting in captivating [[duet]]s and memorable performances. Her [[on-screen]] appearances encompassed [[video album]]s such as David Costa's ''Maimcho Upkar'' and M. Boyer's ''Tiatrist''. Dias's talents have taken her on tours across India, including cities such as [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Karwar]], [[Sawantwadi]], and [[Malvan]].<ref name=":1" />

Additionally, throughout her career, Dias has collaborated with [[Konkani language|Konkani]] directors such as [[Anil Kumar (actor)|Anil Kumar]], [[Wilson Mazarello]], [[Seby Coutinho]], [[Jephsis Hitler]], Rico Rod, Menino de Bandar, [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]], [[C. D'Silva]], Dioginho D'Costa, Joaquim D'Costa, Mariano Fernandes, Jerry Rodrigues, Greg de Candolim, Felcy, Premanand Lotlikar, [[Star of Curtorim]], and F. X. Dias, among other figures from previous eras of ''[[tiatr]]''. Dias's artistic range extends beyond traditional ''tiatr'' productions, as she has also graced the stage in [[Passion plays]] during the sacred season of [[Lent]].<ref name=":0" /> She made a contribution to the [[liturgical drama|Lenten presentation]] known as ''[[Via Dolorosa]]''. Furthermore, Dias has showcased her vocal talents through collaborative ventures, featuring prominently on [[audio cassettes]] by acclaimed artists such as Jr. Rod, Felcy, F. Cardozo, Socorro de Santa Cruz, and Aniceto. Her performances have also been captured on [[VCD]]s produced by her brother [[Comedian Peter]], David, M. Boyer, and Casino.<ref name=":2" /> It is worth noting that Dias's husband, F. X. Dias, wrote and directed the ''tiatr'' production ''Morna Uprant'' (After Death), in which she displayed her acting prowess.<ref name=":1" /> Dias's versatility as an artist is evident in her ability to embrace diverse roles, although she particularly excels in comedic and semi-comedic performances. Her portrayals of [[Kunbi]] women have garnered acclaim and admiration from the [[Goan]] community. Known for her meticulous approach, Dias diligently immerses herself in the study and understanding of her characters before bringing them to life on stage. Moreover, Dias has garnered international recognition as a ''[[tiatrist]]'', having showcased her talents in various productions worldwide, including works by M. Boyer, Aristides Dias, John Claro, Prem Kumar, and others.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=238 |language=en |access-date=2024-04-27 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dias gained acclaim for her vocal abilities and stage presence. She frequently collaborated with Jr. Rod, forming a highly regarded [[duo (music)|duo]] that garnered praise from ''tiatr'' enthusiasts. Their performances were often met with applause and requests for [[encore]]s, testament to the quality of their musical partnership. Dias's influence extended beyond live performances, as she made contributions to the realm of [[audio recording]]s, achieving success in the marketplace.<ref name=":3" /> She not only lent her voice to several [[Konkani language|Konkani]] [[audio album]]s but also ventured into [[music production]] by releasing her own successful cassette titled ''Pordexi''. This venture proved to be a commercial success, resonating with a wide audience and establishing Dias as a versatile artist in both live and recorded formats. In addition to her musical endeavors, Dias showcased her acting talents on an international scale. She embarked on tours to countries such as [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], [[UAE]], [[Oman]],<ref name=":1" /> [[Muscat]], [[Dubai]], and [[Abu Dhabi]], where she participated in ''tiatrs'' written and directed by playwrights and directors. [[Minguel Rod]], [[C. Alvares]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[John Claro]], [[Jacinto Vaz]], [[M. Boyer]], [[Aristides Dias]], Mike Mehta, [[Anil Kumar (actor)|Anil Kumar]], [[Wilson Mazarello]], [[Seby Coutinho]], Jephsis Hitler, Rico Rod, [[Nelson Afonso]], Menino de Bandar, [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]], [[C. D'Silva]], F Cardozo, and Menino De Bandar are just a few of the individuals with whom she collaborated, contributing to the tapestry of the ''tiatr'' tradition. Dias's artistic legacy endures through her extensive [[discography]]. Her voice graces over 70 Konkani audio albums, and her songs continue to resonate with audiences, even after all these years. Collaborating with Konkani producers such as Felcy, F. Cardozo, Socorro de Santa Cruz, and Aniceto further solidified her position as a vocalist in the ''tiatr'' industry.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=A lifetime of tiatr achievements |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/A-lifetime-of-tiatr-achievements/133479 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2024-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427183626/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/A-lifetime-of-tiatr-achievements/133479 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 19 July 2018, a book titled ''Mogan Morn'' was revealed to honor Dias's 70th birthday. Authored by her late husband, F. X. Dias, the book is a [[romantic novel]] written in [[Romi Konkani]]. The unveiling ceremony took place at the Santa Cruz Church Hall in [[Santa Cruz, Goa]], and was graced by the presence of Dias's son, Arvind, and daughter-in-law, Tania. As of 2018, Dias has taken a sabbatical from her involvement in ''[[tiatr]]s'', a form of [[Goan]] theatrical performances, and has redirected her focus towards active participation in church-related endeavors. In her religious capacity, she is responsible for [[Eucharistic minister|administering the Eucharist]] and holds a position on the [[Pastoral council|church parish council]]. Moreover, Dias leads the [[Charismatic Renewal]] group at the Santa Cruz [[parish]]. Her tenure as a leader in the Charismatic Renewal group spans nearly a decade, while her service as a [[Eucharistic minister]] at the Santa Cruz Church has persisted for 19 years.<ref name=":1" /> As an actress, Dias exhibited versatility and proficiency in adapting to diverse roles. She particularly enjoyed portraying [[character role|character-driven roles]], exemplifying her passion for the craft. In May 2018, Dias delivered a memorable performance in [[Sharon Mazarello]]'s ''tiatr'' production titled ''Tukai Tench Assa'', captivating the audience with her talent. Consequently, directors expressed their desire to witness Dias's return to the theatrical stage.<ref name=":4" /> On 19 July 2023, as part of the celebration of Dias's 75th birthday, a [[novel]] named ''Ema...the mystery girl'' was released. Penned by her late husband, F. X. Dias, in 1995, the novel falls within the genre of romance. As a gesture of goodwill, the novel was distributed free of charge to the attending audience.<ref name=":2" />

==Personal life==
She has a son who is a part of the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]].<ref name=":0" /> Following her marriage to Francisco, Josephine has resided in Rego Bagh, situated in Santa Cruz, Goa.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |pages=120 |language=en |access-date=2024-04-27 |archive-date=2023-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827202743/https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> She actively participates in the [[Catholic]] community and has been engaged in various activities organized by her local [[parish church]] since the early 2000s.<ref name=":1" /> While her appearances on the ''tiatr'' stage have been relatively infrequent in the early 2010s, she continues to demonstrate her involvement in ''tiatrs'' performed during the annual church feasts in her locality, as reported by the media.<ref name=":5" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dias, Josephine}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]
[[Category:Catholic Charismatic Renewal]]

Aravaan

2026-03-14T11:43:34Z

Veronasie: done

{{Short description|2012 Indian film by Vasanthabalan}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Aravaan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[G. Vasanthabalan]]
| producer = [[T. Siva]]
| screenplay = G. Vasanthabalan
| based_on = {{based on|''Kaaval Kottam''|[[S. Venkatesan]]}}
| starring = [[Aadhi (actor)|Aadhi]] [[Pasupathy]] [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]] [[Archana Jose Kavi|Archana Kavi]]
| music = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| cinematography = Siddharth Ramaswamy
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]] [[N. B. Srikanth]]
| studio = [[T. Siva|Amma Creations]]
| distributor = [[Vendhar Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|3|2}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INRConvert|120|m}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aravaan budget is twice that of Angadi Theru |url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/preview/20115508125529/Vasanthabalans-Aravaan.col |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101152822/http://chennaionline.com/movies/preview/20115508125529/Vasanthabalans-Aravaan.col |archive-date=1 November 2013 |access-date=30 October 2013 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>
}}
'''''Aravaan''''' ({{translation|''Snake''}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[epic film|epic]] [[historical fiction|historical]] film directed by [[G. Vasanthabalan]], based on [[S. Venkatesan]]'s novel ''Kaaval Kottam''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-19 |title=Vasanthabalan at it again, going for offbeat theme |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/19/stories/2010071957190200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723145121/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/19/stories/2010071957190200.htm |archive-date=2010-07-23 |access-date=2011-10-05 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It stars [[Aadhi (actor)|Aadhi]], [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]], [[Archana Kavi]] and [[Pasupathy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-08 |title=Vasantha Balan's next film is Aravan |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14948630 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711063045/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14948630 |archive-date=2010-07-11 |access-date=2011-10-05 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Kabir Bedi]] has a prominent role and [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] is also featured in a cameo role. The film marks noted playback singer [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]'s debut as a music director. ''Aravaan'' was released on 2 March 2012.

==Plot==
The film is set in the 18th century and is about a group of people who steal from the wealthy to provide food and shelter for their tribe. Komboodhi is the leader of the gang and always succeeds and keeps his villagers meagerly fed. One day, the general of their small kingdom visits Komboodhi's village and threatens to kill them all as one of them had single-handedly stolen the Queen's diamond necklace. Komboodhi refuses this as they rob only as a gang and makes a wager with the general. If the general gives their village the thief, the villagers would work for the palace for a year. On the other hand, if Komboodhi gives the general the Queen's necklace, the general must provide them with rice for two years.

On the search, he meets the brave Varipuli and identifies him as the lone thief. He brings Varipuli to his village with the necklace, and the villagers get enough rice for two years. A bond develops between the two. Varipuli joins Komboodhi's gang, and they make many heists. Komboodhi's sister falls in love with Varipuli, and when Komboodhi asks for his identity, Varipuli bluntly refuses for the marriage and is housed from the village.

The next day during a bullfight, Komboodhi is badly injured, and Varipuli tries to save him by becoming his replacement. When Komboodhi refuses as he is a wanderer and does not have any ancestry, Varipuli says that his mother was from Komboodhi's village and saves him. Suddenly, a few guards arrest Varipuli and take him to another village.

Varipuli has a past. His real name is Chinna. He is a brave person who belongs to a village that does the palace and local security. One day, a youth named Thogaimayan from the neighbouring village is found dead in the middle of their village. A big fight erupts between the villages. The king of their kingdom intervenes and orders Chinna's village to give a young man of the same age as an offering to God as a penalty.

Chinna becomes an accidental choice. 30 days are given a timeline for his execution. He is in love with a girl in the same village called Vannapechi. After Chinna is chosen to be the offering to the god, Chinna's lover asks her father to permit her to marry Chinna to at least spend his last days together. They marry on the third day. On the 29th day, Chinna finds a fellow villager running with a piece of costly silver jewellery. When Chinna asks him about it, the man replies that he got it from the dead Thogaimayan's hand. Chinna later finds out from a rich prostitute that it belongs to the king himself, as he had abducted her the next day that she became a woman and raped her. Chinna realizes the fact that the killer was the village's King. He secretly confronts the king, and the king reveals the story.

The heirless old king abducts and forcefully marries the only princess of the neighbouring king Om, who was about to be married to her love, by killing all her family members. The king believes that he has expanded his kingdom, as well as got a new attempt to get a son, but the new Queen does not let him touch her. Months later, the king's second wife is found out to be pregnant. The Queen reveals that she is having the baby of the barbarian Thogaimayan in order to take revenge from him as she was the princess of a neighbouring kingdom and this King had killed everyone from her family. She proudly says that his heir will not be a royalty but the son of a barbarian. The king finds out that it was Thogaimayan who created this chaos and kills him and his second wife in the village. Chinna captures the king and tries taking him back to the village, but the king escapes and jumps in a waterfall to avoid the villagers from discovering the truth. Chinna jumps as well but hurts his leg and comes out, only to find that the King is dead.

Meanwhile, in the village, as Chinna was still missing, the villagers sacrifice Chinna's married friend due to the pressure from the other villages, but the village head tells everyone that they all have a right to kill Chinna as he has bought a disgrace to the village. Chinna gets well and meets his family to know that his wife is pregnant. He says he will go to the killing, but his wife tells him to wait and to see the baby's face before leaving, but her father tells Chinna to go out of the village and not come back for ten years as the villagers will forgive anyone after ten years of exile as the villagers will not believe the truth. Chinna leaves, but the neighbouring villagers find him in nine years and eleven months.

At present, Komboodhi and his friends save Chinna and take him in the way they came back again, but Chinna surrenders as he does not want to live a life like that. He sees his son's face for the first and last time, and later, he gets a knife and kills himself. Honouring his last wish, Komboodhi's villagers cease to rob and become guards of places.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Aadhi (actor)|Aadhi]] as Varipuli/Chinna
* [[Pasupathy]] as Komboodhi
* [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]] as Vannapechi
* [[Archana Jose Kavi]] as Chimitti
* Karikaalan as Mathara
* [[Singampuli]]
* [[Thirumurugan (actor)|Thirumurugan]] as Veeranna
* [[Vijayachander]] as Paalaiya Karar
* [[Vinod Raj (Tamil actor)|Vinod Raj]] as Vannapechi’s father
* Kuberan
}}
;Special appearances by:
* [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] as Thogaimayan
* [[Shweta Menon]] as Rajaambaal
* [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] as Vanchi
* [[Shruti Marathe]] as Kanaganuga
* Kavignar Vikramathithan

==Production==

===Development===
In April 2010, following the success of ''[[Angaadi Theru]]'', [[Vasanthabalan]] started working on his new project based on Su. Venkatesan's novel ''Kaaval Kottam'', a novel depicting the history of [[Madurai]] during 1310–1910, which was released in 2009. ''Aravaan''{{'}}s story would be based on one chapter from the novel, running to about 10 pages, with Vasanthabalan claiming that he expanded it and took one year for penning the [[scriptment]],<ref name="rediff1">{{Cite web |date=2012-02-27 |title='I have been branded as a director who makes small films' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-vasanthabalan/20120227.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301035000/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-vasanthabalan/20120227.htm |archive-date=1 March 2012 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> further telling that he had tried to "mix action and emotion".<ref name="thehindu1">{{Cite web |last=Malathi Rangarajan |date=2011-07-30 |title=Arts / Cinema : Peep into the past |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2308288.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828105029/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2308288.ece |archive-date=28 August 2011 |access-date=2011-10-05 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The director said that he included more characters and incidents into the script, disclosing that the film's lead character Varipuli was not there in the short story and that he created him and gave a name.<ref name="rediff1" />

=== Casting ===
Vasanthabalan selected [[Aadhi (actor)|Aadhi]] to portray the lead character of Varipuli, after he had seen him performing in ''[[Mirugam]]'' and ''[[Eeram]]'', citing that he chose him because of his height and his nose.<ref name="thehindu1" /> Aadhi was further requested to develop [[Rectus abdominis muscle|six pack abs]], which he accomplished in three months. [[Pasupathy]], who earlier was cast in Vasanthabalan's ''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]'', was chosen to essay another lead role, since he had the "looks and complexion" of the character he plays, apart from his "powerful eyes and his talent to portray a gamut of emotions".<ref name="thehindu1" /> Vasanthabalan offered [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]], best known for playing a lead role in ''[[Peraanmai]]'', the lead female character of Vannapechi, for she had the "sharp features and dusky skin" required for the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-02-21 |title=Aravaan is the 'film of a lifetime' for Dhanshika |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/aravaan-film-lifetime-dhanshika-416 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222125214/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/aravaan-film-lifetime-dhanshika-416 |archive-date=22 February 2012 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Malayali actress [[Archana Jose Kavi|Archana Kavi]] was hired for her first Tamil film to play the role of Chimitti, a bold and aggressive woman who "loves to take control of everything around her", with Archana reporting that the character was "unlike her real self" and that she had difficulties to "get the body language and the [[Madurai Tamil]] right".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=2011-07-23 |title=ITSY BITSY |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2287657.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901062729/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2287657.ece |archive-date=1 September 2011 |access-date=2011-10-05 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> In January 2011, Hindi film actor [[Kabir Bedi]] who had also appeared in several international productions, notably in the 1983 [[James Bond]] film ''[[Octopussy]]'', was signed for a significant role, making his Tamil film debut,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabir Bedi in Vasantha Balan's Aravan |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kabir-bedi-in-vasantha-balan-s-aravan-news-tamil-lbmkzQfhfhc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115003030/http://www.sify.com/movies/kabir-bedi-in-vasantha-balan-s-aravan-news-tamil-lbmkzQfhfhc.html |archive-date=2011-01-15 |access-date=2011-10-05 |website=Sify.com}}</ref> while the following month, actor [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], who had collaborated with Vasanthabalan in ''Veyil'' as well, accepted to perform a [[cameo role]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharath in Vasanthabalan's Aravan |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bharath-in-vasanthabalan-s-aravan-news-tamil-lcbp4Jbhebg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204061310/http://www.sify.com/movies/bharath-in-vasanthabalan-s-aravan-news-tamil-lcbp4Jbhebg.html |archive-date=2011-02-04 |access-date=2011-10-05 |website=Sify}}</ref> In August 2011 reports confirmed that Malayali model-actress [[Shweta Menon]] would appear in a [[cameo role]] as a dasi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shweta Menon to play Dasi in Aravaan |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shweta-menon-to-play-dasi-in-aravaan-news-tamil-liwmiyaejdd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022082145/http://www.sify.com/movies/shweta-menon-to-play-dasi-in-aravaan-news-tamil-liwmiyaejdd.html |archive-date=2012-10-22 |access-date=2011-10-05 |website=Sify}}</ref>

===Filming===
Since the film was set in the past, the crew needed to find locations that had no trace of "modern life" yet and searched for remote unsettled areas devoid of [[cell phone tower]]s, [[overhead power lines]] and tarred roads. Cinematographer Siddharth commented that it took him four months to find a suitable location.<ref name="rediff2">{{Cite web |date=2012-02-29 |title='Aravaan is the turning point in my career' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-r-siddharth-aravaan-is-a-turning-point-in-my-career/20120229.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302235731/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-r-siddharth-aravaan-is-a-turning-point-in-my-career/20120229.htm |archive-date=2 March 2012 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

The film was shot primarily at four locations, a small village Arithapatti in Madurai,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malathi Rangarajan |date=2012-02-18 |title=Lens, Camera, Impact! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2906968.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227232854/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2906968.ece |archive-date=27 February 2012 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> where the major portions of the film were shot, [[Courtallam]], [[Hogenakkal Falls|Hogenakkal]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], and forest areas in [[Kerala]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="rediff1" /> Arithapatti was a place that boasted off many caves, streams and huge valleys. The place further had hundreds of huts made of bamboo straws, palm leaves and stones and a Karuppan Temple.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} Siddharth stated these locations were chosen as the film had two different tones; the first of half of the film took place in a hot, dry, barren land and the entire portion was shot in Arithapatti, while the flashback scenes would happen in a humid area with greenery, water and huge trees, which was canned in Courtallam and the Kerala forests. The first shots were filmed in the [[Achankovil]] forests in Kerala.<ref name="rediff2" /> In Ovvamalai, near [[Melur]], a settlement of 100 houses was created, while another set was erected at Kongaimalai, near [[Tenkasi]].<ref name="thehindu1" /> Art director Vijay Murugan needed fifty days to erect the sets.<ref name="rediff1" /> The scene where buffaloes are sacrificed was shot in dense forests in Tamil Nadu-Kerala border.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} Producer Siva said that he ordered 5,000 panchas and 3,000 cheeras specially made from Erode and Karur to give it a historical feel.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} Aadhi injured himself while performing a risky stunt sequence, in which the protagonist had to jump over a five feet palm tree.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aravaan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 22 December 2009
| recorded = 2011
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 29:33
| label = [[Times Music|Junglee Music]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| producer = Karthik
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Okkadine]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

The soundtrack was composed by playback singer [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], debuting as a composer through this film. The soundtrack release function was held on 5 October 2011 at the Anna Centenary Library at Kotturpuram in Chennai, with [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Mani Ratnam]] launching the album.

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:33
| title1 = Oore Oore Ennapetha
| lyrics1 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| extra1 = Krishnaraj, [[Mukesh Mohamed]], [[Periya Karuppu Thevar]], [[Rita (Indian singer)|Rita]], Priya
| length1 = 5:01
| title2 = Nila Nila Poguthae
| lyrics2 =[[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length2 = 5:30
| title3 = Poosaripatti Kalavu
| lyrics3 =Na. Muthukumar
| extra3 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Pasupathy]], Kottaichami, Karunanidhi, [[Rahul Nambiar]], M. L. R. Karthikeyan, Vijay Narain, [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathy]], [[Rajendran]] Harish
| length3 = 2:33
| title4 = Unna Kolla Poren
| lyrics4 =Na. Muthukumar
| extra4 = M. L. R. Karthikeyan, [[Bhavatharini]]
| length4 = 4:02
| title5 = Naagamalai Sanchuidchu
| lyrics5 =Na. Muthukumar
| extra5 = Gopal, [[Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram|Seerkazhi Sivachidambaram]]
| length5 = 6:34
| title6 = Nanadakumara
| lyrics6 =Na. Muthukumar
| extra6 = Subhiksha
| length6 = 2:53
| title7 = Oruvaan Irruvaan
| lyrics7 =Na. Muthukumar
| extra7 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length7 = 3:00
| title8 = Kizhakku Africa Therku Asia Therkizhakku Asia Therku Africa Muraikku Kizhakku Asia
| lyrics8 = Ozil
| extra8 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Rajendran]], [[Jacob Zuma]], [[Thirumurugan (director)|Thirumurugan]], [[Vishnu (TV actor)|Vishnu]]
| length8 = 6:45
}}

===Critical reception===
Pavithra Srinivasan of [[Rediff.com]] rated the soundtrack 3 out of 5 stars and wrote: "Aravaan is worth a listen."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-14 |title=Music review: Aravaan is worth a listen |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-aravaan-is-worth-a-listen/20111014.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216210429/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-aravaan-is-worth-a-listen/20111014.htm |archive-date=16 December 2011 |access-date=2013-05-17 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> Milliblog wrote: "Disappointingly safe and innocuous composing debut by Karthik."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |date=2011-10-05 |title=Aravaan (Music review) |url=http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2011/10/05/aravaan-music-review-tamil-karthik/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124212342/http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2011/10/05/aravaan-music-review-tamil-karthik/ |archive-date=24 November 2011 |access-date=2013-05-17 |publisher=Itwofs.com}}</ref> Musicaloud called it, "A debut replete with feel-good songs, but devoid of much innovativeness."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vipin |date=2012-03-03 |title=Aravan - Music Review |url=http://www.musicaloud.com/2011/10/06/aravan-music-review-tamil-movie-soundtrack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406233818/http://www.musicaloud.com/2011/10/06/aravan-music-review-tamil-movie-soundtrack/ |archive-date=6 April 2012 |access-date=2013-05-17 |publisher=Music Aloud}}</ref> Musicperk wrote: "In his very first attempt, singer Karthik has proved himself as a promising music director. He used to charm us with his singing and now his compositions are equally charming. He does justice to this period film."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-08 |title=Aravaan |url=http://www.musicperk.com/aravaan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102121945/http://www.musicperk.com/aravaan/ |archive-date=2 November 2012 |access-date=2013-05-17 |publisher=Musicperk}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
Pavithra Srinivasan from [[Rediff.com]] gave it four out of five stars, labelling it as "brilliant" and calling it a "must-watch film". The reviewer further commented: "''Aravaan'' is a slice of life from 18th-century Tamil Nadu, with its lifestyle, humour, sorrows, loves and losses documented in painstaking fashion. This is an ode to history that deserves every bit of attention it receives. As such, it's one of those movies that deserve to become a legend."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-02 |title=Review: Aravaan is brilliant |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-aravaan-is-brilliant/20120302.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304154244/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-aravaan-is-brilliant/20120302.htm |archive-date=4 March 2012 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> The film was also reviewed by Malathi Rangarajan of ''The Hindu''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2012-03-03 |title=Aravaan: A lofty aim |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2957450.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305042300/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2957450.ece |archive-date=5 March 2012 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Vasanthabalan}}

[[Category:2010s historical films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vasanthabalan]]
[[Category:Films produced by T. Siva]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1700s]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Indian historical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language historical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Shubho Mahurat

2026-03-04T03:43:25Z

Veronasie: small rework details after review further and corrected details

{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shubho Mahurat
| image = Shubho Mahurat.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Rituparno Ghosh]]
| writer = [[Agatha Christie]] (story) Rituparno Ghosh (screenplay)
| music = [[Debojyoti Mishra]]
| starring = [[Sharmila Tagore]] [[Raakhee]] [[Nandita Das]] [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] [[Sumanta Mukherjee]] [[Anindya Chatterjee]]
| cinematography = [[Avik Mukhopadhyay]]
| editing = [[Arghyakamal Mitra]]
| released = {{Film date|2003}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
}}

'''''Shubho Mahurat''''' is a 2003 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Indian Bengali]] [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[Rituparno Ghosh]]. The film is based on [[Agatha Christie]]'s 1962 [[Miss Marple]] detective novel ''[[The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2017/nov/22/aboard-the-mystery-train-3207.amp|title=Aboard the mystery train | Cinemaexpress|website=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=14 August 2020|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127163337/https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2017/nov/22/aboard-the-mystery-train-3207.amp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its [[ensemble cast]] includes [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Rakhee Gulzar]], [[Nandita Das]], [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]], [[Anindya Chatterjee]], [[Moumita Gupta]] and [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]. It won two [[National Film Awards|National Film awards]], those of [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature film in Bengali]] and [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for Rakhee.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title='Shubho Mahurat' - Rituparno Ghosh and his memorable National Award-winning films|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/rituparno-ghosh-and-his-memorable-national-award-winning-films/Shubho-Mahurat/photostory/64556573.cms|access-date=2020-09-16|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Plot==
The phrase "''Shubho Mahurat''" ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: শুভ মহরৎ) is associated with the beginning of shooting for a feature film. The first shot is marked by a grand reception.

An [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]] producer and former leading actress, Padmini Chowdhury, has returned to India to invest in a film. Her second husband Sambit Roy, an out-of-work director, is assigned to direct. Padmini insists on casting a retired actress, Kakoli Sengupta, in a prominent role. Covering the event are a journalist for a local magazine, Mallika Sen, and a [[Freelancer|freelance]] photographer, Shubhankar Chowdhury. The production team also includes [[Make-up artist|makeup artist]] Kalpana Sengupta and camera assistant Sunil Mehra.

At the reception, Kakoli feels unwell and leaves early. She takes Mallika home with her after agreeing to do an interview. At her house, however, Kakoli's condition deteriorates until she collapses and dies. Learning from her husband that she was a [[Addiction|drug addict]], police suspect an overdose, but the [[autopsy]] reveals [[strychnine]] poisoning. Investigating officer Arindam Chatterjee initially suspects the husband, who is in an [[Infidelity|extramarital affair]], but the poison is found to have entered her system while she was at the reception event. Mallika reveals that Kakoli only had a glass of [[soft drink]] at the party, and the drink was actually meant for Padmini. Mallika discusses all this with her paternal aunt, Ranga Pishima, who conjectures that another murder might soon follow. Meanwhile, a mutual attraction develops between both Mallika-Arindam and Mallika-Shubhankar. Pishima discovers that Shubhankar is actually related to Padmini: his uncle was Padmini's first husband, and she doted on Shubhankar when he was a child.

Kalpana tells Padmini about her relationship with Sunil, who is married, and how Sunil had refused to pay for the treatment of Kalpana's daughter. Padmini promises to help her, and tells her about her own son, who died aged 16 from a [[Birth defect|congenital disorder]]. Kalpana then goes to Sunil's, is seen leaving after having some soft drink, and is later reported dead. Sunil is arrested.

Pishima listens to the recordings of Mallika's interview with Kakoli, questions Shubhankar further about Padmini, then asks Mallika to call up the director of Kakoli and Padmini's last film together. She then places an anonymous piece in her niece's magazine, which is about whether [[Vertically transmitted infection|infections during pregnancy]] can harm the unborn child, in the edition which is to carry Padmini's interview with Mallika. A copy is sent to Padmini with the page highlighted. This has the desired effect as Padmini rushes to Pishima and Mallika's home to enquire about the piece, and Pishima narrates to her how she has solved the mystery.

During their last film together, Padmini was pregnant and Kakoli had a [[contagious disease]], which she spread to her co-actress. This infection was transmitted to the unborn child, which would later lead to his death. Padmini poisoned Kakoli in revenge, but was seen by Kalpana, who tried to blackmail her and was silenced in turn.

Pishima tells Padmini that she is her fan and her story is safe with her. Padmini returns home and is later found to have committed suicide. As per her last promise, she sends Pishima an [[autograph]] and a long reply to her fan mail, in which she also promises to support the treatment of Kalpana's daughter.

Conflicted between Arindam and him, Mallika asks Shubhankar if it is possible to love two people at once. Shubhankar replies that Padmini had once said the same thing before she left his uncle for Sambit. He also says that Padmini proved it herself that this was impossible: she had completely forgotten about Shubhankar after her son was born, to the point that she could not recognise him at the reception.

==Cast==
Source:<ref>{{Citation|title=Shubho Mahurat (2003) - IMDb|date=25 July 2003|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0368969/|language=en|access-date=2020-09-16}}</ref>
* [[Sharmila Tagore]] as Padmini 'Ranu' Chowdhury
* [[Raakhee]] as Ranga Pishima (Character based on [[Miss Marple]])
* [[Nandita Das]] as Mallika 'Mili' Sen
* [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] as Arindam Chatterjee, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Sumanta Mukherjee]] as Sambit Roy
* [[Kalyani Mandal]] as Kakoli Sengupta
* [[Kaushik Banerjee]] as Pranabesh Sengupta, Kakoli's husband
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Sunil Mehra
* [[Aparajita Adhya]] as Pramila Mehra, Sunil's wife
* [[Moumita Gupta]] as Kalpana Sengupta
* [[Anindya Chatterjee]] as Shubhankar 'Jojo' Chowdhury
* [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]] (special appearance)
* [[Goutam Ghose]] (special appearance)
* [[Soumitra Chattopadhyay]] (special appearance)
* [[Subhendu Chattopadhyay]] (special appearance)
* [[Madhabi Mukherjee]] (special appearance)

==Awards==
* 2003 – [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for [[Rakhee Gulzar|Rakhee]]<ref name=":0" />
* 2003 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]]<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0368969|title=Shubho Mahurat}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Bengali}}
{{Rituparno Ghosh}}
{{Miss Marple}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:2003 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Miss Marple books]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress National Film Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rituparno Ghosh]]
[[Category:Best Bengali Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:2003 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]

Pranayam (2024 film)

2026-03-03T12:12:27Z

Veronasie: made a stub!

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pranayam
| image = Pranayam (2024 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = S. Dattatreya
| writer =
| screenplay = S. Dattatreya
| story = Paramesh
| based_on = 
| producer = Paramesh
| starring = [[Rajavardan]] [[Naina Ganguly]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = V. Nagesh Acharya
| editing =
| music = [[Mano Murthy]]
| studio = Mansi Ventures
| distributor = P2 Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|2|9}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Pranayam''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[thriller film]] directed by S. Dattatreya and starring [[Rajavardan]] and [[Naina Ganguly]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/films-on-romance-are-always-refreshing-dattatreya/articleshow/107425438.cms|title=Films on romance are always refreshing: Dattatreya|date=6 February 2024|work=The Times of India|access-date=14 February 2024|archive-date=8 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208103626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/films-on-romance-are-always-refreshing-dattatreya/articleshow/107425438.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released to mixed reviews.

== Cast ==
*[[Rajavardan]] as Gautham
*[[Naina Ganguly]] as Amrutha
*Pavan Surya

== Production ==
The film was shot in [[Chikmagalur|Chikkamagaluru]], [[Shivamogga]], [[Bengaluru]] and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pranayam-a-film-that-will-haunt-audiences-paramesha-s/articleshow/107525990.cms|title=Pranayam, a film that will haunt audiences: Paramesha S|date=9 February 2024|work=The Times of India|access-date=14 February 2024|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209121856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pranayam-a-film-that-will-haunt-audiences-paramesha-s/articleshow/107525990.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rajavardans-next-sees-him-go-from-boy-next-door-to-mass-hero/articleshow/96162110.cms|title=Rajavardan's next sees him go from boy next door to mass hero|date=12 December 2022|work=The Times of India|access-date=14 February 2024|archive-date=22 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222061436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rajavardans-next-sees-him-go-from-boy-next-door-to-mass-hero/articleshow/96162110.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/im-thrilled-to-be-back-on-set-rajavardhan/articleshow/107458482.cms|title=I'm thrilled to be back on set: Rajavardhan|date=7 February 2024|work=The Times of India|access-date=14 February 2024|archive-date=8 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208022947/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/im-thrilled-to-be-back-on-set-rajavardhan/articleshow/107458482.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Mano Murthy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pranayam - Playlist - Listen on JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/featured/pranayam/gyAJgozGbwU14faDlWgB3A__ |website=JioSaavn |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424050918/https://www.jiosaavn.com/featured/pranayam/gyAJgozGbwU14faDlWgB3A__ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bere Maate Illa (From "Pranayam") |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66BuR4YKocs |website=YouTube Music | date=13 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sameepa (From "Pranayam") Song: Sameepa (From "Pranayam") MP3 Kannada Song by ManoMurthy Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/sameepa-from-pranayam |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=14 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ninage Sigalu Eedina - Mano Murthy, Sonu Nigam - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pranayam/WTjZmGw-jW0_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=14 February 2024 |date=1 February 2024}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Malegaala Bantu Saniha
| length1 = 4:29
| lyrics1 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| title2 = Ninage Sigalu Eedina
| length2 = 4:54
| lyrics2 = Chinmay Bhavikere
| extra2 = Sonu Nigam
| title3 = Sameepa
| length3 = 3:56
| lyrics3 = Hrudaya Shiva
| extra3 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title4 = Bere Maate Illa
| length4 = 4:39
| lyrics4 = Jayanth Kaikini
| extra4 = [[Hemanth Kumar]], Vani Satish
| title5 = Ninage Sigalu Eedina (female version)
| length5 = 3:32
| lyrics5 = Chinmay Bhavikere
| extra5 = Shreya Ghoshal
| total_length = 21:30
}}

== Reception ==
Vinay Lokesh from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film {{fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 and wrote that "''Pranayam'' is a film that begins as a romantic family drama, but turns into a thriller. However, not enough screen time has been dedicated to convince the audience of the growing bond between the couple and the transition of the storyline thereafter".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/pranayam/movie-review/107557410.cms|title=Pranayam Movie Review : Pranayam review: Mystery thriller set against the backdrop of romance|work=The Times of India}}</ref> A Sharadhaa from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote that "The story starts on a romantic note but doesn’t quite satisfy with its supposed twist. The ending doesn’t quite match the build-up, and it falls flat".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/feb/12/pranayam-movie-reviewa-tale-about-bonds-being-tested-ends-on-a-chilly-note-51977.html|title=Pranayam Movie Review: A tale about bonds being tested ends on a chilly note|website=Cinema Express|date=12 February 2024 }}</ref> Vinayak K.S. from ''[[Prajavani]]'' wrote that "When an unexpected twist appears in the couple's life, their ideas change, the relationship is tested. The screenplay could have been stronger at this stage".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/movie-review/pranayam-kannada-movie-review-2681022|title=ರಾಜವರ್ಧನ್‌, ನೈನಾ ಗಂಗೂಲಿ ಪ್ರಣಯಂ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆ: ಪ್ರಣಯ ಲೋಕದ ಹಲವು ತಿರುವು|first=ವಿನಾಯಕ|last=ಕೆ.ಎಸ್|website=Prajavani|language=kn|access-date=2024-02-14|archive-date=2024-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212173914/https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/movie-review/pranayam-kannada-movie-review-2681022|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|27049957}}

[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]

Amrapur, Amreli

2026-03-01T00:28:14Z

Veronasie: stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Amrapur''' is a village situated in the [[Kunkavav Vadia Taluka]] of [[Amreli district]] in the state of [[Gujarat]], India. As per government records, the village bears the census code 515426. It spans a total geographical area of 2,347.64 hectares (approximately 23.47 square kilometers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amrapur village in Kunkavav Vadia taluka, Amreli, Gujarat, India |url=https://vill.co.in/gujarat/amreli/kunkavav-vadia-480038390/amrapur-038395154260/ |website=vill.co.in |language=en}}</ref> The village has a population of 3,618 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/387/download/1196/DH_2011_2413_PART_B_DCHB_AMRELI.pdf |website=[[2011 census of India]] |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref>

==Notability==
Dharmeshbhai Mathukiya gained recognition for earning ₹1.5 crore annually through innovative chilli farming and exports, despite having formal education only up to class 8. His success story has been widely covered in national media.<ref>{{cite web |title=How This Class 8 Pass Farmer Earns Rs 1.5 Crore Annually |url=https://www.news18.com/business/how-this-class-8-pass-farmer-earns-rs-1-5-crore-annually-8752773.html |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|21|36|57|N|71|02|10|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Amreli district]]

{{Amreli-geo-stub}}

Cedrus deodara

2026-02-23T02:49:22Z

Veronasie: minor expanded intro after review further and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = {{Fossilrange|Quaternary|Recent}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chauhan |first1=M. S. |title=A Catalogue of Fossil Plants from India Part 6: Cenozoic (Quaternary) Palynology and Palaeobotany. |journal=Paleobotany |date=1991}}</ref>
| name = Deodar cedar
| image = Cedrus_deodara_Manali_2.jpg
| image_caption = Adult trees in [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Farjon, A. |date=2013 |title=''Cedrus deodara'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T42304A2970751 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42304A2970751.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Cedrus
| species = deodara
| authority = ([[William Roxburgh|Roxb.]]) [[George Don|G.Don]]
}}

'''''Cedrus deodara''''', the '''deodar cedar''', '''Himalayan cedar''', or '''deodar''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date = 24 May 2021}}</ref> is a species of [[Cedrus|cedar]] native to the [[Himalayas]].

==Description==
It is a large [[evergreen]] [[conifer]]ous tree reaching {{convert|40|-|50|m|0|abbr=off}} tall, exceptionally {{convert|60|m|0|abbr=on}} with a trunk up to {{convert|3|m|0|abbr=on}} in diameter. It has a conic crown with level branches and drooping branchlets.<ref name=farjon>{{cite book |first=Farjon |last=Aljos |year=1990 |title=Pinaceae: drawings and descriptions of the genera Abies, Cedrus, Pseudolarix, Keteleeria, Nothotsuga, Tsuga, Cathaya, Pseudotsuga, Larix and Picea |location=Koenigstein |publisher=Koeltz Scientific Books |isbn=978-3-87429-298-6}}{{page needed|date=September 2013}}</ref>

The [[leaves]] are needle-like, mostly {{convert|2.5|–|5|cm|abbr=off|frac=4}} long, occasionally up to {{convert|7|cm|abbr=on|frac=2}} long, slender ({{convert|1|mm|abbr=out|disp=or|frac=32}} thick), borne singly on long [[Shoot (botany)|shoots]], and in dense clusters of 20–30 on short shoots; they vary from bright green to [[glaucous]] blue-green in colour. The female [[conifer cone|cones]] are barrel-shaped, {{convert|7|–|13|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} long and {{convert|5|–|9|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} broad, and disintegrate when mature (in 12 months) to release the winged [[seed]]s. The male cones are {{convert|4|–|6|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} long, and shed their [[pollen]] in autumn.<ref name=farjon/>

{{gallery|mode=packed
|Cedrus deodara India14.jpg|Young tree in [[India]]
|Cedrus deodara India17.jpg|Older tree in India
|Cedrus deodara 7zz.jpg|Trunk
|Cedrus deodara leaves closeup.jpg|Close-up of leaves
|Cedrus deodara India01.jpg|Leaves and female cone
|2018-06-24. Шишка 02.jpg|Top view of cone
}}

=== Chemistry ===
The bark of ''Cedrus deodara'' contains large amounts of [[taxifolin]].<ref name=Willfor>{{cite journal |doi=10.1515/HF.2009.095 |title=Extractives in bark of different conifer species growing in Pakistan |year=2009 |last1=Willför |first1=Stefan |last2=Ali |first2=Mumtaz |last3=Karonen |first3=Maarit |last4=Reunanen |first4=Markku |last5=Arfan |first5=Mohammad |last6=Harlamow |first6=Reija |journal=Holzforschung |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=551–8|s2cid=97003177 }}</ref> The wood contains [[cedeodarin]], [[ampelopsin]], [[cedrin]], [[cedrinoside]],<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0031-9422(80)85133-8 |title=Dihydroflavonols from ''Cedrus deodara'' |year=1980 |last1=Agrawal |first1=P.K. |last2=Agarwal |first2=S.K. |last3=Rastogi |first3=R.P. |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=893–6 |bibcode=1980PChem..19..893A }}</ref> and [[deodarin]] (3′,4′,5,6-tetrahydroxy-8-methyl dihydroflavonol).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0040-4020(01)96989-3 |title=Chemical investigation of the stem-bark of ''Cedrus deodara'' |year=1965 |last1=Adinarayana |first1=D. |last2=Seshadri |first2=T.R. |journal=Tetrahedron |volume=21 |issue=12 |pages=3727–30}}</ref> The main components of the needle essential oil include [[α-terpineol]] (30.2%), [[linalool]] (24.47%), [[limonene]] (17.01%), [[anethole]] (14.57%), [[caryophyllene]] (3.14%), and [[eugenol]] (2.14%).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02767.x |title=Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil from Pine Needle (Cedrus deodara) |year=2012 |last1=Zeng |first1=Wei-Cai |last2=Zhang |first2=Zeng |last3=Gao |first3=Hong |last4=Jia |first4=Li-Rong |last5=He |first5=Qiang |journal=Journal of Food Science |volume=77 |issue=7 |pages=C824–9 |pmid=22757704}}</ref> The deodar cedar also contains [[lignan]]s<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0031-9422(82)80172-6 |title=Two lignans from Cedrus deodara |year=1982 |last1=Agrawal |first1=P.K. |last2=Rastogi |first2=R.P. |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=1459–1461 |bibcode=1982PChem..21.1459A }}</ref> and the phenolic sesquiterpene [[himasecolone]], together with [[isopimaric acid]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0031-9422(81)80031-3 |title=Terpenoids from ''Cedrus deodara'' |year=1981 |last1=Agarwal |first1=P.K. |last2=Rastogi |first2=R.P. |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=1319–21 |bibcode=1981PChem..20.1319A }}</ref> Other compounds have been identified, including (−)-[[matairesinol]], (−)-[[nortrachelogenin]], and a dibenzylbutyrolactollignan ([[4,4',9-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-9,9'-epoxylignan]]).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=11600001 |year=2001 |last1=Tiwari |first1=AK |last2=Srinivas |first2=PV |last3=Kumar |first3=SP |last4=Rao |first4=JM |title=Free radical scavenging active components from Cedrus deodara |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=4642–5 |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |doi=10.1021/jf010573a |bibcode=2001JAFC...49.4642T }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The [[botanical name]], which is also the English [[common name]], is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] term ''devadāru'', which means "wood of the gods", a compound of ''deva'' "god" and ''dāru'' "wood and tree".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shinde |first1=U. A. |last2=Phadke |first2=A. S. |last3=Nair |first3=A. M. |last4=Mungantiwar |first4=A. A. |last5=Dikshit |first5=V. J. |last6=Saraf |first6=M. N. |date=1999-06-01 |title=Membrane stabilizing activity — a possible mechanism of action for the anti-inflammatory activity of Cedrus deodara wood oil |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0367326X99000301 |journal=Fitoterapia |language=en |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=251–257 |doi=10.1016/S0367-326X(99)00030-1 |issn=0367-326X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mehta |first=Devanssh |date=2012-01-01 |title=An insight into traditional system of medicine |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344187319}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Cedrus deodara India24.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Trees growing in [[Kalpa, Himachal Pradesh]], India]]

The species natively occurs in [[Afghanistan|East-Afghanistan]], [[Tibet|South Western Tibet]], [[Nepal|Western Nepal]], [[Pakistan|Northern Pakistan]], and [[North India|North-Central India]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Avadhesh |last2=Singh |first2=Vandana |last3=Chaudhary |first3=Amrendra Kumar |date=2011-03-24 |title=Gastric antisecretory and antiulcer activities of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud. in Wistar rats |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874110008950 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |language=en |volume=134 |issue=2 |pages=294–297 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.019 |pmid=21182918 |issn=0378-8741|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />

It grows at elevations of {{convert|1500|-|3200|m|-3|abbr=on}}.

==Reproduction==
"Deodar is a wind-pollinated [[monoecious]] species".<ref>Sharma, C. M., & Khanduri, V. P. (2011). Pollen cone characteristics, pollen yield and pollen-mediated gene flow in Cedrus deodara. Current Science (Bangalore), 102(3), 394–397</ref>

==Cultivation==

It is widely grown as an [[ornamental tree]], often planted in parks and large gardens for its drooping foliage. General cultivation is limited to areas with mild winters, with trees frequently killed by temperatures below about {{convert|-25|C|F}}, limiting it to [[USDA zone]] 7 and warmer for reliable growth.<ref name=odum>{{cite book |last=Ødum |first=S. |year=1985 |title=Report on frost damage to trees in Denmark after the severe 1981/82 and 1984/85 winters |publisher=Hørsholm Arboretum |location=Denmark}}{{page needed|date=September 2013}}</ref> It can succeed in rather cool-summer climates, as in [[Ushuaia, Argentina]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://treesneartheirlimits.blogspot.ca/ |title = Trees Near Their Limits}}</ref>

The most cold-tolerant trees originate in the northwest of the species' range in [[Kashmir]] and [[Paktia Province]], Afghanistan. Selected [[cultivar]]s from this region are hardy to USDA zone 7 or even zone 6, tolerating temperatures down to about {{convert|-30|C|F}}.<ref name=odum/> Named cultivars from this region include 'Eisregen', 'Eiswinter', 'Karl Fuchs', 'Kashmir', 'Polar Winter', and 'Shalimar'.<ref name=welch>{{cite book |first1=Welch|last1=Humphrey James |editor1-last=Haddows |editor1-first=Gordon |year=1993 |title=The World Checklist of Conifers |location=Bromyard |publisher=Landsman's Bookshop |isbn=978-0-900513-09-1}}</ref><ref name=krussmann>{{cite book |first=Krüssmann |last=Gerd |year=1983 |title=Handbuch der Nadelgehölze |edition=2nd |location=Berlin |publisher=Parey |isbn=978-3-489-62622-0 |language=de}}{{page needed|date=September 2013}}</ref> Of these, 'Eisregen', 'Eiswinter', 'Karl Fuchs', and 'Polar Winter' were selected in Germany from seed collected in Paktia; 'Kashmir' was a selection of the nursery trade, whereas 'Shalimar' originated from seeds collected in 1964 from [[Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar)|Shalimar Gardens]], Kashmir and propagated at the [[Arnold Arboretum]].<ref name=welch/>

''C. deodara''<ref>{{cite web
| url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/3295/i-Cedrus-deodara-i/Details
|title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Cedrus deodar''
| publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> and the three cultivars 'Feelin' Blue',<ref>{{cite web
| url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/62081/i-Cedrus-deodara-i-Feelin-Blue/Details
|title = RHS Plantfinder - Cedrus deodara 'Feelin' Blue'
| publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> 'Pendula'<ref>{{cite web
| url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/91507/Cedrus-deodara-Pendula/Details
|title = RHS Plantfinder - Cedrus deodara 'Pendula'
| publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> and 'Aurea'<ref>{{cite web
| url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/93375/i-Cedrus-deodara-i-Aurea/Details
|title = RHS Plantfinder - Cedrus deodara 'Aurea'
| publisher = Royal Horticultural Society
| access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]] (confirmed 2021).<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = December 2020 | pages = 18, 19 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 15 June 2021}}</ref>

==Uses==
===Construction material===
[[File:Cedrus deodara00.jpg|thumb|Wood|upright]]

Deodar is in great demand as building material because of its durability, rot-resistant character and fine, close grain, which is capable of taking a high polish. Its historical use to construct religious temples and in landscaping around temples is well recorded. Its rot-resistant character also makes it an ideal wood for constructing the well-known [[houseboats]] of [[Srinagar]], Kashmir. In Pakistan and India, during the British colonial period, deodar wood was used extensively for construction of barracks, public buildings, bridges, canals and railway cars.<ref name="gowan"/> Despite its durability, it is not a strong timber, and its brittle nature makes it unsuitable for delicate work where strength is required, such as chair-making.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}

=== Herbal Ayurveda ===
''C. deodara'' is used in [[Ayurvedic]] medicine.<ref name="gowan"/>

The inner wood is aromatic and used to make incense. Inner wood is distilled into essential oil. As insects avoid this tree, the essential oil is used as insect repellent on the feet of horses, cattle and camels. It also has antifungal properties and has some potential for control of fungal deterioration of spices during storage.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} The outer bark and stem are astringent.<ref name=FAO>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/V5350e/V5350e12.htm |chapter=Cedarwood Oils |title=Flavours and fragances of plant origin |year=1995 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |isbn=92-5-103648-9 |access-date=2008-08-26 |archive-date=2011-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618030456/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v5350e/v5350e12.htm }}</ref>

Because of its antifungal and insect repellent properties, rooms made of deodar cedar wood are used to store meat and food grains like oats and wheat in [[Shimla district|Shimla]], [[Kullu district|Kullu]], and [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]] district of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

[[Cedar oil]] is often used for its aromatic properties, especially in [[aromatherapy]]. It has a characteristic woody odour which may change somewhat in the course of drying out. The crude oils are often yellowish or darker in colour. Its applications include soap perfumes, household sprays, floor polishes, and [[insecticide]]s, and is also used in microscope work as a clearing oil.<ref name=FAO/>

=== Incense ===
The gum of the tree is used to make [[rope incense]] in [[Nepal]] and [[Tibet]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Andrews |first=Arden Fanning |date=2021-09-10 |title=An Incense for Every Occasion |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/10/t-magazine/incense-guide.html |access-date=2022-12-14 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Nathiagali Pipeline Track 04.jpg|thumb|Cedrus deodara in [[Ayubia National Park]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan]]
Among [[Hindus]], as the etymology of deodar suggests, it is worshiped as a divine tree. Deva, the first half of the Sanskrit term, means ''divine'', ''deity'', or ''deus''. Dāru, the second part, is cognate with (related to) the words ''durum'', ''druid'', ''tree'', and ''true''.<ref name="gowan">{{cite web |url=https://jcmcgowan.blogspot.com/2008/03/blog-post.html |first=Chris |last=McGowan |date=March 5, 2008 |title=The Deodar Tree: the Himalayan 'Tree of God'}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=September 2013}} Several Hindu legends refer to this tree. For example, [[Valmiki]] [[Ramayan]] reads:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.valmikiramayan.net/kishkindha/sarga43/kishkindha_43_frame.htm|title=Valmiki Ramayana - Kishkindha Kanda|website=www.valmikiramayan.net}}</ref>

{{blockquote|In the stands of ''Lodhra'' trees,<ref>[[Symplocos racemosa]]</ref> ''Padmaka'' trees <ref>[[Wild Himalayan Cherry]]</ref> and in the woods of ''Devadaru'', or ''Deodar'' trees, ''[[Ravana]]'' is to be searched there and there, together with ''[[Sita]]''. [4-43-13]}}

The deodar is the [[National symbols of Pakistan|national tree]] of Pakistan,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/national_symbols.html |title=Pakistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128073024/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/national_symbols.html |archive-date=2016-11-28 }}{{primary source inline|date=March 2016}}</ref> and the [[List of Indian state symbols|state tree]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India.

''[[Under the Deodars]]'' was an 1889 short story collection by [[Rudyard Kipling]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2828|title=Under the Deodars|first=Rudyard|last=Kipling|date=September 1, 2001|via=Project Gutenberg}}</ref>

The 1902 musical ''[[A Country Girl]]'' featured a song called "Under the Deodar."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shazam.com/gb/track/83459379/under-the-deodar-from-the-country-girl|title=Shazam|website=Shazam}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian timber trees]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130929191847/http://conifersaroundtheworld.com/blog/cedrus_deodara_himalayan_cedar Conifers Around the World: ''Cedrus deodara - Himalayan Cedar''].

{{National symbols of Pakistan}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q146935}}

[[Category:Cedrus|deodara]]
[[Category:Trees of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Flora of Tibet]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Trees of temperate climates]]
[[Category:Least concern flora of Asia]]
[[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Drought-tolerant trees]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]

Vijay Rural Engineering College

2026-02-22T05:18:59Z

Veronasie: adding first info w/ infobox

{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox school
| image = VREC at dusk.jpg
| caption = A Block, VREC
| name = Vijay Rural Engineering College
| established = 1997
| type = Private [[Engineering College]]
| chairman = K.Narender Reddy
| president = Amruta Latha
| principal = Dr. P.sampath Rao
| affiliation = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad|JNTU Hyderabad]]
| motto =
| city = [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|18|43|29|N|78|8|50|E|type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| free_label = Acronym
| free_text = VREC
| campus =
| location = Das Nagar-503003
| address = Rochis Valley
| website = {{URL|vrec.ac.in}}
}}

'''Vijay Rural Engineering College''', also known as '''VREC''', is a private [[engineering]] and [[Institute of technology|polytechnic]] college established in 1997 in [[Nizamabad, Andhra Pradesh|Nizamabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]. It is {{convert|8|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} away from [[Nizamabad railway station]] and {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=off}} from [[Nizamabad Bus Station]].The college is affiliated to [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad]] and approved by [[All India Council for Technical Education]], [[New Delhi]].

==History==
VREC was established in 1997 with four branches of [[Computer engineering|Computer Science Engineering]], [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]],
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering and [[Mechanical Engineering]] with a capacity of 40 seats per branch. The Department of [[Civil Engineering]] was established in the year 2012. It is managed by Ideal Education Society.

==Campus==
[[Image:VREC,A Block.jpg|thumb|320x240px|A Block houses B.Tech departments]]
The campus is divided into diploma (polytechnic) and undergraduate provision by A and B blocks respectively. Vijay College of Pharmacy is also situated in the VREC campus. The college started as Jawahar Knowledge Center in 2006 and it is upgraded to JKC-Star Center. It is co-ordinated by Institute of Electronic Governance. There are labs, workshops and computer centers within all the blocks of the college. There is a library and Information center in the A block.

==Academics==
The college admits undergraduate and diploma students every year through the statewide TS [[EAMCET]] and Polycet exams. It offers [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] in multiple disciplines. The college used to offer [[M.Tech]], [[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA) & MCA till 2015 (year clarification needed) but the admissions into all PG courses were revoked by JNTUH and AICTE.

==Departments==
* [[Civil Engineering]]
* [[Mechanical Engineering]]
* [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]]
* [[Electrical and Electronics Engineering]]
* [[Computer engineering|Computer Science Engineering]]

===Intake===
;Undergraduate and Diploma :<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amruthalatha.com/institutes/vrec.html|title=Vijay Rural Engineering College - Vijay Group of Institutions : : : AMRUTHA LATHA.COM|work=amruthalatha.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Branch !! B.Tech !! Diploma
|-
| Civil || 60|| 60
|-
| Mech || 60|| 60
|-
| EEE || 60|| 60
|-
| CSE || 120 || 60
|-
| ECE || 120 || 60
|}

;Postgraduate : (admissions into all PG courses revoked by JNTUH)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Branch !! Seats
|-
| Power Electronics || 18
|-
| Machine Design || 18
|-
| Computer Science & Engineering || 18
|-
| ECE || 18
|-
| Web Technologies || 18
|-
| Cyber Forensics & Information Security || 18
|-
| MBA || 60
|-
| MCA ||
|}

==Extra-curricular activities==

===Fests===
The college holds cultural fests every year and it is also open to the students belonging to other engineering colleges in [[Nizamabad district]].

===NSS===
[[Image:LEAD programme ,VREC.jpg|thumb|LEAD programme at VREC]]
NSS{{clarify|What does NSS mean?|date=November 2021}} unit was established in the college in 2001. From the day of beginning, NSS unit was conducting various programmes. The main activities of NSS unit at VREC are blood donation camp, anti-ragging squads, medical camps in villages, environmental awareness and other LEAD programmes.

===National Cadet Corps===
The [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] unit was inaugurated on 16 November 2013 by the commanding officer of NCC 12 (A) battalion, Col. Y S Pathania at Vijay Rural Engineering College. VREC is only college in the district that has set up separate National Cadet Corps units for boys and girls.

==Placement cell==
The training and placement cell was started with a vision to provide training to the students and to coordinate various training activities like soft skills, communication skills, aptitude and technical skills and certification programs like Infosys campus connect foundation program, DB2, Microsoft certification. It also provides career guidance to crack GRE, TOEFL, IELTS, GATE, GMAT and CAT.{{clarify|What do any of these letters mean?|date=November 2021}}

==Vijay group of institutions==
* Vijay Rural Engineering College (VREC), Manikbhandar, Nizamabad, established in 1997<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amruthalatha.com/institutions.html|title=List of Vijay Group of Institutions|work=amruthalatha.com}}</ref>
* Vijay Institute of Technology and Sciences (VITS, VJAY), Kamareddy, established in 2004 (closed)
* Vijay College of Education for Women, Mubarak Nagar, Nizamabad established in 2007
* Vijay College of Engineering For Women (VCEW), Mubaraknagar, Nizamabad, established in 2009 (closed)
* Vijay College Of Pharmacy (VCPN), Manikbhandar, Nizamabad, established in 2010
* Srinivas Reddy Institute of Technology (SNRJ), Armoor, Nizamabad, established in 2001 (closed)
* Vijay High School, Mubarak Nagar, Nizamabad, established in 1981.

==See also==
*[[Kakatiya Institutions]]
*[[List of cities in Telangana by population]]
*[[Nizamabad railway station|Nizamabad Railway Station]]
*[[Nizamabad Bus Station]]

==Notes==
* Satya Phanindra Saibewar, a final year student of B.Tech at VREC, who represented the entire Telangana state was awarded the 'Best Leader Award' at the Yuva Summit-2015 held recently at Deshpande Foundation in Hubli of Karnataka. He received the award from the hands of Nobel laureate Kailash Satyarthi, Infosis Narayana Moorthy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-telangana/engineering-student-wins-best-leader-award/article6894527.ece|title=Engineering student wins best leader award|author=P. Ram Mohan|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=
|width=190
|height=170
|File:Inaugural Stone at VREC.jpg|Inaugural Stone
|File:VREC,B block.jpg|VREC,B Block houses Polytechnic
|File:Vijay College of Pharmacy.jpg|Vijay College of Pharmacy
|File:Workshop labs VREC.jpg|Workshop Labs
|File:Principal B.R Vikram.jpg|Former Principal B.R Vikram
|File:Production Tech Lab1.jpg|Production Tech Lab
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Telangana]]
[[Category:Education in Nizamabad, Telangana]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1997]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University]]

Bismillah Khan

2026-02-20T09:40:40Z

Veronasie: improve information and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian musician (1916–2006)}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}{{use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix = [[Ustad]]
| name = Bismillah Khan
| honorific_suffix = [[Bharat Ratna]]
| image = Bismillah Khan.jpg
| caption = Ustad Bismillah Khan
| birth_name = Qamaruddin Khan
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1916|3|21}}
| birth_place = [[Dumraon]], [[Bihar]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2006|8|21|1916|3|21}}
| death_place = [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| instrument = [[Shehnai]]
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical music]]
| occupation = Musician
| current_members = Afaq Haider, Savita Anand, Ajitesh Singh
| past_members = Zamin Husain Khan
}}

[[Ustad]] '''Bismillah Khan''' (born '''Qamaruddin Khan''', 21 March 1916 – 21 August 2006), often referred to by the title ''Ustad'', was an Indian musician credited with popularizing the [[shehnai]], a [[Reed (mouthpiece)|reeded]] [[woodwind instrument]]. His virtuosity made him a leading [[Hindustani classical music]] artist, indelibly linking his name with the woodwind instrument. While the shehnai had importance as a folk instrument played primarily by musicians schooled in traditional ceremonies, Khan elevated its status and brought it to the concert stage.<ref name="Independent" /><ref name=b>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/5270968.stm|title=Indian music's soulful maestro|work=[[BBC News]]|date=21 August 2006|access-date=11 October 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117092851/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5270968.stm|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref>

Khan was a devout Muslim but performed at both Hindu and Muslim ceremonies, and was considered a symbol of religious harmony. Owing to his fame, he was selected to perform for the ceremony at Delhi's historic [[Red Fort]] as the Indian flag unfurled at the hour of India's independence on 15 August 1947. His music was played (''in Raag Kafi'') on television every Independence Day. Khan turned down invitations to perform in other countries before 1966, when the Indian government insisted that he play at the Edinburgh International Festival. This gained him a following in the West, and he continued to appear in Europe and North America thereafter.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bismillah-Khan |title= Bismillah-Khan |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref>

In 2001, Bismillah Khan was awarded the [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian honour, and the country observed a national day of mourning following his death in 2006. He became the third classical musician of India after [[M. S. Subbalakshmi]] and [[Ravi Shankar]] to be awarded the Bharat Ratna.<ref>{{cite news|title=Remembering Ustad Bismillah Khan |url=https://newsd.in/remembering-ustad-bismillah-khan-on-his-105th-birth-anniversary-lesser-known-facts-about-the-shehnai-maestro/ |work=Newsd |date=20 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="ITC"/>

==Personal life==
Bismillah Khan was born on 21 March 1916 into a family of traditional [[Muslim]] musicians at the big town of [[Dumraon]], [[India]], as the second son of Paigambar Bux Khan and Mitthanbai.<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news|last1=Massey|first1=Reginald|title=Bismillah Khan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/aug/22/guardianobituaries.india|access-date=29 May 2016|work=[[The Guardian]] |date=22 August 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618080516/http://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/aug/22/guardianobituaries.india|archive-date=18 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="ITC">{{cite web|title=Ustad Bismillah Khan passed away |url=http://www.itcsra.org/sra_news_views/obituary/bismillah_khan.html |website=ITC Sangeet Research Academy |access-date=29 May 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807160255/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_news_views/obituary/bismillah_khan.html |archive-date=7 August 2016}}</ref> His father was a court musician employed in the court of Maharaja Keshav Prasad Singh of [[Dumraon Raj]]. His two grandfathers Ustad Salar Hussain Khan and Rasool Bux Khan were also musicians in the Dumraon palace.<ref name="The Guardian" /> He was named Qamruddin at birth, to rhyme with his elder brother's name Shamsuddin. Upon seeing the newborn, his grandfather Rasool Baksh
Khan, also a shehnai player, is said to have exclaimed "Bismillah", or "In the name of Allah", and thereafter he came to be known by Ustad Bismillah Khan.<ref name="Independent">{{cite news |last=Hunt |first=Ken |author-link=Ken Hunt (music journalist) |date=22 August 2006 |title=Virtuoso musician who introduced the shehnai to a global audience|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/bismillah-khan-412865.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219221300/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/bismillah-khan-412865.html|archive-date=19 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="ITC" />

At the age of three, he moved to [[Varanasi]] in the state of Uttar Pradesh, which at that time was known as [[Benaras]],<ref name=b/> to be apprenticed to his maternal uncle, Ali Bux 'Vilayatu' Khan, a shehnai player attached to the [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]]. At the age of 14, Bismillah accompanied his uncle to the Allahabad music conference. He used to practice with his shehnai on the banks of the river Ganga everyday.<ref name="rupa">''Bismillah Khan: The Shehnai Maestro'' by Neeraja Poddar, [[Rupa & Co.]], New Delhi, 2004.</ref>

Bismillah Khan began his career by playing at various stage shows. He got his first major break in 1937, when he played at a concert at All India Music Conference in Kolkata or [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. This performance brought Shehnai into the limelight and was hugely appreciated by music lovers. He then went on to play in many countries including Afghanistan, USA, Canada, Bangladesh, Iran, Iraq, West Africa, Japan, Hong Kong and in various parts of Europe. During his illustrious career he played in many prominent events throughout the world. Some of the events that he played in include [[Expo 67|World Exposition]] in Montreal, Cannes Art Festival and Osaka Trade Fair.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hossen|first1=Iftakhair|title=Bismillah Khan The Sitar Maestro |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=189361#|work=The Daily Observer|date=21 March 2019}}</ref>

==Students==
Bismillah Khan attributed his skill to the blessings of [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|nath]] ([[Shiva]]), and believed that there was little that he could teach his disciples.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/a-dying-fall-4519457/|title=A Dying Fall: Is the shehnai on its way out?|date=12 February 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=5 March 2018|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305202732/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/a-dying-fall-4519457/|archive-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> Khan seldom accepted students. He thought that if he would be able to share his knowledge it wouldn't be useful as it would only give his students a little knowledge. One of his senior most disciple is Pandit Shailesh Bhagwat, who was declared by Ustaad ji himself as "Second Bismillah<ref name=":0" />". Pandit Bhagwat has studied under Ustad ji's tutelage for 40 years. Some of his other notable disciples are Padmashri awardee Pandit [[S Ballesh Bhajantri]],<ref>{{cite news|work=[[ Deccan Herald]] |author=[[Press Trust of India| PTI]]|title=S Ballesh Bhajantri, one of Khan’s earliest disciples-The 2022 Padma Shri awardee has played the shehnai|url= https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bismillah-khans-birth-anniversary-at-its-peak-in-the-hands-of-the-ustad-shehnai-seeks-lost-glory-3456425#google_vignette|access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref> known as Dakshina Bharat Bismillah Khan<ref>{{cite news |author=Lalithaa Krishnan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/clear-and-sparkling/article6079.ece |title=Clear and sparkling |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 August 2009 |access-date=11 October 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192232/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/clear-and-sparkling/article6079.ece |archive-date=2 January 2014}}</ref> and his son Krishna Ballesh Bhajantri,<ref>{{cite web|author=Sawai Gandharva Society|title=Events Archive Artist by name Surmani Krishna Ballesh|url=http://sawaigandharvabhimsenmahotsav.com/surmani-krishna-ballesh|work=[[Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Festival]]|publisher=sawaigandharvabhimsenmahotsav.com|date=7 December 2016|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-date=23 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223182142/http://sawaigandharvabhimsenmahotsav.com/surmani-krishna-ballesh|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/pune-sawai-mahotsav-kicks-off-with-tribute-to-ustad-bismillah-khan/ |title=Pune: Sawai Mahotsav kicks off with tribute to Ustad Bismillah Khan, The session saw performance by Shehnai Chakravarty Pt S Ballesh and his son Surmani Pt Krishnan Ballesh|work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=8 December 2016 |access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tansenacademy.com/drkrishna-ballesh|title=our-guru-Surmani Dr. KRISHNA BALLESH, He is one of the disciples of World Renowned Shehnai Maestro Bharat Ratna Ustad Bismillah Khan. He was with ustad ji for 7 years |date=23 May 2019|work=www.tansenacademy.com|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/nov/21/an-evening-to-honour-legends-of-hindustani-tunes-1707304.html/ |title=An evening to honour legends of Hindustani tunes- says Surmani Krishna Ballesh, co-founder, Tansen Academy of Hindustani Music. |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=21 November 2016 |access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref> and Khan's own sons, [[Nazim Hussain]], Zamin Hussain and Nayyar Hussain.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ustads-son-chosen-to-carry-on-his-legacy/articleshow/1920948.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111161533/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-23/india/27823956_1_shehnai-nayyar-bismillah-khan|url-status=live|archive-date=11 January 2014|title=Ustad's son chosen to carry on his legacy|date=23 August 2006|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 January 2014}}</ref>

==Death==
On 17 March 2006, Bismillah Khan's health deteriorated and he was admitted to the [[Heritage Hospital]], [[Varanasi]] for treatment. Khan's last wish – to perform at [[India Gate]], could not be fulfilled. He wanted to pay tributes to the martyrs.
He waited in vain till his last rites. He died of cardiac arrest on 21 August 2006, at the age of 90.

The Government of India declared a day of [[national mourning]] on his death. His body along with a Shehnai was buried at Fatemaan burial ground of old Varanasi under a neem tree with a 21-gun salute from the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite news |title = India mourns legendary musician | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/5272134.stm | work = BBC News| date = 21 August 2006 | access-date = 11 October 2020|url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061004184615/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5272134.stm |archive-date = 4 October 2006 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

== Legacy==
[[File:Shehnai maestro Ustad Bismillah Khan calls on the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, in New Delhi on September 30, 2004.jpg|thumb|Shehnai maestro Ustad Bismillah Khan calls on the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, in New Delhi on 30 September 2004]]
[[File:Bismillah Khan 2008 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Khan on a 2008 stamp of India]]
[[File:Bharat Ratna Ustad Bismillah Khan Marg.jpg|thumb|Street in Hyderabad, Telangana, named after Bismallah Khan which was inaugurated by Pandit [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]] and [[K Viswanath]] on 7 April 2013.]]
[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], New Delhi, instituted the ''[[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar]]'' in 2006, in his honour. It is given to young artists in the field of music, theatre and dance. The [[Government of Bihar]] has proposed setting up of a museum, a town hall-cum-library and installation of a life-size statue at his birthplace in Dumraon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ustad Bismillah Khan's Birthplace in Bihar faces wrath of negligence|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/ustad-bismillah-khans-birthplace-in-bihar-faces-wrath-of-negligence/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=15 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416062630/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/ustad-bismillah-khans-birthplace-in-bihar-faces-wrath-of-negligence/|archive-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>

Bismillah Khan was commemorated on his 102nd birth anniversary by Search Engine [[Google]] which showed a special doodle on its Indian home page for him on 21 March 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/google-doodle-celebrates-shehnai-maestro-ustad-bismillah-khan-on-birth-anniversary-5105320/|title=Ustad Bismillah Khan feted in Google Doodle celebrating shehnai maestro's birth anniversary|date=21 March 2018|work=Indianexpress.com|access-date=21 March 2018|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130613/http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/google-doodle-celebrates-shehnai-maestro-ustad-bismillah-khan-on-birth-anniversary-5105320/|archive-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

In the documentary film, ''Eric Clapton: Life in 12 Bars'', [[Eric Clapton|Clapton]] cites Bismillah Khan as an influence and how he tried to use his guitar to imitate the music of Khan's woodwind instrument.<ref>Eric Clapton: Life in 12 Bars</ref>

==In popular culture==
Khan had a brief association with films in India. He played the shehnai for [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]'s role of Appanna in the [[Vijay (director)|Vijay]]'s [[Kannada]]-language film ''[[Sanaadi Appanna]]'' which became a blockbuster. He acted in ''[[Jalsaghar]]'' by [[Satyajit Ray]] and played the shehnai for [[Vijay Bhatt]]'s ''[[Goonj Uthi Shehnai]]'' (1959).

Noted director [[Goutam Ghose]] directed ''[[Sange Meel Se Mulaqat]]'' (1989), an Indian documentary film about the life of Khan.

<ref name="rupa" />Imtiaz Ali's [[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]] character Ustad Jameel Khan played by [[Shammi Kapoor]] was slightly inspired by Khan.

==Awards and recognitions==

===Awards===
*[[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian award. (2001)<ref name="ITC" />
*[[Swathi Sangeetha Puraskaram]] (1998), [[Government of Kerala]]<ref name="Bismillah Khan">{{cite news|last=hindu.com|title=National Events in \==\=\==1998|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/revents/01/19980199.htm|access-date=17 October 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 December 1998|archive-date=29 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129102354/http://hindu.com/thehindu/revents/01/19980199.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*T Choudayya National Award (1995), [[Government of Karnataka]]<ref>{{Cite web|title= List of recipients of 'T Chaudaiah National Awards'- =\\==
|url=https://www.karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State+Awards/T+Choudayya+National+Awards/en|access-date=2021-03-28}}</ref>
*Fellowship of [[Sangeet Natak Academy|Sangeet Natak Akademi]] (1994)<ref name="ITC"/>
*Tahar Mausique from the Republic of Iran (1992)
* [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second highest civilian honor (1980)<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=11 October 2020|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="ITC"/>
*[[Padma Bhushan]] (1968)<ref name="Padma Awards" /><ref name="ITC"/>
*[[Padma Shri]] (1961)<ref name="Padma Awards" />
*[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1956)<ref name="ITC"/>
*Tansen Award by Govt. of [[Madhya Pradesh]].[[Sehore]]
*Three medals in All India Music Conference, [[Calcutta]] (1937)<ref name="ITC"/>

===Recognitions===
Bismillah Khan had honorary doctorates from:
*[[Banaras Hindu University]], [[Varanasi]]<ref name="ITC"/>
*[[Visva-Bharati University]], [[Santiniketan|Shantiniketan]]<ref name="ITC"/>

Others include<ref name=REDIFFUBK2>{{cite web|title=Standard IX Textbook – Step to English, Chapter 13: Shehnai Maestro Bismillah Khan |publisher=National Council for Education Research and Training |url=http://www.ncert.nic.in/textbooks/IX/step_to_eng_TextBook/Chapter%2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927074354/http://www.ncert.nic.in/textbooks/IX/step_to_eng_TextBook/Chapter%2013.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2006 |access-date=11 October 2020|url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Was invited by then [[Prime Minister of India]] Pandit [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to play [[shehnai]] on the first [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day (15 August 1947)]] in [[Delhi|Delhi's]] [[Red Fort]].
* Participated in [[Expo 67|World Exposition]] in Montreal
* Participated in [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Art Festival]]
* Participated in [[Osaka]] Trade Fair
* India Post issued commemorative postage stamps of ₹5.00 denomination on 21 August 2008
* On the 102nd anniversary of his day of birth, Google honoured Bismillah Khan with a [[Google Doodle|Google doodle]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/google-doodle-celebrates-renowned-shehnai-player-ustad-bismillah-khan-on-his-102th-birthday-4398935.html|title=Google Doodle celebrates renowned shehnai player Ustad Bismillah Khan on his 102th birthday|work=Firstpost|access-date=7 April 2018|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407190210/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/google-doodle-celebrates-renowned-shehnai-player-ustad-bismillah-khan-on-his-102th-birthday-4398935.html|archive-date=7 April 2018}}</ref>

==Selective discography==
;Albums
* ''[[Sanaadi Appanna]]'' – Played shehnai for [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]'s role in the movie.
* ''[[Goonj Uthi Shehnai]]'' (1959) – shehnai recitals throughout the movie for [[Rajendra Kumar]]'s role.
* ''Maestro's Choice'' (February 1994)
* ''Megh Malhar, Vol. 4'' (the other piece in the album is by [[Kishori Amonkar]]) (September 1994)
* ''Live at the Queen Elizabeth Hall'' (September 2000)
* ''Live in London, Vol. 2'' (September 2000)
*''Immortal Series''

;Contributing artist
* ''[[The Rough Guide to the Music of India and Pakistan]]'' (1996, [[World Music Network]])

==References==
* Life history of [http://www.varanasi.org.in/bismillah-khan Bismillah Khan], the Legend of [http://www.varanasi.org.in Varanasi]
* ''[[Sange Meel Se Mulaqat|Meeting a Milestone: Ustad Bismillah Khan]]''. A documentary by [[Goutam Ghose]], 1989<ref name=":0">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5HHWzb2Z8o |title=Ustad Bismillah Khan ATTENDED Pt. Shailesh Bhagwat's Shehnai Concert |date=2010-03-16 |last=Shehnai |type=Video |access-date=2025-06-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==Biographies==
* ''Bismillah Khan: the shehnai maestro'', by Neeraja Poddar. Rupa & Co., 2018. {{ISBN|81-291-0351-6}}.
* ''Monograph on Shehnai maestro Bismillah Khan'', by Amar Jyoti, Shivnath Jha, Alok Jain, Anjali Sinha. Pub. Neena Jha & Shivnath Jha, 2019. {{ISBN|9788175256408}}.
* ''Bismillah Khan and Banaras: the seat of shehnai'', by [[Rita Ganguly]]. Siddhi Books, 1994.
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2NENRiXN8UgC&q=bismillah+khan Shahnai Vadak Ustad Bismillah Khan]'', by Murli Manohar Shrivguguiastava. Prabhat Prakashan, 2009. {{ISBN|9788173157356}}.
* ''Bismillah Khan: The Maestro from Benaras'', by Juhi Sinha. Niyogi Books, 2011. {{ISBN|978-81-89738-91-4}}.
* ''Naubatkhane Mein Ibadat'', by Yatindra Mishra. Chapter in [[NCERT]]'s [[Hindi]] textbook for [[All India Secondary School Examination|10th Standard]].
* In the [[NCERT]] English Textbook for 9th Grade he is credited largely in the chapter "The Sound Of Music".

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Bismillah Khan}}
{{Wikiquote|Bismillah Khan}}
*{{IMDb name|id=0451190|name=Ustad Bismillah Khan}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120211160242/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-21/india/27808852_1_half-mast-ustad-bismillah-khan-state-funeral National mourning for Ustad Bismillah Khan]. [[Times of india|Times of India]]..
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194104/http://www.indianstage.in/EventDetails.do?eventId=5566#.UtJ13NncbN0 Event]. indianstage.in.
* [https://elinepa.org/homage-to-ustad-bismillah-khan/ Homage to Ustad Bismillah Khan]. elinepa.org.

{{Bharat Ratna}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Bismillah}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Buxar district]]
[[Category:Shehnai players]]
[[Category:Hindustani instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Musicians from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]

Jhari Falls

2026-02-19T22:45:07Z

Veronasie: Started New Pg

{{short description|Waterfall in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox waterfall
| name = Jhari Falls
| photo = Jhari Falls 2k22.jpg
| photo_caption = Jhari Falls
| elevation = {{Convert|560|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| type = Cataract, Segmented
| height = {{Convert|50 - 70|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| nativename = Buttermilk Falls Dabdabe Falls<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manohara |first=Suraj Kumar |date=2020-07-16 |title=Jhari Falls {{!}} Dabdabe Falls Trek |url=https://adventurebuddha.com/jhari-falls/ |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=Adventure Buddha |language=en-US |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008101253/https://adventurebuddha.com/jhari-falls/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>|location=[[Karnataka]], India
|coordinates = {{coord|13|23|26|N|75|43|18|E}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mullayangiri & Jhari Waterfalls Trek |url=https://www.add-venturesunlimited.com/tours/mullayangiri-hill-jhari-waterfalls%20trek |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=Add Ventures Unlimited |language=en}}</ref>
|map_caption = Location of Jhari Falls Chikmagalur}}
'''Jhari Falls''' is a [[waterfall]] in [[Chikmagalur district]] in Karnataka state, India, near [[Mullayanagiri]] and [[Baba Budan Giri]]. Water originating in the mountains flows over steep rocks, in a wide and thin white layer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhari Falls {{!}} Jhari Waterfalls Chikmagalur – Karnataka Tourism |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/jhari-falls/,%20https://www.karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/jhari-falls/ |access-date=2022-10-08 |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhari Falls Chikmagalur (Timings, Entry Fee, Images, Best time to visit, Location & Information) - Chikmagalur Tourism 2022 |url=https://chikmagalurtourism.org.in/jhari-falls-chikmagalur |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=chikmagalurtourism.org.in}}</ref>

The waterfall is 267 km from [[Bengaluru]] and 24 km from [[Chikmagalur]]. [[Kadur Junction railway station|Kadur Junction]] is the nearest railway station (57 km) and [[Mangaluru Airport]] is the nearest airport (180 kms). Taxis can be hired from Kadur or Chikmagalur, but the last five km to the falls are accessible only via [[jeep]].

== See also ==
* [[List of waterfalls]]
* [[List of waterfalls in Karnataka]]
* [[List of waterfalls in India]]
* [[List of waterfalls in India by height]]

== References==
{{Commonscat}}
{{reflist}}

{{Chikkamagaluru topics}}
{{Hydrology of Karnataka|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Waterfalls of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geography of Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of India]]

{{chikmagalur-geo-stub}}

Neha Bam

2026-02-09T04:53:27Z

Veronasie: adding stub - done

{{Short description|Indian film actress}}
{{Distinguish|Neha Bamb}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Neha Bam
| image =
| birth_name = Neha Bam
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 1999 – present
}}
'''Neha Bam''' is an Indian actress known for her work in television serials such as [[Kumkum Bhagya]], and films like [[The Dirty Picture]].

== Early life & Career ==
She was born and raised in [[Kolhapur]]. She began her acting career with Avishkar group on stage while also working as a model, beginning with print ads for pharmaceutical companies. After several years working at colleges she was offered a role in a film and, finding acting more interesting, quit her other job in order to act full-time.<ref>{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807074451/http://www.nehabam.com/|archive-date=7 Aug 2018|title=Actress Neha Bam |url=http://www.nehabam.com/}}</ref> In television, she appeared in many serials like ''[[Savdhaan India]]'', ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'', ''Sukanya Hamari Betiyan'' etc. In cinema, she worked in a number of movies like ''[[The Dirty Picture]]'', ''[[The Lift Boy]]'', etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title='I am lucky to find variety, while playing character roles"- Neha Bam {{!}} Magz Mumbai |url=https://www.magzmumbai.com/i-am-lucky-to-find-variety-while-playing-character-roles-neha-bam/ |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=www.magzmumbai.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Colbegin}}
* The Trases of Sandalwood Spanish (2015)
* Rokk Hindi
* ''[[The Dirty Picture]]'' Hindi
* ''[[Ya Rab]]'' Hindi
* ''[[Sawariya]]'' Hindi
* ''[[Raqt]]'' Hindi
* Kuch To Gadbad Hai Hindi
* ''[[Jo Bole So Nihaal (film)|Jo Bole So Nihaal]]'' Hindi
* Tum Ho Na Hindi
* ''[[Chand Bujh Gaya]]'' Hindi
* ''[[Ab Tak Chappan]]'' Hindi
* Sandhya (2003 film)
* ''[[Champion (2000 film)|Champion]]'' Hindi
* ''[[Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage]]'' Hindi
* ''[[Raaz (2002 film)|Raaz]]'' Hindi
* ''[[Nayak (2001 Hindi film)|Nayak]]'' Hindi
* ''[[Kurukshetra (2000 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' Hindi
* ''[[Hu Tu Tu]]'' Hindi
* Ratra Arambha Marathi
* ''[[Bindhast]]'' Marathi
* Tochi Samartha Ek Marathi
* Sanai Chaughade Marathi (2007)
* ''[[Vishwas]]'' Marathi (2009)
* ''[[Rege]]'' Marathi (2015)
* Yada Yada Hi Dharmasya Marathi (upcoming)
* Rada Rocks Marathi (2013)
* Tuzi Mazi Love Story Marathi (2014)
* ''[[Taptapadi]]'' Marathi (2014)
* Bhay Marathi (2015)
* Mantthan Marathi (2015)
* Dulha Milal Dildar Bhojpuri
* ''[[Bairi Piya]]'' Bhojpuri
* Pinjadevali Muniya Bhojpuri
*''[[The Lift Boy]]'' (2019)
*''Ateet'' (2020) as Doctor aunty; released on [[ZEE5]]
{{Colend}}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Serial
!Role
!Channel
!Notes
|-
|1999-2003
|''[[Abhalmaya]]''
|Meera Yerawar
|[[Alpha TV Marathi]]
|
|-
| 2001
| Jaane Anjaane<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011007/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Watch out for more on the father-son rift|access-date=2001-10-07|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705113959/https://m.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011007/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| Urmila Prannath Vashisht
| [[DD National]]
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Kumkum - Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]''
| Doctor
| [[Star Plus]]
|
|-
|2006-2010
|''[[Avaghachi Sansar]]''
|Gore Bai
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Kasamh Se]]''
|Mrs. Mittal
|[[Zee TV]]
|
|-
|2008-09
|''[[Pehchaan (2009 TV series)|Pehchaan]]''
|
|[[DD National]]
|
|-
|2012-13
|''Sukanya Hamari Betiyan''
|Parvati Verma
|[[DD National]]
|
|-
|2012-13
|''[[Kya Hua Tera Vaada]]''
|Mrs. Raizada
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
|
|-
|2013-15
|''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra - Maharana Pratap]]''
|Dai Kokoi
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
|
|-
|2014-15
|''[[Anudamini]]''
|
|[[DD National]]
|
|-
|2014-15
|''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
|Mrs. Khanna
|[[Zee TV]]
|
|-
|2014-18
|''[[Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan]]''
|Navya's mother
|[[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV]], [[Voot]]
|
|-
|2016-20
|''[[Tujhyat Jeev Rangala]]''
|Nandita's Mother
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Dahleez (2016 TV series)|Dahleez]]''
|Mrs. Ramkrishnan
|[[StarPlus]]
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Krishnadasi (2016 TV series)|Krishnadasi]]''
|Bhamini Pradyumna Vidyadhar Rao
|[[StarPlus|Colors]]
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]''
|Kalyani
|[[Colors TV|Colors]]
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
|
|[[And TV]]
|Episode 25
|-
|2024
|''[[Navri Mile Hitlerla]]''
|
|Zee Marathi
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2192551}}
* {{Official website|http://www.nehabam.com/|Neha Bam}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bam, Neha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Sir Harry Smith, 1st Baronet

2026-02-04T12:11:33Z

Veronasie: adding some page w/ infobox

{{short description|British Army officer and colonial administrator (1787–1860)}}
{{Other uses|Harry Smith (disambiguation){{!}}Harry Smith}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]]
|name= Sir Harry Smith
|honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|GCB|Bt|size=100}}
|birth_date= {{birth-date|28 June 1787}}
|death_date= {{death-date and age|12 October 1860|28 June 1787}}
|image= Sir-Harry-Smith-Bt.jpg
|caption=
|nickname=
|birth_place=[[Whittlesey]], [[Cambridgeshire]]
|death_place=London, England
|allegiance=[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
|branch= [[British Army]]
|serviceyears=1805–1859
|rank=[[Lieutenant-General (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]]
|unit=
|commands=[[Western District (British Army)|Western District]] [[Northern Command (United Kingdom)|Northern District]]
|battles=[[Napoleonic Wars]] [[War of 1812]] [[Xhosa Wars]] [[Gwalior campaign]] [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] [[Battle of Boomplaats]]
|awards=[[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
|spouse = [[Juana María de los Dolores de León Smith]] (married 1812)
}}

[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] '''Sir Henry George Wakelyn Smith, 1st Baronet''', [[Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath|GCB]] (28 June 1787 – 12 October 1860) was a [[British Army]] officer and colonial administrator. A veteran of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], he is also particularly remembered for his role in the [[Battle of Aliwal]], India in 1846, his subsequent governorship of the [[Cape Colony]], and as the husband of [[Juana María de los Dolores de León Smith|Lady Smith]].

==Biography==

He was born in [[Whittlesey]], [[Isle of Ely]], Cambridgeshire, the son of a surgeon and major in the [[Wisbech]], Whittlesey and [[Thorney, Cambridgeshire|Thorney]] United Battalion.
The east end of the south aisle of St. Mary’s church was at this time partitioned off and used as a schoolroom, the vicar or curate teaching. It was here that Harry Smith received his education from the Rev. George Burgess, then curate. <ref>{{cite news|newspaper= Norfolk Chronicle |title= Sir Harry Smith's Return to Ely |date= 10 July 1847|page= 4}}</ref>

During a review of the unit by General Stewart, he got into conversation with the youth and offered to procure him a commission. A short time later a commission as a second lieutenant with the 95th Rifle Regiment arrived.<ref>{{cite news|title=Whittlesea|newspaper=Stamford Mercury|date=17 July 1846|page=3}}</ref> A chapel in the town's St Mary's church was restored in his memory in 1862, and a local community college also bears his name: Sir Harry Smith Community College.

===Napoleonic Wars===

Harry Smith—for throughout life he adopted the more familiar form of his Christian name—was educated privately and was commissioned on 8 May 1805, and then promoted Lieutenant on 15 August. His first active service was in South America in 1806 during the [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata]]. He distinguished himself at the [[Battle of Montevideo (1807)|Battle of Montevideo]] in 1807, but first came to real prominence during the [[Peninsular War]]. Smith served throughout these campaigns with the [[Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)|95th Rifles]] in which he served from 1808 through to the end of the war at the [[Battle of Toulouse (1814)|Battle of Toulouse]] in 1814. In 1810 he was appointed ADC to [[Thomas Sydney Beckwith|Colonel Beckwith]]. Early in 1812, on 28 February, he was promoted Captain, having already the previous March joined the 2nd brigade Light Division as major to the Major-Generals staff. On 7 April, the day following the [[Battle of Badajoz (1812)|storming of Badajoz]] a well-born Spanish lady, whose entire property in the city had been destroyed, presented herself at the British lines seeking protection from the licence of the soldiery for herself and her sister, a child of fourteen. The latter, [[Juana María de los Dolores de León Smith|Juana Maria de Los Dolores de León]], had but recently emerged from a convent; but notwithstanding her years she was married to Harry Smith a few days later. She accompanied him throughout the rest of the war.{{sfn|McNeill|1911}}

At the close of the war, Harry Smith volunteered for service in the United States, where he was present at the [[Battle of Bladensburg]] on 24 August 1814, and witnessed the [[Burning of Washington|burning of the capitol at Washington]]; which, as he said, "horrified us coming fresh from the Duke's humane warfare in the south of France."{{sfn|McNeill|1911}}

Returning to Europe he was a brigade major at the [[Battle of Waterloo]] in 1815, and afterwards rewarded as Assistant Quartermaster-General to the division. During the occupation of France he was sent to be Mayor of [[Cambrai]] in Picardy. With the restoration of peace in France he returned to divisional ADC at Glasgow for Major-General Reynell, GOC Western District of Scotland. Smith impressed Reynell, who helped his appointment as ADC to the Governor of Nova Scotia, Lieutenant-General Sir James Kempt in 1826.
[[File:Juana Ponce De Leon Smith.gif|right|thumb|[[Juana María de los Dolores de León Smith]]]]

===Xhosa Kingdom===
Smith was promoted Major in the army by the end of 1826, but remained unattached to a regimental posting, and was still unattached when raised to Lieutenant-colonel in July 1830. In 1828 Smith was ordered to the Cape of Good Hope, where he commanded a force in the [[Xhosa Wars#Sixth war (1834–1836)|Sixth Xhosa War]] of 1834-36. In 1835 he accomplished the feat of riding the 550 miles from Cape Town to [[Grahamstown]] in less than six days; after he had restored confidence among the whites by his energetic measures, he was appointed governor of the [[British Kaffraria|Province of Queen Adelaide]], where he gained influence over the native tribes, whom he vigorously set himself to civilize and benefit.{{sfn|McNeill|1911}}

But though [[Benjamin d'Urban|Sir Benjamin D'Urban]], the high commissioner, supported Smith, the ministry in London reversed his policy and, to quote Smith's own words, "directed the Province of Queen Adelaide to be restored to barbarism." Smith himself was removed from his command, his departure being deplored alike by Bantu and Boers. Many Boers, largely in consequence of this policy of [[Lord Glenelg]], began the migration to the interior known as the [[Great Trek]].{{sfn|McNeill|1911}}

===India===
Smith was appointed [[Adjutant-General (India)|Adjutant-General in India]] in 1840, where he took part in the Gwalior campaign of 1843, for which he was appointed a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] (KCB). From 1845 to 1846, he fought in the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]. He was in command of a division under [[Sir Hugh Gough]] at the battles of [[Battle of Mudki|Mudki]] and [[Battle of Ferozeshah|Ferozeshah]], where he conspicuously distinguished himself, but was insufficiently supported by the commander-in-chief. After the second of these actions, Smith was appointed to an independent command, and on 28 January 1846 he inflicted a crushing defeat on the Sikhs at Aliwal on the Sutlej.{{sfn|McNeill|1911}}

At the [[Battle of Sobraon]] on 10 February he again commanded a division under Gough. For the great victory of Aliwal he was awarded the thanks of Parliament; and the speech of the Duke of Wellington was perhaps the warmest encomium ever bestowed by that great commander on a meritorious officer. Smith was at the same time created a baronet; and as a special distinction the words "of Aliwal" were by the patent appended to the title.{{sfn|McNeill|1911}} He was promoted to Major-General on 9 November 1846.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=20660|pages=3987–3989|date=10 November 1846}}</ref>

===Return to South Africa===
[[File:Sir Harry G W Smith.jpg|thumb|left]]
[[File:Harry Smith's Annexations, South Africa 1847-1854.jpg|thumb|Harry Smith's Annexations, 1847-1854]]
In 1847 he returned to South Africa as Governor of Cape Colony and high commissioner, with the local rank of Lieutenant-General,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=20772|page=3262|date=10 September 1847}}</ref> to grapple with the difficulties he had foreseen eleven years before. Issues he faced ranged from domestic problems within the colony, such as the [[Convict crisis|Convict Crisis of 1849]], as well as external threats such as instability on the Cape's eastern frontier.

He took command of an expedition to deal with the disaffected Boers in the [[Orange River Sovereignty]], and fought the [[Battle of Boomplaats]] on 29 August 1848.{{sfn|McNeill|1911}}

It has been asserted that "the half-mad Smith's" seizure of the entire region of "British Kaffraria" in 1848 was launched and carried out "entirely on his own initiative."<ref name=Brendon>Brendon, Piers: ''The Decline and Fall of the British Empire'', page 98. Knopf, 2007.</ref> Piers Brendon described "Smith, placing his foot on the neck of the Xhosan chief and proclaiming, 'I am your Paramount Chief, and the Kaffirs are my dogs!'"<ref name=Brendon />

In December 1850 war broke out with the [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]] and some of the [[Khoikhoi]]; Sir Harry Smith was insufficiently supplied with troops from England; and though his conduct of the operations was warmly approved by the Duke of Wellington and other military authorities, [[Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey|Earl Grey]], in a dispatch never submitted to the queen, recalled him in 1852 before the Xhosa and Khoikhoi had been completely subdued. He protested strongly against the abandonment of the Orange River Sovereignty to the Boers, which was carried out two years after his departure, and he actively furthered the granting of responsible government to Cape Colony.{{sfn|McNeill|1911}}

His wife Juana gave her name to [[Ladysmith, South Africa|Ladysmith]] in [[KwaZulu-Natal Province|KwaZulu-Natal]] as well as [[Ladismith]] in the Western Cape province. [[Harrismith]] in the [[Free State Province|Free State]] was named after Smith himself (two other towns, [[Aliwal North]] in the [[Eastern Cape Province|Eastern Cape]] and [[Smithfield, Free State|Smithfield]] in the [[Free State (South African province)|Free State]], also mark Smith's connection with South Africa).

Impressed by the showing of the Cape Mounted Riflemen under his command, Smith created [[Sir Harry Smith's Medal for Gallantry]] in recognition of their conduct.

===Back in England===

In 1853 he was made [[General Officer Commanding]] [[Western District (British Army)|Western District]] back in England.<ref name=last>[http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/hsmith/autobiography/home.html Again in England - the last years]</ref> He was given brevet promotion to lieutenant-general on 20 June 1854<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=21564|pages=1931–1932|date=22 June 1854}}</ref> and appointed GOC [[Northern Command (United Kingdom)|Northern District]] in 1856.<ref name=last/>

After a long illness he died at his home at Eton Place, London, on 12 October 1860.<ref>{{cite news|title= Death of Sir Harry Smith|newspaper= Christchurch Times |date= 20 October 1860|page= 3}}</ref> He was buried at St Mary's, Whittlesey, where he is commemorated with a marble bust and memorial. That section of the church is known as Sir Harry's Chapel. His wife, Juana, deceased 10 October 1872, is interred with him.

His autobiography,<ref>Smith, Sir Harry. ‘'The Autobiography of Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Smith Baronet of Aliwal on the Sutlej.'’ Publisher: John Murray, Albemarle Street 1903 [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57094/57094-h/57094-h.htm]</ref> first published posthumously in 1901, is regarded as a classic of love and war.

The story of Harry Smith and his wife in the Peninsular Campaign and the Battle of Waterloo is narrated in [[Georgette Heyer]]'s novel ''[[The Spanish Bride]]'' (1940).

==Bibliography==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=yes|lcheading=Smith, Harry George Wakelyn, Sir, 1788-1860}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Smith, Sir Henry George Wakelyn|volume=25|page=263|first=Ronald John|last=McNeill|author-link=Ronald McNeill, 1st Baron Cushendun}}
*{{cite book |last=Harington |first=Andrew L. |year=1980 |title=Sir Harry Smith: Bungling Hero |location=Cape Town |publisher=Tafelberg Publishers|isbn=0-624-01307-3}}
*{{cite journal|last=Harington |first=Andrew L. |date=1 June 1974 |url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol031ah.html |title=Talk given by AL Harington, Sir Harry Smith and South Africa, 1834-1852 |journal=Military History Journal |volume=3 |issue=1 |location=South Africa |publisher=The South African Military History Society |issn=0026-4016}}
*{{cite book |last=Heyer |first=Georgette |title=The Spanish Bride |publisher=Heinemann |location= London |year=1940}}
*{{cite book |last=Lehmann |first=Joseph H |year=1977 |title=Remember you are an Englishman: A Biography of Sir Harry Smith, 1787–1860 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |location=London |isbn=022401403X}}
*{{cite news|last=Staff|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/05/24/101953207.pdf |title=Review of Sir Harry Smith's Autobiography|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=24 May 1902}}
*{{cite book |last=Urban |first=Mark |year=2003 |title=Rifles: Six Years with Wellington's Legendary Sharpshooters |publisher=Faber and Faber |location=London |isbn=978-0-571-21681-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/rifles00mark }}
*{{cite ODNB |first=R. H.|last=Vetch |title=Smith, Sir Henry George Wakelyn [Harry], baronet, of Aliwal (1787–1860) |last2=Benyon |first2=John |orig-year=2004 |date=January 2008 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25810 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/25810}}
*{{DNBfirst|wstitle=Smith, Harry George Wakelyn|volume=53|pages=44–48}}
*{{cite book |last=Welsh |first=Frank |year=1998 |title=A History of South Africa |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-00-638421-8 |chapter=Chapter 8 |pages=190–194}}

==External links==
* {{Gutenberg author|id=49191}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Sir William Anson, 1st Baronet|Sir William Anson]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=Colonel of the [[47th (the Lancashire) Regiment of Foot]] | years=1847}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Thomas Dalmer]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Dugald Gilmour|Sir Dugald Gilmour]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Colonel-Commandant of the 2nd Battalion, [[Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)|Rifle Brigade]] | years=1855–1860}}
{{s-aft|after=[[George Brown (British Army officer)|Sir George Brown]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Henry Murray (British Army officer)|Sir Henry Murray]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Western District (British Army)|GOC Western District]]|years=1853–1854}}
{{s-aft|after=[[George Morton Eden|George Eden]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Andrew Barnard|Sir Andrew Barnard]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Colonel-Commandant of the 1st Battalion, [[Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)|Rifle Brigade]] | years=1855–1860}}
{{s-aft|after=[[George Buller|Sir George Buller]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart|Lord Cathcart]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Northern Command (United Kingdom)|GOC Northern District]]|years=1856–1859}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Lysaght Pennefather|Sir John Pennefather]]}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Henry Pottinger]]
| title=[[Governor of the Cape Colony]] | years=1847–1852
| after=[[George Cathcart|Sir George Cathcart]]}}
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{s-new|Creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Smith baronets|Baronet]] '''(of Aliwal)''' | years=1846–1860}}
{{s-non|reason=Extinct}}
{{s-end}}
{{British Governors of the Cape Colony}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Harry, Sir, 1st Baronet}}
[[Category:1787 births]]
[[Category:1860 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Whittlesey]]
[[Category:People of the Battle of Waterloo]]
[[Category:British Army lieutenant generals]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the War of 1812]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the First Anglo-Sikh War]]
[[Category:Governors of the Cape Colony]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Waterloo Medal]]
[[Category:47th Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:Rifle Brigade officers]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Gwalior Campaign]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Cambridgeshire]]

Banana chips

2026-01-28T23:25:01Z

Veronasie: stub!

{{short description|Chip made of banana}}
{{for|the song by Shonen Knife|Happy Hour (Shonen Knife album)}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Banana chip
| image = File:Chips de bananes de São Tomé-et-Príncipe.jpg
| caption =
| country =
| type = [[Chip (snack)|Crisps]]
| course = [[Deep frying|Deep-fried]] [[snack]], side dish
| served = Room temperature
}}
{{Infobox nutritional value
| name = Banana chips
| image = File:Banana chips from the Philippines made with Saba bananas 01.jpg
| image_alt = Banana chips from the [[Philippines]]
| caption = Banana chips from the [[Philippines]]
| serving_size = 100g
| kJ = 2170
| water = 4.3 g
| carbs = 58.40g
| sugars = 35.34g
| fiber = 7.7g
| fat = 33.60g
| satfat = 28.970g
| monofat = 1.950g
| polyfat = 0.630g
| protein = 2.30g
| vitA_ug = 4
| vitA_iu = 83
| thiamin_mg = 0.085
| riboflavin_mg = 0.017
| niacin_mg = 0.710
| vitB6_mg = 0.260
| folate_ug = 14
| vitC_mg = 6.3
| vitE_mg = 0.24
| vitK_ug = 1.3
| calcium_mg = 18
| iron_mg = 1.25
| magnesium_mg = 76
| phosphorus_mg = 56
| potassium_mg = 536
| sodium_mg = 6
| zinc_mg = 0.75
| copper_mg = 0.205
| source_usda = 1
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/1102628/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

A '''banana chip''' (sometimes called '''banana crisp''') is a deep-fried or dried, generally crispy slice of [[banana]]. It is usually made from firmer, starchier banana varieties ([[cooking banana]]s or plantains) like the [[saba banana|saba]] and [[Changalikodan|Nendran]] [[cultivar]]s. It can be sweet or savory and can be covered with [[sugar]], [[honey]], salt, or various spices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=mis.dost.gov.ph |title=How to Make Sweet and Salted Banana Chips |url=http://www.mixph.com/2006/09/how-to-make-sweet-and-salted-banana-chips.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228190442/http://www.mixph.com/2006/09/how-to-make-sweet-and-salted-banana-chips.html |archive-date=28 December 2011 |access-date=16 May 2012 |website=EntrePinoys Atbp.}}</ref><ref name="Pillay" />

Banana chips are the only processed banana product with significant international trade. The main exporter of banana chips worldwide is the [[Philippines]]. Export markets for banana chips are also established in [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]].<ref name="Robinson">{{Cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=John Charles |title=Bananas and Plantains |last2=Galán Saúco |first2=Víctor |date=2010 |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-84593-738-6 |page=16}}</ref><ref name="Molina">{{Cite book |last1=Molina |first1=A. |title=Bananas and Food Security / Les productions bananières: un enjeu économique majeur pour la sécurité alimentaire |last2=Valmayor |first2=R. V. |date=1999 |publisher=Bioversity International |editor-last=Picq |editor-first=C. |page=434 |chapter=Banana Production Systems in Southeast Asia |editor-last2=Fouré |editor-first2=E. |editor-last3=Frison |editor-first3=E. A.}}</ref>

==Fried==
Fried banana chips are usually produced from under-ripe banana slices [[deep frying|deep-fried]] in [[sunflower oil]] or [[coconut oil]]. These chips are dry (like potato chips), contain about 4% water (table), and can be salted, spiced, sugar-coated, or jaggery-coated. Sometimes, [[Isoamyl acetate|banana flavoring]] is added. If ripe dessert bananas are used, they come out soggy. They are used for desserts, not for dry chips.

==Dried==
Some varieties of banana chips can be produced using only [[food dehydration]]. Banana slices that are only dehydrated are not dark yellow and crunchy but rather are brown, leathery, and chewy. They are very sweet and have an intense banana flavor. These are ideally made from fully ripe bananas. Another kind is made by baking it in an oven, although this process may not result in the same intense banana flavor.

==Nutrition==
Dried banana chips are 4% water, 58% [[carbohydrate]]s, 34% [[fat]], and 2% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]]. In a 100-gram reference amount, dried banana chips supply 520 [[calorie]]s and are a rich source (20% or more of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[magnesium]] (21% DV) and [[vitamin B6]] (20% DV), with moderate amounts of [[iron]], [[copper]], and [[potassium]] (10% to 11% DV) (table). Other [[micronutrient]]s are in negligible amounts of the Daily Value (see nutrition table).

==Uses and variations==

===Philippines===
The [[Philippines]] is, by far, the main exporter of banana chips worldwide. It exports large quantities to more than 30 countries, including the [[United States]], [[Canada]], the [[European Union]], [[Japan]], [[Australia]], [[South Korea]], [[China]], and [[Russia]]. The annual revenue for banana chip exports in the Philippines was approximately $35 million in 2009.<ref name="Molina" /><ref name="Robinson" /><ref name="Pillay">{{Cite book |title=Banana Breeding: Progress and Challenges |date=2011 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-0018-8 |editor-last=Pillay |editor-first=Michael |page=273 |editor-last2=Tenkouano |editor-first2=Abdou}}</ref> There are many variants of banana chips in the Philippines, from traditional dishes like ''[[pinasugbo]]'' to modern versions coated in [[cheese powder]]. Banana chips in the Philippines are made predominantly from [[saba banana|saba]] or [[cardava banana]]s, with the latter preferred for commercial banana chips due to their larger sizes. For domestic production and home cooking, they are made directly by deep-frying fresh sliced bananas. For commercial banana chips for the export market, the main method of production is through [[osmotic dehydration]] followed by [[deep frying]] at {{convert|375|°F|°C|abbr=on}} in [[coconut oil]] for 1 minute. The resulting chips are distinctively light-colored.<ref name="Pillay" /><ref name="Po">{{Cite book |last=Po |first=Lillian G. |title=Handbook of Food Products Manufacturing: Health, Meat, Milk, Poultry, Seafood, and Vegetables |date=2007 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-0-470-04964-8 |editor-last=Hui |editor-first=Y. H. |page=825 |chapter=Major Tropical Fruits and Products: Banana, Mango, and Pineapple}}</ref><ref name="delacruz">{{Cite book |last1=Dela Cruz |first1=F. S. Jr. |url=https://www.bioversityinternational.org/fileadmin/_migrated/uploads/tx_news/Farmer_s_handbook_on_introduced_and_local_banana_cultivars_in_the_Philippines_1376.pdf |title=Farmers' Handbook on Introduced and Local Banana Cultivars in the Philippines |last2=Gueco |first2=L. S. |last3=Damasco |first3=O. P. |last4=Huelgas |first4=V. C. |last5=Dela Cueva |first5=F. M. |last6=Dizon |first6=T. O. |last7=Sison |first7=M. L. J. |last8=Banasihan |first8=I. G. |last9=Sinohin |first9=V. O. |publisher=Bioversity International |date=2008 |isbn=978-971-91751-8-6 |name-list-style=amp |last10=Molina |first10=A. B. Jr.}}</ref>

===India===
[[Fried plantain]] chips, known as ''{{lang|ml|nenthra-kaaya oopperi}}'' or ''{{lang|ml|vazhaykka upperi}}'' or ''{{lang|ml|upperi}}'' in [[Kerala]], are fried in [[coconut oil]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ignatius Pereira |date=April 13, 2013 |title=Banana Chips from Kerala, India |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-taste-of-kerala/article4605855.ece |access-date=2013-04-13}}</ref> Both ripe and unripe plantains are used for this type of chip preparation. The chips may be coated with [[spice mix|masala]] or [[jaggery]] to form spicy and sweet variations. Plain banana and plantain chips are called ''{{lang|ml|pachkkaya varuthathu}}'' and ''{{lang|ml|kaya upperi}}'', respectively; sweet jaggery-banana chips are called ''{{lang|ml|sharkara upperi}}'' or ''{{lang|ml|sharkkara varatty}}''. {{lang|ml|Sharkara varatty}} is more expensive than {{lang|ml|upperi}}. It is an integral part of the traditional Kerala meal called {{lang|ml|[[sadya]]}} served during weddings and festivals, such as [[Onam]].

===Indonesia===
[[File:Keripik pisang Lampung.JPG|thumb|right|Indonesian ''[[kripik]] pisang'' (banana chips)]]
Bananas are native plants of [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], and the people of the archipelago have developed many uses for them for ages, including as a snack. In [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesia]], a banana chip is called ''kripik pisang'', and is considered a variant of crispy ''[[kripik]]'' (traditional chip or crisp). ''Kripik pisang'' is a popular crispy snack and can be commonly found in Indonesia, although it seems to be more prevalent in Java and Sumatra. In [[North Maluku]], popular with ''pisang mulu bebek'' is a duck-mouth-shaped banana chip. It is served with [[sambal]], fried [[peanut]], and fried [[anchovy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenikmatan Dalam Kesederhanaan Pisang Goreng Mulut Bebek |url=https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/kenikmatan-dalam-kesederhanaan-pisang-goreng-mulut-bebek/ |website=indonesiakaya.com |access-date=21 April 2022 |language=Indonesian}}</ref> In [[Lampung]], banana chips is combined with [[chocolate]] powder called ''kripik pisang coklat''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mandasari |first1=Rizky |title=Cara Membuat Keripik Pisang Coklat Khas Lampung |url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/3675319/cara-membuat-keripik-pisang-coklat-khas-lampung-renyah-dan-enak-ala-rumahan |website=liputan6.com |date=25 October 2018 |access-date=21 April 2022 |language=Indonesian}}</ref>

Usually, unripe green bananas are thinly sliced, soaked in a lime and salt water solution, and deep-fried as chips.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banana Chips (Keripik Pisang) |url=http://indonesiaoriginalrecipes.blogspot.co.id/2013/11/banana-chips-keripik-pisang.html |website=Indonesian Original Recipe}}</ref> Unripe banana is well suited for [[deep frying]] due to its low content of water and sugar while having high starch content. ''[[Pisang goreng]]'' is another fried banana snack, although it is not thinly sliced and serves as a sweet hot snack.

===Americas===
{{Main|Chifle}}
The chips are often part of [[muesli]] and [[nut (fruit)|nut]] mixes. Other chips, such as [[patacones]], are [[salt]]y.
Similar chips called [[chifle]] are made from [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]]s, the family of fruit that bananas come from. In tropical American cultures, all bananas are considered plantains, but not all plantains are bananas. These deep-fried plantain chips are also quite popular in the southeastern part of Mexico, especially in the state of [[Tabasco]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Banana Chips preparation.jpg|Banana chips being prepared by [[deep frying]]
File:Chips Palakkad.jpg|Fried banana chips
File:Homemade_4_Cut_Banana_Chips.jpg|Homemade banana chips
File:Jaggery Chips BNC.jpg|Jaggery chips
File:2020-06-10 16 38 39 Banana chips from Giant in the Franklin Farm section of Oak Hill, Fairfax County, Virginia.jpg|Dried banana chips
File:723Pinasugbo consilva 07.jpg|''[[Pinasugbo]]'', a traditional banana chip snack from the [[Western Visayas]] islands of the [[Philippines]]
File:Banana Chips in Palakkad.jpg| Banana chips getting deep fried at a shop in Palakkad, Kerala, India.
File:Banana Chips from India.jpg|Ripe banana chips from India.
File:Ripe Banana Chips.jpg|Banana Chips made of ripe bananas from Kerala, India.
</gallery>

==See also==

{{portal|Food}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Apple chip]]
* [[Banana]] - In popular culture and commerce, "banana" usually refers to soft, sweet "dessert" ''Musa'' cultivars.
* [[Banana powder]]
* [[Chifle]] - a similar salty snack chip made from plantains.
* [[Plantain (cooking)|Plantain]] - ''Musa'' cultivars with firmer, starchier fruit
* [[Sun-dried banana]]
* [[Tostones]] - a similar salty snack made from plantains.
* ''[[Kripik]]'' - Indonesian chips, ''kripik pisang'' is Indonesian banana chips
* [[List of deep fried foods]]
* [[List of dried foods]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{commons}}

{{Banana}}
{{Chips and crisps}}
{{Deep frying foods}}
{{Philippine cuisine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banana Chips}}
[[Category:Dried fruit]]
[[Category:Banana dishes]]
[[Category:Deep fried foods]]
[[Category:Indian snack foods]]
[[Category:Indonesian snack foods]]
[[Category:Philippine desserts]]
[[Category:Kerala cuisine]]
[[Category:Malaysian snack foods]]
[[Category:Thai desserts and snacks]]

Mintong

2026-01-22T09:25:45Z

Veronasie: adding new post - done

{{Short description|Village in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mintong<ref>{{cite web |title=Mintong Village |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/arunachal-pradesh/tirap/longding-circle/mintong.html |website=MapsofIndia |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref>
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Arunachal Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|26.7987|95.30306|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirap district|Tirap]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name3 = Tirap
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1505
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Wancho language|Wancho]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 786631
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 03786
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 =
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = Tirap district
| area_total_ha =
}}

'''Mintong''' is a [[village]] and [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]] (GP) in Longding circle of [[Tirap district]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. As per [[2011 Census of India]], Mintong has a total population of 1,505 peoples, including 730 males and 775 females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mintong Population (2021/2022), Village in Longding Subdivision |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Arunachal_Pradesh/Tirap/Longding/Mintong |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712133537/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Arunachal_Pradesh/Tirap/Longding/Mintong |url-status=usurped |archive-date=July 12, 2022 |website=IndiaGrowing |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref>

Mintong has a plantation of tea, coffee, cardamom and bamboo for economic development.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sachchidananda |title=Shifting cultivation in India |publisher=Concept Pub. Co |year=1989 |isbn=978-817-0220-404 |location=New Delhi |pages=105 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Tirap district]]

Dina Thanthi

2026-01-20T02:04:03Z

Veronasie:

{{Short description|Indian Tamil newspaper}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Dina Thanthi Daily Thanthi
| logo = Daily thanthi logo.gif
| image = NewsPaperDinaThanthi.jpg
| caption = Front page of ''Daily Thanthi'' on 12 July 2012
| type = [[Newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| owners =
| founder = [[S. P. Adithanar]]
| publisher = Dina Thanthi
| editor =
| founded = {{Start date|1942|11|1|df=yes}}
| political_position = Socialism and Liberal Conservatism
| language = Tamil
| headquarters = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| circulation = 1,137,041 Daily<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JD%202022%20Highest%20Circulated%20(across%20languages).pdf |title=Highest Circulated Daily Newspapers (language wise) |publisher=[[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)|Audit Bureau of Circulations]]}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.dailythanthi.com}}
| circulation_date = April 2023
}}

'''''Dina Thanthi''''' ({{langx|ta|தினத்தந்தி}}, {{langx|en|Daily Mail}}; known as '''Daily Thanthi''' in [[English language|English]]) is a [[Tamil language]] daily [[newspaper]]. It was founded by [[S. P. Adithanar]] in [[Madurai]] in 1942. ''Dina Thanthi'' is India's largest daily printed in the Tamil language and the ninth largest among all dailies in [[India]] by circulation.<ref name=ABCIND>{{cite web |url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/Highest%20Circulated%20amongst%20ABC%20Member%20Publications%20(across%20languages).pdf |title=Submission of circulation figures for the audit period July - December 2015 |publisher=[[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)|Audit Bureau of Circulations]] |access-date=5 January 2016}}</ref> It is printed in 16 cities across India and also prints an international edition in [[Dubai]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. '''The Daily Thanthi''' group has ventured into the [[general entertainment]] sector with the launch of its new channel, '''[[Thanthi One]]''', on 19 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மு.பூபாலன் |date=21 May 2024 |title=Thanthi 1: எல்லை இல்லா என்டர்டைன்மெண்ட் ஆரம்பம்; தந்தி குழுமத்தின் 'தந்தி ஒன்' தொலைக்காட்சி உதயம்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/thanthi-one-tamil-entertainment-tv-channel |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=[[Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=தாரா |first=ராகேஷ் |date=18 May 2024 |title=அப்படி போடு! மேலும் ஒரு பொழுதுபோக்கு சேனல்! சூப்பர் அப்டேட் கொடுத்த தந்தி குரூப்! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/thanthi-groups-enters-into-gec-by-launching-new-channel-called-thanthi-1-183856 |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] - [[ABP News]] |language=ta}}</ref>

==History==
Dina Thanthi was established in [[Madurai]] on 1 November 1942 by [[lawyer]], [[politician]] and [[Editor-in-chief|editor]] [[S. P. Adithanar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/Aboutus |title=About us, Daily Thanthi |work=Daily Thanthi |access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref>

==Circulation==
This [[daily newspaper]] is published from 16 cities in India namely [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Cuddalore]], [[Dindigul]], [[Erode]], [[Madurai]], [[Nagercoil]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Tirupur]] and [[Vellore]]. In the second half of 2015, the newspaper has a circulation of 1,714,743.

[[International edition]] is printed in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]] for the [[Middle East]] market.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/leading-tamil-newspaper-now-available-in-uae |title=Leading Tamil newspaper now available in UAE |website=Khaleej Times}}</ref>

Another international edition is printed at [[Colombo]] in [[Sri Lanka]], issued along with ''[[Virakesari]]'' (Sri Lanka [[Tamil language|Tamil]] newspaper).

==Circulation by editions==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Edition
!Average
|-
|[[Chennai]]
|498,188
|-
|[[Madurai]]
|127,182
|-
|[[Coimbatore]]
|123,910
|-
|[[Vellore]]
|67,981
|-
|[[Trichy]]
|102,751
|-
|[[Tirunelveli]]
|132,083
|-
|[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
|125,528
|-
|[[Cuddalore]]
|68,811
|-
|[[Bangalore]]
|62,040
|-
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|30,536
|-
|[[Erode]]
|57,552
|-
|[[Nagercoil]]
|108,571
|-
|[[Thanjavur]]
|94,754
|-
|[[Dindigul]]
|52,290
|-
|[[Tirupur]]
|43,119
|-
|[[Mumbai]]
|19,447
|}

==Awards==
In 2005, the central Government conferred the [[Padma Shri]] award to the managing director of Dinathanti, [[Sivanthi Adithan]], for his excellent work in educating the poor.

In order to improve the educational quality of the poor students, the daily newspaper is giving educational grants to the students who are studying in the top 3 positions in the 10th plus-2 classes. Tamil Nadu Scholars are honored by giving prize money and gold medal every year in C. Pa. Aditanar's birthday function.

==Supplements==
Various supplements also come along with Daily Thanthi, as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Day
!Supplements
|-
|Sunday
|Devathai Book, Gnayiru mlr (2 Full pages) & Kudumba mlr (2 Full pages)
|-
|Monday
|Manavar special (Full Page)
|-
|-
|Tuesday
|Aruldharum Anmeegam Book
|-
|Wednesday
|VANAVIL (Full Page)
|-
|-
|Saturday
|Muthucharam (2 Full pages), Ilaignar Malar (2 Full pages) & Mugavari (real-estate and construction technology news)
|-
|}

It also carries a special supplement and conducts programmes for students to prepare for board and other competitive exams.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=2254 |title=Daily Thanthi's career awareness program "Vetri Nichayam" |publisher=livechennai.in |access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Maalai Malar]]
* [[Thanthi TV]]
* [[Hello FM]]
* [[DT Next]]
* Thanthi One
* Ranionline

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dailythanthi.com Official website]

{{Thanthi Group}}
{{Tamil-language media}}
{{Newspapers in India}}
{{Media of India}}

[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Mass media in Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1942]]
[[Category:Mass media in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Mass media in Madurai]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Thanthi Group]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian entertainment websites]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Chennai]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Asian news websites]]
[[Category:National newspapers published in India]]

Shyamal Gangapadhyay

2026-01-19T07:23:45Z

Veronasie: brief adjusted details to improve readability and fixed typos for clarity

{{Short description|Indian writer and editor (1933–2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Shyamal Gangopadhay
| image =
| native_name = শ্যামল গঙ্গোপাধ্যায়
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|03|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Khulna]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in Bangladesh)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|09|24|1933|03|25|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], India
| occupation = Novelist, editor, Author
| awards = [[Sahitya Academy Award]](1993)
| spouse = Ity Gangopadhyay (Ity Sanyal)
| children = Eldest daughter - Mallika Chowdhury(Married Poet Tushar Chowdhury). 
Youngest daughter Dr. Lalita Chatterjee (Gangopadhyay) (Married Samir Kumar Chattopadhyay).
| birth_name = Shyamalendu-bikas Gangopadhyay
| nationality = Indian
| language = Bengali
| notable_works = Shahzada Darashuko. Kuberer bishoy Ashoy (translated in english as "Possessions"). Haoya Gari.
| relatives = Motilal Gangopadhyay (father). Kironmoyee devi (mother). {{interlanguage link|Swami Pragyanananda Saraswati|bn}} (maternal grand-uncle). Ashwini Mukhopadhyay (Maternal grand father). Girish Gangopadhyay (Paternal Grandfather). Tarun Ganguly (brother,former journalist). Tapash Ganguly (brother,former journalist).
| alma_mater = [[খুলনা জিলা স্কুল|Khulna Zila School]] [[আশুতোষ কলেজ|Ashutosh College]] [[চারুচন্দ্র কলেজ|Charuchandra College]]
}}
'''Shyamal Gangapadhyay''' (25 March 1933 – 24 September 2001; {{langx|bn|শ্যামল গঙ্গাপাধ্যায়}}) was a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] novelist, short story writer and editor born at Khulna (Present day Bangladesh). During [[Partition of India]] he and his family of 6 brothers, 1 sister, and his parents migrated to India as refugees. The immense toll of the forced migration on the family led to one of his brothers to commit suicide at his twenties. The financial and personal struggle of these years shaped Shyamal's literary landscape.

He received [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Academy Award]] in 1993 for the novel of ''Shahjada Darasukoh'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#BENGALI|title=AKADEMI AWARDS (1955-2016)|website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref> based on the life of [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Prince]] [[Dara Shukoh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/movie-mogul-maybe/209927|title=Movie Mogul, Maybe|date=28 August 2000|website=outlookindia.com|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref> He also wrote the story 'Vasco Da Gamar Bhaipo' and 'Parostri'.

==Early life==
Gangapadhyay was born in [[Khulna District|Khulna]], [[British India]]. His father name was Matilal Gangapadhyay and mother Kiranmoyee Devi. After the [[Partition of India|partition of 1947]] their family came to India. Gangapadhyay was attracted towards student politics while studying in college. In the meanwhile he worked in a Steel factory in [[Belur, West Bengal|Belur]]. After completion of graduation in 1956, he also worked as teacher for few days in Mathuranath Bidyapith.<ref name=":0" />

==Literary career==
In 1960, Gangapadhyay started his journalist career in [[Anandabazar Patrika]]. Number of short stories were published in Anandabazar. His first novel ''Brihannala'' which was published as ''Arjuner Aggatobas'' and mostly admired novel ''Kubere Bishoy Ashoy'' in [[Desh (magazine)|Desh]]. After 16 years of continuous service he left [[ABP Group|ABP house]] due to sudden confrontation with senior editor [[Santosh Kumar Ghosh]] and joined in [[Jugantar Patrika]] in 1976. He edited literary magazine ''Amrita''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sansad Bangali Charitavidhan (Bengali)|last=Anjali Basu|first=Addendum to Vol - II|publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2004|isbn=81-86806-99-7|location=Kolkata|pages=65}}</ref> His epic novel ''Shahjada Darasukoh'' was published in ''Saptahik'' (Weekly) [[Bartaman]] Magazine, which was awarded Sahitya Academy in 1993.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sahajada Darashuko (Bengali)|last=Shyamal Gangopadhyay|publisher=Dey's Publishing|year=1998|isbn=81-7079-514-1|location=Kolkata|pages=}}</ref> After retirement Gangapadhyay joined in [[Aajkaal]] daily magazine. His last novel was ''Ganga Ekti Nadir Naam''. He wrote series of story of ''Sadhu Kalachand'' which is popular for teens. His novels were translated and published in various languages.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMzo-E8PypMC&q=Shyamal+Gangopadhyay+died&pg=PA5|title=Katha Prize Stories|last=Volume 2|first=Geeta Dharmarajan|year=1992|isbn=9788185586090|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref> He won Bibhutibhushan memorial award in recognition of his contribution to the [[Bengali literature]] and Gajendra Kumar Mitra memorial prize, Sarat Purashkar in 2000.<ref name=":1" />

==Works==
* ''Kuberer Bisoy Ashoy ( translation - Possessions )''
* ''Shahjada Darasukoh'' (Vol I & II)
* ''Iswaritala Roopkatha''
* ''Hawa Gari''
* ''Swarger Ager Station''
* ''Sadhu Kalachand Samagra'' (Vol I & II)
* ''Benche Thakar Swad''
* ''Class 7er Mr. Bleck''
* ''Alo Nei''
* ''Jiban Rahassyo''
* ''Jatin Darogar Betanto''
* ''Valobasibona Ar''
* ''Sudhamoyeer Dinlipi''
* ''Durbiner Ultodike''
* ''Vasco Da Gamar Vaipo''
* ''Gatojanmer Rastai''
* ''Amaltas''
* ''Ganga Ekti Nadir Naam''

== Death ==
Gangapadhyay was suffering from [[Brain cancer|Brain Cancer]] and died at the age of 68 in [[Kolkata]] on 24 September 2001.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Noted-Bengali-litterateur-passes-away/articleshow/1615166907.cms|title=Noted Bengali litterateur passes away|date=24 September 2001|newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gangapadhyay, Shyamal}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali]]
[[Category:Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian historical novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novelists]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Khulna]]
[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Translators of Dante Alighieri]]
[[Category:Khulna Zilla School alumni]]

Sangaldan

2026-01-15T17:10:20Z

Veronasie:

{{More citations needed|date=October 2021}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gool Sangaldan
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.24|N|75.09|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ramban district|Ramban]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chenab Valley]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1383
| population_total = 876
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official Spoken
| demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = Gojri,
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode]]
| postal_code = 182144
| registration_plate = JK19
| website = {{URL|ramban.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| native_name =
}}

'''Sangaldan''' is a [[town]] near [[Ramban, Jammu and Kashmir|Ramban town]] in the [[Ramban district]] of the Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It falls in the [[Gool, Jammu and Kashmir|Gool]]-[[Gulabgarh Assembly constituency|Gulabgarh]] area of the [[Chenab valley]].

Gool valley as it is locally and largely known is famous for its lush green hills, snow laden mountains trails and famous tourist destinations like Jabbad, Gool, Digham (Ghoda gali), Rama Kunda, Dagan Top etc.

Movalkote, a village near the Sangaldan Railway Station is also a very beautiful place to be. M

Gool falls within the political boundaries of jammu province but has historically, culturally been a part of kashmir valley. Sangaldan is one of several towns which are within the territory of Gool Sub-block.

== Sangaldan railway station ==
[[Sangaldan railway station]] is a [[railway station]] in the [[Ramban district|Ramban]] district, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Its code is SNGDN and will serve Sangaldan city. The station includes two platforms. The station lies on the [[Banihal - Katra rail line.]]

== Government ==
Dr. Shamshada Shan was elected Chairperson of District Development Council Ramban in 2021. She was previously elected as the District Development Council Member from the Sangaldan constituency in 2020.

Rabiya Beigh was elected as her deputy.

Navida Begum was elected Block Development Council Chairperson in 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/BDC_2019/winner.pdf | title=List of elected chairpersons of Block Development Councils | publisher=ceojk.nic.in | access-date=25 October 2019 }}</ref>

==Geography==
===Tata Pani (Hot Spring)===
Tata Pani is a hot water spring located at Sangaldan in Ramban district and is deemed by Kashmir-based people best cure skin and bone diseases. People from various areas of Kashmir especially from Kulgam and Anantnag districts, came for having a bath in the spring for curing the diseases in July and August months.

This place is famous for the sulphur spring whose water is believed to have miraculous healing powers. It is located about {{Convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Ramban town. Thousands of people throng the place from June to ending November every year from within and outside the state particularly from neighbouring Punjab state to take a dip in these revered springs to get rid themselves of ailments, particularly [[Dermatitis]] and Arthritis.

== Demographics ==

In the 2011 census it had a population of 876 people in 476 households.<ref name="census2011">{{cite book |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0117_PART_B_DCHB_RAMBAN.pdf |title=District Census Handbook: Jammu & Kashmir: Series 02 part XIIB - Ramban |publisher=Census of India 2011 |page=72 |access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref> The female population is 47.4%. The village literacy rate is 54.9% and the female literacy rate is 21.9%.

{| class="wikitable"
! Census Parameter
! Census Data
|-
|Total Population
|876
|-
|Total No. of Houses
|476
|-
|Female Population %
|47.4% (415)
|-
|Total Literacy rate %
|54.9% (481)
|-
|Female Literacy rate
|21.9% (192)
|-
|Scheduled Tribes Population %
|2.2% (19)
|-
|Scheduled Caste Population %
|0.5% (4)
|-
|Working Population %
|25.6%
|-
|Child (0-6) Population by 2011
|166
|-
|Girl Child (0-6) Population % by 2011
|47.6% (79)
|}

== Geography ==
Sangaldan is {{Convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} from District Headquarter [[Ramban, Jammu and Kashmir|Ramban]], which is the nearest Statutory Town is Ramban, {{Convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} away. Forest covers 134.4 hectares, the non-agricultural area is 10.5 hectares, and total irrigated area is 24.3 hectares.

==Education==
Private and government private, middle and secondary schools are available. The nearest government arts and science degree college and government ITI colleges are in Ramban. The nearest government disabled school, government engineering college, government medical college, government MBA college and government polytechnic college are in [[Jammu]].

===Colleges===
*Government degree college Gool

===Schools===
* GHSS Sangaldan
* Diamond Public School, Sangaldan
* G.M.A Sangaldan
* GMS Sangaldan
* GHSS Dalwah
* Prince Valley Public School Kantha
* Blooming Flowers Dalwah

==Infrastructure==
===Health===
One primary health care centre, one veterinary hospital, and four medical shops are available, including Naik Medical hall Chandail Morh Dalwah (Nawaz Naik)
operate there.

=== Drinking water and sanitation ===
Nonpotable water is available all year round. A hand pump is the drinking water source. No drainage system is available. No system to collects garbage. Drain water is discharged directly into water bodies.

===Communication and media===
A sub post office is available. Mobile coverage is available. The nearest Internet Centre is {{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} away. The nearest private courier facility is {{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} away.

===Electricity===
This village has a power supply with a 14-hour power window in summer, and about 8-hours in winter. Ten hours of agricultural power supply in summer and twelve hours in winter are available.

=== Other ===
Anganwadi centre and polling station are there.

==Economy==
J&K Bank and an ATM are available.

Maize,rice, potatoes and beans are agricultural commodities. Total irrigated area in this village is 24.3 hectares from canals. [[Carpet]]s are handicrafts made there.

== See also ==
* [[Sangaldan railway station|Sangaldan Railway Station]]
* [[Banihal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/gool-firing-cpim-demands-arrest-of-bsf-personnel/804660 Gool Firing: CPIM demands arrest of BSF personnel]
*[http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-Jamu_&kasmir.html Census Data 2011 J&K, Ramban]
*[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=5711 Census]
* [http://jammutourism.gov.in/exploreJammu-Ramban.html Tourist Spots in Ramban (Tatta Pani)]
* [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/ifsccode/bank-jammu-and-kashmir-bank-limited,state-jammu-and-kashmir,district-ramban,branch-sangaldan,ifsccode-JAKA0SANGAL.cms J&K Bank Sangaldan]

{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Ramban district]]

Golahat massacre

2026-01-11T15:55:39Z

Veronasie: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Massacre in 1971}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Golahat massacre গোলাহাট গণহত্যা
| partof = [[Bangladesh genocide]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map = {{Location map|Bangladesh|lat=25.80|long=88.88|caption=}}
| map_caption =
| location = [[Golahat]], [[Nilphamari]], [[Bangladesh]]
| target = Marwari Hindus
| coordinates = {{coord|25|48|21|N|88|52|58|E|region:BD_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| date = 13 June 1971
| time = 10 a.m.
| timezone = UTC+6:00
| type = [[Mass murder]], [[Massacre]]
| fatalities = 437
| injuries =
| perps = [[Bihari Muslims]], [[Pakistani Army]]
| weapons = ''[[Ram-dao]]''s, [[Bayonet]]s
| numparts =
}}

The '''Golahat massacre''' ({{langx|bn|গোলাহাট গণহত্যা}}) was a massacre of 437 emigrating Hindu merchants and businessmen of [[Marwaris|Marwari]] ethnicity in [[Saidpur, Bangladesh|Saidpur]], East Pakistan on June 13, 1971.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dutta |first=Pradip Kumar |title=The Golahat massacre of Marwaris |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/longform/313360/the-golahat-massacre-of-marwaris |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Pinaki |last2=Asaduzzaman |first2=E. A. M. |date=16 December 2020 |title=A train to massacre |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/train-massacre-2011965 |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref name="islam">{{cite news |last=Islam |first=Mamun |date=December 5, 2011 |script-title=bn:গোলাহাটের নৃশংসতম গণহত্যা : যুদ্ধাপরাধীদের বিচারের আশায় ৪৩৭ শহীদের স্বজনরা |trans-title=Golahat genocide: the hope that the war crimes trial of 437 relatives of martyrs |url=http://www.bssnews.net/bangla/newsDetails.php?cat=4&id=106935&date=2011-12-05 |newspaper=[[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]] |access-date=February 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915114909/http://www.bssnews.net/bangla/newsDetails.php?cat=4&id=106935&date=2011-12-05 |archive-date=September 15, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="alam">{{cite news |last=Alam |first=M. R. |date=June 15, 2010 |script-title=bn:অপারেশন খরচাখাতা |trans-title=Operation Kharacakhata |url=http://www.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2010-06-15/news/71002 |newspaper=[[Prothom Alo]] |access-date=February 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618133522/http://www.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2010-06-15/news/71002 |archive-date=June 18, 2010}}</ref>

== Background ==
Saidpur is a railway town and a commercial hub situated in the [[Nilphamari District]] of [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur division]] of [[Bangladesh]]. It is situated near Parbatipur, which was an important rail junction in undivided India, connecting the [[Northeast India|North East]] to the rest of the country. The [[Marwaris]], attracted by the prospect of trade and commerce had settled in the town of Saidpur, long before the [[Partition of India]]. The Marwaris became a part of the local population and contributed to the society. In 1911, Tulsiram Agarwal had founded the Tulsiram Girls High School. Some of them had earned a respected position in the society because of their social work.<ref name="alam"/>

After the [[Partition of India]], the Marwaris chose to stay back in [[East Pakistan]] rather than migrating to [[India]]. Thousands of Urdu-speaking Muslims from [[Bihar]] and the [[United Provinces (1937-1950)|United Provinces]] settled in [[Saidpur, Rajshahi Division|Saidpur]].<ref name="lutu">{{cite news |last=Lutu |first=Tofazzal Hossain |script-title=bn:অবহেলায় হারিয়ে যাচ্ছে সৈয়দপুরের গোলাহাট বধ্যভূমির স্মৃতিচিহ্ন |url=http://www.karatoa.com.bd/details.php?pub_no=594&menu_id=3&val=71027 |access-date=February 4, 2012 |newspaper=Dainik Karatoa}}</ref> In 1971, the Urdu-speaking Muslims constituted 75% of the population of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://saidpurbd.com/ |title=Welcome to Saidpur |publisher= |access-date=February 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128084211/http://www.saidpurbd.com/ |archive-date=January 28, 2012}}</ref>

During the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]],<ref name="lutu"/> On 12 April, the Pakistan army killed prominent Marwari citizens Tulsiram Agarwal, Yamuna Prasad Kedia and Rameshwar Lal Agarwal at Nisbetganj. The killings created a panic in the Marwari community.<ref name="alam"/>

== Events ==
On 1 June, the Pakistan army took 185 Marwari men and transported them to Saidpur cantonment. Major Gul of the Pakistan army employed them in renovation of the Saidpur airbase and digging trenches for military purposes. A few days later, Major Gul stated that he would send them to India through the border outpost at Haldibari. Meanwhile, on 5 June, the Pakistan army announced that the Hindus of Saidpur would be provided a safe passage to India through the Chilahati border into the [[Jalpaiguri district]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref name="alam"/>

On the morning of 13 June, at about 6 a.m., the 185 prisoners were brought to the Saidpur railway station in four military trucks. They were assured a safe passage to India and asked to bring their family and relatives. They rushed to their houses in the joy of freedom and soon returned with their families. The Pakistani soldiers and the Bihari Muslims segregated the crowd into men and women. A special train had arrived at the Saidpur railway station at 8 a.m. They were boarded into separate compartments, two each for the men and the women. The doors and the windows were locked from inside. While boarding, no less 20 married and unmarried women were detained by the Pakistani soldiers and later taken to the Saidpur cantonment.<ref name="alam"/>

At about 10 a.m. the special train commenced its journey towards India. Soon after the journey had commenced, the train abruptly came to a halt over a railway culvert in Golahat, a locality in the outskirts of the Saidpur town, two kilometres of the Saidpur railway station. The doors of the compartments were opened and Bihari Muslims, armed with shining [[Ram-dao|''ramdao''s]] entered the compartments. The entire area was surrounded by the Pakistani military, armed with automatic weapons. The Bihari Muslims abused the Hindus, calling them ''[[malaun]]'' and stated that their lives were not even worthy of a bullet.<ref name="alam"/> The men, women and children were dragged out one by one. The Pakistani army and their collaborators bayoneted and butchered them to death. The children who were crying out of fear were either smashed on the railway tracks or flung into the air and then caught with [[bayonet]]s.<ref name="islam"/>

There is some confusion regarding the number of people killed in the Golahat massacre. According to the ''Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha'' and ''Prothom Alo'', 437 Hindus were killed in the massacre.<ref name="islam"/><ref name="alam"/> However, Sarmila Bose mentioned a figure of 338, quoting from an account of Dwarka Prasad Singhania, Marwari businessman of Saidpur.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bose |first=Sarmila |author-link=Sarmila Bose |title=Dead Reckoning: Memories of 1971 Bangladesh War |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-231-70164-8 |pages=137–139 |quote=A published account by a Marwari businessman of Saidpur, Dwarka Prasad Singhania ... [alleges] that on 13 June 1971, 338 Marwari men, women and children were massacred in a train at Golahat rail factory.}}</ref> Only ten from those who boarded the train could escape. They ran towards Dinajpur and finally took shelter in India.

== Memorial ==
In 2010, Prajanma 71 and Saidpur Smaranika Parishad commemorated the martyrdom of the victims through puja and anjali at the mass killing site at Golahat.<ref name="alam"/> No memorial has been erected even after 40 years of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Liberation War]].<ref name="lutu"/> The relics of the massacre are being lost. Local land sharks have encroached upon the site of mass killing and started cultivation.<ref name="lutu"/> Sumit Agarwala, the president of Saidpur Smaranika Parishad demanded a national memorial at the mass killing site.<ref name="alam"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{1971 Bangladesh genocide|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Bangladesh genocide]]
[[Category:Sword attacks in Asia]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mass stabbings in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:June 1971 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by Pakistan in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1971]]
[[Category:Massacres of Bengali Hindus in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Persecution of Hindus by Muslims]]
[[Category:Stabbing attacks in 1971]]
[[Category:Perfidy incidents]]
[[Category:Railway accidents and incidents in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Nilphamari District]]

Satyapal Singh Sikarwar

2026-01-05T18:57:35Z

Veronasie: adding the biography initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Satyapal Singh Sikarwar''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. Singh was a member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] between 2013 and 2018 from the [[Sumawali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sumawali constituency]] in [[Morena district]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bjp.org/latest-updates/results-of-madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections-2013 |title=Results of Madhya Pradesh Elections 2013 |access-date=5 February 2017 |archive-date=6 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206030819/http://www.bjp.org/latest-updates/results-of-madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections-2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/mp2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=815 My Neta]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sumawali.html | title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Sumawali Assembly Constituency | publisher=elections.in | accessdate=2017-02-05}}</ref> He was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party till 2020 after which he shifted to Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-18 |title=Morena Lok Sabha constituency: Electoral battle between Shivmangal Singh Tomar of BJP and Satyapal Singh Sikarwarof Congress |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/morena-lok-sabha-constituency-electoral-battle-between-shivmangal-singh-tomar-of-bjp-and-satyapal-singh-sikarwarof-congress-9275669/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024 Lok Sabha Election Sikarwar was defeated by 52530 votes. BJP's [[Shivmangal Singh Tomar]] won by 515477 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Morena Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/morena-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Parliamentary Constituency 1 - MORENA (Madhya Pradesh) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S121.htm |website=ECI}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Sikarwar, Satyapal}}
[[Category:People from Morena district]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}
{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Santosh Pol

2026-01-05T02:06:10Z

Veronasie: adding some stub with sources

{{Short description|Indian quack doctor and serial killer}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
'''Santosh Pol''' (born 4 November 1974) is an Indian [[Quackery|quack]] doctor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/satara-s-dr-death-villagers-respected-yet-shunned-santosh-pol/story-DiEhtQgF5w7n6nohN8W09N.html |title=Satara's 'Dr Death': Villagers respected yet shunned Santosh Pol|publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2016-07-25 |access-date=2016-08-17}}</ref> who confessed to killing six people from 2003 to 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/maharashtra-doctor-death-six-murders-335362-2016-08-16 |title=Maharashtra's 'Dr Death' confesses to 6 murders, 5 of them women|publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date= 16 August 2016|access-date=2016-08-17}}</ref> in the town of [[Dhom Dam|Dhom]], [[Maharashtra]], allegedly by injecting them with [[Suxamethonium chloride|succinylcholine]], a neuro-muscular paralytic drug.<ref name="ti">{{cite news|first1=Vivek|last1=Waghmode|first2=Mihir|last2=Tanksale|date=17 August 2016|title=Neighbours say they had no idea about Dr Death - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Neighbours-say-they-had-no-idea-about-Dr-Death/articleshow/53732772.cms|access-date=2016-08-17|work=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> He was dubbed Dr. Death by the media for the incident.<ref name="ti" />

The names of his victims are Mangala Jedhe, Salma Shaikh, Jagabai Pol, Surekha Chikane, Vanita Gaikwad and Nathmal Bhandari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/maharashtra-serial-killer-doctor-santosh-pol-confesses-to-six-murders-say-cops-2958736.html |title=Maharashtra 'serial killer' doctor Santosh Pol confesses to six murders, say cops |publisher=Firstpost |date=2015-07-29 |access-date=2016-08-17}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
In the 2020 [[Marathi-language television|Marathi television series]] ''[[Devmanus]]'', Kiran Gaikwad's character Dr. Ajitkumar Dev is mainly based on Santosh Pol's life.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koli |first=Kedar |date=1 September 2020 |title=All You Need To Know About The Real-Life 'Doctor Death' That Devmanus Is Based On |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-real-life-doctor-death-that-devmanus-is-based-on/ |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=[[ZEE5]]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of serial killers by country]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pol, Santosh}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Indian serial killers]]
[[Category:Medical serial killers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Poisoners]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Satara district]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian murderers]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Criminals from Maharashtra]]

Bhagwangarh

2025-12-25T00:10:04Z

Veronasie:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhagwangarh
| other_name = Bhukhianwali
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = File:Bhagwangarh, Bathinda, Panjab.png
| image_alt = Map
| image_caption = Map of the village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.066615|N|74.923069|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Punjab region|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Tehsil]]
| parts = [[Talwandi Sabo]]<ref name=census/>
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 205
| population_total = 2,659<ref name=census>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35839-bhagwangarh-urf-bhukhianwali-punjab.html |title=Bhagwangarh Urf Bhukhianwali Population - Bathinda, Punjab |author=|date= |work=Census 2011|publisher=www.census2011.co.in|accessdate=5 November 2014}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 151401
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01655
| registration_plate = PB-03
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bathinda]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1000/882 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|BSh]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|43|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|05|°C|°F}}
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhagwangarh''', also known as '''Bhukhianwali''' is a village of Talwandi Sabo tehsil of [[Bathinda district]] of Indian Punjab.<ref name=census/>

==Location==
Bhagwangarh is surrounded by Bathinda Tehsil, Dabwali Tehsil, Giddedrbaha Tehsil and Lambi Tehsil.

== Geography ==
Bhagwangarh, a.k.a Bhukhianwali, is approximately centered at {{coord|30.066672|N|74.923075|E}}. Located {{convert|205|m|ft|sp=us}} above sea level, it is {{convert|23|km|mi|sp=us}} from the district headquarter, Bathinda, and surrounding villages are [[Shergarh, Bathinda, Punjab|Shergarh]], [[Dunnewala]] and [[Mall Wala]].

== Demographics ==

[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is the [[mother tongue]] and [[Sikhism]] is the dominant religion of the village with other minorities. As of 2011 census, the total population of the village is 2659 with 546 households, 1413 males and 1246 females.<ref name=census/> The sex ratio is 882 females per 1000 males, with children sex ratio of 847. The literacy rate of the village is 61.85% with male literacy 69.50% and female, 53.20%. [[Jat people|Jatt]] is dominant caste of the village with [[Schedule Caste]] (SC) constituting 34.45% of the population and no [[Schedule Tribe]] (ST) population.<ref name=census/>

==Transportation==
The village is about 19 km from Bathinda and 232 km from [[Chandigarh]]. The nearest railway station is Sangat Rail Way Station.

==Nearby places==
* Sangat Mandi
* Talwandi Sabo (Sri Damdma Sahib)
* Mandi Dabwali
* Giddarbaha
* Kalan Wali

==Post Offices==
* Sangat. Pincode.151401
* Sirkibazar. Pincode.151005
* Bathinda. Pincode. 151001

==Education==
* Guru Nanak College, Doomwali.
* Eastwood SChool, Doomwali.
* Mastermind school, Bangi Rughu.
* clay India international school.

== Personalities ==
[[Gurmel Singh Dhillon]], a noted [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[songwriter]] are from this village.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bathinda district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bathinda district]]

Kamrupi dholiya

2025-12-23T21:04:47Z

Veronasie: Started A Entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
'''Kamrupi Dhuliya''' are traditional folk [[drummer]]s from [[Undivided Kamrup district]] who play large and wide big drums called ''Bor Dhul'' mostly in ethnic festivals, traditional [[wedding]] or especially [[Folk religion|folk religious]] traditions of [[Indigenous peoples|aboriginal]] Saivitie or Sakti cults mostly. It is a part of the native culture of the Kaibarta-Jalkeot community of Lower Assam.<ref name="photo 1">{{Cite web|title=Resonating sigh on Bordhol- a photo story by Dasarath Deka|url=https://www.nezine.com/info/cTN5UVppNUswNmpTc1hYbXlVVDRIUT09/resonating-sigh-on-bordhol--a-photo-story-by-dasarath-deka.html|access-date=2021-05-13|website=nezine.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

Though associated with playing the ''Bor Dhul'', they are also known for mixing [[Acrobatics|traditional Martial Acrobatic]] skills during the act. Spontaneity of expressions and quickness of mind and feet were the hallmarks of Kamrupi Dhuliya's. Drumming is accompanied by songs and other skills sometimes.

The ''Bor Dhul'' make a deep low-pitched tribal drumming sounds and is mostly played by the indigenous Kaibarta-Jalkeot ethnic group of Lower Assam (a marginalized aboriginal community of Assam) and the cultural traditions related with the Kamrupi Dhulia like Deodha-Joki, Bah Puja, Mas Mara, Xomor Kola (native Martial Acrobatics) etc are intrinsically a part of the Kaibarta ethnic culture.<ref name="photo 1"/><ref>{{cite book |title= Socio-religious life of the indigenous ethnic groups of Lower Assam:a study of the fasts and festivals of Kamrup District|last= Śarmā|first=Hemantakumāra|year=1992 |publisher=Daya Pub. House|pages=262 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings of the 7th session of Indian Art History Congress, Kanyakumari|last=Sinha, Dwivedi|first=Chitta Ranjan Prasad, Umesh Chandra|year=1998|publisher=Indian Art History Congress, and Sundeep Prakashan, New Delhi|pages=126}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kamrupi Lokgeet]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=A critical study of the Rāmāyaṇa tradition of Assam, up to 1826 A.D.|last=Goswami|first=Basanta Kumar Deva|year=1994|publisher=Punthi Pustak|pages=311}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dholiya, Kamrupi}}
[[Category:Indian drummers]]
[[Category:Music of Assam]]
[[Category:Kamrupi musicians]]
[[Category:Kamrupi culture]]

{{India-music-stub}}

Vikhroli railway station

2025-12-12T17:52:19Z

Veronasie: rework layout after review and added references after review

{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Vikhroli Railway station
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Vikhroli railway station - Stationboard.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address =
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.11|N|72.92|E|type:railwaystation|display=inline}}
| line = [[Central Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central Line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 4
| elevation = {{convert|6.035|m|ft}}
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = 1947
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = VK
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Central Railways]]
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Suburban Railway|line=Central|left=Ghatkopar|right=Kanjur Marg}}
| map_type = India#Maharashtra#Mumbai
| map_dot_label = Vikhroli
| route_map = {{MSR Central line}}
| mapframe = yes
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Vikhroli''' is a railway station on the Central Line of the network.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vikhroli Railway Station Map/Atlas CR/Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/vikhroli-vk/9338 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

[[File:Vikhroli Station Banner.jpg|thumb|left|Vikhroli station banner]]
[[File:Vikhroli railway station - Platformboard 1.jpg|thumb|Vikhroli railway station – Platformboard 1]]

==History==
In 1942, The Godrej family brought plots in Vikhroli. Sir Phirojsha Godrej brought entire village in order to set up industrial township. The station was built to serve the [[Godrej Industries Ltd|Godrej Industries]] Complex which houses several Godrej factories and IT companies like [[Accenture]], [[Atos]], [[Capgemini]], [[WNS Global Services|WNS]] etc. The old Godrej railway siding were crucial links that helped in setting up democracy in India by helping to conduct first general election.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Vikhroli railway station}}
{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Harbour}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Vikhroli Railway station}}
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1947]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Mumbai CR railway division]]

{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering

2025-12-11T12:15:25Z

Veronasie: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Engineering College in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering/ SSN School of Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Chennai
| native_name = SSN School of Engineering, Shiv Nadar University Chennai
| image = Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering.svg
| image_size = 150px
| established = {{Start date and age|1996}}
| type = School in Shiv Nadar University Chennai
| endowment =
| staff =
| faculty = ~250
| chairman = Sundar Mahalingam
| director = Mr. Samson P
| principal = Dr. Radha.S
| rector =
| chancellor =
| vice_chancellor = Sriman kumar Battacharyya
| dean = Dr. P. Ramasamy
| head_label = Asst. Director Marketing
| head = Mr. Ananda Raman
| students = 5000
| undergrad = 3500
| postgrad = 650
| doctoral = ~250
| city = [[Chennai]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| campus = 230 acres
| colours =
| mascot =
| nickname = SSN
| affiliations = Shiv Nadar University, Chennai, Autonomous,
[[Anna University]]
| website = [http://www.ssn.edu.in/ www.ssn.edu.in]
| coor = {{coord|12|50|25|N|80|09|15|E|display=title,inline}}
}}

'''Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering''' ('''SSN'''), popularly known as '''SSN College of Engineering''' or simply '''SSN''', is a private engineering college located in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SSN|url=https://collegedunia.com/college/14867-ssn-college-of-engineering-ssnce-chennai|access-date=2021-12-27|website=College Dunia}}</ref> It is an autonomous college affiliated with [[Anna University]] founded by [[Shiv Nadar]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/colleges/autonomous_colleges-list.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 July 2019 |archive-date=25 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925161355/https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/colleges/autonomous_colleges-list.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The college is certified to [[ISO 9001|ISO 9001:2000]] standard<ref name="SSN-Scholarship-ChennaiOnline">{{cite web|url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/education/StudentsCorner/2006/06ssn.asp|title=SSN Trust offers Rs 4 crore scholarships|date=13 June 2006|publisher=Che nnaionline.com|accessdate=3 August 2009|archive-date=2 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802213408/http://archives.chennaionline.com/education/StudentsCorner/2006/06ssn.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> by the [[National Board of Accreditation]].

In March 2018, the college was granted autonomous status by [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]].<ref name="SSN-Autonomy-UGC">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/eight-institutions-get-autonomous-status/article23308222.ece|title=Eight institutions get autonomous status|date=21 March 2018|publisher=thehindu.com|accessdate=21 March 2018}}</ref>

In Sep 19 2025, the college applied for progressive closure from the next academic year and merge with Shiv Nadar University according to TOI.<ref name="SSN-Merge-SNU">{{cite web|title=SSNCE to Merge with SNU|date=19 Sep 2025|publisher=timesofindia.com|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ssn-college-to-be-merged-with-shiv-nadar-univ/articleshow/123983116.cms |accessdate=19 Sep 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering(SSN) was started in 1996 by [[Padma Bhushan]] Dr [[Shiv Nadar]]. The college was opened in 1996 at a temporary location in Thoraipakkam in the suburbs of Chennai, Tamil Nadu as an affiliate of [[Anna University]]. It moved to a 230-acre campus at Kalavakkam (Near Thiruporur) on Rajiv Gandhi Salai (Old Mahabalipuram Road, Chennai) in 1998. Shiv Nadar took an active role in the college activities, including gifting Rs. 1 million worth of HCL Technologies shares to the college. Starting from the 2026 academic year, SSN College of Engineering will be merged into Shiv Nadar University Chennai.
It will be renamed as the SSN School of Engineering under Shiv Nadar University. Admissions will shift from Anna University’s counseling system to SNU’s entrance exam and interview process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/ew/2001/07/25/stories/0125a203.htm |title=Shiv Nadar gifts HCL Tech shares to Chennai Trust |work=The Hindu |location=India |date=25 July 2001 |accessdate=26 March 2008 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030513060340/http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/ew/2001/07/25/stories/0125a203.htm |archivedate=13 May 2003 }}</ref>

In association with [[Carnegie Mellon University]], the SSN School of Advanced Software Engineering was started in 2001.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/12/27/stories/2002122702190500.htm|title=ICT must be made more affordable|date=27 December 2002|publisher=[[Business Line]]|accessdate=4 August 2009}}</ref><ref name="SSNSASE MSIT">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2006/02/27/stories/2006022700610300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103160604/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2006/02/27/stories/2006022700610300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2008|title=SSN-Carnegie Mellon University offers masters in IT|date=27 February 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=4 August 2009}}</ref>

==Courses offered ==

* B.Tech Chemical Engineering
* B.Tech Mechanical Engineering
* B.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering
* B.Tech Electrical and Electronics Engineering
* B.Tech Information Technology
* B.Tech Bio-Medical Engineering
* B.Tech Computer Science and Engineering
* B.Tech Civil Engineering

'''PG'''

* M.Tech Energy Engineering
* M.Tech Environmental Science and Technology
* M.Tech Information Technology
* M.Tech Medical Electronics
* M.Tech Manufacturing Engineering
* M.Tech Power Electronics and Drives
* M.Tech VLSI Design
* M.Tech Computer Science and Engineering
* M.B.A

'''PhD'''

* All streams of Engineering | Science | Management
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = College
|NIRF_O_2025=81|NIRF_E_2025=47}}

== Notable alumni ==
*[[Ravichandran Ashwin]], cricketer<ref>{{cite news |last=RS |first=Prasad |date=12 December 2016 |title=Alma mater that moulded Ashwin's cricketing career |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/alma-mater-that-moulded-ashwins-cricketing-career/articleshow/55935824.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Balaji Mohan]], film director<ref>{{cite web |last=Giridhar |first=Sudharshan |title="NO HARD FEELING BETWEEN ANIRUDH AND MYSELF" - BALAJI MOHAN |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-director/balaji-mohan/an-exclusive-interview-with-director-balaji-mohan.html}}</ref>
* [[Anaka Alankamony]], squash player<ref>{{cite news |last=S. R. |first=SURYANARAYAN |date=4 July 2012 |title=Triumphs and trophies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/triumphs-and-trophies/article3602166.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Murugan Ashwin]], Cricketer<ref>{{cite web |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Vignesh |date=10 February 2016 |title=In conversation with Murugan Ashwin, this IPL auction's biggest gainer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/in-conversation-with-murugan-ashwin-this-ipl-auction-s-biggest-gainer/story-9xt442xRM8boeyCpIeZUlM.html}}</ref>
* [[Pradeep Ranganathan]], Film Director & Actor
* [[Ashwath Marimuthu]], Film Director & Actor

== See also==
*[[Shiv Nadar University]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering}}
*[http://www.ssn.edu.in Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering official homepage]

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Chennai]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ssn-college-to-be-merged-with-shiv-nadar-univ/articleshow/123983116.cms
Starting from the 2026–27 academic year, SSN College of Engineering will be merged into Shiv Nadar University Chennai.
It will be renamed as the SSN School of Engineering under Shiv Nadar University.
Admissions will shift from Anna University’s counseling system to SNU’s entrance exam and interview process.

Ramesh Katara

2025-10-21T02:21:12Z

Veronasie:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Rameshbhai Katara''' (born 4 May 1975)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rameshbhai Katara, BJP MLA from Fatepura - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/rameshbhai-katara/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Fatepura Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Dahod district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Fatepura Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: BJP Candidate KATARA RAMESHBHAI BHURABHAI wins from Fatepura , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/fatepura-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568276 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here3">{{cite news |date=21 October 2025 |title=Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021020536/https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archivedate=21 October 2025 |accessdate=21 October 2025 |work=english..com |publisher=Gujarat Samachar |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank">{{cite news |date=17 October 2025 |title=Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021021332/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |archive-date=21 October 2025 |access-date=21 October 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here">{{cite news |date=21 October 2025 |title=Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021020536/https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archivedate=21 October 2025 |accessdate=21 October 2025 |work=english..com |publisher=Gujarat Samachar |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Katara is from Hingla village, Fatepura taluk, Dahod district, Gujarat.<ref name=":0" /> He is the son of Bhurabhai Katara. He did a diploma in agricultural science in 1997 at Vasana Margia, Kheda district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katara Rameshbhai Bhurabhai(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- FATEPURA (ST)(DAHOD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6101 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He married Gayatriben Katara.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Katara won from [[Fatepura Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 59,581 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Govindbhai Parmar]] of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], by a margin of 19,531 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06129.htm?ac=129 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131170749/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06129.htm?ac=129 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Ditabhai Machchhar of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 6,264 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Fatepura Election Result 2022 LIVE: Katara of BJP in lead, check winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/gujarat-election-result-2022-fatepura-legislative-assembly-election-winner-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15358081.htm |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> He retained the seat in the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] for the BJP again defeating Machchhar by a margin of 2,711 votes.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fatepura Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Katara Rameshbhai Bhurabhai Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/fatepura-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6563599.html |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He won for a third time in 2022.

=== Controversy ===
During the 2019 Lok Sabha election campaign in his constituency, Katara was accused of threatening voters, allegedly saying that those who voted for Congress would be identified.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-17 |title=PM Modi has put cameras in booths, is watching: BJP MLA warning in Gujarat |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-bjp-mla-pm-modi-has-installed-cameras-in-booths-5678912/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Dahod collector and district election officer V.L. Kharadi issued a show-cause notice to the MLA, who denied the allegations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP MLA Ramesh Katara warns people to vote for party, says PM Narendra Modi has installed cameras in booths |url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/bjp-mla-ramesh-katara-warns-people-to-vote-for-party-says-pm-narendra-modi-has-installed-cameras-in-booths-2196111.html |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-17 |title=PM Modi’s cameras noting your vote: BJP’s Fatehpura MLA Ramesh Katara |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/gujarat/news/pm-narendra-modis-cameras-noting-your-vote-bjps-fatehpura-mla-ramesh-katara/articleshow/68913678.cms |access-date=2025-01-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-17 |title=BJP MLA Ramesh Katara tells people in Dahod that Narendra Modi has installed CCTV cameras in polling booths, will record their vote |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/bjp-mla-ramesh-katara-tells-people-in-dahod-that-narendra-modi-has-installed-cctv-cameras-in-polling-booths-will-record-their-vote-6463851.html |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Katara, Ramesh}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Dahod district]]

Ratris Khel Chale

2025-10-16T20:34:37Z

Veronasie:

{{short description|Indian TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ratris Khel Chale 1.jpg
| image_size =
| genre = [[Thriller film|Thriller]] [[Drama]] [[Horror film|Horror]]
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| director = Raju Sawant
| country = India
| producer = Sunil Bhosale Santosh Ayachit
| story = Santosh Ayachit Ashutosh Parandkar
| screenplay = Pralhad Kudtarkar
| editor =
| theme_music_composer = Pankaj Padghan
| opentheme = "Ratris Khel Chale" by Sayali Pankaj
| company = Sajiri Creations
| runtime = 22 minutes
| num_seasons = 3
| language = Marathi Malvani
| num_episodes = 210
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2016|02|22|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2016|10|22|df=y}}
| caption = The poster of Season 1 of the serial
| related = ''[[Ratris Khel Chale 2]]'' ''[[Ratris Khel Chale 3]]''
}}

'''''Ratris Khel Chale''''' ({{translation|The Game Runs At Night}}) is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Malvani language|Malvani]] [[supernatural]] thriller drama serial which aired on [[Zee Marathi]] from 22 February 2016. The serial revolves around the [[Surname|Naik]] family talking in [[Malvani language|Malvani]] and living in [[Sawantwadi]], who experience [[Paranormal|strange and unexplainable events]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ratris Khel Chale completes 100 episodes|url=https://marathistars.com/tv-serial/news-tv-serial/ratrees-khel-chaale-completes-100-episodes/|access-date=2021-01-27|website=Marathi Stars|date=6 July 2016 }}</ref>

==Series==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" | Originally Broadcast
|-
! style="padding: 1 8px" | First aired
! style="padding: 1 8px" | Last aired
|-
|style="background:Red"|
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"| 210
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2016|02|22}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2016|10|22}}
|-
|style="background:Blue" rowspan="2"|
|align="center" rowspan="2"| [[Ratris Khel Chale 2|2]]
|align="center" rowspan="2"| 413
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2019|01|14}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2020|03|27}}
|-
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2020|07|20}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2020|08|29}}
|-
|style="background:Yellow" rowspan="2"|
|align="center" rowspan="2"| [[Ratris Khel Chale 3|3]]
|align="center" rowspan="2"| 238
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2021|03|22}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2021|04|30}}
|-
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2021|08|16}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2022|04|09}}
|}

== Plot ==
Hari "Anna" Naik, head of an influential [[Malvani language|Malvani]] family, abruptly dies on the day of his youngest son's engagement. This leads to household issues over property distribution between the heirs, especially due to Sushma "Sushlya", Anna's illegitimate daughter from another woman, Shevanta. Also, the household witnesses strange [[Paranormal|paranormal events]] and mysteries, which some believe to be supernatural, while others believe to be tricks.

Anna's right hand Natha and his wife Yamuna create paranormal events to scare the Naiks and usurp their property. Also, Sushma creates problems and haunts up events in the Naik house to retrieve her inheritance rights as well as Shevanta's jewellery. All heirs to Anna's property try to get the largest share of the property.

Neelima creates haunting scenes to get Anna's property as per her commitment to her boss, for her salary. Also, Anna's friends Nene Vakil, a lawyer, and Raghu Kaka, a priest with an evil mind and evil deeds, set their eyes on Anna's property, so they too scare the family. Neelima and her boss Jatin Sheth assassinate Nene Vakil as he learns their truth.

== Cast ==
* Shakuntala Nare as Indumati "Mai" Hari Naik, Anna's kind hearted widow. Madhav, Chhaya, and Abhiram's mother, Datta's adopted mother and Sushma's stepmother, Neelima, Sarita, and Devika's mother-in-law, and Archis, Purva, and Ganesh's grandmother.
* Suhas Shirsat as Dattaram "Datta" Hari Naik, Anna's second child and son from an unseen mistress of Anna's but still raised as Indu's own, the most responsible member of the Naik family after Anna. Sarita's husband, Purva and Ganesh's father, the unseen mistress' biological son.
* Mangesh Salvi as Madhav Hari Naik, Anna's eldest child and son who moves to Mumbai for work. Neelima's husband and Archis' father. He is an imaginative man who dabbles in poetry and novel writing, most of whose plots often come true with the Naik family.
* Ashwini Mukadam as Sarita Dattaram Naik, the only second generation mistress in the house to lovingly take care of the Naik house. Datta's wife, and Purva and Ganesh's mother.
* Prachi Sukhathankar as Neelima Madhav Naik, Madhav's spouse who is highly scientific and disregards any superstitions of the native villagers. Madhav's wife and Archis' mother. She and her boss assassinated Nene Vakil for Anna's property.
* Madhav Abhyankar as Hari "Anna" Naik, a formidable elderly man as well as the most influential person in the village. Indumati's husband. Madhav, Chhaya, Abhiram, Datta and Sushma's father.Pandu's adoptive father.
* Sainkeet Kamat as Abhiram Hari Naik, Anna's youngest child and son whose engagement was planned but postponed after Anna died on the same day. Devika's husband.
* Rutuja Dharmadhikari as Sushma "Sushlya" Hari Naik, Shevanta's daughter through Anna who wants seize the Naik family's entire estate as a desire of her late mother after Anna's death. She was disowned by her stepmother Indumati after Shevanta's death, but Natha and Yamuna adopt her to get Anna's property.
* Namrata Pawaskar as Chhaya Hari Naik, Anna's third child and only daughter, whose husband died on the night of their wedding, leaving her widowed in her parents' home. Madhav and Abhiram's sister. Datta and Pandu's adoptive sister. Sushma's stepsister.
* Dilip Bapat as Advocate Nene, who always saved Anna after he committed any crime and helped him acquire properties, while secretly filching portions of it. After Anna's death, Nene Vakil oversees the property distribution between Anna's heirs.
* Anil Gawade as Raghunath "Raghu" Gurav, who is the Gurav of the village, often called by the Naiks whenever any paranormal event occurs. He also eyes Anna's property. He always practices Black Magic in the name of holy commotion.
* Pralhad Kudtarkar as Pandu, a man cared for by the Naiks who forgets almost everything he hears or sees ever since he witnessed his father's death by Anna. Anna's adoptive son. He knows many secrets of the Naik family from the past and the present. He is not taken seriously by anyone because he always forgets everything.
* Prajakta Wadaye as Police Constable who arrests Neelima in the series finale.
* Hemant Joshi as Jatin Sheth, an unscrupulous businessman who wants to grow his empire in the village with Neelima.
* Pooja Gore as Purva Dattaram Naik, Sarita and Datta's younger child.
* Nupur Chitale as Devika Abhiram Naik, Abhiram's wife.
* Abhishek Gaonkar as Ganesh Dattaram Naik, Sarita and Datta's elder child.
* [[Nachiket Devasthali]] as Vishwasrao, Police Inspector and Abhiram's close college friend.
* Adish Vaidya as Archis Madhav Naik, Neelima and Madhav's son.

== Production ==
In late 2018, [[Zee Marathi]] and the production house confirmed the production of [[Ratris Khel Chale 2]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ratris Khel Chale returns with a flashback plot - The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/ratris-khel-chale-returns-with-a-flashback-plot/articleshow/67524975.cms|access-date=2021-01-23|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 January 2019 }}</ref>

The production and filming of series took place in Akeri, [[Maharashtra]] in the Konkan Region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=नाईकांच्या वाड्याला मागणी फार|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/ratris-khel-chale-bungalow-becomes-tourist-spot/articleshow/56717241.cms|access-date=2021-01-23|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref> The first season of this serial was supposed to be based on horror, but was later shifted to thriller crime as people from the Konkan region accused the promotion of series to negatively affect the region's reputation and even a court case was filed.

=== Controversy ===
The Konkan team had objected to the series saying that the series was promoting superstition and wrongfully depicting Konkan as a scary place.<ref>{{Cite web|title=रात्री चालणाऱ्या खेळावर आंदोलनाचे भूत|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/ratris-khel-chale-serial-in-controversy/articleshow/51214872.cms|access-date=2021-01-25|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-02|title=Controversy: आश्वासन? पण मी राणे समर्थकांशी बोललोच नाही -दिग्दर्शक|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news-bf5/BOL-MB-i-havent-promised-anybody-about-changes-in-story-says-ratris-khel-chale-director-5264018-PHO.html|access-date=2021-01-25|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background: Blue; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background: Blue; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:Blue; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background: Blue; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background: Blue; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:Blue; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Ratris Khel Chale'' रात्रीस खेळ चाले
| 22 February 2016
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 22 October 2016
| Original
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Niguda Ratri'' ನಿಗೂಢರಾತ್ರಿ
| 17 July 2017
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 11 May 2018
| Remake
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''Raat Ka Khel Saara'' रात का खेल सारा<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/marathi-series-ratris-khel-chale-now-telecast-in-hindi-from-29-february/509001|title='रात्रीस खेळ चाले' आता हिंदीतही|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|date=16 February 2020 |language=mr}}</ref>
| 29 February 2020
| [[And TV]]
| 6 December 2020
| Dubbed
|}

== Reception ==
The series premiered from 22 February 2016 by replacing ''[[Dil Dosti Duniyadari]]''.

=== Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target rating point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 29
|2016
|1.7
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=या आठवड्यातील टॉप ५ मराठी मालिका|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/photos/top-5-marathi-tv-serials-wk-29-259160|access-date=2021-08-31|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=28 July 2016 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 31
|2016
|1.8
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=या आठवड्यातील टॉप ५ मराठी मालिका|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/photos/top-5-marathi-tv-serials-wk-31-266863|access-date=2021-08-31|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=11 August 2016 |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Awards 2016]]
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|Best Character Male
|Pralhad Kudtarkar
|Pandu
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/full-list-of-zee-marathi-award-2016-winners-1319777/|title='झी मराठी पुरस्कार २०१६' विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी|date=2016-10-17|website=[[Loksatta]]|access-date=2021-04-05|language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt5931336}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/ratris-khel-chale/0-6-217 ''Ratris Khel Chale''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2010s supernatural television series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]

Dahi, Madhya Pradesh

2025-07-27T23:23:47Z

Veronasie: new info

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dahi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Nagar Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8,509
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP 11]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dahi''' (डही) is a town and [[Nagar Panchayat]] located in [[Dhar District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban Body {{!}} District Dhar, Government Of Madhya Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://dhar.nic.in/en/urban-body/ |access-date=2024-03-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Dahi is located at {{Coord|22.11|N|74.58|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bing Maps |url=https://www.bing.com/maps/?v=2&cp=22.11~74.58&style=r&lvl=11&sp=Point.22.11_74.58_Dahi,%20Madhya%20Pradesh___ |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Bing Maps |language=en}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 506 metres (1,660 feet).

==Description==
===Population===
The Dahi Nagar Panchayat has a population of 8,509, of which 4,271 are male and 4,238 are female as per the [[2011 census of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dahi Nagar Panchayat City Population Census 2011-2024 {{!}} Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802264-dahi-madhya-pradesh.html |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

===Administration===
Dahi is a [[Tehsil]] headquarter and a Development Block in Dhar District. There are a total of 61 villages in this tehsil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehsil {{!}} District Dhar, Government Of Madhya Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://dhar.nic.in/en/tehsil/ |access-date=2024-03-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Civil Administration===
Dahi is a Nagar Panchayat city. It is divided into 15 wards for which elections are held every 5 years.

===Dahi Population Religion Data===
{{Wikitable
|Religion - Percentage -
|Hindu - 83.81%
|Muslim - 15.56%
|Christian - 0.20%
|Sikh - 0.01%
|Buddhist - 0.00%
|Jain - 0.09%
|Others - 0.05%
|No Religion - 0.28%}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Indore Division}}
[[Category:Dhar district]]
[[Category:Populated places in Madhya Pradesh]]

State Highway 15 (Madhya Pradesh)

2025-06-18T04:28:04Z

Veronasie:

{{Short description|State highway in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2022}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| state = Madhya Pradesh
| type = SH
| route = 15
| maint =
| length_km =
| direction_a = East
| terminus_a = [[Jabalpur]]
| junction = [[Patan, Madhya Pradesh|Patan]], [[Tendu Kheda|Tendukheda]], [[Rehli]], [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]], [[Jaisinagar]], [[Silwani]], [[Baraily|Bareli]], [[Shahganj, Madhya Pradesh|Shahganj]]
| direction_b =West
| terminus_b = [[Budhni]]
}}

'''Madhya Pradesh State Highway 15''' (MP SH 15)<ref>{{cite web |title=Map of Road |url=http://mprdc.gov.in/map.pdf |website=mprdc.gov.in |publisher=MPRDC |access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref> is a State Highway running from [[Jabalpur]] city via [[Patan, Madhya Pradesh|Patan]], [[Tendu Kheda|Tendukheda]], [[Rehli]], [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]], [[Jaisinagar]], [[Silwani]], [[Baraily|Bareli]], [[Shahganj, Madhya Pradesh|Shahganj]] and terminating near [[Budhni]] town in Sehore district of Madhya Pradesh.
It is an important state highway which connects important towns of South-Eastern, North-Eastern and Central Madhya Pradesh.

==See also==
*[[List of state highways in Madhya Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:State highways in Madhya Pradesh]]

Jagannath Singh Raghuwanshi

2024-05-27T05:28:58Z

Veronasie: Started A Bio.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
'''Jagannath Singh Raghuwanshi''' (born 1948) is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. He is an MLA of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Chanderi Assembly constituency]] of [[Ashoknagar district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Chanderi Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp के Jagannath Singh Raghuwanshi की हुई जीत, Bsp के Adv. Virendra Singh Yadav रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/chanderi-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-mp-assembly-election-results-news-2550849 |website=ABP Live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Chanderi Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Jagannath Singh Raghuwanshi Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/chanderi-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8686945.html |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagannath Singh Raghuwanshi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- CHANDERI(ASHOK NAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=31 |website=My Neta}}</ref> He won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] by defeating 2-time MLA [[Gopal Singh Chauhan|Gopal Singh Chauhan (Daggi Raja)]] of [[Indian National Congress]]. Raghuwanshi received a total of 85,064 votes and won with the margin of 21,768 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=Chanderi Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Jagannath Singh Raghuwanshi defeats INC's Gopal Singh Chauhan (daggi Raja) with 21768 votes|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/chanderi-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470400-2023-12-03 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=Chanderi, Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Chanderi में Jagannath Singh Raghuwanshi ने 21768 मतों सेहासिल की जीत|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/chanderi-madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830171-2023-12-03 |website=Aaj Tak}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghuwanshi, Jagannath Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1948 births]]

{{Madhya Pradesh-stub}}

INDIA Alliance

2024-05-11T13:07:44Z

Veronasie: Added

#REDIRECT[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]