Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Irfan Zaini

2026-05-08T15:10:31Z

Veronaqbs:

{{refimprove|date=December 2025}}
{{short description|Malaysian Indian actor (born 1995)}}
{{Infobox actor
| name = Irfan Zaini
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Muhammad Irfan bin Mohamed Zaini<ref name="M"/>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|06|05}}{{Efn|He was aged 26 on 05 June 2021.<ref name="The Sun"/> He was aged 30 on 5 June 2025.<ref name="NST 2"/>}}
| birth_place = [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor, model, television host
| years_active = 2008; 2014–present
| education =
| alma_mater =
| known_for =
}}

'''Muhammad Irfan Mohamed Zaini''' (born 5 June 1995) is a Malaysian Indian actor, model and television host.<ref name="M">{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-my/news/national/irfan-zaini-aims-to-bridge-malaysian-global-film-industries/ar-AA1JmALv?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1|title=Irfan Zaini aims to bridge Malaysian, global film industries|work=www.msn.com|first=Sinar|last=Daily|access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
His father runs a food and beverage business, and his mother is a housewife. As a child, Irfan visited the sets of ''[[Kuruvi]]'' (2008) whilst the film crew was shooting in Malaysia and landed a role as the brother of [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]]'s character. He returned to studies based on his parents' advice and completed his bachelor's degree in International Business and Marketing. In October 2020, he started his own cosmetic company ''IZ Cosmetic'', which focuses on hair oil for hair loss.<ref name="The Sun">{{Cite web|url=https://thesun.my/style-life/entertainment/when-kollywood-beckons-HE7475955|title=When Kollywood beckons|work=[[The Sun (Malaysia)|The Sun]]|first=Bissme|last=S.|date=31 March 2021|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref>

In 2024, he returned to Indian Tamil cinema with ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/groove/2024/09/1104648/showbiz-irfan-starstuck-thalapathy-vijay|title=#SHOWBIZ: Irfan starstuck by 'Thalapathy' Vijay|date=11 September 2024|work=New Straits Times|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref> He received nationwide acclaim for his role in ''[[Blood Brothers (2025 film)|Blood Brothers]]'' (2025), which he described as a playboy amongst the gangsters that provides comic relief.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/groove/2025/06/1233129/showbiz-irfan-zaini-shocked-after-obsessed-fan-injures-another|title=#SHOWBIZ: Irfan Zaini shocked after obsessed fan injures another posing with him|date=19 June 2025|work=New Straits Times|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2025/05/07/local-indian-film-star-irfan-zaini-is-now-basking-in-the-limelight-after-impressive-display-in-local-runaway-hit-039blood-brothers-bara-naga039#goog_rewarded|title=Local Indian film star Irfan Zaini is now basking in the limelight after impressive display in local runaway hit 'Blood Brothers: Bara Naga'|first=S.|last=Navalan|work=New Straits Times|date=7 May 2025 |access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="NST"/> For a scene in the film, Irfan was repeatedly hit 38 times as director Syafiq Yusof wanted to perfect the scene.<ref name="NST">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/groove/2025/04/1206763/showbiz-irfan-zaini-i-took-38-bashings-perfect-scene|title=#SHOWBIZ: Irfan Zaini: I took 38 'bashings' to perfect a scene|date=24 April 2025|work=New Straits Times|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref> Regarding his role in the film ''Macai'', a critic noted that he looked "particularly cool from beginning to end".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2025/02/film-review-macai-2025-by-sun-j-perumal/|title=Film Review: Macai (2025) by Sun-J Perumal|website=Asian Movie Pulse|date=2 February 2025|first=Panos|last=Kotzathanasis|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref> Irfan starred in ''[[Jana Nayagan]]'' (2026), after Vijay gave him information on how to audition.<ref name="NST 2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/groove/2025/07/1239684/showbiz-irfan-star-thalapathy%C2%A0vijay-tamil-movie|title=#SHOWBIZ: Irfan to star with 'Thalapathy' Vijay in Tamil movie|date=3 July 2025|work=[[New Straits Times]]|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref>

==Partial filmography==
*''Note''{{efn|As of 31 March 2021, he acted in five films and five television series.<ref name="The Sun"/>}}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Kuruvi]]''
| Devi's brother
| rowspan="3" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Uncredited role<ref>{{Cite web|title='Acting Alongside Thalapathy Vijay Inspired Me to Become an Actor': Irfan Zaini Recalls|url=https://astroulagam.com.my/entertainment/acting-alongside-thalapathy-vijay-inspired-me-become-actor-irfan-zaini-recalls-194814|work=[[Astro (company)|Astro Ulagam]]|date=23 June 2021|access-date=20 August 2024|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129223529/https://astroulagam.com.my/entertainment/acting-alongside-thalapathy-vijay-inspired-me-become-actor-irfan-zaini-recalls-194814|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Thirudathey Papa Thirudathey]]''
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Pulanaivu]]''
| Ravinder Singh
|
|-
| 2020
| ''Showtime 1958''
| David
| [[Malay language|Malay]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022
| ''{{ill|Aval Thediyathu|ms}}''
|
| Tamil
|
|-
| ''Hantu Balik Pagi''
| Kumar
| Malay
| Telefilm
|-
| ''Dum Dum Dumeel''
| Thinesh
| Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023
| ''[[Polis EVO 3]]''
| Irfan Zain
| Malay
| Cameo
|-
| ''Rajathathiram: The Piano''
| Gajen
| rowspan="5"|Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Naam Katra Isai]]''
| Naqeed
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024
| ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]''
| Johnson
|<ref name="The Sun"/>
|-
| ''[[C4 Cinta]]''
| Engagement guest
| Cameo
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2025
| ''Bad Days Don't Last''
|
| Short film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://varnam.my/103733/bad-days-dont-last-a-thrilling-short-film-premieres-on-january-10th-2025/|title=Bad Days Don't Last - A Thrilling Short Film Premieres on January 10th, 2025|first=Tivyasruthi Nair Prem|last=Ananth|date=January 7, 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Blood Brothers (2025 film)|Blood Brothers]]''
| Malik
| rowspan="2"|Malay
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinardaily.my/article/718358/culture/entertainment/blood-brothers-smashes-box-office-irfans-biggest-role-yet|title=Blood Brothers smashes box office, Irfan's biggest role yet|work=www.sinardaily.my|access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''{{ill|Macai (film)|ms|Macai (filem)}}''
| Jack
|
|-
| ''Irudhi Strike''
| Naqeed
| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2026
| ''[[Jana Nayagan]]''
| Salman
|Delayed
|-
|''Irumbuth Thottam (Ladang Besi)''
|Rahim
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Smart Wheel]]''
| Host
| rowspan="4" | [[Astro Vinmeen]]
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
| 2021
| ''Mente''
| Rakesh
| rowspan="3"|Tamil
|<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8Fs7YRG_PQ|title=Irfan Zaini {{|}} Mente {{|}} Vinmeen HD|date=19 March 2021|work=[[Astro Vinmeen]]|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| ''Astra''
|
|
|-
| ''Magarantham''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023
| ''{{ill|Akira Khan|ms}}''
| Zafar Khan
| [[Astro Ria]]
| [[Malay language|Malay]]
|
|-
| ''[[Manmadha Bullets]]''
|
| Astro Vinmeen
| Tamil
| Season 2
|-
| ''Andai Itu Takdirnya''
| Jay
| Astro Ria
| Malay
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2024
| ''Miss Rasathi''
|
| Astro Vinmeen
| Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Takdir Itu Milik Aku]]''
| Alando
| [[Astro Ria]]
| Malay
|
|-
| ''Mei''
| Deva
| [[Mediacorp Vasantham]]
| Tamil
|
|-
| ''{{ill|Nafsu (TV series)|ms|Nafsu (drama web)}}''
| Inspector Shariff
| [[Viu (streaming service)|Viu]]
| rowspan="3"|Malay
| 1 episode
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
| ''[[One Cent Thief|One Cent Thief 2]]''
| Mohan
| rowspan="2" | [[Astro Citra]]
|
|-
| ''{{ill|Honey Trap (TV series)|ms|Honey Trap}}''
| Megat Borhan
|
|-
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2021 || [[Raaga.com]] Malaysian Star of the Month (May) || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || <ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkYhVH4q7ss|title=Irfan Zaini Is Our Malaysian Star Of The Month|date=May 28, 2021|work=[[Raaga.com]]|via=YouTube|access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2024 || rowspan="2"| MICA Awards || Best Actor || ''Dum Dum Dumeel'' || {{nom}} || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=907010088099067&set=pcb.907010144765728|title=Facebook|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref>
|-
| Best Villain || ''[[Naam Katra Isai]]'' || {{won}} || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cj.my/147109/irfan-zaini-makes-mark-in-indian-cinema-with-role-in-goat/|title=Irfan Zaini makes mark with a role in upcoming movie "GOAT" - Citizens Journal|date=August 19, 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|Desam International Icon Awards (DIIA)
|Best Actor
|
|{{won}}
|
|}

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|10678096}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zaini, Irfan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Malaysian actors]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Actors of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian film actors]]
[[Category:Malaysian television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]

INS Sindhuvijay

2026-05-07T15:17:31Z

Veronaqbs: made new post - done

{{more citations needed|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}{{italic title|string=Sindhuvijay}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = Ins S62.jpg
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Sindhuvijay''
| namesake =
| ordered =
| builder =
| laid_down =
| launched = 27 July 1990
| acquired =
| commissioned = 8 March 1991
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| fate =
| status = Active
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = {{sclass|Sindhughosh|submarine}}
| type =
| displacement = *2325 tons surfaced
*3076 tons dived
| length = {{convert|72.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|9.9|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| draught = {{convert|6.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| draft =
| propulsion = *2 × {{convert|3650|hp|abbr=on}} diesel-electric motors
*1 × {{convert|5900|hp|abbr=on}} motor
*2 × {{convert|204|hp|abbr=on}} auxiliary motors
*1 × {{convert|130|hp|abbr=on}} economic speed motor
| speed = *Surfaced; {{convert|11|kn|km/h}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://roe.ru/eng/catalog/naval-systems/submarines/project-636/ |title=Large diesel-electric submarine Project 636|website=roe.ru}}</ref>
*Snorkel Mode; {{convert|9|kn|km/h}}
*Submerged; {{convert|19|kn|km/h}}<ref name="auto"/>
| range = *Snorting: {{convert|6000|mi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|7|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}
*Submerged: {{convert|400|mi|km}} at {{convert|3|kn|km/h}}
| endurance = Up to 45 days with a crew of 52
| test_depth = *Operational Depth; {{convert|240|m|ft|abbr=on}}
*Maximum Depth; {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| complement = 52 (incl. 13 Officers)
| sensors =
| EW =
| armament = *[[Strela 3|9M36 Strela-3]] (SA-N-8) SAM launcher
*[[3M-54 Klub|Klub-S (3M-54E) ASCM]]
*[[53-65 torpedo|Type 53-65]] passive wake homing torpedo
*TEST 71/76 anti-submarine, active-passive homing torpedo
*24 DM-1 [[Naval mine|mines]] in lieu of torpedo tube
| notes =
}}
}}
'''INS ''Sindhuvijay'' (S62)''' ({{Lit|Conqueror of the Sea}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF&oldid=71743196|title=विजय|date=17 March 2023|via=Wiktionary}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81&oldid=72631977|title=सिन्धु|date=8 April 2023|via=Wiktionary}}</ref> is a {{sclass|Sindhughosh|submarine|0}} diesel-electric [[submarine]] of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=in-sg>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/sub_sindhughosh.htm |title=Submarines of Indian Navy |access-date=5 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619071559/http://indiannavy.nic.in/sub_sindhughosh.htm |archive-date=19 June 2009 }}</ref> The submarine was commissioned at [[Riga]] in the then [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2025-09-03 |title=INS Sindhuvijay to undergo mid-life refit at Hindustan Shipyard |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Sep/03/ins-sindhuvijay-to-undergo-mid-life-refit-at-hindustan-shipyard |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== 2025 Refit ==
As reported on 3 September 2025, the submarine is expected to undergo a refit at the [[Hindustan Shipyard]]. While the Navy has acquired the Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) from the Defence Acquisition Council of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], the contract finalisation is expected to be completed within two or three weeks. Given that all the procedures are completed on schedule, the submarine is expected to begin its refit by the end of the year. The refits will include [[Hull (watercraft)|hull]] repair, equipment overhauling, upgrading sensors and weaponry, extending the submarine's life as well as enhancing combat readiness of the vessel.<ref name=":0" /> The submarine is to serve another two decades following this refit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdary |first=Shrinjoy |date=2026-05-07 |title=India's Underwater Upgrade: INS Khanderi To Get Long-Missing AIP System |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/india-underwater-upgrade-ins-khanderi-to-get-long-missing-aip-system-article-154267441 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kilo class submarine}}
{{Submarines of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sindhuvijay (S62)}}
[[Category:Sindhughosh-class submarines]]
[[Category:Attack submarines]]
[[Category:Ships built by Sevmash]]
[[Category:1990 ships]]
[[Category:Submarines of India]]

{{submarine-stub}}
{{India-mil-stub}}

Baweja Studios

2026-05-06T10:03:08Z

Veronaqbs: put up.

{{Short description|Indian film production company}}
{{multiple issues|
{{notability|Companies|date=May 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Baweja Studios Limited
| alt =
| image = Baweja Studios Limited.tif
| image_caption =
| type = Private company
| industry = {{plain list|
*Entertainment
*Motion picture
}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|1991}}
| location = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = [[Harry Baweja]] {{small| (founder)}} Paramjit Baweja [[Harman Baweja]] {{small|(CEO)}}
| products = {{plain list|
*Film production
*[[distribution (business)|Film distribution]]
}}
| revenue =
| num_employees =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.bawejastudios.com/}}
}}

'''Baweja Studios Ltd.''' is a company which was formed by [[Harry Baweja]] along with his wife Pammi Baweja. Their early productions are under the banners SP Creations and Baweja Art Productions. Its first production was ''[[Trinetra]]'' (1991).

== Filmography ==

=== List of films produced ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film name
! Year
! Star Cast
! Produced under
|-
|''Captain India''
|2027
|[[Kartik Aaryan]]
|Baweja Studios, [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]], Midnight Chai Films
|-
|''System''
|2026
|[[Sonakshi Sinha]], [[Jyothika]], [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]
|Baweja Studios
|-
|''[[Haq (2025 film)|Haq]]''
|2025
|[[Yami Gautam Dhar]], [[Emraan Hashmi]]
|[[Junglee Pictures]], Insomnia Films
|-
|''[[Bhagwat Chapter One: Raakshas]]''
|2025
|[[Arshad Warsi]], [[Jitendra Kumar]], Ayesha Kaduskar
|Jio Studios, Baweja Studios, Dog ‘n’ Bone Pictures
|-
|''[[Perusu]]''
|2025
|[[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]], [[Sunil Reddy]], Niharika NM
|Produced under Baweja Studios, [[Stone Bench Films]] and Emberlight Studio; [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
|''[[Khwaabon Ka Jhamela]]''
|2024
|[[Prateik Babbar]], [[Sayani Gupta]], [[Kubbra Sait]]
| Produced under Baweja Studios and [[JioCinema]]
|-
|''[[Mrs. (film)|Mrs.]]''
|2024
|[[Sanya Malhotra]]
| Produced under Baweja Studios and Jio Studios
|-
|''[[Super V]]''
|2019
|Amara/Shazia, Virat/ Super V, Jo, Grand, Kulfi Kumar Bhejewala, Bunny, Nawaal
|Produced under Baweja Movies
|-
|''[[Chaar Sahibzaade]]''
|2014
|Narrated by [[Om Puri]]
| Produced under Baweja Movies
|-
|''[[Love Story 2050]]''
|2009
|[[Harman Baweja]], [[Priyanka Chopra]]
| Produced under Baweja Movies
|-
|[[Speed (2007 film)|''Speed'']]
|2007
|[[Zayed Khan]], [[Urmila Matondkar]], [[Aashish Chaudhary]], [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Sanjay Suri]]
| Produced under Baweja Movies
|-
|[[Teesri Aankh: The Hidden Camera|''Teesri Aankh'']]
|2006
|[[Sunny Deol]], [[Amisha Patel]]
| Produced under Baweja Movies
|-
|''[[Main Aisa Hi Hoon]]''
|2005
|[[Ajay Devgan]], [[Esha Deol]], [[Sushmita Sen]]
| Produced under Baweja Movies
|-
|[[Karam (film)|''Karam'']]
|2005
|[[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Priyanka Chopra]]
| Produced under Baweja Movies
|-
| [[Girlfriend (2004 film)|''Girlfriend'']]
|2004
| [[Isha Koppikar]], [[Aashish Chaudhary]], [[Amrita Arora]]
| Produced under Baweja Movies
|-
| ''[[Qayamat: City Under Threat]]''
|2003
| [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Neha Dhupia]], [[Sanjay Kapoor]], [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Arbaaz Khan]], [[Isha Koppikar]], [[Aashish Chaudhary]]
| Produced under Baweja Movies
|-
|''[[Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai?]]''
|2002
|[[Aamir Ali]], [[Prashant Chianani]], [[Vaibhav Jhalani]], [[Yash Pandit]]
| Produced under Baweja Movies
|-
|''[[Deewane]]''
|2000
|[[Ajay Devgn]], [[Urmila Matondkar]], [[Mahima Chaudhry]]
| Produced under S. P. Creations
|-
|''[[Betaabi]]''
|1997
|[[Chandrachur Singh]], [[Arshad Warsi]], [[Anjala Zaveri]], [[Mayuri Kango]], [[Shadaab Khan]]
| Produced under S. P. Creations
|-
| ''[[Diljale]]''
| 1996
| [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Sonali Bendre]], [[Madhoo]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Gulshan Grover]]
| Produced under S. P. Creations
|-
| [[Dilwale (1994 film)|''Dilwale'']]
| 1994
| [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Paresh Rawal]]
| Produced under S. P. Creations
|-
| ''[[Trinetra]]''
| 1991
| [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Shilpa Shirodkar]], [[Deepa Sahi]], [[Amrish Puri]]
| Produced under Baweja Art Productions
|}

=== List of films distributed ===
*''[[Aranmanai 4]]'' (2024); co-distributed with Kaarmic Films
*''[[Vettaiyan]]'' (2024) ; co-distributed with Inbox Pictures

=== List of web series produced ===
*[[Bhaukaal (web series)|''Bhaukaal'']] (2020–present)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Mimansa |date=14 October 2020 |title=Best series on MX Player: High, Aashram, Raktanchal, Bhaukaal and others |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/best-shows-available-on-mx-player-6705214/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031060257/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/best-shows-available-on-mx-player-6705214/ |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindi cinema|Baweja Studios Limited]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]

{{film-company-stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baweja Studios Limited}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baweja Studios Limited}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baweja Studios Limited}}

Belchhi massacre

2026-05-05T04:29:35Z

Veronaqbs: new.

{{Short description|1977 caste-based killings in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox news event
| title = Belchhi massacre
| date = 27 May 1977
| time = 11 am IST
| place = [[Belchhi]], [[Patna district]], [[Bihar]], India
| cause = Caste-related violence
| charges = Slaughter
| verdict = 2 death sentences, 9 life sentences
| accused = Mahavir Mahato and associates (Kurmi caste)
| fatalities = 11
| image = 
}}

'''Belchhi massacre''' ({{Langx|hi|बेलछी हत्याकांड}}) was a caste-based mass killing that took place on 27 May 1977 in the village of [[Belchhi]] in [[Patna district]], Bihar, India. Eleven people, including eight [[Dalits]] (from the Paswan caste) and three from the [[Sunar]] caste (a backward caste), were murdered by a mob allegedly led by Mahavir Mahato, a landlord from the Kurmi caste. The attack drew national attention for its brutality and its political ramifications during the post-Emergency period in India.<ref name="g419">{{cite web | last=Lakshmi | first=Rama | title=Belchi wasn't just Indira Gandhi's moment. A legal landmark for Dalits too, new book says | website=ThePrint | date=5 May 2023 | url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/book-scene/belchi-wasnt-just-indira-gandhis-moment-a-legal-landmark-for-dalits-too-new-book-says/1557369/ | access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref>

==Incident==
On the morning of 27 May 1977, around 11 am, a gang of 60–70 men surrounded Belchhi village. Armed with weapons, they targeted members of the Dalit and backward communities. Eleven individuals were shot, their hands tied, and burned alive on a common pyre. According to accounts, the assailants reportedly feasted near the flames as the victims perished.<ref name="g419" /><ref name="y642">{{cite web | last=Ojha | first=Ankit | title=जब हाथी पर बैठकर बेलछी पहुंच गई थीं इंदिरा गांधी, क्या थी दलितों के नरसंहार की वह घटना? | website=Hindustan | date=3 October 2023 | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/national/story-when-indira-gandhi-reached-bhalchi-riding-on-an-elephant-dalits-massacre-bihar-8795332.html | language=hi | access-date=19 April 2025}}</ref>

==Socio-political context==
During the 1970s, [[Belchi]] was a predominantly [[Kurmi]]-dominated village in [[Patna district]], with minimal presence of upper castes and limited educational mobility among them. In contrast, lower castes such as the [[Scheduled Caste|Dalits]] and middle-ranking backward castes had begun to experience upward mobility. The Kurmi community, owing to economic prosperity through potato and onion cultivation, had risen to dominance, earning the region the informal name "Kurmistan" (land of the Kurmis). They controlled much of the agrarian economy, including cold storage units, transport fleets, and brick kilns. Local gangster figures such as Indradeo Chaudhary, Mahavir Mahto, and Parsuram Dhanuk further consolidated Kurmi dominance.<ref name="Pathak">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vu8eZrzGwuoC|title=Action Sociology and Development|author=Bindeshwar Pathak|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1992|pages=28–34|isbn=8170223199|access-date=6 July 2022|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706065541/https://books.google.com/books/about/Action_Sociology_and_Development.html?id=vu8eZrzGwuoC|url-status=live}}</ref>

Among the Dalits, the [[Paswan]] and [[Musahar]] communities were numerically significant. The Dalit movement in the area was led by Singheshwar Paswan—popularly known as Singhwa—who opposed the exploitation by dominant castes and emerged as a symbol of assertion. He reportedly had a criminal background, but his defiance of landlord authority gained him a wide following. Singhwa's mobilisation of lower caste allies and his challenge to Kurmi hegemony led to escalating tensions. This culminated in his targeting by armed Kurmi gangs.<ref name="Pathak" />

In May 1977, a violent clash unfolded when armed Kurmi groups attacked Singhwa. Although initially resisted by members of the [[Dusadh]] and Musahar communities, a second group of attackers forced Singhwa's supporters to take refuge in a Kurmi household. They were later discovered, captured, and executed. Eleven individuals were shot and burned alive on a funeral pyre reportedly constructed by Kurmi women and children. Eyewitness accounts describe extreme brutality—some victims attempted to escape the fire but were forcibly thrown back into the flames.<ref name="Pathak" />

The massacre sparked widespread public reaction. While leaders such as former Prime Minister [[Charan Singh]] dismissed it as a gang conflict, others saw it as a stark instance of caste-based feudal violence. Reports suggest the Kurmi landlords often collaborated with local police, controlled polling booths during elections, and exerted infrastructural dominance over the region. Singhwa's support extended beyond Dalits; a local [[Brahmin]], whose wife had been beaten by a Kurmi leader, reportedly honoured Singhwa by offering him the sacred thread—a symbolic gesture that underlined cross-caste solidarity in resisting oppression.<ref name="Pathak" />

For broader context, the Belchhi massacre forms part of a continuum of violence against marginalised communities in Bihar. Such incidents reflect the historical patterns of caste oppression and resistance that have shaped the region's socio-political landscape.

==Aftermath==
===Indira Gandhi's visit===
At the time, [[Indira Gandhi]] was out of power after the Congress Party's defeat in the 1977 general elections. On 13 August 1977, she decided to visit Belchhi to meet the survivors. Due to monsoon floods and poor road access, she famously travelled the final stretch of the journey on elephant-back. The image of her riding into the village became a political and symbolic turning point, helping her rebuild public sympathy and reframe her image.<ref name="y642" /><ref name="t087">{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Pratul | title=Life hasn't changed much for residents of village where Indira arrived on elephant | website=The Week | date=22 August 2021 | url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2021/08/12/life-hasnt-changed-much-for-residents-of-village-where-indira-arrived-on-elephant.html | access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref>

Her visit brought unprecedented media attention to the massacre and spurred a government response. Then Chief Minister [[Jagannath Mishra]] ordered action, including establishing a police station, a post office, and a block office in the village.<ref name="g419" />

==Legal proceedings==
Survivor Janaki Paswan's testimony proved pivotal in the investigation. Based on her statement, two perpetrators were sentenced to death, while nine others received life imprisonment.<ref name="u826">{{cite web | last=Bharat | first=ETV | title='मेरे सामने मेरे घर के चार लोगों को जिंदा जला दिया था..' बेलछी नरसंहार और इंदिरा गांधी की 'हाथी' पर लौटती सियासत की वो दास्तां | website=ETV Bharat News | date=31 October 2023 | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/delhi/bharat/belchhi-massacre-victims-told-whole-story-in-nalanda-11-people-burnt-alive/na20231031210918090090833 | language=hi | access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Farz | first=Ahmed | date=15 July 1977 | title=Caste differences claim more lives in Bihar than any other state in India | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/crime/story/19770715-caste-differences-claim-more-lives-in-bihar-than-any-other-state-in-india-823829-2014-08-23 | access-date=13 January 2022 | website=India Today | language=en}}</ref><ref name="x736">{{cite web | title=Bihar Elections: Lone Surviving Witness of Belchi Massacre Wants to Oust Nitish Kumar from Power |website=NewsClick | date=31 October 2020 | url=https://www.newsclick.in/Bihar-Elections-Lone-Surviving-Witness-Belchi-Massacre-Oust-Nitish-Kumar-Power | access-date=19 April 2025}}</ref> In 1982, the [[Patna High Court]] handed down the death penalties, which were later upheld by a bench of the [[Supreme Court of India]] led by Justice [[Syed Murtaza Fazl Ali]] in 1983.<ref name="g419" />

This verdict is considered a landmark in Indian judicial history, as one of the rare instances where capital punishment was upheld in a caste-based atrocity case.

==Causes==
The root causes of the massacre were longstanding caste tensions over land and wages. A major trigger was the rebellion of a Dalit leader named Singhwa, which led to his murder and eventually the mass retaliation by upper-caste landlords.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sinha | first=A. | title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar | pages=82–83 | publisher=Viking | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-670-08459-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA83 | access-date=7 April 2015 | archive-date=15 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715072344/https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA83 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
In 1979, acclaimed Hindi writer [[Mannu Bhandari]] published ''Mahabhoj'' (translated as "The Grand Feast"), a political novel inspired by the Belchhi massacre. The story follows Bisu, a young Dalit activist whose investigation into caste atrocities ends in tragedy. Set against an electoral backdrop, the novel critiques political opportunism and systemic failure.<ref>{{cite web|title='महाभोज' - सत्तातंत्र के दुश्चक्र में हाशिये का समाज |url=https://www.satyahindi.com/obituary/writer-mannu-bhandari-novel-mahabhoj-122757.html |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=Satyahindi |language=hi}}</ref>

The novel was later adapted for the stage by [[Amal Allana]] for the [[National School of Drama]], receiving critical acclaim for its hard-hitting narrative and depiction of Dalit struggles.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 November 2021 |title=Novelist Manu Bhandari no more; tributes pour in for the writing stalwart |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/novelist-manu-bhandari-death-works-books-tributes-hindi-literature-7623892/ |access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Remembering Mannu Bhandari, a Writer of Stories Much Ahead of Her Times |work=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/books/mannu-bhandari-obituary |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>

The 2025 Hindi film ''[[Emergency (2025 film)|Emergency]]'' also features the Belchhi massacre as a pivotal moment that reshaped Indira Gandhi's post-Emergency political strategy.<ref name="u144">{{cite web | last=Roy | first=Dhaval | title='Emergency': The Retelling of a Defining Era Marred by a Disjointed Narrative | website=Indo American News | date=26 January 2025 | url=https://www.indoamerican-news.com/emergency-the-retelling-of-a-defining-era-marred-by-a-disjointed-narrative/ | access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Caste-related violence in Bihar]]
* [[Dalits in Bihar]]
* [[Emergency (India)]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Belchhi Massacre}}
[[Category:1977 mass murders]]
[[Category:Massacres in India]]
[[Category:Violence against Dalits]]
[[Category:Crime in Bihar]]
[[Category:1977 crimes in India]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in Bihar]]
[[Category:1970s in Bihar]]
[[Category:Political history of India]]

Portuguese India Armadas

2026-05-04T16:24:32Z

Veronaqbs: created a data...

{{Short description|Fleets used to trade with India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date = April 2019}}
{{more footnotes|date=August 2012}}
{{Main article|Age of Discovery}}
[[Image:Portuguese Carracks off a Rocky Coast.jpg|thumb|right|300px| The large carrack, thought to be the ''[[Santa Catarina do Monte Sinai]]'', and other Portuguese carracks of various sizes. From painting, attributed to either [[Gregório Lopes]] or [[Cornelis Antoniszoon]], showing voyage of the marriage party of Portuguese [[Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy|Infanta Beatriz]] to Savoy, 1521.]]
The '''Portuguese Indian Armadas''' ({{langx|pt|Armadas da Índia}}; meaning "Armadas of India") were the fleets of ships funded by the [[Crown of Portugal]], and dispatched on an annual basis from [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] to [[Portuguese India|India]]. The principal destination was [[Portuguese in Goa and Bombay-Bassein|Goa]], and previously [[Portuguese Cochin|Cochin]]. These armadas undertook the {{lang|pt|'''Carreira da Índia'''}} ({{gloss|India Run}}) from [[Portugal]], following the [[maritime discovery]] of the [[Cape route]], to the [[Indian subcontinent]] by [[Vasco da Gama]] in 1497–99.

The annual Portuguese India armada was the main carrier of the [[spice trade]] between Europe and Asia during the 16th Century. The Portuguese monopoly on the Cape route was maintained for a century, until it was breached by [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] and [[East India Company|English]] competition in the early 1600s. The Portuguese India armadas declined in importance thereafter. During the [[Dutch Malabar|Dutch occupation of Cochin]] and the [[Battle_of_Goa_(1638)|Dutch siege of Goa]], the harbour of ''[[Bom Bahia]]'', now known as [[Mumbai (Bombay)]], off the coast of the northern [[Konkan]] region, served as the standard diversion for the [[Naval fleet|armadas]].

==The India Run==
For a long time after its discovery by Vasco da Gama, the sea route to India via the [[Cape of Good Hope]] was dominated by the Portuguese India armada – the annual fleet dispatched from Portugal to India, and after 1505, the [[Estado da India]]. Between 1497 and 1650, there were 1033 departures of ships at [[Lisbon]] for the ''Carreira da Índia'' ("India Run").<ref>Guinote, P.J.A. (1999) "Ascensão e Declínio da Carreira da Índia", ''Vasco da Gama e a Índia, Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian'', 1999, vol. II, pp. 7–39.</ref>

===Timing===
[[File:Gama route 1.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|The route of Vasco da Gama's first voyage (1497–1499), what became the typical ''Carreira da Índia'']]
The India armada typically left [[Lisbon]] and each leg of the voyage took approximately six months.<ref>Godinho (1963: v. 3, pp. 44–45).</ref><ref group="N">Duarte Pacheco Pereira (1509) strongly recommended February as the ideal departure month. Godinho (1963: v. 3, pp. 43–44) calculates that 87% of departures left in March or April, and the 13% outside that range were usually destined for elsewhere (Africa, Arabia).</ref> The critical determinant of the timing was the [[monsoon]] winds of the [[Indian Ocean]]. The monsoon was a southwesterly wind (i.e. blew from East Africa to India) in the summer (between May and September) and then abruptly reversed itself and became a northeasterly (from India to Africa) in the winter (between October and April). The ideal timing was to pass the [[Cape of Good Hope]] around June–July and get to the [[East Africa]]n middle coast by August, just in time to catch the summer monsoon winds to India, arriving around early September. The return trip from India would typically begin in January, taking the winter monsoon back to Lisbon along a similar route, arriving by the summer (June–August). Overall, the round trip took a little over a year, minimizing the time at sea.

The critical step was ensuring the armada reached East Africa on time. Ships that failed to reach the [[equator|equatorial]] latitude on the East African coast by late August would be stuck in Africa and have to wait until next spring to undertake an Indian Ocean crossing, and would then have to wait in India until the winter to begin their return, so any delay in East Africa during those critical few weeks of August could end up adding an entire extra year to a ship's journey.<ref group = "N">Godinho (1963: v. 3, p. 44) calculates that around 11% of outgoing ships missed the monsoon and ended up having to winter in East Africa.</ref>

The circumnavigation of [[Madagascar]] opened an alternative route to get to India, which gave more flexibility in timing. The rule that quickly emerged was that if an outbound armada doubled the Cape of Good Hope before mid-July, then it should follow the old "inner route" – that is, sail into the [[Mozambique Channel]], up the East African coast until the equatorial latitude (around [[Malindi]], in modern-day [[Kenya]]), then take the southwesterly monsoon across the ocean to India. If, however, the armada doubled the Cape after mid-July, then it was obliged to sail the "outer route" – that is, strike out straight east from South Africa, go under the southern tip of Madagascar, and then turn up from there, taking a northerly path through the [[Mascarenes]] islands, across the open ocean to India. While the outer route did not have the support of African staging posts and important watering stops, it sidestepped sailing directly against the post-summer monsoon.<ref>Matthew (1988: 233); Pimentel (1746: pp. 385–386)</ref>
[[File:Goa-Vasco 03-2016 02 Vaddem.jpg|thumb|left|180px|A brief view of the [[India]]n city of [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]]]]
Return fleets were a different story. The principal worry of the return fleets was the fast dangerous waters of the inner Mozambican channel, which was particularly precarious for heavily loaded and less maneuverable ships. In the initial decades, the return fleet usually set out from [[Cochin]] in December, although that was eventually pushed forward to January. January 20 was the critical date, after which all return fleets were obliged to follow the outer route (east of Madagascar) which was deemed calmer and safer for their precious cargo.<ref>Godinho (1963: v. 3, p. 45)</ref> That meant they missed the important watering stop on Mozambique island on the return leg and had to put in elsewhere later, such as [[Mossel Bay]] or [[St. Helena]]. Between 1525 and 1579, ''all'' return fleets were ordered to follow the outer route. This rule was temporarily suspended between the 1570s and 1590s. From 1615, a new rule was introduced whereby return fleets from [[Goa]] were allowed to use the inner route, but return fleets from Cochin still had to use the outer route.<ref>Matthew (1988: 233)</ref> With the entry of Dutch and English competition in the 1590s, the start of the return legs were delayed until February and March, with the predictable upsurge in lost and weather-delayed ships.<ref name="Godinho 1963, v.3:p.46">Godinho (1963: v. 3, p. 46)</ref>

Arrival times in Portugal varied, usually between mid-June and late August. It was customary for return fleets to send their fastest ship ahead to announce the results in Lisbon, before the rest of the fleet arrived later that summer.<ref name="Godinho 1963, v.3:p.46"/>

Because of the timing, an armada had to leave Lisbon (February–April) before the previous year's armada returned (June–August). To get news of the latest developments in India, the outgoing armada relied on notes and reports left along the way at various African staging posts by the returning fleet.

===Outward voyage===

Portuguese India armadas tended to follow the same outward route. There were several staging posts along the route of the India Run that were repeatedly used.<ref group="N">For old ''[[Rutter (nautical)|roteiro]]''s of the India Run, see [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]] (1509), [[João de Lisboa]] (1519: pp. 69ff) and Manuel Pimentel (1746: pp. 381ff)</ref>

Setting out from [[Lisbon]] (February–April), India-bound [[Carracks|naus]] took the [[Canary Current]] straight southwest to the [[Canary Islands]]. The islands were owned by [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] and so this was not a usual watering stop for the Portuguese India armadas, except in emergencies.

The first real obstacle on the route was the [[Cap-Vert|Cape Verde]] peninsula (Cap-Vert, [[Senegal]]), around which the Canary Current ends and the equatorial drift begins. Although not difficult to double, it was a concentration point of sudden storms and [[Cape Verde-type hurricane]]s, so ships were frequently damaged.

The [[Cape Verde islands]], to the west of the Cape Verde peninsula, were the usual first stop for India-bound ships. Relative scarcity of water and supplies on the islands made this a sub-optimal stop, but the islands (especially [[Santiago, Cape Verde|Santiago]]) served as a harbor against storms and were frequently a pre-arranged point for the collection and repair of damaged ships.

The {{lang|pt|Angra de Bezeguiche}} (Bay of [[Dakar]], Senegal) was a common watering stop for ships after doubling Cape Verde. The shores were controlled by [[Wolof people|Wolof]] and [[Serer people|Serer]] kingdoms, whose relations with the Portuguese were ambivalent, so a warm reception on the mainland could not always be counted on. In the middle of the bay was the island of [[Gorée]] ({{lang|pt|ilha de Bezeguiche}}), a safe anchoring spot, but the island itself lacked drinkable water. As a result, ships frequently watered and repaired at certain mainland points along the [[Petite Côte]] of Senegal such as {{lang|pt|Rio Fresco}} (now [[Rufisque]]) and {{lang|pt|Porto de Ale}} (now [[Saly|Saly-Portudal]]). It was not unheard of for India naus to water much further south, among the many inlets and islands (e.g. [[Bissagos Islands|Bissagos]]) along the African coast to [[Sierra Leone]].

Below Cape Verde, around the latitudes of Sierra Leone, began the Atlantic [[doldrums]], a calm low pressure region on either side of the equator with little or no winds. At this time of year, the doldrums belt usually ranged between 5° N and 5° S. <ref group="N">The exact latitude where the doldrums lay varies because of the "Atlantic mini-monsoon" phenomenon. During the summer months, the heating of West African mainland pulls winds up from the equator, shunting the doldrums belt further north.</ref> In the southern hemisphere, below the doldrums, the counter-clockwise [[Ocean gyre|gyre]] of the [[South Atlantic Gyre|South Atlantic]] and the southeasterly [[trade wind]]s, prevented sailing directly southeast to the Cape.

Passing the doldrums was a navigational challenge, and pilots had to avail themselves deftly of the currents and every little breeze they could get to stay on course. The usual tactic was to proceed south or even southeast along the West African coast as long as possible, until the doldrums hit (usually around Sierra Leone), then to strike southwest sharply, drift over the doldrums and then catch the [[South Equatorial Current]] (the top arm of the South Atlantic gyre) towards the coast of [[Brazil]]. This was usually referred to as following the {{lang|pt|[[volta do mar]]}} (literally, 'turn of the sea', i.e. the South Atlantic gyre).

[[File:Map of Portuguese Carreira da India.gif|upright=2.5|thumb|Outward and return voyages of the Portuguese India run (''Carreira da Índia'')]]
The {{lang|pt|volta do mar}} was usually contrasted to the {{lang|pt|rota da Mina}} (Mina route). The latter meant striking ''southeast'' in the doldrums to catch the [[Equatorial Counter Current]] (or Guinea Current) east into the [[Gulf of Guinea]]. This was the usual route to the fort of [[Elmina|São Jorge da Mina]] on the [[Portuguese Gold Coast]]. This was ''not'' part of the India run. The route from Mina down to South Africa involved [[tacking (sailing)|tacking]] ''against'' the southeasterly trade winds and the contrary [[Benguela Current]], a particularly tiresome task for heavy [[square rig]]ged [[carrack]]s. However, it sometimes happened that by poor piloting, India naus would be inadvertently caught by the Guinea counter-current and forced to take that route, but such ships would not be likely to reach India that year.<ref group="N">The {{lang|pt|rota da Mina}} had been the usual route used by all Portuguese explorers to Africa until the end of the 15th century. The first fleet to sail the {{lang|pt|volta do mar}} was [[Vasco da Gama]]'s first fleet in 1497. However, credit for the discovery of the {{lang|pt|volta do mar}} as a route to the Cape ought to be given to [[Bartolomeu Dias]], who in 1488–89, first discovered the [[westerlies]] below 30°S and the [[South Atlantic Current]], from which was deduced the probable existence of the quicker and easier {{lang|pt|volta do mar}} route to the Cape. See Coutinho (1951–5: 319–63) and Waters (1988)</ref>

Assuming the India armada successfully caught the south equatorial current of the {{lang|pt|volta do mar}}, the armada would drift southwest through the doldrums and reach the southbound [[Brazil Current]] off the coast of Brazil (around [[Pernambuco]]). Although India naus did not usually stop in Brazil, it was not unheard of to put in a brief watering stop at [[Cabo de Santo Agostinho|Cape Santo Agostinho]] (Pernambuco, Brazil), especially if the southeasterly trade winds were particularly strong (pilots had to be careful not to allow themselves to be caught and driven backwards).

From the environs of Pernambuco, the India [[Carracks|naus]] sailed straight south along the Brazil Current, until about the latitude of the [[Tropic of Capricorn]], visibly the [[Abrolhos Archipelago|Abrolhos]] islands or the [[Trindade and Martim Vaz]] islands, where they began to catch more favorable prevailing [[westerlies]]. These would take them quickly straight east, across the South Atlantic, to South Africa.

The [[Cape of Good Hope]]–once aptly named the "cape of storms"–was a very challenging headland on the India Run. The outbound crossing was always difficult, and many a ship was lost here. Larger armadas often broke up into smaller squadrons to attempt the crossing, and would re-collect only on the other side – indeed quite far on the other side. There was usually no stop or collection point after the Cape crossing until well inside the [[Mozambique Channel]]. The reason for this is that outbound ships tried to steer clear from the South African coast, to avoid the rushing waters of the contrary [[Agulhas Current]].

The exception was the {{lang|pt|Agoada de São Brás}} ([[Mossel Bay]], South Africa), a watering stop after the Cape. It was not always used on the outbound journey since individual ships often charted wide routes around the Cape, and sighted coast again only well after this point. However, ships damaged during the crossing frequently had no choice but to put in there for emergency repairs. Trade for food supplies with the pastoral [[Khoikhoi]] peoples that lived in the area was frequent (although there were also occasional skirmishes). São Brás was a more frequent stop on the return journey, as a place to repair the ships before doubling the Cape the other way. As a result, particularly in early years, São Brás was used as a postal station, where messages from the returning armadas would be left for the outward armadas, reporting on the latest conditions in India.

[[File:Bonne - Afrique, cote orientale.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|French map of [[Mozambique Channel]], c. 1791]]

If the armada went by the inner route, then the next daunting obstacle was [[Cape Correntes]], at the entrance of the Mozambique Channel. Treacherously fast waters, light winds alternating with unpredictably violent gusts, and dangerous shoals and rocks made this cape particularly dangerous. It is estimated that of all the ships lost on the India Run, nearly 30% of them capsized or ran aground around here - more than any other place.<ref>Guinote (1999). The dangers of the inner route through the Mozambique channel are summarized in many old sailing rutters, e.g. Pimentel (1746: pp. 386ff), Hornsborough (1852, p. 211), Findlay (1866: 115).</ref>

The ideal passage through the Mozambique Channel would be to sail straight north through the middle of the channel, where a steady favorable wind could be relied upon at this season, but this was a particularly hard task in an era where [[longitude]] was determined largely by [[dead reckoning]]. If a pilot miscalculated and charted a course too close to the African coast, the current ran south, the winds were light or non-existent, subject to arbitrary gusts from strange directions, and the coasts were littered with [[shoals]].<ref group="N">Indeed, another reason ships steered clear away from the South African coast after crossing the Cape of Good Hope was precisely that the contrary [[Agulhas current]] threw off the dead reckoning calculations, and often misled pilots into turning too soon into the Mozambique channel, forcing them on a dangerous too-western route up the channel.</ref> Into this dreaded mix, Cape Correntes added its own special terror to the experience. The Cape was not only a confluence point of opposing winds, which created unpredictable whirlwinds, it also produced a strange and extraordinarily fast southerly current, violent enough to break a badly-sewn ship, and confusing enough to throw all reckoning out the window and lure pilots into grievous errors.

The temptation would be to err in the opposite direction, and keep on pushing east until the island of [[Madagascar]] was sighted, then move up the channel (the current here ran north), keeping the Madagascar coast in sight at all times. Although a Madagascar-hugging route cleared up the longitude problem, it was also abundant in fearful obstacles – coral islets, atolls, shoals, protruding rocks, submerged reefs, made for a particularly nerve-wracking experience to navigate, especially at night or in bad weather.

To avoid the worst consequences of doubling Cape Correntes, India ships stayed as far from the African coast as possible but not so close to Madagascar to run into its traps. To find the ideal middle route through the channel, pilots tended to rely on two dangerous longitude markers – the [[Bassas da India]] and the [[Europa Island|Europa rocks]].<ref>Pimentel (1746: 385–386)</ref> Although conveniently situated in the middle of the channel, they were not always visible above the waves, so sailors often watched for hovering clusters of [[seabird]]s, which colonized these rocks, as an indicator of their location. Unfortunately, this was not a reliable method, and many an India ship ended up crashing on those rocks.

If they succeeded sailing up the middle channel, the India naus usually saw African coast again only around the bend of [[Angoche]]. If the ships were in a bad shape, they could stop at the [[Primeiras and Segundas Archipelago|Primeiras Islands]] (off Angoche) for urgent repairs. The Primeiras are a long row of uninhabited low coral islets – not much more than mounds above the waves – but they form a channel of calm waters between themselves and the mainland, a useful shelter for troubled ships.

[[File:Ilha de Moçambique.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|[[Mozambique Island]], with [[Fort São Sebastião (Mozambique)|Fort São Sebastião]] in background]]
The scheduled stop was a little further north on [[Mozambique Island]], a coral island off the coast, with two outlying smaller islands ([[Goa Island]], known as ''São Jorge'', and the island of Sena). Mozambique's main attribute was its splendid harbor, which served as the usual first stop and collection point of Portuguese India armadas after the crossing of the Cape of Good Hope. The island had a town and a fortress, so some stock of supplies was usually at hand.

The conditions of the ships by the time they reached Mozambique was often woeful. With the occasional exception of Cape Santo Agostinho and Mossel Bay, there were no stops between Cape Verde and Mozambique Island, an extraordinarily long time for 16th-century ships to remain at sea without repairs, watering, or resupply. Already before the Cape, provisions had grown stale, [[scurvy]] and [[dysentery]] had often set in, and deaths of crews and passengers from disease had begun. The ship itself, so long at sea without [[Caulking#Wooden shipbuilding|re-caulking]] or re-painting, was in a fragile state. To then force the miserable ship through the mast-cracking tempests of Cape of Good Hope, the seam-ripping violent waters of Cape Correntes and the treacherous rocks of the channel, turned this final stage into a veritable hell for all aboard.<ref>Diffie and Winius (p. 201)</ref>

Mozambique Island was originally an outpost of the [[Kilwa Sultanate]], a collection of Muslim [[Swahili people|Swahili]] cities along the East African coast, centered at [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]], that formed a medieval commercial empire from Cape Correntes in the south to the Somali borderlands in the north, what is sometimes called the "[[Swahili Coast]]". The Kilwa Sultanate began disintegrating into independent city-states around the time of the Portuguese arrival (1500), a process speeded along by the intrigues and interventions of Portuguese captains.

The original object of Portuguese attentions had been the southerly Swahili city of [[Sofala]], the main outlet of the [[Monomatapa]] gold trade, and the first Portuguese fortress in East Africa was erected there in 1505 ([[Fort São Caetano]] de Sofala). But Sofala's harbor was marred by a long moving sandbank and hazardous shoals, making it quite unsuitable as a stop for the India armadas. So in 1507, the 9th Portuguese India Armada (Mello, 1507) seized Mozambique Island and erected a fortress there (Fort São Gabriel, later replaced by [[Fort São Sebastião (Mozambique)|Fort São Sebastião]] in 1558), to use its spacious and well-sheltered harbor.

[[File:East Africa, c.1500.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Principal cities of the [[Swahili Coast]] of East Africa, c. 1500.]]
The principal drawback was that Mozambique Island was parched and infertile. It produced practically nothing locally, and even had to ferry drinkable water by boat from elsewhere.<ref>Theal (1902, p. 118)</ref> Replenishing the islands was not a simple matter. Although Mozambique islanders had established watering holes, gardens and coconut palm groves (essential for timber) just across on the mainland (at ''Cabaceira'' inlet), the [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] inhabitants of the area were generally hostile to both the Swahili and the Portuguese, and often prevented the collection of supplies.<ref>Theal (1902, p. 118). The hostility of the Bantus of Cabaceira may be related to old slave-raiding in the area.</ref> So ensuring Mozambique had sufficient supplies presented its own challenges. The Portuguese [[Factor (agent)|factor]]s in Mozambique had to ensure enough supplies were shipped in from other points on the East African coast to Mozambique Island before the armada's scheduled arrival. The Mozambican factor also collected East African trade goods that could be picked up by the armadas and sold profitably in Indian markets – notably [[gold]], [[ivory]], [[copper]], [[pearl]]s and [[coral]].

After Mozambique, the rule for the India armadas was generally to continue sailing north until they reached the [[equator]] latitude (the [[Seychelles]] islands, at 4ºS, were a common reference point). It was around here that the all-important southwesterly [[monsoon]] winds began to pick up. The armada would then sail east, and let the monsoon carry them headlong across the Indian Ocean until India, presuming the armada arrived at the equator sometime in August.

In Pimentel's (1746) estimation, ships had to leave Mozambique before August 25 to avail themselves of the summer monsoon. If, however, the armada arrived in the latter part of the season, say September, turning at the equator was a risky route. The southwesterly monsoon might be blowing in the right direction at the moment, but the ship ran the risk of not reaching a safe Indian port before the monsoon reversed direction (usually around late September to early October, when it became a northeasterly). So a late season ship was usually stuck in Africa until next April.

Notice that the trajectory, as described, skips over nearly all the towns on the East African coast north of Mozambique – [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]] (''Quíloa''), [[Zanzibar]], [[Mombasa]] (''Mombaça''), [[Malindi]] (''Melinde''), [[Barawa]] (''Brava''), [[Mogadishu]] (''Magadoxo''), etc. This is not to say Portuguese did not visit those locations – indeed, some even had Portuguese factories and forts (e.g. Fort Santiago in Kilwa, held from 1505 to 1512). But Portuguese armadas on their way to India did not have to stop at those locations, and so usually did not. The stop on Mozambique island was usually the only necessary one.

[[File:Pillar of Vasco da Gama.jpg|thumb|left|[[Padrão]] of [[Vasco da Gama]], at [[Malindi]], Kenya.]]
Nonetheless, if the armada had time, or got into trouble for some reason, the stopping choice was [[Malindi]]. A Portuguese ally since the earliest trip of Vasco da Gama in 1498, Malindi could usually be counted on to give a warm reception and had plenty of supplies. Unlike most other Swahili towns, Malindi was on the mainland and had an ample hinterlands with fertile cultivated fields, including groves of oranges and lemons (critical to [[Ascorbic acid|combat scurvy]]). However, it had a poor harbor; although waters were kept calm by an offshore reef, the anchorage area was littered with shoals. It did, however, have a peculiar protruding rock that served as a decent natural [[pier]] for loading and unloading goods.<ref>Theal (1902, p. 115)</ref>

Malindi's other advantage was that, at 3º15'S, it was practically at exactly the right latitude to catch the southwesterly monsoon for an Indian Ocean crossing. Plenty of experienced Indian Ocean pilots – Swahili, Arab or Gujarati – could be found in the city, and Malindi was likely to have the latest news from across the sea, so it was a very convenient stop for the Portuguese before a crossing. However, stops take time, which, given the imminent monsoon reversal, was a scarce commodity. If the armada had been decently equipped enough at Mozambique island, a stop at Malindi, however delightful or useful, was an unnecessary and risky expenditure of time.

With the monsoon, Portuguese India armadas usually arrived in India in early September (sometimes late August). Because of the wind pattern, they usually made landfall around [[Anjediva]] island (''Angediva''). From there, the armada furled their square sails and proceed with lateen sails south along the [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] coast of India to the city of [[Cochin]] (''Cochim'', Kochi) in [[Kerala]]. Cochin was the principal spice port accessible to the Portuguese, it had the earliest Portuguese factory and fort in India, and served as the headquarters of Portuguese government and operations in India for the first decades. However, this changed after the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]] in 1510. The capture of Goa had been largely motivated by the desire to find a replacement for Anjediva as the first anchoring point for the armadas. Anjediva had proven itself to be far from ideal. The island was generally undersupplied – it contained only a few fishing villages – but the armada ships were often forced to sojourn there for long periods, usually for repair or to await for better winds to carry them down to Cochin. Anjediva island also lay in precarious pirate-infested waters, on the warring frontier between Muslim Bijapur and Hindu Vijaynagar, which frequently threatened it. The same winds which carried the armada down to Cochin prevented Portuguese squads from Cochin racing up to rescue it. The Portuguese had tried setting up a fort in Anjediva, but it was captured and dismantled by forces on behalf of Bijapur. As a result, the Portuguese governor [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] decided the nearby island-city of [[Goa]] was preferable and forcibly seized it in 1510. Thereafter Goa, with its better harbor and greater supply base, served as the first anchorage point of Portuguese armadas upon arriving in India. Although Cochin, with its important spice markets, remained the ultimate destination, and was still the official Portuguese headquarters in India until the 1530s, Goa was more favorably located relative to Indian Ocean wind patterns and served as its military-naval center. The docks of Goa were soon producing their own carracks for the India run back to Portugal and for runs to further points east.

===Return voyage===
The return voyage was shorter than the outbound. The fleet left India in December, picking up the [[Monsoon#Northeast monsoon|northeast monsoon]] towards the African coast. Passing through the Mozambique Channel, the fleet kept close to land to avoid the westerlies and catch the [[Agulhas Current]] to round the Cape of Good Hope. Once in the Atlantic, it caught the southeast trade winds and sailed to the west of [[Ascension Island|Ascension]] and [[Saint Helena]] as far as the doldrums. The fleet then sailed almost straight north to the [[Azores]], where it caught the prevailing westerlies and sailed due east into Lisbon.<ref>Alexander Marchant, "Colonial Brazil as a Way Station for the Portuguese India Fleets", ''Geographical Review'', Vol. 31, No. 3 (1941), p. 463.</ref>

==Logistics of the armadas==

===Organization===
[[Image:Departure of fleet from Lisbon harbor.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Departure of fleet for the Indies from Lisbon harbor, by [[Theodor de Bry]], 1592]]
The size of the armada varied, from enormous fleets of over twenty ships to small ones of as few as four. This changed over time. In the first decade (1500–1510), when the Portuguese were establishing themselves in India, the armadas averaged around fifteen ships per year. This declined to around ten from 1510–1525. From 1526 to the 1540s, the armadas declined further to 7-8 ships per year — with a few exceptional cases of large armadas (e.g. 1533, 1537, 1547) brought about by military exigency, but also several years of exceptionally small fleets. In the second half of the 16th century, the Portuguese India armada stabilized at 5-6 ships annually, with very few exceptions (above seven in 1551 and 1590, below 4 in 1594 and 1597).<ref name="Guinote 1999">Guinote (1999)</ref>

Organization was principally in the hands of the [[Casa da Índia]], the royal trading house established around 1500 by King [[Manuel I of Portugal]]. The Casa was in charge of monitoring the crown monopoly on India trade – receiving goods, collecting [[Tariff#Customs duty|duties]], assembling, maintaining and scheduling the fleets, contracting private merchants, correspondence with the ''feitorias'' (overseas [[Factory (trading post)|factories]]), drafting documents and handling legal matters.

Separately from the Casa, but working in coordination with it, was the ''Armazém das Índias'', the royal agency in charge of nautical outfitting, that oversaw the Lisbon docks and naval arsenal. The Armazém was responsible for the training of pilots and sailors, ship construction and repair, and the procurement and provision of naval equipment – sails, ropes, guns, instruments and, most importantly, maps. The ''piloto-mor'' ('chief pilot') of the Armazém, in charge of pilot-training, was, up until 1548, also the keeper of the ''[[Padrão Real]]'', the secret royal master map, incorporating all the cartographic details reported by Portuguese captains and explorers, and upon which all official nautical charts were based. The screening and hiring of crews was the function of the ''provedor'' of the Armazém.

[[File:City of Lisbon, 1572.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.25|Ribeira Palace in the foreground of this view of the city of [[Lisbon]], Portugal from [[Georg Braun]] and Frans Hogenberg's atlas ''[[Civitates orbis terrarum]]'', 1572]]
From at least 1511 (perhaps earlier), the offices of the Casa da India were based in the ground floor of the royal [[Ribeira Palace]], by the [[Praça do Comércio|Terreiro do Paço]] in Lisbon, with the Armazém nearby. (Neither the Casa nor the Armazem should be confused with the [[Estado da Índia]], the Portuguese colonial government in India, which was separate and reported directly to the monarch.)

Ships could be and sometimes were owned and outfitted by private merchants, and these were incorporated into the India armada. However, the expenses of outfitting a ship were immense, and few native Portuguese merchants had the wherewithal to finance one, despite eager government encouragement. In the early India runs, there are several ships organized by private consortiums, often with foreign capital provided by wealthy Italian and German trading houses. This fluctuated over time, as the royal duties, costs of outfitting and rate of attrition and risk of loss on India runs were sometimes too high for private houses to bear. Private Portuguese merchants did, however, routinely contract for cargo, carried aboard crown ships for freight charges.

[[Marine insurance]] was still underdeveloped, although the Portuguese had helped pioneer its development and its practice seemed already customary.<ref>De Souza (1977), Diffie & Winius (1977: pp. 38, 101.)</ref><ref group="N">In May, 1293, King [[Denis of Portugal]] had established the ''Sociedade de Mercadores Portugueses'' (Society of Portuguese Merchants), with mutual help clauses that formed the kernel of marine insurance contracts, similar to those in practice in Italian ports such as [[Genoa]] and [[Pisa]]. In 1380 [[Ferdinand I of Portugal|Ferdinand I]] established a shipping company (''[[Companhia das Naus]]''), with a compulsory insurance scheme, whereby member-merchants (essentially all shipowners and merchants outfitting ships above 50t) to contribute a fixed rate of 2% of freight revenue as a premium to a central fund (''Bolsa de Seguros''), from which claim payouts would be redistributed. Around 1488, [[Pedro de Santarém]] (''Petrus Santerna''), a Portuguese consul in Italy, wrote perhaps the first treatise, ''De assecurationibus'' (published 1552–53), outlining the theory and principles behind marine insurance. Around 1578, [[Henry, King of Portugal|Cardinal-King Henry]] established the ''Consulado'', a tribunal explicitly dedicated to decide marine insurance cases (initially suppressed by the [[Iberian Union]] of 1580, the tribunal was resurrected by [[Philip II of Spain]] in 1593, with the modification that a private marine insurance contract had to have the signature of a royal official (''comissário de seguros''), to be valid in the law courts). This formed the framework for marine insurance in which the India Armadas operated. Later developments include the establishment of an insurance house (''Casa de Seguros'') as an organ of the ''Junta do Comércio Geral'' (Board of General Trade) by regent-prince [[Peter II of Portugal]] in 1668, subsequently replaced by the ''Mesa do Bem Comum do Comércio (''Board of Common Trade Welfare) in 1720. Around 1750, the [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal|Marquis de Pombal]] persuaded the monarch to fold the older house into a new entity, the ''Real Junta do Comércio'' (Royal Board of Trade). (DeSouza, 1977).</ref>

===Ships===

[[File:Armada portugaise.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Carracks of the India Armada of 1507, from the ''Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu'']]
The ships of an India armada were typically [[carracks]] (''naus''), with sizes that grew over time. The first carracks were modest ships, rarely exceeding 100 tons, carrying only up to 40–60 men; for example, the [[São Gabriel (ship)|''São Gabriel'']] of [[Vasco da Gama|Gama's]] 1497 fleet, one of the largest of the time, was only 120 tons. But this was quickly increased as the India run got underway. In the 1500 [[Pedro Álvares Cabral|Cabral]] armada, the largest carracks, Cabral's flagship and the ''El-Rei'', are reported to have been somewhere between 240 and 300 tons. The ''[[Frol de la mar|Flor de la Mar]]'', built in 1502, was a 400-ton nau, while at least one of the naus of the [[Afonso de Albuquerque|Albuquerque]] armada of 1503 is reported to have been as large as 600 tons. The rapid doubling and tripling of the size of Portuguese carracks in a few years reflected the needs of the India runs. The rate of increase tapered off thereafter. For much of the remainder of the 16th century, the average carrack on the India run was probably around 400 tons.

In the 1550s, during the reign of [[John III of Portugal|John III]], a few 900-ton behemoths were built for India runs, in the hope that larger ships would provide [[economies of scale]]. The experiment turned out poorly. Not only was the cost of outfitting such a large ship disproportionately high, they proved unmaneuverable and unseaworthy, particularly in the treacherous waters of the [[Mozambique Channel]]. Three of the new behemoths were quickly lost on the southern African coast – the ''São João'' (900 tons, built 1550, wrecked 1552), the ''São Bento'' (900 tons, built 1551, wrecked 1554) and the largest of them all, the ''Nossa Senhora da Graça'' (1,000 tons, built 1556, wrecked 1559).<ref>Matthew (1988: pp. 266–268); Castro (2005: p. 58)</ref>

[[Image:Relação da muy notavel perda do Galeão Grande S. João.jpg|thumb|left|Wreck of the ''São João'', a large 900 t India carrack (or great galleon), off the coast of South Africa, 1552.]]These kind of losses prompted King [[Sebastian of Portugal|Sebastian]] to issue an ordinance in 1570 setting the upper limit to the size of India naus at 450 tons.<ref>Castro (2005: p. 58)</ref> Nonetheless, after the [[Iberian Union]] of 1580, this regulation would be ignored and shipbuilders, probably urged on by merchants hoping to turn around more cargo on every trip, pushed for larger ships. The size of India naus accelerated again, averaging 600 tons in the 1580–1600 period, with several spectacularly large naus of 1500 tons or greater making their appearance in the 1590s.

If the lesson was not quite learned then, it was certainly learned in August, 1592, when English [[privateer]] [[Sir John Burroughs]] (alt. Burrows, Burgh) captured the ''[[Madre de Deus]]'' in the waters around the [[Azores]] islands (see [[Battle of Flores (1592)|Battle of Flores]]). The ''Madre de Deus'', built in 1589, was a 1600-ton carrack, with seven decks and a crew of around 600. It was the largest Portuguese ship to go on an India run. The great carrack, under the command of Fernão de Mendonça Furtado, was returning from [[Cochin]] with a full cargo when it was captured by Burrough. The value of the treasure and cargo taken on this single ship is estimated to have been equivalent to half the entire treasury of the English crown. The loss of so much cargo in one swoop confirmed, once again, the folly of building such gigantic ships.<ref>Castro, ibid; Kingsford (1912)</ref> The carracks built for the India run returned to their smaller size after the turn of the century.<ref>Castro, ibid.</ref>

[[Image:Caravela Vera Cruz a entrar no Porto de Pipas, festas São Joaninas, 2008, Angra do Heroísmo, ilha Terceira, Açores.JPG|thumb|upright|Modern replica of a lateen-rigged [[caravel]]]]
In the early ''Carreira da India'', the carracks were usually accompanied by smaller [[caravels]] (''caravelas''), averaging 50–70 tons (rarely reaching 100), and capable of holding 20–30 men at most. Whether [[Lateen|lateen-rigged]] (''{{lang|pt|latina}}'') or [[square rig|square-rigged]] (''[[Square Rigged Caravel|redonda]]''), these shallow-drafted, nimble vessels had a myriad of uses. Caravels served as forward lamp, scouts and fighting ships of the convoy. Caravels on the India run were often destined to remain overseas for coastal patrol duty, rather than return with the main fleet.

In the course of the 16th century, caravels were gradually phased out in favor of a new escort/fighting ship, the [[galleon]] (''galeão''), which could range anywhere between 100 and 1000 tons. Based on the design of the [[carrack]], but slenderer and lower, with forecastle diminished or removed to make way for its famous 'beak', the galleon became the principal fighting ship of the India fleet. It was not as nimble as the caravel, but could be mounted with much more cannon. With the introduction of the galleon, carracks became almost exclusively cargo ships (which is why they were pushed to such large sizes), leaving any fighting to be done to the galleons. One of the largest and most famous of Portuguese galleons was the ''[[Botafogo (galleon)|São João Baptista]]'' (nicknamed ''Botafogo'', 'spitfire'), a 1,000-ton galleon built in 1534, said to have carried 366 guns.

Many fleets also brought small supply ships on outward voyage. These were destined to be scuttled along the way once the supplies were consumed. The crews were redistributed and the abandoned ships usually burned to recover their iron nails and fittings.

The average speed of an India Armada was around 2.5 [[Knot (unit)|knots]], but some ships could achieve speeds of between 8 and 10 for some stretches.

===Seaworthiness===

Portuguese India ships distinguished themselves from the ships of other navies (especially those of rival powers in the Indian Ocean) on two principal accounts: their seaworthiness (durability at sea) and their artillery.

With a few exceptions (e.g. ''[[Frol de la mar|Flor de la Mar]]'', ''[[Santa Catarina do Monte Sinai]]''), Portuguese India naus were not typically built to last longer than four or five years of useful service. That a nau managed to survive a single India run was already an achievement, given that few ships of any nation at the time were able to stay at sea for even a quarter as long without breaking apart at the seams.

The success of the India nau depended on 15th-century innovations in Portuguese shipbuilding that greatly improved the seaworthiness and longevity of the ship. Notable among these were the use of iron nails (rather than wooden pegs) to hold planks, the mixing of [[lead]] in the seams, and a [[caulking]] technique that improved upon traditional [[oakum]] with 'galagala' paste (a mixture of oakum, [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] and [[olive oil]], producing a kind of putty that could be pressed between the planks). Hulls were amply coated in [[Pitch (resin)|pitch]] and pine [[tar]] (imported in bulk amounts from northern Germany), giving the India naus their famous (and, to some observers, sinister) dark tone.<ref>see [[Black Ships]]</ref>

===Artillery===
[[File:Falconete Museu Marinha Lisboa.jpg|thumb|upright|Portuguese breech-loading ''falconete'', reign of King Sebastian]]
[[Naval artillery#Transition|Naval artillery]] was the single greatest advantage the Portuguese held over their rivals in the Indian Ocean – indeed over most other navies – and the Portuguese crown spared no expense in procuring and producing the best naval guns European technology permitted.

King [[John II of Portugal]], while still a prince in 1474, is often credited for pioneering the introduction of a reinforced deck on the old Henry-era [[caravel]] to allow the mounting of heavy guns.<ref>Rodrigues and Devezas (2009: p. 193)</ref> In 1489, he introduced the first standardized teams of trained naval gunners (''bombardeiros'') on every ship, and development of naval tactics that maximized broadside cannonades rather than the rush-and-grapple of Medieval [[galleys]].

The Portuguese crown appropriated the best cannon technology available in Europe, particularly the new, more durable and far more accurate [[bronze]] cannon developed in Central Europe, replacing the older, less accurate [[wrought-iron]] cannon. By 1500, Portugal was importing vast volumes of [[copper]] and cannon from northern Europe, and had established itself as the leading producer of advanced naval artillery in its own right. Being a crown industry, cost considerations did not curb the pursuit of the best quality, best innovations and best training.<ref>Rodrigues and Devezas (2009: p. 263) emphasize its importance as a crown industry – the coincidence between the producer and consumer of the product. Portuguese naval artillery was rarely faulty or exploded from misuse, not only because of crown self-interest in quality during production, but also because defective domestic pieces (unlike imported ones) were easy to fix or replace locally.</ref> The crown paid wage premiums and bonuses to lure the best European artisans and gunners (mostly German) to advance the industry in Portugal. Every cutting-edge innovation introduced elsewhere was immediately appropriated into Portuguese naval artillery, including bronze cannon (Flemish/German), breech-loading swivel-guns (probably of German origin), truck carriages (possibly English), and the idea (originally French, c. 1501<ref>Cipolla (1965)</ref>) of cutting square [[gun port]]s (''portinhola'') in the hull to allow heavy cannon to be mounted below deck.<ref>Rodrigues and Devezas (2009: pp. 260–264)</ref>

In this respect, the Portuguese spearheaded the evolution of modern naval warfare, moving away from the medieval warship, a carrier of armed men, aiming for the grapple, towards the modern idea of a floating artillery piece dedicated to resolving battles by gunnery alone.

According to Gaspar Correia, the typical fighting caravel of Gama's [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|4th Armada]] (1502) carried 30 men, four heavy guns below, six [[Falconet (cannon)|falconets]] (''falconete'') above (two fixed astern) and ten [[Swivel gun|swivel-guns]] (''canhão de [[berço]]'') on the quarterdeck and bow.

An armed carrack, by contrast, had six heavy guns below, eight falconets above and several swivel-guns, and two fixed forward-firing guns before the mast.<ref>Correa, in Stanley, p. 367</ref> Although an armed carrack carried more firepower than a caravel, it was much less swift and less maneuverable, especially when loaded with cargo. A carrack's guns were primarily defensive, or for shore bombardments, whenever their heavier firepower was necessary. But by and large, fighting at sea was usually left to the armed caravels. The development of the heavy galleon removed even the necessity of bringing carrack firepower to bear in most circumstances.

===Losses===
[[File:Nau de Rui Vaz Pereira levantada por um monstro marino, armada de 1520. Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu.jpg|thumb|right|Sea-monster depicted in the ''Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu'']]

According to historian Oliveira Martins, of the 806 naus sent on the India Run between 1497 and 1612, 425 returned safely to Portugal, 20 returned prematurely (i.e. without reaching India), 66 were lost, 4 were captured by the enemy, 6 were scuttled and burnt, and 285 remained in India (which went on to meet various fates of their own in the East.)

The loss rate was higher in certain periods than others, reflecting greater or lesser attention and standards of shipbuilding, organization, supervision, training, etc. which reveals itself in shoddily-built ships, overloaded cargo, incompetent officers, as well as the expected higher dangers of wartime. The rates fluctuated dramatically. By one estimate, in 1571–1575, 90% of India ships returned safely; by 1586–1590, the success rate fell to less than 40%; between 1596 and 1605, the rate climbed above 50% again, but in the subsequent years fell back to around 20%.<ref name="Guinote 1999"/>

That only four ships on India runs were known to be captured by the enemy seems quite astonishing. These were:

*(1) 1508, the ship of Jó Queimado, originally part of the 8th Portuguese India Armada (Cunha, 1506) of [[Tristão da Cunha]] that set out in 1506. It was captured in 1508 by the French corsair Mondragon (said by one account to be in the [[Mozambique Channel]], but it is unlikely Mondragon would have taken the trouble of doubling the [[Cape of Good Hope|Cape]]; it was more likely captured on the Atlantic side, probably near the [[Azores]]). Mondragon was himself tracked down and taken prisoner by [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]] in January, 1509, off [[Cape Finisterre]].
*(2) 1525, ''[[Santa Catarina do Monte Sinai]]'', the great carrack built in [[Goa]] in 1512. It had been used to carry [[Vasco da Gama]] in 1523 to serve as the new [[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|viceroy of India]], and was on its way back to Portugal in 1525, with the former governor D. [[Duarte de Menezes]], when it was taken by French corsairs. (However, some have speculated that there was no foreign attack, that Menezes himself simply decided to go [[pirate|piratical]] and took command of the ship.)
*(3) 1587, ''São Filipe'', returning from an India run, was captured by English privateer Sir [[Francis Drake]], off [[the Azores]]. The triumph of the ''São Filipe'' cargo, one of the wealthiest hoards ever captured, was overshadowed only by the even wealthier trove of paperwork and maps detailing the Portuguese trade in Asia which fell into English hands. This set in motion the first English expedition to India, under Sir [[James Lancaster]] in 1591.
*(4) 1592 ''Madre de Deus'', the gigantic carrack captured by [[Sir John Burroughs]] near the Azores, already described above.

This does not count, of course, ships that were attacked by enemy action and subsequently capsized or destroyed. It also does not count ships that were captured later in the East Indies (i.e. not on the India route at the time). The most famous of these was probably the mighty Portuguese carrack [[Santa Catarina (ship)|''Santa Catarina'']] (not to be confused with its earlier ''Mount Sinai'' namesake), captured in 1603, by Dutch captain [[Jacob van Heemskerk]]. The ''Santa Catarina'' was on a [[Portuguese Macau]] to [[Portuguese Malacca]] run with a substantial cargo of Sino-Japanese wares, most notably a small fortune in [[musk]], when it was captured by Heemskerk in [[Singapore]]. The captured cargo nearly doubled the capital of the fledgling [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch VOC]].

Ships losses should not be confused with crew losses from disease, deprivation, accident, combat and desertion. These tended to be horrifically high – one third, or even as much as one half, even in good years.

===Crews===
[[File:Banner of the Order of Christ.svg|thumb|upright|The banner of the [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order of Christ]] became a popular, and de facto, naval and war ensign amongst captains below the rank of Viceroy (who flew the royal banner), since many notable Portuguese captains belonged to that order.]]
The admiral of an armada, necessarily a nobleman of some degree, was known as the ''capitão-mor'' (captain-major), with full jurisdiction over the fleet. There was also usually a designated ''soto-capitão'' (vice-admiral), with a commission to assume command should tragedy befall the captain-major. The vice-admirals were also useful if a particular armada needed to be split into separate squadrons. If an armada carried a [[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|viceroy or governor of the Indies]], he typically assumed the senior position (although in practice many delegated the decision-making during the journey to their flagship's captain).

Each India ship had a ''capitão'' ([[Captain (nautical)|captain]]). As the position of captain could be quite profitable, it became quite attractive to lesser nobles and men of ambition hoping for a quick and easy fortune. The crown was often happy to 'sell' captain positions on India runs as a form of royal patronage to candidates with little or no experience at sea. Nonetheless, the captain was formally the king's representative and highest authority on his ship. Everyone, even noble passengers of greater formal rank, were under his jurisdiction. The supremacy of a captain's authority was curtailed only if the captain-major came aboard his ship, and when he docked in [[Goa]] (jurisdiction passed to the [[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|Vice-Roy or Governor]]).

Another important figure on an India ship was the ''escrivão'' ([[Captain's clerk|clerk]]), the ''de facto'' royal agent. The clerk was in charge of the written record of everything on the ship, especially the cargo inventory, which he tracked with meticulous precision. The clerk was carefully screened by the [[Casa da Índia]], and was the crown's most trusted agent on board ship, and expected to keep an eye for crown interests. This gave him, in practice, a greater authority on the ship than his formal title suggests. At departure, the clerk was presented with the keys to the ''porão'' ([[Hold (ship)|hold]]) and a [[Seal (emblem)|royal signet]] to seal the cargo. Nobody, not even the captain, was allowed to visit the cargo hold without the clerk present. It is said that rations could not be distributed, nor even a cup of water drawn from a barrel, without notifying the clerk. Upon the capture of an enemy ship, the clerk was immediately escorted aboard the captured vessel to seal the holds, cabins and chests, and take inventory of the loot.

Technical command of the ship was in the hands of the ''piloto'' (who combined the roles of [[Maritime pilot|pilot]] and [[navigator]]) and his assistant, the ''soto-piloto'' (second or under-pilot). The pilot and his assistant not merely steered the ship, but were responsible for all navigational matters – charts, instruments, plotting the course, etc. As captains were often quite inexperienced, the pilot was usually the highest trained naval officer aboard. Captains frequently deferred to them on the running of the ship.

Lacking a formal navigation school, early pilots were trained by [[apprenticeship]]. New pilots received their instruction, both practical and theoretical, first-hand from master pilots aboard ship and kept a tight lid on their professional secrets.<ref>In his ''Tratado que...fez em defensão da carta de marear, Co' regimento de altura'' (1537), the ''comosgrafo-mor'' (chief cosmographer) [[Pedro Nunes]] chides the India pilots for their reluctance to instruct or seek instruction formally.</ref> This changed in the late 1550s or early 1560s, with the establishment of formal courses of instruction for India pilots in Lisbon by the ''cosmógrafo-mor'' [[Pedro Nunes]], which included a final examination and formal certification.<ref>Although still holding his mathematics chair in [[University of Coimbra|Coimbra]] until 1562, Pedro Nunes began spending extended periods in Lisbon in the late 1550s. Details of Pedro Nunes's 'navigation courses' are scanty. It is believed the course was carried on after Nunes's death in 1578 by his successors Thomaz Orta and [[João Baptista Lavanha]]. See Sousa Viterbo (1897). Diffie and Winius (p. 142).</ref>

[[File:Mariner's astrolabe.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[mariner's astrolabe]] was developed shortly before 1500 and found its first use in early Portuguese India Armadas]]
Despite their general secretiveness, several early India pilots compiled written navigation manuals, probably initially merely as notes for themselves, but eventually passed on and copied by others. These included general instructions on how to read, plot and follow routes by nautical chart, how to use the principal nautical instruments of the day – the mariner's [[compass]], the [[Quadrant (instrument)|quadrant]], the [[astrolabe]], the [[Nocturnal (instrument)|nocturlabe]] and the ''balestilha'' ([[cross-staff]]) – and astronomical tables (notably that of solar declination, derived from [[Abraham Zacuto]] and later Pedro Nunes's own) to correctly account for "compass error" (the deviation of the [[magnetic north]] from the [[true north]]) by recourse to the [[Pole Star]], [[Sun]] and [[Southern Cross]], the flux and reflux of [[tides]], etc. These manuals often contained a ''roteiro'' ([[rutter (nautical)|rutter]]), giving the detailed instructions (by geographical coordinates and physical description) of the routes to India. Two of the few which have survived were [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]]'s ''Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis'' (c. 1509) and [[João de Lisboa]]'s ''Livro da Marinharia'' (c. 1514).<ref>Other famous rutters of the India run include those by [[André Pires (explorer)|André Pires]] (c. 1530), [[Diogo Afonso]] (c. 1536), [[João de Castro]] (1538–1541), [[Manuel de Álvares]] (1545), [[Pero Vaz Fargosa]] (1560), [[Vicente Rodrigues]] (1575, 1591) and, perhaps most famous of all, the 1595 Dutch edition by [[Jan Huyghen van Linschoten]]. (Matthew, 1988)</ref>

Relative to the ships of other nations (e.g. French, Dutch), clerks and pilots on Portuguese vessels held an unusually high degree of authority.

Next in a ship's hierarchy was the ''mestre'' ([[Master (naval)|master]]). The ship's master was the officer in charge of all sailors, ship's boys and the rest of the crew. His primary job at sea was to ensure the crew implemented the technical manoeuvre orders of the pilot – raising and lowering sails, etc. As such, the master required a good degree of sailing knowledge – knowing how to translate the pilot's instructions into sail & crew instructions. He was often sufficiently trained in navigation to take over pilot's duties if the pilot and under-pilot were incapacitated. But a ship which lost all three officers would usually be in serious trouble.

[[Image:Portuguese Nau.png|thumb|upright|Portuguese carrack]]
Assisting the master, was the ''contramestre'' (or ''soto-mestre'', [[boatswain]]). The boatswain was the crew enforcer – he ensured the master's orders were implemented by the crew. In practice, they usually partitioned the deck between them, with the master in charge of implementation in the [[stern]], and the boatswain in the [[bow (watercraft)|bow]]. The boatswain was also in charge of the maintenance of rigging, anchors and supervising the loading and unloading of cargo, etc. The boatswain had his own assistant, the ''guardião'' (boatswain's mate).

The bulk of the crew were all-purpose sailors – usually half of them ''marinheiros'' (seamen), the other half ''grumetes'' (ship-boys). The partition between the two classes was akin to the modern distinction between [[able seaman]] and [[Ordinary Seaman (occupation)|ordinary seamen]], e.g. ship-boys were assigned the drudgery duties, swabbing and scrubbing, moving cargo, etc., while seamen would be given 'higher' responsibilities, e.g. assigned to hold the wheel on the ''tolda'' ([[quarterdeck]]). The boatswain was considered the head of the seamen, and served as the intermediary between the seamen and the higher officers (master, pilot, etc.). The boatswain's mate had authority only over the ship-boys; seamen would not obey a boatswain's mate's order.<ref>Hutter (2005: p. 180)</ref>

Then there were the specialized crew. A Portuguese India nau usually had two ''estrinqueiros'', skilled sailors in charge of the [[windlass]] that operated the round [[Mast (sailing)|sails]] (one for the main mast, another for the fore mast). The ''meirinho'' ([[bailiff]]), a judicial officer, was in charge of dispensing punishment and supervising on-board dangers (fires, gunpowder stores, weapon caches). The ''capelão'' ([[chaplain]]) was in charge of saving souls, the ''barbeiro'' ([[barber surgeon]]) in charge of saving lives. A large nau usually had a number of ''pagens'' ([[Page (occupation)|pages]]), who not only attended upon the officers and the cabins, but also served as runners delivering orders across the deck.

The {{lang|pt|despenseiro}} ([[purser]]/[[Chief Steward|steward]]) was in charge of food stores and rations. Unlike ships of other nations, Portuguese vessels did not usually have a cook aboard, sailors were expected to cook their own meals themselves at the ship's ovens.<ref>Hutter (2005: p. 177)</ref> Rations were composed primarily of [[ship biscuit|ship's biscuits]] (the main staple, rationed at 2 pounds per person per day). Other provisions included wine, salt, olive oil, salted cod, sardines, pork, cheese, rice, and the like, with fresh fruits and vegetables available on the initial part of the journey. Rations were suspended if the ship was at dock and the men ashore. On the return journey, the crown would only supply enough biscuit and water for a ship to reach the Cape of Good Hope; the ship's crew would have to find its own provisions thereafter.<ref>Matthew, 1988: p. 250</ref>

Perhaps the most valued of the specialized positions was the repair crew. This was usually composed of two ''carpinteiros'' ([[carpenter]]s ) and two ''calafate'' (caulkers) that fixed anything that was broken, plus the ''tanoeiro'' ([[Cooper (profession)|cooper]]), who ensured the cargo and water stores remained preserved. A nau might also have ''mergulhadores'' (divers), crew specially trained to go down the outside of the ship to check and help repair hull damage below the water level.

Military personnel aboard a nau varied with the mission. Except for some specialists and passengers, most of the crew was armed before encounters and expected to fight. But every nau also had, at the very least, a small specialized [[Naval artillery|artillery]] crew of around ten ''bombardeiros'' (gunners), under the command of a ''condestável'' ([[constable]]). As naval artillery was the single most important advantage the Portuguese had over rival powers in the Indian Ocean, gunners were highly trained and enjoyed a bit of an elite status on the ship. (Indeed, many gunners on Portuguese India ships were highly skilled foreigners, principally Germans, lured into Portuguese service with premium wages and bonuses offered by crown agents.<ref>Rodrigues and Tevezes (2009: p. 263)</ref>)

Ships that expected more military encounters might also carry ''homens d'armas'' ([[Man-at-arms|men-at-arms]]), ''espingardeiros'' ([[arquebusier]]s/[[musketeer]]s) and ''besteiros'' ([[crossbowmen]]). But, except for the gunners, soldiers aboard ship were not regarded as an integral part of the naval crew, but rather just as passengers.

The following is a sample composition of a typical 16th-century Portuguese India nau ([[carrack]]):<ref>Castro (2005: p. 63)</ref>
*1 captain ({{lang|pt|capitão}})
*1 clerk ({{lang|pt|escrivão}})
*1 chaplain ({{lang|pt|capelão}})
*2 pilots ({{lang|pt|piloto, soto-piloto}})
*1 master ({{lang|pt|mestre}})
*1 boatswain ({{lang|pt|contramestre}})
*1 boatswain's mate ({{lang|pt|guardião}})
*2 windlass operators ({{lang|pt|estrinqueiros}})
*45 seamen ({{lang|pt|marinheiros}})
*48 ship-boys ({{lang|pt|grumetes}})
*4 pages ({{lang|pt|pagems}})
*2 carpenters ({{lang|pt|carpinteiro}} and {{lang|pt|carpinteiro sobressalente}})
*2 caulkers ({{lang|pt|calafate}} and {{lang|pt|calafate sobressalente}})
*1 cooper ({{lang|pt|tanoeiro}})
*1 steward ({{lang|pt|despenseiro}})
*1 bailiff ({{lang|pt|meirinho}})
*1 barber-surgeon ({{lang|pt|barbeiro}})
*1 constable ({{lang|pt|condestável}})
*11 gunners ({{lang|pt|bombardeiros}})

Total = 127 crew

Plus any soldiers and passengers that might be taken aboard.

===Compensation and spoils===
In addition to the cash salaries paid by the [[Casa da Índia]], captains and crew members were allowed to engage in trade on their own account (up to a certain amount). That is, they were authorized to import into Portugal a pre-specified volume of pepper and a certain number of boxes of assorted goods (''caixas forras de fretes e direitos'', or ''caixas de liberdades'', "liberty chests"). These were to be purchased in India out of their own pockets, of course, but the crown would allow these cargoes to be brought back on crown ships free of freight charge and duties, and sold in Lisbon markets (at pre-set prices), for their own personal profit. Liberty chests had standard dimensions 4' × 3' × 2.5'<ref>Matthew, 1988: p. 247</ref>

[[File:Jeronimos-SouthFacade.jpg|thumb|The [[Jerónimos Monastery]], built on the profits of the India armadas]]
In the early armadas, the captain-major and captains of the carracks were obliged, by King [[Manuel I of Portugal]], to pay the ''vintena de Belém'', a 5% duty of the earnings from the private sales of imported goods for the construction and maintenance of the [[Jerónimos Monastery]] in [[Santa Maria de Belém|Belém]]. This rule was introduced in 1502 and continued until about 1522.

The following compensation schedule is taken from the [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|Second India Armada]] of 1500<ref>As reported in Gaspar Correia's ''Lendas da India'', p. 147; Matthew (1988: p. 247) gives a different breakdown</ref>

* captain-major: 10,000 cruzados for entire journey, 500 [[quintal]]s of pepper, 10 liberty chests
* captain: 1,000 cruzados for each 100-tonne ship size they command, 50 quintals, 6 chests
* pilot, master: 500 cruzados, 30 quintals, 4 chests
* constable: 200 cruzados, 10 quintals, 2 chests
* gunners: 10 cruzados per month, 10 quintals, 1 chest
* soldiers: 5 cruzados per month, 3 quintals, 1 chest
* sailors: 10 cruzados per month, 10 quintals, 1 chest
* boatswain & boatswain's mate: 1 and a 1/3 times the sailor's salary.
* specialized crew (chaplain, steward, barber-surgeon, carpenter, caulker, windlass-operator): 2/3 of the sailor's salary
* ship-boys: 1/2 of the sailor's salary
* pages: 1/4 of the sailor's salary

The ''Casa da India'' allowed the captain-major to draw as much as 5,000 cruzados of his salary in advance, a captain 1,000. Any married crewman could draw up to one year in salary in advance, while a single man could draw up to six months.

Officers, soldiers and officials that were to remain in India in some capacity (patrol ship captains, factors, clerks, magistrates (''[[alcaide]]-mor''), etc.) typically signed employment contracts of three years duration. Soldiers who signed an overseas service contract received a bonus of 800 ''[[Portuguese real|reais]]'' per month en route, bumped up to 1200 per month in India (to pay for living expenses),<ref>1 cruzado was between 324 and 400 reais</ref> and the right to ship back an additional 2.5 quintals of pepper per year (in addition to the quintals they were already authorized to send back according to the standard pay scale).<ref>See Barros, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ42AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA193 pp. 193–194]</ref>

Even if not formally authorized, captains sometimes supplemented their earnings by undertaking a bit of piracy and extortion on the side. Although it did not necessarily encourage India armadas to pursue activities that might endanger their ships and cargoes, rules were still set out for the partition of the spoils of captured ships and extortion of tribute from 'unfriendly' ports.

The rules of plunder were as follows: first of all, the captain-major has the 'right to a jewel', i.e. he is allowed to pick one item from the spoils for himself, provided it is worth no more than 500 cruzados. Then one-fifth is set aside for the crown. The remainder is subsequently divided into three parts: 2/3 for the crown again (albeit to be expended on the armada itself in the form of equipment, supplies and ammunition), and the remaining third distributed among the crew for private taking. The partition of this last third worked out as follows:<ref>Fonseca (1908: p. 201)</ref>

*Captain-major: 15 parts
*captains of the large carracks: 10 parts
*Captains of caravels: 6 parts
*Pilot-Master (i.e. those who served double office of pilot & master): 4 parts
*Masters: 3 parts
*Pilots: 3 parts
*Sailors: 2 parts
*Gunners: 2 parts
*''Espingardeiros'' (arquebusiers/musketeers): 2 parts
*Crossbowmen: 2 parts
*Armed sailors: 1.5 parts
*Men-at-arms: 1.5 parts
*Ship boys: 1 part

Once again, the captain-major and captains of large carracks had to contribute 10% of their part to the [[Jerónimos Monastery]] of Belém (although that does not seem to apply to the others).

==The India trade==

===Cargo===
While the India armadas were used to ferry troops, officials, missionaries and colonists between Europe and Asia, their primary objective was commercial. They were engaged in the spice trade, importing Asian spices to sell in European markets, especially the five "glorious spices" – pepper, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg and mace.

{| cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 style="margin:5px; border:1px solid;" style="text-align: center"
|+ '''The Glorious Spices'''
|-
|[[File:BlackPeppercorns.JPG|150px|[[Black pepper|Pepper]]]]||[[File:Canelle Cinnamomum burmanni Luc Viatour crop1.jpg|150px| [[Cinnamon]]]] || [[File:ClovesDried.jpg|150px|[[Clove]]]] || [[File:Muscade.jpg|150px|[[Nutmeg]]]] || [[File:Fleur de muscade.jpg|150px|[[Mace (spice)]]]]
|-
| [[Black Pepper|Pepper]] || [[Cinnamon]] || [[Cloves]] || [[Nutmeg]] || [[Mace (spice)|Mace]]
|-
| ([[Kerala]]) || ([[Ceylon]]) || ([[Ternate]] & [[Tidore]]) || ([[Banda Islands]]) || ([[Banda Islands]])
|}

[[Black Pepper]], grown locally in [[Kerala]], composed as much as 90% of the return cargo of the early armadas. But the other glorious spices could also be found in [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], [[Cochin]] and other major markets on the [[Malabar coast]] of India – [[cinnamon]] was imported in large amounts from [[Ceylon]], while, from further east, via [[Portuguese Malacca|Malacca]], came [[long pepper]] (from [[Java]]), [[cloves]] (grown exclusively in the [[Moluccas|Moluccan]] islands of [[Ternate]] and [[Tidore]]) and, in smaller amounts, highly valued [[nutmeg|nutmeg and mace]] (grown only in the [[Banda Islands]]).

The armadas also loaded less glorious spices found in Indian markets, notably locally-grown [[ginger]] (the principal 'filler' cargo), [[cardamom]] and [[tamarind]], balms and aromatics like ''[[Artemisia indica]]'' (Indian wormwood), [[Aloe perryi|Socotra aloe]], [[galbanum]], [[camphor]] and [[myrrh]]. Also brought back from India were dyes like [[Lac (resin)|lac]], [[indigo]] and [[dyewood]] and precious ornamental objects and materials like [[ivory]], [[ebony]] and [[pearl]]s.

It is estimated that the average India carrack brought back between 6,100 and 6,800 [[quintal]]s of imported spices and goods – or, around 25,000 to 30,000 quintals for the average yearly India armada (4–5 ships). Exceptionally large armadas and/or behemoth ships could push it up to 40,000 in some years.<ref>Steensgard (1985: p. 23)</ref> It is estimated that around 15% of the cargo was lost at sea, spoilage, etc. over the long run.

A greater difficulty involved determining the cargo on the outgoing journey. The following list, from the [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|Fourth Armada]] of 1502, gives an idea of the kind of European items brought by the Portuguese to sell in India: "cut and branch [[Coral (precious)|coral]], [[copper]] in pigs and sheets, [[Mercury (element)|quicksilver]], [[vermilion]], rugs, Flanders brass basins, coloured cloths, knives, red barret-caps, mirrors and coloured [[silk]]s."<ref>(Danvers, 1894 p. 87).</ref> But, by and large, European products did not sell well in Asia, which meant that ship holds were frequently empty, or nearly so, on the outward leg. In other words, outbound ships carried little more than the metal bullion – principally [[silver]], but also [[copper]] and [[lead]] – needed to purchase spices in Asian markets.<ref>Newitt (2005: p. 70)</ref>

However, if they stopped by [[Mozambique Island]] on the outward leg (as almost all India armadas did), they could expect the local Portuguese factors to have a stockpile of East African trade goods – gold, ivory, coral, pearls, acquired during the year at several points along the [[Swahili Coast]] – ready to be picked up by the armadas for sale in India.

===Factories===
[[Image:Portugues map of India, 1630.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Portuguese map of India, from 1630.]]

Of course, an armada could not just sail into an Indian city and expect to find enough supplies at hand in the city's spice markets to load up five or ten large ships at once. Should it even try, it would likely provoke an instant scarcity and quickly drive up the prices of spices astronomically.

Instead, the Portuguese relied on the ancient 'factory' system. That is, in every major market, the Portuguese erected a warehouse ('[[Factory (trading post)|factory]]', ''feitoria'') and left behind a purchasing agent ([[Factor (agent)|'factor']], ''feitor''). The factor and his assistants would remain in the city and buy spices from the markets slowly over the course of the year, and deposit them into the warehouse. When the next armada arrived, it would simply load up the accumulated spices from the warehouse and set sail out at once.

[[File:Calicut 1572.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.2|City of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], India, c. 1572 (from [[Georg Braun]] and Frans Hogenberg's atlas ''[[Civitates orbis terrarum]]'')]]
The first Portuguese factory in Asia was set up in [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] (''Calecute'', Kozhikode), the principal spice entrepot on the [[Malabar Coast]] of India in September 1500, but it was overrun in a riot a couple of months later. Consequently, the first lasting factory was set up in the nearby smaller city of [[Cochin]] (''Cochim'', Kochi) in late 1500. This was followed up by factories in [[Kannur|Cannanore]] (''Canonor'', Kannur) (1502) and [[Kollam|Quilon]] (''Coulão'', Kollam) (1503).

Although some Portuguese factories were defended by [[palisade]]s that eventually evolved into Portuguese [[fort]]s garrisoned by Portuguese troops (e.g. [[Fort Kochi|Fort Manuel]] was erected around the Cochin factory in 1503, [[St. Angelo Fort|Fort Sant' Angelo]] around the Cannanore factory in 1505), not all did. The two concepts are distinct. Factories were commercial outposts, not political, administrative or military. The factor was formally an employee of the ''Casa da Índia'' (the trading house), not an officer of the ''Estado da Índia'' (the colonial government).

===Age of Antwerp===
[[File:Armed Four-Master Putting Out to Sea from The Sailing Vessels MET DP818236.jpg|thumb|Engraving of a Portuguese carrack, by Frans Huys circa 1555. Identifiable by the armillary sphere it flies as a banner]]
While [[Lisbon]] was the offloading point of the India armada, it was not the endpoint of the Portuguese [[spice trade]]. There remained the matter of distribution of the spices in Europe.

Until the Portuguese breakthrough into the Indian Ocean, the supply of eastern spices to European consumers had been largely in the hands of [[Republic of Venice]]. Arab and Gujarati merchants ferried spices from Indian ports like [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], across the [[Arabian Sea]] and into the [[Red Sea]] ports like [[Jeddah]]. From there, they would be carried overland to ports in the eastern [[Mediterranean]], such as [[Alexandria]], where they would be picked by Venetian merchants and then sold on European markets.

The Portuguese India armadas challenged this old spice route, for a brief period disrupted it, but they did not eliminate it. Despite Portuguese efforts to secure monopolies at the source, enough spices still slipped through the old Venetian-Arab route and forced competition on the sale end in Europe.

[[File:City of Antwerp, 1572.jpg|thumb|City of [[Antwerp]], 1572 (from [[Georg Braun]] and Frans Hogenberg's atlas ''[[Civitates orbis terrarum]]'')]]
Realizing that the Mediterranean was saturated with spices supplied by Venetian merchants, the Portuguese decided to avoid head-to-head competition that might cut into their profits there, and focused on selling their spices in northern Europe, a market the Venetians had barely touched. To this end, the Casa da Índia set up a factory (''feitoria de Flandres'') in the [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabantine]] town of [[Antwerp]] in 1508. The factory had two purposes: firstly, to serve as a distribution center of the Portuguese spices to the rest of northern Europe; secondly, to acquire the silver bullion needed by the Portuguese India armadas to buy spices in Asia.

It is in the silver trade that Portugal and Venice competed directly. Both needed large volumes of European silver to buy spices in Asia, yet the only significant silver source was in Central Europe, dominated by major German trading families like the [[Welser]]s, the [[Hochstetter]]s and the [[Fuggers]] of [[Augsburg]]. To get their hands on this silver, the Portuguese and Venetians offered gold, not only from their revenues of spice sales, but also from overseas sources: the Portuguese had access to gold from the [[Akan people|Akan]] fields on the [[Portuguese Gold Coast|Gold Coast]] of west Africa, while the Venetians had access to the gold mines of the [[Sudan]] (which was freighted down the [[Nile]] to [[Alexandria]]). Via river routes, the German silver merchants directed silver bullion supplies up to the Portuguese factory in Antwerp, from where ships would carry them to Lisbon, to be loaded onto the India armadas.

The intercontinental streams of spices, gold and silver flowing in and out of the Portuguese factory transformed Antwerp overnight from a sleepy town into arguably the leading commercial and financial center of Europe in the 16th century, a position it would enjoy until its [[Sack of Antwerp|sack by mutinous Spanish soldiers]] in 1576.

Recent research has shown that, after 1505, most of the trade that moved between Lisbon and Antwerp sidestepped the Portuguese royal "factory of Flanders". Most of the European leg of the trade was directly contracted between the ''Casa da Índia'' in Lisbon and private foreign consortiums (usually Italian and German) in Antwerp and freighted largely by Dutch, Hanseatic and Breton ships. As a result, the bulk of the profits of the Portuguese spice trade accrued not to the Portuguese crown, but to the private consortiums (Smith calculates that, in 1517–1519, as much as half the price difference for spices between Indian and European markets was pocketed by private European merchants on this leg; by 1585, the share reaped by the Portuguese crown had fallen to a mere 15%).<ref>Smith (2008)</ref>

==The end==

Due to a series of costly losses in the 1550s, the ''Casa da Índia'' fell into severe financial straits and was basically bankrupt by 1560. In 1570, King [[Sebastian of Portugal]] issued a decree revoking the royal monopoly, and opening up trade with India to any private Portuguese merchant. As few took up the offer, the free trade decree was replaced in 1578 by a new system of annual monopolies, whereby the ''Casa'' sold the rights of the India trade to a private merchant consortium, guaranteeing them a monopoly for one year. The annual monopoly system was abandoned in 1597, and the royal monopoly resumed. But by that time, everything had changed.
[[File:Iberian mare clausum claims.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|Portugal claimed the Indian Ocean as its ''[[mare clausum]]'' during the [[Age of Discovery]].]]
For an entire century, the Portuguese had managed to monopolize the India run. The spice trade itself was not monopolized – through the 16th century, the [[Republic of Venice]] had kept up its competition through its overland Levantine routes – but the sea route by the Cape remained exclusively Portuguese. Despite occasional leaks (e.g. the [[Cantino planisphere]] of 1502), details of the Portuguese ''Carreira da Índia'' had been largely kept secret, or at least was not exploited by competitors. But this changed in the 1590s.

The capture of the Portuguese ship ''São Filipe'' by the English privateer Sir Francis Drake in 1587, with its [[rutter (nautical)|rutter]] and detailed maps, prompted the first English attempt to sail to the East Indies, a private three-ship fleet organized by London merchants, and led by Sir [[James Lancaster]]. It was a disaster – most of the ships and crews were lost, and Lancaster had to resort to piracy to fill his hold – but it opened the way.

In the Netherlands, the preacher and cartographer [[Petrus Plancius]] had long been urging his countrymen to set out on their own route, rather than relying on the Portuguese hauls. The Dutch effort received an injection from the information provided by [[Cornelis de Houtman]], a Dutch spy dispatched to Lisbon in 1592 to scout the spice trade, and [[Jan Huyghen van Linschoten]], a Dutch sailor who had served on many Portuguese India armadas from the 1580s. With this information in hand, the Dutch finally made their move in 1595, when a group of [[Amsterdam]] merchants formed the ''Compagnie van Verre'' and sent out their first expedition, under de Houtman, to the East Indies, aiming for the market port of [[Bantam (city)|Bantam]]. That same year, Linschoten published a little tract in Amsterdam entitled {{lang|nl|Reysgheschrift vande navigatien der Portugaloysers in Orienten}} (Travel Account of the Voyages of the Portuguese in the Orient), a [[rutter (nautical)|rutter]] giving the details of the sailing directions of the Portuguese India Run. It was republished in 1596, as part of a larger book, the ''Itinerario'', where Linschoten gave the details of the trade and the condition of Portuguese defenses in Asia. It was an explosive sensation. It was immediately translated into English, German, Latin and soon French.

1597 was the bellwether year – the year of Houtman's successful return, and the spread of Linschoten's tracts. A slate of new Dutch companies (''voorcompagnie'') to trade with the East Indies were immediately erected by various competing merchant consortiums in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Middelburg and elsewhere – often with the help of exiled Antwerp merchants ('Brabantsche'), who had long been involved on the distribution end of the Portuguese spice trade, but expelled. At least fifteen separate Dutch expeditions to the East Indies, each involving enormous numbers of men, ships, and amounts of treasure, were sent out by the ''voorcompanies'' in 1598–1601. From this enthusiastic anarchic beginning, the Dutch trade got organized in 1601, when the Dutch government forced the voorcompagnie to fold under a single monopoly company, the ''[[Dutch East India Company|Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie]]'' (VOC).

Fearful of being left behind, the English had founded their own [[East India Company]] (EIC) in 1600, and managed to organize a [[1601 East India Company Voyage|small English expedition to Bantam]] in 1601, but enthusiasm was weaker and the EIC had problems competing with the better-organized and better-financed Dutch.

The vigorous [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch VOC]] and [[East India Company|English EIC]] encroachments on the [[Portuguese Empire]] and trade in Asia, prompted the monarchy (then in [[Iberian Union]] with Spain) to experiment with different arrangements. In 1624, [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip III of Portugal]] granted a monopoly charter to a Portuguese ''[[Portuguese East India Company|Companhia do commércio da Índia]]'', a private joint-stock company organized on the same lines as the Dutch and English companies. The ''Companhia'' was to take over all the responsibilities of the ''Casa da Índia'', including the annual India armada.<ref>Silva (1974); Disney (1977)</ref> It proved to be a fiasco. The Anglo-Dutch breach of the Portuguese East Indies trade was irreparable by this time, squeezing profit margins and rendering the ''Companhia'' unprofitable. It was liquidated in 1633, and what remained of the dwindling Portuguese India trade was brought back under the royal ''Casa da Índia''.

==Sources==
What seems like the first chronology of the Portuguese India armadas can be found in the magnificently illustrated codex known as the ''Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu'' ("Book of Lisuarte de Abreu", named after the man who ordered the compilation). It covers the period from Vasco da Gama's first trip (1497–99) to the end of 1563. It is conserved at the [[Pierpont Morgan Library]] in [[New York City]] (ms. 525).

Another codex of the same nature is the ''Memória das Armadas que de Portugal passaram à Índia'' ("Memory of the Armadas that from Portugal passed to India") or ''Livro das Armadas'', held by the [[Sciences Academy of Lisbon|Academia das Ciências]] in [[Lisbon]]. It covers the period from 1497 to 1567 (although missing the armada of 1517).

The first Portuguese chronicler to attempt a systematic chronology of the India Armadas seems to have been [[Diogo do Couto]], in his appendix to [[João de Barros]]'s ''Décadas da Ásia'' ("Decades of Asia"), entitled " "De todas as Armadas que os Reys de Portugal mandáram à Índia, até que El-Rey D. Filippe succedeo nestes Reynos", de 1497 a 1581" (Dec X, Pt.1, Bk. 1, c.16).

Other codices include "''Relação das Náos e Armadas da India com os Sucessos dellas que se puderam Saber, para Noticia e Instrucção dos Curiozos, e Amantes da Historia da India''" ("Relation of the Ships and Armadas of India") (Codex Add. 20902 of the [[British Library]]), covering the period from 1497 to 1653. It was compiled on the order of D. [[António de Ataíde]], who was himself responsible for a good part of its extensive marginal annotations. Other annotations were added by later unidentified writers.

One of the more exhaustive chronologies, at least up to 1640, was compiled by [[Manuel de Faria e Sousa]] in his ''Ásia Portugueza'' (part III, end of volume), published posthumously in 1675. Faria e Sousa includes not only the India Armadas, but all the Portuguese fleets from 1412, including those dispatched to Africa under Prince [[Henry the Navigator]].

There are several [[chronicle]]s of Portuguese India written by contemporaries and historians, which provide substantive descriptions of the various armadas. [[João de Barros]]'s ''Décadas da Ásia'' and [[Damião de Góis]]'s royal chronicles (''Crónica do Felicíssimo Rei D. Manuel'', 1566–67 and ''Crónica do Principe D. João'', 1567) were official chronicles. As a result, while comprehensive, they have the drawbacks of being carefully [[censorship|censored]] and consciously [[propaganda|propagandistic]]. Both Barros and Gois constructed their accounts primarily from archives in Lisbon although Barros's vast work was far more comprehensive and more conscientiously faithful to accuracy (Góis's was an unabashed [[hagiography]], whereas Barros frequently updated his account on the discovery of any new scrap of information). Barros's work was supplemented later by several additional volumes written by [[Diogo do Couto]], who had spent most of his career in India.<ref>Russell-Wood (1992: p. 210)</ref>

Of the unofficial accounts, [[Jerónimo Osório]]'s ''De rebus Emmanuelis'', is essentially a [[Latin]] restatement of the earlier chronicles, hoping for a wider European audience, and provides little that we don't already know. [[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda]]'s ''História do descobrimento e conquista da Índia pelos portugueses'' ("History of the Discovery and Conquest of the East Indies by the Portuguese", 1554–59), although unofficial, is generally regarded as 'respectable' and reliable. Unlike Barros, Góis or Osório, Castanheda actually visited the East, spending ten years in India, and supplemented the archival material with independent interviews he conducted there and back in Coimbra.

Distinct from all the others is [[Gaspar Correia]]'s ''Lendas da Índia'' ("Legends of India", written c. 1556, manuscript found and published only in 1885). This is almost entirely original material, his facts and names are often at variance with the official chronicles. Correia spent nearly his entire life in India, and drew primarily from materials available there. His style of writing is also much more entertaining, intense and replete with 'gossipy' details. Although not regarded as reliable, Correia's account supplies a lot of information that the others miss or prefer to remain silent on.

Besides these comprehensive chronicles, there are many accounts of particular armadas – on-board diaries, accounts, memoirs and letters written by their passengers.

There is quite some conflict between the various sources over the exact composition of the various India Armadas, particularly in the names of the captains of the vessels. Attempts have been made to reconcile the differences between the sources (e.g. Quintella's ''Annaes da Marinha Portugueza''), although these inevitably involve some degree of conjecture, dispute and revision.

==The Armadas==

===1497===
{{main|Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India}}

{| class="toccolours" cellpadding="5" style="border-collapse:collapse"
|style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''1st India Armada (Vasco da Gama)''' ||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|
|-
|-valign="top"
|Departed: July 1497 Arrived in India: May 1498 ------------------------- Left India: October 1498 Arrived Portugal: July (Coelho)/Aug (Gama) 1499. ------------------------- Notes: – Travails with [[Island of Mozambique|Mozambique]] and [[Mombassa]], – opened relations with [[Malindi]] – Opened sea route to India ([[Kozhikode|Calicut]]) – one ship scuttled on return journey || '''Fleet''': 4 ships (2 naus, 1 caravel, 1 supply ship), 170 men 1. [[São Gabriel (ship)|''São Gabriel'']] ([[Vasco da Gama]], pilot: [[Pero de Alenquer]]) 2. ''São Rafael'' ([[Paulo da Gama]], pilot: João de Coimbra) – scuttled on return 3. ''Berrio'' ([[Nicolau Coelho]], pilot: [[Pedro Escobar]]) 4. Unnamed supply ship (Gonçalo Nunes or Duarte Nunes)
|}

===1500===
{{main|2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)}}

{| class="toccolours" cellpadding="5" style="border-collapse:collapse"
|style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''2nd India Armada (Pedro Álvares Cabral)''' ('''1st Brazil Armada''' ) ||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|
|-valign="top"
|Departed: March 1500 Arrived in India: September 1500 ------------------------- Left India: Jan 1501 Arrived Portugal: June(Coelho)/July (others) 1501. ------------------------- Notes: – 2 ships privately outfitted (9 & 10) – 2 ships designated for Sofala (11 & 12) – 2 ships sent back in Atlantic (9, 13) – Discovers [[Brazil]] ([[Porto Seguro]], April 22, 1500) – 4 ships lost at [[Cape of Good Hope]] (6, 7, 8, 11) – Dias (12) separated, discovers [[Madagascar]] and scouts [[Gulf of Aden]] by himself – Est. factory in [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], overrun in riot, Cabral bombards city – Est. alliance and factory in [[Cochin]] (Gonçalo Gil Barbosa) – Open relations with [[Kolathunadu|Cannanore]](Paio Rodrigues) was left behind at [[Cannanore]] along with Friar Louise do Salvador), [[Cranganore]] and [[Quilon]] – one ship (2) lost on return – Tovar (on 5) scouts [[Sofala]] – Meet 2nd Brazil Armada in Senegal || '''Fleet''' 13 ships (10 for India, 2 for Sofala, 1 supply ship), 1500 armed men, 1000 crew 1. Flagship ([[Pedro Álvares Cabral]], admiral) 2. ''El-Rei'' ([[Sancho de Tovar]], vice-admiral) – lost on return 3. ([[Nicolau Coelho]]) 4. (Simão de Miranda de Azevedo) 5. ''S. Pedro'' ([[Pero de Ataíde]]) 6. (Aires Gomes da Silva) – lost at Cape 7. (Simão de Pina) – lost at Cape 8. ([[Vasco de Ataíde]]) – lost at Cape 9. (Luís Pires) – owned by [[Count of Portalegre]], turned back/lost 10. ''Anunciada'' (Nuno Leitão da Cunha) – owned by [[Bartolomeo Marchionni|Marchionni]] consortium 11. ([[Bartolomeu Dias]]) – dest. to Sofala, lost at Cape 12. ([[Diogo Dias]]) – dest. to Sofala, separates at Cape, returns by himself 13. Supply ship ([[André Gonçalves (explorer)|André Gonçalves]]/[[Gaspar de Lemos]]) – turned back at Brazil 
|}

'''Other 1500 events'''

* May 1500 [[Gaspar Corte-Real]] takes one ship to find [[Northwest Passage]]. Goes to [[Greenland]] and back.

===1501===
{{main| 3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)}}

{| class="toccolours" cellpadding="5" style="border-collapse:collapse"
|style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''3rd India Armada (João da Nova)''' ||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|
|-
|-valign="top"
|Departed: April 1501 Arrived in India: August 1501 ------------------------- Left India: Jan? 1502 Arrived Portugal: September 1502. ------------------------- Notes: – two crown ships (1 & 2), two private ships (3 & 4) – Discovered islands of [[Ascension Island|Ascension]], [[Saint Helena]] and [[Juan de Nova Island|Juan de Nova]] – Defeated [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] fleet off [[Kannur|Cannanore]] (December 31, 1501)|| '''Fleet''': 4 ships (+ 1 supply ship?), 350 men 1. Flagship ([[João da Nova]]) 2. (Francisco de Novais) 3. ([[Diogo Barbosa]]) – owned by D. [[Álvaro of Braganza]] 4.(Fernão Vinet) – owned by [[Bartolomeo Marchionni|Marchionni]] consortium 5. supply ship (?)
|}

'''Other 1501 events'''

* January 1501. Second trip of [[Gaspar Corte-Real]] (with brother Miguel), three ships to find [[Northwest Passage]]. Discover [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]], but Gaspar disappears soon after. Miguel returns with two ships to Portugal in October.
* May 10, 1501. '''2nd Brazil Expedition.''' Three caravels sail from Lisbon, led by Gonçalo Coelho as ''Capitão geral'', with [[Gaspar de Lemos]] and [[André Gonçalves (explorer)|André Gonçalves]] possibly under his command, and [[Amerigo Vespucci]] on board. Exploratory trip to follow up on [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|2nd India Armada]]'s discovery of [[Brazil]] the previous year. Meet vanguard of returning 2nd Armada at ''Bezeguiche'' (Bay of [[Dakar]]) in June. Reach Brazilian coast at [[Cape São Roque]] in August, discover [[São Francisco River]] in October and [[Baía de Todos os Santos|Bay of All Saints]] in November. Sailing past Cabral's landing point ([[Porto Seguro]]), the fleet discovers [[Vitória, Brazil|Vitória Bay]] and are said to reach Cape São Tomé by December. Some accounts claim they turned that corner and went on along the cousthern coast to discover [[Guanabara Bay]] in January 1502 (ergo ''Rio de Janeiro''), [[Angra dos Reis]] (January 6) and the islands of [[Ilhabela, São Paulo|São Sebastião]] (January 20) and [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]] (January 22) and what they called ''Barra do Rio Canonor'' (in honor of the allied city of [[Kannur|Cannanore]], India), later corrupted to ''[[Cananéia]]'', which they identified as the limit of the [[Treaty of Tordesillas|Tordesillas line]]. They are said to have dropped off the famous ''degredado'' known later only as the ''Bacherel'' ('Bachelor') of Cananeia, and turned back, arriving in Lisbon in sometime between June and September, 1502.

===1502===
{{main| 4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)}}

{| class="toccolours" cellpadding="5" style="border-collapse:collapse"
|style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''4th India Armada (Vasco da Gama)''' ||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|
|-
|-valign="top"
|Departed: Feb (Sq. 1 & 2) Apr (Sq. 3), 1502 Arrived in India: September 1502 ------------------------- Left India: December 1502 Arrived Portugal: September 1503. ------------------------- Notes: -d'Atougiua (11) dies, Aguiar transfers from 6 to 11, – Pero de Mendoça takes 6, but runs it aground near Sofala – Est. factory in [[Island of Mozambique|Mozambique island]] (Gonçalo Baixo) – new caravel, ''Pomposa'', built at Moz., given to [[João Serrão]] as patrol – Gama extorts tribute from [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]] – Aguiar (on 11) secures treaty in [[Sofala]] – three squads meet at [[Malindi]], August 1502, cross together. – Gama reduces [[Honavar|Onor]] and [[Bhatkal|Batecala]] to tribute – Est. alliance and factory at [[Kannur|Cannanore]] – New factor at Cochin (Diogo Fernandes Correia) – old Cochin factor Gonçalo Gil Barbosa transferred to Cannanore – Gama bombards [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] again. Indian coastal patrol established, 200 men, 6–7 ships, under V. de Sodré. Composition: i. Vicente de Sodré (on 5) ii. Braz Sodré (on 8) iii. P. A. d'Ataide (on 12?) iv. Antão Vaz (on 10) v. F. Rodrigues Bardaças (on 13) vi. A. Fernandes Roxo (on 14) vii. Pêro Rafael (on 15)? - Both Vicente and Braz Sodré are lost at [[Kuria Muria]] (Oman) in March, 1503. – Pêro Álvaro d'Ataide made new patrol captain.|| '''Fleet''': 20 ships in three squadrons (10+5+5), 800–1,800 men Multiple configurations given in different sources. One possible arrangement: '''Squad 1''' (Vasco da Gama) 10 ships (4 large naus + 4 navetas (nta) + 2 caravels (cv)) 1. ''São Jerónimo'' ([[Vasco da Gama]]) 2. ''Lionarda'' (D. Luís Coutinho) 3. ''São Miguel'' (Gil Matoso) 4. ''Batecabello'' (Gil Fernandes de Sousa) 5. ''São Rafael'' (Diogo Fernandes Correia, nta) 6. ''Santa Elena'' (Pedro Afonso de Aguiar, nta) 7. ''Bretoa''? (Francisco Mareco/Francisco da Cunha, nta) 8. ''Vera Cruz''? (Rui da Cunha/Rui de Castanheda, nta) 9. ''Fradeza'' (João Lopes Perestrello, cv) 10. ''Salta na Palha''? ([[Antão Vaz]] do Campo, cv) '''Squad 2''' (Vicente Sodré) 5 ships (2 naus + 3 cvs) 11. ''Leitoa Nova''? (Vicente Sodré/[[Brás Sodré/Fernan d'Atouguia?) 12. ''São Paulo'' (Pêro Álvaro de Ataíde) 13. ''Santa Marta'' (João/Fernão Rodrigues Bardaças, cv) 14. ''Estrella'' (António Fernandes Roxo, cv) 15. ''Garrida''? (Pêro Rafael?, cv) '''Squad 3''' (Estêvão da Gama) (5 ships (unknown comp.)) 16. ([[Estêvão da Gama (c. 1470)|Estevão da Gama]]) 17. ''Julia'' (Lopo Mendes de Vasconcellos) 18. (Thomaz de Carmona/Cremona) – Italian 19. (Lopo Dias) 20. ''Rui Mendes de Brito'' (João da Bonagracia) – Italian 
|}

'''Other 1502 events'''

* May 1502 [[Miguel Corte-Real]], elder brother of lost Portuguese explorer [[Gaspar Corte-Real]], heads a new expedition to [[Canada]] to find him. Like his luckless brother, Miguel disappears at sea. A third brother, Vasco Anes de Corte Real, petitions to search for his lost brothers, but King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] vetoes the expedition.
* 1502 Alberto Cantino, Italian spy working for Ercole d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, bribes an unknown cartographer of the Armazem das Indias, to smuggle out a copy of the Portuguese secret master-map, the ''Padrão Real''. This will the basis of the [[Cantino planisphere]] published in 1502. In response, [[Manuel I of Portugal]] will pass a new law (November 1504) instituting state censorship of all private map and globe production, with outright prohibition of any depiction of coast beyond West Africa.
* 1502 On return of the 2nd Brazil expedition, King Manuel I of Portugal grants a consortium headed by [[Fernão de Noronha|Fernão de Loronha]] (or Noronha), a New Christian merchant of Lisbon, a three-year charter for the exclusive commercial exploitation of the 'lands of Santa Cruz' ([[Brazil]]). He will drum up a profitable business in [[brazilwood]] and novelty pets (monkeys, parrots). It is estimated that Loronha will collect some 20,000 [[quintal]]s of brazilwood between 1503 and 1506, representing a 400–500% profit rate on the 4,000 ducats the charter cost him.

===1503===
{{main|5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)}}

{| class="toccolours" cellpadding="5" style="border-collapse:collapse"
|style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''5th India Armada (Afonso de Albuquerque)''' ||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|
|-
|-valign="top"
|Departed: Mar (Sq. 1 & 2) Apr (Sq. 3), 1503 Arrived in India: Sq. 2 & Pacheco in Aug 1503; Albuquerque in October 1503 Fernandes in May 1504, Saldanha and Ravasco in September 1504 ------------------------- Left India: February 1504 (Sq 1 & 2) Arrived Portugal: Sq. 1 arrive July 1504, Sq. 2 lost at sea ------------------------- Notes for Sq. 1 & Sq. 2 – two ships lost at [[Cape of Good Hope|Cape]] (3 & 6). – Sq. 2 makes junction with coastal patrol at [[Anjediva]], – Sq. 2 rescue [[Cochin]] from attack by [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]. – Erection of [[Fort Kochi|Fort Manuel of Cochin]] ([[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]], 150 men, 2 caravels) – Est. factory in [[Quilon]] (António de Sá) – Sq. 2 (F. Albuquerque and N. Coelho) lost on return journey Notes for Sq. 3 : – hopelessly lost and split, lose monsoon to India, cross only in 1504. In meantime: – Saldanha (7) discovers [[Table Bay]], extracts tribute from [[Zanzibar]] – Ravasco (8) extracts tribute from [[Barawa]] and [[Mombassa]] – Fernandes (9) roams up to Gulf of Aden, discovers [[Socotra]] island. – Fernandes (9) crosses to India, arrives in middle of [[Battle of Cochin]] (May 1504) – Saldanha and Ravasco picked up by Albergaria fleet (6th Armada) in September 1504.|| '''Fleet''': 9 ships in three squadrons (3+3+3) Multiple configurations given in different sources. One possible arrangement: '''Squad 1''' (Afonso de Albuquerque) 1. ''Sant' Iago'' ([[Afonso de Albuquerque]]) 2. ''Espirito Santo'' ([[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]]) – 350t nau 3. ''São Cristóvão''/''Catharina Dias'' (Fernão Martins de Almada) – lost at Cape '''Squad 2''' (Francisco de Albuquerque) 4. (Francisco de Albuquerque) – lost on return 5. ''Faial'' ([[Nicolau Coelho]]) – lost on return 6. (Pedro Vaz da Veiga) – lost at Cape '''Squad 3''' (António de Saldanha) 7. ([[António de Saldanha]]). 8.(Rui Lourenço Ravasco) 9. ([[Diogo Fernandes Pereira]]) 
|}

'''Other 1503 events'''

* March–September 1503 [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] lays first siege to Portuguese-allied [[Cochin]].
* Spring 1503 Indian coastal patrol, under [[Vicente Sodré]], strays to the southern coasts of [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], where it will remain stuck by tempests and contrary winds until the end of the summer.
* May–June 1503 '''3rd Brazil Expedition''', financed by Loronha's consortium, 6 ships led by captain [[Gonçalo Coelho]], and once again accompanied by [[Amerigo Vespucci]]. Discover archipelago they call ''São João da Quaresma'' (now called [[Fernando de Noronha]] islands) off the northern coast of Brazil in July. Set up first Portuguese [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] in Brazil there, as a warehouse station for [[brazilwood]] harvesting on the mainland. It is said three other factories are established on the mainland on this expedition: at [[Cabo Frio]], [[Guanabara Bay]] (''Feitoria Carioca'') and [[Porto Seguro]] (''Santa Cruz de Cabrália''). Coelho and Vespucci quarrel and the fleet is split – Vespucci returning to Lisbon in June 1504, reporting that Coelho had died. But Coelho was very much alive, and will return around a year or so later. Until 1506 Loronha consortium will dispatch six ships a year to collect brazilwood in the Brazilian factories.
* June 1503 (France) French adventurer [[Binot Paulmier de Gonneville]] sails out of Honfleur, Normandy, on his ship ''l'Espoir'', with a few Portuguese sailors, intending to head for the East Indies. But soon loses all sense of direction. Ends up in [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] (southern Brazil) around January 1504, fully convinced he had doubled the [[Cape of Good Hope|Cape]] and reached some [[Indian Ocean]] island. He will have a harrowing journey back home, reaching France only in 1505. His exploit will be ignored and forgotten.

===1504===
{{Main| 6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)}}

{| class="toccolours" cellpadding="5" style="border-collapse:collapse"
|style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''6th India Armada (Lopo Soares de Albergaria)''' ||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|
|-
|-valign="top"
|Departed: April 1504 Arrived in India: September 1504 ------------------------- Left India: January 1505 Arrived Portugal: June/July 1505 ------------------------- Notes: – one ship (5) lost at [[Cape of Good Hope|Cape]]. – finds and incorporates ships of Saldanha and Ravasco (3rd Sq of 5th Armada) at Angediva (September 4); – Bombards [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] for 48 hours, razes [[Cranganore]] – Destroys Arab merchant fleet near Calicut. – Barreto stays in command of coastal patrol. – Mendonça ship (2) lost in [[Mozambique Channel|channel]] on return (rescue mission mounted in late 1505) || '''Fleet''': 13 ships (9 large naus + 4 small ships (navetas/caravels, denoted 'nta' were known) Different in different sources. One possible arrangement: 1. ([[Lopo Soares de Albergaria]]) 2. (Pêro de Mendonça/Mascarenhas) – lost on return 3. (Leonel Coutinho). 4. (Tristão da Silva) 5. (Lopo Mendes de Vasconcellos/Lopo Martins) – lost at Cape 6. (Lopo de Abreu da Ilha) 7. (Pedro Afonso de Aguiar) 8. (Filipe de Castro) 9. (Vasco da Silveira/Silva) 10. (Manuel Telles Barreto) 11. (Afonso Lopes da Costa, nta) 12. (Vasco de Carvalho, nta) 13. (Pêro Dinis de Setúbal/Dias, nta) – omitted in some lists. See note below. 
|}

Note: In some lists, Pêro Dinis (or Dias) de Setúbal is substituted with two small ships, one under Simão de Alcáçova, another under [[Cristóvão de Távora]], bringing the total to fourteen. To get thirteen again, they assume Albergaria doesn't have his own ship, but is aboard Pêro de Mendonça's ship on outbound journey.

'''Other 1504 events'''

* 1504 King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] grants Brazilian charter-holder [[Fernão de Noronha|Fernão de Loronha]] the first Brazilian capitaincy (''capitania do mar''), with hereditary jurisdiction over the São João da Quaresma archipelago ([[Fernando de Noronha]] islands)
* March, 1504 [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] launches second siege of Portuguese-allied [[Cochin]]. [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]] holds off the assault until it breaks up in July.

===1505===
{{Main|7th Portuguese India Armada (Almeida, 1505)}}

===1506–1511===

*1506 – 8th Portuguese India Armada (Cunha)
*1507 – 9th Portuguese India Armada (Mello)
*1508 – 10th Portuguese India Armada (Aguiar)
*1509 – 11th Portuguese India Armada (Coutinho)
*1510 – 12th Portuguese India Armada (Mendes)
*1511 – 13th Portuguese India Armada (Noronha)

==See also==
* {{annotated link|História trágico-marítima}}
* [[Portuguese discoveries]]
* [[Portuguese East India Company]]
* [[Portuguese India]]
* [[Spice trade]]
* [[Casa da India]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="N"}}

==Reference notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==

===Chronicles===

* [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] (1557), ''Commentarios Dafonso Dalboquerque, capitam geral & gouernador da India'' [1774 Port. ed. trans. 1875–1884 by Walter de Gray Birch, as ''The Commentaries of the great Afonso Dalboquerque, second viceroy of India'', 4 volumes, London: Hakluyt Society]
* [[Duarte Barbosa]] (c. 1518) ''O Livro de Duarte Barbosa'' [Trans. by M.L. Dames, 1918–1921, ''An Account Of The Countries Bordering On The Indian Ocean And Their Inhabitants'', 2 vols., 2005 reprint, New Delhi: Asian Education Services.]
* [[João de Barros]] (1552–59) ''Décadas da Ásia: Dos feitos, que os Portuguezes fizeram no descubrimento, e conquista, dos mares, e terras do Oriente.''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Epo2AAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3AUOM39015057112644&pg=PP35 Vol. 1 (Dec I, Lib. 1–5)], [https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ42AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP11 Vol. 2 (Dec I, Lib. 6–10)], [https://books.google.com/books?id=cZw2AAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3AUOM39015057112644&pg=PP9 Vol. 3 (Dec II, Lib. 1–5)], [https://books.google.com/books?id=35w2AAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3AUOM39015057112644&pg=PP13 Vol. 4 (Dec II, Lib. 6–10)]
* [[Diogo do Couto]] "De todas as Armadas que os Reys de Portugal mandáram à Índia, até que El-Rey D. Filippe succedeo nestes Reynos", de 1497 a 1581", in J. de Barros and D. de Couto, ''Décadas da Ásia'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=yqM2AAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3AUOM39015057112289&pg=PA116 Dec X, Pt. 1, Bk. 1, c. 16]
* [[Luís Vaz de Camões]] (1572) ''Os Lusíadas''. [Eng. trans. by W.J. Mickle, 1776, as ''The Lusiad, or the discovery of India, an epic poem''. trans. by R.F. Burton, 1880, as ''The Lusiads''; trans. by J.J. Aubertin, 1878–1884, ''The Lusiads of Camoens'']
*[[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda]] (1551–1560) ''História do descobrimento & conquista da Índia pelos portugueses'' [1833 edition]
* [[Gaspar Correia]] (c. 1550s) ''Lendas da Índia'', first pub. 1858–1864, Lisbon: Academia Real de Sciencias [https://books.google.com/books?id=YmVKAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05022145&pg=PR3 Vol 1], [https://books.google.com/books?id=vWVKAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05022145&pg=PA3 Vol. 2], [https://books.google.com/books?id=F2ZKAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05022145&pg=PA3 Vol 3] [partially trans. H.E. Stanley, 1869, as ''The Three Voyages of Vasco de Gama, and his viceroyalty'' London: Hakluyt Society.]
*[[Damião de Goes]] (1566–67) ''Chrónica do Felicíssimo Rei D. Manuel, da Gloriosa Memoria, Ha qual por mandado do Serenissimo Principe, ho Infante Dom Henrique seu Filho, ho Cardeal de Portugal, do Titulo dos Santos Quatro Coroados, Damiam de Goes collegio & compoz de novo.'' (As reprinted in 1749, Lisbon: M. Manescal da Costa) [https://books.google.com/books?id=0vTmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP5 online]
* [[João de Lisboa]] (c. 1519) ''Livro de Marinharia: tratado da agulha de marear. Roteiros, sondas, e outros conhecimentos relativos á navegação'', first pub. 1903, Lisbon: Libanio da Silva. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8vwnAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA3 online]
*[[Jerónimo Osório]] (1586) ''De rebus Emmanuelis'' [trans. Port., 1804, ''Da Vida e Feitos d'El Rei D. Manuel'', Lisbon: Impressão Regia.] [trans. English 1752 by J. Gibbs as ''The History of the Portuguese during the Reign of Emmanuel'' London: Millar], [https://books.google.com/books?id=DqM2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP7 Vol. 1], [https://books.google.com/books?id=faM2AAAAMAAJ&dq=Reign%20of%20Emmanuel&pg=PP11 Vol. 2]
*[[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]] (c. 1509) ''Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=5LI8AAAAMAAJ&dq=esmeraldo%20de%20situ%20orbis&pg=PP7 online]
*''Relação das Náos e Armadas da India com os Sucessos dellas que se puderam Saber, para Noticia e Instrucção dos Curiozos, e Amantes da Historia da India'' (Codex Add. 20902 of the British Library), [D. António de Ataíde, orig. editor.] Transcribed and reprinted in 1985, by M.H. Maldonado, Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de Coimbra. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7pTrH3zmhj8C&dq=Rela%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20das%20N%C3%A1os&pg=PA1 online]
*[[Álvaro Velho]] ''Diário de bordo de Álvaro Velho'' [trans. 1888 by E.G. Ravenstein as ''A Journal of the first voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1497–1499''. London: Haklyut Society]

===Secondary===
* Albuquerque, Luís de (1978) "Escalas da Carreira da Índia", ''Revista da Universidade de Coimbra'', vol. 26, pp. 3–10 [https://books.google.com/books?id=QVZq_osV-3kC&pg=PA1 offprint]
* Bouchon, G. (1985) "Glimpses of the Beginnings of the Carreira da India", in T.R. De Souza, editor, ''Indo-Portuguese history: old issues, new questions''. New Delhi: Concept. pp. 40–55.
* Castro, Filipe Vieira de (2005) ''The Pepper Wreck: a Portuguese Indiaman at the mouth of the Tagus river''. College Station, TX: Texas A & M Press.
* Cipolla, C.M. (1965) ''Guns, Sails and Empires: Technological innovation and the early phases of European Expansion, 1400–1700.'' New York: Minerva.
* [[Gago Coutinho]], C.V. (1951–52) ''A Nautica dos Descobrimentos: os descobrimentos maritimos visitos por um navegador'', 2 vols., Lisbon: Agencia Geral do Ultramar.
* [[Frederic Charles Danvers|Danvers, F.C.]] (1894) ''The Portuguese in India, being a history of the rise and decline of their eastern empire''. 2 vols, London: Allen.
* Diffie, Bailey W., and George D. Winius (1977) ''Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415–1580'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press
* Disney, A.R. (1977) "The First Portuguese India Company, 1628–33", Economic History Review, Vol. 30 (2), pp. 242–258.
* [[Alexander George Findlay|Findlay, A.G.]] (1866) ''A Directory for the Navigation of the Indian Ocean: with descriptions of its coasts, islands, etc., from the Cape of Good Hope to the Strait of Sunda and western Australia, including also the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf; the winds, monsoons, and currents, and the passages from Europe to its various ports.'' London: Laurie.
* Fonseca, Faustino da (1908) ''A Descoberta to Brasil''. 2nd.ed., Lisbon: Carvalho.
* Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães (1963) ''Os Descobrimentos e a economia mundial''. Second (1984) edition, four volumes. Lisbon: Editorial Presença.
* Guinote, P.J.A. (1999) "Ascensão e Declínio da ''Carreira da Índia''", ''Vasco da Gama e a Índia'', Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1999, vol. II, pp. 7–39. Retrieved from the [http://nautarch.tamu.edu/shiplab/01guifrulopes/Pguinote-nauparis.htm#_ftn1 internet 2003]
* Hornsborough, J. (1852) ''The India directory, or, Directions for sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia and the interjacent ports of Africa and South America'' London: Allen.
* Hutter, Lucy Maffei (2005) ''Navegação nos séculos XVII e XVIII: rumo: Brasil'' São Paulo: UNESP.
* Logan, W. (1887) ''Malabar Manual'', 2004 reprint, New Delhi: Asian Education Services.
* Mathew, K.N. (1988) ''History of the Portuguese Navigation in India''. New Delhi: Mittal.
* Nair, K.R. (1902) "The Portuguese in Malabar", ''Calcutta Review'', Vol. 115, pp. 210–251
* Newitt, M.D. (2005) ''A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400–1668''. London: Routledge.
* Pedroso, S.J. (1881) ''Resumo historico ácerca da antiga India Portugueza, acompanhado de algumas reflexões concernentes ao que ainda possuimos na Asia, Oceania, China e Africa; com um appendice''. Lisbon: Castro Irmão
* Pereira, M.S. (1979) "Capitães, naus e caravelas da armada de Cabral", ''Revista da Universidade de Coimbra'', Vol. 27, pp. 31–134
* Pimentel, M. (1746) ''Arte de navegar: em que se ensinam as regras praticas, e os modos de cartear, e de graduar a balestilha por via de numeros, e muitos problemas uteis á navegaçao : e Roteyro das viagens, e costas maritimas de Guiné, Angóla, Brasil, Indias, e Ilhas Occidentaes, e Orientaes''Francisco da Silva [https://books.google.com/books?id=vB5lBGXJIHIC&pg=PR3 Vol. I – Arte de Navegar], [https://books.google.com/books?id=vB5lBGXJIHIC&pg=PA219 Vol II – Roterio], spec. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vB5lBGXJIHIC&pg=PA381 India Oriental].
* Quintella, Ignaco da Costa (1839–40) ''Annaes da Marinha Portugueza'', 2 vols, Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias.
* Rodrigues, J.N. and T. Devezas (2009) ''Portugal: o pioneiro da globalização : a Herança das descobertas''. Lisbon: Centro Atlantico
* de Silva, C.R. (1974) "The Portuguese East India Company 1628–1633", ''Luso-Brazilian Review'', Vol. 11 (2), pp. 152–205.
* Smith, S.H. (2008) "'Profits sprout like tropical plants': A fresh look at what went wrong with the Eurasian spice trade, c. 1550–1800", ''Journal of Global History'', Vol. 3, pp. 389–418.
* Sousa Viterbo, Francisco M. de (1897) ''Trabalhos Náuticos dos Portuguezes nos Seculos XVI e XVII'', Lisbon.
* Souza, T.R. de (1977) "Marine Insurance and Indo-Portuguese Trade: An aid to maritime historiography", ''The Indian Economic and Social History Review'', Vol. 14 (3), pp. 377–84
* Subrahmanyam, S. (1997) ''The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
* Steensgaard, N. (1985) "The Return Cargoes of the Carreira in the 16th and early 17th Century", in T. De Souza, editor, ''Indo-Portuguese history: old issues, new questions''. New Delhi: Concept. pp. 13–31.
* Stephens, H.M. (1897) ''Albuquerque''. Oxford: Clarendon.
* Theal, George McCall (1898–1903) ''Records of South-eastern Africa collected in various libraries & archive departments in Europe'', 9 vols., London: Clowes for Gov of Cape Colony.
* Theal, George McCall (1902) ''The Beginning of South African History''. London: Unwin.
* Vila-Santa, Nuno (2020), ''The Portuguese India Run (16th-18th centuries): A Bibliography'' [https://www.academia.edu/44373121/Technical_Note_The_Portuguese_India_Run_16th_18th_centuries_A_Bibliography]
* Waters, D.W. (1988) "Reflections Upon Some Navigational and Hydrographic Problems of the XVIth Century Related to the voyage of Bartolomeu Dias", ''Revista da Universidade de Coimbra'', Vol. 34, pp. 275–347. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UKK-b3If-78C&dq=rota%20entre%20santiago&pg=PA333 offprint]
* Whiteway, R.S. (1899) ''The Rise of Portuguese Power in India, 1497–1550''. Westminster: Constable.

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Portuguese India Armadas| ]]
[[Category:Maritime history]]
[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]
[[Category:History of international trade]]
[[Category:Trade routes]]
[[Category:Economic history of Portugal]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:History of Portuguese Mozambique]]
[[Category:15th-century establishments in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:1650 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1650 disestablishments in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:1650s disestablishments in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Naval warfare]]
[[Category:1497 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Cochin]]

Vijayalakshmi (poet)

2026-05-02T05:55:48Z

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{{Short description|Indian poet (born 1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
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| birth_place = [[Mulanthuruthy]], [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]], India
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| occupation = [[Poet]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| nationality = Indian
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'''Vijayalakshmi''' (born 2 August 1960) is a [[Malayalam|Malayalam–language]] poet from the South [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]].

==Life==
Vijayalakshmi was born on 2 August 1960 in [[Mulanthuruthy]] village in [[Ernakulam district]] as the daughter of Kuzhikkattil Raman Velayudhan and Kamalakshi. She completed her education from [[Chottanikkara]] Government High School, [[St. Teresa's College]], [[Ernakulam]] and [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharajas College]]. She completed her graduation in Biology and obtained her masters in [[Malayalam literature]] with a first rank from [[Kerala University]]. She is married to [[Balachandran Chullikkadu]], a known Malayalam poet.<ref name="എന്റെ കവയിത്രി">{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/news/features/marakkanavathavar-ashita-vijayalakshmi/ |title=എന്റെ കവയിത്രി |date=2018-07-26 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml |access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref>

==Literary career==
Her poem was first published in 1977 in ''[[Kalakaumudi]]'' weekly.<ref name="കവിതയുടെ നഷ്ടജാതകം">{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/indepth/world-poetry-day/poetry-world/vijayalakshmi-poet.html |title=കവിതയുടെ നഷ്ടജാതകം |website=ManoramaOnline |access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> During her graduation period, she won prizes in the Kerala University Youth Festival in story-writing and poetry.

She has published numerous poems in Malayalam. She was a member of the Executive Committee and General Council of [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]. She has also held various other posts in the Academy, such as its Advisory Board Member and the Convener of its Publication Committee. She also served as Vice President of the Samastha Kerala Sahitya Parishad.

Many of Vijayalakshmi's poems try to establish gender-equality and question the dichotomy on women. Literary critic [[M. Leelavathy]] lauds the concept of feminism in Vijayalakshmi as a continuation of the feminism of the Malayalam poet [[Balamani Amma]].

== Works ==
* ''Mrigasikshakan'' (1992, [[Mulberry Publications]], [[Calicut]])
* ''Thachante Makal'' (1992, [[DC Books]], Kottayam)
* ''Mazhathan Mattetho Mukham'' (1999, DC Books, Kottayam)
* ''Himasamadhi'' (2001, DC Books, Kottayam)
* ''Anthyapralobhanam'' (2002, DC Books, Kottayam)
* ''Ottamanalthari'' (2003, DC Books, Kottayam)
* ''Anna Akhmatovayude Kavithakal'' (2001, DC Books, Kottayam, Trans.)
* ''Andhakanyaka'' (2006, DC Books, Kottayam)
* ''Mazhaykkappuram'' (2010) (2010, DC Books, Kottayam)
* ''Vijayalakshmiyude Kavithakal'' (2010, DC Books, Kottayam)
* ''Jnana Magdalena'' (2013, DC Books, Kottayam)
* '' Seethadarsanam'' (2016, DC Books, Kottayam)
* '' Vijayalakshmiyude Pranayakavithakal'' (2018, DC Books, Kottayam)

==Awards==

*1992: [[Malayalam literary awards#Lalithambika Antharjanam Smaraka Sahitya Award|Lalithambika Sahitya Award]]
*1990: Ankanam Sahitya Award
*1994: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
*1995: Vyloppilly Award
*1995: Changampuzha Award
*1995: Indira Gandhi Sahitya Award
*1997: V. T. Bhattathirippad Award
*2001: [[Malayalam literary awards#P. Kunhiraman Nair Award|P. Kunhiraman Nair Award]] for ''Mazhathan Mattetho Mukham''
*2010: Bala Sahitya Institute Award
*2010: Ulloor Award
*2011: [[Malayalam literary awards#Ayyappan Puraskaram|A. Ayyappan Poetry Award]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/ayyappan-award-presented/article2561361.ece|title=Ayyappan award presented|date=22 October 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=3 November 2013}}</ref>
*2011: Krishnageethi Award
*2013: Library Council Literary Award<ref name="Poet Vijayalakshmi gets Kerala State Library Council award">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2013/aug/29/poet-vijayalakshmi-gets-kerala-state-library-council-award-511309.html |title=Poet Vijayalakshmi gets Kerala State Library Council award |website=The New Indian Express |date=29 August 2013 |access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref>
*2013: [[Malayalam literary awards#O. V. Vijayan Sahitya Puraskaram|O. V. Vijayan Sahitya Puraskaram]] for ''Vijayalakshmiyude Kavithakal''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/award-for-writer-vijayalakshmi/article5246682.ece|title=Award for writer Vijayalakshmi|date=18 October 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=3 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="Malayalam poet Vijayalakshmi selected for Literary Award">{{Cite web |url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20131017/2267528.html |title=Malayalam poet Vijayalakshmi selected for Literary Award |website=news.webindia123.com |access-date=2019-03-25 |archive-date=25 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325082605/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20131017/2267528.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
<references />

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/370320016/Bhagavatham-poem-by-Vijayalakshmi |title=Bhagavatham (poem) by Vijayalakshmi |date=2019-03-25 |website=Scribd |language=en |access-date=2019-03-25}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150619011732/http://kerala.gov.in/docs/publication/2014/kc/march/42.pdf Vijayalakshmi: A devout feminist] (Unnikrishnan Atiyodi in ''Kerala Calling'' March 2014)
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.deshabhimani.com/periodicalContent1.php?id=1312/ |title=Deshabhimani Weekly - ഫാഷിസത്തിന്റെ വെളുത്ത താടി |date=2013-10-23 |website=archive.is |access-date=2019-03-25 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131023070819/http://www.deshabhimani.com/periodicalContent1.php?id=1312/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}
* {{cite book|author=Saccidānandan|title=Indian Poetry: Modernism and After : a Seminar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXiNXRM_KzMC&pg=PA75|year=2001|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1092-9|pages=75–}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayalakshmi}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Writers from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, alumni]]
[[Category:St. Teresa's College alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]

Dhamdaha

2026-05-01T15:26:09Z

Veronaqbs: Adding New Post

{{Short description|Town in Bihar, India}}
{{Distinguish|Dhamdha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhamdaha
| settlement_type = Town
| pushpin_map = Bihar#India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|44|22|N|87|09|03|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Community development block|Block]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Purnia district|Purnia]]
| subdivision_name4 = Dhamdaha
| elevation_m = 39
| population_total = 37987
| population_as_of = 2011
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 854205
}}

'''Dhamdaha''' is a town and the administrative Block in [[Purnia district|Purnia District]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is situated in the Eastern part of Bihar, about 26 kilometres southwest of [[Purnia]]. In the year 2011, the village has a total population of 37,987.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Dhamdaha borders Hanumani Chakla to the north, Rupaspur Khagha to the east, Tarauni Milik to the south, and Chandrahi to the west. Bihar State Highway 65 runs east–west through the village. The average elevation is at 39 metres above the sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhamdaha topographic map, elevation, terrain |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-7dmqt6/Dhamdaha/ |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=Topographic maps |language=en}}</ref>

== Climate ==
Dhamdaha has a [[Humid subtropical climate|Humid Subtropical Climate]] (Cwa). It sees the most amount of rainfall in July, with an average precipitation of 384 mm; and the least amount of rainfall in November, with an average precipitation of 6 mm.
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| collapsed = Yes
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| location = Dhamdaha
| Jan high C = 22.8
| Feb high C = 26.3
| Mar high C = 32
| Apr high C = 35.2
| May high C = 33.9
| Jun high C = 32.6
| Jul high C = 31.3
| Aug high C = 31.4
| Sep high C = 30.8
| Oct high C = 29.7
| Nov high C = 27.7
| Dec high C = 24.4
| Jan mean C = 16.8
| Feb mean C = 20.1
| Mar mean C = 25.4
| Apr mean C = 28.8
| May mean C = 28.8
| Jun mean C = 28.7
| Jul mean C = 28.1
| Aug mean C = 28.1
| Sep mean C = 27.4
| Oct mean C = 25.6
| Nov mean C = 22.2
| Dec mean C = 18.5
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 11.2
| Feb low C = 13.9
| Mar low C = 18.6
| Apr low C = 22.6
| May low C = 24.1
| Jun low C = 25.4
| Jul low C = 25.7
| Aug low C = 25.7
| Sep low C = 24.8
| Oct low C = 21.7
| Nov low C = 16.7
| Dec low C = 12.9
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 13
| Feb rain mm = 17
| Mar rain mm = 21
| Apr rain mm = 44
| May rain mm = 155
| Jun rain mm = 301
| Jul rain mm = 384
| Aug rain mm = 347
| Sep rain mm = 293
| Oct rain mm = 100
| Nov rain mm = 6
| Dec rain mm = 6
| source = Climate-Data.org<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhamdaha climate: Temperature Dhamdaha & Weather By Month - Climate-Data.org |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/bihar/dhamdaha-799222/ |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
In the year 2011, Dhamdaha has a total of 7,616 households. Out of the 37,987 inhabitants, 19,928 are male and 18,059 are female. The total literacy rate is 48.46%, with 10,957 of the male population and 7,453 of the female population being literate.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Purnia district]]

Shillong Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-01T10:58:26Z

Veronaqbs: details

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Meghalaya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shillong {{Small|ML-1}}
| type = LS
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Meghalaya/Shillong.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Shillong Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1957
| electors = 14,00,411<ref>{{Cite web| title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | date=2024-05-25 | publisher=Election commission of India | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525141320/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-25}}</ref>
| reservation = ST
| assembly_cons = 36
| mp = Vacant<ref name="Shillong MP Ricky Andrew J. Syngkon passes away">{{cite news|title=Shillong MP Ricky Andrew J. Syngkon passes away|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/meghalaya/shillong-mp-ricky-andrew-j-syngkon-passes-away/article70653220.ece|accessdate=21 February 2026|publisher=The Hindu|date=19 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260221071148/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/meghalaya/shillong-mp-ricky-andrew-j-syngkon-passes-away/article70653220.ece|archivedate=21 February 2026|language=en-IN}}</ref>
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
}}

'''Shillong Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the two [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Meghalaya]] state in northeastern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Shillong Lok Sabha constituency comprises 36 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies in six districts: [[West Jaintia Hills district|West Jaintia Hills]], [[East Jaintia Hills district|East Jaintia Hills]], [[Ri-Bhoi district|Ri-Bhoi]], [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]], [[West Khasi Hills district|West Khasi Hills]] and [[South West Khasi Hills district]]. The Assembly constituencies are as follows:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!AC
!Assembly
!District
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 lead
|-
|1
|[[Nartiang Assembly constituency|Nartiang]] (ST)
| rowspan="4" |[[West Jaintia Hills district|West Jaintia Hills]]
|{{party name with color|National People's Party (India)|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)|rowspan=8}}
|-
|2
|[[Jowai Assembly constituency|Jowai]] (ST)
|-
|3
|[[Raliang Assembly constituency|Raliang]] (ST)
|-
|4
|[[Mowkaiaw Assembly constituency|Mowkaiaw]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|-
|5
|[[Sutnga Saipung Assembly constituency|Sutnga Saipung]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" |[[East Jaintia Hills district|East Jaintia Hills]]
|{{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
|6
|[[Khliehriat Assembly constituency|Khliehriat]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|7
|[[Amlarem Assembly constituency|Amlarem]] (ST)
|[[West Jaintia Hills district|West Jaintia Hills]]
|-
|8
|[[Mawhati Assembly constituency|Mawhati]] (ST)
| rowspan="5" |[[Ri Bhoi district|Ri Bhoi]]
|{{party name with color| National People's Party (India)}}
|-
|9
|[[Nongpoh Assembly constituency|Nongpoh]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|10
|[[Jirang Assembly constituency|Jirang]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|National People's Party (India)|rowspan=3}}
|-
|11
|[[Umsning Assembly constituency|Umsning]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)|rowspan=5}}
|-
|12
|[[Umroi Assembly constituency|Umroi]] (ST)
|-
|13
|[[Mawryngkneng Assembly constituency|Mawryngkneng]] (ST)
| rowspan="17" |[[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]]
|{{party name with color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}
|-
|14
|[[Pynthorumkhrah Assembly constituency|Pynthorumkhrah]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|15
|[[Mawlai Assembly constituency|Mawlai]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}
|-
|16
|[[East Shillong Assembly constituency|East Shillong]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|{{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
|17
|[[North Shillong Assembly constituency|North Shillong]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}
|{{party name with color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|18
|[[West Shillong Assembly constituency|West Shillong]]
|{{party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|-
|19
|[[South Shillong Assembly constituency|South Shillong]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
|20
|[[Mylliem Assembly constituency|Mylliem]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|{{party name with color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)|rowspan=17}}
|-
|21
|[[Nongthymmai Assembly constituency|Nongthymmai]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|22
|[[Nongkrem Assembly constituency|Nongkrem]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}
|-
|23
|[[Sohiong Assembly constituency|Sohiong]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|rowspan=4}}
|-
|24
|[[Mawphlang Assembly constituency|Mawphlang]] (ST)
|-
|25
|[[Mawsynram Assembly constituency|Mawsynram]] (ST)
|-
|26
|[[Shella Assembly constituency|Shella]] (ST)
|-
|27
|[[Pynursla Assembly constituency|Pynursla]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|National People's Party (India)|rowspan=3}}
|-
|28
|[[Sohra Assembly constituency|Sohra]] (ST)
|-
|29
|[[Mawkynrew Assembly constituency|Mawkynrew]] (ST)
|-
|30
|[[Mairang Assembly constituency|Mairang]] (ST)
| rowspan="5" |[[West Khasi Hills district|West Khasi Hills]]
|{{party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|-
|31
|[[Mawthadraishan Assembly constituency|Mawthadraishan]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}
|-
|32
|[[Nongstoin Assembly constituency|Nongstoin]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
|33
|[[Rambrai-Jyrngam Assembly constituency|Rambrai-Jyrngam]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
|-
|34
|[[Mawshynrut Assembly constituency|Mawshynrut]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}
|-
|35
|[[Ranikor Assembly constituency|Ranikor]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" |[[South West Khasi Hills district|South West Khasi Hills]]
|{{party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|36
|[[Mawkyrwat Assembly constituency|Mawkyrwat]] (ST)
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
From '''Autonomous Districts''' constituency, as part of Assam:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Hoover Hynniewta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="3" |[[George Gilbert Swell]]
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|}

From '''Shillong''' constituency:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Hoping Stone Lyngdoh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Bajubon Kharlukhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[George Gilbert Swell]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Peter G. Marbaniang]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| [[George Gilbert Swell]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Paty Ripple Kyndiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Vincent Pala]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election in Meghalaya|2024]]
| [[Ricky AJ Syngkon|Ricky Syngkon]]{{efn|died in 2026}}
|{{Full party name with color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}
|}

{{notelist}}

==Election results==
===2026 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 elections in India#Lok Sabha by-elections|2026 Shillong by-election]]: [[Shillong]]
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Batskhem Myrboh |party=Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=National People's Party (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Shillong]]<ref name="Shillong Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Shillong Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/meghalaya/shillong |accessdate=21 February 2026 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260221071729/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/meghalaya/shillong |archivedate=21 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Ricky AJ Syngkon|
Ricky Andrew J. Syngkon]]
|party= Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)
|votes= 5,71,078
|percentage= 55.02
|change= ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vincent Pala]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,99,168|percentage=19.19|change={{decrease}}34.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ampareen Lyngdoh]]|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=1,86,488|percentage=17.97|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Robertjune Kharjahrin|party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|votes=44,563|percentage=4.29|change={{decrease}}29.80}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Lakhon Kma
|votes = 18,582
|percentage = 1.79
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Peter Shallam
|votes = 7,024
|percentage = 0.68
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=11,008|percentage=1.06|change={{increase}}0.50}}
{{Election box majority||votes=371,910|percentage=35.83|change={{increase}}16.39}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,38,557|percentage=74.03|change={{increase}}8.55}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

=== General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Shillong]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vincent Pala|Vincent H. Pala]]
|votes = 4,19,689
|percentage = 53.52
|change = {{increase}}19.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)
|candidate = Jemino Mawthoh
|votes = 2,67,256
|percentage = 34.08
|change = {{increase}}16.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sanbor Shullai]]
|votes = 76,683
|percentage = 9.78
|change = {{decrease}}5.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement
|candidate = T.H.S. Bonney
|votes = 6,580
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Romeo Phira Rani
|votes = 4,961
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate|
|party =[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Samuel Hashah
|votes = 4,601
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 4,420
|percentage = 0.56
|change = {{decrease}}1.21
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,52,433
|percentage = 19.44
|change = {{increase}}12.93
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,84,279
|percentage = 65.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|looser = United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Shillong]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vincent Pala|Vincent H. Pala]]
|votes = 2,09,340
|percentage = 33.76
|change = -14.59
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = [[P.B.M. Basaiawmoit|Prechard B. M. Basaiawmoit]]
|votes = 1,68,961
|percentage = 27.25
|change = ''N/A''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)
|candidate = [[Paul Lyngdoh]]
|votes = 1,06,817
|percentage = 17.23
|change = -8.67
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shibun Lyngdoh
|votes = 95,979
|percentage = 15.48
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Armerington Kharshiing
|votes = 8,815
|percentage = 1.42
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 10,960
|percentage = 1.77
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 40,379
|percentage = 6.51
|change = -15.94
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,20,041
|percentage = 63.22
|change = +0.99
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = -14.59
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Shillong]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vincent Pala|Vincent H. Pala]]
|votes = 2,32,270
|percentage = 48.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)
|candidate = John Filmore Kharshiing
|votes = 1,24,402
|percentage = 25.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Hill State People's Democratic Party
|candidate = P. B. M. Basaiawmoit
|votes = 97,613
|percentage = 20.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,07,868
|percentage = 22.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,80,379
|percentage = 62.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|looser = United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Shillong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Paty Ripple Kyndiah]]
|votes = 1,90,058
|percentage = 51.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = S. Loniak Marbaniang
|votes = 1,19,162
|percentage = 32.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanbor Swell Lyngdoh
|votes = 58,560
|percentage = 15.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 70,896
|percentage = 19.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,67,780
|percentage = 46.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1977 ===
* Hoping Stone Lyngdoh (IND) : 55,732 votes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/shillong-lok-sabha|title = Shillong Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency}}</ref>
* Peter Garnette Marbaniang (INC) : 50967
* George Gilbert Swell (Ind) : 38841
* P Ripple Kyndiah (Ind) : 38,606

===General election 1967===
* George Gilbert Swell (AHL) : 112,492 votes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1967-election-results.html|title = 1967 India General (4th Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>
* B G Momin (INC) : 70,819

==See also==
* [[Shillong]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [https://shillongteerresult.co/ Shilloing]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080616190202/http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx Previous Lok Sabha Members by Constituency] [[Lok Sabha]] website
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/meghalaya/shillong/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Shillong lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Meghalaya}}
{{coord|25.6|91.9|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Shillong]]

Rajesh Verma (Sitapur politician)

2026-04-24T12:03:01Z

Veronaqbs: created a entry

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1960)}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajesh Verma
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|11|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sitapur]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Sitapur (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Sitapur]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 16 May 2014
| predecessor = [[Kaisar Jahan]]
| successor = [[Rakesh Rathore]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| parents = Shri Krishna Pal Singh Verma (Father) Smt Sudha Devi Verma (Mother)
| spouse = Ranjana Verma
(m. 1981)
| children = 1 sons and 2 daughters
| website =
| footnotes =
| source = http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=510
| term_end = 4 June 2024
}}

'''Rajesh Verma''' (born 6 November 1960) is an Indian politician, a member of the<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajesh Verma(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SITAPUR(UTTAR PRADESH) – Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/loksabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=11503 |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Member of Parliament]]. He was elected to the [[13th Lok Sabha]] in 1999, the [[14th Lok Sabha]] in 2004, the [[16th Lok Sabha]] in 2014 and the [[17th Lok Sabha]] in 2019 from [[Sitapur (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Sitapur constituency]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state.<ref>[http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=510 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]</ref> In 2019 he won his fourth 4th election in Sitapur as a BJP candidate by 101,000 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bjp.org|title=BJP Loksabha candidates for 2019|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajesh Verma {{!}} PRSIndia |url=https://prsindia.org/mptrack/17-lok-sabha/rajesh-verma |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref> He lost his Lok Sabha MP seat in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Indian General Election]] from Sitapur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Rakesh Rathor secures seat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/sitapur-uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2548009-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rajesh Verma<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajesh Verma{{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/rajesh-verma |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=india.gov.in}}</ref> was born on 6 November 1960 (Village-Tikauna,Post-Bhadfar,Tahseel- Laharpur,Tambaur ,District-Sitapur

a child to the family of Shri Krishna Pal Singh Verma and Smt Sudha Devi Verma.
In 1978 he completed his intermediate from [[Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh]]. He completed his bachelor's degree from [[Lucknow University]] and master's degree in arts from [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]].
<ref>[http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=510 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]</ref>

== Political career ==

Verma started his political career in 1996 when he fought [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] as a [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate from Behta (now [[Sevata (Assembly constituency)]]) constituency but lost by a margin of 13,294 votes. He won his first election when he fought [[1999 Indian general election]] as a [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate from [[Sitapur (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Sitapur]] constituency, defeating Janardan Prasad Mishra of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He again won 2004 [[2004 Indian general election]] from [[Sitapur (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Sitapur]] constituency.
In [[2009 Indian general election]] he changed his constituency to [[Dhaurahra (Lok Sabha constituency)]] but lost to [[Indian National Congress]] [[Jitin Prasada]] by the margin of 1,84,509 votes.
After serving [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] for almost 22 years, Verma joined [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] in December 2013.
He was given ticket by [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] to fought from [[Sitapur (Lok Sabha Constituency)]] constituency in 2014 [[2014 Indian General Election]], where he won the seat by defeating his nearest rival [[Kaisar Jahan]] of [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] by 51,027 votes.
In 2015 [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leadership appointed him [[state president]] of BJP OBC Morcha [[Uttar Pradesh]].

== Positions held ==

* 1999: Elected to 13th Lok Sabha
* 1999-2000: Member, Committee on Petroleum and Chemicals
* 2000-2004: Member, Consultative Committee, Mines and Minerals
* 2004: Re-elected to 14th Lok Sabha( 2nd term) Leader, BSP Parliamentary Party, Lok Sabha Chairman, Committee on Absence of Members from the Sittings of the House Member, Committee on Petroleum and Natural Gas Member, Committee on Public Undertakings Member, Committee on Provision of Computers for MPs, Offices of Parties, Officers of Lok Sabha Secretariat Member, Railway Convention Committee Member, General Purposes Committee
* 2006: Chairman, Committee on Absence of Members from the Sittings of the HouseMember, Parliamentary Forum on Water Conservation & Management
* 2007: Member, Standing Committee on Defence
* 2008: Member, Committee on Public Undertakings
* May 2014: Re-elected to 16th Lok Sabha (3rd term)
* 14 August 2014: 30 April 2017 Member, Committee on Estimates
* 1 September 2014 onwards: Member, Standing Committee on Petroleum and Natural Gas
* Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Coal
* 3 July 2015: Member, Sub Committee-II, Committee on Estimates.
* 1 Sep 2014 - 25 May 2019: Member, Standing Committee on Petroleum and Natural Gas
* Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Coal
* 3 July 2015: Member, Sub Committee-II, Committee on Estimates
* May 2019: Re-elected to 17th Lok Sabha (4th term)
* 31 July 2019: Member, Committee on Welfare of Other Backward Classes
* 13 Sept. 2019: Member, Standing Committee on Finance
* Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises
* 19 April 2021: Chairman, Committee on Welfare of Other Backward Classes

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{16th LS members from Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Rajesh}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Sitapur district]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]

M. Basavaraju

2026-04-23T06:39:05Z

Veronaqbs: added initial info needs work...

{{Short description|Indian politician (1927 - 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1967
| term_end = 1972
| office1 = Member of [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 3 April 1980
| term_end1 = 2 April 1986
| birth_date = {{birth date|1927|11|01|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1994|05|10|1927|11|01|df=y}}
| spouse = Shrimati Chikkananjammanni
| parents = Hasan Muddanna (father)
| children = 4 sons and 2 daughters.
| party = [[File:Hand INC.svg|25px]][[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''M. Basavaraju''' ( 1 November 1927 – 10 May 1994) was an Indian politician of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was also member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] and member of [[Rajya Sabha]] (the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Rajya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji83AAAAIAAJ&dq=m.+basavaraju+minister&pg=RA1-PA81 |title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report |date=1982 |publisher=Council of States Secretariat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Industry |first=Bombay Chamber of Commerce & |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BH0zQ0d_bS4C&q=m.+basavaraju+minister |title=Report of the Committee of the Bombay Chamber of Commerce and Industry |date=1984 |publisher=The Chamber |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Development |first=United Nations Conference on Trade and |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5x4mAQAAMAAJ&q=m.+basavaraju+minister |title=List of Participants |date=1983 |publisher=The Conference |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECQ3AAAAIAAJ&dq=m.+basavaraju+minister&pg=RA2-PA269 |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=1989 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=237xI69oQrQC&q=m.+basavaraju+rajya+sabha |title=Private Members' Legislation |date=2013 |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Assembly |first=Karnataka (India) Legislature Legislative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPuWFzxuOBAC&q=m.+basavaraju+karnataka+assembly |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Debates |date=1970 |publisher=Karnataka Legislature Secretariat |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Assurances |first=Karnataka (India) Legislature Legislative Assembly Committee on Government |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3cdAAAAIAAJ&q=m.+basavaraju+karnataka+assembly |title=Report |date=1975 |publisher=Legislature Secretariat |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
M. Basavaraju was born on 1 November 1927 in Gandanahalli of Karnataka. He completed his education from intermediate college of Mysore.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Rajya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qKKKAAAAMAAJ&q=m.+basavaraju+rajya+sabha |title=Who's who |date=1984 |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat. |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
M. Basavaraju married Shrimati Chikkananjammanni in 1955. The couple had six children which include 4 sons and 2 daughters.<ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==
Basavaraju stepped into politics and became the member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] (1967 - 1972) and member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from 3 April 1980 to 2 April 1986.<ref name=":0" />

== Position held ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!#
!From
!To
!Position
|-
|1
|1967
|1972
|Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|2
|1980
|1986
|Member of [[Rajya Sabha]] (the upper house of the Parliament of India)
|}

== Death ==
Basavaraju died on 10 May 1994 at the age of 66.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basavaraju, M.}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]

Pradip Kumar Varma

2026-04-20T08:36:48Z

Veronaqbs: created a biography...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1972)}}
{{BLP one source|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pradip Kumar Varma
| image = PkvRanchi.jpg
| caption =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 4 May 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Samir Oraon]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|2|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| education = B.COM, MBA(HR) M.A. (Hindi), PhD (Hindi)
| spouse = Sarita Varma
| Children =
| website = https://www.pradipvarma.com/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pradip Kumar Varma''' (24 February 1972) is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Jharkhand]].<ref name="b971">{{cite web | title=Six new MPs take oath as Rajya Sabha members | website=The Economic Times | date=2024-06-27 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/six-new-mps-take-oath-as-rajya-sabha-members/articleshow/111308294.cms?from=mdr | access-date=2024-11-17}}</ref> He is currently the Party State General Secretary BJP Jharkhand since May 2020.Erstwhile he served as the State Vice President in BJP Jharkhand in 2016 and the State Secretary in BJP Jharkhand in 2013. Earlier he also served as co-convener of Tranning cell BJP Jharkhand. He has been elected by Rajya Sabha as member of the institute Body of [[AIIMS]] Deoghar since December 2024.<ref>https://postnxt.com/pradip-varma-nominated-member-of-aiims-body/</ref> He has also been a member of the Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology since October 2024 and a member of the Committee on Coal, Mines and Steel since September 2024.

Varma founded Sarala Birla Public School (SBPS), [[Sarala Birla University]] (SBU), a nursing college (MBINCT), and several other educational and welfare projects. Varma is a second-year OTC-trained Swayamsevak from (RSS) [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and also served as a Joint Secretary in Seva Bharti in Prantiya toli.From 2009—2012 he was an active member of RSS Prantiya Sampark Toli Jharkhand. He is also the chief patron of Chotanagpur Sarna Samiti (constituted in 147 panchayat blocks of Ranchi district). He is also the chief patron of Akhil Bhartiya Vaishya Samiti Jharkhand.

== Early education ==

[[File:Bncpic.jpg|thumb|left|Childhood picture of Pradip Kumar Varma]]

Varma was born on 24 February 1972 in Kolkata into a Hindu Swarnakar Vaishya family. But his native root belongs to Barwadih tehsil in present day [[Latehar]] district of Jharkhand. Varma started his primary education at Subhas Vidya Mandir Muraripukur Kolkata. For further studies he later shifted to Sarvodaya School Muchipara in Kolkata.

From childhood he was interested in playing chess and was a state-level chess player. Varma, being the founder and Chief Executive Officer of [[Sarala Birla University]] (SBU), promoted the sports and activity culture in the University . He is the chairman of Jharkhand state chess Association and also the chairman of the Jharkhand Wushu association.

He did his intermediate in commerce stream in 1988 and undergraduate in commerce, B.Com from Seth Anand Ram Jaipuriya college of [[Calcutta University]] in 1991. He passed his executive MBA from Vinayaka Mission, and master’s degree of M.A (Hindi) from the same. Later he completed his doctorate Phd. in Hindi language and literature. Apart from Hindi, Varma is proficient in English, Awadhi, Bangla, Bhojpuri and Nagpuri.

== Academic and social life ==

[[File:Fathernmotherpic.jpg|thumb|left|Parents of Pradip Kumar Varma]]

Varma in his initial days started working at Mahadevi Birla TB sanctorium as a hospital manager. In 2006 he founded Sarala Birla Public School and in 2017 he founded [[Sarala Birla University]] at Ranchi. Along with this he also founded Mahadevi Birla Institute of Nursing and Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand.

He founded a charitable trust named Swantah Sukhayah for the poor and needy. He set up a think tank, "Public Policy For Indian People", which works in the domain of policy-making awareness and training programs. His philanthropic work for society in which he donated the developmental aid for infrastructure and reconstruction includes for Ara Government School Ara gate, Ranchi and Anand Garodiya school Rahe,Khunti.

The scholarly work done by Varma has been on the topic of "Ramcharitmanas mein Parivar aur Samaj Prabadhan ke sutra". He has also written articles on freedom fighters like [[Birsa Munda]],<ref>https://pkvarmaranchi.wordpress.com/2021/06/09/dharti-aaba-bhagwan-birsa-munda/</ref> Pt.Deen Dayal Upadhyaya and topics of national importance such as Hul Andolan<ref>https://pkvarmaranchi.wordpress.com/2017/07/02/santhal-hul-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a5%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b2-%e0%a4%b9%e0%a5%82%e0%a4%b2/</ref> and Vande Mataram.

== Political life ==

From his college days he was active in student politics, his political aspiration drew from the late [[Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]]. He also drew inspiration from the teachings of Chankaya Neeti and Vidur Neeti. In 2011 Varma became BJP Pradesh Karyasamiti Sadasya Pradesh Sah Prashikshan Pramukh. With his growing influence within the state and regional politics he has been given role in different state legislative assemblies elections and general elections. In 2013, Varma was the state minister in party cadre in BJP Jharkhand. In the 2014 General election he worked as election campaign manager in the state. He was given an upgrade to the post of State Vice President BJP Jharkhand in 2016 and helped the party win in upcoming state elections. The BJP and its coalition partner in NDA won 12 out of 14 seats in 2019 general elections in Jharkhand. As a result, Varma rose to state prominence and was appointed as the Party's State General Secretary in 2019. Later in 2019 in Jharkhand state legislative assembly election he worked on Dhanbad region where BJP won the seats of Dhanbad, Nirsa, Baghmara and Sindri but lost ground in Jharia and Tundi.<ref>https://hindi.news18.com/news/jharkhand/ranchi-rajya-sabha-election-who-is-pradeep-verma-whom-bjp-declared-as-rajya-sabha-candidate-from-jharkhand-8134991.html</ref>

== Personal life ==

His father, Seth Ram Autar Prasad, was an employee at Birla Group and his mother Bhagwanti Devi was a housewife. He married Sarita Varma on 18 February 1993. They have a son, Aditya Vikkram Verma and a daughter Satakchhi Priya Verma. Aditya is a Software Engineer, married to Arju Verma, who is a Biotechnologist-Entrepreneur from Garhwa. Satakchhi is a practising Advocate at Jharkhand High Court and is married to Akash Ajit Kumar, who also is a practising Advocate at Jharkhand High Court from Ranchi.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from the Bharatiya Janata Party]]

Special Courts (India)

2026-04-15T07:45:07Z

Veronaqbs:

'''Special Courts''' are [[specialized court]]s established by [[Parliament of India]], under powers granted to it by article 247 of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Article 247: Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/articles/article-247-power-of-parliament-to-provide-for-the-establishment-of-certain-additional-courts/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Constitution of India |language=en-US}}</ref> These courts are usually established by Parliament to ensure speedy trial of the accused or to try certain offences under specific acts passed by parliament such as:

* Courts established under [[Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act|POSCO act]]
* Courts for MPs and MLA
* [[National Company Law Tribunal|National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) and Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT)]]
* [[Debt Recovery Tribunal|Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) and Appellate Tribunals (DRATs)]]
* Special Courts for [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act|Terrorist and Disruptive Activities]]
* [[National Green Tribunal|National Green Tribunal (NGT)]]
* Special Courts for [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002|Money Laundering Cases]]
* Special Courts for [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act]]
* [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] courts<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-28 |title=Special Courts in India - ClearIAS |url=https://www.clearias.com/special-courts-india/#national-company-law-tribunal-nclt-and-appellate-tribunal-nclat |access-date=2024-10-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] Courts<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIA Special Courts {{!}} National Investigation Agency |url=https://www.nia.gov.in/special-courts |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=www.nia.gov.in}}</ref>
* Vigilance/Anti Corruption Courts<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Website of Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau |url=https://vigilance.kerala.gov.in/ |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=vigilance.kerala.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Courts established under POSCO Act ==
Section 28 of the [[Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act]] establishes Special Court to try a person accused of committing offences under the POSCO act.<ref>{{Cite web |title=POSCO Act |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/9318/1/sexualoffencea2012-32.pdf}}</ref> Initially [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights|National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)]] was responsible to monitor implementation of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO), but [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] found that the [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights|National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)]], does not have any data on POCSO cases in the country. Hence, The Supreme Court has directed the Centre to set up special courts to deal exclusively with Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) cases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Courts for POCSO Cases |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/special-courts-for-pocso-cases#:~:text=Functions%20of%20NCPCR%20under%20POCSO%20Act%20To%20monitor,described%20in%20the%20Act%20by%20the%20state%20government. |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=For the purposes of providing a speedy trial, the State Government shall in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court, by notification in the Official Gazette, designate for each district, a Court of Session to be a Special Court to try the offences under the Act|author=Section 28 of The Protection Of Children From Sexual Offences Act, 2012}}

== MP-MLA Courts ==
On orders dated 01.11.2017 and 14.12.2017, [[Supreme Court of India]] directed the Union Government to set up special courts across the country to fast-track the long-pending trials of lawmakers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Department of Justice, India |url=https://doj.gov.in/special-courts-for-mp-mla/}}</ref> Following this order, the Union Government facilitated setting up of 12 Special Courts in States, for expeditious trial of criminal cases involving MP/MLAs. Accordingly, 12 Special Courts (02 in NCT of [[Delhi]] and 01 each in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]], [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal|WB]], [[Madhya Pradesh|MP]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]) were constituted. 10 Special Courts are presently functional in 9 States (Special court of Bihar and Kerala were discontinued as per direction of the apex court dated 04.12.2018).<ref name=":0" /> In September 2020, [[Supreme Court of India]] appointed [[amicus curiae]], in his two reports, highlighted that despite the best efforts by the court to constitute special courts for trying cases against legislators, close to 4,442 criminal cases involving 2,556 sitting [[Member of parliament|members of Parliament (MP)]] and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members of legislative assemblies (MLAs)]] are pending.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Courts for Trial against Legislators |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/special-courts-for-trial-against-legislators |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en}}</ref>

== Special Courts for Terrorist and Disruptive Activities ==
All [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act|UAPA]] offences which are being investigated by [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] or State police are tried by Special Courts established under Section 22 of [[National Investigation Agency|NIA act]]. [[Supreme Court of India]] clarified that the Special Court alone has exclusive jurisdiction to try such offences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kini |first=Ashok |date=2020-10-12 |title=All UAPA Offences Investigated By NIA Or State Police Are Exclusively Triable By 'Special Courts': SC [Read Judgment] |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/all-uapa-offences-are-exclusively-triable-by-special-courts-set-up-under-nia-act-164344 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> [[Sessions Court|Sessions court]] have jurisdiction to deal with such cases only if Special Court is not constituted as per NIA Act.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Apoorva |date=2024-04-20 |title=Sessions Court has jurisdiction to deal with UAPA Cases when Special Court is not constituted as per NIA Act: Supreme Court |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/04/20/sessions-court-jurisdiction-uapa-cases-special-court-not-constituted-govt-nia-act-supreme-court/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Blockquote|text=The State Government may constitute one or more Special Courts for the trial of offences under any or all the enactments specified in the Schedule.|author=Section 22(1) of National Investigation Agency Act, 2008|title=<ref>{{cite web | title=NIA act | url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/The%20National%20Investigation%20Agency%20Act%2C%202008_1.pdf}}</ref>}}

== Special Courts for Money Laundering Cases ==
Special Courts has been established under Section 43 of Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) to try offences committed by a person under Section 44 of this act.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 |url=https://enforcementdirectorate.gov.in/sites/default/files/Act%26rules/THE%20PREVENTION%20OF%20MONEY%20LAUNDERING%20ACT%2C%202002.pdf}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=The Central Government, in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court, shall, for trial of offence punishable under section 4, by notification,
designate one or more Courts of Session as Special Court or Special Courts or such area or areas or for such case or class or group of cases as may be specified in the notification.|author=Section 43|title=of PMLA <ref>{{cite web | title=Prevention of Money Laundering Act | url=https://enforcementdirectorate.gov.in/sites/default/files/Act%26rules/THE%20PREVENTION%20OF%20MONEY%20LAUNDERING%20ACT%2C%202002.pdf}}</ref>}}

== Special Courts for Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act ==
Special court has been established under Section 14 of [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act]] to try offences specified in this act.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 |url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/The%20Scheduled%20Castes%20and%20Scheduled%20Tribes.pdf}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=For the purpose of providing for speedy trial, the State Government shall, with the concurrence of the Chief Justice of the High Court, by notification in the
Official Gazette, specify for each district a Court of Session to be a Special Court to try the offences under this Act.|author=Section 14 of Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989}}

== CBI courts ==
Established under the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946, the CBI courts specifically deal with cases filed under the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), Unlike regular courts, the Judges here are 'elected', while the CBI Magistrate is an officer who is in rank of a Chief Judicial Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate First Class.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gour |first=Prajjwal |date=2020-11-19 |title=Analysis on Special Courts |url=https://www.lawyersclubindia.com/articles/analysis-on-special-courts-12199.asp#:~:text=Established%20under%20the%20Delhi%20Special%20Police%20Establishment%20Act,,by%20taking%20on%20highlighted%20cases%20involving%20complex%20evidences. |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=lawyersclubindia |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Judiciary of India]]
* [[Supreme Court of India]]
* [[Lawmaking procedure in India|Lawmaking Procedure in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Courts in Asia]]
[[Category:Courts of India]]
[[Category:Lists of courts]]

Aonla Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:15:05Z

Veronaqbs: details.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Aonla
| constituency_no = 126
| map_image = 126-Aonla.svg
| mla = [[Dharmpal Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,49,275 (2022)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Aonla Assembly constituency''' ({{IPA|hi|ãːʋlaː}}) is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Aonla Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1952 after the "DPACO (1951)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1951.<ref name="DPACO (1951)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1951)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=14 December 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-51.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 126.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=14 December 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=14 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=14 December 2015|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/aonla.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=14 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Aonla Assembly constituency is KCs Aonla, Aliganj, Siroli, Aonla NPP & Siroli NP of Aonla Tehsil.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Aonla Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/Aonla.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|rowspan="3" |Nawal Kishore
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|D. Prakash
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Kesho Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|rowspan="2" |Shyam Bihari Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Kalyan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan="3" |Shyam Bihari Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Mahipal Singh Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Dharmpal Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Radha Krishna
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Dharmpal Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Aonla<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2022 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dharmpal Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:88956}}
|percentage = 46.45
|change = +11.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Radha Krishan Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:70532}}
|percentage = 36.83
|change = +4.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Laxman Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:18773}}
|percentage = 9.8
|change = -20.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jeeraj Singh
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:5382}}
|percentage = 2.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Omveer Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2307}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1211}}
|percentage = 0.63
|change = -0.37
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18424}}
|percentage = 9.62
|change = +7.67
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:191509}}
|percentage = 60.79
|change = -0.17
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Aonla<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Dharmpal Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:63165}}
|percentage = 34.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sidhraj Singh
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:59619}}
|percentage = 32.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Agam Kumar Maurya
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:54192}}
|percentage = 29.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1794}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3546}}
|percentage = 1.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:181709}}
|percentage = 60.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Aonla<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|title=2012 Election Results|access-date=14 December 2015|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dharmpal Singh]]
|votes = 50,782
|percentage = 30.85
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Mahipal Singh Yadav
|votes = 46,374
|percentage = 28.17
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sajid Ali Khan
|votes = 41,082
|percentage = 24.96
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 15 candidates
|votes = 26,375
|percentage = 16.04
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 4,408
|percentage = 2.68
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 164,613
|percentage = 66.3
|change = -
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Aonla Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Bareilly district]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Politics of Bareilly district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

2025 Punjab Kings season

2026-04-11T10:13:38Z

Veronaqbs: pg.

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = {{IPL Teams 1|pbks}}
| season = [[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]]
| image = Dharamshala stadium,himachal pradesh.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| alt = HPCA Cricket Stadium in 2015
| caption = HPCA Cricket Stadium, secondary home ground of Punjab Kings
| coach = [[Ricky Ponting]]
| captain = [[Shreyas Iyer]]
| ground = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium|Maharaja Yadavindra Singh Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]] [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| comp1 = [[2025 Indian Premier League#League stage|League stage]]
| comp1 result = 1st place
| comp2 = [[2025 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 1|Qualifier 1]]
| comp2 result = Lost to [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| comp3 = [[2025 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 2|Qualifier 2]]
| comp3 result = Won against [[Mumbai Indians]]
| comp4 = [[2025 Indian Premier League final|Final]]
| comp4 result = Lost to Royal Challengers Bengaluru
| most runs = Shreyas Iyer (604)<ref name="mr"/>
| most wickets = [[Arshdeep Singh]] (21)<ref name="mw"/>
| most catches = [[Marco Jansen]] [[Priyansh Arya]] (8 each)<ref name="mc">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most catches|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526120926/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/fielding-most-catches-career/indian-premier-league-2025-16622|archive-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>
| most dismissals = [[Josh Inglis]] (10)<ref name="md">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most dismissals|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815081448/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/keeping-most-dismissals-career/indian-premier-league-2025-16622|archive-date=15 August 2025}}</ref>
| prevseason = [[2024 {{IPL Teams 1|pbks}} season|2024]]
| nextseason = [[2026 {{IPL Teams 1|pbks}} season|2026]]
}}
{{2025 Indian Premier League Teams}}

The 2025 season was the 18th season for the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) [[cricket]] franchise [[Punjab Kings]]. They were one of the ten teams that competed in the [[2025 Indian Premier League|2025 IPL]]. Ahead of the season, [[Shreyas Iyer]] was appointed as the captain. The team was coached by [[Ricky Ponting]].

Punjab Kings finished in first place in the league stage and advanced to the qualifier 1 in the playoffs. The team lost the qualifier 1 to [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] but won the qualifier 2 against [[Mumbai Indians]] to qualify for Punjab's second final. However they lost the [[2025 Indian Premier League final|final]] again to Royal Challengers Bengaluru. Captain Iyer scored the most runs (604) while [[Arshdeep Singh]] took the most wickets (21) for Punjab in the 2025 season.

== Pre-season ==
{{further|List of 2025 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}
The [[2025 Indian Premier League]] was the 18th edition of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), a professional [[Twenty20]] (T20) [[cricket]] league, organised by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier League |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Premier-League |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=[[Britannica.com]] |language=en-uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317155833/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Premier-League|archive-date=17 March 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Punjab Kings]] were one of the four active franchises to not have won the IPL title before 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=8 Teams Who Have Never Won IPL Trophy |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/web-stories/sports/rcb-to-dc-8-teams-who-have-never-won-ipl-trophy/photostory/105968841.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907090123/https://www.timesnownews.com/web-stories/sports/rcb-to-dc-8-teams-who-have-never-won-ipl-trophy/photostory/105968841.cms |archive-date=7 September 2025 |access-date=6 January 2026 |work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> The team finished in ninth place in the [[2024 Indian Premier League|previous season]].<ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/points-table-standings|title=2024 Indian Premier League points table standings|access-date=30 October 2024|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526045213/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/points-table-standings|archive-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> The tournament featured ten teams competing in 74 matches from 22 March to 3 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brar |first=Hemant |date=20 March 2023 |title=IPL 2025 FAQs: What's new this season? Any changes in format? |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-who-are-the-new-captains-will-this-be-dhonis-last-season-1477101 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322194040/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-who-are-the-new-captains-will-this-be-dhonis-last-season-1477101 |archive-date=22 March 2025 |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=IPL 2025 to resume on May 17 with RCB vs KKR, final scheduled for June 3 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-to-resume-on-may-17-final-to-be-played-on-june-3-1485733 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514101323/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-to-resume-on-may-17-final-to-be-played-on-june-3-1485733 |archive-date=14 May 2025 |access-date=14 May 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> Punjab played most of their home matches at [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium|Maharaja Yadavindra Singh Stadium]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adil |first=Hafsa |title=All to know about the Indian Premier League's 2025 season |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2025/3/20/all-to-know-about-the-ipl-2025-captains-schedule-prize-money-venues |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> with one match played at [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Cricket Stadium]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aggarwal |first=Ishika |date=25 March 2025 |title=IPL 2025 Venue: HPCA Cricket Stadium, Dharamsala |url=https://crictoday.com/cricket/feature-cricket/ipl-2025-venue-hpca-cricket-stadium-dharamsala/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516230328/https://crictoday.com/cricket/feature-cricket/ipl-2025-venue-hpca-cricket-stadium-dharamsala/ |archive-date=16 May 2025 |access-date=10 April 2025 |website=Crictoday}}</ref> except for the last two, which were moved to [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]] following the IPL's [[2025 Indian Premier League#Suspension and rescheduling|suspension and rescheduling]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=Remainder of IPL 2025 to be held at six venues |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4210/remainder-of-ipl-2025-to-be-held-at-six-venues |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514101854/https://www.iplt20.com/news/4210/remainder-of-ipl-2025-to-be-held-at-six-venues |archive-date=14 May 2025 |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=[[IPLT20.com]]}}</ref><ref name="sch-chng2"/>

=== Player retention ===
Franchises were allowed to retain a maximum of six players from their squad, including a maximum of five recent international players.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2024 |title=IPL 2025 mega auction salary purse, retention rules, and RTM explained |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/news/ipl-2025-mega-auction-salary-purse-retention-rules-and-rtm-explained-124092900134_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930015913/https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/news/ipl-2025-mega-auction-salary-purse-retention-rules-and-rtm-explained-124092900134_1.html |archive-date=30 September 2024 |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> Franchises were required to submit their retention lists before 31 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2024 |title=Deadline For Submission Of Retention List For IPL 2025 Auction Revealed |url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/list-of-retained-released-players-for-ipl-2025-mega-auction-announced-check-date-1720752 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930020104/https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/list-of-retained-released-players-for-ipl-2025-mega-auction-announced-check-date-1720752 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=[[ABP News]]}}</ref> Punjab retained two players, but did not retain their prior captain<ref name="retain"/><ref name="pbks-retain"/> who announced his retirement.{{Efn|name="Dhawan"}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Retained players<ref name="retain">{{cite web |date=30 October 2024 |title=IPL 2025 retentions: List of all the retained players ahead of the mega auction |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-retentions-list-list-of-players-retained-by-franchises-csk-kkr-srh-lsg-1457696 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410063200/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-retentions-list-list-of-players-retained-by-franchises-csk-kkr-srh-lsg-1457696 |archive-date=10 April 2025 |access-date=30 October 2024 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref><ref name="pbks-retain">{{cite news |date=31 October 2024 |title=Punjab Kings to retain only two uncapped players |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-punjab-kings-to-retain-two-uncapped-players-shashank-singh-and-prabhsimran-singh-1457778 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241101003715/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-punjab-kings-to-retain-two-uncapped-players-shashank-singh-and-prabhsimran-singh-1457778 |archive-date=1 November 2024 |access-date=31 October 2024 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Player
! scope="col" | Salary
|-
| 1 || [[Shashank Singh]] || {{INRConvert|5.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 2 || [[Prabhsimran Singh]] || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Released players<ref name="retain"/><ref name="S2024">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/punjab-kings-squad-1413565/series-squads|title=2024 Indian Premier League, {{IPL Teams 1|pbks}} squad|access-date=30 October 2024|dynamic=n|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241203184919/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/punjab-kings-squad-1413565/series-squads|archive-date=3 December 2024}}</ref>
! [[Batting (cricket)|Batters]] || [[Wicket-keeper]]s || [[All-rounder]]s || [[Fast bowling|Fast bowlers]] || [[Spin bowling|Spin bowlers]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* [[Jitesh Sharma]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]{{Efn|name="Dhawan"|[[Shikhar Dhawan]] announced his retirement from IPL in August 2024.<ref name="pbks-retire">{{cite news |title=Shikhar Dhawan retires from international and domestic cricket |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shikhar-dhawan-retires-from-international-and-domestic-cricket-1448554 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824093114/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shikhar-dhawan-retires-from-international-and-domestic-cricket-1448554 |archive-date=24 August 2024 |access-date=24 August 2024 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>}}
* [[Rilee Rossouw]]
* [[Harpreet Singh Bhatia]]
* [[Shivam Singh]]
* [[Vishwanath Singh]]
* [[Ashutosh Sharma (cricketer)|Ashutosh Sharma]]
* [[Atharva Taide]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Jonny Bairstow]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Sam Curran]]
* [[Sikandar Raza]]
* [[Chris Woakes]]
* [[Rishi Dhawan]]
* [[Liam Livingstone]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Harshal Patel]]
* [[Nathan Ellis]]
* [[Kagiso Rabada]]
* [[Arshdeep Singh]]
* [[Vidwath Kaverappa]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Harpreet Brar]]
* [[Tanay Thyagarajan]]
* [[Rahul Chahar]]
|}
{{notelist}}

=== Auction ===
The season's auction took place on 24 and 25 November 2024 in [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite news|title=IPL 2025 mega auction to be held on November 24, 25 in Jeddah|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-auction-on-november-24-25-in-jeddah-1458546|access-date=5 November 2024|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=16 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116185000/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-auction-on-november-24-25-in-jeddah-1458546|url-status=live}}</ref> The auction purse for each franchise was set at {{INRConvert|120|c|lk=on}}, with the franchises being deducted an amount from the purse for each retained player.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2025 Mega Auction: Report Says Franchise Purse To Increase From Rs 90 Crore to 120 Crore |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/ipl-governing-council-to-meet-on-saturday-evening-set-to-finalise-auction-retention-rule-6670161 |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001020644/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/ipl-governing-council-to-meet-on-saturday-evening-set-to-finalise-auction-retention-rule-6670161 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IPL retention FAQs: What is the modified RTM rule? Has the auction purse increased?|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-retention-faqs-what-is-the-modified-rtm-rule-has-the-auction-purse-increased-1453284|date=2024-09-30|access-date=2024-10-01|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|language=en|archive-date=29 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429101841/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-retention-faqs-what-is-the-modified-rtm-rule-has-the-auction-purse-increased-1453284|url-status=live}}</ref> Punjab had a purse remaining of {{INR convert|110.5|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2024 |title=IPL 2025 Auction: Purse Remaining For Each Team After Retentions |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-auction-purse-remaining-for-each-team-after-retentions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103065133/https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-auction-purse-remaining-for-each-team-after-retentions |archive-date=3 November 2024 |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=Wisden}}</ref> Franchises that did not retain six players, were allowed [[Indian Premier League#Players|Right-to-Match]] (RTM) cards at the auction for each player not retained.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 September 2024 |title=Franchises can now retain record number of players ahead of IPL 2025 auction, purse size gets bigger too; check all details here |url=https://thesportstak.com/cricket/indian-premier-league-22-mar-2024/story/franchises-can-now-retain-5-players-with-1-rtm-card-ahead-of-ipl-2025-auction-purse-size-gets-bigger-check-all-details-here-3101224-2024-09-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007090833/https://thesportstak.com/cricket/indian-premier-league-22-mar-2024/story/franchises-can-now-retain-5-players-with-1-rtm-card-ahead-of-ipl-2025-auction-purse-size-gets-bigger-check-all-details-here-3101224-2024-09-28 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=SportsTak}}</ref> Punjab had four cards available.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 November 2024 |title=IPL 2025 Mega Auction: Every IPL Team's Retentions, Auction Purse, Total Slots, RTM Available |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2025/ipl-2025-mega-auction-every-ipl-teams-retentions-auction-purse-total-slots-rtm-available-7089198 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410063200/https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2025/ipl-2025-mega-auction-every-ipl-teams-retentions-auction-purse-total-slots-rtm-available-7089198 |archive-date=10 April 2025 |access-date=24 November 2024 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Punjab bought twenty-three players in the auction, including twelve capped players and eight overseas players.<ref name="List">{{cite web |date=25 November 2024 |title=IPL 2025 teams and all squads - full players list |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/ipl-2025-teams-squads-list-player-prices |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124172801/https://olympics.com/en/news/ipl-2025-teams-squads-list-player-prices |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=[[Olympics.com]]}}</ref> Punjab used their RTM cards to buy back [[Arshdeep Singh]] for {{INRconvert|18|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2024 |title=List of RTM Buys by all Franchises at the IPL Auction 2025 |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/csk-mi-rcb-to-kkr-list-of-rtm-buys-by-all-franchises-at-the-ipl-auction-2025-323371.html |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=mykhel.com}}</ref>

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps as of the start of the 2025 IPL are listed in '''bold'''.
* Ages are as of {{start date|2025|3|22|df=y}}.
* Withdrawn players are indicated by a dagger symbol ({{dagger}}) and placed at the bottom of the table.
{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|+ [[Punjab Kings]] squad for the [[2025 Indian Premier League]]<ref name="S2025">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=ipl-2025-1449924/punjab-kings-squad-1458637/series-squads|title=2025 Indian Premier League, Punjab Kings squad|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250526072904/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/punjab-kings-squad-1458637/series-squads|archive-date=26 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="retain"/><ref name="List"/>
! S/N || Name || Nationality || Birth date || Batting style || Bowling style || Salary || Notes
|-
| 2 || '''[[Arshdeep Singh]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1999|02|05|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 3 || '''[[Yuzvendra Chahal]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1990|07|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 5 || [[Suryansh Shedge]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2003|01|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 9 || '''[[Azmatullah Omarzai]]''' || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2000|03|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|2.4|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 12 || '''[[Kyle Jamieson]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1994|12|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}} || Overseas; temporary{{Efn|name=TempRep}} replacement{{Efn|name=Ferguson}}
|-
| 13 || [[Harpreet Brar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1995|09|16|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox]] || {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 15 || '''[[Xavier Bartlett]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1998|12|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || {{INRConvert|80|l|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 16 || '''[[Mitchell Owen]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2001|09|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium || {{INRConvert|3|c|lk=on}} || Overseas; replacement{{Efn|name=Maxwell}}
|-
| 17 || '''[[Marcus Stoinis]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1989|08|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|11|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 18 || [[Priyansh Arya]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2001|01|18|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || {{INRConvert|3.8|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 19 || [[Nehal Wadhera]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2000|09|04|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || {{INRConvert|4.2|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 27 || [[Shashank Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1991|11|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 31 || [[Vijaykumar Vyshak]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1997|01|31|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|1.8|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 46 || [[Praveen Dubey]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1993|07|01|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 70 || '''[[Marco Jansen]]''' || {{cr|SA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2000|05|01|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|7|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 84 || [[Prabhsimran Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2000|08|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || {{N/A}} || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 95 || '''[[Josh Inglis]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1995|03|04|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || {{INRConvert|2.6|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 96 || '''[[Shreyas Iyer]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1994|12|06|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || {{INRConvert|26.75|c|lk=on}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gollapudi |first=Nagraj |date=12 January 2025 |title=Shreyas Iyer appointed Punjab Kings captain for IPL 2025 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shreyas-iyer-appointed-captain-of-punjab-kings-for-ipl-2025-1468199 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522181908/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shreyas-iyer-appointed-captain-of-punjab-kings-for-ipl-2025-1468199 |archive-date=22 May 2025 |access-date=8 January 2026 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 97 || [[Musheer Khan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2005|02|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| {{N/A}} || [[Pyla Avinash]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2000|07|07|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| {{N/A}} || [[Harnoor Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|2003|01|30|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| {{N/A}} || [[Vishnu Vinod]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1993|12|02|df=y}} || Right-handed || {{N/A}} || {{INRConvert|95|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| {{N/A}} || '''[[Aaron Hardie]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1999|01|07|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|1.25|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| {{N/A}} || '''[[Kuldeep Sen]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1996|10|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|80|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| {{N/A}} || [[Yash Thakur]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1998|12|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|1.6|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 32 || '''[[Glenn Maxwell]]''' {{dagger}} || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1988|10|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || {{INRConvert|4.2|c|lk=on}} || Overseas; withdrawn{{Efn|name=Maxwell|[[Mitchell Owen]] replaced [[Glenn Maxwell]], after the latter withdrew due to finger injury.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2025 |title=Punjab Kings pick Mitch Owen as a replacement for the injured Glenn Maxwell |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4193/punjab-kings-pick-mitch-owen-as-a-replacement-for-the-injured-glenn-maxwell |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505174939/https://www.iplt20.com/news/4193/punjab-kings-pick-mitch-owen-as-a-replacement-for-the-injured-glenn-maxwell |archive-date=5 May 2025 |access-date=20 January 2026 |website=[[IPLT20.com]]}}</ref>}}
|-
| 69 || '''[[Lockie Ferguson]]''' {{dagger}} || {{cr|NZ}} || {{Birth date and age2|2025|3|22|1991|06|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}} || Overseas; withdrawn{{Efn|name=Ferguson|[[Kyle Jamieson]] replaced [[Lockie Ferguson]], after the latter withdrew due to hamstring injury.<ref name="tr">{{Cite web |date=15 May 2025 |title=PBKS, GT, and LSG announce replacements |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4212/pbks-gt-and-lsg-announce-replacements |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515145100/https://www.iplt20.com/news/4212/pbks-gt-and-lsg-announce-replacements |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=20 January 2026 |website=[[IPLT20.com]]}}</ref>}}
|}
{{notelist|refs=
{{Efn|name=TempRep|[[Punjab Kings]] signed [[Kyle Jamieson]] as temporary replacement, following the IPL's [[2025 Indian Premier League#Suspension and rescheduling|suspension and rescheduling]].<ref name="tr"/><ref>{{cite web |date=30 October 2024 |title=IPL to allow temporary replacements for last leg of 2025 season |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-to-allow-franchises-sign-temporary-replacement-players-for-last-leg-of-2025-season-1485918 |access-date=23 May 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>}}
}}

== Support staff ==
[[Ricky Ponting]] replaced [[Trevor Bayliss]] as head coach<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ponting appointed Punjab Kings head coach |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-ricky-ponting-appointed-punjab-kings-head-coach-1449547 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009174502/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-ricky-ponting-appointed-punjab-kings-head-coach-1449547 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |access-date=18 September 2024 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> while [[James Hopes]] replaced [[Charl Langeveldt]] as bowling coach.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2024 |title=James Hopes set to become fast-bowling coach of Punjab Kings |url=https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-news/reports-james-hopes-set-to-become-fast-bowling-coach-of-punjab-kings-9966-4595/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312122105/https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-news/reports-james-hopes-set-to-become-fast-bowling-coach-of-punjab-kings-9966-4595/ |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=20 January 2026 |work=CricTracker}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Position || Name
|-
| Head coach || [[Ricky Ponting]]
|-
| Assistant coach || [[Brad Haddin]]
|-
| Bowling coach || [[James Hopes]] [[Sunil Joshi]]
|}
* Source: ''Wisden''<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2025 |title=IPL 2025: Who Are The Captains And Coaching Staff Of Each Team? |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-who-are-the-captains-and-coaching-staff-of-each-team |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621155521/https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-who-are-the-captains-and-coaching-staff-of-each-team |archive-date=21 June 2025 |access-date=10 April 2025 |website=Wisden}}</ref>

== League stage ==
Punjab Kings began their season with two wins against [[Gujarat Titans]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=GT vs PBKS IPL 2025 Match 5 live scores, results and updates |url=https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/schedule-fixtures-results/gujarat-titans-vs-punjab-kings-ahmkp03252025253703 |access-date=2026-04-11 |publisher=[[Rajasthan Royals]] |language=en}}</ref> and [[Lucknow Super Giants]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/lucknow-super-giants-vs-punjab-kings-13th-match-1473450/match-report|title=Prabhsimran and Iyer see LSG off with ease|date=1 April 2025|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref> They lost to [[Rajasthan Royals]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/punjab-kings-vs-rajasthan-royals-18th-match-1473455/match-report|title=Archer leads PBKS demolition job after Jaiswal & Co set the platform for Royals|date=23 March 2025|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 May 2025|archive-date=11 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411014303/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/punjab-kings-vs-rajasthan-royals-18th-match-1473455/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref> won against [[Chennai Super Kings]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Sankar |date=2025-04-08 |title=PBKS vs CSK, IPL 2025: Priyansh Arya powers Punjab Kings to 18-run win over Chennai Super Kings |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/pbks-vs-csk-ipl-2025-match-report-result-highlights-punjab-v-chennai-super-kings-score/article69428664.ece |access-date=2026-04-10 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref> lost to [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]];<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-12 |title=IPL 2025, SRH vs PBKS Highlights: Abhishek Sharma's record knock helps Sunrisers make mockery of 246-run target |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2025-live-srh-vs-pbks-live-score-match-28-sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-punjab-kings-t20-ipl-live-match-12-april-101744452107418.html |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> won against [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights: Punjab Kings vs Kolkata Knight Riders, IPL 2025 Match 31 - Result, Scorecard |url=https://indianexpress.com/section/sports/cricket/live-score/pbks-vs-kkr-live-score-full-scorecard-highlights-ipl-2025-match-31-punjab-kings-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-kpkr04152025257245/ |access-date=2026-04-11 |language=en |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> and [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Challengers Bengaluru vs Punjab Kings, 34th Match, Indian Premier League 2025 |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-match-highlights/115174/rcb-vs-pbks-34th-match-indian-premier-league-2025 |access-date=2026-04-11 |language=en |publisher=[[Cricbuzz]]}}</ref> and lost to Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab Kings vs Royal Challengers Bengaluru, 37th Match, Indian Premier League 2025 |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-match-highlights/115192/pbks-vs-rcb-37th-match-indian-premier-league-2025 |access-date=2026-04-11 |language=en |publisher=[[Cricbuzz]]}}</ref> Their ninth match against Kolkata was abandoned due to rain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-26 |title=IPL 2025 results: KKR v PBKS abandoned due to heavy rain |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/c5yrx265ke9o |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=[[BBC Sport]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Punjab won their next three matches against Chennai,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-30 |title=CSK vs PBKS, IPL 2025 Highlights: Shreyas Iyer, Prabhsimran fifties help Punjab Kings win by 4 wickets |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/csk-vs-pbks-live-score-chennai-super-kings-punjab-kings-info-highlights/article69508935.ece |access-date=2026-04-10 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref> Lucknow<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=2025-05-04 |title=PBKS vs LSG, IPL 2025: Prabhsimran, Arshdeep secure dominant win for Punjab Kings |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/pbks-vs-lsg-ipl-2025-match-report-punjab-kings-lucknow-super-giants-score-highlights-result/article69538838.ece |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref> and Rajasthan;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-18 |title=RR vs PBKS Highlights, IPL 2025: Punjab Kings beats Rajasthan Royals to close in on playoff spot |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/rr-vs-pbks-live-score-ipl-2025-rajasthan-royals-v-punjab-kings-match-updates-streaming-info-highlights/article69589964.ece |access-date=2026-03-25 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref> lost to [[Delhi Capitals]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-24 |title=IPL 2025, PBKS vs DC Highlights: Sameer Rizvi's maiden IPL 50 guides sensational chase, PBKS top two hopes in jeopardy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2025-pbks-vs-dc-ipl-live-score-punjab-kings-vs-delhi-capitals-live-ipl-match-today-66-t20-match-score-101748081118993.html |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> and won against [[Mumbai Indians]];<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/mumbai-indians-vs-punjab-kings-69th-match-1473506/match-report|title=Arya and Inglis take PBKS to Qualifier 1 and send MI to the Eliminator|date=26 May 2025|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref> to finish the league stage in first place with nine wins from 14 matches, and advanced to the qualifier 1 in the playoffs.<ref name="pts"/><ref name="IPL"/>

=== Points table ===
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|pt}}

=== League progression ===
{{#invoke:IndianPremierLeagueProgression | create

| W5, W13, L18, W22, L27, W31, W34, L37, N44, W49, W54, W59, L66, W69 | L71, W73, L74

| caption = League progression<ref name="pts"/>
| teams = {{IPL Teams 1|pbks}}
| knockoutType = 2
| matchesPerTeam = 14
| matchReportArticle = }}

=== Fixtures ===
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match5}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match13}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match18}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match22}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match27}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match31}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match34}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match37}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match44}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match49}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match54}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|matchNA}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match59}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match66}}
----
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match69}}

== Playoffs ==
=== Bracket ===
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|bracket}}
=== Qualifier 1 ===
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match71}}
=== Qualifier 2 ===
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match73}}
=== Final ===
{{Main|2025 Indian Premier League final}}
{{#section:2025 Indian Premier League|match74}}

== Statistics ==
[[File:Prime Minister Of Bharat Shri Narendra Damodardas Modi with Arshdeep Singh Family (Cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=Arshdeep Singh in 2024|[[Arshdeep Singh]] took the most wickets (21) for [[Punjab Kings]] in the [[2025 Indian Premier League]].]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Most runs<ref name="mr">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most runs|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627053138/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2025-16622|archive-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>
! scope=col | [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! scope=col | Player
|-
! scope=row | 604
| [[Shreyas Iyer]]
|-
! scope=row | 549
| [[Prabhsimran Singh]]
|-
! scope=row | 475
| [[Priyansh Arya]]
|-
! scope=row | 369
| [[Nehal Wadhera]]
|-
! scope=row | 350
| [[Shashank Singh]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Most wickets<ref name="mw">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-2025-16622|title=2025 Indian Premier League|stat=most wickets|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627053137/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2025-16622|archive-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>
! scope=col | [[Wicket]]s
! scope=col | Player
|-
! scope=row | 21
| [[Arshdeep Singh]]
|-
! scope=row | 16
| [[Marco Jansen]]
|-
! scope=row | 16
| [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]
|-
! scope=row | 10
| [[Harpreet Brar]]
|-
! scope=row | 8
| [[Azmatullah Omarzai]]
|}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="sch-chng1">[[#sch1|Original 2025 IPL Schedule]] vs [[#sch3|Revised 2025 IPL Schedule]]</ref>
<ref name="sch-chng2">{{cite web |date=13 May 2025 |title=IPL 2025 schedule: What's changed in the new fixture list vs old? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2025-schedule-whats-changed-in-the-new-fixture-list-vs-old/articleshow/121128408.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513064518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2025-schedule-whats-changed-in-the-new-fixture-list-vs-old/articleshow/121128408.cms |archive-date=13 May 2025 |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="res-po">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2025 |title=Schedule for TATA IPL 2025 Playoffs announced |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4221/schedule-for-tata-ipl-2025-playoffs-announced |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528125453/https://www.iplt20.com/news/4221/schedule-for-tata-ipl-2025-playoffs-announced |archive-date=28 May 2025 |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=[[IPLT20.com]]}}</ref>
</references>
=== General references ===
* {{anchor|sch1}}{{Cite journal |date=2025-02-16 |title=IPL Season Schedule 2025 |url=https://documents.iplt20.com/smart-images/1739621485265_IPL%20Season%20Schedule%202025-1.pdf |journal=Indian Premier League Schedule |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |volume=18 |issue=1}}
* {{anchor|sch3}}{{Cite journal |date=2025-05-12 |title=IPL Season Schedule 2025 |url=https://scores.iplt20.com/TATA%20IPL%202025%20Season%20Schedule.pdf |journal=Indian Premier League Schedule |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |volume=18 |issue=3}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.punjabkingsipl.in/}}
* [https://www.iplt20.com/teams/punjab-kings Punjab Kings on IPLT20 Website]
* {{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|id=ipl-2025-1449924|title=2025 Indian Premier League}}

{{Punjab Kings}}
{{2025 Indian Premier League}}

[[Category:2025 Indian Premier League|Punjab Kings]]
[[Category:Punjab Kings seasons]]

Bundelkhand Agency

2026-04-11T05:45:17Z

Veronaqbs: Adding A Stub

{{Short description|Political agency in British India (1811–1948)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Bundelkhand Agency
| common_name = Bundelkhand Agency
| nation = [[British India]]
| status_text = [[Agencies of British India|Agency of British India]]
| era =
| year_start = 1811
| date_start =
| event_start =
| year_end = 1948
| date_end =
| event_end = [[Independence of India]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 =
| s1 = India
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| image_map = Central India Agency Map.jpg
| image_map_caption = Map of the [[Central India Agency]] with the Bundelkhand Agency in the eastern part
| stat_area1 = 25510
| stat_year1 = 1901
| stat_pop1 = 1308326
| footnotes = {{EB1911|wstitle=Bundelkhand}}
}}
The '''Bundelkhand Agency''' was a [[Agencies of British India|political agency]] of the [[British Raj]], managing the relations of the British government with the protected [[princely states]] of the [[Bundelkhand]] region.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 9 |chapter=Bundelkhand Agency |publisher=Oxford at Clarendon Press |year=1909 |pages=74–77 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_080.gif |ref=Imp}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Princely states topics}}

=== Historical background ===
The [[Maratha]]s ceded parts of [[Bundelkhand]], which were later called later '''British Bundelkhand''', to the [[British India|British]] in the 1802 [[Treaty of Bassein (1802)|Treaty of Bassein]]. After 1802, many of the local rulers were granted {{Transliteration|hi|[[sanad (deed)|sanad]]s}} (leases) by the British, which entitled them to the lands they controlled at the death of Ali Bahadur, in return for the rulers signing a written bond of allegiance ({{Transliteration|hi|ikrarnama}}) to the British. A political officer attached to the British forces in Bundelkhand supervised British relations with the {{Transliteration|hi|sanad}} states. In 1806 British protection was promised to the Maratha ruler of Jhansi, and in 1817 the British recognized his hereditary rights to Jhansi state. In 1818 the Peshwa in [[Pune]] ceded all his rights over Bundelkhand to the British at the conclusion of the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]].

=== Creation of the agency ===
The {{Transliteration|hi|[[sanad (deed)|sanad]]}} states were organized into the Bundelkhand Agency in 1811, when a political agent to the [[Governor-General of India]] was appointed and headquartered at [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]]. In 1818 the headquarters were moved to [[Kalpi]], in 1824 to [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]], and in 1832 back to Banda. The political agent was placed under the authority of the Lieutenant-Governor of the [[North-Western Provinces]], headquartered in [[Agra]], in 1835. In 1849 authority over the Bundelkhand Agency was placed briefly under the Commissioner for the [[Saugor and Nerbudda Territories]], who appointed a political assistant based at [[Jhansi]]. Shortly thereafter, authority over Bundelkhand was placed under the [[Gwalior Residency|Resident at Gwalior]], and the headquarters of the political assistant was moved to [[Nowgong, Chhatarpur|Nowgong]], which remained until 1947. In 1853 the Raja of Jhansi died childless, and his territory was annexed to British Bundelkhand. The [[Jhansi State]] and the [[Jalaun District|Jalaun]] and [[Chanderi]] districts were then formed into a superintendency. In 1854 Bundelkhand Agency was placed under the authority of the newly created [[Central India Agency]], headquartered at [[Indore]].

The widow of the Raja of Jhansi, [[Rani Lakshmi Bai]], protested the annexation because she was not allowed to adopt an heir, and because the slaughter of cattle was permitted in the Jhansi territory. The [[Revolt of 1857]] found Jhansi ripe for rebellion. In June a few men of the 12th native infantry seized the fort containing the treasure and magazine, and massacred the European officers of the garrison. The Rani put herself at the head of the rebels, and they captured several of the neighboring British districts and princely states allied to the British. She died bravely in battle in [[Gwalior]] in 1858. It was not till November 1858 that Jhansi was brought under British control.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 9 |chapter=British Bundelkhand |publisher=Oxford at Clarendon Press |year=1909 |pages=68–74 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_074.gif }}</ref>

After the revolt, Jhansi was given to the Maharaja of [[Gwalior state|Gwalior]], but came under British rule in 1886 when it was swapped for Gwalior fort. In 1865 the political assistant was replaced with a political agent. The eastern portion of the Agency was detached to form [[Bagelkhand Agency]] in 1871. The state of [[Khaniadhana State|Khaniadhana]] was transferred to the authority of the Gwalior Resident in 1888, and in 1896 [[Baraundha]], [[Jaso State|Jaso]], and the [[Chaube Jagirs]] were transferred to Bagelkhand. In 1901 there were 9 states, 13 estates, and the [[pargana]] of [[Alampur, Madhya Pradesh|Alampur]] belonging to [[Indore State]], with a total area of {{convert|9851|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} and a total population of 1,308,326 in 1901. The most important of the states were [[Orchha State|Orchha]], [[Panna State|Panna]], [[Samthar State|Samthar]], [[Charkhari State|Charkhari]], [[Chhatarpur State|Chhatarpur]], [[Datia State|Datia]], [[Bijawar State|Bijawar]] and [[Ajaigarh State]]. [[Deforestation]] accelerated during British rule. The population of the agency decreased 13% between 1891 and 1901 due to the effects of [[famine]]. In 1931 Bagelkhand Agency, with the exception of the state of [[Rewa State]], was merged into the Bundelkhand Agency.

== Princely States ==
The Bundelkhand Agency was bounded by Bagelkand to the east, the United Provinces to the north, Lalitpur District to the west, and the Central Provinces to the south. The Bagelkhand Agency was separated from Bundelkhand in 1871. In 1900 it included 9 states, 13 estates and the [[pargana]] of [[Alampur, Madhya Pradesh|Alampur]] belonging to Indore State.
In 1931, all of the [[Baghelkhand Agency]] states were transferred back to Bundelkhand, except [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]] (title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 15-guns)), which was placed under the authority of the [[Indore Residency]].

[[Salute states]], by precedence :
* [[Datia State|Datia]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 15-guns
* [[Orchha State|Orchha]],<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_247.gif Orchha state] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909, v. 19, p. 241.</ref> title {{not a typo|(Maha)raja}} (from 1882, Saramad-i-Rajha-i-Bundelkhand Maharaja), Hereditary salute of 15-guns
* [[Ajaigarh State|Ajaigarh]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
* [[Baoni State|Baoni]], title Nawab, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
* [[Bijawar State|Bijawar]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
* [[Charkhari State|Charkhari]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
* [[Panna State|Panna]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
* [[Samthar State|Samthar]], title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns

Non-salute states :
* [[Alipura (state)|Alipura]], title Rao
* [[Beri State|Beri]] (Beri-Bundelkhand), title Rao/Raja (originally Dewan)
* [[Bihat State|Bihat]]
* [[Chhatarpur State|Chhatarpur]], title {{not a typo|(Maha)Raja}}
* [[Garrauli State|Garrauli]]
* [[Gaurihar State|Gaurihar]], title Sardar Sawai; from 1859, Rao
* [[Jigni State|Jigni]], title Rao
* Lugasi
* [[Naigaon Rebai State]]
* [[Sarila State|Sarila]], title Raja

[[Jagir]]s :
* Banka-Pahari
* Bijna
* Bilheri ''[[jagir]]'', under [[Chhatarpur State|Chhatarpur]], guaranteed by the British
* [[Dhurwai State|Dhurwai]], Raja Yadvendra Singh Judeo
* [[Tori Fatehpur]] (one of the [[Hasht-Bhaiya]] ''[[jagir]]s'')
*[[Hansari]] title Raja
* Katera, Raja Bahadur Sardar Singh Bundela

== Former princely States that were annexed or seized ==
* [[Jalaun State|Jalaun]], annexed in 1840
* [[Jhansi State|Jhansi]], annexed in 1853
* [[Jaitpur State|Jaitpur]], annexed in 1849
* Khaddi, annexed
* [[Chirgaon]] (one of the [[Hasht Bhaiya]] jagirs), seized
* [[Purwa]] (one of the [[Chaube Jagirs]]), seized
* [[Bijeraghogarh]], seized
* Tiroha, seized
* [[Shahgarh]], seized in 1857
* Banpur, seized in 1857, had been claimed by [[Gwalior State]] but the claim was refused. Finally in 1860 it was ceded to Gwalior by means of a treaty in which part of the territory went to Jhansi.<ref>Great Britain India Office. ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bundela]]
* [[Central India Agency]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{MP Princely States}}
{{coord|25.05|N|79.43|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Agencies of British India]]
[[Category:Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1811 establishments in India]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]

Rasa Clorinda

2026-03-29T23:14:47Z

Veronaqbs: created a post...

{{Short description|Indian Christian missionary}}
{{Orphan|date=July 2021}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Clarinda
| image = Plaque Clarinda Church Palayamkottai Apr22 A7C 01840.jpg
| caption = Plaque in Clarinda Church
| birth_name = Kokila
| birth_date = c. 1746
| birth_place = [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]] (now [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| baptised = 3 March 1778
| death_date = c. 1806 (aged 56-60)
| occupation = Missionary/Social Worker
| known_for = First Indian Christian missionary in Tirunelveli
| notable_works = Clarinda Church, c. 1785
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

'''Clarinda''' (sometimes known also as '''Clorinda''') (c. 1746 – c. 1806) was an Indian Christian missionary, founder of a church in [[Tirunelveli]]. She was the first Christian [[Religious conversion|convert]] of Tirunelveli and also built the first Church of [[Protestant]] Christian worship, namely, the well known, Clarinda Church, situated near [[St. John's College of Education|St. John's College]], [[Palayamkottai]], Tirunelveli.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford encyclopaedia of South Asian Christianity|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Hedlund, Roger E., Athyal, Jesudas, Kalapati, Joshua., Richard, Jessica., Mylapore Institute for Indigenous Studies.|isbn=9780198073857|location=New Delhi|oclc=768728167}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Clarinda, a historical novel|last=Mātavaiyā, A.|date=2005|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|last2=Holmstrom|first2=Lakshmi|isbn=8126019166|location=New Delhi|oclc=65067475}}</ref>

== Early years ==

According to the historical romance novel '[[#References|Clarinda A Historical Novel]]' which is based on the ''real life'' of Clarinda, written closer to the times Clarinda lived and the basis for the character profiling of Clarinda and some events of her life in this article, her maiden name was Kokila. She was the ward of her grandfather and was brought up with loving care and given the best of education. As a young girl she was diligent, tenacious and accomplished. Even at that tender age she showed a sense of empathy and was kind and gentle to all. At the same time she was contemporary and bold with outspoken ideas against the customs and superstitions, specifically that of the treatment of women, of those times - characteristics indicating the redoubtable lady she will one day become, as her benefactors would like to say.

== Marriage and after ==

According to common custom in those days she was given in marriage early to a wealthy man of high rank in the royal court. But a short time later her husband died leaving her a widow. It is a common belief that she was rescued from the funeral pyre of the ensuing [[Sati (practice)|Sati]], by a soldier of the British army, Henry Lyttleton, who was passing along and who took pity on her seeing the plight of her horrendous circumstances. (The historical romance novel (fiction) '[[#References|Clarinda A Historical Novel]]' provides a detailed account of this event.)

== Clarinda and Lyttleton ==


After the rescue, Clarinda and Lyttleton started living together as they found the relationship to be compatible. It is said that they had a son from this consummate partnership though they remained unmarried. Lyttleton being a British Protestant Christian started to familiarise her with the Christian doctrine which she imbibed and embraced wholeheartedly.

== Conversion and baptism ==

At this point she had personally embraced [[Christianity]] completely and had started to live accordingly. Since generally [[baptism]] of some kind is a necessary requirement in the Christian doctrine she requested (1774) Rev. [[C. F. Schwartz]], who was a British CMS (Church Mission Society) missionary doing service in those parts and with whom she was acquainted, to baptise her. Anyway Schwartz refused to comply as he thought she was leading a questionable life of sin of illegal partnership. Meanwhile, Lyttleton suddenly died from [[gout]]. After about four years (1778), Clarinda once again requested Schwartz to baptise her saying, now that her partner was dead, her past life should in no way be detrimental for her baptism. This time Schwartz, taking into account her life of devotion and selfless service, did not refuse and duly baptised her (1778), changing her name to Clarinda. She was the very first Christian convert in Tirunelveli District.

== Missionary work and social service ==
[[File:Front Clarinda Church Palayamkottai Apr22 A7C 01842.jpg|thumb|Front of Clarinda Church. Apr '22]]
[[File:Gravestone Clarinda Palayamkottai Apr22 A7C 01845.jpg|thumb|Clarinda's gravestone in the church yard. Apr. '22]]
After her baptism she immersed herself in the missionary work and social services with complete zeal. She brought more willing people into Christianity through conversion in Tirunelveli and suburbs and built the Clarinda Church in Palayamkottai (1784) for the small congregation of fifty people or so to gather and worship. This Church/congregation is said to be the pioneer of the Diocese system that is now in place. She took up the cause of the under privileged, downtrodden, destitutes, widows, orphans providing them the necessary support and aid and education, particularly helping the uneducated poor women towards their empowerment. In this regard, she found ways to build on the shared ethical ideals of certain Hindu and Christian communities to improve the lives of India women, even in that early semi-unenlightened era.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waha |first=Kristen Bergman |date=2018 |title=Synthesizing Hindu and Christian Ethics in A. Madhaviah’s Indian English Novel ''Clarinda'' (1915) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E8BFFEDB9572B78602195445709B6D5F/S1060150317000419a.pdf/div-class-title-synthesizing-hindu-and-christian-ethics-in-a-madhaviah-s-indian-english-novel-span-class-italic-clarinda-span-1915-div.pdf |journal=Victorian Literature and Culture |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=46 |pages=237–255}}</ref> She had the Clarinda Church consecrated by Schwartz (1785). This Church now is a major place of worship for Christians and others as well. She was instrumental in building schools in Palayamkottai which are now major educational institutions and other small Churches for the congregations she had managed to form in neighboring villages. For all this she used her own private funds without depending much on contributions or grants. She had to face, along the way, innumerable difficulties, from the non Christian majority around, the schisms of the Church, personal short comings and unexpected hindrances. But she was undaunted and never gave up on her purpose. Many among the Christian communities consider her a veritable and renowned missionary worker of her times. She died in c. 1806.

== Legacy ==
[[A. Madhaviah]], a pioneer of the [[Tamil literature#Tamil novel|Tamil novel]], brought out a biographical novel in English, titled ''Clarinda'' (1915). The work was translated into Tamil in 1976 by the Christian Literature Society (CLS).

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhmlwsYDBRw History of Clarinda, Tirunelveli Diocese]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Clorinda, Rasa}}
[[Category:1750s births]]
[[Category:1800s deaths]]
[[Category:Converts to Protestantism from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Indian women philanthropists]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur]]
[[Category:Tamil people]]
[[Category:People from Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:18th-century philanthropists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:19th-century women philanthropists]]
[[Category:18th-century women philanthropists]]

Shabir Ibrahim Kaskar

2026-03-28T06:11:28Z

Veronaqbs:

{{Short description|Indian criminal (1955–1981)}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox criminal
| birth_date = 1955
| death_date = {{death date and age|1981|2|12|1955|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Prabhadevi]], [[South Mumbai]], India
| death_cause = Killed by [[Manya Surve]], Amirzada, Alamzeb Jangrez Khan and Siddique<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/one-dead-one-caught/story-dKLoBa13UWQNYLIOfX6cAL.html|title=One dead, one caught|date=22 October 2006}}</ref>
| relatives = [[Dawood Ibrahim]] (brother)
}}

'''Shabir<ref>Sometimes spelled Sabir</ref> Ibrahim Kaskar''' (1955 – 12 February 1981) was a notorious Indian criminal based in [[Mumbai]]. He was the brother of [[Dawood Ibrahim]], leader of the [[D-Company]]. The rise of the brothers in Mumbai's underworld and the sympathetic attitude of the [[Greater Mumbai Police|Mumbai Police Department]] toward them evoked the jealousy and resentment of other established gang members from the Pathan gang that dominated the [[South Mumbai]] area. The inter-gang rivalry grew to such an extent that [[Manya Surve]] and his gang, along with Amirzada, Alamzeb and Siddique, plotted to kill Shabir and Dawood. On 12 February 1981, they shot Shabir at a petrol pump in [[Prabhadevi]]. The murder marked an important chapter in Mumbai's underworld as it unleashed a gruesome gang war between Ibrahim's gang and the Pathan gang, leading to a spate of shootouts until the retired don, [[Karim Lala]], requested a truce. Eventually the Pathan gang ceded dominance to Ibrahim's gang.

==Early life and entry into crime==
Shabir Ibrahim Kaskar, the son of a police constable in the CID department at Azad Maidan police station named Ibrahim Kaskar, who routinely exercised severe corporal punishment on his sons,<ref name="dongri"/> hailed from [[Maharashtra]] and belonged to the [[Konkani Muslim]] community.<ref name="FL">{{cite news |title=Mumbai's mafia wars |publisher=[[Interpol]] |author=[[Praveen Swami]] |date=1999-03-27 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1607/16070420.htm |access-date=10 April 2007 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403162348/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1607/16070420.htm |archive-date=3 April 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/1993-blasts-linked-to-power-struggle/articleshow/2000709.cms | title=1993 blasts linked to power struggle | date=18 September 2006 | access-date=30 September 2018 }}</ref> The family had eight children and were perennially impoverished.

Shabir and his younger brother, [[Dawood Ibrahim|Dawood]], were school dropouts and often spent their days wandering in the streets of [[Dongri]]-[[Bhendi Bazaar|Bhendi Bazar]]. In those days, people lived in fear and awe of [[Karim Lala]], the leader of the Pathan gang and [[Haji Mastan]], the smuggler who enjoyed a cult following among the impoverished Muslim youths in [[South Mumbai]] including Shabir and Dawood. They and their friends called their group the "Young Company". Their father requested Haji Mastan to give his wastrel sons decent employment. On Mastan's instructions, they worked in an electronic shop at Manish Market for some time, but soon went back to their petty crime and mob fights. Soon they found their way into the Pathan gang where they did odd jobs often transporting contraband and illegal goods.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== Rivalry with the Pathan gang ==
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2025}}
The Pathan gang was run by [[Karim Lala]] who was supported by his Pathan cronies like Amirzada, Alamzeb, Samad Khan, Saeed Batla, and Ayub Lala. The Ibrahim brothers worked with Bashu Dada and other gangsters. As sons of a police constable and due to the Pathan gangs' increasing violence and notoriety, Dawood would gain the support of the Mumbai police and develop what was seen at the time as a symbiotic relationship to clean up Mumbai city of its “trash”, term used to describe criminals who target innocents and law enforcement.<ref name="dongri">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121219020836/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dongri-to-dubai-six-decades-of-the-mumbai-mafia-the-rise-of-dawood-ibrahim/267819-40-102.html "'Dongri to Dubai: Six Decades Of The Mumbai Mafia, the rise of Dawood Ibrahim'"]. Accessed 22 April 2025.</ref>

By some accounts, Mumbai police officers decided to deliberately turn a blind eye to the criminal activities of the brothers while using their help to target the larger Pathan gang. This resulted in the Ibrahim brothers committing attacks against the Pathan gang with immunity and gaining the support of the general public, law enforcement and local newspapers who hailed them as the "protectors of the community". A journalist who supported the brothers and helped paint them as heroes was Iqbal Naatiq, who played a role in bringing together the police and Ibrahim brothers to combat the Pathans, whom he felt unnecessarily targeted innocent civilians. After Naatiq tipped off the police about Ayub Lala and Saeed Batla's illegal gambling and liquor dens, they kidnapped Naatiq and stabbed him to death, reportedly 67 times.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4H145q-BbgE SAW Original trailer]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaskar, Shabir Ibrahim}}
[[Category:Criminals from Mumbai]]
[[Category:D-Company]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]

Bharatiya Vayuyan Adhiniyam, 2024

2026-03-26T23:02:05Z

Veronaqbs: put up

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Bharatiya Vayuyan Adhiniyam, 2024 {Indian Aircraft Act, 2024}
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to provide for regulation and control of the design, manufacture, maintenance, possession, use, operation, sale, export and import of aircraft and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| citation = [https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2024/The_Bharatiya_Vayuyan_Adhiniyam,_2024.pdf Act No. 16 of 2024]
| territorial_extent = [[India]]
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_passed = 9 August 2024
| enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_passed2 = 5 December 2024
| assented_by = [[President of India]]
| date_assented = 11 December 2024
| date_commenced = [https://egazette.gov.in/(S(fs24qrxs4oudfjuzgvffsk1c))/ViewPDF.aspx 1 January 2025]
| bill_history_url = https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-vayuyan-vidheyak-2024
| bill = Bharatiya Vayuyan Vidheyak, 2024
| bill_citation = [https://egazette.gov.in/(S(fs24qrxs4oudfjuzgvffsk1c))/ViewPDF.aspx Bill No. 74 of 2024]
| introduced_by = [[Kinjarapu Ram Mohan Naidu]]
{{small|Minister of Civil Aviation}}
| date_introduced = 31 July 2024
| repeals = The Aircraft Act, 1934
| status = in force
}}
The '''Bharatiya Vayuyan Adhiniyam, 2024''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Bhāratīya Vāyuyān Adhiniyam;'' {{literal translation|'''Indian Aircraft Act, 2024'''}}) is an Act of the [[Parliament of India]]. This Act provides for regulation and control of the design, manufacture, maintenance, possession, use, operation, sale, export and import of aircraft and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2024 |title=Centre to introduce 6 new bills for Parliament Monsoon Session |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lok-sabha-monsoon-session-bills-om-birla-bac-union-budget-2024-business-advisory-committee-2568853-2024-07-19 |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=19 July 2024 |title=Monsoon Session of Parliament: Government lists six new Bills; Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla constitutes BAC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/monsoon-session-of-parliament-government-lists-six-new-bills-lok-sabha-speaker-om-birla-constitutes-bac/article68420922.ece |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2024 |title=Govt tables Bhartiya Vayuyan Vidheyak Bill 2024 to replace Aircraft Act 1934 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-tables-bhartiya-vayuyan-vidheyak-bill-2024-to-replace-aircraft-act-1934/articleshow/112174409.cms |access-date=9 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

This Act replaced the [[Aircraft Act, 1934]].

== Timeline ==

* On 31 July 2024, the Bharatiya Vayuyan Vidheyak, 2024, was introduced in [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2024 |title=Bharatiya Vayuyan Vidheyak: Centre introduce bill in LS to replace 90-year-old Aircraft Act |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bharatiya-vayuyan-vidheyak-centre-introduce-bill-in-ls-to-replace-90-year-old-aircraft-act/articleshow/112163457.cms |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* On 9 August 2024, the Bharatiya Vayuyan Vidheyak, 2024, was passed by Lok Sabha.
* On 5 December 2024, the Bharatiya Vayuyan Vidheyak, 2024 was introduced in [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the Parliament of India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Chandra |first=Jagriti |date=5 December 2024 |title=Parliament passes Bharatiya Vayuyan Vidheyak Bill |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-passes-bharatiya-vayuyan-vidheyak-2024/article68950954.ece |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* On 5 December 2024, the Bharatiya Vayuyan Vidheyak, 2024 was passed by Rajya Sabha.<ref name=":0" />
* On 11 December 2024, the President of India has given assent to the Bharatiya Vayuyan Vidheyak, 2024 making it the Bharatiya Vayuyan Adhiniyam, 2024.

==The Act==

The '''Bharatiya Vayuyan Adhiniyam, 2024''' is divided into eight chapters, each addressing a distinct aspect of civil aviation governance in India. The structure reflects a shift toward modern regulatory practices, replacing the older Aircraft Act of 1934.

*''Chapter I'' – Preliminary Introduces the Act, defines key terms, and lays out its scope and applicability.

*''Chapter II'' – Regulation of Civil Aviation Details the powers of the [[Government of India|Central Government]] and [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|DGCA]] in overseeing aviation activities, including licensing and operational standards.

*''Chapter III'' – Aircraft Operations Covers registration, airworthiness, and operational requirements for aircraft flying in Indian airspace.

*''Chapter IV'' – Licensing of Personnel Specifies the qualifications and licensing procedures for pilots, engineers, and other aviation professionals.

*''Chapter V'' – [[Aerodrome]] and Navigation Services Regulates the setup and functioning of airports and air navigation infrastructure.

*''Chapter VI'' – Safety and Security Focuses on aviation safety, accident investigations, and security protocols.

*''Chapter VII'' – Enforcement and Penalties Lists offenses and penalties, and outlines enforcement mechanisms including inspections and adjudication.

*''Chapter VIII'' – Miscellaneous Includes transitional provisions, rule-making powers, and repeal clauses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Directorate General of Civil Aviation {{!}} Government of India |url=https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?baseLocale=en_US?page=jsp/dgca/InventoryList/RegulationGuidance/Rules/Bharatiya%20Vayuyan%20Adhiniyam%202024.pdf |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.dgca.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://egazette.gov.in/(S(fs24qrxs4oudfjuzgvffsk1c))/ViewPDF.aspx Gazette notification on introduction of the bill.] Gazette ID:CG-DL-E-31072024-255957
* [https://egazette.gov.in/(S(fs24qrxs4oudfjuzgvffsk1c))/ViewPDF.aspx Gazette notification on assent] Gazette ID:CG-DL-E-11122024-259352
* [https://egazette.gov.in/(S(fs24qrxs4oudfjuzgvffsk1c))/ViewPDF.aspx Gazette nofitication on commencement] Gazette ID:CG-DL-E-31122024-259757
{{India-law-stub}}
[[Category:Aviation in India]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2024]]

Waheeda Rehman

2026-03-25T15:32:59Z

Veronaqbs: quick update

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1938)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Waheeda Rehman
| image = Waheeda Rehman in October 2023.jpg
| image_caption = Rehman in 2023
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1938|02|03}}
| birth_place = [[Chengalpet]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = {{hlist|1955–present}}
| works = [[Waheeda Rehman filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Shashi Rekhi]]|1974|2000|end=died}}
| children = 2
| honours =
| homepage =
| signature = Waheeda Rehman Signature.png
}}

'''Waheeda Rehman''' (born 3 February 1938) is an Indian actress. Regarded as one of the greatest and most accomplished actresses of [[Hindi cinema]], she has appeared in more than [[Waheeda Rehman filmography|90 feature films]], in a career spanning over five decades. Her accolades include a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] and three [[Filmfare Awards]]. She was honoured with India's civilian awards, the [[Padma Shri]] in 1972 and the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2011. In 2021 she was honoured with the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]], India's highest award in the field of cinema.

Rehman made her acting debut with the Telugu film ''[[Rojulu Marayi]]'' (1955). She rose to prominence by her collaborations with Hindi filmmaker [[Guru Dutt]] in the dramas ''[[Pyaasa]]'' (1957), ''[[Kaagaz Ke Phool]]'' (1959), ''[[Chaudhvin Ka Chand]]'' (1960), and ''[[Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam]]'' (1962). She received widespread critical acclaim for the romantic drama ''[[Guide (film)|Guide]]'' (1965), for which she won her first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]. She won the award again for her performance in the romantic thriller ''[[Neel Kamal (1968 film)|Neel Kamal]]'' (1968), and additionally earned nominations for her roles in the comedy ''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]'' (1967) and the drama ''[[Khamoshi (1970 film)|Khamoshi]]'' (1969). For portraying a clanswoman in the crime drama ''[[Reshma Aur Shera]]'' (1971), she won the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]].

Since the 1970s, Rehman has worked primarily in supporting roles, appearing in [[Yash Chopra]]'s romantic dramas ''[[Kabhie Kabhie (1976 film)|Kabhie Kabhie]]'' (1976), ''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]'' (1989) and ''[[Lamhe]]'' (1991), and action films ''[[Trishul (film)|Trishul]]'' (1978) and ''[[Mashaal]]'' (1984). Her other notable supporting roles were in the films ''[[Namkeen]]'' and ''[[Namak Halaal]]'' in 1982. In 1994, she was honoured with the [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award]]. Following a hiatus, she has worked intermittently, appearing in the social dramas ''[[Water (2005 film)|Water]]'' (2005), ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006) and ''[[Delhi 6]]'' (2009).

Apart from her acting career, Rehman is a philanthropist. She is an advocate for education and is an ambassador for [[RangDe]], an organisation combating [[poverty in India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Anu |date=27 September 2018 |title=How Rang De is using crowdsourcing to make micro loans cheaper |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/money/how-rang-de-is-using-crowdsourcing-to-make-micro-loans-cheaper/articleshow/58509858.cms |access-date=28 September 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
{{toc limit|3}}

== Early life ==
Waheeda Rehman was born on 3 February 1938 <ref name="dob12">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Waheeda-Rehmans-date-issues/articleshow/35143364.cms |title=Waheeda Rehman's date issues |author=Rachana Dubey |date=15 May 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914142931/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Waheeda-Rehmans-date-issues/articleshow/35143364.cms |archive-date=14 September 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="dob22">{{Cite web |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1447973?c=people |title=Rehman, Waheeda (1936–) |work=National Library of Australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090337/http://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1447973?c=people |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="dob32">{{Cite web |url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/nr96035018.html |title=Rahman, waheeda, 1936 |work=id.loc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518101754/http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/nr96035018.html |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> to a [[Deccanis|Deccani Muslim]] family in [[Chengalpet]] of present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is a common misconception that Rehman was born in [[Hyderabad]] instead of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="mentor">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Guru-Dutt-was-my-mentor-Waheeda/articleshow/4687931.cms?referral=PM |title=My Mentor |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 June 2009 |access-date=17 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127124803/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Guru-Dutt-was-my-mentor-Waheeda/articleshow/4687931.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=27 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Her father was Mohammed Abdur Rehman and her mother was Mumtaz Begum, and she was the youngest out of four daughters.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqfzAgAAQBAJ&q=waheeda+rehman |title=Conversations with Waheeda Rehman |last=Kabir |first=Nasreen Munni |date=15 March 2015 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9789351186427 |language=en}}</ref> As a child, she and her sisters were trained in [[Bharatanatyam]] in [[Chennai]].<ref name="mentor"/> She studied in St. Joseph's Convent in [[Visakhapatnam]] when her father was posted there in the then-[[Madras Presidency]]. Her father, who worked as a district commissioner, died in 1951 while she was in her early teens.<ref>[[#En|Gulzar, p. 22]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://waheedarehman1.blogspot.in/2015/08/interview-with-waheeda-rehman.html |title=Interview with Waheeda Rehman |access-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305233040/http://waheedarehman1.blogspot.in/2015/08/interview-with-waheeda-rehman.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live |date=5 August 2015}}</ref>

Rehman's dream was to become a doctor, but due to her family's circumstances emotionally and financially, alongside her mother's illness, she abandoned her goal. In order to help her family, she accepted movie offers that stemmed from her dancing abilities.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&q=Waheeda+Rehman&pg=PT533 |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |last=Britannica |first=Encyclopedia |date=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=9788179910665 |language=en}}</ref>

==Acting career==

=== Beginnings and breakthrough ===
Rehman made her film debut with the Tamil film ''[[Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (1956 film)|Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum]]'' as a dancer. However, the Telugu film ''[[Rojulu Marayi]]'' (1955) released prior to that; where she again performed in a dance.<ref name="Tamil">{{cite news |last1=Nainar |first1=Nahla |title=Waheeda Rehman's Tamil Nadu connect |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/waheeda-rehmans-sister-on-growing-up-with-her-chand/article67353144.ece |access-date=2 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=27 September 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The same year, she also played the lead role opposite [[N. T. Rama Rao]] in the film ''[[Jayasimha (1955 film)|Jayasimha]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayasimha (1955) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-jayasimha/article11200310.ece |access-date=2 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=14 August 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Subsequently, her [[cameo appearance]] in ''Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum'' released in 1956.<ref name="Tamil"/> Based on the folktale ''[[Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves]]'', it was the first Tamil film to be colourised.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modern Theatres |url=https://archive.org/details/Alibabavum40Thirudargalum1956Songbook |title=Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum 1956 Songbook |date=14 January 1956}}</ref> In the mid-1950s, she established a working relationship with [[Dev Anand]] wherein they had a number of successful films to their credit which include ''[[Solva Saal]]'' (1958). Suresh Kohli of ''[[The Hindu]]'' writes on her performance in ''Solva Saal''; "Though barely 20 then and only in her fourth Hindi release, Rehman demonstrates her class: both in serious scenes demanding intensity and through sparkling, mischievous eye movements during lighter moments."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kohli |first=Suresh |date=30 August 2012 |title=Solva Saal (1958) |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/solva-saal-1958/article3839841.ece |access-date=7 August 2019 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

====Collaborations with Guru Dutt====
Rehman's performances caught the eye of Hindi filmmaker [[Guru Dutt]], whom she considered her mentor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parkar |first1=Hamida |title=How Guru Dutt Discovered Waheeda Rehman |url=https://indiacurrents.com/how-guru-dutt-discovered-waheeda-rehman/ |access-date=2 May 2024 |work=India Currents |date=20 December 2018}}</ref> Dutt brought her to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (present-day Mumbai) and cast her as Kamini in the [[Crime film|crime thriller]] ''[[C.I.D. (1956 film)|C.I.D.]]'' (1956). Because of the trend set of the then popular actresses such as [[Madhubala]], [[Nargis]] and [[Meena Kumari]], Waheeda was asked to use a stage name, reasoning that her name should be "something sexy", which she refused and continued with her birth name.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/was-a-stubborn-newcomer-in-industry-waheeda-rehman/articleshow/45980487.cms?from=mdr |title=Was a stubborn newcomer in industry: Waheeda Rehman |date=22 January 2015 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref> Dutt would next cast her in her first lead role in Hindi films in the [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] ''[[Pyaasa]]'' (1957), where she portrayed a prostitute. The film was a commercial success, and it has been regarded by critics as one of the greatest films ever made.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2010 |title=BoxOffice India.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=163&catName=MTk1Nw== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102005739/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=163&catName=MTk1Nw== |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 January 2010 |access-date=26 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=An |first=Gautam |date=27 November 2014 |title='Pyaasa' (1957) is an Eternal Classic. Here's Why. |url=https://thecinemaholic.com/pyaasa/ |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=The Cinemaholic |language=en-US}}</ref> She continued collaborations with Dutt which include the [[noir film]] [[12 O'Clock (film)|''12 O'Clock'']] (1958),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare recommends: Best Bollywood noir films of the '50s |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-best-bollywood-noir-films-of-the-50s_-40059.html |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> the romantic drama ''[[Kaagaz Ke Phool]]'' (1959), and the [[Muslim social]] film ''[[Chaudhvin Ka Chand]]'' (1960); all of which earned her critical praise.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sood |first=Samira |date=16 May 2020 |title=Kaagaz Ke Phool is Guru Dutt's masterclass in filmmaking and heartbreak |url=https://theprint.in/features/kaagaz-ke-phool-is-guru-dutts-masterclass-in-filmmaking-and-heartbreak/421852/ |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="chaudhvin ka chand">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Unnati |title=Waheeda Rehman — the 'chaudhvin ka chand' of Indian cinema who never believed in her beauty |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/waheeda-rehman-the-chaudhvin-ka-chand-of-indian-cinema-who-never-believed-in-her-beauty/820115/ |access-date=2 May 2024 |work=ThePrint |date=3 February 2022}}</ref> Rehman and Dutt's last collaboration was the romantic drama ''[[Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam]]'' (1962), which starred Dutt, Meena Kumari, and Rehman herself in a supporting role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2018 |title=Raise a Glass for the Lady |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/raise-a-glass-for-the-lady-5092875/ |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film was a major success, being lauded by both Indian and international critics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=1 June 2012 |title=The legend endures |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-legend-endures/article3476550.ece |access-date=7 August 2019 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This earned Rehman her first [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare]] nomination in the category of [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366477.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708060818/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366477.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2012 |title=The Nominations – 1962– The 51st Filmfare Awards |date=8 July 2012 |website=archive.is |access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref> meanwhile the film itself received nominations for the [[Golden Bear]] at the [[13th Berlin International Film Festival]] and won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Sahib bibi aur ghulam |journal=100 Bollywood Films |doi=10.5040/9781838710538.0089 |isbn=9781838710538 |last1=Alvi |first1=Abrar}}</ref>

===Widespread success===
The actress next ventured into [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] film-making with [[Satyajit Ray]]'s film ''[[Abhijan (1962 film)|Abhijan]]'' (1962).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/conversations-with-waheeda-rehman-the-endearing-story-of-a-remarkable-actress-book-review-114040900414_1.html |title='Conversations With Waheeda Rehman' : The endearing story of a remarkable actress (Book Review) |last=IANS |date=9 April 2014 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref> Following this, she played a murder suspect in ''[[Baat Ek Raat Ki]]'' (1962), a girl embroiled in a sibling feud in [[Rakhi (1962 film)|''Rakhi'']] (1962) and an infertile woman in ''[[Ek Dil Sau Afsane]]'' (1963).<ref>{{cite news |title=Baat Ek Raat Ki (1962) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/baat-ek-raat-ki-1962/article2051614.ece |access-date=2 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=26 May 2011 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=These 5 Hindi films best depict the essence of Rakhi |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/these-five-hindi-films-best-depict-the-essence-of-raksha-bandhan-539717 |access-date=2 May 2024 |work=The Tribune (India)}}</ref> As a leading lady, she was cast opposite many familiar faces of Hindi Cinema; notably, this includes [[Sunil Dutt]] in ''[[Mujhe Jeene Do]]'' (1962), [[Nirupa Roy]] in ''[[Kaun Apna Kaun Paraya]]'' (1963) and [[Biswajit Chatterjee|Biswajit]] in the horror film ''[[Kohra (1964 film)|Kohraa]]'' (1964), the drama [[Majboor (1964 film)|''Majboor'']] (1964), and the psychological-thriller ''[[Bees Saal Baad (1962 film)|Bees Saal Baad]]'' (1962)—the latter becoming the [[List of Bollywood films of 1962|highest-grossing Hindi film of 1962]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Britannica |first=Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&q=Bees+saal+baad+hound+of+baskervilles |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |date=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 |language=en}}</ref> At the end of 1964, Rehman became the third-highest paid actress in Hindi films.<ref>{{cite news |title=Just Like That {{!}} Waheeda Rehman: The storied life and legacy of an acting legend |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/just-like-that-waheeda-rehman-the-storied-life-and-legacy-of-an-acting-legend-101696072883943.html |access-date=4 April 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

====''Guide'' (1965)====
[[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]'s [[magnum opus]], the romantic drama ''[[Guide (film)|Guide]]'' (1965) was an [[The Guide|adaptation of the same book]] written by [[R. K. Narayan]], published in 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com, Movies: Classics Revisited: Guide |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/apr/18dinesh.htm |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> Rehman starred as Rosie, a rebellious, strong-willed wife of an unfaithful [[archaeologist]]. She stated that the role proved difficult for her, particularly because it broke several film stereotypes at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2012 |title='Guide' was a challenge for me: Waheeda Rehman |language=en |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Guide-was-a-challenge-for-me-Waheeda-Rehman/articleshow/15091077.cms |access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref> ''Guide'' was a major commercial success, emerging as the [[List of Hindi films of 1965|fifth-highest grossing Hindi film of 1965]], and it opened to widespread critical acclaim, with Rehman's performance receiving universal praise. Trisha Gupta of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' writing, "Rosie was triply unusual: a woman who walks out of an unhappy marriage, begins a romantic relationship with a man who isn't her husband, and simultaneously embarks on a successful career as a dancer. She would be an unusual Hindi film heroine even today..."<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2018 |title=60 years of RK Narayan's The Guide: A tale ahead of its time |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/60-years-of-rk-narayan-s-the-guide-a-tale-ahead-of-its-time/story-djxz0t5RZz6ZqK8ftXkcRK.html |access-date=8 August 2019 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and ranked her performance amongst Indian cinema's greatest. For her performance, Rehman won her first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]], and ''Guide'' went on to win the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]] and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]]. It became [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|India's official entry to the Oscars]], though it did not get nominated. It is now considered a [[cult following|cult classic]], and is considered Rehman's signature film performance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time Magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2022076_2022067_2022043,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030233038/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2022076_2022067_2022043,00.html |archive-date=30 October 2010 |website=Time: Guide (1965)}}</ref>

====Continued success====
Rehman's career peak continued when she was paired with other well-established superstars, namely [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Raj Kapoor]], and [[Rajesh Khanna]]. Among her most acclaimed films of the late 1960s include ''[[Teesri Kasam]]'' (1966), which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]], ''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]'' (1967), ''[[Neel Kamal (1968 film)|Neel Kamal]]'' (1968) and ''[[Khamoshi (1970 film)|Khamoshi]]'' (1969). The last three films earned Rehman consecutive nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress, winning her second award for ''Neel Kamal''.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=The Winners – 1968 |publisher=Filmfare Awards |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366813.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=15 December 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710162530/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366813.cms |archive-date=10 July 2012}}</ref> In her highly praised role in ''Khamoshi'' starring alongside Rajesh Khanna and [[Dharmendra]], she plays a nurse who goes mentally insane after falling in love with one of her patients, and eventually is sent to her own mental institution. Other commercial successes of this period were ''[[Patthar Ke Sanam]]'' (1967) and ''[[Aadmi (1968 film)|Aadmi]]'' (1968). At the end of the 1960s, Rehman ranked a new record amongst herself in becoming the second-paid actress in Hindi films, from 1964 to 1969. She states herself, "For ''Solva Saal'', my first film as a freelancer, I received ₹30,000. The highest I ever earned in my career was Rs. 7 [[lakh]] for a film."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Trisha |title=In her own name |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/watch/in-her-own-name/article8223891.ece |access-date=8 August 2019 |website=@businessline |date=12 February 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

====''Reshma Aur Shera'' (1971)====
For headlining [[Sunil Dutt]]'s film ''[[Reshma Aur Shera]]'' (1971), Rehman won the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]], which is India's equivalent to the [[Academy Award for Best Actress]].<ref name="masala">{{cite news |title=Amitabh Bachchan completes 52 years in Bollywood, here are his most underrated performances |url=https://www.masala.com/movies/amitabh-bachchan-completes-52-years-in-bollywood-here-are-his-most-underrated-performances-329953 |work=Masala.com |date=16 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928040641/https://www.masala.com/movies/amitabh-bachchan-completes-52-years-in-bollywood-here-are-his-most-underrated-performances-329953 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Reshma Aur Shera'' earned critical appreciation, Dutt was nominated for the [[Golden Bear]] at the [[22nd Berlin International Film Festival]] and was selected as the Indian entry for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best Foreign Language Film]],<ref name="masala" /> but the film failed at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |title=When Sunil Dutt Decided To Reshoot This Film And Landed In Rs 60 Lakh Debt |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-sunil-dutt-decided-to-reshoot-this-film-and-landed-in-rs-60-lakh-debt-8012395.html |work=News18 |date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928042157/https://www.news18.com/movies/when-sunil-dutt-decided-to-reshoot-this-film-and-landed-in-rs-60-lakh-debt-8012395.html |archive-date=28 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Later roles and sporadic work ===
Rehman began experimenting with roles at this stage of career. She accepted the offer to play a mother to [[Jaya Bhaduri]] in ''[[Phagun (1973 film)|Phagun]]'' (1973). In her new innings from the '70s, her successful films include ''[[Kabhie Kabhie (1976 film)|Kabhi Kabhie]]'' (1976), ''[[Trishul (film)|Trishul]]'' (1978), ''[[Jwalamukhi (1980 film)|Jwalamukhi]]'' (1980), [[Naseeb (1981 film)|''Naseeb'']] (1981), ''[[Namkeen]]'' (1982), ''[[Dharam Kanta]]'' (1982), ''[[Namak Halaal]]'' (1982), ''[[Coolie (1983 Hindi film)|Coolie]]'' (1983), ''[[Mashaal]]'' (1984), ''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]'' (1989) and ''[[Lamhe]]'' (1991).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Waheeda Rehman |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/waheeda-rehman |website=Cinemaazi |publisher=Indian Cine Heritage Foundation}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> ''Kabhi Kabhie'', ''Namkeen'', ''Chandni'' and ''Lamhe'' garnered her nominations for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]. Film expert Rajesh Subramanian reported that [[Manmohan Desai]] had approached Rehman, on behalf of [[Shammi Kapoor]], during the making of ''Naseeb''. In the song "John Jani Janardhan", Kapoor and Rehman make a grand-entry holding hands. Incidentally, this was the first time the two stars appeared together on screen.<ref name=":1" /> After her appearance in ''Lamhe'', she announced a sabbatical from the film industry.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

[[File:WaheedaRehman.jpg|thumb|Rehman in 2012|alt=|253x253px]]
Initially, Rehman was supposed to play the role of her frequent co-star [[Amitabh Bachchan]]'s mother in [[Karan Johar]]'s ensemble family drama ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001).<ref name=":1" /> However, after having shot a few scenes, she dropped out of the film due to her husband's death in November 2000; subsequently, her role was then played by [[Achala Sachdev]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=24 November 2000 |title=Waheeda Rehman opts out of Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham: : Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/waheeda-rehman-opts-out-of-kabhi-khushi-kabhi-gham/ |access-date=26 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In recent years, she has played motherly roles in ''[[Om Jai Jagadish]]'' (2002), ''[[Water (2005 film)|Water]]'' (2005), ''[[15 Park Avenue]]'' (2005), ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006) and ''[[Delhi 6]]'' (2009), all of which earned her critical acclaim.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

In 2011, she was honoured by the [[Government of India]] with the [[Padma Bhushan]], and in 2013 with the [[International Film Festival of India#Indian Film Personality of The Year|Cenetary Award for Indian Film Personality]] for her contribution to Indian Cinema. A biography has been written and published in 2014 about Rehman, entitled ''[[Conversations with Waheeda Rehman|Conversations With Waheeda Rehman]]'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kabir |first=Nasreen Munni |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqfzAgAAQBAJ |title=Conversations with Waheeda Rehman |date=15 March 2015 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9789351186427 |language=en}}</ref> which consist of interviews collected by author and director [[Nasreen Munni Kabir]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Looking back at a lifetime |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/looking-back-at-a-lifetime/article5905090.ece |access-date=4 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=12 April 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In April 1974, Waheeda married [[Shashi Rekhi]] (also known by his screen name Kamaljeet).<ref>{{cite web|title=Secrets: Unknown Husbands Of Bollywood|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/secrets-unknown-husbands-of-bollywood-actresses-277717-26.html|website=Indiatimes|date=9 March 2016|publisher=Times Internet Limited|accessdate=11 March 2018|archive-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312083326/https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/secrets-unknown-husbands-of-bollywood-actresses-277717-26.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> They had worked together in the film ''[[Shagoon]]'' (1964). They had two children, Daughter Kashvi and son Sohail. After her marriage, they lived in a farmhouse in [[Bangalore]] but after Rekhi's death on 21 November 2000, Waheeda moved back to [[Bandra]], [[Mumbai]], where she currently lives.<ref>{{cite web|title=Exclusive: Waheeda Rehman's Son AR Has A Dream Wedding In Bhutan|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/waheeda-rehman-son-wedding-bhutan-asha-parekh-helen-bhawana-somaaya|website=The Quint|date=15 June 2016 |accessdate=11 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mirror on a Full Moon|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/mirror-on-a-full-moon/290301|website=Outlook India|accessdate=11 March 2018}}</ref>

She is private about her life and seldom speaks about it, as said in an interview at the launch of ''[[Conversations with Waheeda Rehman]]'': "I don't want to get into it. My private life should remain private. It is nobody's business. I know we are public figures, so when I fight with my husband, do you want to know about it?"<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2014 |title=My private life nobody's business: Waheeda Rehman on relationship with Guru Dutt |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/my-private-life-nobodys-business-waheeda-rehman-on-relationship-with-guru-dutt/ |access-date=6 August 2019 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Artistry and legacy ==
[[File:Nanda-Waheeda-Helen-Sadhana.jpg|thumb|right|Rehman (second from left) with [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] and [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]] in 2010]]
Rehman is regarded as one of the greatest actors of [[Indian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Top heroines of Bollywood |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/top-actresses-of-bollywood-ever-367543-2012-05-01/16 |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/top-actresses-of-bollywood-ever-367543-2012-05-01/16 |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]'' placed her in their "Bollywood's Best Actresses of all time" list.<ref name="ever">{{cite web |author=Sen, Raja |work=Rediff.com |title=Bollywood's best actresses. Ever |date=6 March 2007 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/women07/2007/mar/06wslid6.htm |access-date=13 March 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309122104/http://specials.rediff.com/women07/2007/mar/06wslid6.htm |archive-date=9 March 2007}}</ref> In 2022, she was placed in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s "75 Best Bollywood Actresses" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 Bollywood Actresses Who Ruled The Silver Screen With Grace, Beauty And Talent |work=Outlook India |date=16 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694/amp |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the highest paid actress of mid- to late 1960s and early 1970s, Rehman appeared in ''[[Box Office India]]''{{'}}s "Top Actresses" list from 1958 to 1963 and again topeed the list from 1967 to 1972.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Actresses |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104144753/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Box Office India}}</ref> Rehman was placed 3rd in ''Rediff.com''{{'}}s "Best Bollywood Debut Ever" list, for her film ''CID''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Best Bollywood Debutants Ever |work=Rediff.com |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/24sd8-best-actresses-ever.htm |url-status=live |access-date=24 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/24sd8-best-actresses-ever.htm |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> In 2011, they listed her as the fifth-greatest actress of all-time after [[Nargis]], [[Smita Patil]], [[Nutan]] and [[Meena Kumari]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Readers Choice: The Greatest Actresses of all time |work=Rediff.com |author=Sen, Raja |access-date=22 September 2011 |date=29 June 2011 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-greatest-actresses-of-all-time/20110629.htm}}</ref> In 2012, Rehman was placed 9th by ''[[NDTV]]'' in its "The Most Popular Actress of All Time" list.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/photos/most-popular-actresses-of-all-time-slideshow/most-popular-actresses-of-all-time-photo-1339488684.html |title=Most popular actresses of all time |date=12 June 2012 |work=Yahoo! India Movies |access-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615214012/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/photos/most-popular-actresses-of-all-time-slideshow/most-popular-actresses-of-all-time-photo-1339488684.html |archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> ''[[Filmfare]]'' included Rehman's performances in ''Guide'' in its list of Bollywood's "80 Iconic Performances".<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://tanqeed.com/filmfare-top-80-iconic-performances-old-article-2010/ |title=80 Iconic Performances |journal=Filmfare Via Tanqeed.com |date=4 June 2010 |access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref> Rehman was also placed in ''[[Times of India]]''{{'}}s "50 Beautiful Faces" list.<ref>{{cite web |title=Photos – 50 Beautiful Faces: 100 years of Indian Cinema |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 November 2021 |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/movies/100-yrs-of-indian-cinema/50-beautiful-faces-100-years-of-indian-cinema/morphshow/19712979.cms?from=mdr}}</ref>

Devesh Sharma of ''Filmfare'' termed her "dusky danseuse".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Timeless classic: Waheeda Rehman |work=Filmfare |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/timeless-classic-waheeda-rehman-4648.amp |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://m.filmfare.com/features/timeless-classic-waheeda-rehman-4648.amp |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> Arushi Bhaskar of ''[[Indian Express]]'' said, "Waheeda Rehman has a rich filmography to her name that reflects the changing ethos of Indian cinema as well as her own talents."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Neel Kamal, a rare Waheeda Rehman film that gloriously fails the test of time |work=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/neel-kamal-that-rare-waheeda-rehman-film-that-gloriously-fails-the-test-of-time-8422285/lite/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/neel-kamal-that-rare-waheeda-rehman-film-that-gloriously-fails-the-test-of-time-8422285/lite/ |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> Sharla Bazliel of ''[[India Today]]'' noted, "Her name means "the unique one" and few actors have had a career, and life, quite like Waheeda Rehman."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Waheeda Rehman: A life wonderful |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/total-recall-2014-waheeda-rehman-a-life-wonderful-2397522-2023-06-24 |url-status=live |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india-today-insight/story/total-recall-2014-waheeda-rehman-a-life-wonderful-2397522-2023-06-24 |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> Mukul Kesavan of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' talked about her work with Guru Dutt and said, "Waheeda Rehman is Hindi cinema's greatest actor but it is a mistake to make that claim, as often happens, on the basis of her work in Guru Dutt's films. Guru Dutt sprinkled her with stardust; as an actor, she made herself."<ref>{{Cite news |title=AN ACTOR OF GENIUS – Waheeda Rehman's best work came after the Guru Dutt phase |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/an-actor-of-genius-waheeda-rehman-s-best-work-came-after-the-guru-dutt-phase/cid/404906 |url-status=live |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/an-actor-of-genius-waheeda-rehman-s-best-work-came-after-the-guru-dutt-phase/cid/404906 |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> Dinesh Raheja of ''Rediff.com'' noted, "Rehman's simple beauty and refreshingly natural style of acting gave her an edge over the carefully-lacquered bouffant brigade of the 1960s."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The simple, understated beauty of Waheeda Rehman |work=Rediff.com |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/mar/11dinesh.htm |url-status=live |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/mar/11dinesh.htm |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Waheeda Rehman's journey from Ganjam to stardom |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2023/sep/28/waheeda-rehmans-journey-from-ganjam-to-stardom-2618963.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=The New Indian Express|date=28 September 2023 }}</ref> In 2022, actress [[Paoli Dam]] recreated her look from ''[[Pyaasa]]'' (1957), on the occasion of 75 years of Independence.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/style/fashion-through-the-decades-brings-to-life-a-bunch-of-defining-looks-spanning-the-40s-to-the-present-day/cid/1879850 |title=Fashion through the decades |work=Telegraph India |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926074422/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/style/fashion-through-the-decades-brings-to-life-a-bunch-of-defining-looks-spanning-the-40s-to-the-present-day/cid/1879850 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Main|Waheeda Rehman filmography}}

== Awards and honours ==
[[File:Smt. Waheeda Rehman, Dadasaheb Phalke Awardee at 69th National Film Awards.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Droupadi Murmu|President Murmu]] presenting the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] to Rehman at the [[69th National Film Awards]]]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Year !!Film !!Award !!Category !!Result !!Ref.
|-
|1962
|''[[Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=The Nominations – 1962 |publisher=Filmfare Awards |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366477.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=15 December 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708060818/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366477.cms |archive-date=8 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1965
| rowspan="2" |''[[Guide (film)|Guide]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=The Winners – 1966 |publisher=Filmfare Awards |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366585.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=15 December 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708000553/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366585.cms |archive-date=8 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chicago International Film Festival]]
|[[Chicago International Film Festival|Best Actress]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web| title=Chicago International Film Festival Awards| url=https://www.chicagofilmfestival.com/about-us/mission-history/| work=The Chicago International Film Festival| access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|1966
|''[[Teesri Kasam]]''
|[[BFJA awards|BFJA Awards]]
|[[BFJA Awards for Best Actress (Hindi)|Best Actress (Hindi)]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080506034230/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196932.htm 32nd Annual BFJA Awards]</ref>
|-
|1967
|''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=The Nominations – 1967 |publisher=Filmfare Awards |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366594.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=15 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029231245/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366594.cms |archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
|1968
|''[[Neel Kamal (1968 film)|Neel Kamal]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1970
|''[[Khamoshi (1970 film)|Khamoshi]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=The Nominations – 1970 |publisher=Filmfare Awards |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366830.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=15 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040323041919/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366830.cms |archive-date=23 March 2004}}</ref>
|-
|1971
|''[[Reshma Aur Shera]]''
|[[National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2008 |title=Reshma Aur Shera 1971 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Reshma-Aur-Shera-1971/article15391878.ece |access-date=31 December 2018 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|1976
|''[[Kabhie Kabhie (1976 film)|Kabhi Kabhie]]''
| rowspan="4" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=The Nominations – 1976 |publisher=Filmfare Awards |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366919.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=15 December 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710105030/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366919.cms |archive-date=10 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|1982
|''[[Namkeen]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=The Nominations – 1982 |publisher=Filmfare Awards |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367120.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=15 December 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708001712/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367120.cms |archive-date=8 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|1989
|''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=The Nominations – 1989 |publisher=Filmfare Awards |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368588.cms |access-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927114301/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368588.cms |archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
|1991
|''[[Lamhe]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=The Nominations – 1991 |publisher=Filmfare Awards |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368596.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=15 December 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710182858/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368596.cms |archive-date=10 July 2012}}</ref>
|}

=== Honours ===
*[[Padma Shri]] in 1972.<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2014)|url= http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/YearWiseListOfRecipientsBharatRatnaPadmaAwards-1954-2014.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914220252/http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/YearWiseListOfRecipientsBharatRatnaPadmaAwards-1954-2014.pdf|archivedate=14 September 2017|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=21 May 2014|accessdate=22 March 2016|pages=37–72}}</ref>
*[[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lifetime Achievement (Popular) |publisher=Filmfare Awards |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?artid=33782146 |url-status=dead |access-date=15 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212082935/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?artid=33782146 |archive-date=12 February 2008}}</ref>
*[[IIFA Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2001/ |title=IIFA Through the Years – IIFA 2001: South Africa |website=International Indian Film Academy Awards |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925131700/http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2001/ |archive-date=25 September 2015 }}</ref>
*[[NTR National Award]] in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=N.T.R. NATIONAL FILM AWARDEES|url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/ntr-national-film-award.html|access-date=3 January 2021|website=APSFTVTDC}}</ref>
*[[Padma Bhushan]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brajesh Mishra, Azim Premji, Montek in list of 128 Padma awardees |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Brajesh-Mishra-Azim-Premji-Montek-in-list-of-128-Padma-awardees/articleshow/7361816.cms |url-status=live |access-date=26 January 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716120734/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Brajesh-Mishra-Azim-Premji-Montek-in-list-of-128-Padma-awardees/articleshow/7361816.cms |archive-date=16 July 2012}}</ref>
Centenary award for best film personality 2013
*Rashtriya Kishore Kumar Samman from the Government of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2020 |title=Waheeda Rehman conferred with Kishore Kumar Award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/waheeda-rehman-conferred-with-kishore-kumar-award-6250909/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]]: India's highest award for cinematic excellence for the year 2021, awarded in 2023 at the [[69th National Film Awards]].<ref name="Waheeda Rehman honoured with Dadasaheb Phalke Award for contributions to Indian cinema, expemplifying ‘strength of Bharatiya Nari’">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Waheeda Rehman honoured with Dadasaheb Phalke Award for contributions to Indian cinema, expemplifying 'strength of Bharatiya Nari' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/waheeda-rehman-honoured-with-dadasaheb-phalke-award-for-contributions-to-indian-cinema-expemplifying-strength-of-bharatiya-nari-8956704/ |access-date=26 September 2023 |date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926093107/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/waheeda-rehman-honoured-with-dadasaheb-phalke-award-for-contributions-to-indian-cinema-expemplifying-strength-of-bharatiya-nari-8956704/ |archive-date=26 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |title=[[Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema]] |last1=Gulzar |last2=Nihalani |first2=Govind |last3=Chatterjee |first3=Saibal |author-link1=Gulzar |author-link2=Govind Nihalani |author-link3=Saibal Chatterjee |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |year=2003 |isbn=81-7991-066-0 |ref=En}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Kabir |first=Nasreen Munni |title=[[Conversations with Waheeda Rehman]] |publisher=[[Penguin India]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-06-70086-92-4 |author-link=Nasreen Munni Kabir}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Waheeda Rehman}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb name|0716851}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|waheeda-rehman}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928174821/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-23/news-interviews/28202984_1_guru-dutt-rojulu-maraayi-waheeda-rehman Waheeda Rehman Interview]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061210124307/http://www.geocities.com/chchamuk_chchaili/WaheedaRehman.html?1092378902750 A Film Retrospective in Seattle. October 2004]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article3694350.ece Queen of Hearts] – interview with Rehman published in ''[[The Hindu]]''

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards and honours for Waheeda Rehman
| list =
{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award}}
{{National Film Award for Best Actress}}
{{IFFI - Indian Film Personality of the year Award}}
{{NTR National Award}}
{{FilmfareBestActressAward}}
{{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAward}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rehman, Waheeda}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Actors from Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Actresses from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Best Actress National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]

Krishak Bharati Cooperative

2026-03-23T15:52:26Z

Veronaqbs: small changes

{{Short description|Indian cooperative fertilizer manufacturer}}
{{notability|Companies|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Krishak Bharati Cooperative Limited
| logo =
| caption =
| type = National level cooperative federation.
| traded_as =
| genre = 
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date|df=yes|1980|04|17}}
| founder = Government of india
| defunct =
| location_city = KRIBHCO Bhawan, A-10, Sector-1, NOIDA, Gautam Budh Nagar, U.P, India, 201301
| location_country = [[India]]
| location =
| locations =
| area_served = [[India]]
| key_people = {{Plainlist|
* V. Sudhakar Chowdary, Chairman
* Dr. Chandra Pal Singh, Vice-Chairman
* S.S. Yadav, Managing Director
* Manish Kumar, Finance Director
* M.R. Sharma, Operations Director
* S.S. Yadav, Director (HR)
* V.S.R. Prasad, Marketing Director
}}
| industry = Fertilizer
| products = [[Fertilizer]]s
| services =
| revenue =
| operating income =
| net_income = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|16598|c}} (2023–24)
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.kribhco.net}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''Krishak Bharati Cooperative Limited''' ('''KRIBHCO''') is a national level multistate cooperative society under the [[Ministry of Co-operation|Ministry of Cooperation]], [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-kribhco-goes-iffco-s-way-wrests-control-from-govt-1889442 |date=March 2018 | title=Kribhco goes Iffco's way, wrests control from govt }}</ref>

.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiancooperative.com/kribcho/kribhco-board-finalizes-IIT-Roorkee-graduate-MR-Sharma-as-md/ | title=Kribhco board finalizes IIT Roorkee graduate MR Sharma as MD | date=1 September 2024 }}</ref> Mr. Manish Kumar, an IIT Delhi alumnus, currently serves as the Director (Finance). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=https://www.kribhco.net/pages/about/bod.html |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=www.kribhco.net}}</ref>

The cooperative was ranked 382nd on the [[Fortune India 500]] list of India's biggest corporations in 2023, up from 446th in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KRIBHCO Fertilisers Ltd |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/companies/kribhco-fertilisers-ltd |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
KRIBHCO was incorporated on 17 April 1980 as a national level Multi State Cooperative Society by [[Government of India]] to implement first gas based high capacity Fertilizer Complex consisting of 2 x 1890 MTPD Ammonia plants and 4 x 1662.5 MTPD Urea plants each with annual installed capacity of 8.91 Lakh MT Ammonia and 14.52 lakh MT of Urea at Hazira District-Surat, Gujarat, India based on natural gas from Bombay High/ South Bassein. Hazira fertilizer complex was commissioned in 1985 in record time with saving of Rs. 90 crore in project cost.

In an endeavor to make constant improvements, KRIBHCO implemented various schemes to enhance its capacity and improve the energy consumption. Capacities of ammonia & urea plants were reassessed to 2x1520 MTPD Ammonia and 4x 1310 MTPD Urea with annual installed capacity of 10.03 Lakh MT ammonia and 17.29 lakh MT of urea.

The [[Hazira]] Fertilizer Complex was subsequently revamped in 2013 to increase its production capacity by 4.65 LMTPA of Urea. After the revamp, the rated capacity has been enhanced to 2x3325 MTPD Urea (21.95 LMTPA) and 2 x 1890 MTPD Ammonia (12.47 LMTPA). With this, the [[Hazira]] fertilizer complex has become the largest single location urea plant in India.

KRIBHCO owns a gas based Fertilizer Complex at [[Shahjahanpur]], U.P. strategically located in North India, in high urea consumption belt. The fertilizer complex consists of 1520 MPTD Ammonia Plant (annual capacity of 5.02 Lakh MT) and 2620 MTPD Urea Plant (annual capacity of 8.64 Lakh MT).
The Fertilizer Plant is and based on Natural Gas as feedstock supplied through the Hazira-Vijaypur-Jagdishpur ("HVJ") gas pipeline. Kribhco [[Shahjahanpur]] plant is the latest Greenfield urea plant in India.

'''Expansion & Diversifications'''

KRIBHCO has also made realignment in its corporate strategy and internal operations revamping to meet the challenges in the liberalized/globalized economy. As a part of above initiative, KRIBHCO entered into overseas Joint Ventures, diversification into Power Sector, Logistics Business, [[Agribusiness]], Green Energy etc.

In 2005, KRIBHCO's Joint Venture project with [[Oman Oil Company]] came on stream in Sultanate of Oman. KRIBHCO holds 25% equity in OMIFCO.

Kribhco Fertilizer Limited (formerly Kribhco Shyam Fertilizer Ltd) is a 100% subsidiary of KRIBHCO. KRIBHCO has diversified into power sector by investing in Gujarat State Energy Generation (GSEG). KRIBHCO had incorporated Kribhco Infrastructure Limited(KRIL)which is into logistics business, in which it now owns 26% stake . KRIBHCO holds 2.34% equity in Nagarjuna Oil Refinery Limited and 1.84% in Nagarjuna Fertilizers and Chemicals Ltd. KRIBHCO holds 5% equity in Indian Commodity Exchange (ICEX)New products and marketing initiatives. Recently It has diversified into Agribusiness and Green energy by establishing two wholly owned Subsidiaries.

KRIBHCO has been promoting the use of bio-fertilisers for many years. The society has three units to manufacture bio-fertilisers at Hazira (Gujarat), Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) and Lanjha (Maharashtra). The Society markets one of its Kind Liquid Bio Fertilisers which are consortia of different microbes.
KRIBHCO is also marketing high yielding Hybrid seeds of various crops like Bt Cotton.
KRIBHCO imports and markets other fertilizers like DAP, NPKs, MAP, MOP etc. from time to time. It also markets speciality nutrients like Zinc Sulphate, Potash Derived from Molasses etc.
Organic Agriculture has emerged as a feasible option to address concerns relating to [[land degradation]]s. KRIBHCO regularly undertakes marketing of compost made from city waste.

==Urea plants==
1. [[Hazira]] plant

2. [[Shahjahanpur]] plant

==Biofertilizer plants==
1. Hazira (Gujarat)

2. Lanja Ratnagiri (Maharashtra)

3. Varanasi (Uttar pradesh)

==Subsidiaries==
1. Kribhco Fertilizer Limited (KFL)

2. Kribhco Infrastructure Limited (KRIL)

3. Oman India Fertiliser Company (OMIFCO)

4. Gramin Vikas Trust (GVT)

5. Gujarat State Energy Generation Limited (GSEG)

6. Private jetty

7. Kribhco Agribusiness Private Limited

8. KRIBHCO Green Energy Private Limited

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{Cite web|url =https://www.kribhco.net |title = Annual Report 2018-2019|date = |access-date = 3 January 2019|website =kribhco.net |publisher = KRIBHCO|last = |first = }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.kribhco.net/index.php/about-us/response|title=Profile|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523021407/http://www.kribhco.net/index.php/about-us/response|archive-date=23 May 2015|publisher=KRIBHCO|access-date=31 October 2018|url-status=live}}
*http://www.kribhco.net/project.html
*http://www.kribhco.net/about.html

{{Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (India)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cooperatives in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Noida]]
[[Category:Economy of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Fertiliser companies of India]]
[[Category:Economy of Surat]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1980]]
[[Category:Chemical companies established in 1980]]

Suryakumar Yadav

2026-03-20T16:00:28Z

Veronaqbs:

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1990)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Suryakumar Yadav
| image = Suryakumar Yadav in PMO New Delhi.jpg
| caption = Yadav in 2024
| country = India
| fullname = Suryakumar Ashok Yadav
| nickname = SKY, Mr. 360<ref name="Mr.360">{{cite web|url=https://50/article67361349.ece|title=Suryakumar Yadav's origin story: How SKY became Mr. 360|work=[[Sportstar]]|date=3 October 2023|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Cric_360">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/how-india-batter-suryakumar-yadav-does-what-he-does-ind-vs-sl-3rd-t20i-1352799|title=The method and the man - how Suryakumar Yadav does what only he can|date=8 January 2023|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111061202/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/how-india-batter-suryakumar-yadav-does-what-he-does-ind-vs-sl-3rd-t20i-1352799|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|09|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], Maharashtra, India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off break]]
| role = [[Batsman (cricket)|Batter]]
| club1 = [[Parsi Gymkhana (Marine Drive)|Parsi Gymkhana]]
| year1 = 2009–present
| club2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| year2 = {{nowrap|2010–present}}
| club3 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| year3 = 2012–2013, 2018–present
| club4 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| year4 = 2014–2017
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2021–present
| onetest = true
| testdebutdate = 9 February
| testdebutyear = 2023
| testdebutagainst = Australia
| testcap = 304
| lasttestdate = 9 February
| lasttestyear = 2023
| lasttestagainst = Australia

| odidebutdate = 18 July
| odidebutyear = 2021
| odidebutagainst = Sri Lanka
| odicap = 236
| lastodidate = 19 November
| lastodiyear = 2023
| lastodiagainst = Australia
| odishirt = 63

| T20Idebutdate = 14 March
| T20Idebutyear = 2021
| T20Idebutagainst = England
| T20Icap = 85
| lastT20Idate = 8 March
| lastT20Iyear = 2026
| lastT20Iagainst = New Zealand
| T20Ishirt = 63

| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 1
| runs1 = 8
| bat avg1 = 8.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 8
| deliveries1 = –
| wickets1 = –
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–

| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 37
| runs2 = 773
| bat avg2 = 25.76
| 100s/50s2 = 0/4
| top score2 = 72[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 12
| wickets2 = 0
| bowl avg2 = –
| fivefor2 = –
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = –
| catches/stumpings2 = 17/–

| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches3 = 113
| runs3 = 3,272
| bat avg3 = 36.35
| 100s/50s3 = 4/25
| top score3 = 117
| deliveries3 = 6
| wickets3 = 2
| bowl avg3 = 2.50
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 2/5
| catches/stumpings3 = 58/–

| column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches4 = 86
| runs4 = 5,758
| bat avg4 = 42.33
| 100s/50s4 = 14/30
| top score4 = 200
| deliveries4 = 1,154
| wickets4 = 24
| bowl avg4 = 22.91
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 4/47
| catches/stumpings4 = 109/–
| date = 8 March
| year = 2026
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/suryakumar-yadav-446507 ESPNcricinfo
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023 India]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC T20 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2024 ICC World Twenty20|2024 West Indies & USA]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026 India & Sri Lanka]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ACC Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2023 Asia Cup|2023 Pakistan]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2025 Asia Cup|2025 UAE]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup|ACC Emerging Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2013 ACC Emerging Teams Cup|2013 Singapore]]}}
}}
'''Suryakumar Ashok Yadav''' (born 14 September 1990), also known by his initials '''SKY''', is an Indian international cricketer who plays as a right-handed [[Batting order (cricket)|middle-order batter]]. Yadav represents the [[India national cricket team]] and [[List of India national cricket captains|captains]] the [[Twenty20 International]] team, a role he held as India won the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]] and the [[2025 Asia Cup]]. He was part of the national team that won the [[2024 Men's T20 World Cup]] and the [[2023 Asia Cup]].

Yadav started playing club cricket in [[Mumbai]] before he was selected for the [[Mumbai cricket team]]. He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for Mumbai in February 2010 before making his [[First-class cricket|first-class]] and [[T20 cricket|T20]] debut in the same year. In March 2021, he made his T20I debut and later made his [[One Day International|ODI]] debut in July of the same year. He has mainly played [[limited overs cricket|limited-overs cricket]] for India, having played his only [[Test cricket|Test]] match in February 2023. He was named as the captain of the Indian team for first time in November 2023 and was re-appointed as the captain of the Indian T20I team in July 2024 after the previous captain [[Rohit Sharma]] announced his retirement from T20Is.

As of August 2024, Yadav has scored more than 3,000 runs in international cricket with four [[century (cricket)|centuries]]. More than 75% of his career runs and all of his centuries have come from T20I matches. His four T20I centuries are the second most by any batter. He held the top ranking in the [[ICC men's player rankings]] for T20Is from October 2022 to June 2024. He won the [[ICC Men's T20I Cricketer of the Year]] award in [[2022 ICC Awards|2022]] and [[2023 ICC Awards|2023]], and was also named in the [[ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year]] in 2022 and 2023.

Yadav plays for Mumbai in the Indian domestic cricket, which he has captained in the past. He plays for [[Mumbai Indians]] and has previously played for [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in the [[Indian Premier League]], and has won one title with Kolkata in 2014 and two with Mumbai, in 2019 and 2020.

== Early and personal life ==
Suryakumar Ashok Yadav was born in [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], on 14 September 1990.<ref name="Cric">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/suryakumar-yadav-446507|title=Profile, Suryakumar Yadav|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128045455/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/suryakumar-yadav-446507|url-status=live}}</ref> His parents were from [[Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh|Ghazipur]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://risingkashmir.com/expect-suryakumar-yadav-to-score-century-cricketers-grandfather|title='Expect Suryakumar Yadav to score century": Cricketer's grandfather|work=[[Rising Kashmir]]|date=19 November 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=19 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119114911/http://www.risingkashmir.com/expect-suryakumar-yadav-to-score-century-cricketers-grandfather|url-status=live}}</ref> He did his schooling at [[Atomic Energy Central School]] in Mumbai and graduated with a [[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com]] from Pillai College in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/web-stories/education/suryakumar-yadav-education-qualification-cricket-career-more/photostory/104625968.cms|title=Suryakumar Yadav education qualification, cricket career and more|work=[[Times Now]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=23 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823131601/https://www.timesnownews.com/web-stories/education/suryakumar-yadav-education-qualification-cricket-career-more/photostory/104625968.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/web-stories/know-surya-kumar-yadav-impressive-educational-qualifications-and-career-70747|title=Suryakumar Yadav impressive education qualification and career|work=[[Jagran Josh]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=23 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823131601/https://www.jagranjosh.com/web-stories/know-surya-kumar-yadav-impressive-educational-qualifications-and-career-70747|url-status=live}}</ref> He started playing cricket under the guidance of his paternal uncle Vinod Kumar Yadav in [[Varanasi]], Uttar Pradesh. At the age of 10, he was enrolled in a cricket camp at [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]] colony in Mumbai, coached by Ashok Kamat.<ref name="Bio">{{cite web|url=https://cricreads.com/suryakumar-yadav-family-father-mother-sister/|title=Suryakumar Yadav Family- Father, Mother & Sister|date=2 October 2023|work=Cricreads|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=10 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110181446/https://cricreads.com/suryakumar-yadav-family-father-mother-sister/|url-status=live}}</ref> He then went to Elf Vengsarkar Academy, run by former international cricketer [[Dilip Vengsarkar]], and played age-group cricket in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rizvi |first=Taus |date=29 September 2017 |title=Flamboyant Suryakumar Yadav's cricket spectrum |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-flamboyant-suryakumar-yadav-s-cricket-spectrum-2076251 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref>

On 7 July 2016, Yadav married Devisha Shetty, a trained dancer and a dance coach, whom he first met at a college program in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=T20 centurion Suryakumar Yadav's wife Devisha Shetty is a classical dancer: Know all about their love story, in pics|work=[[Zee News]]|last=Tripathi|first=Anuj|url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/sports/t20-centurion-suryakumar-yadavs-wife-devisha-shetty-is-a-classical-dancer-know-all-about-their-love-story-in-pics-2484350|access-date=4 September 2022|archive-date=4 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904112459/https://zeenews.india.com/photos/sports/t20-centurion-suryakumar-yadavs-wife-devisha-shetty-is-a-classical-dancer-know-all-about-their-love-story-in-pics-2484350|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early and domestic career ==
Yadav played [[club cricket]] in Mumbai, mostly for [[Parsi Gymkhana, Marine Drive|Parsi Gymkhana Cricket Club]], along with teams including [[Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited]], [[Parsi Gymkhana, Marine Drive|Parsi Gymkhana]] and Dadar Union.<ref name="Week">{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/sports/2022/10/14/how-suryakumar-yadav-became-the-template-for-indias-new-batting-style.html|title=How Suryakumar Yadav became the template for India's new batting style|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date=14 October 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824105133/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/sports/2022/10/14/how-suryakumar-yadav-became-the-template-for-indias-new-batting-style.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Auto">{{cite news|title=Parsee Gymkhana create history by winning third successive title|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/parsee-gymkhana-create-history-by-winning-third-successive-title/articleshow/88520509.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 December 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115173551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/parsee-gymkhana-create-history-by-winning-third-successive-title/articleshow/88520509.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his debut for [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] against [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] in a [[List A cricket|List A]] match in February 2010. He made his [[T20 cricket|T20]] debut against [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] next month and [[First-class cricket|first-class]] debut later against [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] in December 2010.<ref name="Cric"/><ref name="Bio"/> In the [[2011–12 Ranji Trophy]] season, he scored the most runs for Mumbai with 754 runs from nine games at an average of over 68.<ref name="mykhel">{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/players/suryakumar-yadav-ipl-p5089/|title=Suryakumar Yadav|work=mykhel|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=10 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710125726/https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/players/suryakumar-yadav-ipl-p5089/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also part of the Indian under-22 team and scored 721 runs at an average of more than 80 with two centuries. He was awarded the MA Chidambaram Trophy for the Best Under-22 cricketer by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] at a ceremony held in Chennai on 10 December 2011.<ref name="MAC">{{cite news|title=Suryakumar Yadav – A Star in the Making|date=10 December 2011 |url=https://pcacs.ac.in/suryakumar-yadav-a-star-in-the-making/|work=Pillai College of Arts Science and Commerce|access-date=5 June 2012}}</ref>

Yadav captained the Mumbai team for a brief period during the [[2014–15 Ranji Trophy]] season, before he was replaced midway into the tournament.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ranji Trophy: Suryakumar Yadav named Mumbai skipper, Vijay Shankar to lead TN|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ranji-trophy-suryakumar-yadav-mumbai-skipper-vijay-shankar-tamil-nadu-6147971/|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=3 December 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115151823/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ranji-trophy-suryakumar-yadav-mumbai-skipper-vijay-shankar-tamil-nadu-6147971/|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored 690 runs across ten matches in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/ranji-trophy-2014-15-9513|title=2014-15 Ranji Trophy, most runs|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824105053/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/ranji-trophy-2014-15-9513|url-status=live}}</ref> He was part of the Mumbai squad that won the [[2015–16 Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2015-16-901105/mumbai-vs-saurashtra-final-901915/full-scorecard|title=Saurashtra vs Mumbai, Final at Pune, Feb 24 2016 - Full Scorecard|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=16 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316205542/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2015-16-901105/mumbai-vs-saurashtra-final-901915/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> He was among the top five run-getters in the season with 788 runs and scored three centuries including a score of 115 in the second innings of the semifinal match against [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/ranji-trophy-2015-16-10281|title=2015-16 Ranji Trophy, most runs|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921024401/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/ranji-trophy-2015-16-10281|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2015-16-901105/madhya-pradesh-vs-mumbai-2nd-semi-final-901913/match-report-4|title=Suryakumar, Tare tons set MP 571 target|date=16 February 2016|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824111237/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2015-16-901105/madhya-pradesh-vs-mumbai-2nd-semi-final-901913/match-report-4|url-status=live}}</ref> The Mumbai team consisting of Yadav reached the second consecutive Ranji final in [[2016–17 Ranji Trophy|2016–17]] but lost to [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2016-17-1053433/gujarat-vs-mumbai-final-1053703/full-scorecard|title=Mumbai vs Gujarat, Final at Indore, Jan 10 2017 - Full Scorecard|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002160642/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2016-17-1053433/gujarat-vs-mumbai-final-1053703/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored more than 600 runs for the third consecutive season with a highest score of 110 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/ranji-trophy-2016-17-11519|title=2016-17 Ranji Trophy, most runs|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724132851/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/ranji-trophy-2016-17-11519|url-status=live}}</ref>

Yadav scored 241 runs with an average of over 40 in the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] [[List A cricket]] tournament, which was won by Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/vijay-hazare-trophy-2018-19-12591|title=2018-19 Vijay Hazare Trophy, most runs|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024070727/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/vijay-hazare-trophy-2018-19-12591|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2018-19-1156772/mumbai-vs-delhi-final-1158655/full-scorecard|title=Delhi vs Mumbai, Final at Bengaluru, Oct 20 2018 - Full Scorecard|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=29 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729075024/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2018-19-1156772/mumbai-vs-delhi-final-1158655/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2019, he was named in the [[India C cricket team|India C]] squad for the [[2019–20 Deodhar Trophy]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/deodhar-trophy-2019-squads-india-a-india-b-india-c-parthiv-patel-shubman-gill-anuma-vihari-ranchi/article29788595.ece|title=Deodhar Trophy 2019: Hanuma Vihari, Parthiv, Shubman to lead; Yashasvi earns call-up|work=[[Sportstar]]|date=24 October 2019|access-date=25 October 2019|archive-date=24 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024161624/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/deodhar-trophy-2019-squads-india-a-india-b-india-c-parthiv-patel-shubman-gill-anuma-vihari-ranchi/article29788595.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He was again appointed as captain of the Mumbai team for the [[2019–20 Ranji Trophy|2019-20 season]], but Mumbai failed to make it out of the group stage in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2019-20-1196777/points-table-standings|title=2019–20 Ranji Trophy table|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923014041/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2019-20-1196777/points-table-standings|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=20 December 2022|title=Suryakumar Yadav excels with bat in his first Ranji Trophy appearance in nearly three years|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/suryakumar-yadav-excels-with-bat-in-his-first-ranji-trophy-appearance-in-nearly-three-years/articleshow/96371449.cms|access-date=31 December 2023|issn=0013-0389|archive-date=31 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231114041/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/suryakumar-yadav-excels-with-bat-in-his-first-ranji-trophy-appearance-in-nearly-three-years/articleshow/96371449.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He also captained the team in the [[2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] [[Twenty20|T20]] tournament.<ref>{{cite news|title=Suryakumar Yadav to lead Mumbai in Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/suryakumar-yadav-to-lead-mumbai-in-syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy/story-gmBNGwf1ZoRJTsHOnWzLgM.html|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=26 December 2020|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116055012/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/suryakumar-yadav-to-lead-mumbai-in-syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy/story-gmBNGwf1ZoRJTsHOnWzLgM.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Suryakumar Yadav to lead Mumbai in Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, Aditya Tare named vice-captain|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2020/dec/26/suryakumar-yadav-to-lead-mumbai-in-syed-mushtaq-ali-trophyaditya-tarenamed-vice-captain-2241606.html|date=16 December 2020|access-date=10 May 2021|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=24 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824105159/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2020/dec/26/suryakumar-yadav-to-lead-mumbai-in-syed-mushtaq-ali-trophyaditya-tarenamed-vice-captain-2241606.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His team fared poorly finishing bottom of the [[2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group E|Group E]] with just one win in five matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2020-21-1244188/points-table-standings|title=2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, table|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224215707/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2020-21-1244188/points-table-standings|url-status=live}}</ref> Along with his commitments with the Mumbai team, he continued to play club cricket for Parsi Gymkhana. He scored 249 runs in the final against Payyade Sports Club in the Police Shield tournament in 2021, winning the "Best Batsman of the Final" award, and helped the club to win the tournament for the first time since 1956.<ref name="Auto"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Parsee Gymkhana create history by winning third successive title|url=https://cricketgraph.com/parsee-gymkhana-create-history-by-winning-3rd-successive-police-shield-title/|work=Cricket Graph|date=27 December 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824111253/https://cricketgraph.com/parsee-gymkhana-create-history-by-winning-3rd-successive-police-shield-title/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== International career ==
=== Debut and early career ===
In February 2021, Yadav was named in the [[Indian national cricket team|Indian]] [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) squad for the [[English cricket team in India in 2020–21|home series]] against [[England cricket team|England]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/150315/india-s-squad-for-paytm-t20i-series-announced|title=India's squad for Paytm T20I series announced|work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]|date=19 February 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209120851/https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/150315/india-s-squad-for-paytm-t20i-series-announced|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his T20I debut on 14 March 2021 in the second match of the series at [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Ahmedabad]] but did not get a chance to bat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1243389.html|title=2nd T20I (N), Ahmedabad, Mar 14, 2021, England tour of India|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2022|date=14 March 2021|archive-date=24 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824105557/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-india-2020-21-1243364/india-vs-england-2nd-t20i-1243389/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> In the fourth game of the series held on 18 March, he played his first innings as a batter and hit the first ball he faced in international cricket for a six, becoming the first Indian to do so in T20Is.<ref>{{cite news|title=With six off first ball in international cricket, Suryakumar Yadav achieves unique feat|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/with-six-off-first-ball-in-international-cricket-suryakumar-yadav-achieves-unique-feat/734521|access-date=1 December 2023|date=22 March 2021|work=[[Times Now]]|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114115506/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/with-six-off-first-ball-in-international-cricket-suryakumar-yadav-achieves-unique-feat/734521|url-status=live}}</ref> He went on to score a [[Half-century (cricket)|half-century]] in the match, and his performance in the game was praised by then–Indian captain [[Virat Kohli]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Full Scorecard of India vs England 4th T20I 2020/21 – Score Report|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-india-2020-21-1243364/india-vs-england-4th-t20i-1243391/full-scorecard|access-date=22 March 2021|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=21 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321193853/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-india-2020-21-1243364/india-vs-england-4th-t20i-1243391/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=20 March 2021|title=Virat Kohli hails Suryakumar Yadav at toss|url=https://www.india.com/sports/ind-vs-eng-5th-t20i-virat-kohli-hails-suryakumar-yadav-at-toss-says-he-will-continue-to-bat-at-no-3-4506012/|access-date=21 March 2021|work=India.com|archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320132850/https://www.india.com/sports/ind-vs-eng-5th-t20i-virat-kohli-hails-suryakumar-yadav-at-toss-says-he-will-continue-to-bat-at-no-3-4506012/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was named in Indian [[One Day International]] (ODI) squad for the subsequent series against England but did not play any matches.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prasidh Krishna, Suryakumar Yadav earn call-ups for England ODIs|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/116677/prasidh-krishna-suryakumar-yadav-earn-call-ups-for-england-odis|access-date=1 December 2023|date=22 March 2021|work=[[Cricbuzz]]|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114115445/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/116677/prasidh-krishna-suryakumar-yadav-earn-call-ups-for-england-odis|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ODI">{{cite web|title=ODI batting record, Suryakumar Yadav|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/446507.html?class=2;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111050128/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/446507.html?class=2;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2021, he was part of the Indian [[limited-overs cricket|limited-overs]] squads for the [[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2021|away series]] against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sri-lanka-vs-india-2021-shikhar-dhawan-to-captain-india-on-limited-overs-tour-of-sri-lanka-1265911|title=Shikhar Dhawan to captain India on limited-overs tour of Sri Lanka|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610171551/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sri-lanka-vs-india-2021-shikhar-dhawan-to-captain-india-on-limited-overs-tour-of-sri-lanka-1265911|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his ODI debut on 18 July 2021 in the first match of the series at [[R. Premadasa Stadium|Colombo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1262755.html|title=1st ODI (D/N), Colombo (RPS), Jul 18 2021, India tour of Sri Lanka|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=18 July 2021|archive-date=24 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824105647/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-sri-lanka-2021-1262739/sri-lanka-vs-india-1st-odi-1262755/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> On 20 July 2021, he scored his maiden ODI half-century against Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 July 2021|title=India vs Sri Lanka 2nd ODI Highlights: India ride on Deepak Chahar, Suryakumar Yadav fifties to win series|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-vs-sri-lanka-live-score-ind-vs-sl-2nd-odi-live-cricket-match-today-at-colombo-101626762423917.html|access-date=23 July 2021|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723032116/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-vs-sri-lanka-live-score-ind-vs-sl-2nd-odi-live-cricket-match-today-at-colombo-101626762423917.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2021, Yadav was called up as a replacement player to the Indian [[Test cricket|Test]] squad for the [[Indian cricket team in England in 2021|away series]] against England, but did not play a match.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prithvi Shaw, Suryakumar Yadav to join India Test squad in England|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-in-england-2021-prithvi-shaw-suryakumar-yadav-to-join-india-test-squad-in-england-1270982|access-date=1 December 2023|date=25 July 2021|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002045824/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-in-england-2021-prithvi-shaw-suryakumar-yadav-to-join-india-test-squad-in-england-1270982|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2021, he was selected in the Indian squad for the [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-s-2021-t20-world-cup-squad-r-ashwin-picked-ms-dhoni-mentor-1276821|title=India's T20 World Cup squad: R Ashwin picked, MS Dhoni mentor|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=8 September 2021|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908162755/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-s-2021-t20-world-cup-squad-r-ashwin-picked-ms-dhoni-mentor-1276821|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored just 31 runs across three matches in the World Cup, in which India was eliminated from the group stage.<ref name="T20I"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2021-22-1267897/points-table-standings|title=T20 World Cup 2021 - Points Table|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=1 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001163150/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2021-22-1267897/points-table-standings|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2021, he was named in the Indian Test squad for their [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2021–22|home series]] against [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] but was not selected in the playing XI for any of the games.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/shardul-thakur-for-a-tour-to-sa-suryakumar-yadav-included-in-test-squad-for-nz-series-7636748/|title=Shardul Thakur for A tour to SA, Suryakumar Yadav included in Test squad for NZ series|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=23 November 2021|archive-date=16 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216053143/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/shardul-thakur-for-a-tour-to-sa-suryakumar-yadav-included-in-test-squad-for-nz-series-7636748/|url-status=live}}</ref> He played three T20Is against New Zealand, scoring 63 runs across three innings including a half-century and a [[duck (cricket)|duck]].<ref name="T20I">{{cite web|title=T20 batting record, Suryakumar Yadav|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/446507.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111050127/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/446507.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|url-status=live}}</ref> He was part of both the limited overs squads for the [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2021–22|home series]] against [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] in February 2022 and made a comeback to the ODI team in the series.<ref name="ODI"/>

=== Top-ranked T20I batter ===
In June 2022, Yadav was part of the Indian squad for the [[Indian cricket team in Ireland in 2022|T20I series]] against [[Ireland national cricket team|Ireland]] and the subsequent [[Indian cricket team in England in 2022|tour of England]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ire-vs-india-hardik-pandya-to-captain-india-in-ireland-t20is-rahul-tripathi-gets-maiden-call-up-1320109|title=Hardik Pandya to captain India in Ireland T20Is; Rahul Tripathi gets maiden call-up|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=15 June 2022|archive-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615151756/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ire-vs-india-hardik-pandya-to-captain-india-in-ireland-t20is-rahul-tripathi-gets-maiden-call-up-1320109|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2022, he scored his first T20I century against England at [[Trent Bridge]], scoring 117 off 55 balls.<ref name="C1">{{cite web|title=Scorecard of England vs India 3rd T20I 2022|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-england-2022-1276893/england-vs-india-3rd-t20i-1276906/full-scorecard|access-date=10 July 2022|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710154047/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-england-2022-1276893/england-vs-india-3rd-t20i-1276906/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> He became only the fifth Indian player to score a century in T20Is and only the second to reach the mark batting [[Batting order (cricket)|fourth or lower]].<ref>{{cite news|date=10 July 2022|title=Suryakumar Yadav becomes second Indian to achieve big feat in T20Is after incredible century against England|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/suryakumar-yadav-becomes-second-indian-to-achieve-big-feat-in-t20is-after-incredible-century-against-england-101657471072315.html|access-date=10 July 2022|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710170213/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/suryakumar-yadav-becomes-second-indian-to-achieve-big-feat-in-t20is-after-incredible-century-against-england-101657471072315.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2022, he played in the [[2022 Asia Cup]] T20I competition and scored 139 runs across five innings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/men-s-t20-asia-cup-2022-14846|title=Most runs, 2022 Asia cup|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111050127/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/men-s-t20-asia-cup-2022-14846|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, he was part of the T20I home series against [[Australian cricket team in India in 2022-23|Australia]] and [[South African cricket team in India in 2022-23|South Africa]].<ref name="T20I"/> In October 2022, he became the fastest to score 1,000 runs in T20Is in terms of balls faced, reaching the mark in 573 balls in the series against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/ind-vs-sa-suryakumar-yadav-completes-1000-t20i-runs-beats-ms-dhoni-in-elite-list-creates-new-world-record-article-94603982|title=Ind vs SA: Suryakumar Yadav completes 1000 T20I runs; beats MS Dhoni in elite list, creates new world record|work=[[Times Now]]|date=2 October 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002153615/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/ind-vs-sa-suryakumar-yadav-completes-1000-t20i-runs-beats-ms-dhoni-in-elite-list-creates-new-world-record-article-94603982|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=3 October 2022|title=Suryakumar completes 1000 runs in T20I|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/cricket/suryakumar-yadav-completes-1000-t20i-runs-becomes-fastest-to-do-so-by-balls-faced-10050775|work=[[Jagran Prakashan|English Jagran]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=6 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206165133/https://english.jagran.com/cricket/suryakumar-yadav-completes-1000-t20i-runs-becomes-fastest-to-do-so-by-balls-faced-10050775|url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 October 2022, he achieved the top rank in the [[ICC men's player rankings]] for T20I batsmen for the first time in his career.<ref>{{cite news|date=3 November 2022|title=ICC Rankings: Suryakumar Yadav becomes world's No.1 T20I batter|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/indias-suryakumar-yadav-becomes-worlds-no-1-t20i-batter-8244939/|access-date=23 November 2022|work=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113134924/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/indias-suryakumar-yadav-becomes-worlds-no-1-t20i-batter-8244939/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ICC Profile - Stats, Ranking & Info|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/mens/player-rankings/108|access-date=2 November 2022|work=[[International Cricket Council]]|archive-date=2 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102182312/https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/mens/player-rankings/108|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2022, Yadav played in the [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] in [[Australia]] in which India reached the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2022-23-1298134/england-vs-india-2nd-semi-final-1298178/full-scorecard|title=India vs England, 2nd Semi-Final at Adelaide, T20 WC, Nov 10 2022 - Full Scorecard|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=7 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407072416/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2022-23-1298134/england-vs-india-2nd-semi-final-1298178/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the third highest run-getter in the tournament with 239 runs across six innings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2022-23-1298134|title=2023 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121100950/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2022-23-1298134|url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 October 2022, he scored his first half-century at the [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup|T20 World Cup]], reaching the mark in 25 balls against [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]] at [[Sydney Cricket Ground|Sydney]].<ref>{{cite news|date=28 October 2022|title=Virat Kohli, Suryakumar Yadav show knocks Netherlands down|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/virat-kohli-suryakumar-yadav-show-knocks-netherlands-down-as-india-cruise-to-56-run-win-go-2-in-2-at-t20-world-cup-101666865036050.html|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209060131/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/virat-kohli-suryakumar-yadav-show-knocks-netherlands-down-as-india-cruise-to-56-run-win-go-2-in-2-at-t20-world-cup-101666865036050.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Suryakumar Yadav Brings Up Fifty With Outrageous Six, Celebrates Milestone With Virat Kohli in Style|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/t20-world-cup-2022/watch-suryakumar-yadav-brings-up-fifty-with-outrageous-six-celebrates-milestone-with-virat-kohli-in-style-3466124|access-date=1 December 2023|date=28 October 2022|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=24 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824105559/https://sports.ndtv.com/t20-world-cup-2022/watch-suryakumar-yadav-brings-up-fifty-with-outrageous-six-celebrates-milestone-with-virat-kohli-in-style-3466124|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2022, he scored his second T20I century against New Zealand at [[Bay Oval|Mount Maunganui]] scoring 111[[not out|*]] off 51 balls, which included eleven fours and seven sixes. He became only the second Indian to score two centuries in T20Is in a calendar year after [[Rohit Sharma]].<ref name="C2">{{cite news|title=Sensational Suryakumar scores yet another T20I century|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/sensational-suryakumar-scores-yet-another-t20i-century|access-date=1 November 2023|work=[[International Cricket Council]]|archive-date=8 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608085609/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2913374|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=20 November 2022|title=Suryakumar Yadav Scores 49-Ball Century, Becomes Only 2nd Indian to Achieve This Milestone|url=https://www.probatsman.com/ind-vs-nz-suryakumar-yadav-scores-49-ball-century-becomes-only-2nd-indian-to-achieve-this-milestone|access-date=20 November 2022|work=ProBatsman|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120120055/https://www.probatsman.com/ind-vs-nz-suryakumar-yadav-scores-49-ball-century-becomes-only-2nd-indian-to-achieve-this-milestone|url-status=live}}</ref> He won the [[ICC Men's T20I Cricketer of the Year]] award in [[2022 ICC Awards|2022]] and was also named in the [[ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year]].<ref name="ICC">{{cite news|title=ICC Men's T20I Cricketer of the Year 2022 revealed|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3033066?sf174631603=1&fbclid=IwAR2ZU3eKf2ClftTqX6EChBisi3L-O0N1KShcxlHe6C9vAjUgITMYXqms_qk|work=[[International Cricket Council]]|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-date=24 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824105600/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/index?sf174631603=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ICCT22">{{cite news|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/world-cup-stars-form-icc-mens-t20i-team-of-the-year-2022|title=World Cup stars form ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year 2022|work=[[International Cricket Council]]|date=23 January 2023|access-date=20 January 2024|archive-date=24 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824111252/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/world-cup-stars-form-icc-mens-t20i-team-of-the-year-2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2023, Yadav scored the second fastest century by an Indian batter in T20Is and the third of his career, reaching the mark in 45 balls [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2022–23|against Sri Lanka]] at [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium|Rajkot]].<ref name="C3">{{cite web|title=Stats - Suryakumar hits India's second-fastest T20I ton|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/suryakumar-yadav-scores-a-record-t20i-hundred-for-india-versus-sri-lanka-1352754|access-date=10 January 2023|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110153507/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/suryakumar-yadav-scores-a-record-t20i-hundred-for-india-versus-sri-lanka-1352754|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2023|title=Suryakumar Yadav Breaks KL Rahul's Record, Hit 2nd Fastest Century for India|url=https://www.probatsman.com/ind-vs-sl-suryakumar-yadav-breaks-kl-rahuls-record-hit-2nd-fastest-century-for-india|access-date=7 January 2023|work=Probatsman|archive-date=7 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107161124/https://www.probatsman.com/ind-vs-sl-suryakumar-yadav-breaks-kl-rahuls-record-hit-2nd-fastest-century-for-india|url-status=live}}</ref> He played in both the ODI and T20I series against the [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2022–23|touring New Zealand team]] in January–February 2023 and scored 142 runs across five innings.<ref name="T20I"/><ref name="ODI"/> In January 2023, he achieved 910 rating points, the second-best in the history of men's T20I rankings and was named as the captain of the ICC Men's [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] Team of the Year for 2022.<ref name="Rating">{{cite web|url=http://www.relianceiccrankings.com/alltime/t20/batting/|title=Best-Ever Twenty20 Batting ICC Player Rankings|work=[[International Cricket Council]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=11 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011021234/http://www.relianceiccrankings.com/alltime/t20/batting/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ICCT23">{{cite news|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/firepower-aplenty-in-icc-men-s-t20i-team-of-the-year-for-2023|title=Firepower aplenty in ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year for 2023|work=[[International Cricket Council]]|date=22 January 2024|access-date=20 January 2024|archive-date=22 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122113726/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/firepower-aplenty-in-icc-men-s-t20i-team-of-the-year-for-2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Test debut and World Cups ===
[[File:Surya Kumar Yadav in BGT 2023.jpg|thumb|Yadav during the [[Border–Gavaskar Trophy]] in 2023]]

On 9 February 2023, Yadav made his Test debut [[Australian cricket team in India in 2022–23|against Australia]] at [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium|Nagpur]], which has been his only Test appearance as of August 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=1st Test, Nagpur, February 09 - 13, 2023, Australia tour of India|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1348652.html|access-date=9 February 2023|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=24 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824105647/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-in-india-2022-23-1348637/india-vs-australia-1st-test-1348652/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> In the subsequent ODI series, he registered his third consecutive [[Golden duck (cricket)|golden duck]] in the third match of the series at [[M.A.Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]], becoming the first Indian batter to do so.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/photo/suryakumar-yadav-was-dismissed-for-his-third-straight-golden-duck-1364865|title=Suryakumar Yadav was dismissed for his third straight golden duck|date=22 March 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> In August 2023, he was appointed as the vice-captain of the Indian team for the [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies and the United States in 2023|T20I series]] against West Indies.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 December 2022|title=Suryakumar Yadav says getting elevated to India T20I vice-captain feels like a 'dream'|newspaper=[[Firstpost]]|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/suryakumar-yadav-says-getting-elevated-to-india-t20i-vice-captain-feels-like-a-dream-11891971.html|access-date=15 September 2023|archive-date=28 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228193900/https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/suryakumar-yadav-says-getting-elevated-to-india-t20i-vice-captain-feels-like-a-dream-11891971.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored 166 runs across four innings including 83 runs off 44 balls in the third match of the series.<ref name="T20I"/><ref>{{cite news|date=8 August 2023|title=Suryakumar and Tilak do the chase in a canter to keep the series alive for India|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-west-indies-2023-1381201/west-indies-vs-india-3rd-t20i-1381219/match-report|access-date=15 September 2023|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003172523/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-west-indies-2023-1381201/west-indies-vs-india-3rd-t20i-1381219/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref> He was part of the Indian squad that won the [[2023 Asia Cup]] but played only one game in the series in the loss to [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2023-1388374/bangladesh-vs-india-12th-match-super-four-1388412/full-scorecard|title=12th Match, Super Four (D/N), Colombo (RPS), September 15, 2023, Asia Cup|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015044302/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2023-1388374/bangladesh-vs-india-12th-match-super-four-1388412/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 September 2023|title='Former India Cricketer On "Struggling" Suryakumar Yadav vs Bangladesh In Asia Cup 2023|work=[[NDTV]]|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/asia-cup-2023/very-strange-former-india-cricketer-on-struggling-suryakumar-yadav-vs-bangladesh-4396276|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221093355/https://sports.ndtv.com/asia-cup-2023/very-strange-former-india-cricketer-on-struggling-suryakumar-yadav-vs-bangladesh-4396276|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Asia">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2023-1388374|title=2023 Asia Cup|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=30 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130220034/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2023-1388374|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, he was named in the Indian squad for the [[2023 Cricket World Cup]] held in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-full-squad-list-of-all-10-participating-teams/article67358528.ece|title=ICC Cricket World Cup 2023: Full squad list of all 10 participating teams|date=29 September 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201185928/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-full-squad-list-of-all-10-participating-teams/article67358528.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored just 106 runs across seven innings in the World Cup, in which India finished as the [[runners-up]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-1367856|title=ICC Cricket World Cup 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225030513/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-1367856|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-15338|title=Most runs, 2023 Cricket World Cup|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018213616/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-15338|url-status=live}}</ref> After the World Cup, he was named as the captain of the Indian team for the [[Australian cricket team in India in 2023–24|home T20I series]] against Australia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/suryakumar-yadav-named-india-captain-for-t20i-series-against-australia-4590525|title=Suryakumar Yadav Named India Captain For T20I Series Against Australia|date=20 November 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=24 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824111807/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/suryakumar-yadav-named-india-captain-for-t20i-series-against-australia-4590525|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 November 2023|title=Suryakumar Yadav plays a 'captain's knock'; India clinch a dramatic two-wicket win against Australia|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/suryakumar-yadav-plays-a-captains-knock-india-clinch-a-dramatic-two-wicket-win-against-the-ozs/articleshow/105453840.cms|access-date=24 November 2023|issn=0013-0389|archive-date=23 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123204529/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/suryakumar-yadav-plays-a-captains-knock-india-clinch-a-dramatic-two-wicket-win-against-the-ozs/articleshow/105453840.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored 144 runs in five innings and led the team to a 4–1 series victory.<ref name="T20I"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-in-india-2023-24-1389381/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results|title=IND v AUS 2023/24 - Schedule & Results|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201031328/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-in-india-2023-24-1389381/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also named as captain for the subsequent [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2023-24|Indian tour of South Africa]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ravichandran Ashwin Reacts As BCCI Names Suryakumar Yadav Captain For T20Is vs Australia|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/australia-tour-of-india-2023/ravichandran-ashwin-reacts-as-bcci-name-suryakumar-yadav-captain-for-t20is-vs-australia-4595756|access-date=1 December 2023|date=23 November 2023|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128141627/https://sports.ndtv.com/australia-tour-of-india-2023/ravichandran-ashwin-reacts-as-bcci-name-suryakumar-yadav-captain-for-t20is-vs-australia-4595756|url-status=live}}</ref> In the series, he scored the fourth T20I century of his career, equalling Rohit Sharma and [[Glenn Maxwell]] for the record of most centuries in T20Is (which has since been surpassed by both Sharma and Maxwell).<ref name="C4">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-vs-south-africa-suryakumar-yadav-scores-4th-t20i-ton-in-match-against-south-africa-9068728/|title=India vs South Africa: Suryakumar Yadav scores 4th T20I ton, equals Rohit Sharma's record|date=15 December 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="Hundred">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/most-hundreds-in-a-career-1412856|title=Most hundreds in career, T20Is|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111052047/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/most-hundreds-in-a-career-1412856|url-status=live}}</ref> He won the ICC Men's T20I Cricketer of the Year award for the second consecutive year in [[2023 ICC Awards|2023]].<ref name="ICC2">{{cite news|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/india-star-named-icc-men-s-t20i-cricketer-of-the-year|title=India star named ICC Men's T20I Cricketer of the Year|date=24 January 2024|access-date=1 December 2024|work=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref>

In May 2024, Yadav was named in the Indian squad for the [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] tournament.<ref name="Squad">{{cite news |title=India announce squad for the ICC Men's T20I World Cup 2024 |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/india-announce-squad-for-t20-world-cup |access-date=10 June 2024 |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519164539/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/india-announce-squad-for-t20-world-cup |url-status=live }}</ref> In the Super 8 match against [[Afghanistan cricket team|Afghanistan]], he was named Player of the Match in the tournament for his score of 53 runs from 28 balls.<ref>{{cite news |last=Muthu |first=Alagappan |date=20 June 2024 |title=Suryakumar and Bumrah give India a winning start to the Super Eight |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2024-1411166/afghanistan-vs-india-43rd-match-super-eights-group-1-1415743/match-report |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref> In the [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup final|final]] against South Africa, he took a catch close to the boundary line in the final over of the South African innings to [[out (cricket)|dismiss]] [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ind vs SA Live Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2024-1411166/india-vs-south-africa-final-1415755/live-match-blog |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=29 June 2024 |access-date=29 June 2024 |archive-date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629170850/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2024-1411166/india-vs-south-africa-final-1415755/live-match-blog |url-status=live }}</ref> India went on to win the match by seven runs to lift their second T20 World Cup; they had last won the inaugural edition in 2007.<ref name="World">{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/t20-world-cup-winners-list-champions|title=T20 World Cup winners: India, West Indies and England tied on two titles each|work=[[Olympics.com]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601145450/https://olympics.com/en/news/t20-world-cup-winners-list-champions|url-status=live}}</ref> Cricket commentator [[Ian Smith (New Zealand cricketer)|Ian Smith]] referred to the catch as being "one of the greatest" in the history of the game.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/did-suryakumar-yadav-flick-boundary-cushion-fresh-video-t20-world-cup-winning-catch-shuts-controversy-once-and-for-all-101720145859058.html|title=Did Suryakumar Yadav flick the boundary cushion? Fresh video of T20WC-winning catch shuts controversy once and for all|date=5 July 2024|access-date=1 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=24 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824110606/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/did-suryakumar-yadav-flick-boundary-cushion-fresh-video-t20-world-cup-winning-catch-shuts-controversy-once-and-for-all-101720145859058.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2475416/controversy-erupts-over-suryakumar-yadavs-title-winning-catch-in-t20-world-cup-final|title=Controversy erupts over Suryakumar Yadav's title-winning catch in T20 World Cup final|date=5 July 2024|access-date=1 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]]|archive-date=24 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824111811/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2475416/controversy-erupts-over-suryakumar-yadavs-title-winning-catch-in-t20-world-cup-final|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2024, he dropped to second in the ICC T20I player rankings, after being overtaken by Australian [[Travis Head]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/suryakumar-yadavs-no-1-t20i-ranking-snatched-by-australias-travis-head-jasprit-bumrah-jumps-44-places-101719389821827.html|title=Suryakumar Yadav's No.1 T20I ranking snatched by Australia's Travis Head|date=26 June 2024|access-date=1 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=28 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628234056/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/suryakumar-yadavs-no-1-t20i-ranking-snatched-by-australias-travis-head-jasprit-bumrah-jumps-44-places-101719389821827.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He captained the Indian team that toured Sri Lanka for a three-match T20 series played at [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium|Pallekele]] in late July, which India won 3–0.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 July 2024 |title=Suryakumar Yadav replaces Rohit Sharma as T20I captain, Hardik Pandya snubbed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/suryakumar-yadav-replaces-rohit-sharma-as-t20i-captain-hardik-pandya-snubbed-2568720-2024-07-18 |access-date=18 July 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718143905/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/suryakumar-yadav-replaces-rohit-sharma-as-t20i-captain-hardik-pandya-snubbed-2568720-2024-07-18 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Brar |first=Hemant |date=29 June 2024 |title=Ind vs SL 3rd T20I Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-sri-lanka-2024-1442984/sri-lanka-vs-india-3rd-t20i-1442989/match-report |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=30 July 2024 |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730150658/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-sri-lanka-2024-1442984/sri-lanka-vs-india-3rd-t20i-1442989/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Later years ===
In September 2025, Yadav captained the Indian team that won the [[2025 Asia Cup]].<ref name="AC2025">{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/men-s-t20-asia-cup-2025-1496919/india-vs-pakistan-final-1496938/match-report|title=Tilak seals thriller to give India ninth Asia Cup title|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=28 September 2025|access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref> During the tournament, he was fined 30% of his match fee for breaching the [[ICC Cricket Code of Conduct]] after he made comments dedicating the victory to the victims of the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam attack]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Suryakumar found guilty of breaching code of conduct; verdict on Rauf and Farhan awaited|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/suryakumar-found-guilty-of-breaching-icc-code-of-conduct-1504615|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=26 September 2025|access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref> Yadav later declared that he will donate his entire match fees of {{INRconvert|2.8|m}} from the tournament to the [[Indian Army]] and the families of Pahalgam attack victims.<ref>{{cite news|date=29 September 2025|title='You always remain in my thoughts': Suryakumar Yadav donates Asia Cup match fee to families of Pahalgam victims and Indian Army|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/you-always-remain-in-my-thoughts-suryakumar-yadav-donates-asia-cup-match-fee-to-families-of-pahalgam-victims-and-indian-army/3992826/|access-date=30 September 2025|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=29 September 2025|title=Asia Cup 2025: Suryakumar Yadav to donate match fees to Indian Army|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/asia-cup-2025-suryakumar-yadav-to-donate-match-fees-to-indian-army/articleshow/124203137.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 September 2025|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 September 2025|title=Suryakumar Yadav lashes out at ACC for withholding Asia Cup trophy, donates match fees to Indian armed forces |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/asia-cup/suryakumar-yadav-lashes-out-at-acc-for-withholding-asia-cup-trophy-donates-match-fees-to-indian-armed-forces/articleshow/124202472.cms |access-date=30 September 2025|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Since early 2025, Yadav hit a lean patch, wherein he score just 244 runs at an average of 12.84 across 25 matches. In the [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2025–26|home series]] against New Zealand in January 2026, he returned to scoring form, with 242 runs across five innings at an average of 80.66 and was awarded the player of the series.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brar |first=Hemant |date=1 February 2026 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-nz-5th-t20i-biggest-gains-for-india-suryakumar-yadav-ishan-kishan-rinku-singh-and-shivam-dube-1521829 |title=Suryakumar, Kishan, Dube the biggest gains in India's series of plenty |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>

Yadav led the Indian team in the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]] hosted by India and Sri Lanka in February–March 2026. In India's first match of the tournament, against [[United States national cricket team]], he completed 1,000 T20I runs as a captain, after he scored 84 runs of 49 balls in an Indian victory, which also won him the player of the match award.<ref>{{cite news |last=Upadhyay |first=Srijal |date=7 February 2026 |title=Suryakumar Yadav 84: Captain's heroic knock saves India from collapse in T20 World Cup 2026 opener vs USA |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/suryakumar-yadav-84-captains-heroic-knock-saves-india-from-collapse-in-t20-world-cup-2026-opener-vs-usa-1325058/ |access-date=8 February 2026 |work=Cricket Country }}</ref> India won the tournament by beating New Zealand in the final, and Yadav became the third Indian captain to lift the T20 World Cup.<ref name="T2026">{{cite news |date=8 March 2026 |title=History scripted as India capture T20 World Cup crown |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/mens-t20-world-cup-2026/news/live-india-new-zealand-chase-world-cup-glory |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=8 March 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 March 2026 |title=India crush New Zealand for third T20 World Cup title |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/india-vs-new-zealand-final-1512773/match-report |work=[[ESPNCricinfo]] |access-date=8 March 2026 }}</ref>

== IPL career ==
[[File:Suryakumar_Yadav_(1).jpg|thumb|Yadav with the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in 2014]]

Yadav was signed by the [[Mumbai Indians]] (MI) in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) ahead of the [[Indian Premier League 2012|2012 season]].<ref name="mykhel"/> He played just one match and was dismissed without scoring.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cricket scorecard – Mumbai Indians vs Pune Warriors, 3rd Match, Indian Premier League 2012|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scorecard/11183/mi-vs-pwi-3rd-match-indian-premier-league-2012|access-date=12 January 2021|work=[[Cricbuzz]]|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620060414/https://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scorecard/11183/mi-vs-pwi-3rd-match-indian-premier-league-2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IPL">{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/teams/mumbai-indians/squad-details/108|title=Suryakumar Yadav, squad details|work=[[Indian Premier League]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204005116/https://www.iplt20.com/teams/mumbai-indians/squad-details/108|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[List of 2014 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2014 IPL auction]], he was bought by the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (KKR) for {{INRconvert|7|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2014_auction/content/site/ipl2014_auction/index.html|title=IPL 2014 auction|date=13 February 2014|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=15 February 2014|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419140917/https://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2014_auction/content/site/ipl2014_auction/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/61736/2014-ipl-auctions-news-day-2|title=2014 IPL auctions|date=13 February 2014|work=[[Cricbuzz]]|access-date=15 February 2014}}</ref> He scored 164 runs at an average of over 32 with KKR winning the title in his [[2014 Indian Premier League|first season]] with the team.<ref name="IPL"/><ref name="Champ">{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-premier-league-ipl-winners-list-champions|title=IPL champions|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=29 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729213735/https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-premier-league-ipl-winners-list-champions|url-status=live}}</ref> He spent four seasons with the team, scoring 608 runs in 54 matches.<ref name="IPL"/>

In [[2018 IPL auction]], Yadav was bought back by the Mumbai Indians for a price of {{INRConvert|32|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=List of sold and unsold players|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22218394/ipl-2018-player-auction-list-sold-unsold-players|access-date=27 January 2018|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=28 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128031100/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22218394/ipl-2018-player-auction-list-sold-unsold-players|url-status=live}}</ref> He was a prolific run-scorer for Mumbai, scoring more than 1400 runs across three seasons, and won the title with the team in the [[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]] and [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020 season]]s.<ref name="IPL"/><ref name="Champ"/> He was retained by the franchise ahead of the [[2022 IPL Auction|2022 auction]] for {{INRConvert|80|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2022/auction/retainedplayer|title=IPL 2022 player retention|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824110609/https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2022/auction/retainedplayer|url-status=live}}</ref> He missed the start of the [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022 season]] due to injury and, on his return, scored 303 runs in eight matches at an average of more than 43. His 2022 season ended after suffering a muscle injury in the 6 May match against [[Gujarat Titans]].<ref name="IPL"/><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kumar |first=Aditya |date=9 May 2022 |title=IPL 2022: Suryakumar Yadav, Mumbai Indians Batsman, Ruled out |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/ipl-2022-suryakumar-yadav-mumbai-indians-batsman-ruled-out-of-tournament-due-to-injury-news-195777 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

Yadav was appointed as the [[Vice Captain (cricket)|vice-captain]] of the team for the [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023 season]] and captained the team in a match against his old team KKR after Rohit missed it due to injury.<ref>{{cite news|title=IPL 2023: Suryakumar Yadav captains Mumbai Indians, Rohit Sharma misses out due to stomach issue|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2023/story/ipl-2023-suryakumar-yadav-captains-mumbai-indians-rohit-sharma-arjun-tendulkar-2360756-2023-04-16|date=16 April 2023|access-date=15 September 2023|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003172522/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2023/story/ipl-2023-suryakumar-yadav-captains-mumbai-indians-rohit-sharma-arjun-tendulkar-2360756-2023-04-16|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2023 season, he had his best ever IPL season with the bat, scoring 605 runs in 16 matches including his maiden IPL century against Gujarat Titans on 12 May.<ref name="IPL"/><ref>{{cite news|date=12 May 2023|title=Suryakumar Yadav scores maiden IPL century in match against Gujarat Titans|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/suryakumar-yadav-scores-maiden-ipl-century-in-match-against-gujarat-titans-8606278/|access-date=15 September 2023|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> He missed the first few matches of the [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024 IPL season]] as he was recovering from injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/sports/list-of-injured-players-ipl-2024-when-will-suryakumar-yadav-return-for-mumbai-indians-19390561.htm|title=List of Injured Players IPL 2024: When will Suryakumar Yadav return for Mumbai Indians?|work=[[CNBC TV18]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-2024-mi-vs-rcb-how-injuries-made-suryakumar-better-version-of-himself-124041000643_1.html|title=IPL 2024 MI vs RCB: How injuries made Suryakumar better version of himself|date=10 April 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|archive-date=10 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410231446/https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-2024-mi-vs-rcb-how-injuries-made-suryakumar-better-version-of-himself-124041000643_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He played 11 games in the season and scored 345 runs including his second IPL century against the [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2024-mi-vs-srh-suryakumar-yadav-equals-rohit-sharma-mumbai-record-2nd-ipl-hundred-2536019-2024-05-06|title=MI vs SRH: Suryakumar Yadav equals Rohit Sharma's Mumbai record with 2nd IPL hundred|date=6 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Playing style ==
Yadav is a hard-hitting [[Batting order (cricket)|middle-order]] batter. He has a tendency to go all-out from the first ball, rather than take time to settle at the [[crease (cricket)|crease]]. He plays a wide range of shots and all around the ground on both [[off side|off]] and [[leg side]]s.<ref name="Week"/> He uses his wrists to play shots around the ground and is often called Mr. 360 for his range of shots including [[scoop (cricket)|scoop]]s over [[fine leg]].<ref name="Mr.360"/><ref name="Cric_360"/>

== Honors ==
=== India ===
* [[T20 Cricket World Cup]]: [[2024 Cricket World Cup|2024]]<ref name="Squad"/><ref name="World"/>, [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup|2026]]<ref name="T2026"/>
* [[Asia Cup]]: [[2023 Asia Cup|2023]],<ref name="Asia"/> [[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]<ref name="AC2025"/>

=== Kolkata Knight Riders ===
* [[List of Indian Premier League seasons and results|Indian Premier League]]: [[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]]<ref name="IPL"/><ref name="Champ"/>

=== Mumbai Indians ===
* [[List of Indian Premier League seasons and results|Indian Premier League]]: [[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]], [[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]], [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]<ref name="IPL"/><ref name="Champ"/>

=== Individual ===
* [[ICC Men's T20I Cricketer of the Year]]: [[2022 ICC Awards|2022]],<ref name="ICC"/> [[2023 ICC Awards|2023]]<ref name="ICC2"/>
* MA Chidambaram Trophy for the Best Under-22 cricketer by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]: 2011<ref name="MAC"/>
* [[ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year]]: 2022,<ref name="ICCT22"/> 2023<ref name="ICCT23"/>

== Career statistics ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ International centuries<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/446507.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Centuries by Suryakumar Yadav|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 August 2024|archive-date=24 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824110652/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/446507.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope = "col" | {{abbr|No.|Number}}
! scope = "col" | Score
! scope = "col" | Against
! scope = "col" | [[Batting order (cricket)|{{abbr|Pos.|Position in the batting order}}]]
! scope = "col" | [[Innings#Cricket|{{abbr|Inn.|The innings of the match}}]]
! scope = "col" | Venue
! scope = "col" | {{abbr|H/A|Home or Away venue}}
! scope = "col" | {{abbr|Date|Date the match was held}}
! scope = "col" | {{abbr|Result|The result of the match from India's perspective}}
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
! scope = "row" | 1
|{{sort|117|117|nolink=y}}
|{{cr|ENG}}
|4
|2
|[[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]]
|Away
|{{dts|format=dmy|2022|July|10}}
|Lost
|<ref name="C1"/>
|-
! scope = "row" | 2
|{{sort|111|111|nolink=y}}[[Not out|*]]
|{{cr|NZL}}
|3
|1
|[[Bay Oval]], [[Mount Maunganui]]
|Away
|{{dts|format=dmy|2022|November|20}}
|Won
|<ref name="C2"/>
|-
! scope = "row" | 3
|{{sort|112|112|nolink=y}}[[Not out|*]]
|{{cr|SL}}
|4
|1
|[[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
|Home
|{{dts|format=dmy|2023|January|7}}
|Won
|<ref name="C3"/>
|-
! scope = "row" | 4
|{{sort|100|100|nolink=y}}
|{{cr|SA}}
|4
|1
|[[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
|Away
|{{dts|format=dmy|2023|December|14}}
|Won
|<ref name="C4"/>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
*{{cricinfo|id=446507}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{succession box|title=[[ICC Men's T20I Cricketer of the Year]]|before=[[Mohammad Rizwan (cricketer)|Mohammad Rizwan]]|after=Incumbent|years=2022–present}}
{{s-end}}

{{India T20I cricket captains}}
{{Current national cricket captains}}
{{Navboxes
|title= India squads
|bg= #0077FF
|fg= #FF8800
|bordercolor=#FF8800
|list1=
{{India Squad 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup}}
{{India Squad 2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup}}
{{India Squad 2023 Asia Cup}}
{{India 2023 Cricket World Cup squad}}
{{India Squad 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup}}
{{India Squad 2026 Men's T20 World Cup}}
}}
{{Mumbai cricket squad}}
{{Mumbai Indians Squad}}
{{ICC T20I Cricketer of the Year}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Suryakumar}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Mumbai cricketers]]
[[Category:Mumbai Indians cricketers]]
[[Category:West Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:India Blue cricketers]]
[[Category:Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricket captains]]

2015 elections in India

2026-03-16T09:34:55Z

Veronaqbs:

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 2014 elections in India
| previous_year = 2014
| election_date = 2015
| next_election = 2016 elections in India
| next_year = 2016
}}
==Legislative assembly elections==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Date(s)
! State/UT
! colspan="2" |Government before
! Chief Minister before election
! colspan="2" |Government after
! Elected Chief Minister
! Maps
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 7 February 2015
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| [[Arvind Kejriwal]]
|[[File:IN-DL.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=3 |12 October 2015 – 5 November 2015
| rowspan=3 |[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
| rowspan=2 | [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| rowspan=3 |[[Nitish Kumar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| rowspan=4 |[[Nitish Kumar]]
|rowspan=4|[[File:IN-BR.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-style="text-align:center;"
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}
The elections in [[India]] in 2015 include the two [[Legislative Assembly elections in India|state legislative assembly elections]]. The tenures of the state legislative assembly of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]] were due to expire during the year, and the Delhi Legislative Assembly re-election would also be held due to the inability to form the [[Government of India|government]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/terms_of_houses.aspx|title= Terms of Houses, Election Commission of India|access-date= 2014-07-30}}</ref>
== Parliamentary by-election ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MP before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| 13 February 2015
| [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangaon]]
| [[Kapil Krishna Thakur]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| [[Mamata Thakur]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
!2
| rowspan="2"| 21 November 2015
| [[Warangal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Warangal]]
| [[Kadiyam Srihari]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}"|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| [[Pasunuri Dayakar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}"|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
!3
| [[Ratlam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratlam]]
| [[Dileep Singh Bhuria]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Kantilal Bhuria]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]

|}

== Assembly by-elections ==
===[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| 13 February 2015
| [[Tirupati (Assembly constituency)|Tirupati]]
| M.Venkataramana
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
| M Suguna
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]

|}

===[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| 13 February 2015
| Liromba
| [[Jarbom Gamlin]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Nyamar Karbak]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]

|}

===[[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| 13 February 2015
| [[Panaji (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panaji]]
| [[Manohar Parrikar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Sidharth Kuncalienker]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

|}

===[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| 14 December 2015
| [[Lohardaga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| [[Kamal Kishore Bhagat]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}" |
| [[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
| [[Sukhdeo Bhagat]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]

|}

===[[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| 27 June 2015
| [[Aruvikkara]]
| [[G. Karthikeyen]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[K. S. Sabarinadhan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]

|}

===[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| 27 June 2015
| [[Garoth (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Garoth]]
| Rajesh Yadav
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Chander Singh Sisodia]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

|}

===[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| 13 February 2015
| [[Mukhed (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mukhed]]
| [[Govind Mukkaji Rathod|Govind Rathod]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Tushar Rathod]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!2
| rowspan="2"|11 April 2015
| [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tasgaon]]
| [[R. R. Patil]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| [[Suman Patil]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!3
| [[Vandre East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vandre East]]
| [[Bala Sawant|Prakash Sawant]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| [[Trupti Sawant]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| [[Shiv Sena]]

|}

===[[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| rowspan="2"|21 November 2015
| [[Thongju (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thongju]]
| [[Thongam Biswajit Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2"| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| [[Thongam Biswajit Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!2
| [[Thangmeiband (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thangmeiband]]
| [[Khumukcham Joykishan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
| [[Khumukcham Joykishan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |

|}

===[[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| 27 June 2015
| [[Chokpot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chokpot]]
| [[Clifford Marak]]
|
| [[Garo National Council]]
| [[Bluebell Sangma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!2
| 21 November 2015
| Nongstoin
| [[Hopingstone Lyngdoh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}" |
| [[Hill State People's Democratic Party]]
| [[Diostar Jyndiang]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}" |
| [[Hill State People's Democratic Party]]

|}

===[[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Mizoram]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| 21 November 2015
| [[Aizawl North 3 (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Aizawl North 3]]
| [[Lal Thanzara]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Lal Thanzara]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]

|}

===[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| 13 February 2015
| [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]
| [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
| rowspan="2"| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| [[S. Valarmathi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
| rowspan="2"| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
!2
| 27 June 2015
| [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
| [[P. Vetriivel]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
| [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |

|}

===[[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| rowspan="2"| 27 June 2015
| [[Pratapgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pratapgarh]]
| [[Anil Sarkar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| rowspan="2"| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| Ramu Das
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| rowspan="2"| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
!2
| [[Surma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Surma]]
| Sudhir Das
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| Anjan Das
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |

|}
=== [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| rowspan="3"| 15 April 2015
| [[Bhagwanpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bhagwanpur]]
| Surendra Rakesh
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| [[Mamta Rakesh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-

|}

===[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| 11 April 2015
| [[Charkhari (Assembly constituency)|Charkhari]]
| Kaptan Singh
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| Urmila Rajput
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="2"| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!2
| 30 April 2015
| [[Pharenda (Assembly constituency)|Pharenda]]
| [[Bajrang Bahadur Singh (politician)|Bajrang Bahadur Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Vinod Tiwari]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |

|}

===[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| 13 February 2015
| [[Krishnaganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Krishnaganj]]
| [[Sushil Biswas]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| [[Satyajit Biswas]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:2015 elections in India| ]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Poriyaalan

2026-03-14T07:40:47Z

Veronaqbs: created post...

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Thanukumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Poriyaalan
| image = Poriyaalan.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Film poster
| director = Thanukumar
| producer = [[Vetrimaaran]] A. K. Vetri Velavan M. Devarajulu
| writer = [[Manimaran]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Harish Kalyan]] [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] [[Achyuth Kumar]]
| narrator =
| music = M. S. Jones Rupert
| cinematography = [[Velraj]]
| editing = G. B. Venkatesh
| studio = [[Grass Root Film Company]] Ace Mass Medias
| distributor = [[Vendhar Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|09|05}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''''Poriyaalan''''' ({{translation|Engineer}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action thriller film]] directed by Thanukumar, written by [[Manimaran]], and produced by [[Vetrimaaran]]. The film features [[Harish Kalyan]] and [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] in the leading roles. [[Velraj]] is the cinematographer for the venture,<ref>{{Cite web |title='Poriyaalan' is getting ready! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/poriyaalan-is-getting-ready-news-tamil-nlqkNDagajd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310110411/http://www.sify.com/movies/poriyaalan-is-getting-ready-news-tamil-nlqkNDagajd.html |archive-date=10 March 2014 |access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref> while newcomer M. S. Jones Rupert composed the music.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Poriyaalan' gets ready for release |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/poriyaalan-gets-ready-for-release-news-tamil-oiqkl8cddgijf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817034604/http://www.sify.com/movies/poriyaalan-gets-ready-for-release-news-tamil-oiqkl8cddgijf.html |archive-date=17 August 2014 |access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref> The film released on 5 September 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=6 September 2014 |title=Poriyaalan review - A gritty little thriller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/poriyaalan-review-a-gritty-little-thriller/article6386124.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Harish Kalyan]] as Saravanan Prabhu
* [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] as Vijaya Shanthi (Credited as Rakshita)
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Sundar
* [[Mohan Raman]] as Shastri
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Construction Company Boss
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as College Principal
* [[Udhayabhanu Maheswaran]] as Saravanan's father
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as Banker
* [[Mayilsamy]] as Uncle
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Civil Engineering Professor
* [[Crane Manohar]] as Fraud
* [[Munnar Ramesh]] as Ramesh
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Land Seller
* Ajay Raj as Prabhu
* Boys Rajan as Shanti's father
* Ravi Venkatraman as Rajendran
* Rajapandi
* Fahad Nasar
* [[Velraj]] as Velraj (Cameo appearance)
* [[Gaana Bala]] in a cameo appearance
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by M. S. Jones Rupert.{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yaedhaedho Sila Yaekkangal
| length1 = 3:46
| lyrics1 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra1 = Indira Ramanan
| title2 = Porappu Erappu
| length2 = 4:10
| lyrics2 = [[Gana Bala]]
| extra2 = Gana Bala
| title3 = Kan Rendum
| length3 = 2:54
| lyrics3 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra3 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Saindhavi]]
| title4 = Haryana Devathaikku
| length4 = 3:54
| lyrics4 = Yugabharathi
| extra4 = [[Suchitra]]
| title5 = Un Vizhiyil
| length5 = 3:42
| lyrics5 = Yugabharathi
| extra5 = [[Haricharan]]
}}

==Production==
The film was first announced in January 2013, with reports claiming that a [[Vetrimaaran]]'s Associate Dharmaraj would make the film for Ace Mass Media with [[Harish Kalyan]] in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poriyalan in search of heroine.., dharmaraj, poriyalan |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/poriyalan-in-search-of-heroine-dharmaraj-poriyalan-22-01-13.html |access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref> The film progressed slowly until November 2013, when it was announced that director [[Vetrimaaran]] would produce the film which had been written by [[Manimaran]] of ''[[Udhayam NH4]]'' fame. The film's director was revealed to be Thanukumar, with over ninety percent of the film having been completed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vetrimaaran aka Vetri maran's Poriyalan is 90% complete |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/vetrimaaran-aka-vetri-marans-poriyalan-is-90-complete.html |access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref> [[Anandhi (actress)|Rakshita]], who has previously appeared in Telugu films and in ''[[Kayal (film)|Kayal]]'' (2014), played the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayal girl in Poriyalan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kayal-girl-in-poriyalan/articleshow/26022541.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104032102/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-19/news-interviews/44241095_1_film-audio-launch-engineering-college-student |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=1 August 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
The distribution rights of the film were acquired by [[Vendhar Movies]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poriyaalan is Based on Real Story |url=http://silverscreen.in/news/poriyaalan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006111934/http://silverscreen.in/news/poriyaalan/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref> The film was released on 5 September 2014.

==Critical reception==
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Poriyaalan is a sort of sibling to Vetrimaaran’s first film, ''Polladhavan''...What sets these films apart from the typical action-thrillers is their texture — you can taste the grit. The storytelling, after (a) flabby beginning, is superbly economic...the film makes good on its promise of a tight little thriller, with mostly adequate performances".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=6 September 2014 |title=Poriyaalan review - A gritty little thriller |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/poriyaalan-review-a-gritty-little-thriller/article6386124.ece |access-date=1 August 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "If the film succeeds, it is mainly because of its screenplay by Mani Maaran. Barring one hard-to-believe turn, it manages to hit the right buttons to keep us on the edge of the seat. It is racy, thrilling and entertaining".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poriyaalan Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Poriyaalan/movie-review/41852538.cms |access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3949610}}

{{Vetrimaaran}}

[[Category:2014 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Siddhar

2026-03-13T08:26:20Z

Veronaqbs: cleanup

{{Short description|Tamil wonder-workers and sages}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
[[File:AgasthiyarG.jpg|thumbnail|[[Agastya]], the first Siddhar]]
[[File:Pambatti siddhar sannidhi.jpg|thumb|[[Pambatti Siddhar]] Sannidhi at [[Marudamalai]] Temple]]

The '''Siddhar''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]] (romanized) ''cittar''; from [[Sanskrit]] ''[[siddha]]'')<ref>{{cite book |title=Tamil Lexicon |publisher=[[University of Madras]] |pages=1410 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/tamil-lex_query.py?page=1410}}</ref> in [[Tamils|Tamil]] tradition is a perfected individual who has attained spiritual powers called ''[[siddhi]]''.

Historically, Siddhar also refers to the people who were early-age wandering adepts that dominated ancient Tamil teaching and philosophy. They were knowledgeable in science, technology, astronomy, literature, fine arts, music, drama, and dance and provided solutions to common people's illnesses and advice for their future.<ref>{{cite book|title=Meditation Revolution: A History and Theology of the Siddha Yoga Lineage|year=2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120816480}}</ref> Some of their ideologies are considered to have originated during the [[First Sangam]] period.<ref>{{cite book|last=S. Cunjithapatham|first=M. Arunachalam|title=Musical tradition of Tamilnadu|year=1989|publisher=International Society for the Investigation of Ancient Civilizations|pages=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Indian history, Volume 38|year=1960|publisher=Dept. of History, University of Kerala}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Weiss|first=Richard|title=Recipes for Immortality : Healing, Religion, and Community in South India: Healing, Religion, and Community in South India|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199715008|page=80}}</ref>

==Practice==
Siddhars were typically scientists, saints, doctors, alchemists, and mystics all in one. They wrote their findings in the form of Tamil poems on [[Palm-leaf manuscript|palm leaf manuscripts]]. They typically believe in [[Monotheism|one god]], but there are some Siddhars who believe in polytheism. These are still owned by some families in Tamil Nadu and handed down through the generations, as well as being kept in universities in India, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States.<ref>{{cite web|author=V. Jayaram |url=http://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/essays/siddhas.asp |title=Study of siddhas |publisher=Hinduwebsite.com |access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref>

In this way, Siddhars developed the native [[Siddha medicine]] system. A rustic form of healing that is similar to Siddha medicine has since been practiced by experienced elders in the villages of Tamil Nadu. This is referred to as ''pātti vaittiyam'' (grandmother's medicine), ''nāttu maruntu'' (folk medicine), and ''mūlikai maruttuvam'' (herbal medicine).

Siddhars are also believed to be the founders of [[varma kalai]] - a martial art for self-defense and medical treatment at the same time with the application of pressure points.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cruz |first=Edmund A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OCJiDwAAQBAJ&dq=varma+kalai+pressure&pg=PT68 |title=Health, Longevity and the Martial Arts |date=2018-06-16 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-5462-3979-6 |language=en}}</ref>

Tamil Siddhars were the first to develop pulse-reading (''naadi paarththal'' in Tamil) to identify the origin of diseases.

According to regional belief, the Siddhars are said to have resided for many ages upon a mountain called [[Sathuragiri Hills|Sathuragiri]], near the [[Thanippara|Thanipparai]] village in Tamil Nadu.

== Siddhars ==
The [[Abithana Chintamani]] encyclopedia states that the Siddhars are of the 18 persons listed below, but [[Agastya]] states that there are many who precede and follow these.

===The 18 Siddhars===
[[File:Mahan Sri Karuvurar.jpg|thumb|''[[Murti]]'' of Karuvurar]]

There are 18 Siddhars in the Tamil Siddha tradition:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=M. S. Purnalingam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC&pg=PA264 |title=Tamil Literature |date=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0955-6 |pages=264 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Venkataramaiah |first=K. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pAMAQAAMAAJ |title=A Handbook of Tamil Nadu |date=1996 |publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics |isbn=978-81-85692-20-3 |pages=139 |language=en}}</ref>
# [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]]
# [[Tirumular]]
# [[Agastya]]
# [[Kalangi Nathar]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Salem District |first=Government of Tamilnadu |title=Temples |url=https://salem.nic.in/tourism/temples/#:~:text=Kalangi%20Siddhar%20is%20one%20among,on%20the%20way%20to%20EIampillai.}}</ref> (identified with Kamalamuni and/or [[Confucius]])
# [[Patanjali]]
# [[Korakkar]]
# {{ill|Sundaranandar|ta|சுந்தரானந்தர்}}
# {{ill|Konganar|ta|கொங்கணர்}}
# {{ill|Sattaimuni|ta|சட்டைமுனி}}
# Vanmikar ([[Valmiki]])
# {{ill|Ramadevar|ta|இராமதேவ சித்தர்}}
# [[Dhanvantari]]
# [[Idaikaadar]]
# Machamuni (identified with [[Matsyendranatha]])
# [[Karuvurar]]
# [[Bogar]] (identified with [[Laozi]]<ref name="Bhoganathar">{{cite web | title=Siddha Bhoganāthar: An Oceanic Life Story |url=http://palani.org/bhogar-biography.htm | website=palani.org}}</ref>)
# [[Pambatti Siddhar|Pambatti]]
# {{ill|Kuthambai|ta|குதம்பைச்சித்தர்}}

Apart from the 18 Siddhars listed above, there is another list of 18 Siddhars who represent the 9 Navagrahas (with two Siddhars representing each Navagraha). All navagraha doshas and pariharams are performed to the Siddhars as Siddhar Velvi (Siddhar havan). The details of the 18 Siddhars who represent the 9 Navagrahas are as follows:{{Uncited|date=April 2024}}

# Sivavakkiyar - Moon
# Kambili - Moon
# Bhogar - Mars
# Kagabhujanga - Jupiter
# Sri Pullipani Siddhar - Mars
# Sattaimuni - Kethu
# Sri Agapai Siddhar - Jupiter
# Alugani - Rahu
# Kudambai - Kethu
# Vallalar - Mercury
# Edaikaddar - Mercury
# Pattinathar - Sun
# Kaduvelli - Sun
# Kanjamalai - Venus
# Sennimalai - Venus
# Kapilar - Saturn
# Karuvurar - Saturn
# Pampatti - Rahu

== Eight Perfections ==

{{Hinduism|state=autocollapsed}}
Siddhars are believed to have had both major and minor powers that are described in detail in various yogic and religious texts.<ref>Thirumandiram 668</ref><ref name="Subramuniyaswami">{{Cite book |last=Subramuniyaswami |first=Sivaya |url=https://archive.org/details/dancingwithsivah00subr_0 |title=Glossary - Siddhi |publisher=Himalayan Academy |year=1997 |isbn=978-0945497974 |location=USA |id=Search: Siddhi}}</ref>

* ''Aṇimā'': the ability to reduce one's body to the size of an atom.
* ''Mahimā'': the ability to expand one's body to an infinitely large size.
* ''Laghimā'': the ability to become weightless or lighter than air.
* ''Garimā'': the ability to become heavy or dense.
* ''Prāpti'': the ability to realize whatever one desires.
* ''Prākāmya'': the ability to access any place in the world.
* ''Īśiṭva'': the ability to control all material elements or natural forces.
* ''Vaśiṭva'': the ability to force influence upon anyone.

These eight are the [[Siddhi#Eight primary siddhis|Great Siddhis (Ashtama siddhis)]], or Great Perfections.

==See also==
* [[Abithana Chintamani]]
* [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)]]
* [[Ayyavazhi mythology]]
* [[Bogar]]
* [[Mahasiddha]]
* [[Ambattar|Maruttuvar community]]
* [[Nayanars]]
* [[Siddha]]
* [[Tirumandhiram|Tirumantiram]]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil-language literature]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu saints|*]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu literature]]

Solar power

2026-03-11T02:00:15Z

Veronaqbs: enhance lead additionally and added references

{{Short description|Conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity}}
{{about|the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity|a broader range of human uses for sunlight|Solar energy|the unit of light from stars and galaxies|Solar luminosity}}
{{Other uses|Solar Power (disambiguation){{!}}Solar Power}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Multiple image
|direction=vertical
|align=right
|width=340
|image1=Electrical and Mechanical Services Department Headquarters Photovoltaics.jpg
|image2=Foto aére de solnovas y torre junio 2010.jpg
|caption1=[[Rooftop solar]] in [[Hong Kong]]
|caption2=The first three [[concentrated solar power]] (CSP) units of Spain's [[Solnova Solar Power Station]] in the foreground, with the [[PS10]] and [[PS20]] solar power towers in the background
|caption3=Estimated solar energy available for power generation. The map shows the average daily/yearly sum of electricity production from a 1 kW-peak grid-connected solar PV power plant covering the period from 1994/1999/2007 (depending on the geographical region) to 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Solar Atlas |url=https://globalsolaratlas.info/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=globalsolaratlas.info}}</ref>
}}

'''Solar power''', also known as '''solar electricity''', is the conversion of energy from [[sunlight]] into [[electricity]], either directly using [[photovoltaics]] (PV) or indirectly using [[concentrated solar power]]. [[Solar panels]] use the [[photovoltaic effect]] to convert light into an [[electric current]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Energy Sources: Solar |url=https://www.energy.gov/energysources/solar.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414081047/http://www.energy.gov/energysources/solar.htm |archive-date=14 April 2011 |access-date=19 April 2011 |work=Department of Energy }}</ref> Concentrated solar power systems use [[lenses]] or mirrors and [[solar tracking]] systems to focus a large area of sunlight to a hot spot, often to drive a [[steam turbine]].

Photovoltaics (PV) were initially solely used as a source of electricity for small and medium-sized applications, from the [[calculator]] powered by a single solar cell to remote homes powered by an [[off-grid]] rooftop PV system. Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since then, as the cost of solar panels has fallen, grid-connected [[solar PV systems]]' capacity and production have [[Growth of photovoltaics|doubled about every three years]]. Three-quarters of new generation capacity is solar,<ref name="Gabb">{{Cite web |last=Gabbatiss |first=Josh |date=2024-01-12 |title=Analysis: World will add enough renewables in five years to power US and Canada |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-world-will-add-enough-renewables-in-five-years-to-power-us-and-canada/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> with both millions of rooftop installations and gigawatt-scale [[photovoltaic power station]]s continuing to be built.

In 2024, solar power generated 7% of global electricity and over 1% of [[primary energy]] (2.7% by the [[substitution method (primary energy)|substitution method]]), adding twice as much new electricity as coal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-08 |title=Global Electricity Review 2025 |url=https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/global-electricity-review-2025/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Ember |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Sun Machines |url=https://www.economist.com/interactive/essay/2024/06/20/solar-power-is-going-to-be-huge |access-date=2024-06-26 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-energy-substitution |title=Global primary energy consumption by source}} Primary energy is based on the substitution method and measured in terawatt-hours. 5151 out of 186,383 TWh in 2024</ref>
Along with onshore [[wind power]], [[utility-scale solar]] is the source with the cheapest [[levelised cost of electricity]] for new installations in most countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Levelized Cost Of Energy+ |url=https://www.lazard.com/research-insights/2023-levelized-cost-of-energyplus/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=[[Lazard]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=Executive summary – Renewable Energy Market Update – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/renewable-energy-market-update-june-2023/executive-summary |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Solar power in China|China]] has about half the world’s solar power.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hawkins |first=Amy |date=2025-06-26 |title=China breaks more records with surge in solar and wind power |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jun/26/china-breaks-more-records-with-massive-build-up-of-wind-and-solar-power |access-date=2025-10-26 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Almost half the solar power installed in 2022 was [[Rooftop solar power|mounted on rooftops]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Norman |first=Will |date=2023-06-13 |title=Through the roof: 49.5% of world's PV additions were rooftop in 2022 – SolarPower Europe |url=https://www.pv-tech.org/through-the-roof-49-5-of-worlds-pv-additions-were-rooftop-in-2022-solarpower-europe/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=PV Tech |language=en-US}}</ref>

Much more [[low-carbon power]] is needed for [[electrification]] and to [[Climate change mitigation|limit climate change]].<ref name="Gabb" /> The [[International Energy Agency]] said in 2022 that more effort was needed for grid integration and the mitigation of policy, regulation and financing challenges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solar PV – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/solar-pv |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Nevertheless solar may greatly cut the cost of energy.<ref name=":0" /> Solar is important for [[energy security]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How do renewables contribute to energy security? – DW – 06/27/2025 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/how-do-renewables-contribute-to-energy-security/a-73047739 |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>

{{TOC limit|3}}

== Potential ==
{{Sustainable energy}}
Geography affects solar energy potential because some places are sunnier than others. In particular areas that are closer to the [[equator]] generally receive more sunshine. However, [[solar panels]] that can follow the position of the Sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator.<ref name="World Energy Assessment">{{Cite book |title=World energy assessment: energy and the challenge of sustainability |date=2000 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=978-92-1-126126-4 |editor-last=Goldemberg |editor-first=José |edition=1. print |location=New York, New York |language=en-us |editor-last2=UNDP}}</ref> Daytime [[cloud cover]] can reduce the light available for solar cells. Land availability also has a large effect on the available solar energy.

== Technologies ==

Solar power plants use one of two technologies:
* [[Photovoltaic]] (PV) [[Photovoltaic systems|systems]] use [[solar panel]]s, either on [[Rooftop photovoltaic power station|rooftops]] or in ground-mounted [[solar farm]]s, converting sunlight directly into electric power.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arif |first=Muhammad |title=Power Generation Technologies: An Introduction |publisher=Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS) |year=2019 |isbn=978-969-7583-01-0 |location=Islamabad, Pakistan |pages=7}}</ref>
* [[Concentrated solar power]] (CSP) systems use mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight to extreme heat to make steam, which drives a [[Steam turbine|turbine]] to generate electricity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arif |first=Muhammad |title=Power Generation Technologies: An Introduction |publisher=Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS) |year=2019 |isbn=978-969-7583-01-0 |location=Islamabad, Pakistan |pages=8}}</ref>

=== Solar cells ===
{{Main|Photovoltaics|Solar cell}}
[[File:PV-system-schematics-residential-Eng.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Schematics of a grid-connected residential [[PV power system]]<ref name="SolarCells_Section10_2">Lewis Fraas, Larry Partain. Solar Cells and their Applications, Second Edition, Wiley, 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-470-44633-1}}, Section10.2.</ref>]]

The [[photovoltaic effect]] in [[solar cell|solar cells]] converts light into electric current. The first solar cell was constructed by [[Charles Fritts]] in the 1880s.<ref>{{harvnb|Perlin|1999|p=147}}.</ref> The German industrialist [[Ernst Werner von Siemens]] was among those who recognized the importance of this discovery.<ref>{{harvnb|Perlin|1999|pp=18-20}}.</ref> In 1931, the German engineer Bruno Lange developed a photo cell using [[silver selenide]] in place of [[copper oxide]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9CcDAAAAMBAJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9CcDAAAAMBAJ/page/n42 41] |title=Magic Plates, Tap Sun For Power|journal=Popular Science |date = June 1931|access-date=19 April 2011|last1=Corporation|first1=Bonnier}}</ref> although the prototype [[selenium]] cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity. Following the work of [[Russell Ohl]] in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, [[Calvin Fuller]] and Daryl Chapin created the [[silicon]] solar cell in 1954.<ref>{{harvnb|Perlin|1999|p=29}}.</ref> These early solar cells cost US$286/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5–6%.<ref>{{harvnb|Perlin|1999|pp=29-30,38}}.</ref> In 1957, [[Mohamed M. Atalla]] developed the process of silicon [[surface passivation]] by [[thermal oxidation]] at [[Bell Labs]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=Lachlan E. |title=New Perspectives on Surface Passivation: Understanding the Si-Al2O3 Interface |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-32521-7 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/156698511.pdf |page=13}}</ref><ref name="Lojek">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |url=https://archive.org/details/historysemicondu00loje_697 |url-access=limited |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historysemicondu00loje_697/page/n128 120]& 321–323}}</ref> The surface passivation process has since been critical to [[solar cell efficiency]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=Lachlan E. |title=New Perspectives on Surface Passivation: Understanding the Si-Al2O3 Interface |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-32521-7 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/156698511.pdf}}</ref>

{{As of|2022}} over 90% of the market is [[crystalline silicon]].<ref name="Urbina" /> The array of a [[photovoltaic system]], or PV system, produces [[direct current]] (DC) power which fluctuates with the sunlight's intensity. For practical use this usually requires conversion to [[alternating current]] (AC), through the use of [[Solar inverter|inverters]].<ref name="SolarCells_Section10_2" /> Multiple solar cells are connected inside panels. Panels are wired together to form arrays, then tied to an inverter, which produces power at the desired voltage, and for AC, the desired frequency/phase.<ref name="SolarCells_Section10_2" />

Many residential PV systems are connected to the grid when available, especially in developed countries with large markets.<ref name="IEAPVPS2009_Fig3">{{cite web | url=http://www.iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=92&eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=432 | title=Trends in Photovoltaic Applications Survey report of selected IEA countries between 1992 and 2009, IEA-PVPS | access-date=8 November 2011 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525165534/http://www.iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=92&eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=432 | archive-date=25 May 2017 }}</ref> In these [[grid-connected PV systems]] energy storage is optional. In certain applications such as satellites, lighthouses, or in developing countries, batteries or additional power generators are often added as back-ups. Such [[stand-alone power system]]s permit operations at night and at other times of limited sunlight.

In a "vertical [[agrivoltaics]]" system, solar cells are oriented vertically on farmland, to allow the land to both grow crops and generate renewable energy.<ref name=Cooldown_20240117/> Other configurations include [[Floating solar|floating solar farms]], placing solar canopies over parking lots, and [[Rooftop solar power|rooftop solar]].<ref name=Cooldown_20240117>{{cite news |last1=Budin |first1=Jeremiah |title=Game-Changing Solar Power Technology to Get First US Installation: Valuable Land is almost Completely Preserved |url=https://www.thecooldown.com/green-tech/vertical-agrivoltaics-vermont-solar-farm/ |work=The Cooldown |date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117053018/https://www.thecooldown.com/green-tech/vertical-agrivoltaics-vermont-solar-farm/ |archive-date=17 January 2024}}</ref>

====Thin-film solar====
{{main|Thin-film solar cell}}
A [[thin-film solar cell]] is a second generation [[solar cell]] that is made by depositing one or more thin layers, or [[thin film]] (TF) of [[photovoltaic]] material on a substrate, such as glass, plastic or metal. Thin-film solar cells are commercially used in several technologies, including [[Cadmium telluride photovoltaics|cadmium telluride]] (CdTe), [[Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells|copper indium gallium diselenide]] (CIGS), and [[Amorphous silicon|amorphous thin-film silicon]] (a-Si, TF-Si).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ases.org/thin-film-solar-panels/ | title=Thin-Film Solar Panels | American Solar Energy Society }}</ref>

==== Perovskite solar cells ====
{{Excerpt|Perovskite solar cell|paragraphs=1,2|file=yes}}

=== Concentrated solar power ===
[[File:Parabolic trough.svg|thumb|A [[parabolic trough|parabolic collector]] concentrates sunlight onto a tube in its focal point.]]
{{Main|Concentrated solar power}}

[[Concentrated solar power]] (CSP), also called "concentrated solar thermal", uses lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to concentrate sunlight, then uses the resulting heat to generate electricity from conventional steam-driven turbines.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-06-11 |title=How CSP Works: Tower, Trough, Fresnel or Dish |url=https://www.solarpaces.org/how-csp-works/ |access-date=2020-03-14 |website=Solarpaces |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{As of|2021}} the [[levelized cost of electricity]] from CSP is over twice that of PV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2021 |url=https://irena.org/publications/2022/Jul/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2021 |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=irena.org |date=13 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> As of 2022, less than 1% of solar power comes from CSP.

=== Hybrid systems ===
{{Main|Hybrid power}}

A hybrid system combines solar with energy storage or one or more other forms of generation. Hydro,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2021-11-10 |title=World's largest hydro-floating solar hybrid comes online in Thailand |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/worlds-largest-hydro-floating-solar-hybrid-comes-online-in-thailand/ |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ming |first1=Bo |last2=Liu |first2=Pan |last3=Guo |first3=Yi |title=Complementarity of Variable Renewable Energy Sources |chapter=Operations management of large hydro–PV hybrid power plants: Case studies in China |date=2022 |pages=439–502 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-85527-3.00008-X |isbn=978-0-323-85527-3 }}</ref> wind<ref>{{Cite web |title=World's largest wind-solar hybrid complex goes online in India |url=https://renewablesnow.com/news/worlds-largest-wind-solar-hybrid-complex-goes-online-in-india-799667/ |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=Renewablesnow.com |date=30 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Todorović |first=Igor |date=2022-11-04 |title=China completes world's first hybrid offshore wind-solar power plant |url=https://balkangreenenergynews.com/china-completes-worlds-first-hybrid-offshore-wind-solar-power-plant/ |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=Balkan Green Energy News |language=en-US}}</ref> and batteries<ref>{{Cite web |last=Which? |title=Solar panel battery storage |url=https://www.which.co.uk/reviews/solar-panels/article/solar-panels/solar-panel-battery-storage-a2AfJ0s5tCyT |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=Which? |language=en}}</ref> are commonly combined with solar. The combined generation may enable the system to vary power output with demand, or at least smooth the solar power fluctuation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brumana |first1=Giovanni |last2=Franchini |first2=Giuseppe |last3=Ghirardi |first3=Elisa |last4=Perdichizzi |first4=Antonio |title=Techno-economic optimization of hybrid power generation systems: A renewables community case study |journal=Energy |date=May 2022 |volume=246 |article-number=123427 |doi=10.1016/j.energy.2022.123427 |bibcode=2022Ene...24623427B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Zhenni |last2=Wen |first2=Xin |last3=Tan |first3=Qiaofeng |last4=Fang |first4=Guohua |last5=Lei |first5=Xiaohui |last6=Wang |first6=Hao |last7=Yan |first7=Jinyue |title=Potential assessment of large-scale hydro-photovoltaic-wind hybrid systems on a global scale |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |date=August 2021 |volume=146 |article-number=111154 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.111154 |bibcode=2021RSERv.14611154W }}</ref> There is much hydro worldwide, and adding solar panels on or around existing hydro reservoirs is particularly useful, because hydro is usually more flexible than wind and cheaper at scale than batteries,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Todorović |first=Igor |date=2022-07-22 |title=Portugal, Switzerland launch pumped storage hydropower plants of over 2 GW in total |url=https://balkangreenenergynews.com/portugal-switzerland-launch-pumped-storage-hydropower-plants-of-over-2-gw-in-total/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Balkan Green Energy News |language=en-US}}</ref> and existing power lines can sometimes be used.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bank (ADB) |first=Asian Development |title=ADB Partnership Report 2019: Building Strong Partnerships for Shared Progress |url=https://www.adb.org/multimedia/partnership-report2019/stories/solar-power-meets-hydropower/ |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=Asian Development Bank |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Merlet |first1=Stanislas |last2=Thorud |first2=Bjørn |date=2020-11-18 |title=Floating solar power connected to hydropower might be the future for renewable energy |url=https://sciencenorway.no/hydropower-opinion-renewable-energy/floating-solar-power-connected-to-hydropower-might-be-the-future-for-renewable-energy/1772215 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=sciencenorway.no}}</ref>

== Development and deployment ==

{{See also|Growth of photovoltaics|Timeline of solar cells|Solar power by country|Concentrated solar power#Deployment around the world}}{{owidslider
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=== Early days ===
The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce, such as experiments by [[Augustin Mouchot]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RmM9AQAAIAAJ&q=carbonic+oxide|title=Scientific American|date=1869-04-10|publisher=Munn & Company|page=227|language=en}}</ref> [[Charles Fritts]] installed the world's first rooftop photovoltaic solar array, using 1%-efficient [[selenium]] cells, on a New York City roof in 1884.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 December 2014 |title=Photovoltaic Dreaming 1875–1905: First Attempts At Commercializing PV |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2014/12/31/photovoltaic-dreaming-first-attempts-commercializing-pv/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240830150035/https://cleantechnica.com/2014/12/31/photovoltaic-dreaming-first-attempts-commercializing-pv/ |archive-date=30 August 2024 |access-date=30 April 2018 |website=[[cleantechnica.com]] }}</ref> However, development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and [[petroleum]].<ref>Butti and Perlin (1981), pp. 63, 77, 101.</ref> Bell Telephone Laboratories' 1950s research used silicon wafers with a thin coating of boron. The "Bell Solar Battery" was described as 6% efficient, with a square yard of the panels generating 50 watts.<ref>"The Bell Solar Battery" (advertisement). Audio, July 1964, 15.</ref> The first satellite with solar panels [[Vanguard 1|was launched in 1957]].<ref name="NRL">{{cite web |url=http://code8100.nrl.navy.mil/about/heritage/vanguard.htm |title=Vanguard I The World's Oldest Satellite Still in Orbit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321054447/http://code8100.nrl.navy.mil/about/heritage/vanguard.htm |archive-date=2015-03-21|access-date=September 24, 2007}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

By the 1970s, solar panels were still too expensive for much other than [[satellites]].<ref name="Levy">{{cite journal |last1=Levy |first1=Adam |title=The dazzling history of solar power |journal=Knowable Magazine |date=13 January 2021 |doi=10.1146/knowable-011321-1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1974 it was estimated that only six private homes in all of North America were entirely heated or cooled by functional solar power systems.<ref>"The Solar Energy Book—Once More." ''[[Mother Earth News]]'' 31: 16–17, January 1975.</ref> However, the [[1973 oil embargo]] and [[1979 energy crisis]] caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies.<ref>Butti and Perlin (1981), p. 249.</ref><ref>Yergin (1991), pp. 634, 653–673.</ref>

Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the [[New Sunshine Project|Sunshine Program]] in Japan. Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the United States (SERI, now [[NREL]]), Japan ([[New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization|NEDO]]), and Germany ([[Fraunhofer ISE]]).<ref>{{cite web | title=Chronicle of Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft | publisher=Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft | url=http://www.fraunhofer.de/EN/company/profile/chronicle/1972-1982.jsp | access-date=4 November 2007 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212091650/http://www.fraunhofer.de/EN/company/profile/chronicle/1972-1982.jsp | archive-date=12 December 2007 }}</ref> Between 1970 and 1983 installations of photovoltaic systems grew rapidly. In the United States, President [[Jimmy Carter]] set a target of producing 20% of U.S. energy from solar by the year 2000, but his successor, [[Ronald Reagan]], removed the funding for research into renewables.<ref name="Levy"/> Falling oil prices in the early 1980s moderated the [[growth of photovoltaics]] from 1984 to 1996.

<gallery>
File:World solar generation yearly.png|Yearly solar generation by continent
File:2007- New solar installations - annually by country or region.svg|Benefitting from favorable policies and declining costs of modules, photovoltaic solar installation has grown consistently.<ref name=Canary_BloombergNEF_20230915>{{cite web |title=Chart: Solar installations set to break global, US records in 2023 |url=https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/solar/chart-solar-installations-set-to-break-global-us-records-in-2023 |publisher=Canary Media |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917103745/https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/solar/chart-solar-installations-set-to-break-global-us-records-in-2023 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |date=15 September 2023 |url-status=live }} For relevant chart, Canary Media credits: "Source: BloombergNEF, September 2023"</ref><ref name=BNEF_20230905>{{cite web |last1=Chase |first1=Jenny |title=3Q 2023 Global PV Market Outlook |url=https://about.bnef.com/blog/3q-2023-global-pv-market-outlook/ |publisher=BloombergNEF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921083709/https://about.bnef.com/blog/3q-2023-global-pv-market-outlook/ |archive-date=21 September 2023 |date=5 September 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, China added 60% of the world's new capacity.<ref name=BNEF_20240304>2023 data: {{cite web |last1=Chase |first1=Jenny |title=1Q 2024 Global PV Market Outlook |url=https://about.bnef.com/blog/1q-2024-global-pv-market-outlook/ |website=BNEF.com |publisher=BloombergNEF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613203834/https://about.bnef.com/blog/1q-2024-global-pv-market-outlook/ |archive-date=13 June 2024 |date=4 March 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
File:Installed solar PV capacity log graph.svg|The growth of solar PV on a semi-log scale since 1996
File:Electricity production by source.svg|Electricity production by source
</gallery>

=== Mid-1990s to 2010 ===
In the mid-1990s development of both residential and commercial [[rooftop solar]], as well as utility-scale [[photovoltaic power station]]s, began to accelerate again due to supply issues with oil and natural gas, [[global warming]] concerns, and the improving economics of PV relative to other energy technologies.<ref name="Levy"/><ref>[http://www.solardev.com/SEIA-lightworld.php Solar: photovoltaic: Lighting Up The World] retrieved 19 May 2009 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813163816/http://www.solardev.com/SEIA-lightworld.php|date=13 August 2010}}.</ref> In the early 2000s, the adoption of [[feed-in tariff]]s—a policy mechanism that gives renewables priority on the grid and defines a fixed price for the generated electricity—led to a high level of investment security and to a soaring number of PV deployments in Europe.

=== 2010s ===
For several years, worldwide growth of solar PV was driven by [[Solar power in the European Union|European deployment]], but it then shifted to Asia, especially [[Solar power in China|China]] and [[Solar power in Japan|Japan]], and to a growing number of countries and regions all over the world. Chinese manufacturers of solar equipment grew to be the largest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pv-tech.org/editors-blog/45754|title=Top-10 solar cell producers in 2016|first=Finlay|last=Colville|work=PV-Tech|date=30 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054912/http://www.pv-tech.org/editors-blog/45754|archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ball |first=Jeffrey |display-authors=etal |date=2017-03-21 |title=The New Solar System – Executive Summary |url=https://www-cdn.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Executive-Summary-The-New-Solar-System-1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420151310/https://www-cdn.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Executive-Summary-The-New-Solar-System-1.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2017 |access-date=2017-06-27 |website=Stanford University Law School, Steyer-Taylor Center for Energy Policy and Finance }}</ref> Although concentrated solar power capacity grew more than tenfold, it remained a tiny proportion of the total,<ref name="ren21-gsr-2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR/2014/GSR2014_full%20report_low%20res.pdf |title=Renewables 2014: Global Status Report |author=REN21 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140915214208/http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR/2014/GSR2014_full%20report_low%20res.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2014 |year=2014 |url-status=live |author-link=REN21 }}</ref>{{rp|51}} because the cost of utility-scale solar PV fell by 85% between 2010 and 2020, while CSP costs only fell 68% in the same timeframe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santamarta |first=Jose |title=The cost of Concentrated Solar Power declined by 16% |url=https://helioscsp.com/the-cost-of-concentrated-solar-power-declined-by-16/ |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=HELIOSCSP |language=}}</ref>

=== 2020s ===
[[File:2024-2025 Change in electricity sources and demand.svg |thumb |Growth in solar and wind power from the first half of 2024 to the first half of 2025 increased more than the growth in overall demand for electricity, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and helping to curb [[greenhouse gas emissions]].<ref name=Ember_20251007>{{cite web |last1=Wiatros-Motyka |first1=Małgorzata |last2=Rangelova |first2=Kostantsa |title=Global Electricity Mid-Year Insights 2025 |url=https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/10/Global-Electricity-Mid-Year-Insights-2025-PDF.pdf |website=Ember-Energy.org |publisher=Ember |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251204182020/https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/10/Global-Electricity-Mid-Year-Insights-2025-PDF.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2025 |page=4 |date=7 October 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Solar and wind outpaced demand growth in the first half of 2025. ... This led to renewables overtaking coal’s share in the global mix and prevented further increases in CO2 emissions from the power sector.}}</ref>]]
Despite the rising cost of materials, such as [[polysilicon]], during the [[2021–2022 global energy crisis]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the impact of increasing commodity and energy prices on solar PV, wind and biofuels? – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/articles/what-is-the-impact-of-increasing-commodity-and-energy-prices-on-solar-pv-wind-and-biofuels |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=IEA |date=December 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[utility scale solar]] was still the least expensive energy source in many countries due to the rising costs of other energy sources, such as natural gas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Levelized Cost Of Energy, Levelized Cost Of Storage, and Levelized Cost Of Hydrogen |url=http://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-levelized-cost-of-storage-and-levelized-cost-of-hydrogen/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Lazard.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, global solar generation capacity exceeded 1 TW for the first time.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Installs a Record 168 GW of Solar Power in 2021, enters Solar Terawatt Age |url=https://www.solarpowereurope.org/press-releases/world-installs-a-record-168-gw-of-solar-power-in-2021-enters-solar-terawatt-age |website=SolarPower Europe}}</ref> However, [[Fossil fuel subsidies|fossil-fuel subsidies]] have slowed the growth of solar generation capacity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McDonnell |first=Tim |date=2022-08-29 |title=Soaring fossil fuel subsidies are holding back clean energy |url=https://qz.com/soaring-fossil-fuel-subsidies-are-holding-back-clean-en-1849467945 |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref> Africa is the world's fastest growing solar power market, aided mostly by China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olingo |first=Allan |date=2026-02-13 |title=Africa leads growth in solar energy as demand spreads beyond traditional markets, report says |url=https://apnews.com/article/solar-energy-china-imports-battery-cbf5477a563219881b5db52ae16f7bd6 |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

==== Current status ====
{{See also|Solar cell research}}
About half of installed capacity is utility scale.<ref name="Olson">{{Cite web |last1=Olson |first1=Dana |last2=Bakken |first2=Bent Erik |title=Utility-scale solar PV: From big to biggest |url=https://www.dnv.com/feature/utility-scale-solar.html |access-date=2024-01-15 |publisher=Det Norske Veritas}}</ref>
[[File:World PVOUT Solar-resource-map GlobalSolarAtlas World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png|thumb|right|upright=1.4|Map of solar resources from World bank]]

==== Forecasts ====
[[File:Reality versus IEA predictions - annual photovoltaic additions 2002-2016.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Actual annual deployments of solar PV vs predictions by the IEA for the period 2002–2016. Predictions have largely and consistently underestimated actual growth.]]
Solar is forecast to become the largest source of renewable power before the end of the 2020s, exceeding the output of hydropower.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solar - IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables/solar-pv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916191141/https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables/solar-pv |archive-date=2025-09-16 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Utility scale is forecast to become the largest source of electricity in all regions except [[sub-Saharan Africa]] by 2050.<ref name="Olson" />

=== Photovoltaic power stations ===
{{See also|List of photovoltaic power stations}}
{{Excerpt|Photovoltaic power station}}
=== Concentrating solar power stations ===
{{Main|List of solar thermal power stations}}
[[File:IvanpahRunning.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System]] with all three towers under load]]
[[File:Solar Plant kl.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Part of the 354 MW [[Solar Energy Generating Systems]] (SEGS) [[parabolic trough]] solar complex in northern [[San Bernardino County, California]] ]]
Commercial concentrating solar power (CSP) plants, also called "solar thermal power stations", were first developed in the 1980s. The 377 MW [[Ivanpah Solar Power Facility]], located in California's Mojave Desert, is the world's largest solar thermal power plant project. Other large CSP plants include the [[Solnova Solar Power Station]] (150 MW), the [[Andasol solar power station]] (150 MW), and [[Extresol Solar Power Station]] (150 MW), all in Spain. The principal advantage of CSP is the ability to efficiently add thermal storage, allowing the dispatching of electricity over up to a 24-hour period. Since peak electricity demand typically occurs at about 5 pm, many CSP power plants use 3 to 5 hours of thermal storage.<ref>[http://www.energex.com.au/sustainability/sustainability-rewards-programs/what-is-peak-demand What is peak demand?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811072202/http://www.energex.com.au/sustainability/sustainability-rewards-programs/what-is-peak-demand |date=11 August 2012 }}, Energex.com.au website.</ref>

== Economics ==
{{see also|Photovoltaic power station#Economics and finance}}

=== Cost per watt ===
{{See also|Cost of electricity by source}}
In many countries, solar power is the lowest cost source of electricity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Why wind and solar are key solutions to combat climate change |url=https://ember-climate.org/insights/in-brief/why-wind-and-solar-are-key-solutions-to-combat-climate-change/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Ember |language=en-US}}</ref> The typical cost factors for solar power include the costs of the modules, the frame to hold them, wiring, inverters, labour cost, any land that might be required, the grid connection, maintenance and the solar insolation that location will receive.

Photovoltaic systems use no fuel, and modules typically last 25 to 40 years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nian |first1=Victor |last2=Mignacca |first2=Benito |last3=Locatelli |first3=Giorgio |title=Policies toward net-zero: Benchmarking the economic competitiveness of nuclear against wind and solar energy |journal=Applied Energy |date=August 2022 |volume=320 |article-number=119275 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119275 |bibcode=2022ApEn..32019275N |hdl=11311/1227558 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Thus upfront capital and financing costs make up 80% to 90% of the cost of solar power,<ref name="IEA">{{Cite web |title=Renewable electricity – Renewables 2022 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2022/renewable-electricity |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref>{{Rp|page=165}} which is a problem for countries where contracts may not be honoured, such as some African countries.<ref name=":0" /> Some countries are considering [[price caps]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-14 |title=EU expects to raise €140bn from windfall tax on energy firms |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/sep/14/eu-windfall-tax-energy-fossil-fuel-firms |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> whereas others prefer [[contracts for difference]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-14 |title=The EU's energy windfall tax gives UK ministers a yardstick for their talks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/nils-pratley-on-finance/2022/sep/14/eu-energy-windfall-tax-uk-government-negotiations |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=The Guardian |language=en-uk}}</ref>

=== Installation prices ===
Expenses of high-power band solar modules has greatly decreased over time. Beginning in 1982, the cost per kW was approximately 27,000 American dollars, and in 2006 the cost dropped to approximately 4,000 American dollars per kW. The PV system in 1992 cost approximately 16,000 American dollars per kW and it dropped to approximately 6,000 American dollars per kW in 2008.<ref name="timilsina_solar_2012">{{cite journal |last1=Timilsina |first1=Govinda R. |last2=Kurdgelashvili |first2=Lado |last3=Narbel |first3=Patrick A. |title=Solar energy: Markets, economics and policies |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |date=January 2012 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=449–465 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2011.08.009 |bibcode=2012RSERv..16..449T }}</ref> In 2025 in the US, residential solar costs around 2.50 dollars/watt<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gearino |first=Dan |date=2025-04-03 |title=Solar Panel Prices Are Rising Again. Here's Why, and What May Be Next |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/03042025/inside-clean-energy-solar-panel-prices-increase/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Inside Climate News |language=en-US}}</ref> (but solar shingles cost much more).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-08|title=Solar Shingles Vs. Solar Panels: Cost, Efficiency & More (2021)|url=https://www.ecowatch.com/solar-roof-shingles-2654521594.html|access-date=2021-08-25|website=EcoWatch|language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2025}} utility solar costs are around 25 UScent/watt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solar (photovoltaic) panel prices |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930220606/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices |archive-date=2025-09-30 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Our World in Data |language=en}}</ref>

===Productivity by location===
{{see also|Solar irradiance}}
The productivity of solar power in a region depends on [[solar irradiance]], which varies through the day and year and is influenced by [[latitude]] and [[climate]]. [[photovoltaics|PV]] system output power also depends on ambient temperature, wind speed, solar spectrum, the local [[soiling (solar energy)|soiling]] conditions, and other factors.

Onshore [[wind power]] tends to be the cheapest source of electricity in Northern Eurasia, Canada, some parts of the United States, and [[Patagonia]] in Argentina whereas in other parts of the world mostly solar power (or less often a combination of wind, solar and other low carbon energy) is thought to be best.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |last1=Bogdanov |first1=Dmitrii |last2=Ram |first2=Manish |last3=Aghahosseini |first3=Arman |last4=Gulagi |first4=Ashish |last5=Oyewo |first5=Ayobami Solomon |last6=Child |first6=Michael |last7=Caldera |first7=Upeksha |last8=Sadovskaia |first8=Kristina |last9=Farfan |first9=Javier |last10=De Souza Noel Simas Barbosa |first10=Larissa |last11=Fasihi |first11=Mahdi |last12=Khalili |first12=Siavash |last13=Traber |first13=Thure |last14=Breyer |first14=Christian |title=Low-cost renewable electricity as the key driver of the global energy transition towards sustainability |journal=Energy |date=July 2021 |volume=227 |article-number=120467 |doi=10.1016/j.energy.2021.120467 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Ene...22720467B }}</ref>{{Rp|page=8}} Modelling by Exeter University suggests that by 2030, solar will be least expensive everywhere except in some [[nordic countries]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is a solar future inevitable? |url=https://www.exeter.ac.uk/media/universityofexeter/globalsystemsinstitute/documents/GSI_working_papers_solar_August.pdf |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=University of Exeter}}</ref>

The locations with highest annual solar irradiance lie in the arid tropics and subtropics. Deserts lying in low latitudes usually have few clouds and can receive sunshine for more than ten hours a day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://slideplayer.com/slide/7652063/25/images/3/Daytime+Cloud+Fraction+Coast+lines+evident.jpg |title=Daytime Cloud Fraction Coast lines evident |access-date=2017-08-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174443/http://slideplayer.com/slide/7652063/25/images/3/Daytime+Cloud+Fraction+Coast+lines+evident.jpg |archive-date=22 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.econet.org.uk/weather/sun.html |title=Sunshine |access-date=2015-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923233148/http://www.econet.org.uk/weather/sun.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> These hot deserts form the ''Global Sun Belt'' circling the world. This belt consists of extensive swathes of land in [[Northern Africa]], [[Southern Africa]], [[Southwest Asia]], [[Middle East]], and [[Australia]], as well as the much smaller deserts of [[North America|North]] and [[South America]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://solarone.me/2016/07/27/living-in-the-sun-belt-the-solar-power-potential-for-the-middle-east/ |title=Living in the Sun Belt: The Solar Power Potential for the Middle East |date=27 July 2016 |access-date=2017-08-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826121314/http://solarone.me/2016/07/27/living-in-the-sun-belt-the-solar-power-potential-for-the-middle-east/ |archive-date=26 August 2017 }}</ref>

Thus solar is (or is predicted to become) the cheapest source of energy in all of Central America, Africa, the Middle East, India, South-east Asia, Australia, and several other regions.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>{{Rp|page=8}}

Different measurements of [[solar irradiance]] (direct normal irradiance, global horizontal irradiance) are mapped below:

<gallery mode="packed" heights="210px">
File:SolarGIS-Solar-map-North-America-en.png|North America
File:SolarGIS-Solar-map-Latin-America-en.png|South America
File:SolarGIS-Solar-map-Europe-en.png|Europe
File:SolarGIS-Solar-map-Africa-and-Middle-East-en.png|Africa and Middle East
File:SolarGIS-Solar-map-South-And-South-East-Asia-en.png|South and South-East Asia
File:SolarGIS-Solar-map-Australia-en.png|Australia
File:SolarGIS-Solar-map-World-map-en.png|World
</gallery>

=== Self-consumption ===

In cases of self-consumption of solar energy, the payback time is calculated based on how much electricity is not purchased from the grid.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/pub?key=0Ahl2afL-jL0BdEVGU3dsbllfTzlxMEV0aTNqT0d5Nnc&output=html |title=Money saved by producing electricity from PV and Years for payback|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141228114744/https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/pub?key=0Ahl2afL-jL0BdEVGU3dsbllfTzlxMEV0aTNqT0d5Nnc&output=html |archive-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> However, in many cases, the patterns of generation and consumption do not coincide, and some or all of the energy is fed back into the grid. The electricity is sold, and at other times when energy is taken from the grid, electricity is bought. The relative costs and prices obtained affect the economics. In many markets, the price paid for sold PV electricity is significantly lower than the price of bought electricity, which incentivizes self-consumption.<ref name="iea-pvps-trends-2014">{{cite report |title=Trends in Photovoltaic Applications 2014 |publisher=IEA-PVPS |date=2014 |url=http://iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/statistics/IEA_PVPS_Trends_2014_in_PV_Applications_-_lr.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525165925/http://iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/statistics/IEA_PVPS_Trends_2014_in_PV_Applications_-_lr.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 }}</ref> Moreover, separate self-consumption incentives have been used in e.g., Germany and Italy.<ref name="iea-pvps-trends-2014"/> Grid interaction regulation has also included limitations of grid feed-in in some regions in Germany with high amounts of installed PV capacity.<ref name="iea-pvps-trends-2014"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stetz |first1=T. |last2=Marten |first2=F. |last3=Braun |first3=M. |date=2013 |title=Improved Low Voltage Grid-Integration of Photovoltaic Systems in Germany |journal=IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=534–542 |bibcode=2013ITSE....4..534S |doi=10.1109/TSTE.2012.2198925 }}</ref> By increasing self-consumption, the grid feed-in can be limited without [[Curtailment (electricity)|curtailment]], which wastes electricity.<ref name="salpakari-lund-2016">{{cite journal |last1=Salpakari |first1=Jyri |last2=Lund |first2=Peter |title=Optimal and rule-based control strategies for energy flexibility in buildings with PV |journal=Applied Energy |date=2016 |volume=161 |pages=425–436 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.036 |bibcode=2016ApEn..161..425S |url=https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/25788 }}</ref>

A good match between generation and consumption is key for high self-consumption. The match can be improved with batteries or controllable electricity consumption.<ref name="salpakari-lund-2016"/> However, batteries are expensive, and profitability may require the provision of other services from them besides self-consumption increase,<ref name="rmi-battery-2015">{{cite report |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=Garrett |last2=Mandel |first2=James |last3=Morris |first3=Jesse |last4=Touati |first4=Hervé |title=The Economics of Battery Energy Storage |publisher=Rocky Mountain Institute |date=2015 |url=http://www.rmi.org/Content/Files/RMI-TheEconomicsOfBatteryEnergyStorage-FullReport-FINAL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130145345/http://www.rmi.org/Content/Files/RMI-TheEconomicsOfBatteryEnergyStorage-FullReport-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=30 November 2016 }}</ref> for example avoiding [[power outage]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Value of Electricity Reliability: Evidence from Battery Adoption |url=https://www.rff.org/publications/working-papers/the-value-of-electricity-reliability-evidence-from-battery-adoption/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Resources for the Future |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Hot water storage tank]]s with electric heating with heat pumps or resistance heaters can provide low-cost storage for self-consumption of solar power.<ref name="salpakari-lund-2016"/> Shiftable loads, such as dishwashers, tumble dryers and washing machines, can provide controllable consumption with only a limited effect on the users, but their effect on self-consumption of solar power may be limited.<ref name="salpakari-lund-2016"/>

=== Energy pricing, incentives and taxes ===
{{Main|PV financial incentives}}

The original political purpose of incentive policies for PV was to facilitate an initial small-scale deployment to begin to grow the industry, even where the cost of PV was significantly above grid parity, to allow the industry to achieve the economies of scale necessary to reach grid parity. Since reaching grid parity, some policies are implemented to promote national energy independence,<ref name="Clean">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-06 |title=Germany boosts renewables with "biggest energy policy reform in decades" |url=https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/germany-boosts-renewables-biggest-energy-policy-reform-decades |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Clean Energy Wire |language=en}}</ref> high tech job creation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indigenizing Solar Manufacturing: Charting the Course to a Solar Self-Sufficient India |url=https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-articles/indigenizing-solar-manufacturing-charting-the-course-to-a-solar-self-sufficient-india |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=www.saurenergy.com|date=November 2022 }}</ref> and reduction of CO2 emissions.<ref name="Clean" />

==== Net metering ====
[[Net metering]] is a pricing method for residential solar: the price of the electricity produced is the same as the price supplied to the consumer, and the consumer is billed on the difference between production and consumption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Does net metering for home solar create winners and losers? {{!}} MIT Climate Portal |url=https://climate.mit.edu/ask-mit/does-net-metering-home-solar-create-winners-and-losers |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=climate.mit.edu |language=en}}</ref>

====Community solar====
[[File:Solar farm in Wisconsin 01.jpg|thumb|[[Community solar]] farm in the town of [[Wheatland, Vernon County, Wisconsin|Wheatland, Wisconsin]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mentzel |first=Dashal |date=2023-10-25 |title=Partnership brings benefits of community solar to Vernon County |url=https://www.weau.com/2023/10/25/partnership-brings-benefits-community-solar-vernon-county/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=WEAU |language=en}}</ref>]]
A [[community solar]] project is a solar power installation that accepts capital from and provides output credit and tax benefits to multiple customers, including individuals, businesses, nonprofits, and other investors. Participants typically invest in or subscribe to a certain kW capacity or kWh generation of remote electrical production.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Community Solar Basics |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/community-solar-basics |access-date=2021-09-17 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref>

==== Taxes ====
In some countries [[Tariff|tariffs (import taxes)]] are imposed on imported solar panels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philipp |first=Jennifer |date=2022-09-07 |title=Solar Power in Africa on the Rise |url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/solar-power-in-africa/ |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=BORGEN |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Busch |first=Marc L. |date=2022-09-02 |title=The mystery of India's new solar tariffs |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3625976-the-mystery-of-indias-new-solar-tariffs/ |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Grid integration ==
{{main|Energy storage|Grid energy storage}}
{{multiple image |direction=horizontal |total_width=450
| image1= 20240706 Energy storage - renewable energy - battery - 100 ms.gif |caption1= Energy from sunlight or other renewable energy is converted to potential energy for storage in devices such as electric batteries or higher-elevation water reservoirs. The stored potential energy is later converted to electricity that is added to the power grid, even when the original energy source is not available.
| image2= Abengoa Solar (7336087392).jpg |caption2= Salt Tanks provide [[thermal energy storage]]<ref>Wright, matthew; Hearps, Patrick; et al. [http://media.bze.org.au/ZCA2020_Stationary_Energy_Report_v1.pdf Australian Sustainable Energy: Zero Carbon Australia Stationary Energy Plan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124173114/http://media.bze.org.au/ZCA2020_Stationary_Energy_Report_v1.pdf |date=24 November 2015 }}, Energy Research Institute, [[University of Melbourne]], October 2010, p. 33. Retrieved from BeyondZeroEmissions.org website.</ref> so that output can be provided after sunset, and output can be scheduled to meet demand requirements.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Palgrave |first = Robert |date = 1 December 2008 |title = Innovation in CSP |url = http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/view/3272/innovation-in-concentrating-thermal-solar-power-csp/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924090041/http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/view/3272/innovation-in-concentrating-thermal-solar-power-csp/ |archive-date = 24 September 2015 |journal = Renewable Energy Focus |volume = 9 |issue = 6 |pages = 44–49 |publisher = [[Elsevier]] |doi = 10.1016/S1755-0084(08)70066-8|bibcode = 2008REneF...9...44P |url-access = subscription }}</ref> The 280 MW [[Solana Generating Station]] is designed to provide six hours of energy storage. This allows the plant to generate about 38% of its rated capacity over the course of a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2013/10/solana_10_facts_you_didnt_know.php|title=Solana: 10 Facts You Didn't Know About the Concentrated Solar Power Plant Near Gila Bend|author=Ray Stern|work=Phoenix New Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011235507/http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2013/10/solana_10_facts_you_didnt_know.php|archive-date=11 October 2013|date=10 October 2013}}</ref>
}}
{{multiple image
|direction=horizontal |total_width=450
|image1=Andasol 3.jpg
|caption1=[[Thermal energy storage]]. The [[Andasol]] CSP plant uses tanks of molten salt to store solar energy.
|image2=Geesthacht Energiepark.jpg
|caption2=[[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity]] (PSH). This facility in [[Geesthacht]], Germany, also includes a solar array.
}}

===Variability===
The overwhelming majority of electricity produced worldwide is used immediately because traditional generators can adapt to demand and storage is usually more expensive. Both solar power and [[wind power]] are [[variable renewable energy|sources of variable renewable power]], meaning that all available output must be used locally, carried on [[Electric power transmission|transmission]] lines to be used elsewhere, or stored (e.g., in a battery). Since solar energy is not available at night, storing it so as to have continuous electricity availability is potentially an important issue, particularly in off-grid applications and for future [[100% renewable energy]] scenarios.<ref>Carr (1976), p. 85.</ref>

Solar is intermittent due to the day/night cycles and variable weather conditions. However [[solar power forecasting|solar power can be forecast]] somewhat by time of day, location, and seasons. The challenge of integrating solar power in any given electric utility varies significantly. In places with hot summers and mild winters, solar tends to be well matched to daytime cooling demands.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruggles |first1=Tyler H. |last2=Caldeira |first2=Ken |title=Wind and solar generation may reduce the inter-annual variability of peak residual load in certain electricity systems |journal=Applied Energy |date=January 2022 |volume=305 |article-number=117773 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117773 |bibcode=2022ApEn..30517773R |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Energy storage ===
[[Concentrated solar power]] plants may use [[thermal storage]] to store solar energy, such as in high-temperature molten salts. These salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity, and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems.<ref>{{cite web |title = Advantages of Using Molten Salt |publisher = Sandia National Laboratory |url = http://www.sandia.gov/Renewable_Energy/solarthermal/NSTTF/salt.htm |access-date = 29 September 2007 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110605094349/http://www.sandia.gov/Renewable_Energy/solarthermal/NSTTF/salt.htm |archive-date = 5 June 2011 }}</ref>

In [[Photovoltaic system#Standalone system|stand alone PV systems]], [[rechargeable batteries|batteries]] are traditionally used to store excess electricity. With [[grid-connected photovoltaic power systems]], excess electricity can be sent to the [[electrical grid]]. [[Net metering]] and [[feed-in tariff]] programs give these systems a credit for the electricity they produce. This credit offsets electricity provided from the grid when the system cannot meet demand, effectively trading with the grid instead of storing excess electricity.<ref>{{cite web |title=PV Systems and Net Metering |url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/net_metering.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704062311/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/net_metering.html |archive-date=4 July 2008 |access-date=31 July 2008 |publisher=Department of Energy (United States)}}</ref> When wind and solar are a small fraction of the grid power, other generation techniques can adjust their output appropriately, but as these forms of variable power grow, additional balance on the grid is needed. As prices are rapidly declining, PV systems increasingly use rechargeable batteries to store a surplus to be used later at night. [[Battery storage|Batteries used for grid-storage]] stabilize [[electrical grid|electrical grids]] by [[Grid energy storage#Load leveling|leveling out peak loads]] for several hours.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Irfan |first=Umair |title=Grid-Scale Battery Storage Is Quietly Revolutionizing the Energy System |url=https://www.wired.com/story/grid-scale-battery-storage-is-quietly-revolutionizing-the-energy-system/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>

Common battery technologies used in today's home PV systems include [[nickel-cadmium]], [[lead-acid]], [[nickel metal hydride]], and [[lithium-ion]].<ref name="MohantyMuneerKolhe2015">{{cite book |last1=Mohanty |first1=Parimita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=37zYCgAAQBAJ |title=Solar Photovoltaic System Applications: A Guidebook for Off-Grid Electrification |last2=Muneer |first2=Tariq |last3=Kolhe |first3=Mohan |date=30 October 2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-14663-8 |page=91 |access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="Xiao2017">{{cite book |author=Xiao |first=Weidong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEHCDgAAQBAJ |title=Photovoltaic Power System: Modeling, Design, and Control |date=24 July 2017 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-28034-7 |page=288 |access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is too old. All those battery types still common with solar?|date=November 2022}}Lithium-ion batteries have the potential to replace lead-acid batteries in the near future, as they are being intensively developed and lower prices are expected due to [[economies of scale]] provided by large production facilities such as the Tesla [[Gigafactory 1]]. In addition, the Li-ion batteries of plug-in [[electric car]]s may serve as future storage devices in a [[vehicle-to-grid]] system. Since most vehicles are parked an average of 95% of the time, their batteries could be used to let electricity flow from the car to the power lines and back.

Retired electric vehicle (EV) batteries can be repurposed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Alawi |first1=Mohammed Khalifa |last2=Cugley |first2=James |last3=Hassanin |first3=Hany |date=2022-12-01 |title=Techno-economic feasibility of retired electric-vehicle batteries repurpose/reuse in second-life applications: A systematic review |journal=Energy and Climate Change |volume=3 |article-number=100086 |doi=10.1016/j.egycc.2022.100086 |issn=2666-2787|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other rechargeable batteries used for [[distributed energy storage system|distributed]] PV systems include, [[Sodium–sulfur battery|sodium–sulfur]] and [[vanadium redox]] batteries, two prominent types of a [[Molten salt battery|molten salt]] and a [[Flow battery|flow]] battery, respectively.<ref name="ethz-Harvard">{{cite web |last1=Hoppmann |first1=Joern |last2=Volland |first2=Jonas |last3=Schmidt |first3=Tobias S. |last4=Hoffmann |first4=Volker H. |date=July 2014 |title=The Economic Viability of Battery Storage for Residential Solar Photovoltaic Systems – A Review and a Simulation Model |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264239770 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403122002/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/264239770_The_Economic_Viability_of_Battery_Storage_for_Residential_Solar_Photovoltaic_Systems_-_A_Review_and_a_Simulation_Model |archive-date=3 April 2015 |publisher=ETH Zürich, Harvard University }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gerdes|first=Justin|title=Solar Energy Storage About To Take Off In Germany and California|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/justingerdes/2013/07/18/solar-energy-storage-about-to-take-off-in-germany-and-california/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729205924/https://www.forbes.com/sites/justingerdes/2013/07/18/solar-energy-storage-about-to-take-off-in-germany-and-california/|archive-date=2017-07-29|access-date=2023-02-08|work=[[Forbes]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/tesla-launches-powerwall-home-battery-with-aim-to-revolutionize-energy-consumption-1.3056587 |title=Tesla launches Powerwall home battery with aim to revolutionize energy consumption |date=1 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607013500/http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/tesla-launches-powerwall-home-battery-with-aim-to-revolutionize-energy-consumption-1.3056587 |archive-date=7 June 2015 }}</ref>

[[File:Seasonal cycle of capacity factors for wind and photovoltaics in Europe under idealized assumptions.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Seasonal cycle of capacity factors for wind and photovoltaics in Europe shown under idealized assumptions. The figure illustrates the balancing effects of wind and solar energy at the seasonal scale (Kaspar et al., 2019).<ref name="balancing-europe">{{cite journal |last1=Kaspar |first1=Frank |last2=Borsche |first2=Michael |last3=Pfeifroth |first3=Uwe |last4=Trentmann |first4=Jörg |last5=Drücke |first5=Jaqueline |last6=Becker |first6=Paul |title=A climatological assessment of balancing effects and shortfall risks of photovoltaics and wind energy in Germany and Europe |journal=Advances in Science and Research |date=2 July 2019 |volume=16 |pages=119–128 |doi=10.5194/asr-16-119-2019 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019AdSR...16..119K }}</ref>]]

=== Other technologies ===
Solar power plants, while they can be curtailed, usually simply output as much power as possible. Therefore in an electricity system without sufficient [[grid energy storage]], generation from other sources (coal, biomass, natural gas, nuclear, [[hydroelectricity]]) generally go up and down in reaction to the rise and fall of solar electricity and variations in demand (see [[load following power plant]]).

Conventional hydroelectric dams work very well in conjunction with solar power; water can be held back or released from a reservoir as required. Where suitable geography is not available, [[pumped-storage hydroelectricity]] can use solar power to pump water to a high reservoir on sunny days, then the energy is recovered at night and in bad weather by releasing water via a hydroelectric plant to a low reservoir where the cycle can begin again.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pumped Hydro Storage |publisher=Electricity Storage Association |url=http://www.electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_technologies_pumpedhydro.htm |access-date=31 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621052054/http://www.electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_technologies_pumpedhydro.htm |archive-date=21 June 2008 }}</ref>

While hydroelectric and natural gas plants can quickly respond to changes in load; coal, biomass and nuclear plants usually take considerable time to respond to load and can only be scheduled to follow the predictable variation. Depending on local circumstances, beyond about 20–40% of total generation, grid-connected [[intermittent energy source|intermittent source]]s like solar tend to require investment in some combination of grid interconnections, [[Grid energy storage|energy storage]] or [[demand side management]]. In countries with high solar generation, such as Australia, electricity prices may become negative in the middle of the day when solar generation is high, thus incentivizing new [[battery storage]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parkinson |first=Giles |date=2022-10-23 |title="We don't need solar technology breakthroughs, we just need connections" |url=https://reneweconomy.com.au/we-dont-need-solar-technology-breakthroughs-we-just-need-connections/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=RenewEconomy |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vorrath |first=Sophie |date=2022-10-17 |title=MPower gets green light to connect solar battery projects, cash in on negative pricing |url=https://reneweconomy.com.au/mpower-gets-green-light-to-connect-solar-and-battery-projects-cash-in-on-negative-pricing/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=RenewEconomy |language=en-AU}}</ref>

The combination of wind and solar PV has the advantage that the two sources complement each other because the peak operating times for each system occur at different times of the day and year.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nyenah |first1=Emmanuel |last2=Sterl |first2=Sebastian |last3=Thiery |first3=Wim |title=Pieces of a puzzle: solar-wind power synergies on seasonal and diurnal timescales tend to be excellent worldwide |journal=Environmental Research Communications |date=May 2022 |volume=4 |issue=5 |page=055011 |doi=10.1088/2515-7620/ac71fb |bibcode=2022ERCom...4e5011N |doi-access=free }}</ref> The power generation of such [[solar hybrid power systems]] is therefore more constant and fluctuates less than each of the two component subsystems.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 July 2012 |title=Hybrid Wind and Solar Electric Systems |url=http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/hybrid-wind-and-solar-electric-systems |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526061658/http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/hybrid-wind-and-solar-electric-systems |archive-date=26 May 2015 |publisher=[[United States Department of Energy]] }}</ref> Solar power is seasonal, particularly in northern/southern climates, away from the equator, suggesting a need for long term seasonal storage in a medium such as hydrogen or pumped hydroelectric.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Converse |first1=Alvin O. |title=Seasonal Energy Storage in a Renewable Energy System |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |date=February 2012 |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=401–409 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2011.2105231 }}</ref>

== Environmental effects ==
{{Further|Concentrated solar power#Environmental effects}}
[[File:Greenhouse gas emissions per energy source.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Greenhouse gas emissions per energy source. Solar power is one of the sources with the least greenhouse gas emissions.]]

[[File:Blick vom aussichtsturm hörlitz4.jpg|thumb|Part of the [[Senftenberg Solarpark]], a solar [[photovoltaic]] power plant located on former open-pit mining areas close to the city of [[Senftenberg]], in Eastern Germany. The 78 MW Phase 1 of the plant was completed within three months.]]

Solar power is cleaner than electricity from [[fossil fuel]]s,<ref name="Urbina" /> and is better for the environment than burning things.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://iea-pvps.org/fact-sheets/fact-sheet-environmental-life-cycle-assessment-of-electricity-from-pv-systems/ |title=Fact Sheet: Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity from PV Systems |date=2024-05-02 |publisher=IEA PVPS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2017-10-11 |title=Renewable energy {{!}} UNEP - UN Environment Programme |url=https://www.unep.org/topics/energy/renewable-energy/renewable-energy |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=www.unep.org |language=en}}</ref> Solar power does not lead to harmful emissions during operation, but the production of the panels creates some pollution. The carbon footprint of manufacturing is less than 1kg {{CO2}}/Wp,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Amelie |last2=Friedrich |first2=Lorenz |last3=Reichel |first3=Christian |last4=Herceg |first4=Sina |last5=Mittag |first5=Max |last6=Neuhaus |first6=Dirk Holger |date=15 September 2021 |title=A comparative life cycle assessment of silicon PV modules: Impact of module design, manufacturing location and inventory |journal=Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells |volume=230 |article-number=111277 |doi=10.1016/j.solmat.2021.111277|bibcode=2021SEMSC.23011277M }}</ref> and this is expected to fall as manufacturers use more clean electricity and recycled materials.<ref name="Dezeen">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Solar power's potential limited unless "you do everything perfectly" says solar scientist |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2022/09/21/wim-c-sinke-interview-solar-power-limitations/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=Dezeen |language=en}}</ref> Solar power carries an upfront cost to the environment via production with a carbon payback time of several years {{As of|2022|lc=y}},<ref name="Dezeen" /> but offers clean energy for the remainder of their 30-year lifetime.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aging Gracefully: How NREL Is Extending the Lifetime of Solar Modules |url=https://www.nrel.gov/news/features/2022/aging-gracefully-how-nrel-is-extending-the-lifetime-of-solar-modules.html |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=www.nrel.gov |language=en}}</ref>

The [[life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources|life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of solar farms]] are less than 50 gram (g) per [[kilowatt-hour]] (kWh),<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=Xiaonan |last2=Wang |first2=Shurong |last3=Wang |first3=Lei |date=April 2022 |title=Life cycle analysis of greenhouse gas emissions of China's power generation on spatial and temporal scale |journal=Energy Science & Engineering |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1083–1095 |doi=10.1002/ese3.1100 |bibcode=2022EneSE..10.1083Z |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Carbon Neutrality in the UNECE Region: Integrated Life-cycle Assessment of Electricity Sources |url=https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2022-04/LCA_3_FINAL%20March%202022.pdf |page=49}}</ref><ref name="Life Emissions from Solar Photovoltaics">{{Cite web |title=Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Solar Photovoltaics |url=https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/56487.pdf}}</ref> but with battery storage could be up to 150 g/kWh.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mehedi |first1=Tanveer Hassan |last2=Gemechu |first2=Eskinder |last3=Kumar |first3=Amit |title=Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and energy footprints of utility-scale solar energy systems |journal=Applied Energy |date=May 2022 |volume=314 |article-number=118918 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118918 |bibcode=2022ApEn..31418918M }}</ref> In contrast, a [[combined cycle]] [[gas-fired power plant]] without [[carbon capture and storage]] emits around 500 g/kWh, and a coal-fired power plant about 1000 g/kWh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Life Cycle Assessment Harmonization|url=https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/life-cycle-assessment.html|access-date=2021-12-04|website=www.nrel.gov|language=en}}</ref> Similar to all energy sources where their total life cycle emissions are mostly from construction, the switch to [[low carbon power]] in the manufacturing and transportation of solar devices would further reduce carbon emissions.<ref name="Life Emissions from Solar Photovoltaics" />

Lifecycle [[surface power density]] of solar power varies<ref name="World" /> but averages about 7 W/m2, compared to about 240 for [[nuclear power]] and 480 for gas.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2018-12-01 |title=The spatial extent of renewable and non-renewable power generation: A review and meta-analysis of power densities and their application in the U.S. |journal=Energy Policy |language=en |volume=123 |pages=83–91 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.023 |issn=0301-4215 |doi-access=free |last1=Van Zalk |first1=John |last2=Behrens |first2=Paul |bibcode=2018EnPol.123...83V |hdl=1887/64883 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> However, when the land required for gas extraction and processing is accounted for, gas power is estimated to have not much higher power density than solar.<ref name="Urbina" /> According to a 2021 study, obtaining 25% to 80% of electricity from solar farms in their own territory by 2050 would require the panels to cover land ranging from 0.5% to 2.8% of the [[Solar power in the European Union|European Union]], 0.3% to 1.4% in [[Solar power in India|India]], and 1.2% to 5.2% in [[Solar power in Japan|Japan]] and [[Solar power in South Korea|South Korea]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van de Ven |first1=Dirk-Jan |last2=Capellan-Peréz |first2=Iñigo |last3=Arto |first3=Iñaki |last4=Cazcarro |first4=Ignacio |last5=de Castro |first5=Carlos |last6=Patel |first6=Pralit |last7=Gonzalez-Eguino |first7=Mikel |date=2021-02-03 |title=The potential land requirements and related land use change emissions of solar energy |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=2907 |issn=2045-2322 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-82042-5 |pmid=33536519 |pmc=7859221 |bibcode=2021NatSR..11.2907V}}</ref> Occupation of such large areas for PV farms could drive residential opposition as well as lead to deforestation, removal of vegetation and conversion of farm land.<ref>{{cite web |last=Diab |first=Khaled |title=There are grounds for concern about solar power |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/4/7/there-are-grounds-for-concern-about-solar-power |access-date=2021-04-15 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> However some countries, such as South Korea and Japan, use land for [[Agrivoltaics|agriculture under PV]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Carbon Brief |date=2022-08-25 |title=Factcheck: Is solar power a 'threat' to UK farmland? |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/factcheck-is-solar-power-a-threat-to-uk-farmland/ |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oda |first=Shoko |date=2022-05-21 |title=Electric farms in Japan are using solar power to grow profits and crops |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/05/21/business/electric-farms-japan-solar/ |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=The Japan Times |language=en-US}}</ref> or floating solar,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gerretsen |first=Isabelle |title=The floating solar panels that track the Sun |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20221116-the-floating-solar-panels-that-track-the-sun |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.bbc.com |date=18 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> together with other [[low-carbon power]] sources.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pollard |first=Jim |date=2023-05-29 |title=Wind Power Body Plans to Provide a Third of Japan's Electricity |url=https://www.asiafinancial.com/wind-power-body-plans-to-provide-a-third-of-japans-electricity |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Asia Financial |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Clean power in South Korea |url=https://climateanalytics.org/media/clean_power_in_south_korea.pdf}}</ref> Worldwide land use has minimal ecological impact.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dunnett |first1=Sebastian |last2=Holland |first2=Robert A. |last3=Taylor |first3=Gail|author3-link=Gail Taylor |last4=Eigenbrod |first4=Felix |date=2022-02-08 |title=Predicted wind and solar energy expansion has minimal overlap with multiple conservation priorities across global regions |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=119 |issue=6 |article-number=e2104764119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2104764119 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=35101973 |pmc=8832964 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11904764D}}</ref> Land use can be reduced to the level of gas power by installing on buildings and other built up areas.<ref name="World">{{Cite web |title=How does the land use of different electricity sources compare? |url=https://ourworldindata.org/land-use-per-energy-source |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Our World in Data|date=16 June 2022 |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah }}</ref>

Harmful materials are used in the production of solar panels, but generally in small amounts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rabaia |first1=Malek Kamal Hussien |last2=Abdelkareem |first2=Mohammad Ali |last3=Sayed |first3=Enas Taha |last4=Elsaid |first4=Khaled |last5=Chae |first5=Kyu-Jung |last6=Wilberforce |first6=Tabbi |last7=Olabi |first7=A.G. |title=Environmental impacts of solar energy systems: A review |journal=Science of the Total Environment |date=February 2021 |volume=754 |article-number=141989 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141989 |pmid=32920388 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.75441989R }}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, the environmental impact of perovskite is difficult to estimate, but there is some concern that [[lead]] may be a problem.<ref name="Urbina">{{Cite journal |last=Urbina |first=Antonio |date=2022-10-26 |title=Sustainability of photovoltaic technologies in future net-zero emissions scenarios |journal=Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=1255–1269 |doi=10.1002/pip.3642 |quote=the apparent contradiction that can arise from the fact that large PV plants occupy more land than the relatively compact coal or gas plants is due to the inclusion in the calculation of impacts in land occupation arising from coal mining and oil or gas extraction; if they are included, the impact on land occupation is larger for fossil fuels.|doi-access=free }}</ref>

A 2021 [[International Energy Agency]] study projects the demand for [[copper]] will double by 2040. The study cautions that supply needs to increase rapidly to match demand from large-scale deployment of solar and required grid upgrades.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-05|title=Renewable revolution will drive demand for critical minerals|url=https://reneweconomy.com.au/renewable-revolution-will-drive-demand-for-critical-minerals/|access-date=2021-05-05|website=RenewEconomy|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2021 |title=Clean energy demand for critical minerals set to soar as the world pursues net zero goals – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/clean-energy-demand-for-critical-minerals-set-to-soar-as-the-world-pursues-net-zero-goals |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> More [[tellurium]] and [[indium]] may also be needed.<ref name="Urbina" />

Recycling may help.<ref name="Urbina" /> As solar panels are sometimes replaced with more efficient panels, the second-hand panels are sometimes reused in developing countries, for example in [[Solar power in Africa|Africa]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Used Solar Panels Are Powering the Developing World |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-08-25/used-solar-panels-are-powering-the-developing-world |access-date=2022-09-15 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=25 August 2021 }}</ref> Several countries have specific regulations for the [[Solar panel recycling|recycling of solar panels]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OLEM |date=2021-08-23 |title=End-of-Life Solar Panels: Regulations and Management |url=https://www.epa.gov/hw/end-life-solar-panels-regulations-and-management |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Proposed Legal Framework On Responsibility Of Producers And... |url=https://www.roedl.com/insights/renewable-energy/2021/november/proposed-legal-framework-responsibility-producers-importers-solar-panels |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=www.roedl.com |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Majewski |first1=Peter |last2=Al-shammari |first2=Weam |last3=Dudley |first3=Michael |last4=Jit |first4=Joytishna |last5=Lee |first5=Sang-Heon |last6=Myoung-Kug |first6=Kim |last7=Sung-Jim |first7=Kim |title=Recycling of solar PV panels- product stewardship and regulatory approaches |journal=Energy Policy |date=February 2021 |volume=149 |article-number=112062 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2020.112062 |bibcode=2021EnPol.14912062M }}</ref> Although maintenance cost is already low compared to other energy sources,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gürtürk |first1=Mert |title=Economic feasibility of solar power plants based on PV module with levelized cost analysis |journal=Energy |date=March 2019 |volume=171 |pages=866–878 |doi=10.1016/j.energy.2019.01.090 |bibcode=2019Ene...171..866G }}</ref> some academics have called for solar power systems to be designed to be more [[repairable]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cross |first1=Jamie |last2=Murray |first2=Declan |title=The afterlives of solar power: Waste and repair off the grid in Kenya |journal=Energy Research & Social Science |date=October 2018 |volume=44 |pages=100–109 |doi=10.1016/j.erss.2018.04.034 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018ERSS...44..100C |hdl=20.500.11820/ec778014-f6e8-41dd-92cd-927d37fe4967 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jang |first1=Esther |last2=Barela |first2=Mary Claire |last3=Johnson |first3=Matt |last4=Martinez |first4=Philip |last5=Festin |first5=Cedric |last6=Lynn |first6=Margaret |last7=Dionisio |first7=Josephine |last8=Heimerl |first8=Kurtis |title=Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter=Crowdsourcing Rural Network Maintenance and Repair via Network Messaging |date=2018 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1145/3173574.3173641 |isbn=978-1-4503-5620-6 }}</ref>

Solar panels can increase local temperature. In large installation in the desert, the effect can be stronger than the urban heat island.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Photovoltaic Heat Island Effect: Larger solar power plants increase local temperatures |journal=Scientific Reports |date=13 October 2016 |volume=6 |bibcode=2016NatSR...635070B |last1=Barron-Gafford |first1=Greg A. |last2=Minor |first2=Rebecca L. |last3=Allen |first3=Nathan A. |last4=Cronin |first4=Alex D. |last5=Brooks |first5=Adria E. |last6=Pavao-Zuckerman |first6=Mitchell A. |article-number=35070 |doi=10.1038/srep35070 |pmid=27733772 |pmc=5062079 }}</ref>

A very small proportion of solar power is [[concentrated solar power]]. Concentrated solar power may use much more water than gas-fired power. This can be a problem, as this type of solar power needs strong sunlight so is often built in deserts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water consumption solution for efficient concentrated solar power {{!}} Research and Innovation |url=https://ec.europa.eu/research-and-innovation/en/projects/success-stories/all/water-consumption-solution-efficient-concentrated-solar-power |access-date=2021-12-04 |website=ec.europa.eu |date=January 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

== Politics ==
[[File:202307 Survey - comfortable with solar wind nuclear in my community.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Acceptance of wind and solar facilities in one's community is stronger among U.S. Democrats (blue), while acceptance of nuclear power plants is stronger among U.S. Republicans (red).<ref name=WashPost_20231003>{{cite news |last1=Chiu |first1=Allyson |last2=Guskin |first2=Emily |last3=Clement |first3=Scott |title=Americans don't hate living near solar and wind farms as much as you might think |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2023/10/03/solar-panels-wind-turbines-nimby/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003211732/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2023/10/03/solar-panels-wind-turbines-nimby/ |archive-date=3 October 2023 | url-status=live }}</ref>]]
It has been argued that although the economic benefits of the [[energy transition]] to solar (and other clean energy) are so great that it cannot be stopped,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-28 |title=The Global Renewable Energy Boom Can't Be Stopped—Not Even by U.S. Politics {{!}} Columbia Business School |url=https://business.columbia.edu/insights/conor-walsh-trump-climate-renewables-global |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=business.columbia.edu |language=en}}</ref> slowing it would result in more [[climate damage]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Svoboda |first=Michael |date=2025-09-18 |title=Bill McKibben says cheap solar could topple Big Oil's power » Yale Climate Connections |url=https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2025/09/bill-mckibben-says-cheap-solar-could-topple-big-oils-power/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Yale Climate Connections |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[fossil fuels lobby]] has been accused of delaying the transition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gentile |first1=Giuliana |last2=Gupta |first2=Joyeeta |date=2025-04-01 |title=Orchestrating the narrative: The role of fossil fuel companies in delaying the energy transition |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032125000322 |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |volume=212 |article-number=115359 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2025.115359 |bibcode=2025RSERv.21215359G |issn=1364-0321}}</ref> [[Fossil fuel subsidies]] are political,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The political economy of fossil fuel subsidy reform |url=https://www.wto.org/library/events/event_resources/envir_30062025/834_2671.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Political Economy of Fossil Fuel Subsidy Removal: Evidence from Bolivia and Mexico |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2024/11/01/The-Political-Economy-of-Fossil-Fuel-Subsidy-Removal-Evidence-from-Bolivia-and-Mexico-556856 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> and impede the transition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chavda |first1=Priyanshu |last2=Mehta |first2=Dhyani |date=2025-07-01 |title=Assessing the impact of fossil fuel subsidies and environmental tax on renewable energy consumption of OECD countries: A panel quantile approach |journal=Next Energy |volume=8 |article-number=100313 |doi=10.1016/j.nxener.2025.100313 |issn=2949-821X|doi-access=free |bibcode=2025NextE...800313C }}</ref> Solar generation cannot be cut off by [[geopolitics]] once installed, unlike oil and gas, which contributes to [[energy security]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Making solar a source of EU energy security {{!}} Think Tank {{!}} European Parliament |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_ATA(2022)733587 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=www.europarl.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> And [[Libertarianism|libertarians]] may favor it for reducing dependence on government,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yoder |first=Kate |date=2025-09-18 |title=The politics of renewables are getting stranger. 'Sun Day' celebrates them anyway. |url=https://grist.org/culture/sun-day-strange-politics-renewable-energy-2025/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Grist |language=en-us |quote=Solar technology itself even has a libertarian bent. "It's more independence, it's local control — all the things that the right-wing libertarians want," said Daniel Kammen, an energy scientist at Johns Hopkins University.}}</ref> and reliance on inadequate electricity grids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's surprise solar surge shocks experts and grid – DW – 11/27/2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/pakistan-solar-power-renewable-energy-power-grid-v2/a-70885544 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> However some right wing parties are opposed to or split on solar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump's political gift to the clean energy sector |url=https://www.ft.com/content/bbf79049-8668-444b-9fa9-36221690d6b7 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=www.ft.com |quote=Republican unity on this issue is already showing significant cracks}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Net zero makes UK dangerously dependent on China, warns Badenoch |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2025/03/18/politics-latest-news-kemi-badenoch-speech-tory-net-zero/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> Far right party positions vary by country, with some opposing utility solar as part of their [[climate change denial]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Weisskircher |first1=Manès |last2=Volk |first2=Sabine |title=The People against the Sun? Ideology and Strategy in Far-Right Parties' Climate Obstruction of Solar Energy |journal=Environmental Politics |date=2025 |volume=0 |pages=1–32 |doi=10.1080/09644016.2025.2458380 |issn=0964-4016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-06-16 |title=Analysis: Reform-led councils threaten 6GW of solar and battery schemes across England |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-reform-led-councils-threaten-6gw-of-solar-and-battery-schemes-across-england/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Although [[Green party|Green parties]] may favor solar as part of [[climate change mitigation]] some environmentalists oppose new [[Electric power transmission|power lines]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-03 |title='We need pylons and solar farms' - Green Party leader |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/pylons-solar-farms-green-party-041415849.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=BBC via Yahoo News |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{As of|2022}} over 40% of global polysilicon manufacturing capacity is in [[Xinjiang]] in [[China]],<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Blunt |first1=Katherine |last2=Dvorak |first2=Phred |date=2022-08-09 |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} U.S. Solar Shipments Are Hit by Import Ban on China's Xinjiang Region |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-solar-shipments-are-hit-by-import-ban-on-chinas-xinjiang-region-11660037401 |access-date=2022-09-08 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> which raises concerns about human rights violations ([[Xinjiang internment camps]]).<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-02-10 |title=Fears over China's Muslim forced labor loom over EU solar power |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/xinjiang-china-polysilicon-solar-energy-europe/ |access-date=2021-04-15 |website=[[Politico]] |language=en-US}}</ref> According to the [[International Solar Energy Society]] China's dominance of manufacturing is not a problem, both because they estimate solar manufacturing cannot grow to more than 400b USD per year, and because if Chinese supply was cut off other countries would have years to create their own industry.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/07/24/chinas-solar-dominance-not-an-issue/ | title=China's solar dominance not an issue | date=24 July 2024 }}</ref> Businesses may [[Lobbying|lobby]] government for or against [[Tariff|tariffs]] on panel imports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government wants to make solar panels and batteries more expensive in South Africa |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/energy/822877/government-wants-to-make-solar-panels-and-batteries-more-expensive-in-south-africa/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=[SMM Analysis] India Imposes Three-Year Anti-Dumping Tariffs on Solar Cells and Modules from China {{!}} SMM |url=https://news.metal.com/newscontent/103558246/%5BSMM-Analysis%5D-India-Imposes-Three-Year-Anti-Dumping-Tariffs-on-Solar-Cells-and-Modules-from-China |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=news.metal.com}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[100% renewable energy]]
* [[Cost of electricity by source]]
* [[Gravity battery]]
* [[Index of solar energy articles]]
* [[List of cities by sunshine duration]]
* [[List of photovoltaic power stations]]
* [[List of solar thermal power stations]]
* [[List of solar-powered products]]
* [[Renewable energy commercialization]]
* [[Solar energy]]
* [[Solar lamp]]
* [[Solar vehicle]]
* [[Sustainable energy]]
* [[Thin-film solar cell]]
* [[Timeline of solar cells]]
{{Div col end}}
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=xHFK9cM77a8C |p=50}}|title=From space to Earth: the story of solar electricity|last=Perlin|first=John|publisher=Earthscan|year=1999|isbn=978-0-937948-14-9|page=50}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Library resources box}}
*{{cite book |last=Sivaram |first=Varun |title=Taming the Sun: Innovation to Harness Solar Energy and Power the Planet |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=MIT Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-262-03768-6}}

==External links==
* [https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/solar/solar-energy-and-the-environment.php Solar energy and the environment] at [[U.S. Energy Information Administration]]

{{Commons category|Solar energy|Solar power}}

{{Solar energy}}
{{Solar power by country}}
{{Photovoltaics}}
{{Electricity generation|state=autocollapse}}
{{Renewable energy by country}}
{{Portalbar|Energy|Environment|Renewable energy|Stars}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solar Power}}
[[Category:Bright green environmentalism]]
[[Category:Solar power| ]]
[[Category:Energy conversion]]
[[Category:Sustainable energy]]
[[Category:Sun|Power]]
[[Category:Renewable energy]]

Mohun Bagan Super Giant

2026-03-07T16:03:28Z

Veronaqbs: further fix article and fixed typos

{{Short description|Association football club in India}}
{{About|the Senior Football Team |the parent club|Mohun Bagan AC|the U23, U21, U17, U15 and U13 teams|Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Mohun Bagan SG
| image = Mohun Bagan Super Giant.svg
| upright = 0.9
| fullname = Mohun Bagan Super Giant
| nickname = The Mariners; The Green & Maroons; Sobuj Maroon<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-mohun-bagan-history-202410|title=Origin and history of Mohun Bagan football club}}</ref>
| short name = MBSG
| founded = {{start date and age|1889|8|15|df=yes}} (as ''Mohun Bagan Sporting Club'')<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=History in Timeline of Indian Football|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/history|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308124507/http://www.the-aiff.com/history|archive-date=8 March 2020|access-date=15 February 2021|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation}}</ref>
| ground = {{ubl|[[Salt Lake Stadium]]|[[Mohun Bagan Ground]]}}
| capacity = {{ubl|85,000|22,000}}
| owner = RPSG Mohun Bagan Pvt. Ltd.:
* [[RPSG Group]] (80%)
* [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan Football Club (India) Pvt. Ltd.]] (20%)
| chairman = [[Sanjiv Goenka]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Sergio Lobera]]
| league = {{Indian football updater|MBSG}}
| season = {{Indian football updater|MBSG2}}
| position = {{Indian football updater|MBSG3}}
| kit_alt1 =
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| shorts1 = 7A1024
| socks1 =
| kit_alt2 =
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| pattern_b2 = _mbsg2023a
| pattern_ra2 = _mbsg2023a
| pattern_sh2 =
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| website = {{URL|https://mohunbaganclub.com}}
| current = 2025–26 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season
}}

'''Mohun Bagan Super Giant,''' commonly referred to as '''Mohun Bagan''', is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. Founded in 1889, it is one of the oldest football clubs in [[Asia]]. The club competes in the [[Indian Super League]], the top tier of the [[Indian football league system]]. Mohun Bagan is the most successful club in India winning a record cumulative number of [[list of Mohun Bagan Super Giant records and statistics|265 trophies]] in their existence. They have won more than 5,000 matches in their football history, which is the highest for an Asian club. The club's first notable victory came against the [[East Yorkshire Regiment]] in the 1911 [[IFA Shield]] final, when its players played barefooted. This victory made Mohun Bagan the first all-Indian club to win championship over a British club, and was a major moment during India's push for [[Indian independence movement|independence]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2015/03/22/mohun-bagan-and-the-fight-for-indian-independence/|title=MOHUN BAGAN AND THE FIGHT FOR INDIAN INDEPENDENCE|date=22 March 2015 |access-date=7 November 2023|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107041408/https://thesefootballtimes.co/2015/03/22/mohun-bagan-and-the-fight-for-indian-independence/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The club was founded as '''Mohun Bagan Sporting Club''' in 1889, which was later changed to '''Mohun Bagan Athletic Club''' and often shortened to just Mohun Bagan. From 1998 to 2015, the club took on the name '''McDowell Mohun Bagan''' due to sponsorship reasons. In 2017, '''Mohun Bagan Football Club (India) Pvt Ltd''' was created as the legal footballing entity of Mohun Bagan Athletic Club. On 16 January 2020, it was announced that the [[RPSG Group]] (KGSPL), the owners of [[ATK (football club)|ATK FC]], along with former cricketer Sourav Ganguly and businessmen Utsav Parekh, acquired an 80% stake in Mohun Bagan Football Club (India) Pvt Ltd. [[ATK (football club)|ATK FC]] was officially disbanded on 1 July 2020, and Mohun Bagan entered the [[Indian Super League]] in the [[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020-21 season]] with the name '''ATK Mohun Bagan FC'''. In 2023, after severe protests from the Mohun Bagan supporters all around, KGSPL removed the term '''"ATK"''' and changed the name to '''Mohun Bagan Super Giant'''.

Mohun Bagan have won a record 7 Indian League titles {{Emdash}} the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] 3 times, the [[I-League]] 2 times and the [[Indian Super League#Regular season|Indian Super League Shield]] 2 times. They are the most successful Indian club in the history of the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]], having won the championship a record 14 times.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 January 2015 |title=From the History Book, Roll of Honour |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/from-the-history-book-roll-of-honour |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519211905/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/from-the-history-book-roll-of-honour |archive-date=19 May 2023 |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=[[All India Football Federation]]}}</ref> The club has also won several other trophies, including the [[Indian Super League playoffs|ISL playoffs]] (also known as the ISL Cup) 2 times, the [[Durand Cup]] a record 17 times, the [[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Indian Super Cup]] 2 times, the [[IFA Shield]] 23 times, the [[Rovers Cup]] a record 14 times and the [[Calcutta Football League]] 30 times.<ref>{{cite web |author=Shetty |first=Chittu |date=11 August 2019 |title=Why This Would Be the Right Time to Bring Back 'Rovers Cup' |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/why-this-would-be-the-right-time-to-bring-back-rovers-cup/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627133540/https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/why-this-would-be-the-right-time-to-bring-back-rovers-cup/ |archive-date=27 June 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=Football Counter}}</ref><ref name="Novy_Kapadia">{{cite web |last=Kapadia |first=Novy |date=7 June 2015 |title=Mohun Bagan: Blaze of Glory |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/mohun-bagan-blaze-of-glory/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222151228/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/mohun-bagan-blaze-of-glory/ |archive-date=22 February 2016 |access-date=4 March 2016 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nag |first1=Utathya |date=19 April 2023 |title=Calcutta Football League: East Bengal Kings of Asia's Oldest League Competition {{endash}} full winners list |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505071647/https://olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |archive-date=5 May 2023 |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=Olympics.com |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]}}</ref> Mohun Bagan have also won the [[Trades Cup]] a record 11 times, the [[Sikkim Gold Cup]] a record 10 times, the [[Bordoloi Trophy]] a record 7 times and the [[All Airlines Gold Cup]] a record 8 times. The first trophy won by Mohun Bagan was the [[Cooch Behar Cup]] in 1904, which they have won a record 18 times.

In the [[2024–25 Indian Super League]], Mohun Bagan became the first club to successfully defend the [[Indian Super League|League Shield]] and 7th Indian League title. Mohun Bagan achieved the league and cup double for the first time. In the same season, Mohun Bagan became the 1st ISL club to cross the '''50''' seasonal points.

The club annually contests in Asia's oldest and biggest rivalry, the [[Kolkata Derby]] against its long-time local rival [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Angikaar |date=8 September 2015 |title=The East Bengal-Mohun Bagan Derby: The Rivalry That Divides Kolkata |url=https://scroll.in/field/754003/the-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-derby-the-rivalry-that-divides-kolkata |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200207/https://scroll.in/field/754003/the-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-derby-the-rivalry-that-divides-kolkata |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]}}</ref> with the first derby match being played on 8 August 1921.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Amitabha Das |date=1 April 2016 |title=The Kolkata Derby: They Met as Early as 1921! |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/the-kolkata-derby-they-met-as-early-as-in-1921/article17221788.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416103239/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/the-kolkata-derby-they-met-as-early-as-in-1921/article17221788.ece |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref> Mohun Bagan was one of the founding members of National Football League in 1996, and has never been relegated from the top-tier league of the country. On 29 July 2019, during its 130th year, the club was inducted into the "[[Club of Pioneers]]", a network of the oldest existing football clubs around the world.<ref name="khelnow.com">{{Cite web|date=17 May 2019|title=How will Mohun Bagan benefit from their inclusion in the Club of Pioneers?|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2019-20-mohun-bagan-club-of-pioneers-benefits/|access-date=2 January 2021|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029110707/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2019-20-mohun-bagan-club-of-pioneers-benefits|url-status=live}}</ref>{{TOC limit|2}}

== History ==
{{Main|History of Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}

=== Early years (1889–99) ===
[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] was established on 15 August 1889, with [[Bhupendra Nath Bose]] becoming the first president of the newly founded club and Jyotindra Nath Bose the first secretary of it. Mohun Bagan played their first match in 1889 against the team of [[Eden Hindu Hostel]] students and lost 1–0.<ref name="MB Villa2">{{cite web |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Anita |date=10 July 2021 |title=MOHUN BAGAN VILLA – GONE, BUT NOT FORGOTTEN |url=https://breathingroots.co.in/2020/10/10/mohun-bagan-villa-gone-but-not-forgotten/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003050014/https://breathingroots.co.in/2020/10/10/mohun-bagan-villa-gone-but-not-forgotten/ |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=Breathing Roots}}</ref><ref name="beginning2">{{cite web |title=The Beginning – 1889 to 1909 |url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1889-1909/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150505103851/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1889-1909/ |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=Mohun Bagan Club}}</ref> The initial players to play for the club were Girin Basu, Pramatha Nath Chattopadhyay, Sachin Bandhyopadhyay, Ram Goswami, Sarat Mitra, Hem Nath Sen, Nalin Basu, Upen Ghosh, Manindra Nath Basu, Manomoham Pandey, Probhas Mitra, and the captain Manilal Sen.<ref name="beginning">{{cite web |title=The Beginning – 1889 to 1909 |url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1889-1909/ |website=Mohun Bagan Club |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150505103851/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1889-1909/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The first tournament that the club participated in was the 1893 [[Cooch Behar Cup|Coochbehar Cup]], where the team suffered to perform against the [[British Indian Army]] teams and the clubs like [[Aryan FC|Aryan]], National, Town Club, Kumurtuli, Fort William's Arsenal and the famed Sovabazar, which was founded by the ''Father of Indian football'' [[Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikari]] himself.<ref name="MB Villa2"/><ref name="beginning" />

=== Colonial era ===
The early exits from major tournaments suffered in the 1900s evoked ridicule from its local rivals, including Sovabazar.<ref name="MB Villa2"/> Soon after the appointment of [[Subedar-major]] Sailen Basu as the secretary, the club adopted European playing methods and players underwent rigorous physical training and followed austere fitness regime similar to that in the army.<ref name="beginning" /><ref name="MB Villa2"/> The club also began recruiting players from other clubs, especially from National, where footballers played in boots rather than barefoot. [[The Reverend|Rev.]] [[Sudhir Kumar Chatterjee|Sudhir Chatterjee]] was one of the notable recruitments from National, who was also the only player in the club to play in boots at that time.<ref name="beginning" /> As a result, the club achieved its first success by winning the 1904 Coochbehar Cup.<ref name="part1">{{cite web |last1=Sengupta |first1=Somnath |date=2 May 2010 |title=History Of Mohun Bagan (Part 1): The Success That Changed Indian Football |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/history-of-mohun-bagan-chapter-1-the-origin-and-the-success-that-changed-indian-football/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025110131/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/history-of-mohun-bagan-chapter-1-the-origin-and-the-success-that-changed-indian-football/ |archive-date=25 October 2021 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=The Hard Tackle}}</ref><ref name="beginning" />

The following year Mohun Bagan won the Coochbehar Cup once again and reached the Gladstone Cup final, held in [[Hugli-Chuchura|Chinsurah]], where they defeated the reigning [[IFA Shield]] champions [[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]] 6–1,<ref name="MB Villa2"/><ref name="beginning" /> with [[Shibdas Bhaduri]] scoring four goals.<ref>{{cite web |last=Saha |first=Nirmal Kumar |date=29 July 2020 |title=বিপ্র-কুটিরের 'পঞ্চম পাণ্ডব' শিবদাস |trans-title='Fifth Pandava' Shibdas of Bipra-Kutir |url=https://thecalcuttamirror.com/daily-news/kolkata/2245/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021164919/https://thecalcuttamirror.com/daily-news/kolkata/2245/ |archive-date=21 October 2022 |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=thecalcuttamirror.com |publisher=The Calcutta Mirror |language=bn |agency= |location=Kolkata}}</ref> [[Maharaja]] Rajendra Bhup Bahadur of [[Cooch Behar State|Coochbehar]], impressed by the team, would become a chief patron of the club.<ref name="part1" /> In 1906, Mohun Bagan also won the Minto Fort Tournament by defeating one of the major [[England|English]] clubs in India, [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta]].<ref name="beginning" /> But they were disqualified for the 1906 IFA Shield because P.K. Biswas, who had played for both National and Mohun Bagan in the same year, which was considered illegal by the [[Indian Football Association]], the then ''de facto'' governing body of Indian football.<ref name="beginning" />

Apart from team building, Subedar-major Basu had a remarkable contribution in arranging a new club tent and ground after the demolition of Mohun Bagan Villa in 1891. The club did not have a permanent club tent, but the number of club members increased due to minimal membership fees of at most 8 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]].<ref name="beginning" /> During this period a major meeting was held among the club officials including Jyotindra Nath Basu, Subedar-major Sailen Basu, Dwijendra Nath Basu, [[Bhupendra Nath Mitra|Sir Bhupendra Nath Mitra]] and Dr. Girish Ghosh and soon the club tent within Mohun Bagan's premises in [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]] was constructed.<ref name="beginning" /><ref name="MB Villa2"/> Mohun Bagan won the Trades Cup four consecutive times between 1906 and 1909, which was the second most prestigious tournament in India after IFA Shield. Mohun Bagan won Coochbehar Cup in 1907 and 1908, and then both the Laxmibilas Cup and the Gladstone Cup in 1909 and 1910.<ref name="beginning" /><ref name="MB Villa2"/> In 1909 and 1910, among only a few other native clubs, the team had the honor to play in the IFA Shield for its consistent performances over the recent years. However, they would struggle to match the [[regiment]]al teams of [[British Army|British]] and [[British Indian Army|British Indian]] armies in the first two years of participation.<ref name="MB Villa2"/>

=== The historic year of 1911 ===
[[File:Mohun_Bagan_1911_IFA_shield_winning_team.jpg|left|thumb|A colourized image of the [[IFA Shield]] winning team of 1911]]
In 1911, Mohun Bagan formed a dominant side for the IFA Shield,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Somnath |date=29 July 2011 |title=Tactical Evolution Of Indian Football (Part One): Profiling Three Great 2–3–5 Teams |url=https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-one-profiling-three-great-2-3-5-teams/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009112727/https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-one-profiling-three-great-2-3-5-teams/ |archive-date=9 October 2021 |access-date=16 March 2021 |website=thehardtackle.com |publisher=The Hard Tackle |language=en-US |location=Kolkata}}</ref> which included [[Hiralal Mukherjee]], Bhuti Sukul, Rev. Sudhir Chatterjee, Monmohun Mukherjee, Rajen Sengupta, Nil Madhav Bhattacharya, Kanu Roy, Habul Sarkar, Abhilash Ghosh, Bijoydas Bhaduri and captained by [[Shibdas Bhaduri]].<ref name="creation">{{cite web |title=Creation of History – 1910 to 1919 |url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/632-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505210601/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/632-2/ |archive-date=5 May 2022 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=Mohun Bagan Club}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Nilesh |date=22 August 2023 |title=Mad about football |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mad-about-football/articleshow/102933485.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823180930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mad-about-football/articleshow/102933485.cms |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN |location=Kolkata}}</ref> They battled out against the professionally equipped teams of [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St. Xavier's College]], Calcutta Rangers Club, [[Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own)|Rifle Brigade]] and [[Middlesex Regiment]] to reach the IFA Shield final without conceding a goal. The enthusiasm for the final on 29 July 1911 was such that people came from other [[district]]s of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] as well as from neighboring provinces of [[Bihar and Orissa Province|Bihar]] and [[Eastern Bengal and Assam Province|Assam]].<ref name="MB Villa2"/> The [[East Indian Railway Company]] ran a special train and additional steamer services were pressed into service to ferry spectators to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] from the ''mofussil'' areas.<ref name="MB Villa2"/> Tickets for the match, originally priced at {{Indian Rupee|1}} and {{Indian Rupee|2}}, were sold at {{Indian Rupee|15}} due to its immense demand in the region.<ref name="MB Villa2"/> After trailing by a goal from [[Sergeant|Sgt.]] Jackson of [[East Yorkshire Regiment]] team within the first 15 minutes of the 50 minute-match, Shibdas Bhaduri soon scored an equalizer in the first half and then set up Abhilash Ghosh to score the winner with just two minutes remaining.<ref name="creation" /><ref>{{cite web |title=List of IFA Shield Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031142319/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/india-ifahist.html |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=20 November 2012 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> The club became the first native team to lift the IFA Shield, that too in front of an estimated crowd of 80,000, although the referee, H.G. Pooler, estimated approximately 20,000 to be the number.<ref name="creation" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Basu |first1=Jaydeep |date=29 July 2020 |title=A victory for India? Why Mohun Bagan's historic 1911 IFA Shield win was purely about football |url=https://scroll.in/field/968849/why-mohun-bagans-historic-1911-ifa-shield-win-should-be-judged-purely-from-a-football-perspective#:~:text=Manchester%20Guardian%20reported%20there%20were,%2C%20however%2C%20viewed%20it%20differently. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505210600/https://scroll.in/field/968849/why-mohun-bagans-historic-1911-ifa-shield-win-should-be-judged-purely-from-a-football-perspective#:~:text=Manchester%20Guardian%20reported%20there%20were,%2C%20however%2C%20viewed%20it%20differently. |archive-date=5 May 2022 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=Scroll}}</ref> Mohun Bagan supporters and the public at large went berserk, even supporters of [[Muslims|Muslim]] representative clubs like Moslem and [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] went to the streets to celebrate and the Muslims from [[Dharmatala]] joined the victory procession of [[Hindus]] near the [[Thanthania Kalibari]].<ref name="MB Villa2"/><ref name="Open">{{cite web |last1=Majumdar |first1=Boria |date=22 July 2010 |title=The Victory |url=https://openthemagazine.com/sports/the-victory/ |access-date=5 May 2022 |publisher=Open}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 November 2014 |title=Mohammedan Sporting: A football club with legacy that needs understanding |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/mohammedan-sporting-football-club-legacy-needs-understanding |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505210608/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/mohammedan-sporting-football-club-legacy-needs-understanding |archive-date=5 May 2022 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=Sportskeeda}}</ref> Based on a popular legend, after the match ended, a [[Brahmin]], pointing to the [[Union Jack]] fluttering atop [[Fort William, Kolkata|Fort William]], asked Rev. Chatterjee, "When will that come down?" and was predicted that the flag would come down only when Mohun Bagan wins the shield next time, which coincidentally came true.<ref name="Open" />

{{Quote box
| quote = "For the first time in the history of Indian football an Indian team, the Mohun Bagan, consisting purely of Bengalees, has won the Indian Football Association Shield beating crack teams of English regiments. About 80,000 spectators were present on the ground, but most of them could not see the match. By noticing the flying of kites, they were following the actions of the match. And when they came to know about the win of their team, they started tearing off their shirts, waving them, tearing their hairs."<ref name="MB Villa2"/><ref name="creation" />
| author = [[Reuters]]
| source = [[Telegraphy|cablegram]] to English newspapers
| align = left
| width = 30%
}}

{{Quote box
| quote = "What the Congress failed to achieve, Mohun Bagan has. In other words, they have succeeded in degrading the English."
| author = The Englishman
| source = July 31st, 1911 publication
| align = center
| width = 50%
}}

{{Quote box
| quote = "The team {{sic|comprising |hide=y|of}} the Bengalis won the IFA Shield by defeating three top military teams. 80,000 Indians will remain witnesses to this event. There is nothing to be surprised at. The team that is physically more fit, has sharp surveillance and intelligence, wins."<ref name="creation" />
| author = [[The Guardian|Manchester Guardian]]
| align = center
| width = 50%
}}

{{Quote box
| quote = "The Japanese victory over the Russians did not stir the East half as much as did the match between Mohun Bagan and East York."<ref>{{cite web |title=1911: Football and the Partition of Bengal |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/1911-football-and-the-partition-of-bengal |website=Sportskeeda |date=30 May 2011 |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505210601/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/1911-football-and-the-partition-of-bengal |url-status=live }}</ref>
| author = India Mirror
| source = July 30th, 1911 publication
| align = left
| width = 30%
}}

{{Quote box
| quote = "Mohun Bagan is not a football team. It is a tortured country, rolling in the dust, which has just started to raise its head."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.298440/mode/1up?view=theater |last1=Sengupta |first1=Achintya Kumar |title=কল্লোল যুগ |year=1977 |publisher=M.C. Sarkar & Sons |isbn=978-8171571437 |access-date=5 May 2022}}</ref>
| author = Achintya Kumar Sengupta
| source = Kallol Jug
| align = center
| width = 50%
}}

=== Nation-wide exposure of the club (1912–30) ===
[[File:Gostha_Pal_1998_stamp_of_India.jpg|thumb|233x233px|Gostha Pal featuring on 1998 stamp of India]]
After a comparatively disappointing year in 1912, Shibdas Bhaduri handed the captaincy to Habul Sarkar the following year, but they failed to win any trophy that year.<ref name="creation" /> The same year [[Gostha Pal]] joined the club as a [[Defender (association football)|defender]] at the young age of 16 and soon became known as the ''"Chinese Wall"'' for his defensive prowess.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2020 |title=A Legend Without Shoes, This 'Chinese Wall' Was Once India's Favourite Footballer |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/236100/gostha-pal-paul-kolkata-football-legend-birth-anniversary-first-padma-shri-award-postage-stamp-mohun-bagan-club-ser106/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505213849/https://www.thebetterindia.com/236100/gostha-pal-paul-kolkata-football-legend-birth-anniversary-first-padma-shri-award-postage-stamp-mohun-bagan-club-ser106/ |archive-date=5 May 2022 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=The Better India |language=en}}</ref> In 1914, Mohun Bagan for the first time played in [[Calcutta Football League|CFL]] 2nd Division and finished third, but got promoted after a team from the 1st Division withdrew.<ref name="creation" /> Mohun Bagan played their first match on 15 May 1915 against Calcutta, which was drawn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew Flint |date=11 November 2015 |title=A Tale of One City: Kolkata |url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2015/11/11/a-tale-of-one-city-kolkata/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183002/https://thesefootballtimes.co/2015/11/11/a-tale-of-one-city-kolkata/ |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=16 March 2021 |website=These Football Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> Meanwhile, Subedar-major Basu had to leave for his commitments in the military service for the [[World War I]] and Dwijendra Nath Basu, nephew of Bhupendra Nath Basu and brother of Subedar-major Basu, replaced him as the club's secretary.<ref name="countrywide">{{Cite web |title=Countrywide success – 1920 to 1929 |url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1920-1929/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505224747/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1920-1929/ |archive-date=5 May 2022 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=Mohun Bagan Club |language=en-US}}</ref> Mohun Bagan finished fourth in their league debut, while a separate team of the club made to the semi-finals of the Trades Cup and Coochbehar Cup.<ref name="countrywide" /> The next year, Mohun Bagan reached the second position in the league and the following year, narrowly lost the IFA Shield final to [[Middlesex Regiment]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - List of Calcutta/Kolkata League Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiacalchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802035706/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/indiacalchamp.html |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref>

On 8 August 1921, the club played its first match against [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] in the Coochbehar Cup semi-final, which ended in a goalless draw, but Mohun Bagn went on to beat them in the replay by 3–0 and gave rise to the [[Kolkata Derby]]. In 1922, Mohun Bagan played exhibition matches of football and [[cricket]] against a team of [[Indian South Africans|Indians from South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bolsmann |first1=Chris |last2=Vahed |first2=Goolam |date=2 November 2017 |title='They Are Fine Specimens of the Illustrious Indian Settler': Sporting Contact between India and South Africa, 1914–1955 |url=https://cogentoa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03057070.2017.1379689 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1273–1291 |doi=10.1080/03057070.2017.1379689 |issn=0305-7070 |s2cid=148862123 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003050545/https://cogentoa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03057070.2017.1379689?cookieSet=1 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=5 May 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The following year, Mohun Bagan was invited to [[Rovers Cup]] in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nirwane |first=Sarwadnya |date=18 January 2022 |title=Rovers Cup — the second oldest Football tournament in India |url=https://thesportslite.com/football/rovers-cup-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-tournament/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014043956/https://thesportslite.com/football/rovers-cup-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-tournament/ |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=14 October 2022 |website=thesportslite.com |publisher=The Sports Lite |location=Mumbai}}</ref> where they lost to [[Durham Light Infantry]] by 4–1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - List of Rovers Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiaroverscuphist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924164532/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiaroverscuphist.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> After 35 years of long association of Bhupendra Nath Basu with Mohun Bagan came to an end with his demise in 1924, and was succeeded by Sir Rajendranath Mukherjee.<ref name="countrywide" /> The next year, Mohun Bagan became the first civilian Indian team to be invited to the oldest football tournament in Asia, [[Durand Cup]], where they lost to [[Sherwood Foresters]] in the semi-finals.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Nag |first1=Utathya |last2=Peter |first2=Naveen |date=25 August 2021 |title=Durand Cup in focus as India's oldest football tournament seeks revival |url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/durand-cup-2021-history-indian-football-teams-legacy-oldest |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830155410/https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/durand-cup-2021-history-indian-football-teams-legacy-oldest |archive-date=30 August 2021 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=Olympics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2019 |title=Top 10 moments in Durand Cup history |url=https://khelnow.com/football/durand-cup-2019-history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226184414/https://khelnow.com/football/durand-cup-2019-history |archive-date=26 February 2021 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=Khel Now |language=en-US}}</ref> That year Mohun Bagan also failed to win the league and finished second. During this period, the club attended as well as hosted numerous charity-matches all over the country for fundraising as the earnings from memberships were not enough to run the club over a long period.<ref name="countrywide" /> On 28 May 1925, the club played its first official derby and lost by 1–0. In 1929, due to a clash during the match of Mohun Bagan and Dalhousie, all the native teams withdrew their names from the IFA registration, until it was negotiated on the condition that there would be equal number of European and Indian teams in the association.<ref name=":5h">{{cite book |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Kausik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rnt0DwAAQBAJ |title=A Social History of Indian Football: Striving to Score |last2=Majumdar |first2=Boria |date=24 October 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-85099-1 |language=en |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117034355/https://books.google.com/books?id=rnt0DwAAQBAJ |archive-date=17 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Significant contributions to the national team (1931–47) ===
[[File:Karuna_Shakar_Bhattacharjee_1930s.jpg|thumb|Karuna Bhattacharya, a long-time associate of Mohun Bagan as a player and later as secretary and coach of the team.]]
Renowned [[barrister]] Shailendra Nath Banerjee became the secretary of the club with the turn of the decade.<ref name="legend">{{cite web |title=Era of Legends – 1930 to 1939 |url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1930-1939/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505232956/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1930-1939/ |archive-date=5 May 2022 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=Mohun Bagan Club |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1931 the club acquired the services of highly skilled players like, [[Karuna Bhattacharya|Karuna 'Habla' Bhattacharya]] and [[Syed Abdus Samad (footballer)|Syed Abdus Samad]].<ref name="legend" /><ref name=":6h">{{cite news |date=12 July 2015 |title=Mohun Bagan to honour legend Karuna Bhattacharya |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mohun-bagan-to-honour-legend-karuna-bhattacharya-115071200728_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506103740/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mohun-bagan-to-honour-legend-karuna-bhattacharya-115071200728_1.html |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |publisher=Business Standard}}</ref> In 1933, Gostho Pal, who lead the club for 5 years from 1921, got selected as the captain of IFA XI representing [[India]] for an [[Road (sports)|away match]] against [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]], but the following year, due to injury, his partner in defence Dr. Sanmatha Dutta led the tour to [[South Africa]] for a series of matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barefoot tourists, 1934 |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury-south-africa/20180214/281822874264111 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506102238/https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury-south-africa/20180214/281822874264111 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=PressReader |publisher=The Mercury}}</ref> 1935 saw a great change in Mohun Bagan's tradition of playing with bare-feet when on the behest of Abdul Hamid, a renowned player from [[Quetta]], the club decided to use boots mandatorily for the first time.<ref name="legend" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nandi |first1=Dhritiman |date=13 June 2013 |title=Foreign recruits in Indian football – A short recap |url=http://www.indianfootballnetwork.com/blog/2013/06/12/foreign-recruits-in-indian-football-a-short-recap/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321092935/http://www.indianfootballnetwork.com/blog/2013/06/12/foreign-recruits-in-indian-football-a-short-recap/ |archive-date=21 March 2021 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=IndianFooty}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Nilesh |date=5 July 2012 |title=Former Indian International Abdul Hamid passed away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/former-india-international-abdul-hamid-who-played-in-the-1962-asian-games-passed-away-in-jhansi-uttar-pradesh-on-wednesday-hamid-was-66-he-played-for-mohammedan-sporting-mohun-bagan-and-bnr-in-the-bengal-hockey-league-/articleshow/14691599.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506102238/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/former-india-international-abdul-hamid-who-played-in-the-1962-asian-games-passed-away-in-jhansi-uttar-pradesh-on-wednesday-hamid-was-66-he-played-for-mohammedan-sporting-mohun-bagan-and-bnr-in-the-bengal-hockey-league-/articleshow/14691599.cms |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In 1937, Mohun Bagan originally faced off against a foreign team – an English amateur club [[Islington Corinthians F.C.|Islington Corinthians]], who were on a world tour; but narrowly lost by 1–0.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alam |first1=Dhrubo |date=16 July 2018 |title=Islington Corinthians FC: The amateur football club that toured the world |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/islington-corinthians-fc-1605994 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506102238/https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/islington-corinthians-fc-1605994 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |publisher=The Daily Star}}</ref> In 1938 the tradition of Mohun Bagan players leading IFA teams continued with Karuna Bhattacharya captaining a side to [[Australia]], where he also scored against [[Australia men's national soccer team|Australia]] as well as [[Football Queensland]] team during the tour.<ref>{{cite web |title=1938 Indian Tour of Australia |url=http://www.ozfootball.net/museum/index.php/tours/252-1938-indian-tour-of-australia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923052751/http://www.ozfootball.net/museum/index.php/tours/252-1938-indian-tour-of-australia |archive-date=23 September 2018 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=Ozfootball |publisher=Online Football Museum}}</ref><ref name="legend" /><ref name=":6h" /><ref name="ozfootball.net">{{cite web |title=Socceroo Internationals for 1938 |url=http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/Socceroo/1938A.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806202225/http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/Socceroo/1938A.html |archive-date=6 August 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> In the late-1930s both [[Umapati Kumar]] and Gostha Pal retired, but the squad got competent reinforcements – Anil Dey in half back position and Satyen 'Mana' Guin in attack, who a right winger was nicknamed ''"Racing Deer"'' for his speed along the flanks.<ref name="legend" /><ref name=":1h">{{cite web |date=15 May 2020 |title=Mohun Bagan: Top 10 defining moments in Mariners' history |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-mohun-bagan-defining-moments-history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421222335/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-mohun-bagan-defining-moments-history |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=Khel Now |language=en-US}}</ref> Mohun Bagan also broke a 29-year-old barren run in Trades Cup, in 1938.<ref name="legend" /> Captained by Bimal Mukherjee, Mohun Bagan broke their long wait for a major trophy in 1939 when they won their first ever Calcutta Football League title.<ref name=":1h" /> Significantly, Mohun Bagan also celebrated its [[golden jubilee]] the same year, which was marked with celebrations across the city, match organized featuring renowned former players and, medals and jerseys were distributed to the players. From 1933 to 1939 the club won 29 trophies, also out of 23 [[Kolkata Derby|derbies]], was victorious 12 times, including 1 [[Walkover|walkover win]], drew 10 matches and lost only once.<ref>{{cite web |title=Remembering Derby |url=https://themohunbaganac.com/remembering-derbies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628161833/https://themohunbaganac.com/remembering-derbies/ |archive-date=28 June 2021 |access-date=4 July 2021}}</ref>

In 1941, the secretaryship was given to another famed barrister, B.C. Ghosh replacing Sailen Banerjee, who was elected as the club's vice-president, and the following year [[Insurance policy|insurance policies]] were incepted for the medical aid of the injured players during matches, and a medical board composed of reputed doctors was formed to oversee the medical issues.<ref name="diamond">{{cite web |title=Diamond Jubilee – 1940 to 1949 |url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1940-1949/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505210606/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1940-1949/ |archive-date=5 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=Mohun Bagan Club}}</ref> A [[Trustee|trust board]] was also formed on the initiative of a [[solicitor]] B.K.Ghosh and a barrister Dr. S.K.Gupta for the monetary support of the club.<ref name="diamond" /> In 1943 and 1944, Mohun Bagan won CFL in succession. In 1944, Secretary Ghosh became the club's vice-president, and Dr. Gupta took charge of the general secretary's office. Meanwhile, a junior football team was formed under the guidance of a former Mohun Bagan player, [[Balaidas Chatterjee|Balaidas Chattopadhyay]], and also efforts were taken to introduce sports like [[Rugby union|rugby]] and [[baseball]] among the youth.<ref name="diamond" /> In 1945, [[George Curtis (footballer, born 1919)|George Curtis]], who was an [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] player stationed in India as a part of [[Royal Air Force]] in the [[World War II]], took charge of the team on request as a mentor for a brief stint.<ref name="diamond" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Hogg |first=Tony |title=West Ham Who's Who |publisher=Independent UK Sports publications |year=1995 |isbn=1-899429-01-8 |location=London |pages=223}}</ref>

=== Post-Independence ===
Mohun Bagan won its second IFA Shield on 15 November by defeating its arch-rival East Bengal in the year of [[Independence Day (India)|India's independence]], as foretold in 1911, becoming the first club to win the Shield in post-independent India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumdar |first1=Boria |date=15 August 2013 |title=Mohun Bagan's 'battles' against the Raj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mohun-bagans-battles-against-the-raj/articleshow/21836516.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506114125/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mohun-bagans-battles-against-the-raj/articleshow/21836516.cms |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="diamond" />

=== Struggle with consistency (1948–1950s) ===
[[File:Talimeren_Ao_2018_stamp_of_India.jpg|thumb|Dr. Talimeren Ao featuring on the 2018 postage stamp of India]]
In the first year after the independence the club handed the captaincy for two years to [[Talimeren Ao]], who had been a part of the club since 1943 after leaving Maharana Club in [[Guwahati]].<ref name="diamond" /><ref name="Ao">{{cite web |title=Dr.Talimeren Ao – a legendary footballer |url=http://www.india-north-east.com/2010/10/drtalimeren-aao-legendary-footballer.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018085529/http://www.india-north-east.com/2010/10/drtalimeren-aao-legendary-footballer.html |archive-date=18 October 2013 |access-date=2 April 2014 |publisher=North East India}}</ref> Ao went on to lead the national team in [[1948 Summer Olympics]] in [[London]], along with teammates [[Mahabir Prasad (footballer)|Mahabir Prasad]] and [[Sailen Manna]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian football's unique tale |url=https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/169/268/4/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715171513/http://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/169/268/4/ |archive-date=15 July 2014 |access-date=12 June 2014 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Triumphs and Disasters: The Story of Indian Football, 1889--2000. |url=http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813081005/http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2012 |access-date=20 October 2011}}</ref> The club's secretary, Balai Das Chattopadhyay too had to leave for London as the team's head coach and trainer, while Gostho Pal filled in for his duties in the club. Anil Dey was called for the national team as well but stayed behind, and Dhanadaranjan 'Bokai' Sen carried out the captain's duties in the absence of Ao.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 January 2007 |title=Former Mohan Bagan custodian passes away |url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/former-mohan-bagan-custodian-passes-away-044534.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506160327/https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/former-mohan-bagan-custodian-passes-away-044534.html |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=My Khel}}</ref> In the same year, the [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Afghan monarch]] invited Mohun Bagan on the occasion of their [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|independence]] celebrations but the club could not attend because of its preplanned agenda.<ref name="diamond" /> That year, Mohun Bagan successfully defended the IFA Shield against [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]] in the final. Ao's on-field excellences for the club and country caught the eyes of [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] and was offered a one-year contract but was turned down by him to later pursue [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]].<ref name="Ao" /><ref>{{cite web |date=27 October 2016 |title=Doctor, pioneer, footballer, leader - the remarkable story of T Ao |url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/_/id/17899572/doctor-pioneer-footballer-leader-remarkable-story-talimeren-ao |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902170332/https://www.espn.in/football/story/_/id/17899572/doctor-pioneer-footballer-leader-remarkable-story-talimeren-ao |archive-date=2 September 2021 |access-date=6 May 2022 |publisher=espn.in}}</ref>

{{Quote box
| quote = "I am proud and delighted that, fortunately, I have witnessed the IFA Shield tournament of 1911. During the freedom struggle, Mohun Bagan's existence inspired the youth. In the sports world of Bengal, Mohun Bagan has still maintained its excellence. Even after 60 years, Mohun Bagan has kept its youth unaffected. I pray that on our beloved Motherland, Mohun Bagan's sporting spirit may survive forever."
| author = [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister]] [[Bidhan Chandra Roy|Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy]]
| source =
| align = left
| width = 35%
}}

On the club's [[diamond jubilee]], [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|West Bengal's Chief Minister]] [[Bidhan Chandra Roy|Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy]] was invited to exhibition matches hosted by the club, that included three friendlies against [[Allsvenskan|Swedish]] club [[Helsingborgs IF|Helsingborg]].<ref name="diamond" /> [[Runu Guha Thakurta]], a renowned forward, was acquired by the club that year. In 1950, India had received a direct qualification to the [[1950 FIFA World Cup|FIFA World Cup]], with club captain Manna being leading the team, but [[All India Football Federation]] refused to play. Despite acquiring the services of some of the famed players the club failed to dominate in major tournaments, where they were regularly outshined by the [[Pancha Pandavas|Pancha Pandav]] led East Bengal and [[Syed Abdul Rahim]]'s [[Hyderabad City Police FC|Hyderabad City Police]] team.
[[File:Chuni.jpg|left|thumb|Chuni Goswami at Mohun Bagan Ground in 2020.]]
{{Quote box
| quote = "Mohun Bagan was my favorite team from my childhood. I was a regular visitor of all Mohun Bagan matches when I was a student at Kolkata. Sometimes, when I didn't have money to buy the ticket, I could not stop myself. I watched the match from the outside. I was always aware of the up-to-date news of the club."
| author = [[President of India|President]] [[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]]
| source =
| align = right
| width = 30%
}}

S Manna, T Aao, Abhay Ghosh, and R Guhathakurta got their call for the national team to play the [[1951 Asian Games|Asian Games]], and Manna led the team to the [[Football at the 1951 Asian Games|gold medal]].<ref name="champ">{{cite web |title=The Champions – 1950 to 1959 |url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1950-1959/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505210604/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1950-1959/ |archive-date=5 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=Mohun Bagan Club}}</ref> In [[1952 Summer Olympics]] three Mohun Bagan players including Manna as the captain and [[Mohammad Abdus Sattar]], who joined the club from Mohammedan in 1950, was called for the national team. Mohun Bagan won the CFL in 1951 after a wait of seven years, the IFA Shield in 1952, and its first Durand Cup in 1953 by 4–0 against [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] team in the presence of [[President of India|President]] [[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]].<ref name="champ" /> That year [[Samar Banerjee|Samar 'Badru' Banerjee]] joined the team and formed an important attacking duo with Md. Sattar.<ref name="champ" /> During Manna's spell as the captain, he was named among the top 10 captains around the world by [[The Football Association]] in 1953, becoming the first Asian to have the honor.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 April 2006 |title=India's greatest footballer |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/indias-greatest-footballer/article29646644.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506160328/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/indias-greatest-footballer/article29646644.ece |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=Sportstar |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref> In 1954 Mohun Bagan became the first club ever to clinch the [[Double (association football)|double crown]] of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] — CFL and IFA Shield, and beat the [[Austrian Football Bundesliga|Austrian]] club [[Grazer AK]] by 2–1 and beat the visiting [[Afghanistan national football team|Afghanistan]] by 3–0.<ref name="champ" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=History by Decade |url=https://themohunbaganac.com/history-by-decade/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806224102/https://themohunbaganac.com/history-by-decade/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club |language=en-US}}</ref> The same year [[Chuni Goswami|Subimal 'Chuni' Goswami]] joined the senior team from the club's youth ranks.<ref name="champ" /> Mohun Bagan defended the CFL title successfully till 1956 and won the IFA Shield and its first Rovers Cup in 1956.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nirwane |first1=Sarwadnya |date=18 January 2022 |title=Rovers Cup-the second oldest Football tournament in India |url=https://thesportslite.com/football/rovers-cup-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-tournament/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014043956/https://thesportslite.com/football/rovers-cup-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-tournament/ |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=The Sports Lite}}</ref><ref name="champ" /> In December 1954, Mohun Bagan lost a match against [[AIK Fotboll|AIK]] featuring [[Kurt Hamrin]], by 3–1 and in March 1955, played against the visiting [[Soviet Union national football team|Soviet Union]] featuring [[Lev Yashin]] and lost by 3–0.<ref>{{cite web |title=A.I.K. (Solna, Sweden) tour of Asia 1954 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/aik-oostazietour54.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317125318/http://rsssf.com/tablesa/aik-oostazietour54.html |archive-date=17 March 2015 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=RSSSF}}</ref><ref name="champ" /><ref>{{cite web |title=1955 USSR and India reciprocal tours |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesu/ussr-india-tours55.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420150040/http://rsssf.com/tablesu/ussr-india-tours55.html |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=RSSSF}}</ref> Mohun Bagan also played against [[Austria national football team|Austria]] in 1955, but lost by 2–0, and the following year Mohun Bagan, as a representative from India, toured [[Liberal democracy period in Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[Colony of Singapore|Singapore]], [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] and [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]], which was organized solely by the assistant secretary of the club Dhiren Dey.<ref name="champ" /> For the [[1956 Summer Olympics]] in [[Melbourne]], Badru captained the national team. While Krishnachandra 'Kesto' Pal was included in the main squad, Chuni, S Chatterjee, and Sushil Guha were selected as reserved players.<ref name="champ" /> The following years were mostly unsuccessful as the club failed to win several major trophies, but during this time, Mohun Bagan obtained the services of [[Jarnail Singh (footballer)|Jarnail Singh Dhillon]] from Rajasthan Club and [[Mariappa Kempaiah]]. The arrival of [[T. Abdul Rahman|Thazhatheri Abdul Rahman]] at the back partnering Singh with Sanath Sett in goal, enhanced the team, resulting CFL and Durand Cup championships in 1959.<ref name="champ" />

=== The golden team (1960–64) ===
{{football squad on pitch|align=left|GK=Sanath|RB=[[T. Abdul Rahman|Rahman]]|CB=[[Jarnail Singh (footballer)|Jarnail]]|LB=Fenn|RCM=Bidyut|LCM=[[Mariappa Kempaiah|Kempaiah]]|RW=Dipu|RF=Amal|CF=[[Chuni Goswami|Chuni]]([[Captain (association football)|C]])|LF=Purakayastha|LW=[[Arumainayagam]]|caption=Arun Sinha's 3–2–5 line-up in the 1962 IFA Shield final against [[Hyderabad City Police FC|Hyderabad City Police]].}}Mohun Bagan in 1960, won CFL, IFA Shield, and Durand Cup, losing just once in the 42 matches played in these three tournaments.<ref>{{cite web |title=1960 -1965: When Chuni Goswami & co propelled Mohun Bagan to the zenith of success |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/1960s-mohun-bagan-chuni-goswami-trophies-indian-football/1utzzq9j0icvgze2iw9ple0p1 |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref> Based on their dominative performance, they were invited to a number of matches in [[East Africa]] travelling to [[Protectorate of Uganda|Uganda]], [[Kenya Colony|Kenya]], [[Sultanate of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] and [[Tanganyika Territory|Tanganyika]].<ref name="60s">{{cite web |title=1960 to 1969 |url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/726-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505210606/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/726-2/ |archive-date=5 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=Mohun Bagan Club}}</ref> On the recommendations of Chuni and Kempiah, Isaiyah Arumayinayigam had joined the team before the tour, and soon earned the nickname ''"Baby Taxi"'' for his pace. During the tour, out of nineteen matches 15 were won, 3 were drawn and only 1 was lost, while domestically Mohun Bagan won the Shield consecutively in 1961 and 1962. Under Dhiren Dey, a strict regime was reinstated in the club and under the coaching of Arun Sinha, the archaic [[Formation (association football)#Pyramid (2–3–5)|2–3–5]] formation was replaced by 3-defenders system.<ref name="sinha">{{cite web |last1=Basu |first1=Jaydeep |date=28 August 2020 |title=From Jarnail To Jhingan: Punjab Flavour to Evolution of Defenders in Indian Football |url=https://www.newsclick.in/jarnail-jhingan-punjab-flavour-evolution-defenders-indian-football |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426090031/https://www.newsclick.in/jarnail-jhingan-punjab-flavour-evolution-defenders-indian-football |archive-date=26 April 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=News Click}}</ref> Sinha was primarily responsible for properly grooming the likes of Chuni and Jarnail.<ref name="sinha" /> On 27 April 1962, Gostho Pal received the [[Padma Shri]], becoming the first footballer to do so.<ref name="60s" /> The club won its tenth CFL title and IFA Shield that year. Chuni was selected to lead the national team in [[1962 Asian Games]] and won the [[Football at the 1962 Asian Games|gold medal]], with Jarnail Singh playing a pivotal part in the campaign. [[Ashok Chatterjee]], a well-built forward, was another vital addition to the team in 1962. In 1963, Mohun Bagan won CFL again and added Durand Cup to their cabinet after a 2–0 victory against [[Hyderabad City Police FC|Andhra Pradesh Police]]. A new club tent was inaugurated this year by the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]] [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]] and the [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister]] [[Prafulla Chandra Sen]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohun Bagan inauguration ceremony of the newly built club tent |url=https://www.facebook.com/MohunBaganAthleticClub1889/videos/1275226216556153 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810203013/https://www.facebook.com/MohunBaganAthleticClub1889/videos/1275226216556153 |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=Facebook Live}}</ref> 1964 saw Mohun Bagan celebrate its [[platinum jubilee]] with a year-long celebration involving numerous sporting events.<ref name="60s" /> Popular [[Nemzeti Bajnokság I|Hungarian]] club [[FC Tatabánya|Tatabánya]] was invited to play a series of friendly matches. Fittingly, the club enjoyed massive success in cricket by winning CAB Cricket League, in hockey by winning [[Aga Khan Gold Cup]], in football by winning the IFA Shield, the CFL and the Durand Cup by defeating East Bengal.<ref name="60s" /> In this period of five years, the star-studded team of Mohun Bagan won twelve major trophies; excluding Coochbehar Cup and Trades Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-30 |title=1960 -1965: When Chuni Goswami & co propelled Mohun Bagan to the zenith of success {{!}} Goal.com India |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/1960s-mohun-bagan-chuni-goswami-trophies-indian-football/1utzzq9j0icvgze2iw9ple0p1 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== Decline and revival under P. K. Banerjee (1965–1970s) ===
[[File:Syed_Nayeemuddin_-_South_24_Parganas_2016-02-14_1163.JPG|thumb|Syed Nayeemuddin played for five years (1968–74) and later became the coach (1992–93, 1996, and 1999).]]
{{football squad on pitch|align=left|GK=[[Balai Dey|Balai]]|RB=Bhabani|RCB=Chandreshwar([[Captain (association football)|C]])|LCB=Pradip|LB=Altaf|RCM=[[Syed Nayeemuddin|Nayeemuddin]]|LCM=Priyalal|RW=Sitesh|RCF=[[Sukalyan Ghosh Dastidar|Sukalyan]]|LCF=[[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Habib]]|LW=Pranab|caption=Amal Dutta's 4–2–4 line-up against East Bengal in the 1969 IFA Shield final.}}In the following years additions like Chandreshwar Prasad in 1965, Pungam Kannan in 1967 and [[Sukalyan Ghosh Dastidar]] in 1969 were made, and Jarnail was made the new captain of the team in 1965. Yet the team lost the consistency soon and, in 1967 and 1968 Mohun Bagan won just two trophies, the Shield and Rovers Cup, respectively. Chuni retired from football in 1968 after spending his whole career at Mohun Bagan; thus, the golden team slowly came to a conclusion.

In 1969 [[Amal Dutta]] joined and introduced the concept of overlapping [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|full-backs]] in [[Formation (association football)#4–2–4|4–2–4]] to Indian football, for which Bhabani Roy was the primary candidate. With the new strategy in place, Mohun Bagan played scintillating football and captured CFL and IFA Shield with a 3–1 victory against [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] in the Shield final.<ref name="60s" /> Mohun Bagan struggled to assert dominance in the first half of the 1970s and failed to match their arch-rivals regarding team building. Although they won Rovers Cup from 1970 to 1972, they fared poorly in other major tournaments.<ref name="70s">{{cite web |title=Encounter with Pele – 1970 to 1979 |url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1970-1979/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505210618/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1970-1979/ |archive-date=5 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=Mohun Bagan Club}}</ref> With foreign recruits becoming common in East Bengal, Mohun Bagan failed to beat them even once between 1969 and 1974 and lost to their arch-rivals in Durand Cup and IFA Shield finals multiple times. The lowest point of their decline came in [[1975 IFA Shield Final|1975 IFA Shield final]] when Mohun Bagan lost 5–0 to East Bengal, the biggest margin of defeat in the derby till then.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kolkata Derby's Most Notable Encounter – East Bengal 5-0 Mohun Bagan |date=30 September 2021 |url=https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/kolkata-derbys-most-notable-encounter-east-bengal-5-0-mohun-bagan/ |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> The ignominy surrounding the heavy defeat was that several Mohun Bagan players spent the night holed up on a boat in the [[Ganges]] as the supporters laid siege to the club tent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2020 |title=Mohun Bagan's ATK Merger – What Do the Fans Think? |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/football/mohun-bagan-atk-merger-isl-fans-verdict-ileague-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122163830/https://www.thequint.com/sports/football/mohun-bagan-atk-merger-isl-fans-verdict-ileague-2020 |archive-date=22 January 2020 |access-date=24 January 2020 |website=The Quint |language=en}}</ref>

In May 1972, Mohun Bagan toured to newly independent [[Bangladesh]] to play exhibition matches, where they defeated [[Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)|Dhaka Mohammedan]] in their first match, but lost to [[Shadhin Bangla football team|Shadhin Bangla]].<ref name="Mohun Bagan to Bangladesh">{{cite web |last=Alam |first=Masud |date=19 April 2022 |title=৭ কোটি মানুষের জন্য ভালোবাসা নিয়ে ঢাকায় এসেছিল মোহনবাগান |trans-title=Mohun Bagan came to Dhaka with love for 7 crore people |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/%E0%A7%AD-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002192020/https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/%E0%A7%AD-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=www.prothomalo.com |publisher=[[Prothom Alo|The Daily Prothom Alo]] |language=bn |agency= |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh}}</ref> Mohun Bagan did recruit a number of young players in 1974 and 1975 so as to steer the team back to success. [[Subrata Bhattacharya]], [[Prasun Banerjee]] and [[Narayanswami Ulaganathan]] made the team in 1974 and in 1975, Compton Dutta and Dilip Palit joined. By 1976 Mohun Bagan assembled their best team in years under the helm of Chandra Madhab Roy with the inclusion of a host of players from their two local rivals, including the attacking brothers–[[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]] and Mohammed Akbar, and [[Subhash Bhowmick]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohun Bagan: Retracing Mariners' century-long history of success |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-mohun-bagan-success-history |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref> Prasun's elder brother, [[P. K. Banerjee|P.K. Banerjee]] was employed for the managerial post after his immensely successful spell at East Bengal. Under him, 1976 turned into one of the best years in the club's history when Mohun Bagan won their first CFL and IFA Shield titles since 1969 and added Rovers Cup to their success. Most significantly, Mohun Bagan ended a seven-year wait to win the Derby in 1976 with a 17s header from Akbar, assisted by Ulanganathan. Along with [[Shyam Thapa]], other iconic names like Sudhir Karmakar and [[Gautam Sarkar]], who was affectionately called ''"Indian [[Franz Beckenbauer|Beckenbauer]]"'', also joined Mohun Bagan in the following year.<ref>{{cite web |title=In Der Kaiser's death, 'Indian Beckenbauer' Sarkar sees 'inexplicable connection' |date=10 January 2024 |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2024/01/10/in-der-kaisers-death-indian-beckenbauer-sarkar-sees-inexplicable-connection/ |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref> With a domineering squad, Mohun Bagan yet suffered a shocking defeat of [[1997 Indian Federation Cup Final|1–0]] against [[Indian Telephone Industries Limited|ITI]] team in the [[1997 Indian Federation Cup|inaugural]] [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]], which became the most prestigious title in the country, and also lost the first Derby of that year. But they successfully became the first club to win the ''"Triple Crown"'' – the IFA Shield, the Durand Cup, and the Rovers Cup, in that year and as per club traditions, they invited East Bengal for dinner.<ref name="70s" /><ref name="Nation">{{cite web |title=Nation wide success and Diamond jubilee celebration: 1947–1960 |url=http://www.sabujmaroonswapno.com/smsweb/clubhistory.php?x=1947-1960 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809085247/http://www.sabujmaroonswapno.com/smsweb/clubhistory.php?x=1947-1960 |archive-date=9 August 2012 |access-date=21 November 2012 |work=Sabuj Maroon Swapno}}</ref>{{football squad on pitch|align=right|GK=[[Shibaji Banerjee|Shibaji]]|RB=Sudhir|RCB=[[Subrata Bhattacharya|Subrata]] ([[Captain (association football)|C]])|LCB=Pradip|LB=Dilip|RDM=[[Gautam Sarkar|Gautam]]|LDM=[[Prasun Banerjee|Prasun]]|RW=[[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Habib]]|RCF=Akbar|LW=[[Bidesh Ranjan Bose|Bidesh]]|LCF=[[Shyam Thapa|Shyam]]|caption=Supposed formation of [[P. K. Banerjee|PK Banerjee]]'s Mohun Bagan against [[New York Cosmos (1971–1985)|NY Cosmos]].}}On 24 September 1977, through the efforts of Dhiren Dey, Mohun Bagan played a friendly match against the [[North American Soccer League (1968–1984)|American]] club [[New York Cosmos (1971–1985)|New York Cosmos]] which featured [[Brazil national football team|Brazilian]] World Cup winners like [[Pelé]] and [[Carlos Alberto Torres|Carlos Torres]], and [[Serie A]] icon [[Giorgio Chinaglia]].<ref name="Cosmos">{{cite web |title=Memorable performances and historical match against Pele: 1965–1977 |url=http://www.sabujmaroonswapno.com/smsweb/clubhistory.php?x=1965-1977 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809085434/http://www.sabujmaroonswapno.com/smsweb/clubhistory.php?x=1965-1977 |archive-date=9 August 2012 |access-date=21 November 2012 |work=Sabuj Maroon Swapno}}</ref> The game, which took place at [[Eden Gardens]], had a match attendance of 80,000 along with the Chief Minister of West Bengal [[Jyoti Basu]].<ref name="Cosmos" /> NY Cosmos had taken a lead through Alberto, but it was soon equalized by Thapa, then took the lead through Habib but late in the game, Chinaglia's goal kept the final scoreline at 2–2. One of the remarkable instances in the game was [[Shibaji Banerjee|Shibaji]]'s brilliant save to deny a Pelé free-kick.<ref name="Cosmos" /><ref name="70s" /> This match become one of the prominent events in the history of the club since the 1911 IFA Shield final.
[[File:Shri_P._K._Banerjee,_at_the_felicitation_ceremony_of_the_members_of_1960_Rome_Olympics_Indian_Football_Team_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|228x228px|P.K. Banerjee in 2011.]]
After the further additions of Manas Bhattacharya and Shyamal Banerjee, Mohun Bagan continued their dominant run in 1978, consisting of a CFL win with record 78 goals in 22 matches and a Federation Cup joint-win with East Bengal. In the IFA Shield final, Mohun Bagan was up against the [[Soviet Top League|Soviet]] club [[FC Ararat Yerevan|Ararat Yereven]] featuring [[Arkady Andreasyan]] and [[Khoren Oganesian]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohun Bagan: Top 10 iconic matches in Mariners' history |url=https://khelnow.com/football/top-10-iconic-defining-matches-in-mohun-bagan-history |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref> The visitors with an early lead, struggled with the wet climatic conditions, Mohun Bagan raced to a 2–1 lead with the goals from Habib and Manas, but a late goal from Oganesian prevented a famous win for Mohun Bagan, and both the clubs were declared winners.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adhikary |first=Sukanya |date=15 September 2020 |title=Throwback to 1978, when Mohan Bagan won IFA shield jointly with FC Ararat |url=https://sportslightmedia.com/index.php/2020/09/15/throwback-to-1978-when-mohan-bagan-won-ifa-shield-jointly-with-fc-ararat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119013701/https://sportslightmedia.com/index.php/2020/09/15/throwback-to-1978-when-mohan-bagan-won-ifa-shield-jointly-with-fc-ararat/ |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=Sportslightmedia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="70s" /> Thus, the club became the first Indian team, post-independence, to win the IFA Shield while competing against a non-Asian side in the final.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 September 2020 |title=throwback to 1978 IFA Shield Final |url=https://sportslightmedia.com/throwback-to-1978-when-mohan-bagan-won-ifa-shield-jointly-with-fc-ararat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183109/https://sportslightmedia.com/throwback-to-1978-when-mohan-bagan-won-ifa-shield-jointly-with-fc-ararat/ |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=4 July 2021}}</ref>

=== The National Club of India (1980s) ===
The dominance in Durand Cup and Federation Cup continued in 1980, meanwhile CFL and IFA Shield was called off after a tragic incident that took place during the Derby on 16 August where sixteen people died in a riot among the supporters inside [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]].<ref name="100th">{{cite web |title=The Centenary – 1980 to 1989 |url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1980-1989/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507102559/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1980-1989/ |archive-date=7 May 2022 |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=Mohun Bagan Club}}</ref><ref name="RSSSF">{{cite web |title=List of Federation Cup Winners |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiacuphist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217082516/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiacuphist.html |archive-date=17 February 2014 |access-date=21 November 2012 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 January 2013 |title=Top 5 cases of crowd violence in Indian Footballing history |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/top-5-cases-of-crowd-violence-in-indian-footballing-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402195601/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/top-5-cases-of-crowd-violence-in-indian-footballing-history |archive-date=2 April 2019 |access-date=2 April 2019 |website=Sportskeeda.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mitra |first=Sumit |date=15 September 1980 |title=Stampede, rioting during East Bengal match in Kolkata |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19800915-stampede-rioting-during-east-bengal-match-in-kolkata-821407-2014-01-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182841/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19800915-stampede-rioting-during-east-bengal-match-in-kolkata-821407-2014-01-09 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=1 July 2021 |work=India Today}}</ref>{{football squad on pitch|align=right|GK=[[Shibaji Banerjee|Shibaji]]|RB=Samar|RCB=[[Subrata Bhattacharya|Subrata]]|LCB=Compton ([[Captain (association football)|C]])|LB=Shyamal|CM=[[Gautam Sarkar|Gautam]]|CF=[[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Habib]]|RW=[[Mihir Bose (footballer)|Mihir]]|RCF=[[Narayanswami Ulaganathan|Ulaganathan]]|LW=[[Surajit Sengupta|Surajit]]|LCF=Xavier|caption=Starting 11 of Mohun Bagan in 1981 Federation Cup final.}}In 1981 Mohun Bagan won their first standalone Federation Cup after beating Mohammedan by 2–0 with goals from [[Narayanswami Ulaganathan|Ulaganathan]] and [[Shyam Thapa|Thapa]] and added IFA Shield and Rovers Cup to the collection as well.<ref name="100th" /><ref name="RSSSF" /> The club made some impactful signings like [[Krishanu Dey]], [[Krishnendu Roy]] and [[Sudip Chatterjee (footballer)|Sudip 'Tulu' Chatterjee]].1983 was a comparatively unsuccessful year. After six successful years, the club only managed to win Calcutta League, with Manas Bhattacharya being the league's top scorer.<ref name="100th" /> As a result, a host of new players were recruited in 1984, and the most notable names being [[Prasanta Banerjee]], [[Babu Mani]] and Tanumoy Basu, and that led to major successes, including Durand Cup and the Calcutta League title. Later, [[Sisir Ghosh]] was brought in and he made a successful attacking duo with Mani. In 1986 players like [[Satyajit Chatterjee]], [[Aloke Mukherjee]] and Amit Bhadra were to the squad, and the year ended with the Calcutta League, third consecutive Durand Cup and the Federation Cup after a four-year wait and also qualifying for the [[1987 Asian Club Championship]].<ref name="100th" /> Mohun Bagan won twice in the group stage of Asian Championship with 12 goals, half of which were scored by Sisir. However, finishing second in the group failed to progress to the semi-final group. They qualified for ACC once again for the [[1988–89 Asian Club Championship|1988–89 season]] by winning the 1987 Federation Cup and displayed outstanding performance in the group stage, including a 6–0 defeat of [[PFF National Challenge Cup|Pakistani]] team [[Crescent Textile Mills FC|Crescent Textile Mills]] with a hat-trick from Sisir. Still, in the semi-final group, they lost every game and finished at the bottom.<ref name="100th" /> At the domestic level, the club failed to win any major tournament except Rovers Cup.<ref name="100th" />

=== Post-Centenary ===
[[File:Stamp_of_India_-_1989_-_Colnect_165312_-_Mohan_Bagan_Atheletic_Club_-_Centenary.jpeg|left|thumb|180x180px|1989 postage stamp commemorating the centenary year of Mohun Bagan]]
Mohun Bagan celebrated their 100th anniversary in 1989 with a grand torch rally starting from Basu Bati in [[North Kolkata]] and covered several important places in Mohun Bagan's history before reaching the [[Mohun Bagan Ground]].<ref name=":1h" /> The [[List of prime ministers of India|Prime Minister of India]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]] arrived for the celebrations and during his speech, he referred to Mohun Bagan as ''"The National Club of India"''.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |author=Rauf |first=Zohaib |date=2 April 2016 |title=The Inspirational Story of India's First Football Club |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/the-inspirational-story-of-indias-first-football-club/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325053423/https://thelogicalindian.com/amp/rewind/the-inspirational-story-of-indias-first-football-club/ |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=17 December 2020 |publisher=The Logical India}}</ref> Mohun Bagan became the first club to be honored by a postage stamp from the [[Government of India]] on this historical year.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ainy |date=24 November 2017 |title=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club |url=https://www.istampgallery.com/mohun-bagan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808085009/https://www.istampgallery.com/mohun-bagan/ |archive-date=8 August 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020 |publisher=iStampGallery.com}}</ref>

=== Commercialisation and incoming of foreigners (1990–2000) ===
[[File:I.M.Vijayan.JPG|thumb|I.M. Vijayan played for Mohun Bagan for a total of 3 years and was nicknamed ''"Kalo Horin"'' ({{Translation|Black Buck}}) by the fans.]]
The centenary celebrations continued till 1990 when Mohun Bagan played against an assembled team that featured [[Cameroon national football team|Cameroonian]] World Cupper [[Roger Milla]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jyoti Basu: A die-hard Mohun Bagan supporter |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/jyoti-basu-a-die-hard-mohun-bagan-supporter/articleshow/5456354.cms |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 January 2010 }}</ref> The club invested significantly to bring back Krishanu Dey and Babu Mani and along with other major signings like [[Bikash Panji]] and especially [[I. M. Vijayan]], who was being approached by every major club in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Squad: 1991 – 2000 |url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/squad-1991-2000/#google_vignette |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> In 1991 Mohun Bagan made their first-ever foreign recruitment, which was a Nigerian striker [[Chima Okorie]] from East Bengal, and later the second foreign signing was another Nigerian striker Bernard Operanozie, who would play as a defender.<ref name="Mohun Bagan Squad over the years">{{cite web |title=Mohun Bagan Squad over the years |date=January 2024 |url=https://www.mbft.in/2024/01/Mohun-Bagan-Squad-Over-The-Years.html |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> With the arrival of [[Syed Nayeemuddin]] on the bench, Mohun Bagan defended their Rovers Cup and won another Federation Cup in 1992.<ref name="Mohun Bagan Squad over the years" /> The following year Oparanozie got the captain's responsibilities after Bhadra got out with injury, and being the club's first foreign captain, he led the team to win Federation Cup again.<ref>{{cite web |title=Door Opens for Foreigners – 1990 to 1999 |url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/656-2/#:~:text=In%201993%2C%20Club%20became%20the,and%20Sikkim%20Governor's%20Gold%20Cup%20. |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> Mohun Bagan also famously won over [[Croatian First Football League|Croatian]] club [[NK Varaždin (1931–2015)|Varteks]] that year in the group stage of [[DCM Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India - DCM trophy 1993 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadcm.html#1993 |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> 1994 was a decorative year with four trophies including Federation Cup for the third consecutive time, Durand Cup after an eight-year wait, and the CFL.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Football Moments: Jo Paul Ancheri instant impact at Mohun Bagan |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-football-mohun-bagan-jo-paul-ancheri/7mitp7wzcq5e1f2ioyhp26odn |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> While in [[1993–94 Asian Club Championship]], Mohun Bagan easily thumped [[Club Valencia (Maldives)|Club Valencia]] and [[Ratnam SC|Ratnam]] in the preliminary stage, but after a 4–0 away loss to [[Thai Farmers Bank F.C.|Thai Farmers' Bank]] in the 1st leg of the second round, Mohun Bagan was ejected out of the tournament for refusing to play the 2nd leg in [[Malaysia]]. India was amid [[1994 plague in India|plague outbreak]] and Mohun Bagan failed to win any major trophy for the following two years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spreading their wings in Asia: Some memorable nights of the Green and Maroons |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/spreading-their-wings-in-asia-some-memorable-nights-of-the-green-and-maroons |access-date=4 May 2024}}</ref>{{football squad on pitch|align=left|GK=[[Hemanta Dora|Hemanta]]|RB=Lorendra|CB=Aloke ([[Captain (association football)|C]])|LB=Reazul|DM=[[Debjit Ghosh|Debjit]]|RCM=[[Satyajit Chatterjee|Satyajit]]|LCM=Basudeb|AM=Amit|CF=[[Chima Okorie|Chima]]|RW=[[Dipendu Biswas|Dipendu]]|LW=Abdul|caption=Mohun Bagan's preferred line-up under Amal Dutta in his "Diamond System".}}In December 1996 the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] began as the top-tier league in the country and Mohun Bagan finished at the bottom in the group stage with just one win and was relegated in the next season, which was later revoked by the organizers.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Season 1996/97 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india97.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611104712/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india97.html#nfl1 |archive-date=11 June 2009 |access-date=17 December 2020 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> The club appointed their former coach, Amal Dutta and under him, Mohun Bagan began to play in an innovative [[Formation (association football)#3–4–3|3–4–3]] "Diamond System", which was bolstered by the likes of Abdul Khaliq and Okerie in the front, Mohun Bagan played very offensively, which was rare in Indian football.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diamond Touch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/diamond-touch/articleshow/53346818.cms |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 July 2016 }}</ref> The glamorous success achieved by Amal Dutta and P.K. Banerjee, who was now coaching East Bengal, had given birth to a significant coaching rivalry between them during the 80s, which reached its peak at the [[1997 Indian Federation Cup|1997 Federation Cup]] semi-final. It was one of the most anticipated matches in Indian football history, pitting two fierce rivalries – Mohun Bagan and Amal Dutta against East Bengal and P.K. Banerjee – at one stage. With a record 131,000 attendance at Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan, Mohun Bagan's defensive frailties were exposed by [[Bhaichung Bhutia]], who scored a hattrick in a 4–1 victory for East Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan (VYBK), Kolkata |url=https://inside.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/u17worldcup/india2017/news/vivekananda-yuba-bharati-krirangan-vybk-kolkata-2847648 |access-date=4 May 2024}}</ref> Despite the loss, fans lauded Mohun Bagan's impressive style of play under Dutta's Diamond System. Regardless, the club steered back to win the [[1997–98 National Football League (India)|1997–98 National Football League]] with ten matches unbeaten run and only two losses in the league, under the mentorship of [[T. K. Chathunni]] after Dutta left midway due to internal strife with the club officials. Players like Okorie, [[Dipendu Biswas]], Reazul Mustafa and [[Sri Lanka]]n winger Roshan Pereira played pivotal roles in the team.<ref name=":2h">{{cite web |title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the National Football League |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nfl.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027034504/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nfl.html |archive-date=27 October 2020 |access-date=17 December 2020 |website=www.indianfootball.de}}</ref><ref name=":3h">{{cite web |title=rediff.com: National Football League |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/nflroll.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220719/http://www.rediff.com/sports/nflroll.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=17 December 2020 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

In 1998, [[United Spirits]], a subsidiary of [[Vijay Mallya]] owned [[United Breweries Group]], entered into a partnership with Mohun Bagan by buying a 50% stake in the club's football division and formed a [[joint-venture]] entity named ''United Mohun Bagan Private Limited''.<ref name=":4h">{{cite news |last=Basu |first=Manish |date=25 February 2015 |title=USL moves Sebi on Mohun Bagan sponsorship |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/HEDxdyOlqAIuu7DnOBuxOP/USL-moves-Sebi-on-renewing-Mohun-Bagan-sponsorship.html%3ffacet=amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325021954/https://www.livemint.com/companies/hedxdyolqaiuu7dnobuxop/usl-moves-sebi-on-renewing-mohun-bagan-sponsorship.html?facet=amp |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=Mint}}</ref> For the first time the club was transformed into a [[Corporation|corporate]] establishment from a [[society]] status, and the name of the club's football division was thus changed to ''McDowell's Mohun Bagan FC''.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 August 2015 |title=McDowell's Mohun Bagan |url=https://staticg.sportskeeda.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/mohun-1439386427-800.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325021832/https://staticg.sportskeeda.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/mohun-1439386427-800.jpg |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=Sportskeeda}}</ref> That season saw them defeat [[Uzbekistan Super League|Uzbek]] giant [[Pakhtakor Tashkent FK|Pakhtakor Tashkent]] in the IFA Shield group stage, and eventually win the Shield. Mohun Bagan signed a host of foreigners for the [[1999–2000 National Football League (India)|1999–00 National Football League]]. Renowned internationals like [[Uzbekistan national football team|Uzbek]] striker [[Igor Shkvyrin]], [[Nigeria national football team|Nigerian]] forward Stephen Abarowei, [[Thailand national football team|Thai]] full-back [[Dusit Chalermsan]] and [[Kenya national football team|Kenyan]] defender [[Sammy Omollo|Samuel "Pamzo" Omollo]], and [[Brazil]]ian [[José Barreto (Brazilian footballer)|José Ramirez Barreto]] joined the club. The Indian contingent in the club was kept almost intact from the last season with the addition of the striker R.C. Prakash and full-back [[Dulal Biswas]], Mohun Bagan comfortably won the league along with Durand Cup and Rovers Cup with former club player Subrata Bhattacharya at the helm. But at the continental stage, got eliminated with an 8–0 defeat against [[Júbilo Iwata]] in the second round of the [[1999–2000 Asian Club Championship|1999–00 Asian Club Championship]].

=== Heightened foreign influence (2000–2010) ===
[[File:Baggu.jpg|left|thumb|''Baggu, Mohun Bagan's mascot.'']]
In the [[2001–02 National Football League (India)|2001–02]] season Mohun Bagan's bid to win back-to-back league titles was shattered when they finished second by just a point behind East Bengal. However, Barreto finished as the league's top scorer.<ref name=":2h" /><ref name=":3h" /> Mohun Bagan captured the [[2001 Indian Federation Cup|2001 Federation Cup]] due to the heroics of goalkeeper Bibhas Ghosh and Barreto, who was awarded the tournament's best player.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohun Bagan lift Federation Cup |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010831/sports.htm#12 |access-date=5 May 2024}}</ref> Mohun Bagan also triumphed in the Bordoloi Trophy after thrashing [[Thai League 2|Thai]] club [[Rajpracha F.C.|Rajpracha]] 4–0 in the final.<ref>{{cite web |title=50th Bordoloi Trophy 2001 [Sep 29-Oct 19, Guwahati, Assam] |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india02.html#bordoloi |access-date=5 May 2024}}</ref> Mohun Bagan's squad was joined by another Nigerian, Abdulatif Seriki replacing Omollo. On the final matchday, in a must-win situation against the title contender – [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]], Mohun Bagan clinched their third league title with a 73rd-minute header by the Nigerian defender Abdul Wastu Saliu assisted by Basudeb Mandal's corner kick. Under Subrata Bhattacharya, Mohun Bagan became the first club to win Federation Cup and NFL in a season. [[Bhaichung Bhutia]], who had joined the club in 2002 missed out on most of the season to injuries producing a negligible impact on the team.<ref name="Mohun Bagan 2000-2004">{{cite news |title=Mohun Bagan History 2000–2004 |url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/History-2000-2004.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119180022/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/History-2000-2004.html |archive-date=19 January 2010 |access-date=22 June 2009 |publisher=Mohun Bagan Club}}</ref> As a result, Mohun Bagan's on-field form slumped remarkably with the club winning just one major trophy in the form of the IFA Shield in these two years. To make matters worse, in 2004 Mohun Bagan's most influential foreigner – Barreto also left the club and Mohun Bagan finished 7th and 9th in [[2002–03 National Football League (India)|2002–03]] and [[2003–04 National Football League (India)|2003–04]] seasons respectively. The barren period of major trophies also continued next season, as they finished 8th in the league and runner-up in Federation Cup. In 2004, Mohun Bagan became the first Indian club to launch a [[credit card]] in association with [[ICICI Bank]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ICICI Bank Ltd. |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/icicibank/history/ici02 |access-date=15 May 2024 |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
[[File:Salt_Lake_Stadium_(_Yuba_Bharati_Krirangan_)_Kolkata_India_-_FC_Bayern_Munich_Mohun_Bagan_Oliver_Kahn_1.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Crowd at the exhibition match against [[Bayern Munich]].]]
With internal problems slowly subsiding, Mohun Bagan assembled a strong side in 2006 that included Barreto and Bhaichung's return, along with a combative Brazilian midfielder [[Douglas Silva (footballer, born 1974)|Douglas Silva]]. The team was further bolstered with top Indian players like [[Sangram Mukherjee]], [[Deepak Mondal]] as well as youngsters like Lalawmpuia Pachuau, [[Lalkamal Bhowmick]] and [[Sushilkumar Singh Chongtham|Sushil Kumar Singh]]. With the sudden resignation of coach Biswajit Bhattacharya, the Brazilian physio of the team, Robson Mattos was hastily promoted as the team's coach. Bhutia and Sangram's collective heroics led them to their 12th Federation Cup. While the [[2006–07 National Football League (India)|2006–07 league season]] did not go well with as many as three foreign coaches taking part during the campaign in the form of Robson Mattos and former players – Chima Okorie and Bernard Oparanozie. [[List of presidents of FIFA|FIFA president]] [[Sepp Blatter]] came to Kolkata and attended Mohun Bagan's won 2–1 Derby win on 15 April 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=FIFA boss gets warm welcome in Kolkata |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/apr/14blatter.htm |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> On Mohun Bagan Day, the club became the first in India to launch an official mascot which was a tiger named ''"Baggu"''. In 2007 Mohun Bagan sealed their first-ever [[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Indian Super Cup]] with a 4–0 victory over the league champions [[Dempo SC|Dempo]], with Bhutia scoring a hattrick. In [[2007–08 I-League|2007–08 season]], where NFL got rebranded as [[I-League]], Brazilian coach [[Carlos Roberto Pereira]] took the reins of the team but failed to win any significant accolade. The following season, Mohun Bagan appointed [[Morocco|Moroccan]] coach [[Karim Bencherifa]], who led the team to a record 10-match winning run in the league and a Federation Cup victory. Still, poor performance in his second league resulted in him being sacked midway through the [[2009–10 I-League|2009–10 season]] and putting Satyajit Chatterjee as the interim coach. The only highlight of his second campaign was the 5–3 Derby victory on 25 October 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohun Bagan beat East Bengal 5-3 |date=26 October 2009 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/other-sports/article/mohun-bagan-beat-east-bengal-5-3-61472 |access-date=4 May 2024}}</ref>

In 2008, Mohun Bagan players got the opportunity to play against [[Germany national football team|German]] icon [[Oliver Kahn]] in his official [[testimonial match]] for [[Bayern Munich]], which also featured Brazilian star [[Zé Roberto]]. The match was played on 27 May 2008 at Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan and finished with Bayern Munich comfortably winning by 3–0.<ref>{{cite web |title=Modern great Kahn bids adieu in Kolkata |url=https://fcbayern.com/en/news/2008/05/modern-great-kahn-bids-adieu-in-kolkata |access-date=4 May 2024}}</ref> The same year [[Argentina national football team|Argentine]] World Cup winner [[Diego Maradona]] paid a visit to the club tent during a tour to India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diego Maradona and Kolkata: A love story for ages |url=https://www.wionews.com/sports/diego-maradona-and-kolkata-a-love-story-for-ages-345611 |access-date=5 May 2024}}</ref>

=== Struggles in the new decade followed by significant success (2010–2020) ===
[[File:Bengaluru_FC_vs_Mohun_Bagan.jpg|left|thumb|Bengaluru vs Mohun Bagan, the final match of 2014–15 I-League.]]
Mohun Bagan emerged as third ranked Indian team and 611th position worldwide, in the international rankings of clubs during the first ten years of the 21st century (2001–2010) issued by the [[International Federation of Football History & Statistics]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |date=2010 |title=IFFHS History: The World's Best Club of the First Decade (2001–2010) |url=https://iffhs.de/iffhs-history-the-best-world-club-of-the-first-decade-2001-2010/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328212957/https://iffhs.de/iffhs-history-the-best-world-club-of-the-first-decade-2001-2010/ |archive-date=28 March 2019 |access-date=26 November 2017 |website=iffhs.de |publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics |location=Bonn, Germany}}</ref> The club though struggled for supremacy in the first five years of the new decade, and the seasons were marked by poor team recruitment, which lacked balance and overpaying for players. The management focused only on recruiting big names while ignoring essential areas of the team which needed bolstering. Some of the foreign stars recruited during this period were [[Odafa Onyeka Okolie]] from Churchill Brothers, with a record salary of {{INR}}1.4 crores per year in 2011, [[Muritala Ali]] from [[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]] and [[Tolgay Özbey]] from East Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohun Bagan sign Odafe for record Rs.2 crore one-year deal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Mohun-Bagan-sign-Odafe-for-record-Rs-2-crore-one-year-deal/articleshow/8682670.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115033007/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-01/top-stories/29607824_1_odafe-onyeka-okolie-mohun-bagan-mohammedan-sporting |archive-date=15 January 2014 |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> These players failed to replicate their form shown at their former clubs and as a result Mohun Bagan teams which were often built around them also suffered. After an illustrious career at Mohun Bagan, Barreto finally made his exit in 2012. A crowd of over 50,000 turned up at Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan on 6 May 2012 as Barreto played his last match for the club against [[Pune FC|Pune]], where he scored his final goal for the team.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2012 |title=Fans brave the heat to bid farewell to Barreto |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/fans-brave-heat-to-bid-farewell-to-barreto_741926.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519063701/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/fans-brave-heat-to-bid-farewell-to-barreto_741926.html |archive-date=19 May 2014 |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref> The Brazilian ended his career at the club as the first foreigner to score over 200 goals in India for a club with his final tally reading 228 goals in 371 matches.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 May 2004 |title=Leading Goal Scorers |url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/nflsco04.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040828213707/http://www.rediff.com/sports/nflsco04.htm |archive-date=28 August 2004 |access-date=24 October 2018 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

The club endured a phase of five years without a major trophy between 2010 and 2015, the longest such phase since the nation's independence. Although Mohun Bagan won the 2012 [[All Airlines Gold Cup|Airlines Cup]], it wasn't a major trophy anymore. On 29 December 2012, Mohun Bagan was barred from competing in I-League for two years following a decision taken by the league's core committee. The suspension came because Mohun Bagan had refused to take the field in the second half of the match against [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] on 9 December 2012 due to crowd violence and an unsuitable atmosphere for the continuation of the match.<ref name="violence">{{cite web |title=Mohun Bagan, East Bengal fans clash, 40 hurt |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mohun-bagan-east-bengal-fans-clash-40-hurt/1042803/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003050548/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mohun-bagan-east-bengal-fans-clash-40-hurt/1042803/ |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref> All their results in the [[2012-13 I-League|2012-13 season]] were declared null and void and all their remaining fixtures were cancelled.<ref name="suspended">{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Rajat |date=29 December 2012 |title=Century old Mohun Bagan banned from I-League |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/century-old-mohun-bagan-bannedi-league/200951/on |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102132425/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/century-old-mohun-bagan-bannedi-league/200951/on |archive-date=2 January 2013 |access-date=29 December 2012 |newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref> However, on 15 January 2013, Mohun Bagan appealed against the decision and were reinstated, but a hefty amount was fined, their officials were suspended from all the AIFF meetings for a year and, the team would start with 0 points and would play out only the remaining 16 fixtures in the league. This did not affect their win-loss and goal difference record in the table.<ref name="revoked">{{cite web |title=AIFF revoke two-year ban on Mohun Bagan |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/01/15/3673299/aiff-revoke-two-year-ban-on-mohun-bagan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630190243/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/01/15/3673299/aiff-revoke-two-year-ban-on-mohun-bagan |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> This led the team in a dire relegation fight but were successful to avoided it. In the following season, the team performed disastrously and finished 8th in the table, scarcely avoiding relegation. A constant incoming and outgoing of coaches saw established names like Subrata Bhattacharya, [[Subhash Bhowmick]] and Karim Bencherifa, along with younger coaches like [[Stanley Rozario]] and [[Santosh Kashyap]] failing to end the precarious state of the team.
[[File:Sanjay_sen.jpg|thumb|272x272px|Sanjay Sen, who led Mohun Bagan to its first I-League trophy.]]
Mohun Bagan started the 2014–15 season with Subhash Bhowmick on the bench. However, after finishing as runners in CFL and Bhowmick's lack of mandatory AFC Pro license saw [[Sanjoy Sen]] taking over the reins before Federation Cup. Mohun Bagan's Cup campaign did not go well as they crashed out of the tournament after a 4–1 loss against [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]. With the likes of [[Katsumi Yusa]], [[Sony Nordé]] and [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]] often making the headlines, Mohun Bagan made into the final league match away against the title contender [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] with just a point advantage, that ended in a draw, thereby winning their first major trophy in five seasons and the first league title in eleven years. Mohun Bagan had reached their [[Anniversary|quasquicentennial]] year of existence in 2014, therefore club organized a huge rally in North Kolkata chiefly to celebrate the anniversary on 1 June 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohun Bagan kicks off quasquicentennial celebrations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/mohun-bagan-kicks-off-quasquicentennial-celebrations/article6263354.ece |access-date=25 May 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The celebration was capped off with their league victory achieved the previous month. The victory parade saw around 200,000 supporters, by some estimates, lined up along the streets, with prominent former club associates like P.K. Banerjee, Manas Bhattacharya, Bidesh Bose, Compton Dutta, Shibaji Banerjee, and Satyajit Chatterjee involved with the celebrations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohun Bagan's Victory Parade where 'life had come to a standstill' |url=https://i-league.org/former-mariners-recall-mohun-bagans-victory-parade-where-life-had-come-to-a-standstill/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124063216/https://i-league.org/former-mariners-recall-mohun-bagans-victory-parade-where-life-had-come-to-a-standstill/ |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=18 November 2020 |website=i-league.org}}</ref> FIFA president Sepp Blatter also congratulated Mohun Bagan in a special letter.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 2015 |title=Sepp Blatter congratulates Mohun Bagan on I-League win |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-sepp-blatter-congratulates-mohun-bagan-on-i-league-win-2092387 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508185354/https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-sepp-blatter-congratulates-mohun-bagan-on-i-league-win-2092387 |archive-date=8 May 2022 |access-date=8 May 2022 |publisher=DNA India}}</ref> At the continental stage, Mohun Bagan became the first Indian club to win a match in [[AFC Champions League]] and qualify for the second preliminary round of [[2016 AFC Champions League qualifying play-off|ACL qualifying play-offs]], when they defeated [[Singapore Premier League|Singaporen]] club [[Tampines Rovers]] by 3–1.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2016 |title=Mohun Bagan beat Tampines Rovers and creates history |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Mohun-Bagan-create-history-beat-Tampines-Rovers-in-AFC-Champions-League-qualifiers/articleshow/50746911.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423012323/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Mohun-Bagan-create-history-beat-Tampines-Rovers-in-AFC-Champions-League-qualifiers/articleshow/50746911.cms |archive-date=23 April 2016 |access-date=11 May 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Mohun Bagan also recorded the biggest margin of victory by an Indian club in an [[AFC Cup]] away match when they defeated [[Hong Kong Premier League|Hong Kong]] club [[South China AA|South China]] by 4–0.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohun Bagan thrash South China 4–0 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-mohun-bagan-thrash-south-china-4-0-in-afc-cup-2187378 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421044658/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-mohun-bagan-thrash-south-china-4-0-in-afc-cup-2187378 |archive-date=21 April 2016 |access-date=11 May 2016 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=9 March 2016 |title=Mohun Bagan thrash South China 4-0 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/mohun-bagan-thrash-south-china-4-0-in-afc-cup/articleshow/51331550.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711163221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/mohun-bagan-thrash-south-china-4-0-in-afc-cup/articleshow/51331550.cms |archive-date=11 July 2021 |access-date=4 July 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In that edition, the team also reached the round of 16 but got eliminated by Tampines Rovers.
[[File:Kolkata_Derby.jpg|alt=The Kolkata Derby|left|thumb|Mohun Bagan's 2–1 Kolkata Derby victory, held on 19 January 2020.]]
After a breakaway from United Breweries in 2015, Mohun Bagan was once again re-established as a society. Still, in 2017 ''Mohun Bagan Football Club (India) Private Limited'' was registered as a legal entity on 31 July 2017. The new legal entity created was exclusively for all football activities of Mohun Bagan.<ref name="mbfcpl">{{cite web |title=Mohun Bagan Football Club (india) Private Limited |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/mohun-bagan-football-club-(india)-private-limited-/U92410WB2017PTC222145 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705145823/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/mohun-bagan-football-club-(india)-private-limited-/U92410WB2017PTC222145 |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=8 May 2020 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> On 28 September 2018 in the ''Clash of Legends'' (a match between the teams of retired former players of the respective clubs), Mohun Bagan ''Legends'' hosted Barcelona ''Legends'' at Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan, that was attended by a crowd of 45,000, along with one of the directors of Barcelona Pau Vilanova and the [[List of mayors of Kolkata|mayor]] of Kolkata [[Sovan Chatterjee]].<ref>{{cite web |date=9 January 2018 |title=Clash of Legends: FC Barcelona legends to take on their Mohun Bagan counterparts |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/clash-of-legends-mohun-bagan-fc-barcelona-kolkata/bq8759gmi14f14zl4s74tjps3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228072106/https://www.goal.com/en-in/amp/news/clash-of-legends-mohun-bagan-fc-barcelona-kolkata/bq8759gmi14f14zl4s74tjps3 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |access-date=14 July 2020 |work=Goal}}</ref> The fixture concluded with a heavy defeat for the hosts by a score-line of 6–0.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 September 2018 |title=Former Barça stars win hearts in Kolkata |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/clash-of-legends-barcelona-vs-mohun-bagan/article25074802.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919230452/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/clash-of-legends-barcelona-vs-mohun-bagan/article25074802.ece |archive-date=19 September 2020 |access-date=18 November 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The following three seasons since the title win, Mohun Bagan continued their strong contest for trophies, but succeeding to win only the [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup|2016 Federation Cup]], though foreigners like Yusa and Norde continued to make their presence felt with strong performances, along with single season signings like [[Darryl Duffy]] and [[Cornell Glen]]. Among the Indians, [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]], [[Pritam Kotal]], and [[Prabir Das]] produced some of their best performances for the team. In 2018, the team managed to reach the semi-final of the [[2018 Indian Super Cup|inaugural]] [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] that replaced Federation Cup as the country's top knock-out tournament. The following [[2018–19 I-League|season]] was considerably poor under the new coach [[Khalid Jamil]], as the team finished 5th on the table. The club also pulled out of Super Cup along with the other participating I-League clubs in protest against the unfair schedule favoring the [[Indian Super League]] clubs. Therefore, the season concluded with no national trophies in three consecutive seasons. The management appointed [[Kibu Vicuña]] for the next season, and he gave the leadership duties to [[Dhanachandra Singh]] and [[Gurjinder Kumar]]. He promoted several players like [[Subha Ghosh]], [[Sheikh Sahil|Sk. Sahil]] and [[Kiyan Nassiri]] from the youth ranks to the first team and assembled a squad with a blend of youth and experience. Vicuña brought a brand of football to India, which was very similar to that commonly seen in [[Spain]]. He believed in playing a possession-based game and incorporated build-up from the back, for which he used [[Baba Diawara]] at the front and supported by [[Joseba Beitia]] with [[Nongdamba Naorem]] and [[V. P. Suhair|V.P. Suhair]] running down the flanks. The midfield was dictated by [[Fran González (footballer, born 1989)|Fran González]] while the defense was held by the strong pair of [[Daneil Cyrus]] and [[Fran Morante]]. With record 14 matches unbeaten run, Mohun Bagan sealed their second I-League title and fifth national league title on their 16th matchday with a 1–0 win over [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] at the [[Kalyani Stadium]]. With four matches still to be played, [[2019–20 I-League|2019–20 season]] was terminated by the AIFF due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |date=19 April 2020 |title=AIFF concludes season, Mohun Bagan declared I-League champions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/aiff-concludes-season-mohun-bagan-declared-i-league-champions/articleshow/75228633.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416094654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/aiff-concludes-season-mohun-bagan-declared-i-league-champions/articleshow/75228633.cms |archive-date=16 April 2022 |access-date=18 November 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Entering the ISL and achieving success (2020–present) ===
{{football squad on pitch|align=right
| GK = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishal Kaith|Kaith]]
| RB = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Asish Rai|Rai]]
| RCB = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pritam Kotal|Kotal]] ([[Captain (association football)|C]])
| LCB = {{flagicon|MNE}} [[Slavko Damjanović|Damjanović]]
| LB = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhasish Bose|Bose]]
| RDM = {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Carl McHugh|McHugh]]
| LDM = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Glan Martins|Martins]]
| AM = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Boumous|Boumous]]
| RW = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]]
| LW = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashique Kuruniyan|Kuruniyan]]
| CF = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]]
|caption=Starting 11 of Mohun Bagan in the [[2023 Indian Super League final|2023 ISL Final]]}}During this period, the organizers of ISL, as well as the club managements themselves, made efforts to include Mohun Bagan and East Bengal in the league. Accordingly, on 16 January 2020, it was announced that the RPSG Group (KGSPL), the owners of ATK FC, along with former cricketer Sourav Ganguly and businessmen Utsav Parekh, acquired an 80% stake in Mohun Bagan Football Club (India) Pvt Ltd, the legal entity owning the football division of Mohun Bagan. ATK FC was officially disbanded on 1 July 2020 and Mohun Bagan entered the Indian Super League in the 2020–21 season with the name ATK Mohun Bagan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/mohun-bagan-merge-with-sanjiv-goenkas-atk/cid/1736491|title=Mohun Bagan merge with Goenka’s ATK}}</ref> In 2023, after severe protests from the Mohun Bagan supporters, KGSPL removed ATK and changed the name to Mohun Bagan Super Giant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/atk-removed-its-mohun-bagan-super-giant-from-june-1/article66863420.ece|title=ATK removed, it's Mohun Bagan Super Giant from June 1}}</ref>

Mohun Bagan performed well in their first two ISL seasons under [[Antonio López (footballer, born 1957)|Antonio Lopez Habas]], but it was in the [[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23 season]] when they won their 1st [[Indian Super League playoffs|ISL Cup]] title under [[Juan Ferrando]] by defeating [[Bengaluru FC]] 4–3 on penalties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/atk-mohun-bagan-beat-bengaluru-fc-on-penalties-to-lift-maiden-indian-super-league-title-101679157855035.html|title=ISL final: ATK Mohun Bagan beat Bengaluru FC on penalties to lift title}}</ref> After the win, [[Sanjiv Goenka|Mr. Sanjeev Goenka]] himself announced the removal of ATK and the change of name to Mohun Bagan Super Giant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-champion-atkmb-official-rename-mohun-bagan-super-giant-indian-super-league-football-news/article66861389.ece#:~:text=Indian%20Super%20League%202022%2D23,the%20club%20announced%20on%20Wednesday.&text=Focus%20Sports/%20ISL-,Indian%20Super%20League%202022%2D23%20champion%20ATK%20Mohun%20Bagan%20will,had%20said%20after%20the%20final.|title=ISL Champion ATKMB to be officially renamed Mohun Bagan Super Giant from June 1}}</ref>

Mohun Bagan started the 2023–24 season by winning the [[2023 Durand Cup]] after defeating arch rivals [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] 1–0 in the Final and this was their record 17th [[Durand Cup]] win.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/east-bengal-vs-mohun-bagan-durand-cup-final-live-score-eebfc-vs-mbsg-latest-updates-kolkata-derby-salt-lake-stadium-101693735308583.html|title=East Bengal vs Mohun Bagan Durand Cup Final, Highlights: Petratos scores screamer for 10-man MBSG in 1-0 title victory}}</ref> They started the [[2023–24 Indian Super League]] very well but their form declined and Antonio Habas replaced Ferrando as the head coach.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/mohun-bagan-sack-ferrando-bring-back-habas-101704279526960.html|title=Mohun Bagan sack Ferrando, bring back Habas}}</ref> After this, they turned things around with strong performances from the players and won their 1st [[Indian Super League|ISL League Shield]] by defeating Mumbai City 2–1 on the last match day of the 2023–24 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-2023-24-mohun-bagan-super-giant-wins-league-shield-beats-mumbai-city-mbsg-v-mcfc-indian-football/article68069123.ece|title=ISL 2023-24: Mohun Bagan Super Giant beats Mumbai City FC to win first-ever League Shield}}</ref> This was the 6th Indian League title for Mohun Bagan. In the [[2024–25 Indian Super League]] Mohun Bagan became the first team to successfully defend their League title as they won their 2nd consecutive League Shield and 7th Indian League title with a 1–0 win against [[Odisha FC]] with two matches left.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/mohun-bagan-super-giant-defend-isl-shield-with-last-minute-winner-against-odisha-fc|title=Mohun Bagan Super Giant defend ISL Shield with last-minute winner against Odisha FC}}</ref> Mohun Bagan ended their league stage campaign with a win over [[FC Goa]] with 2–0, shattering numerous ISL and Indian football team records, notably being the first Indian club to reach 1000 points in cummulative Indian top division leagues competitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mohunbaganclub.com/mohun-bagan-first-to-earn-1000-points/|title=MOHUN BAGAN FIRST TO EARN 1000 POINTS}}</ref> As of March 2025, Mohun Bagan have never lost a [[Kolkata Derby|Kolkata derby]] to arch rivals East Bengal in the ISL and have dominated the fixture significantly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/kolkata-derby-shifted-to-guwahati-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-9767151/|title=Why Kolkata Derby between Mohun Bagan Super Giant and East Bengal was shifted to Guwahati}}</ref> They defeated Bengaluru FC in the [[2025 Indian Super League final|final]] to win their second ISL Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/comeback-win-fetches-bagan-first-isl-double-101744479355139.html|title=Comeback win fetches Bagan first ISL double}}</ref>

== Club crest and kits ==
The club's crest is circular and consists of a sailing country boat painted in green and maroon colors. The boat perhaps signifies the club's place of establishment; northern [[Kolkata]], on the banks of the [[Ganges]]. The city was the capital during the later 19th century and a prime trade center of [[British Raj|British India]], and the primary mode of transportation was through the waterways.

The initial crest of the club varied much due to the lack of any requirement for logo registration, hence any club could use any logo during any tournament. Initially the club crest consisted of the picture of a [[Royal Bengal tiger]] laying either amidst a dense jungle, probably indicating the famous [[Sundarbans]], or simply a [[Arecaceae|palm tree]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/manchester-united-mohun-bagan-sailing-on-the-same-boat|title=Manchester United and Mohun Bagan sailing the same boat|access-date=24 March 2016|website=sportskeeda.com|date=11 April 2014 |archive-date=8 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408013132/http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/manchester-united-mohun-bagan-sailing-on-the-same-boat|url-status=live}}</ref> The crest with the tiger lying under a palm tree was used during the famous 1911 IFA Shield. A similar logo was used by another [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]] based club Rajasthan Club, which incited confusions among the locals, henceforth, in 1920s the club came up with a new logo with the iconic sailing boat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Club Logo Evolution |url=https://twitter.com/MBArchive1889/status/1675900430986117121?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet |website=Twitter |publisher=Mohun Bagan Archive |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref>

The club's crest is used for all sporting activities other than the football division of the club. The crest for the football division of the club has changed ''[[mutatis mutandis]]'' from time to time due to ownership changes, all the while retaining the signature Green and Maroon colours and the sailboat.

After the 2020 rebranding to ATK Mohun Bagan, for the first time the football team crest did not mention the foundation year – ''1889'', which fueled the ongoing controversy over the ownership deal.<ref name="ATK">{{cite web |date=10 July 2020 |title=All you need to know about ATK-Mohun Bagan merger |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/atk-mohun-bagan-jersey-logo-merger-isl-indian-football/nzbkggr93x8a135whx1tklux9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710131646/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/atk-mohun-bagan-jersey-logo-merger-isl-indian-football/nzbkggr93x8a135whx1tklux9 |archive-date=10 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website=goal.com}}</ref> Later, in 2023, when the football team undergo another rebrand, the new crest incorporated ''1889''.<ref name=":7h">{{cite web |last1=Madhavan |first1=Rahul |date=3 July 2023 |title="1889 is just that icing on the cake" - Mohun Bagan Super Giant fans express delight as the club unveil new logo |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-1889-just-icing-cake-mohun-bagan-super-giant-fans-express-delight-club-unveil-new-logo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704050217/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-1889-just-icing-cake-mohun-bagan-super-giant-fans-express-delight-club-unveil-new-logo |archive-date=4 July 2023 |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=Sportskeeda}}</ref>

Priyanath Mitra, the successor of one of the founding families' head Kirti Mitra, had the club's first [[Shades of green#Green (HTML/CSS color)|green]]-[[maroon]] jerseys stitched by a renowned European tailoring shop, Messrs. Rankin on Old Court House Street and since then the primary colours for the home [[Kit (association football)|kit]] has ever been green and maroon.<ref name="MB Villa2"/> The patterns for the home kit had many variations including halves, [[Stripe (pattern)|stripes]] and diagonals. The [[away colours]] of the team is predominantly white with green-maroon imprints.
{| style="margin:1em auto;"
|{{Football kit box
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _mbh_1911
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 104010
| body =
| rightarm = 104010
| shorts = 000000
| socks = FFFFFF
| title = 1889–1930{{efn|The club used this kit during the early decades of its establishment.}}
}}
|{{Football kit box
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _maroonhalf
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 800000
| body = 104010
| rightarm = 104010
| shorts = 000000
| socks = FFFFFF
| title = 1930–1960
}}
|{{Football kit box
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b =
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 104010
| body = 800000
| rightarm = 104010
| shorts = 000000
| socks = FFFFFF
| title = 1960–1990
}}
|{{Football kit box
| pattern_la = _mbh_0507
| pattern_b = _mbh_0507
| pattern_ra = _mbh_0507
| pattern_sh = _mbh_0507
| pattern_so = _mbh_0507
| leftarm =
| body =
| rightarm =
| shorts =
| socks =
| title = 1990–2010
}}
|}
{| style="margin:1em auto;"
|{{Football kit box
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _mbhome_1213
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh = _mbhome_1213
| pattern_so = _mbhome_1213
| leftarm = 8B0917
| body =
| rightarm = 104010
| shorts =
| socks = 8B0917
| title = 2010–2014
}}
|{{Football kit box
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _mbhome_1415
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh = _mbhome_1516
| pattern_so = _mbhome_1516
| leftarm = 91191B
| body =
| rightarm = 91191B
| shorts =
| socks = 91191B
| title = 2014–2019
}}
|{{Football kit box
| pattern_la = _mb1920h
| pattern_b = _mb1920h
| pattern_ra = _mb1920h
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so = _mbhome_1415
| leftarm = 91191B
| body =
| rightarm = 91191B
| shorts = B81C1C
| socks = B81C1C
| title = 2019–2023
}}
|{{Football kit box
| pattern_la = _mbsg2023h
| pattern_b = _mbsg2023h
| pattern_ra = _mbsg2024h
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so = _mbsg2023h
| leftarm =
| body =
| rightarm =
| shorts = 7A1024
| socks =
| title = 2023–present
}}
|}

=== Kit manufacturers and sponsors ===
Note: ''In numerous seasons, the sponsors have varied according to the tournament the team participated in. The following list includes only the kit sponsors during the national league games.''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
!Period
!Kit manufacturer
!Primary sponsor
!Back sponsor
!Chest sponsor
!Sleeve sponsor
|-
|1993–94
| rowspan="7" |
| [[Bata Corporation#Bata brands|Power]]
| rowspan="9" |
| rowspan="10" |
| rowspan="5" |
|-
|1994–95
| [[Emami]]
|-
|1995–96
| [[Pepsi]]
|-
|1996–97
| [[McDowell's No.1]]
|-
|1997–98
| [[Tata Consumer Products|Tata Tea]]
|-
|1998–01
| rowspan="6" | [[McDowell's No.1]]<ref name=":4h"/>
|[[Coca-Cola]]
|-
|2001–06
| rowspan="9" |
|-
|2006–11
| [[Reebok]]
|-
|2011-12
| [[Adidas]]
|-
|2012–13
| [[Fila]]
| Amra
|-
|2013–15
| rowspan="5" | Shiv Naresh
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="2" | Ripley
|-
|2015–17
| rowspan="4" |
|-
|2017-18
| rowspan="9" | [[SRMB Steel]]
|-
|2018-19
| [[Officer's Choice|Officer's Choice Blue]]
|-
|2019-20
|
|-
|2020–21
| rowspan="4" | [[Nivia Sports|Nivia]]
| rowspan="2" | [[SBOBET|SBOTOP]]<ref name="Goal">{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2020-21-atk-mohun-bagan-sbotopnet-principal-team-sponsor/62ph3an380t111wecu79314l5|title=ATK Mohun Bagan rope in SBOTOP.net as their principal team sponsor|website=Goal|language=en-UK|access-date=6 November 2020|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209040057/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2020-21-atk-mohun-bagan-sbotopnet-principal-team-sponsor/62ph3an380t111wecu79314l5|url-status=live}}</ref>
| TV9 Bangla
| [[CESC Limited|CESC]]
|-
|2021–22
| [[CESC Limited|CESC]]
| [[Balkrishna Industries|BKT]]
|-
|2022–23
| [[Parimatch|Parimatch News]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Parimatch News Announced as Lead Sponsor of ISL's ATK Mohun Bagan FC |url=https://www.sangritoday.com/spotlight/parimatch-news-announced-as-lead-sponsor-of-isls-atk-mohun-bagan-fc |access-date=19 July 2022 |publisher=Sangri Today |date=19 July 2022 |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719144657/https://www.sangritoday.com/spotlight/parimatch-news-announced-as-lead-sponsor-of-isls-atk-mohun-bagan-fc |url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | [[Gigabyte Technology|Gigabyte]]
| rowspan="4" | [[CESC Limited|CESC]]
|-
|2023–24
| rowspan="2" | [[1xBet|1xBat]]
|-
|2024–25
| rowspan="2" | [[Skechers]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Arun Icecreams]]
|-
|2025–26
| [[CESC Limited|CESC]]
|}

== Stadiums ==
=== Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan ===
{{Main|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan}}

Mohun Bagan plays most of its home matches at [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], commonly called Salt Lake Stadium, located in the suburb of Kolkata in [[Bidhannagar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ATK Mohun Bagan FC - Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/499-atk-mohun-bagan-fc-profile/venue |website=[[Indian Super League]] |access-date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710122612/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/499-atk-mohun-bagan-fc-profile/venue |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Salt Lake Stadium ( Yuba Bharati Krirangan ) Kolkata India - FC Bayern Munich Mohun Bagan Oliver Kahn 15.jpg|240px|thumb|[[Oliver Kahn]]'s farewell match against Mohun Bagan at the Salt Lake Stadium]]A [[multi-purpose stadium]] owned by the [[Government of West Bengal]] under Youth Affairs and Sports Department, the VYBK primarily hosts football matches, apart from occasional [[track and field]] events. The stadium was built in 1984, predominately for matches like [[Kolkata Derby]] that featured attendance too huge for the grounds in [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]] to accommodate.

Before its renovation in 2011, it was the largest football stadium in the world, with a capacity of 120,000. Before the construction and opening of [[Rungrado 1st of May Stadium]] in 1989, it was the largest football stadium in the world. It is currently the fourth-largest sports stadium in Asia by capacity. The gigantic stadium features three tiers of concrete galleries with nine entry gates, including a [[Very important person|VIP]] gate and 30 ramps for the spectators to reach the viewing blocks.

=== Mohun Bagan Ground ===
{{Main|Mohun Bagan Ground}}
The Mohun Bagan Ground is a football stadium located in the Maidan region of central Kolkata, just opposite the [[Eden Gardens]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/about|title=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club|website=mohunbaganac.com|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108012139/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/about|archive-date=8 November 2015|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The stadium is operated by Mohun Bagan uses it as a training ground, although in [[2017–18 Mohun Bagan A.C. season|2017]] it had been used for a few of their I-League matches. The office and club tent is adjacent to the stadium.
[[File:Mohun Bagan Ground and gallery 09.jpg|thumb|Mohun Bagan Ground in 2018]]

This ground is mainly used for [[Calcutta Football League]] matches. The stadium has galleries on three sides and a rampart on the fourth side. The north side, a contemporary gallery of the stadium, having bucket seats installed, is for the members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.feverpitch.in/news.php?newsid=3026&news=Mohun-Bagan-To-Refurbise-Club-Ground|title=Mohun Bagan refurbise club ground|website=feverpitch.in|access-date=12 May 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513090233/http://www.feverpitch.in/news.php?newsid=3026&news=Mohun-Bagan-To-Refurbise-Club-Ground|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

In 1977 [[Mohun Bagan]] became the first club in [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]] to have floodlights installed in their stadium. The floodlights operated till the mid-1990s, after which they were renovated and inaugurated on 25 February 2016 with an [[IFA Shield]] match between Mohun Bagan U19s and [[DSK Shivajians F.C.|DSK-Liverpool Academy]].<ref name=floodlights>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/newly-installed-floodlights-inaugurated-at-the-mohun-bagan-ground-5019|url-status=dead|title=Newly installed floodlights inaugurated at the Mohun Bagan ground|website=mohunbaganac.com|access-date=12 May 2016|archive-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310142242/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/newly-installed-floodlights-inaugurated-at-the-mohun-bagan-ground-5019}}</ref> After coming in as the principal investor, KGSPL renovated the stadium in the lines of Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan with [[artificial turf]] and upgraded amenities so that it can be used for practice and home matches in Indian Super League and other big tournaments as and when required.

== Supporters ==
The fans, known as ''Mariners,'' have the reputation of being very loyal and respectful of the club, whom they often consider to be a mother-like figure in their lives. They have had the distinction of the highest attendance during the club's tenure in [[I-League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/3952/asia/2014/07/04/4934968/i-league-attendance-record-highest-for-mohun-bagan|title=Mohun Bagan attendance record|access-date=4 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709193126/https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/3952/asia/2014/07/04/4934968/i-league-attendance-record-highest-for-mohun-bagan|url-status=live}}</ref> There are several [[Fan club|fanclubs]] dedicated to the club in different parts of [[West Bengal]] and beyond. Mohun Bagan had the highest average attendance with an average home crowd of 17,068 in the 2013–14 season, as per the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] reports.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5769|title=Attendance figures of Airtel I-League 2013–14|work=AIFF|access-date=17 November 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065506/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5769|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2014-15 I-League]] season, their vocal support in away matches in [[Pune]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Bengaluru]] was arguably unseen in Indian football until then. ''[[The Economic Times]]'', a leading Indian newspaper, reported that the club had an average attendance of over 35,000 in their home matches, possibly an [[I-League]] record. Over 21,000 attended the league decider of the [[2014-15 I-League]] between Mohun Bagan and [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] in [[Bangalore]], of this ''"...over 8,000 were away fans, traveling from as far as [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]] to watch the game"'', noted Sunando Dhar, the CEO of [[I-League]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Average rating for the I-League rises 6% in 2015 compared with the last edition: TAM|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/average-rating-for-the-i-league-rises-6-in-2015-compared-with-the-last-edition-tam/articleshow/47622458.cms|work=The Economic Times|access-date=17 November 2015|archive-date=15 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615031545/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/average-rating-for-the-i-league-rises-6-in-2015-compared-with-the-last-edition-tam/articleshow/47622458.cms|url-status=live| last1=Sharma | first1=Ravi Teja | last2=Raghavendra | first2=Nandini }}</ref> Their grand reception when, by some estimates, over 200,000 fans gathered to greet the [[2014-15 I-League]] clinching squad (on their way back to [[Kolkata]] from Bengaluru) has been dubbed as ''"legendary"'', ''"unparalleled"'' and ''"surreal"'' by the press as well as football historians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2015/06/01/12305172/mohun-bagan-greeted-to-a-grand-reception-by-the-supporters|title=Mohun Bagan greeted to a grand reception by the Supporters|website=Goal.com|access-date=17 November 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145149/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2015/06/01/12305172/mohun-bagan-greeted-to-a-grand-reception-by-the-supporters|url-status=live}}</ref> After the induction into [[Indian Super League|ISL]], Mohun Bagan continued its reputation of consistently high attendance, and in [[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24 ISL]] created the records for highest ever total attendance in any single Indian football season, highest average attendance of the season and highest attendance in an [[Indian Super League playoffs|ISL final]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohun Bagan achieve record attendance in ISL 2023-24 season |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-mohun-bagan-attendance-202405 |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref>

In 2015 an all-female supporters' group called ''Lady Mariners,'' was established which became India's first all-female football supporter's club,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Abhranil|date=15 January 2017|title=India's first All-female Football Supporters' Club is finally here|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indias-first-all-female-football-supporters-club-is-finally-here|access-date=30 January 2021|website=Sportskeeda|archive-date=25 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325053230/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indias-first-all-female-football-supporters-club-is-finally-here|url-status=live}}</ref> and around 2016, an [[ultras]] called ''Mariners' Base Camp'' was formed with its various wings all around [[India]] to modernize fan movement through [[tifo]]s, [[chant]]s, [[slogan]]s and [[pyrotechnics]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 October 2019|title=Emergence and Evolution of Ultras in Indian football fans culture|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-fans-ultras/|access-date=26 December 2020|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=18 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618002340/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-fans-ultras|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mariners' Base Camp – The Ultras of The National Club of India Mohun Bagan|url=https://www.marinersbasecamp.com/|access-date=26 December 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205022532/https://www.marinersbasecamp.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> The fanclubs have regularly taken part in social causes, such as holding periodic [[Blood donation in India|blood donation]] camps, distributing clothes and blankets to the poor or collecting funds and providing relief during the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]] and [[Effects of Cyclone Amphan in India|Cyclone Amphan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-13 |title=Coronavirus and football: When supporters' clubs unite to help {{!}} Goal.com India |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/covid-19-when-supporters-clubs-unite-to-help/hc28tasx2zqp1diwf042bscco |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-IN}}</ref> In an unprecedented event, Mohun Bagan and its arch-rival [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]'s respective fanclubs called for a unified mass protest on 18 August 2024, after the cancellation of the scheduled [[Kolkata Derby|derby]] of [[2024 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]] on security grounds fearing a civil unrest surrounding the [[2024 Kolkata rape and murder incident|rape and murder incident at R.G. Kar Medical College]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-18 |title=Mohun Bagan captain leads unprecedented protest march against doctor's alleged rape and murder in Kolkata |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/mohun-bagan-captain-leads-unprecedented-protest-march-against-doctors-alleged-rape-and-murder-in-kolkata/articleshow/112611169.cms |access-date=2024-08-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-18 |title=Mohun Bagan, East Bengal fans unite in protests in Kolkata |url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/_/id/40904181/mohun-bagan-east-bengal-fans-unite-protests-kolkata-durand-cup-derby-cancelled |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Durand Cup derby cancelled amid protests over doctor's rape and murder; fans to unite for a cause - The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/durand-cup-derby-cancelled-amid-protests-over-doctors-rape-and-murder-fans-to-unite-for-a-cause/articleshow/112593297.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref>

[[File:Banner Unfurl.jpg|thumb|One of the biggest banners in Indian football unfurled by Mumbai Pune Mariners at the [[Cooperage Ground]] in 2016]]Mohun Bagan fans had historically been noted for lending financial helps to the club during times of struggle. In the early 2000s, a Mohun Bagan fan [[mortgage]]d his house to raise funds for signing [[José Barreto (Brazilian footballer)|José Barreto]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-jose-barreto-and-mohun-bagan-end-of-an-era/|title=Indian Football: Jose Barreto and Mohun Bagan, end of an era|website=Thehardtackle.com| date=3 May 2012 |access-date=17 November 2015|archive-date=19 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119172709/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-jose-barreto-and-mohun-bagan-end-of-an-era/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, [[Lieutenant colonel|Lt. Col.]] Abhishek Mukherjee donated his entire monthly [[salary]] to the financially distressed club.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/community-detail/no-1-mariner|url-status=dead|title=No 1 Mariner-Lieutenant Colonel Avishek Mukherjee, who contributed his one month salary|website=MohunBaganAC.com|access-date=17 November 2015|archive-date=18 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118051126/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/community-detail/no-1-mariner}}</ref> The passion for the club had at times been found crossing bounds, for instance, in 1975, an ardent fan named Umakanto Palodhi had infamously committed suicide and had written in his suicide note that he will be born as a Mohun Bagan footballer in the next life to take revenge for that [[1975 IFA Shield final|0–5 defeat]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2017 |title=The real meaning of the Kolkata Derby |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/flavours-of-kolkata/the-real-meaning-of-the-kolkata-derby/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211113134/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/flavours-of-kolkata/the-real-meaning-of-the-kolkata-derby/ |archive-date=11 December 2019 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=Economic Times Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020, a [[Disability|disabled]] fan named Tinku Das also had committed suicide for unknown reasons with the Mohun Bagan flag draped around him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-23 |title=Ardent Bagan fan found hanging |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ardent-bagan-fan-found-hanging/articleshow/74261858.cms |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
{{Tweet
| name = [[FIFA]]
| username = FIFAcom
| date = 29 Jul 2020
| text = 🤩 When you make a billboard of skyscraping prestige & dazzling beauty at
@TimesSquareNYC
, you know you have become way more than just a club 👏

🇮🇳 Happy #MohunBaganDay2020 to one of the most passionately-supported clubs on the planet 🌏
| ID = 1288440510466711552
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The impassioned fans of Mohun Bagan time and again has been seen expressing their love and respect for the club on various media and at numerous occasions. On 29 July 2020 (Mohun Bagan Day), Mariners abroad took an initiative to feature the club on the billboards of [[Nasdaq|NASDAQ]] at [[Times Square]], in order to celebrate the day during the times of [[COVID-19 pandemic|pandemic]] when all the fans in India were under a lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 July 2020|title=Mohun Bagan gets featured on NASDAQ billboards|url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/football-news/mohun-bagan-gets-featured-on-nasdaq-billboards-11596020514694.html|access-date=28 December 2020|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117130100/https://www.livemint.com/sports/football-news/mohun-bagan-gets-featured-on-nasdaq-billboards-11596020514694.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 August 2020|title=SUNBURNT TERRACE: Virality Of Assumptions The Story Of Mohun Bagan's Nasdaq Advert {{!}} The Fan Garage (TFG)|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/17542-sunburnt-terrace-virality-of-assumptions--the-story-of-mohun-bagans-nasdaq-advert|access-date=28 December 2020|website=thefangarage.com|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127092733/https://thefangarage.com/articles/17542-sunburnt-terrace-virality-of-assumptions--the-story-of-mohun-bagans-nasdaq-advert|url-status=live}}</ref> This made Mohun Bagan the first ever Indian sports entity to be featured on the [[NASDAQ]] billboards at [[Times Square]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Amitabha Das|date=29 July 2020|title=Mohun Bagan features on NASDAQ billboards|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/bagan-features-on-nasdaq-billboards/article32224760.ece|access-date=28 December 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125143049/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/bagan-features-on-nasdaq-billboards/article32224760.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Renowned football fan couple, Pannalal and Chaitali Chatterjee, who traveled abroad to 10 [[FIFA World Cup]]s to represent [[India|India's]] footballing passion, was quoted on a [[game show]], ''"You can cut open my [[wrist]]. You will see Mohun Bagan running in my [[vein]]s, and nothing will ever change that."<ref>{{Cite web|last=FIFA.com|title=Welcome to FIFA.com News - Indian couple reveal their World Cup passion |url=https://www.fifa.com/news/indian-couple-reveal-their-world-cup-passion-2916005|access-date=2 January 2021|website=www.fifa.com|language=en-GB|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416094713/https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/2018russia/news/indian-couple-reveal-their-world-cup-passion-2916005|url-status=live}}</ref>''

The takeover of KGSPL of the football division of Mohun Bagan met with a harshly negative response from the Mariners, followed by numerous protests around the city, digitally and on the streets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=#RemoveATK Trends Again As Tension Between Mohun Bagan Fans And Management Flares Up {{!}} The Fan Garage (TFG)|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/18002-removeatk-trends-again-as-tension-between-mohun-bagan-fans-and-management-flares-up|access-date=25 February 2022|website=thefangarage.com|date=28 June 2021 |language=en|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225093617/https://thefangarage.com/articles/18002-removeatk-trends-again-as-tension-between-mohun-bagan-fans-and-management-flares-up|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohun Bagan Fans & Members' Forum Wants To 'Break The Merger' {{!}} The Fan Garage (TFG)|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/18098-mohun-bagan-fans-and-members-forum-wants-to-break-the-merger|access-date=25 February 2022|website=thefangarage.com|date=10 September 2021 |language=en|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225093612/https://thefangarage.com/articles/18098-mohun-bagan-fans-and-members-forum-wants-to-break-the-merger|url-status=live}}</ref> The supporters believed that this takeover, which was popularly termed as ''"the merger of ATK and Mohun Bagan"'' would become a mark of conclusion for their 'mother club' and its century-old legacy. Gradually as the air of doubts were cleared, the resentment thawed. However, most of the ultras continued to voice their demands with hard statements.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where are the Fans? East Bengal, Mohun Bagan and the Waning Passion and Legacy|url=https://www.newsclick.in/where-are-fans-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-and-waning-passion-and-legacy|access-date=25 February 2022|website=NewsClick|date=10 December 2021 |language=en|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225093612/https://www.newsclick.in/where-are-fans-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-and-waning-passion-and-legacy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohun Bagan Fans Burn Effigy In 'Break The Merger' Protest {{!}} The Fan Garage (TFG)|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/18104-mohun-bagan-fans-burn-effigy-in-break-the-merger-protest|access-date=25 February 2022|website=thefangarage.com|date=13 September 2021 |language=en|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225093615/https://thefangarage.com/articles/18104-mohun-bagan-fans-burn-effigy-in-break-the-merger-protest|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL 2021-22: ATK Mohun Bagan captain Pritam Kotal dedicates song to fans ahead of opening clash against Kerala Blasters [Exclusive]|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-isl-2021-22-atk-mohun-bagan-captain-pritam-kotal-dedicates-song-fans-ahead-opening-clash-kerala-blasters-exclusive|access-date=25 February 2022|website=www.sportskeeda.com|date=19 November 2021 |language=en|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225093611/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-isl-2021-22-atk-mohun-bagan-captain-pritam-kotal-dedicates-song-fans-ahead-opening-clash-kerala-blasters-exclusive|url-status=live}}</ref> Ultimately, the principal owner of the football team Sanjiv Goenka announced the removal of ''"ATK"'' from the team's name at the end of the season and renaming it as Mohun Bagan Super Giant officially on 1 June 2023 and i.e., how the club again got its name back.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Uttiyo Sarkar |title=ATKMB to be renamed Mohun Bagan Super Giants from next season |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-03-indian-football-isl-final-sanjeev-goenka-change-atk-mohun-bagan-super-giants-name |website=Khel Now |language=English |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623113417/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-03-indian-football-isl-final-sanjeev-goenka-change-atk-mohun-bagan-super-giants-name |url-status=dead |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref>

Mohun Bagan had been backed by numerous celebrities among whom includes [[Hemendra Kumar Ray]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/patrika/hemendra-kumar-roy-was-a-football-lover-and-die-heart-fan-of-mohun-bagan-1.278986#|title=HemIendra Kumar Roy was a football lover and a die heart Mohun Bagan fan|website=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=7 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507114153/http://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/patrika/hemendra-kumar-roy-was-a-football-lover-and-die-heart-fan-of-mohun-bagan-1.278986|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Manna Dey]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131025/main3.htm|title=Manna Dey, the golden voice, goes silent at 94|first=Subhadeep|last=Choudhury|website=The Tribune|access-date=17 November 2015|date=24 October 2014|archive-date=30 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630145056/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131025/main3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jyoti Basu]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Jyoti-Basu-A-die-hard-Mohun-Bagan-supporter/articleshow/5456354.cms|title=Jyoti Basu: A die hard Mohun Bagan supporter|work=The Times of India|date=17 January 2010 |access-date=17 November 2015|archive-date=5 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043423/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Jyoti-Basu-A-die-hard-Mohun-Bagan-supporter/articleshow/5456354.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[R. D. Burman]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panchamonline.com/articles/gulonrd.htm|title=And then there is silence...|website=Panchamonline.com|access-date=17 November 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063656/http://www.panchamonline.com/articles/gulonrd.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sourav Ganguly]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2014/08/02/4999164/as-a-young-boy-it-was-all-about-watching-football-sourav|title=As a young boy it was all about watching football: Sourav|access-date=17 November 2015|website=Goal.com|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144907/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2014/08/02/4999164/as-a-young-boy-it-was-all-about-watching-football-sourav|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Amitabh Bachchan]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/I-have-always-been-a-Mohun-Bagan-supporter-says-Amitabh-Bachchan/articleshow/9412408.cms|title=I have always been a Mohun Bagan supporter says Amitabh Bacchan|access-date=17 November 2015|work=The Times of India|date=29 July 2011 |archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913011318/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/I-have-always-been-a-Mohun-Bagan-supporter-says-Amitabh-Bachchan/articleshow/9412408.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Uttam Kumar]],<ref>{{cite news |title=উত্তমকুমার মোহনবাগানের ফ্যান ছিলেন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/world-cup-2018-uttam-kumar-was-a-mohun-bagan-fan-says-his-grand-son-gourab-chatterjee-dgtl-1.816113 |language=bn |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=14 June 2018 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609234030/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/world-cup-2018-uttam-kumar-was-a-mohun-bagan-fan-says-his-grand-son-gourab-chatterjee-dgtl-1.816113 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mithun Chakraborty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/entertainment/story_13765308.jsp|title=I am the chosen one|access-date=17 November 2015|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota|archive-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001023458/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110326/jsp/entertainment/story_13765308.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> and many more.

== Rivalries ==
=== Rivalry of the ''Big Three'' ===
{{Further|Football in Kolkata}}

====Kolkata Derby====
{{see also|Kolkata Derby}}
[[File:Kolkata Derby.jpg|alt=The Kolkata Derby|thumb|The Kolkata Derby]]
Mohun Bagan's biggest rivalry is with city rivals [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]], popularly known as the [[Kolkata Derby]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/46591260|title=Kolkata derby: Inside the East Bengal v Mohun Bagan rivalry}}</ref> The rivalry dates back to pre-independence India and transcends sports.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/_/id/39444443/kolkata-derby-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-100-years-dividing-people-bringing-together|title=The Kolkata Derby: 100 years and more, dividing people but also bringing them together}}</ref> Culturally, the rivalry has a lot of significance to the people of Kolkata. Mohun Bagan represents people existing in the [[West Bengal|western part]] of [[Bengal]] (known as ''[[Ghoti people|Ghotis]]''), while East Bengal is primarily supported by people hailing from the eastern part of pre-independence [[Bengal]] (known as ''[[Bangal]]s'').

Mohun Bagan vs East Bengal, termed as the Kolkata Derby, is the biggest derby in India and is also considered one of Asia's most heated rivalries. Matches between the two teams are often sold out. The celebrations of a derby win are traditionally marked with dishes prepared from either ''[[ilish]]'' or [[Macrobrachium rosenbergii|''golda chingri'']], depending on which team wins. The East Bengal supporters celebrate their win with ''ilish'' courses, being associated to the eastern region of Bengal (now [[Bangladesh]]), whereas the Mohun Bagan fans celebrate with courses of ''golda chingri.''

Till 11th january 2025, 392 matches have been played between the two teams out of which Mohun Bagan have won 131 matches and East Bengal have won 135 times<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themohunbaganac.com/remembering-derbies/|title=Remembering derbies|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628161833/https://themohunbaganac.com/remembering-derbies/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''(including all competitive matches and exhibition games)'' and rest of the matches ended in draws.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/kolkata-derby-mohun-bagan-vs-east-bengal-statistics-history-rivalry-wins-losses-draws-all-time-i-league-calcutta-football-league/article29303497.ece|title=Kolkata Derby: Stats add intrigue to the Bagan-EB rivalry|website=sportstar.thehindi.com|date=31 August 2019 |access-date=12 September 2019|archive-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905032433/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/kolkata-derby-mohun-bagan-vs-east-bengal-statistics-history-rivalry-wins-losses-draws-all-time-i-league-calcutta-football-league/article29303497.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:First official Kolkata Derby news report.jpg|thumb|left|The first official Kolkata Derby news report]]
The first match between the sides was played on 8 August 1921 in the Coochbehar Cup, and the semifinal match ended in a 0–0 draw. Mohun Bagan won the replayed semifinal 3–0. Rabi Ganguly scored the first-ever derby goal in that match, and the other two goals were scored by Poltu Dasgupta and Abhilash Ghosh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/the-kolkata-derby-they-met-as-early-as-in-1921/article17221788.ece|title=The Kolkata Derby: They met as early as in 1921!}}</ref>

The first [[Calcutta Football League|CFL]] match between the sides was played on 28 May 1925 in CFL, where East Bengal FC beat Mohun Bagan 1–0. Mohun Bagan holds the record of scoring the fastest goal in a derby (''24 July 1976, a '''17'''-second goal from Md Akbar of Mohun Bagan''). They have the record of winning two consecutive derbies on two successive days (7 and 8 August 1935) and ''had'' ''the unique distinction of losing only one derby in '''7''' years ('''1933 to 1939'''). During this phase, they won '''29''' trophies. Out of '''23''' derbies they won '''12''', drew 10 and lost only 1 against their arch-rivals. It was a golden period in the history of the club''.

A few notable victories include the Darbhanga Shield match on 5 September 1934, when Mohun Bagan won '''4–1''' ([[Amiya Deb]] scored all four goals, the only time a player scored four goals in this derby), and a '''5–3''' win in an [[I-League]] encounter on 25 October 2009 ([[Chidi Edeh]] scored four goals). They have won several derbies scoring four goals against East Bengal FC. One such instance was in Raja Memorial Shield final played on 6 August 1937 at the common ground of both the clubs ([[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]), where Mohun Bagan beat East Bengal FC '''4–0''' and Asit Ganguly scored three goals in that match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mohun-bagan-beat-east-bengal-5-3/61472|title=Mohun Bagan beat East Bengal 5–3|date=26 October 2009|access-date=18 February 2018|archive-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219090157/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mohun-bagan-beat-east-bengal-5-3/61472|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Mini Derby====
[[File:INDvsBAN_2019_BluePilgrimTifo(MB-EB-MM).jpg|alt=Blue Pilgrims unfurl a tifo displaying different club fans united together.|thumb|Tifo displaying fans of (''left to right'') Mohammedan, Mohun Bagan and East Bengal united as the [[12th man (football)|12th man]] in support for [[India national football team|India]] at Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan in 2019.]]
Mohun Bagan also has a significant rivalry against [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inscript.me/how-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-became-rival-history-of-west-bengal-club-football-by-ayan-bhattacharya-robibarer-royak|title=বাংলা ভাগের ক্ষত কিভাবে বিষিয়ে দিল মোহনবাগান আর ইস্টবেঙ্গলকে?|trans-title=How did the wound of the partition of Bengal poisoned both Mohun Bagan and East Bengal?|first1=Ayan|last1=Bhattacharya|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107163804/https://inscript.me/how-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-became-rival-history-of-west-bengal-club-football-by-ayan-bhattacharya-robibarer-royak|website=inscript.me|publisher=ইনস্ক্রিপ্ট বাংলা নিউজ|location=Kolkata|language=bn|date=10 September 2023|access-date=7 November 2023}}</ref> The feud dates back to the early 1930s, when Mohammedan came out as one of the top contenders in the [[Calcutta Football League]], winning seven titles from 1934 to 1941. After that, until 1958, all the CFL titles were won by the three rival clubs, often referred to as the ''Big Three of [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]]'' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: ময়দানের তিন প্রধান).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/bn/%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%A7-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8/a-50708791|title=৬১ বছর পর তিন প্রধান ম্লান|website=amp.dw.com|publisher=DW News Bangla|location=Kolkata, West Bengal|date=5 October 2019|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=14 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014062657/https://amp.dw.com/bn/%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%A7-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8/a-50708791|language=bn}}</ref> They also competed against each other in major tournaments like [[Durand Cup]], [[Rovers Cup]] and [[IFA Shield]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kolkata-maidan-indian-football-east-bengal-mohun-bagan/1he6ouqlnld341bjxq68ny9qf0|title=Vibrant times for Kolkata Maidan!|access-date=1 March 2021|website=Goal.com|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023061307/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kolkata-maidan-indian-football-east-bengal-mohun-bagan/1he6ouqlnld341bjxq68ny9qf0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/sheikh-kamal-international-club-cup-2019-quess-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-mohammedan-sc|title=East Bengal, Mohun Bagan & Mohammedan invited to Sheikh Kamal International Club Cup in Bangladesh|date=10 August 2019|access-date=1 March 2021|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|first=Sourav|last=Neogi|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720131646/https://khelnow.com/football/sheikh-kamal-international-club-cup-2019-quess-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-mohammedan-sc|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/kickstarting-a-makeover-for-corporate-mohammedan-sporting-club/88053/ Kickstarting a makeover for corporate Mohammedan Sporting Club] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181908/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/kickstarting-a-makeover-for-corporate-mohammedan-sporting-club/88053/ |date=9 July 2021 }} ''financialexpress.com''. Retrieved 30 June 2021</ref>

The rivalry had a communal background in the beginning, with Mohammedan being a [[Muslims|Muslim]]-only club representing the [[Bengali Muslims|Muslim population]] of Kolkata, leading to the [[Bengali Hindus|Hindus]] in the city to show their support for Mohun Bagan and East Bengal despite them not having communal backgrounds. The communal tension faded by the 1960s when Mohammedan began to sign non-Muslim players regularly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|title=How football kicked off in India {{!}} As with the English language, when the British transported the sport to India, they didn't expect the "natives" to beat them at it|website=lifestyle.livemint.com|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint Delhi]]|date=8 June 2018|access-date=27 January 2022|first=Manu S|last=Pillai|location=Delhi, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714153151/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|archive-date=14 July 2022}}</ref>

However, by then the club had lost their dominance in Indian football. After the inception of national tournaments like [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] and [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]], Mohammedan was no longer seen as an elite club as they played in the lower tiers of Indian football. Thus, the club rarely met Mohun Bagan and East Bengal at major tournaments as the latter were competing in the top tier.

After winning the [[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]] I-League, Mohammedan was promoted to the [[Indian Super League]] and the [[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]] will be the first time in 10 years that the three Kolkata giants will be competing in the same national league.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-06 |title=I-League 2023-24 LIVE Score: Mohammedan Sporting Strike Early at Shillong Lajjong; SLFC 0-1 MSC |url=https://www.news18.com/football/i-league-2023-24-live-shillong-lajjong-against-mohammedan-sporting-slfc-vs-msc-8842416.html |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Unlike the ever-flirting East Bengal-Mohun Bagan feud termed the [[Kolkata Derby]], the matches including Mohammedan and Mohun Bagan or East Bengal, are commonly termed as Mini Kolkata Derby.<ref>[https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/calcutta-football-league-cfl-mohun-bagan-mohammedan-sporting-mini-kolkata-derby-live-lineup-streaming-commentary-score-goals-result/article29456255.ece Calcutta Football League, Mini Derby: Mohammedan upsets Mohun Bagan 3-2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182319/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/calcutta-football-league-cfl-mohun-bagan-mohammedan-sporting-mini-kolkata-derby-live-lineup-streaming-commentary-score-goals-result/article29456255.ece |date=9 July 2021 }} ''sportstar.thehindu.com''. Retrieved 2 July 2021</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/how-asias-oldest-football-league-made-its-mark|access-date=30 June 2021|title=How Asia's oldest football league made its mark|website=www.redbull.com|date=8 November 2017 |archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181447/https://www.redbull.com/in-en/how-asias-oldest-football-league-made-its-mark|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Amoy|last=Ghoshal|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/67969/east-bengal-vs-mohd-sp/report|title=Federation Cup: East Bengal 1-1 Mohammedan Sporting - Red & Gold Brigade Held After Unconvincing Display|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029051716/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/67969/east-bengal-vs-mohd-sp/report|archive-date=29 October 2011|website=www.goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|date=17 September 2011|access-date=25 December 2013}}</ref>

== Ownership ==
Presently, a consortium called ''RPSG Mohun Bagan Private Limited'', whose 80% shares are owned by ''Kolkata Games and Sports Private Limited'' and 20% shares by ''Mohun Bagan Athletic Club Private Limited'', jointly controls the football department of [[Mohun Bagan AC]].<ref name="atkmbpl">{{cite news |date=17 June 2020 |title=RPSG-Mohun Bagan Pvt. Ltd. to have five directors |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/atkmohun-bagan-pvt-ltd-to-have-five-directors/1869366 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712053736/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/atkmohun-bagan-pvt-ltd-to-have-five-directors/1869366 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> [[RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group|RPSG Group]] founder and chairman [[Sanjiv Goenka]] is the principal owner of the consortium.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sourav Ganguly named among ATK-Mohun Bagan Board of Directors |url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-atk-mohun-bagan-board-of-directors-sourav-ganguly |access-date=11 July 2020 |publisher=Khel Now |date=5 July 2020 |archive-date=13 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713152251/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-atk-mohun-bagan-board-of-directors-sourav-ganguly |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+History of ownerships and respective naming
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Year
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Ownership
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Football team name
|-
|1889–1890
|rowspan=2|Mohun Bagan Society<ref name="hist">{{cite news |title=Mohun Bagan Football history by decade |work=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club |url=https://themohunbaganac.com/history-by-decade/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806224102/https://themohunbaganac.com/history-by-decade/ |archive-date=6 August 2020}}</ref>
|Mohun Bagan Sporting Club
|-
|1890–1998
|Mohun Bagan Athletic Club
|-
|1998–2015
|United Mohun Bagan Private Limited{{efn|The first corporate ownership of the club.<ref>{{cite news |title=United Mohun Bagan Football Team Private Limited |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/united-mohun-bagan-football-team-private-limited-/U92412WB1998PTC086709 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200727131257/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/united-mohun-bagan-football-team-private-limited-/U92412WB1998PTC086709 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 July 2020 |access-date=27 July 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>}}
|McDowell's Mohun Bagan Football Club
|-
|2015–2017
|Mohun Bagan Society
|Mohun Bagan Athletic Club
|-
|2017–2020
|Mohun Bagan Football Club (India) Private Limited<ref name="mbfcpl"/>
|Mohun Bagan Football Club
|-
|2020–2023
| rowspan="2" |RPSG Mohun Bagan Private Limited
|ATK Mohun Bagan Football Club
|-
|2023–present
|Mohun Bagan Super Giant
|}

== Management ==
[[File:Sanjiv Goenka in WEF, 2009.jpg|thumb|160px|Sanjiv Goenka, the principal owner of Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]
{|class="wikitable" "margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Office
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
|-
|Chairman
|[[Sanjiv Goenka]]<ref name="www.telegraphindia.com">{{Cite web|title=Roadmap for ATK's Mohun Bagan|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/roadmap-for-atks-mohun-bagan/cid/1785892|access-date=31 January 2021|website=www.telegraphindia.com|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205185934/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/roadmap-for-atks-mohun-bagan/cid/1785892|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |Board members
|Utsav Parekh<ref name="www.telegraphindia.com" />
|-
|Gautam Roy<ref name="www.telegraphindia.com" />
|-
|Sanjeev Mehra<ref name="www.telegraphindia.com" />
|-
|Debasish Dutta<ref name="www.telegraphindia.com" />
|-
|Soumik Bose<ref>{{Cite web|title=Srinjoy Bose resigns as Director of ATK Mohun Bagan dgtl|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/srinjoy-bose-resigns-as-director-of-atk-mohun-bagan-dgtl/cid/1316667|access-date=2 December 2021|website=www.anandabazar.com|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202162134/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/srinjoy-bose-resigns-as-director-of-atk-mohun-bagan-dgtl/cid/1316667|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sourav Ganguly]]<ref name="zaubacorp.com">{{Cite web |title=MOHUN BAGAN FOOTBALL CLUB (INDIA) PRIVATE LIMITED |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/MOHUN-BAGAN-FOOTBALL-CLUB-INDIA-PRIVATE-LIMITED-U92410WB2017PTC222145 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=ZaubaCorp |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Vinay Chopra<ref name="zaubacorp.com"/>
|}

== Coaching staff ==
{{Main|List of Mohun Bagan Super Giant managers}}
{|class="wikitable" "margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Position
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
|-
|Head coach
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Sergio Lobera]]
|-
|Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bastob Roy]]
|-
|Goalkeeping coach
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Francisco J. Martinez
|-
|Fitness coach
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Sergio Garcia Toribo
|-
|Team doctor
|{{flagicon|IND}} Nelson Pinto
|-
|Team manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Abhishek Bhattacharjee
|-
|rowspan="2"|Physiotherapist
|{{flagicon|IND}} Abhinandan Chatterjee
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Kaushik Bhuiya
|-
|Academy head coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Deggie Cardozo
|}

== Players ==
{{Main|List of Mohun Bagan Super Giant players}}
{{See also|List of Mohun Bagan Super Giant captains}}
=== First-team squad ===
{{updated|18 February 2026}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohun Bagan Super Giant Squad and Players - Indian Super League|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1874-mohun-bagan-super-giant-profile/squad|access-date=2024-07-20 |website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref>
{{Fs start}}
{{fs player|no=1|pos=GK|nat=IND|name=[[Vishal Kaith]]}}
{{fs player|no=2|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=[[Sumit Rathi]]}}
{{fs player|no=3|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=Raj Basfore}}
{{fs player|no=4|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=[[Amey Ranawade]]}}
{{fs player|no=5|pos=DF|nat=SCO|name=[[Tom Aldred]]}}
{{fs player|no=7|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=[[Anirudh Thapa]]}}
{{fs player|no=9|pos=FW|nat=AUS|name=[[Dimitri Petratos]]}}
{{fs player|no=11|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]}}
{{fs player|no=15|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=[[Subhasish Bose]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{fs player|no=16|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=[[Abhishek Suryavanshi]]}}
{{fs player|no=17|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=[[Liston Colaco]]}}
{{fs player|no=18|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=[[Sahal Abdul Samad]]}}
{{fs player|no=21|pos=DF|nat=ESP|name=[[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Alberto Rodríguez]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{fs player|no=22|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=[[Deepak Tangri]]}}
{{fs player|no=24|pos=GK|nat=IND|name=Syed Zahid Hussain Bukhari}}
{{fs player|no=25|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=[[Kiyan Nassiri]]}}
{{fs player|no=27|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=[[Abhishek Singh Tekcham]]}}
{{fs player|no=29|pos=FW|nat=AUS|name=[[Jamie Maclaren]]}}
{{fs player|no=32|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=Dippendu Biswas}}
{{fs player|no=35|pos=FW|nat=AUS|name=[[Jason Cummings]]}}
{{fs player|no=44|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=[[Asish Rai]]}}
{{fs player|no=45|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=[[Lalengmawia Ralte]]}}
{{fs player|no=72|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=[[Suhail Bhat]]}}
{{fs player|no=55|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=[[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]]}}
{{fs player|no=10|pos=FW|nat=BRA|name=[[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robinho]]}}
{{fs end}}

== Top scorers ==
=== Top scorers in National League (NFL/I-League/ISL) ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center|-
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Ranking
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Nationality
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Years
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Goals
|-
|1||align=left|{{BRA}}||[[José Ramirez Barreto]]||1999–2004, 2006–2012||'''94<ref name=NFL>[http://www.espn.in/football/india/story/3327725/by-the-numbers-mohun-bagan-soar-past-600-goals-in-national-league By the numbers: Mohun Bagan soar past 600 goals in national league] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083945/http://www.espn.in/football/india/story/3327725/by-the-numbers-mohun-bagan-soar-past-600-goals-in-national-league |date=27 January 2018 }} ESPN.in</ref>'''
|-
|2||align=left|{{NGA}}||[[Odafa Onyeka Okolie]]||2011–2014||'''51<ref name=NFL/>'''
|-
|rowspan=1 |3||align=left|{{IND}}||[[Bhaichung Bhutia]]||2002–2003, 2006–2009||'''25<ref name=NFL/>'''
|-
|4||align=left|{{HAI}}||[[Sony Nordé]]||2014–2019||'''24'''
|-
|5||align=left|{{AUS}}||[[Dimi Petratos]]||2022–||'''23'''
|-
|rowspan=3|6||align=left|{{IND}}||[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]||2020–|| rowspan="3" |'''21'''
|-
|align=left|{{NGA}}||[[Chidi Edeh]]||2009–2011
|-
|align=left|{{CMR}}||[[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]]||2017–2019
|-
|7||align=left|{{FIJ}}||[[Roy Krishna]]||2020–2022||'''19'''
|}

*Includes only league goals. ISL play-off goals are not counted.

=== Top scorers in ISL play-offs ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center|-
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Ranking
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Nationality
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Years
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Goals
|-
|1||align=left|{{AUS}}||[[Jason Cummings]]||2023–||'''5'''
|-
|rowspan=2 |2||align=left|{{AUS}}||[[Dimi Petratos]]||2022–||'''3'''
|-
|align=left|{{AUS}}||[[David Williams (Australian soccer)|David Williams]]||2020–2022||'''3'''
|-
|rowspan=2 |3||align=left|{{FIJ}}||[[Roy Krishna]]||2020–2022||'''2'''
|-
|align=left|{{IND}}||[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]||2020–||'''2'''
|-
|rowspan=4 |4||align=left|{{IND}}||[[Sahal Abdul Samad]]||2023–||'''1'''
|-
|align=left|{{FRA}}||[[Hugo Boumous]]||2021–2024||'''1'''
|-
|align=left|{{IND}}||[[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]]||2024–||'''1'''
|-
|align=left|{{AUS}}||[[Jamie Maclaren]]||2024–||'''1'''
|}

=== Top scorers in Calcutta Football League ===
[[File:Chuni Goswami 1959.jpg|thumb|Mohun Bagan's all-time top Indian goalscorer, [[Chuni Goswami]]]]
''Note:'' Only senior team players with more than 50 goals have been listed below.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Ranking
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Nationality
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Years
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Goals
|-
|1|| align="left" |{{IND}}||[[Chuni Goswami]]||1954–1968||'''145'''
|-
|2|| align="left" |{{IND}}||[[Sisir Ghosh]]||1985–1992, 1995–1996||'''67'''
|-
|3|| align="left" |{{IND}}||Manas Bhattacharya||1977–1980, 1982–1984, 1986–1988||'''64'''
|-
|4|| align="left" |{{IND}}||Nanda Ray Chowdhury||1935–1943||'''63'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |5|| align="left" |{{IND}}||[[Ashok Chatterjee]]||1961–1968, 1972|| rowspan="2" |'''58'''
|-
| align="left" |{{IND}}||[[Subhash Bhowmick]]||1970–1972, 1976–1978
|-
| rowspan="2" |7|| align="left" |{{BRA}}||[[José Ramirez Barreto]]||1999–2004, 2006–2012|| rowspan="2" |'''57'''
|-
| align="left" |{{IND}}||[[Krishna Pal (footballer)|Kesto Pal]]||1954–1959
|-
| rowspan="2" |9|| align="left" |{{IND}}||[[Samar Banerjee]]||1952–1959|| rowspan="2" |'''55'''
|-
| align="left" |{{IND}}||[[Shyam Thapa]]||1977–1983
|-
| rowspan="2" |11|| align="left" |{{IND}}||Mohammad Akbar||1976–1978|| rowspan="2" |'''51'''
|-
| align="left" |{{IND}}||Poongam Kannan||1966–1968, 1971, 1973–1975
|}

=== Top scorers in ISL era, all competitions ===
{{As of|2026|3|6}} 
''Note:'' Data collected from 2020
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Ranking
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Nationality
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Years
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Goals
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Appearances
|-
| rowspan="1"|1|| align="left" |{{AUS}}||[[Dimitrios Petratos]]||2022–||rowspan=1|'''36'''||99
|-
|2||align="left" |{{IND}}||[[Liston Colaço]]||2021–||'''33'''||138
|-
|-
|rowspan =2|3||align="left" |{{AUS}}||[[Jason Cummings]]||2023– ||rowspan=2|'''32'''||80
|-
|align="left" |{{IND}}||[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]] ||2020–||155
|-
|rowspan= "2"|4|| align="left" |{{AUS}}||[[Jamie Maclaren]]||2024–||rowspan=2|'''24'''||38
|-
|align="left" |{{FIJ}}||[[Roy Krishna]]||2020–2022||46
|-
|5|| align="left" |{{AUS}}||[[David Williams (Australian soccer)|David Williams]]||2020–22||'''16'''||46
|-
|}

=== Notable players ===
The eleven players of the 1911 [[IFA Shield]] winning team are often regarded as the ''Amar Ekadash'' ({{Translation|Immortal Eleven}}).<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 April 2019|title=Amor Ekadosh|url=https://themohunbaganac.com/amor-ekadosh/|access-date=17 June 2021|website=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club|language=en-US|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200425/https://themohunbaganac.com/amor-ekadosh/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian football: Remembering Mohun Bagan's "Amor Ekadosh" - the "Immortal 11" from 1911 {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-history-mohun-bagan-amor-ekadosh-immortal-11/10h9w0x12f30y1od5dgunlrwwk|access-date=17 June 2021|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201359/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-history-mohun-bagan-amor-ekadosh-immortal-11/10h9w0x12f30y1od5dgunlrwwk|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{Abbr|Pos|Position}}
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
|-
|GK
| Hiralal Mukherjee
|-
|DF
| Arun 'Bhuti' Sukul
|-
|DF
| [[Reverend|Rev.]] [[Sudhir Kumar Chatterjee]]
|-
|MF
| Nilmadhab Bhattacharyya
|-
|MF
| Rajendranath Sengupta
|-
|MF
| Manomohon Mukherjee
|-
|CF
| Sirishchandra 'Habul' Sarkar
|-
|CF
| Bijoydas Bhaduri
|-
|CF
| Jitendranath 'Kanu' Roy
|-
|CF
| [[Shibdas Bhaduri]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|CF
| Abhilash Ghosh
|-
|Coach
|Sailen Basu
|-
|}
{{Col-break}}
{{football squad on pitch|align=right
| GK = Hiralal
| RCB = Bhuti
| LCB = Sudhir
| LDM = Nilmadhab
| CM = Rajendranath
| RDM = Manomohon
| RW = Habul
| LW = Bijoydas
| RCF = Kanu
| LCF = [[Shibdas Bhaduri|Shibdas]]
| CF = Abhilash
|caption=[[Formation (association football)#Pyramid (2–3–5)|Pyramid]] line-up of the ''Immortal XI''}}
{{Col-break}}
[[File:Mohun Bagan.jpg|thumb|1911 IFA Shield winning team of Mohun Bagan]]
{{Col-end}}

== Season overall ==
===Overview===
{{Main|List of Mohun Bagan Super Giant seasons}}
''Note:'' The club's competitive record only since 1996, when the first national-level league was incepted, is listed below.
<section begin=MB/>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%; background:#1A5026; color:white;"|Season
! colspan="8" style="width:50%; background:#7A1024; color:White;"|National Football League (till 2007) I-League (2007–2020) Indian Super League (2020– )
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%; background:#1A5026; color:White;"|ISL Play–Offs (2020–)
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%; background:#7A1024; color:White;"|Federation Cup (till 2017) Super Cup (2018–) 
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%; background:#1A5026; color:White;"|Durand Cup
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width:10%; background:#7A1024; color:White;"|Asian club competition
! rowspan="2" style="width:10%; background:#1A5026; color:White;"|Calcutta Premier Division
! rowspan="2" style="width:10%; background:#7A1024; color:White;"|Other major honours
|-
! style="background:#1A5026; color:White;"|{{abbr|Pos|Position in League}}
! style="background:#7A1024; color:White;"|{{abbr|Pl|Played}}
! style="background:#1A5026; color:White;"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="background:#7A1024; color:White;"|{{abbr|D|Drew}}
! style="background:#1A5026; color:White;"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="background:#7A1024; color:White;"|{{abbr|GF|Goals for}}
! style="background:#1A5026; color:White;"|{{abbr|GA|Goals against}}
! style="background:#7A1024; color:White;"|{{abbr|Pts.|Points}}
|-
|align=left|1996–97
| style="text-align:centre;"| '''5th'''{{efn|name=NFL'96|Mohun Bagan originally finished the season in the relegation zone, but the decision to relegate was repelled later.}} of 6 ([[1996–97 National Football League (India)|First phase]])
| align="right" |5
|align=right|1
|align=right|3
|align=right|1
|align=right|6
|align=right|5
|align=right|6
| rowspan="25" style="Background: #EEE; Vertical-Align: Middle; Text-Align: Center; " Class="Table-Cast"|{{abbr|'''N/A'''|Not applicable}}
| '''[[1996 Indian Federation Cup|Quarterfinalists]]'''
|''DNP''
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''DNQ''
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
| [[Bordoloi Trophy]]
|-
|align=left|1997–98
| style="text-align:centre; background:gold;"|'''[[1997–98 National Football League (India)|1st]]'''
|align=right|18
|align=right|9
|align=right|6
|align=right|2
|align=right|20
|align=right|10
|align=right|34
| '''[[1997 Indian Federation Cup|Semifinalists]]'''
|style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''Runners-up'''
| style="text-align:right; background:gold;"|'''1st'''
|
|-
|align=left|1998–99
|align=centre|'''[[1998–99 National Football League (India)|4th]]'''
|align=right|20
|align=right|6
|align=right|9
|align=right|5
|align=right|19
|align=right|17
|align=right|27
| style="background:gold;"| '''[[1998 Indian Federation Cup|Winners]]'''
| '''Semifinalists'''
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
| [[IFA Shield]]
|-
|align=left|1999–00
| style="text-align:centre; background:gold;"|'''[[1999–2000 National Football League (India)|1st]]'''
|align=right|22
|align=right|14
|align=right|5
|align=right|3
|align=right|36
|align=right|17
|align=right|47
|rowspan=2 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | Cancelled
| '''Semifinalists'''
![[1999–2000 Asian Club Championship|Asian Club Championship]]
| align="left" |[[1999–2000 Asian Club Championship#Second round|Qualifying round 2]]
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
| [[IFA Shield]]
|-
|align=left|2000–01
| style="text-align:centre; background:silver;"|'''[[2000–01 National Football League (India)|2nd]]'''
|align=right|22
|align=right|13
|align=right|6
|align=right|3
|align=right|40
|align=right|19
|align=right|45
| style="background:gold;"| '''Winners'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''DNQ''
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
| [[Rovers Cup]]
|-
|align=left|2001–02
| style="text-align:centre; background:gold;"|'''[[2001–02 National Football League (India)|1st]]'''
|align=right|22
|align=right|13
|align=right|5
|align=right|4
|align=right|31
|align=right|19
|align=right|44
| style=background:gold;| '''[[2001 Indian Federation Cup|Winners]]'''
|'''2nd''' of 3
(Final group stage)
| style="text-align:right; background:gold;"|'''1st'''
| [[Bordoloi Trophy]]
|-
|align=left|2002–03
|align=centre|'''[[2002–03 National Football League (India)|7th]]'''
|align=right|22
|align=right|9
|align=right|6
|align=right|7
|align=right|35
|align=right|25
|align=right|33
| '''Semifinalists'''
| rowspan="2" | ''DNP''
![[2002–03 AFC Champions League|AFC Champions League]]
| align="left" |[[2002–03 AFC Champions League qualification#Round 4|Qualifying round 4]]
| style="text-align:right; background:#c96;"|'''3rd'''
| [[All Airlines Gold Cup]]
|-
|align=left|2003–04
|align=centre|'''[[2003–04 National Football League (India)|9th]]'''
|align=right|22
|align=right|6
|align=right|6
|align=right|10
|align=right|23
|align=right|24
|align=right|24
|{{n/a|''Cancelled''}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''DNQ''
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
| [[IFA Shield]]
|-
|align=left|2004–05
|align=centre|'''[[2004–05 National Football League (India)|8th]]'''
|align=right|22
|align=right|5
|align=right|8
|align=right|9
|align=right|16
|align=right|19
|align=right|23
|style="background:silver;" |'''Runners-up'''
|style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''Runners-up'''
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
| [[All Airlines Gold Cup]]
|-
|align=left|2005–06
|style="text-align: centre; background:#c96;"|'''[[2005–06 National Football League (India)|3rd]]'''
|align=right|17
|align=right|8
|align=right|6
|align=right|3
|align=right|17
|align=right|10
|align=right|30
| '''Pre-quarterfinalists'''
| ''DNP''
| style="text-align:right; background:gold;"|'''1st'''
| [[All Airlines Gold Cup]]
|-
|align=left|2006–07
|align=centre|'''[[2006–07 National Football League (India)|8th]]'''
|align=right|18
|align=right|5
|align=right|6
|align=right|7
|align=right|15
|align=right|21
|align=right|21
|style=background:gold; | '''Winners'''
| '''Semifinalists'''
! [[2007 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
|align="left" |2nd of 4
([[2007 AFC Cup#Group stage|Group stage]])
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
| [[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Indian Super Cup]]
|-
|align=left|2007–08
|align=centre|'''[[2007–08 I-League|4th]]'''
|align=right|18
|align=right|8
|align=right|6
|align=right|4
|align=right|22
|align=right|17
|align=right|30
| '''Semifinalists'''
| rowspan="2" |''DNP''
| colspan="2" |''DNQ''
| style="text-align:right; background:gold;"|'''1st'''
|
|-
|align=left|[[2008–09 Mohun Bagan FC season|2008-09]]
| style="text-align:centre; background:silver;"|'''[[2008–09 I-League|2nd]]'''
|align=right|22
|align=right|13
|align=right|4
|align=right|5
|align=right|30
|align=right|20
|align=right|43
|style=background:gold;|[[2008 Indian Federation Cup|'''Winners''']]
![[2009 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
| align="left" |4th of 4
([[2009 AFC Cup#Group stage|Group Stage]])
| style="text-align:right; background:gold;"|'''1st'''
| [[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Indian Super Cup]]
|-
|align=left|[[2009-10 Mohun Bagan FC season|2009-10]]
|align=centre|'''[[2009–10 I-League|5th]]'''
|align=right|26
|align=right|10
|align=right|6
|align=right|10
|align=right|48
|align=right|43
|align=right|36
| '''[[2009-10 Indian Federation Cup|Semifinalists]]'''
|style="background:silver;" |'''[[2009 Durand Cup final|Runners-up]]'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="6" |''DNQ''
| style="text-align:right; background:gold;"|'''1st'''
|
|-
|align=left|[[2010-11 Mohun Bagan FC season|2010-11]]
|align=centre|'''[[2010–11 I-League|6th]]'''
|align=right|26
|align=right|8
|align=right|10
|align=right|8
|align=right|34
|align=right|32
|align=right|34
| style="background:silver;" | '''[[2010 Indian Federation Cup|Runners-up]]'''
| rowspan="5" |''DNP''
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
|
|-
|align=left|[[2011–12 Mohun Bagan season|2011–12]]
|align=centre|'''[[2011–12 I-League|4th]]'''
|align=right|26
|align=right|13
|align=right|8
|align=right|5
|align=right|51
|align=right|32
|align=right|47
| '''4th''' of 4
([[2011 Indian Federation Cup|Final Group Phase]])
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
|
|-
|align=left|[[2012–13 Mohun Bagan FC season|2012–13]]
|align=centre|{{efn|name=IL'12|Mohun Bagan refused to field a side for the second half of a league match due to crowd troubles. For this reason the club was fined and had to start from nil points midway through the season.}}'''[[2012–13 I-League|10th]]'''
|align=right|26
|align=right|11
|align=right|8
|align=right|7
|align=right|40
|align=right|34
|align=right|29
| '''2nd''' of 4
([[2012 Indian Federation Cup|Final group phase]])
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
|[[All Airlines Gold Cup]]
|-
|align=left|[[2013–14 Mohun Bagan FC season|2013–14]]
|align=centre|'''[[2013–14 I-League|8th]]'''
|align=right|24
|align=right|6
|align=right|10
|align=right|8
|align=right|23
|align=right|24
|align=right|28
|[[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup|'''Semifinalists''']]
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
|
|-
|align=left|[[2014–15 Mohun Bagan FC season|2014–15]]
| style="text-align:centre; background:gold;"|'''[[2014–15 I-League|1st]]'''
|align=right|20
|align=right|11
|align=right|6
|align=right|3
|align=right|33
|align=right|16
|align=right|39
| '''3rd''' of 5
([[2014–15 Indian Federation Cup|Group stage]])
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[2015–16 Mohun Bagan FC season|2015–16]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:centre; background:silver;" |'''[[2015–16 I-League|2nd]]'''
| rowspan="2" align="right" |16
| rowspan="2" align="right" |8
| rowspan="2" align="right" |6
| rowspan="2" align="right" |2
| rowspan="2" align="right" |32
| rowspan="2" align="right" |16
| rowspan="2" align="right" |30
| rowspan="2" style="background:gold;" | '''[[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup|Winners]]'''
|data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" rowspan="2" | ''Cancelled''
! [[2016 AFC Champions League|AFC Champions League]]
| align="left" |[[2016 AFC Champions League#Preliminary round 2|Qualifying round 2]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; background:#c96;" | '''3rd'''
| rowspan="2" |
|-
! [[2016 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
|align=left|[[2016 AFC Cup#Round of 16|Round of 16]]
|-
| align="left" |[[2016–17 Mohun Bagan FC season|2016–17]]
| style="text-align:centre; background:silver;" |'''[[2016–17 I-League|2nd]]'''
| align="right" |18
| align="right" |10
| align="right" |6
| align="right" |2
| align="right" |27
| align="right" |12
| align="right" |36
| style="background:silver;" | '''[[2016–17 Indian Federation Cup|Runners-up]]'''
| ''DNP''
! [[2017 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
|align="left" |3rd of 4
([[2017 AFC Cup#Group stage|Group stage]])
| style="text-align:right; background:#c96;" |'''3rd'''
|
|-
|align=left|[[2017–18 Mohun Bagan FC season|2017–18]]
| style="text-align:centre; background:#c96;"|'''[[2017–18 I-League|3rd]]'''
|align=right|18
|align=right|8
|align=right|7
|align=right|3
|align=right|28
|align=right|14
|align=right|31
|[[2018 Indian Super Cup|'''Semifinalists''']]
|rowspan=2 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | Cancelled
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''DNQ''
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
|
|-
|align=left|[[2018–19 Mohun Bagan FC season|2018–19]]
|align=centre|'''[[2018–19 I-League|5th]]'''
|align=right|20
|align=right|8
|align=right|5
|align=right|7
|align=right|27
|align=right|28
|align=right|29
| ''DNP''{{efn|name=boycott|[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] was boycotted by [[I-League]] clubs in protest of partiality against them over [[Indian Super League|ISL]] clubs.}}
| style="text-align:right; background:gold;"|'''1st'''
|
|-
|align=left|[[2019–20 Mohun Bagan FC season|2019–20]]
| style="text-align:centre; background:gold;"|'''[[2019–20 I-League|1st]]'''
|align=right|16
| align="right" |12
|align=right|3
|align=right|1
|align=right|35
|align=right|13
|align=right|39
|rowspan=3 data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | Cancelled
| style="background:silver;" | '''[[2019 Durand Cup|Runners-up]]'''
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;"|'''2nd'''
|
|-
|align=left |[[2020–21 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|2020–21]]
| style="text-align:centre; background:silver;" |'''[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2nd]]'''
|align=right |20
|align=right |12
|align=right |4
|align=right |4
|align=right |28
|align=right |15
|align=right |40
| style="background:silver;" |[[2021 Indian Super League playoffs|'''Runners-up''']]
| {{n/a|''Cancelled''}}
! [[2021 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
| style="text-align:left"| [[2021 AFC Cup knockout stage#Inter-zone play-off semi-finals|Inter-zone play-off semifinal]]
| {{n/a|''Cancelled''}}
|
|-
|align=left |[[2021–22 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|2021–22]]
| style="text-align:centre; background:#c96;|'''[[2021–22 Indian Super League|3rd]]'''
|align=right |20
|align=right |10
|align=right |7
|align=right |3
|align=right |37
|align=right |26
|align=right |37
| [[2022 Indian Super League playoffs|'''Semifinalists''']]
| ''DNP''
! [[2022 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
| style="text-align:left"| [[2022 AFC Cup knockout stage#Inter-zone play-off semi-finals|Inter-zone play-off semifinal]]
| rowspan="2" |''DNP''
|
|-
| align=left |[[2022–23 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|2022–23]]
| style="text-align:centre; background:#c96;" |'''[[2022–23 Indian Super League|3rd]]'''
|align=right |20
|align=right |10
|align=right |4
|align=right |6
|align=right |24
|align=right |17
|align=right |34
| style="background:gold;"| [[2023 Indian Super League playoffs|'''Winners''']]
| '''3rd''' of 4
([[2023 Indian Super Cup|Group Stage]])
| '''3rd''' of 5
([[2022 Durand Cup group stage|Group Stage]])
| colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | —
|
|-
| align=left |[[2023–24 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season|2023–24]]
| style="text-align:centre; background:gold;" |'''[[2023–24 Indian Super League|1st]]'''
|align=right |22
|align=right |15
|align=right |3
|align=right |4
|align=right |47
|align=right |26
|align=right |48
| style="background:silver;" |[[2024 Indian Super League playoffs|'''Runners-up''']]
| '''2nd''' of 4
([[2024 Indian Super Cup|Group Stage]])
|style="background:gold;"| [[2023 Durand Cup final|'''Winners''']]
! [[2023–24 AFC Cup|'''AFC Cup''']]
|align=left |3rd of 4
([[2023–24 AFC Cup group stage|Group Stage]])
|align=right | '''5th''' of 6
([[2023 CFL Premier Division|Super Six]])
|
|-
| align=left |[[2024–25 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season|2024–25]]
| style="text-align:centre; background:gold;" |'''[[2024–25 Indian Super League|1st]]'''
|align=right |24
|align=right |17
|align=right |5
|align=right |2
|align=right |47
|align=right |16
|align=right |56
|style="text-align:centre; background:gold;" |'''[[2025 Indian Super League playoffs|Winners]]'''
|[[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|'''Semi Finalists''']]
|style="background:silver;"| [[2024 Durand Cup final|'''Runners-up''']]
! [[2024–25 AFC Champions League Two|'''AFC Champions League Two''']]
|align=left |Withdrawn
([[2024–25 AFC Champions League Two group stage|Group Stage]])
|align=right | '''7th''' of 13
([[2024–25 CFL Premier Division|Group Stage]])
|
|}<section end=MB/>

=== Performance in AFC competitions ===
{{Main|Mohun Bagan in international football}}
All stats as per Mohun Bagan official site<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/performance-of-mohun-bagan-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup-part-1-1009 |title=Performance of Mohun Bagan in AFC Champions League/AFC Cup, Part 1 - McDowell's Mohun Bagan - News Mohun Bagan News |website=www.mohunbaganac.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704211326/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/performance-of-mohun-bagan-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup-part-1-1009 |archive-date=4 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/performance-of-mohun-bagan-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup-part-2-6622 |title=Performance of Mohun Bagan in AFC Champions League/AFC Cup, Part 2 - McDowell's Mohun Bagan - News Mohun Bagan News |website=www.mohunbaganac.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705205407/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/performance-of-mohun-bagan-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup-part-2-6622 |archive-date=5 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/performance-of-mohun-bagan-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup-winners-cup |title=Performance of Mohun Bagan in AFC Champions League/AFC Cup Winners Cup/AFC Cup - Part 2 - Mohun Bagan News |website=www.mohunbaganac.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213104006/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/performance-of-mohun-bagan-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup-winners-cup |archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref>

{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
<section begin=AFC MB/>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"| Season
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"| Competition
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"| Round
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"| Club
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"| 1st leg
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"| 2nd leg
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"| Agg.
! style="background:Green; color:Maroon;"| Highest Scorer
|-
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | [[1987 Asian Club Championship|1987]]
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | [[Asian Club Championship]]
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | Qualifying round
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Al-Rasheed SC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC" | 0–2
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | [[Sisir Ghosh]] (6 goals)
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Manang Marshyangdi Club]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 6–1
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[PAF F.C.|PAF FC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 4–1
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Dhaka)|Mohammedan SC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"| 2–2
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[1988–89 Asian Club Championship|1988–89]]
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[Asian Club Championship]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | Qualifying round
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Crescent Textile Mills FC|Crescent Textile Mills]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 8–0
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|[[Sisir Ghosh]] (5 goals)
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Nepal}} Kathmandu SC
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 4–2
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Oman}} [[Fanja SC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 1–0
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | Semi-final round
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kazma SC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC" | 0–1
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|China}} [[Guangdong Hongyuan F.C.|Guangdong Hongyuan FC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC" | 0–6
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Al-Rasheed SC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC" | 0–2
|-
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | [[1990–91 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1990–91]]
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | [[Asian Cup Winners' Cup]]
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | First round
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|China}} [[Dalian Shide F.C.|Dalian Shide FC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| {{Nowrap|0–1 }}
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–4
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC" | 0–5
| style="text-align:center" | —
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [[1994–95 Asian Club Championship|1994–95]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [[Asian Club Championship]]
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | Preliminary round
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Club Valencia]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 7–1
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" |Tausif Jamal (4 goals)
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Ratnam SC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 5–1
|-
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | Second round
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Thai Farmers Bank F.C.|Thai Farmers Bank FC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–4
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–3 {{efn|The [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] ordered that the 2nd leg was to be played in [[Malaysia]] due to a [[1994 plague in India|plague threat in India]], but Mohun Bagan objected to the ruling; Thai Farmers Bank was given a [[walkover]] and Mohun Bagan was ejected from the competition, fined $3,000 and banned from AFC competitions for three years. The ban was later lifted.|name=ACC94}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–7
|-
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | [[1995 Asian Club Championship|1995]]
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | [[Asian Club Championship]]
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | First round
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Club Valencia]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 2–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 2–2 ([[away goal rule|a]])
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" |Manoharan, Satyabrata Bhowmik (1 goal each)
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [[1999–2000 Asian Club Championship|1999–00]]
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [[Asian Club Championship]]
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | First round
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Muktijoddha Sangsad KC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 2–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"| 0–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 2–1
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" |[[Chima Okorie]], [[Dipendu Biswas]] (1 goal each)
|-
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | Second round
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Júbilo Iwata]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 8–0
| {{N/A|n/p}}{{efn|The match was played over one leg by mutual agreement|name=ACC99}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 8–0
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [[2002–03 AFC Champions League|2002–03]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [[AFC Champions League]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | Qualifying stage
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Saunders SC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 2–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 5–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 5–3
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" |[[Baichung Bhutia]] (4 goals)
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Club Valencia]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"| 2–2
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 3–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 5–2
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Daejeon Hana Citizen]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–6
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 1–2
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 2–7
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [[2007 AFC Cup|2007]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [[AFC Cup]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | Group stage
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Tampines Rovers FC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"| 0–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–2
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–2
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" |Lalawmpuia Pachuau (2 goals)
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Osotspa Samut Prakan F.C.|Osotspa Samut Prakan FC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 1–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"| 0–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 1–0
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Pahang F.C.|Pahang FC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 2–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 2–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 4–1
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [[2009 AFC Cup|2009]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [[AFC Cup]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | Group stage
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Syria}} [[Al-Karamah SC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–4
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–5
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" |[[Rakesh Masih]] (1 goal)
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Al-Wehdat SC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 1–2
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–5
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 1–7
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait SC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–6
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–7
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" | 2016
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [[2016 AFC Champions League|AFC Champions League]]
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | Qualifying stage
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Tampines Rovers FC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 3–1
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" |[[Cornell Glen]], [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]], [[Katsumi Yusa]] (1 goal each)
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|China}} [[Shandong Taishan F.C.|Shandong Taishan FC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–6
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[2016 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
| rowspan="3" |Group stage
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maziya S&RC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;" | 5–2
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;" | 1–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 6–3
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center" | [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] (6 goals)
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[South China AA]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 4–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–3
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 4–3
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Yangon United F.C.|Yangon United FC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 3–2
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"| 1–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 4–3
|-
| rowspan=1 style="text-align:center" | Round of 16
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Tampines Rovers FC]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 1–2
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[2017 AFC Cup|2017]]
| rowspan="5" |[[AFC Cup]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | Qualifying stage
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Colombo FC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;" | 2–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;" | 2–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;" | 4–2
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" | [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] (4 goals)
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Club Valencia]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"| 1–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 4–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 5–2
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | Group stage
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|India}} [[Bengaluru FC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 1–2
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 3–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 4–3
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Abahani Limited Dhaka]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 3–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"| 1–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 4–2
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maziya S&RC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 2–5
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 2–6
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[2021 AFC Cup|2021]]
| rowspan="4" |[[AFC Cup]]
| rowspan="3" |Group stage
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|India}} [[Bengaluru FC]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|2–0
| rowspan="4" |[[Roy Krishna]]
(2 goals)
|-
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maziya S&RC]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|3–1
|-
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bashundhara Kings]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"|1–1
|-
|Inter-zone play-offs
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[FC Nasaf|Nasaf Qarshi]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"|0–6
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[2022 AFC Cup|2022]]
| rowspan="6" |[[AFC Cup]]
| rowspan="2" |Qualifying stage
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Blue Star SC]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|5–0
| rowspan="6" |[[Liston Colaco]]
(4 goals)
|-
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Abahani Limited Dhaka]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|3–1
|-
| rowspan="3" |Group stage
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|India}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"|2–4
|-
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bashundhara Kings]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|4–0
|-
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maziya S&RC]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|5–2
|-
|Inter-zone play-offs
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kuala Lumpur City F.C.|Kuala Lumpur City FC]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"|1–3
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[2023–24 AFC Cup|2023–24]]
| rowspan="5" |[[AFC Cup]]
| rowspan="2" |Qualifying stage
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Machhindra F.C.]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|3–1
| rowspan="5" |[[Jason Cummings]]
(4 goals)
|-
|style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Abahani Limited Dhaka]]
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|3–1
|-
| rowspan="3" |Group stage
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Odisha FC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;" | 4–0
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 2–5
| style="text-align:center; background :#CCFFCC"| 6–5
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|MDV}} [[Maziya S&RC]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"| 2–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 0–1
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"| 2–2
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bashundhara Kings]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;"| 2–2
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 1–2
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFCCCC;"| 3–4
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [[2024–25 AFC Champions League Two|2024–25]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [[AFC Champions League Two]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | Group stage
| style="text-align:left" |{{fbaicon|TJK}} [[Ravshan Kulob]]
| {{N/A|Voided (0–0)}}
| {{N/A|n/p}}
| {{N/A|n/p}}
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" |—
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{fbaicon|QAT}} [[Al-Wakrah SC|Al-Wakrah]]
| {{N/A|n/p}}
| {{N/A|n/p}}
| {{N/A|n/p}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Tractor S.C.|Tractor]]
| {{N/A|n/p}}
| {{N/A|n/p}}
| {{N/A|n/p}}
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two|2025–26]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [[AFC Champions League Two]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | Group stage
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|TKM}} [[Ahal FK]]
| {{N/A|Voided (0–1)}}
| {{N/A|n/p}}
| {{N/A|n/p}}
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" |—
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Sepahan S.C.]]
| {{N/A|n/p}}
| {{N/A|n/p}}
| {{N/A|n/p}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|JOR}} [[Al-Hussein SC (Irbid)|Al-Hussein Irbid SC]]
| {{N/A|n/p}}
| {{N/A|n/p}}
| {{N/A|n/p}}
|-
|}<section end=AFC MB/>

== Honours ==
{{Main|List of Mohun Bagan Super Giant records and statistics}}
Mohun Bagan have won a record cumulative number of '''''265''' trophies in their '''135''' years of existence''.
''Note:'' The following honours are only the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] certified titles that Mohun Bagan have won.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohun Bagan Trophy room|url=https://themohunbaganac.com/trophy-room-2/|website=themohunbaganac.com|publisher=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club|access-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126082005/https://themohunbaganac.com/trophy-room-2/|archive-date=26 January 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;"
!style="width: 5%;background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Type
!style="width: 5%;background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Competition
!style="width: 1%;background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="width: 15%;background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Seasons
|-
|rowspan="7" |'''National'''
|''[[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]''/'''[[I-League]]'''{{refn|I-League was a top-tier league until 2021–22|group=t}}/'''[[Indian Super League]]'''
|bgcolor="gold"|'''7'''
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1997–98 National Football League (India)|1997–98]], [[1999–2000 National Football League (India)|1999–2000]], [[2001–02 National Football League (India)|2001–02]], [[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]], [[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]], [[2023–24 Indian Super League#Regular season|2023–24]], [[2024–25 Indian Super League#Regular season|2024–25]]
|-
|'''[[Indian Super League playoffs|ISL Cup]]'''
|'''2'''
| style="text-align:left;"|[[2023 Indian Super League playoffs|2022–23]], [[2025 Indian Super League playoffs|2024–25]]
|-
|''[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]''
| bgcolor="gold"|'''14'''
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1978 Indian Federation Cup final|1978]], [[1980 Indian Federation Cup final|1980]], 1981, 1982, 1986, 1987, 1992, [[1993 Indian Federation Cup|1993]], 1994, [[1998 Indian Federation Cup|1998]], [[2001 Indian Federation Cup|2001]], 2006, [[2008 Indian Federation Cup|2008]], [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup|2015–16]]
|-
|'''[[Durand Cup]]'''
| bgcolor="gold" |'''17'''
| style="text-align:left;" |1953,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html|title=India - List of Durand Cup Finals|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=29 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729142839/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 1959, 1960, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1974, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1994, 2000,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india01.html#durand|title=Durand Cup 2000|access-date=14 October 2022|archive-date=8 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208191428/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/india01.html#durand|url-status=live}}</ref> [[2023 Durand Cup|2023]]
|-
|'''[[IFA Shield]]'''
|'''23'''
| style="text-align:left;" |1911, 1947, 1948, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1967, 1969, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1987, 1989, 1998, 1999, 2003, [[2025 IFA Shield|2025]]
|-
|''[[Indian Super Cup (1997-2011)|Indian Super Cup]]''
|'''2'''
| style="text-align:left;"|2007, 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiasupcuphist.html|title=India - List of Super Cup Finals|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=3 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803123822/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/indiasupcuphist.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rovers Cup]]''
|bgcolor="gold"|'''14'''
| style="text-align:left;"|1955, 1966, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1976, 1977, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1992, 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiaroverscuphist.html|title=India - List of Rovers Cup Finals|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924164532/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiaroverscuphist.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |'''Regional'''
|'''[[Calcutta Football League]]'''
|'''30'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiacalchamp.html|title=India - List of Calcutta/Kolkata League Champions|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802035706/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/indiacalchamp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| style="text-align:left;" |1939, 1943, 1944, 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1969, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, [[2018 CFL Premier Division|2018]]
|-
|''[[Cooch Behar Cup]]''
|bgcolor="gold"|'''18'''
|style="text-align:left;" |1904, 1905, 1907, 1912, 1916, 1921, 1922, 1925, 1928, 1931, 1935, 1936, 1941, 1944, 1948, 1949, 1962, 1972
|-
|[[Sikkim Gold Cup]]
|bgcolor="gold"|'''10'''
|style="text-align:left;" |1984, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1994, 2000, 2001, 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-sikkimgoldcuphist.html|title=India - List of All India Governor's Gold Cup Winners (Sikkim)}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Trades Cup]]''
| bgcolor="gold" |'''11'''
| style="text-align:left;" |1906, 1907, 1908, 1938, 1939, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1949, 1950, 1965<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-tradescup.html|title=India - List of Trades Cup Winners|access-date=4 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[All Airlines Gold Cup]]''
| bgcolor="gold" |'''8'''
| style="text-align:left;" |1989, 1991, 1993, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2012
|-
|[[Bordoloi Trophy]]
|bgcolor="gold"|'''7'''
|style="text-align:left;" |1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1984, 1996, 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiabordoloicuphist.html|title=India - List of Bordoloi Trophy Winners}}</ref>
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:left;"|'''Bolded''' denotes that the tournament is an active [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] / [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] recognised competition. '''''Italicised''''' denotes that the tournament is discontinued. 
{{legend|gold|Record}}
{{reflist|group=t}}
|}

== Mohun Bagan Day ==
{{See also|Mohun Bagan AC season awards}}
On 10 July 1911, Mohun Bagan had begun their third IFA Shield campaign. The tournament continued for the next 19 days, with Mohun Bagan eventually becoming the champions by defeating the East Yorkshire Regiment team. Thus, for the first time, a native club defeated the British and the British-Indian teams in a football tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|title=How football kicked off in India {{!}} As with the English language, when the British transported the sport to India, they didn't expect the 'natives' to beat them at it|website=lifestyle.livemint.com|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint Delhi]]|date=8 June 2018|access-date=27 January 2022|first=Manu S|last=Pillai|location=Delhi, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714153151/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|archive-date=14 July 2022}}</ref>

Since 2001, 29 July is celebrated as ''Mohun Bagan Day'' in honor of the club's victory over East Yorkshire Regiment in the 1911 IFA Shield Final. To commemorate the day, the club organises the seasonal award distribution ceremony and, in collaboration with various Mohun Bagan [[fan club]]s, numerous programmes, rallies, [[Blood donation in India|blood donation]] camps, [[Fundraising|charity]] and [[Exhibition game|exhibition matches]], including an annual ''Shibdas Bhaduri XI v Bijoydas Bhaduri XI'' football match that features former retired Mohun Bagan players.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bongodorshon.com/home/story_detail/on-the-occasion-of-mohunbagan-day-of-pride|title=মোহনবাগান দিবস : প্রথম শিল্ড জয়ে এগারোর টিমে ছয়জনই ছিলেন কোচবিহারের!|first=Suman|last=Sadhu|website=bongodorshon.com|publisher=Bongodorshon Information Desk|language=bn|trans-title=Mohun Bagan Day: In the first shield victory, six of the team of eleven were from Cooch Behar!|location=Kolkata|agency=|date=29 July 2021|access-date=23 October 2022|archive-date=29 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729064738/https://www.bongodorshon.com/home/story_detail/on-the-occasion-of-mohunbagan-day-of-pride}}</ref>

=== Campaign ===
{{football box
| id= Mohun Bagan v St. Xavier's College
| round= 1
| date= 10 July 1911
| time= 15:30 IST
| team2= [[St. Xavier's College]]
| score= 3–0
| report=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india1911.html
| team1= Mohun Bagan
| goals1= *A Ghosh {{goal}}
*B Bhaduri {{goal}}{{goal}}
| goals2=
| stadium= Rangers Ground
| location= [[Kolkata]]
|referee=
}}
{{football box
| id= Mohun Bagan v Calcutta Rangers
| round= 2
| date= 14 July 1911
| time= 15:30 IST
| team2= Calcutta Rangers Club
| score= 2–1
| report=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india1911.html
| team1= Mohun Bagan
| goals1= *[[Shibdas Bhaduri|S Bhaduri]] {{goal}}
*B Bhaduri {{goal}}
| goals2= *Allen {{goal}}
| stadium= Customs Ground
| location= [[Kolkata]]
|referee=
}}
----
{{football box
| id= Mohun Bagan v Rifle Brigade
| round= Quarter Final
| date= 19 July 1911
| time= 15:30 IST
| team2= [[Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own)|Rifle Brigade]]
| score= 1–0
| report=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india1911.html
| team1= Mohun Bagan
| goals1= *B Bhaduri {{goal}}
| goals2=
| stadium= Dalhousie Ground
| location= [[Kolkata]]
|referee=
}}
----
{{football box
| id= Mohun Bagan v Middlesex Regiment
| round= Semi-final
| date= 24 July 1911
| time= 15:30 IST
| team2= [[Middlesex Regiment]]
| score= 1–1
| report=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india1911.html
| team1= Mohun Bagan
| goals1= *Roy {{goal}}
| goals2= *H Mukherjee {{goal||o.g.}}
| stadium= Dalhousie Ground
| location= [[Kolkata]]
|referee=
}}
{{football box
| id= Mohun Bagan v Middlesex Regiment
| round= Semi Final rematch
| date= 26 July 1911
| time= 15:30 IST
| team2= [[Middlesex Regiment]]
| score= 3–0
| report=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india1911.html
| team1= Mohun Bagan
| goals1= *[[Shibdas Bhaduri|S Bhaduri]] {{goal}}
*Sarkar {{goal}}
*Roy {{goal}}
| goals2=
| stadium= Dalhousie Ground
| location= [[Kolkata]]
|referee=
}}
----
{{football box
| id= Mohun Bagan v East Yorkshire Regiment
| round= Final
| date= 29 July 1911<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/the-1911-mohun-bagan-football-team-that-played-barefoot-beat-the-british-for-the-first-time-361745.html|title=The 1911 Mohun Bagan Football Team That Played Barefoot & Beat The British For The First Time}}</ref>
| time= 15:30 IST
| attendance= 80000 (approx.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india1911.html|title=India 1911|access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref>
| team2= [[East Yorkshire Regiment]]
| score= 2–1
| report=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india1911.html
| team1= Mohun Bagan
| goals1= *[[Shibdas Bhaduri|S Bhaduri]] {{goal}}
*A Ghosh {{goal}}
| goals2= *[[Sergeant|Sgt.]] Jackson {{goal}}
| stadium= [[Mohun Bagan Ground|CFC Ground]]
| location= [[Kolkata]]
|referee= HG Pooler
}}

== Filmography ==
* Arun Roy, ''[[Egaro|এগারো: The Immortal Eleven]]'' ({{Translation|Eleven}}), 2011<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/egaro/movie-review/7366101.cms|title=Egaro, movie review|website=The Times of India|access-date=26 September 2018|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416094656/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/egaro/movie-review/7366101.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan Super Giant Youths]]
* [[List of Mohun Bagan Super Giant captains]]
* [[List of Mohun Bagan Super Giant managers]]
* [[List of Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
* [[List of Mohun Bagan Super Giant records and statistics]]
* [[List of Mohun Bagan Super Giant seasons]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Sen |first=Dwaipayan |year=2013 |chapter=Wiping the Stain Off the Field of Plassey: Mohun Bagan in 1911 |editor-last1=Bandyopadhyay |editor-first1=Kausik |editor-last2=Mallick |editor-first2=Sabyasachi |title=Fringe Nations in World Soccer |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-99810-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Sen |first=Ronojoy |year=2015 |chapter=The Empire Strikes Back: The 1911 IFA Shield and Football in Calcutta |title=Nation at Play: A History of Sport in India |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-16490-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017 |title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Mukhopadhay |first=Subir |title=সোনায় লেখা ইতিহাসে মোহনবাগান ({{Translation|Mohun Bagan in the history written in gold}}) |year=2018 |isbn=978-93-850172-0-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Banerjee |first1=Argha |last2=Basu |first2=Rupak |title=মোহনবাগান: সবুজ ঘাসের মেরুন গল্প ({{Translation|Mohun Bagan: Green fields' Maroon stories}}) |year=2022 |publisher=Shalidhan |isbn=978-81-954667-0-2}}
* {{cite book |title=Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora |year=2001 |publisher=Frank Cass Publishers |location=[[London]], United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-7146-8170-2 |page=33 |last1=Dineo |first1=Paul |last2=Mills |first2=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71JHZiiP3hoC |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725072732/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Soccer_in_South_Asia.html?id=71JHZiiP3hoC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y }}
*{{cite book |last1=Martinez |first1=Dolores |last2=Mukharji |first2=Projit B |year=2009 |title=Football: From England to the World: The Many Lives of Indian Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&q=kerala+footballer+in+Burma |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-88353-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702174505/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&dq=kerala+footballer+in+Burma&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ |title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10 |first=Nirmal |last=Nath |year=2011 |publisher=Readers Service |isbn=9788187891963 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |archive-date=22 July 2022 }}
*{{cite book |first1=Boria |last1=Majumdar |first2=Kausik |last2=Bandyopadhyay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69 |title=A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629140637/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69 |archive-date=29 June 2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2006 |isbn=9780415348355 }}
*{{cite book |first1=Jaydeep |last1=Basu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeovtKLi-1sC |title=Stories from Indian Football |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011131939/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Stories_from_Indian_Football.html?id=QeovtKLi-1sC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |archive-date=11 October 2022 |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |date=2003 |isbn=9788174764546 }}
*{{Cite web |title=India's football past gasping for survival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html |date=25 March 2018 |website=hindustantimes.com |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |last=Sarkar |first=Dhiman |location=Kolkata |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106201153/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html }}
*{{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/footballs-passage/|title=The passage of football in India|website=ifawb.org|publisher=[[Indian Football Association]]|location=Kolkata|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129163914/https://ifawb.org/footballs-passage/}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150117/jsp/sports/story_19347595.jsp#.VxdCgvl97IV |title=Time to regain lost glory |date=17 January 2015 |first=Hariprasad |last=Chattopadhyay |website=telegraphindia.com |publisher=The Telegraph India |location=Kolkata |access-date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505102054/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150117/jsp/sports/story_19347595.jsp#.VxdCgvl97IV |archive-date=5 May 2016 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/team/1911ifashield.html|title=The Mohun Bagan AC winning Team at the 1911 IFA-Shield|archive-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204000719/http://www.indianfootball.de/team/1911ifashield.html|date=2008|access-date=26 November 2016|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=https://eisamay.com/sports/football/news/subrata-bhattacharya-autobiography-is-controversial-reason-clarified-by-shaheb-bhattacherjee/articleshow/101831642.cms |title=কেন 'বিতর্কিত' সুব্রত ভট্টাচার্যের আত্মজীবনী? 'ষোল আনা বাবলু' নিয়ে মুখ খুললেন সাহেব|trans-title=Why 'controversial' Subrata Bhattacharya's autobiography? Saheb opened his mouth with 'Sixteen Anna Bablu'|first=Koushik|last=Biswas|website=eisamay.com|publisher=এই সময় সংবাদপত্র|language=bn|location=Kolkata|date=16 July 2023|access-date=29 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729182606/https://eisamay.com/sports/football/news/subrata-bhattacharya-autobiography-is-controversial-reason-clarified-by-shaheb-bhattacherjee/articleshow/101831642.cms|archive-date=29 July 2023}}
*{{cite web|url=https://kolkata24x7.in/sports-news/subrata-bhattacharyas-autobiography-will-be-published-on-mohan-bagan-day/|title=ষোল আনা মোহনবাগানির কথা নিয়ে ময়দান থেকে সুব্রত ঢুকবেন পাঠক মহলে|trans-title=Subrata enters into the audience from the Maidan with words of pure 'Mohun Bagan'|website=kolkata24x7.in|publisher=Kolkata 24×7 News|language=bn|location=Kolkata|date=29 July 2023|access-date=29 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729182929/https://kolkata24x7.in/sports-news/subrata-bhattacharyas-autobiography-will-be-published-on-mohan-bagan-day/|archive-date=29 July 2023}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/club/14303 Club profile] on AIFF official website
*[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1874-mohun-bagan-super-giant-profile Club profile] on ISL official website

{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}
{{Indian Super League}}
{{Durand Cup winners}}
{{Football in West Bengal}}
{{West Bengal Sports}}
{{Portal bar|Association football|India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant| ]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian Super League teams]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1889]]
[[Category:1889 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:RPSG Group]]

Carnatic music

2026-03-05T18:07:59Z

Veronaqbs: page edit

{{Short description|Music genre originating in southern India}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Carnatic}}
{{Indian classical music}}
{{Hinduism}}

'''Carnatic music''' (known as {{IAST|Karnāṭaka saṃgīta}} or {{IAST|Karnāṭaka saṅgītam}} in the [[Dravidian languages]]) is a system of music commonly associated with [[South India]], including the modern Indian states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Telangana]]. Most Carnatic compositions are in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Sanskrit]] languages.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fuller |first1=C. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7KjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA201 |title=Tamil Brahmans: The Making of a Middle-Class Caste |last2=Narasimhan |first2=Haripriya |date=2014-11-11 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-15288-2 |pages=201 |language=en |quote=Most songs were in Telugu or Sanskrit, though some were in Tamil, but even Telugu and Tamil were strongly inflected by Sanskrit.}}</ref>

It is one of two main subgenres of [[Indian classical music]] that evolved from ancient Hindu texts and traditions, particularly the [[Samaveda]] is cited as a key foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ae.iitm.ac.in/~sriram/karpri.pdf|title=A Karnatic Music Primer|last=Sriram|first=Parthasarathy|language=en-US}}</ref> (The other genre being the [[Hindustani music|Hindustani classical music]].) The main emphasis in Carnatic music is on vocal music; most compositions are written to be sung, and even when played on instruments, they are meant to be performed in ''gāyaki'' (singing) style.

Although there are stylistic differences, the basic elements of {{IAST|''[[Shruti (music)|śruti]]''}} (the relative musical pitch), {{IAST|''[[svara]]''}} (the musical sound of a single note), {{IAST|''[[rāga]]''}} (the mode or melodic formulae), and {{IAST|''[[tala (music)|tala]]''}} (the rhythmic cycles) form the foundation of improvisation and composition in both Carnatic and Hindustani music. Although improvisation plays an important role, Carnatic music is mainly sung through compositions, especially the [[Kriti (music)|kriti]] (or kirtanam) – a form developed between the 14th and 20th centuries by composers such as [[Purandara Dasa]], and the [[Trinity of Carnatic music]]. Carnatic music is also usually taught and learned through compositions.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils |date=2017-08-25 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-5381-0686-0 |pages=88 |language=en |quote=In precolonial or early-modern South India, Telugu became the cultural language of the south, including the Tamil country, somewhat similar to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era. Therefore, Telugu predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music, and it is the practice to teach Telugu language in music colleges to those aspiring to become singers.}}</ref><ref name=":522">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&dq=telugu+court+language&pg=PA269 |title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music |date=1998 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1 |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=Alison |volume=5: South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent |pages=231, 232, 269 |language=en}}</ref> Telugu language predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music.<ref name=":03"/><ref name=":522"/>

Carnatic music is usually performed by a small ensemble of musicians, consisting of a principal performer (usually a vocalist), a melodic accompaniment (usually a [[violin]]), a rhythm accompaniment (usually a [[mridangam]]), and a [[Tanpura|tambura]], which acts as a [[drone (music)|drone]] throughout the performance. Other typical instruments used in performances may include the [[ghatam]], [[kanjira]], [[morsing]], [[venu]] flute, [[Saraswati veena|veena]], and [[chitraveena]]. The greatest concentration of Carnatic musicians is to be found in the city of [[Chennai]].<ref name="Britannica">Carnatic music. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online</ref> Various Carnatic music festivals are held throughout India and abroad, including the [[Madras Music Season]], which has been considered to be one of the world's largest cultural events.<ref>[https://indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/Music/article/view/22/26 The Music Academy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426090237/https://indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/Music/article/view/22/26 |date=26 April 2012 }} Written by Malathi Rangaswamy, Secretary of Music Academy</ref><ref>[[#Nettl2005|Nettl (2005)]], p38</ref>

==Origin and history==

[[File:Saraswati.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Saraswati]], the [[Devi|Hindu goddess]] of all knowledge, music, arts and science, with her instrument, the ''veena''.]]

Carnatic music originated in [[Karnataka]] and was named after it,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kesavan |first1=Veluthat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0V61DwAAQBAJ |title=The Buffalo Century: Vāñcheśvara Dīkṣita's Mahiṣaśatakam: A Political Satire for All Centuries |date=2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000708561 |page=5 |quote=Because this music came from Karnataka, it eventually came to be known as "Carnatic music" throughout the country}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1PwmMWrj1MC&q=art%20and%20architecture%20in%20karnataka%20sangeeta |title=Art and Architecture in Karnataka |date=1996 |publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka |page=313}}</ref> known as ''Karnāṭaka Saṁgīta'' which spread through [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] and [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil]] countries where it flourished.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Desai |first1=P. B. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.430132/page/n21/mode/1up?view=theater |title=A History of Karnataka: (From-Pre-History to Unification) |date=1970 |page=xxi-21}}</ref>

Like all art forms in [[Indian culture]], Indian classical music is believed to be a divine art form that originated from the [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]]s and [[devi]]s ([[Hindu]] gods and goddesses),<ref>[[#Moorthy2001|Moorthy (2001)]], p17</ref><ref name="origin" /> and is venerated as symbolic of {{IAST|''[[Nada yoga|nāda]] brāhman''}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/seta/2005/01/13/stories/2005011300111500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050331184754/http://www.hindu.com/seta/2005/01/13/stories/2005011300111500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2005-03-31|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Sci Tech / Speaking Of Science: The music of we primates: Nada Brahmam}}</ref> Ancient treatises also describe the connection of the origin of the [[swara|svara]]s, or notes, to the sounds of animals and birds and man's effort to simulate these sounds through a keen sense of observation and perception. The [[Sama Veda|''Samaveda'']], which is believed to have laid the foundation for Indian classical music, consists of hymns from the ''[[Rigveda]]'', set to musical tunes that would be sung using three to seven musical notes during Vedic [[yajna]]s.<ref name="origin" /> The [[Yajur-Veda|''Yajurveda'']], which mainly consists of sacrificial formulae, mentions the ''veena'' as an accompaniment to vocal recitations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Veena in Yajurveda |url=http://trumpet.sdsu.edu/m151/Music_of_India1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031152317/http://trumpet.sdsu.edu/M151/Music_of_India1.html |archive-date=2006-10-31 }}</ref> References to Indian classical music are made in many ancient texts, including [[Indian epic poetry|epics]] like the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]''. The ''[[Yajnavalkya Smriti]]'' states, "''vīṇāvādana tattvajñaḥ śrutijātiviśāradaḥ tālajñaścāprayāsena mokṣamārgaṃ niyacchati"'' ("The one who is well versed in ''[[veena]]'', one who has the knowledge of srutis and one who is adept in tala, attains liberation ([[moksha]]) without doubt").<ref>YjS 3.115. {{cite web|title=Yajnavalkya on Music|url=http://www.sanathanadharma.com/articles/sangeet.htm}}</ref> Contemporray Carnatic music is based on musical concepts (including ''[[swara|svara]]'', ''[[raga]]'', and ''[[Tala (music)|tala]]'') that were described in detail in several ancient works, particularly the [[Bharata Muni|Bharata]]'s ''[[Natya Shastra of Bharata|Natya Shastra]]'' and ''[[Silappadhikaram|Cilappatikaram]]'' by [[Ilango Adigal]].<ref name="Singer1958">{{cite journal | last = Singer |first = M.|title = The Great Tradition in a Metropolitan Center: Madras| journal = The Journal of American Folklore| volume = 71 | issue = 281 | pages = 347–388 |year = 1958 | doi = 10.2307/538567 | jstor = 538567 | publisher = American Folklore Society}}</ref>

Owing to Persian and Islamic influences in [[North India]] from the 12th century onwards, Indian classical music began to diverge into two distinct styles — Hindustani music and Carnatic music.<ref name="Britannica"/> Commentaries and other works, such as [[Sharngadeva]]'s ''[[Sangita Ratnakara]]'', further elaborated on the musical concepts found in Indian classical music.<ref>[[#Moorthy2001|Moorthy (2001)]], p18</ref> By the 16th and 17th centuries, there was a clear demarcation between Carnatic and Hindustani music;<ref name="Subramaniam1999">{{cite journal | last = Subramaniam |first = L.
|title = The reinvention of a tradition: Nationalism, Carnatic music and the Madras Music Academy, 1900–1947 | journal = Indian Economic & Social History Review | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–163 |year = 1999 | doi = 10.1177/001946469903600201|s2cid = 144368744
}}</ref> Carnatic music remained relatively unaffected by Persian and Arabic influences. It was at this time that Carnatic music flourished in [[Vijayanagara]], while the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] reached its greatest extent.<ref name="Ries1969">{{cite journal | last = Ries |first = R. E.|title = The Cultural Setting of South Indian Music | journal = Asian Music | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 22–31 |year = 1969 | doi = 10.2307/833909 | jstor = 833909 | publisher = University of Texas Press}}</ref> [[Purandara Dasa]], who is known as the "father (''pitamaha'') of Carnatic music", formulated the system that is commonly used for the teaching of Carnatic music.<ref name="origin">{{cite web|url=http://www.carnatica.net/origin.htm|title= History of Music, Origins|work=The Carnatica Group|publisher=Carnatica.net|access-date=2007-07-03}}</ref><ref>Theory of Music, Vasanthamadhavi P.183</ref> [[Venkatamakhin]] invented and authored the formula for the [[melakarta]] system of raga classification in his Sanskrit work, the ''Chaturdandi Prakasika'' (1660 AD).<ref name="Subramaniam1999"/> Govindacharya is known for expanding the melakarta system into the [[sampoorna raga|sampurna raga]] scheme – the system that is in common use today.

By the 16th century, Indian classical music split into two styles: Hindustani in the North and Karnataka (later called Carnatic) in the South. The term "Karnataka" music originated from the Vijayanagara Empire, historically known as the Karnataka Empire. The British later influenced the change in name to "Carnatic" music, and the term is only about 150–200 years old.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Carnatic music was mainly patronised by the local kings of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[Kingdom of Travancore]], and the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Maratha rulers of Tanjore]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Royal tribute to Thanjavur rulers|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/dec/27/royal-tribute-to-thanjavur-rulers-1738354.html|newspaper=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Some of the royalty of the kingdoms of Mysore and Travancore were themselves noted composers and proficient in playing musical instruments, such as the [[veena]], [[rudra veena]], [[violin]], [[ghatam]], [[venu]], [[mridangam]], [[nadaswaram]], and [[swarabat]].<ref>[[#Pranesh2003|Pranesh (2003)]], p54-55, p92, p162-163, p225-226</ref> Some [[Musicians of the Kingdom of Mysore|famous court-musicians]] proficient in music were [[Veene Sheshanna]] (1852–1926)<ref>[[#Pranesh2003|Pranesh (2003)]], p108</ref> and Veene Subbanna (1861–1939),<ref>[[#Pranesh2003|Pranesh (2003)]], p128</ref> among others.

During the late 19th century, the city of [[Madras]] (now known as Chennai) emerged as the locus for Carnatic music.<ref name="Hughes2002">{{cite journal | last = Hughes |first = S. P.|title = The 'Music Boom' in Tamil South India: gramophone, radio and the making of mass culture | journal = Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 445–473 |year = 2002 | doi = 10.1080/0143968022000012129|s2cid = 191466174}}</ref> With the dissolution of the erstwhile [[princely states]] and the [[Indian independence movement]] reaching its conclusion in 1947, Carnatic music went through a radical shift in patronage into an art of the masses with ticketed performances organised by private institutions called [[sabhā]]s.

=== Carnatic music outside of South India ===
From the 18th century, South Indian immigrant communities abroad increased, especially in [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Ceylon|Sri Lanka]]. Communities such as the [[Nattukottai Chettiar]]s participate in the extension of the Carnatic cultural scene abroad, thanks to their rich patronage activity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aravinthon |first=Dr (Mrs) Suhanya |date=2021-06-01 |title=Roots of Carnatic Music in Sri Lanka - Artistic interrelations between Sri Lanka and South India A |url=https://zenodo.org/record/6550640 |journal=Smrti - Department of Indian Music: Annual Journal |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=90–95 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.6550640}}</ref> Carnatic music artists therefore perform abroad among South Indian communities who request their coming, in order to enliven local community life. For a long time in Sri Lanka, Carnatic music was associated with Indian immigrants, and was often derogatorily referred to as "''thosai kade'' music" ("music from the [[Dosa (food)|dosa]] shop"), in reference to the South Indians-owned restaurants and eateries that typically played this kind of music.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Daniel |first=E. Valentine |title=Charred lullabies: chapters in an anthropography of violence |date=1996 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-02774-6 |series=Princeton studies in culture / power / history |location=Princeton, NJ |pages=157, 145 |oclc=34669394}}</ref>

From the 20th century, Carnatic music gained significant popularity among certain social strata of the [[Demographics of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan population]], who were then heavily influenced by a prominent cultural movement known as the Hindu revival.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=O’Shea |first1=Janet |title=Choreographies of 21st century wars |last2=Morris |first2=Gay |last3=Giersdorf |first3=Jens Richard |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-19-020166-1 |pages=119 |language=en |chapter=From Temple to Battlefield: Bharata Natyam in the Sri Lankan Civil War |oclc=915135656}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Reed |first=Susan A. |title=Dance and the nation: performance, ritual, and politics in Sri Lanka |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-299-23164-4 |pages=131–132 |language=en |chapter=Dance, Ethnicity and the State |oclc=317288154}}</ref> Carnatic music was thus appropriated and highly promoted during the 1920s and 1930s as a cultural and identity marker of the [[Colombo]] and [[Jaffna]] bourgeoisies,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Jeyaratnam Wilson |first=Alfred |title=Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism: its origins and development in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries |publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=0-7748-0759-8 |pages=36 |language=en |chapter=Language, Poetry; Culture and Tamil Nationalism |oclc=41467484}}</ref> and by extension of the [[Sri Lankan Tamils]]. The place given to Carnatic music in the construction of a modern Sri Lankan Tamil identity has reached significant proportions, such as its rise in the curricula of most Jaffna colleges, where it gradually replaced from the mid-1930s the teaching of [[Western classical music]],<ref name=":1" /> or its high esteem among the upper social classes of Colombo and Jaffna, where the learning of Carnatic music among young women is expected as a sign of good education.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil of Sri Lanka Facts, information, pictures {{!}} Encyclopedia.com articles about Tamil of Sri Lanka |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Tamil_of_Sri_Lanka.aspx |access-date=2016-06-10 |website=encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Many people have travelled to India for improving their skills, and the flow of students to India from Sri Lanka or of Sri Lankan Tamil origin is constantly increasing.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Anil |title=Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora: The new force spreading Carnatic music and dance worldwide |url=http://scroll.in/article/769894/sri-lankan-tamil-diaspora-the-new-force-spreading-carnatic-music-and-dance-worldwide |access-date=2016-06-10 |website=Scroll.in |date=20 November 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Nature==
The main emphasis in Carnatic music is on vocal music; most compositions are written to be sung, and even when played on instruments, they are meant to be performed in a singing style (known as ''gāyaki'').<ref name="Breyer2004">{{cite journal | last = Breyer |first = Barbara|title = Composers and Tradition in Karnatik Music | journal = Asian Music |volume = 3 |pages = 42–51 |year = 1972 | doi = 10.2307/833958 | jstor = 833958 | issue = 2 | publisher = University of Texas Press}}</ref> Like [[Hindustani music]], Carnatic music rests on two main elements: {{IAST|''[[rāga]]''}}, the [[Musical mode|modes]] or melodic formulae, and {{IAST|''[[tala (music)|tāḷa]]''}}, the rhythmic cycles.<ref name="Breyer2004"/>

Today, Carnatic music is presented by musicians in concerts or recordings, either vocally or through instruments. Carnatic music itself developed around musical works or compositions of phenomenal composers (see below).

==Important elements==

===Śruti===
{{Main|Śruti (music)}}

''Śruti'' commonly refers to musical pitch.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.karnatik.com/glosss.shtml|title=Royal Carpet: Glossary of Carnatic Terms S|work=karnatik.com}}</ref> It is the approximate equivalent of a tonic (or less precisely a key) in Western music; it is the note from which all the others are derived. It is also used in the sense of graded pitches in an [[octave]]. While there are an infinite number of sounds falling within a scale (or raga) in Carnatic music, the number that can be distinguished by auditory perception is twenty-two (although over the years, several of them have converged). In this sense, while sruti is determined by auditory perception, it is also an expression in the listener's mind.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.soundofindia.com/showarticle.asp?in_article_id=952096767 |title=Sound of India |access-date=18 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211064155/http://www.soundofindia.com/showarticle.asp?in_article_id=952096767 |archive-date=11 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Svara===
{{Main|Svara}}

''Svara'' refers to a type of musical sound that is a single note, which defines a relative (higher or lower) position of a note, rather than a defined frequency.<ref name="autogenerated3" /> ''Svara''s also refer to the [[solfege]] of Carnatic music, which consist of seven notes, "sa-ri-ga-ma-pa-da-ni" (compare with the Hindustani ''[[sargam (swara)|sargam]]:'' sa-''re''-ga-ma-pa-''dha''-ni or Western do-re-mi-fa-so-la-ti). These names are abbreviations of the longer names ''shadja'', ''rishabha'', ''gandhara'', ''madhyama'', ''panchama'', ''dhaivata'' and ''nishada''. Unlike other music systems, every member of the solfege (called a [[swara]]) has three variants. The exceptions are the drone notes, ''shadja'' and ''panchama'' (also known as the [[tonic (music)|tonic]] and the [[dominant (music)|dominant]]), which have only one form; and ''madhyama'' (the [[subdominant]]), which has two forms. A 7th century stone inscription in Kudumiyan Malai<ref>S. Santhanlingam, ''Kudumiyan Malai'', Tamil Nadu Government Archeology Department publication, 1981</ref> in [[Tamil Nadu]] shows vowel changes to solfege symbols with ra, ri, ru etc. to denote the higher quarter-tones. In one scale, or [[raga]], there is usually only one variant of each note present. The exceptions exist in "light" ragas, in which, for artistic effect, there may be two, one ascending (in the ''arohanam'') and another descending (in the ''[[avarohana]]m'').

===Raga system===
{{Main|Raga}}

{{See also|List of composers who created ragas}}

A ''raga'' in Carnatic music prescribes a set of rules for building a [[melody]] – very similar to the Western concept of [[musical mode|mode]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karnatik.com/glossm.shtml|title=Royal Carpet: Glossary of Carnatic Terms M|work=karnatik.com}}</ref> It specifies rules for movements up (''aarohanam'') and down (''avarohanam''), the [[musical scale|scale]] of which [[note (music)|notes]] should figure more and which notes should be used more sparingly, which notes may be sung with ''[[gamaka (music)|gamaka]]'' (ornamentation), which phrases should be used or avoided, and so on. In effect, it is a series of obligatory musical events that must be observed, either absolutely or with a particular frequency.<ref name="Nettl1974">{{cite journal | last = Nettl |first = Bruno |author-link=Bruno Nettl|title = Thoughts On Improvisation: A Comparative Approach| journal = [[Musical Quarterly]]|volume = LX |pages = 9–12 |year = 1974 | doi = 10.1093/mq/LX.1.1}}</ref>

In Carnatic music, the ''sampoorna ragas'' (those with all seven notes in their scales) are classified into a system called the ''[[melakarta]]'', which groups them according to the kinds of notes that they have. There are seventy-two ''melakarta ragas'', thirty six of whose madhyama ([[subdominant]]) is shuddha ([[perfect fourth]] from the tonic), the remaining thirty-six of whose madhyama (subdominant) is prati (an [[augmented fourth]] from the tonic). The ''ragas'' are grouped into sets of six, called ''[[chakra]]s'' ("wheels", though actually segments in the conventional representation) grouped according to the [[supertonic]] and [[mediant]] scale degrees. There is a system known as the ''[[katapayadi sankhya]]'' to determine the names of ''melakarta raga''s.

''Raga''s may be divided into two classes: ''janaka raga''s (i.e. melakarta or parent ragas) and ''[[janya]] raga''s (descendant ragas of a particular janaka raga). Janya ragas are themselves subclassified into various categories.

===Tala system===
{{Main|Tala (music)}}

''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]'' refers to a fixed time cycle or metre, set for a particular composition, which is built from groupings of beats.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} ''Tala''s have cycles of a defined number of beats and rarely change within a song. They have specific components, which in combinations can give rise to the variety to exist (over 108), allowing different compositions to have different rhythms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karnatik.com/glosst.shtml|title=Royal Carpet: Glossary of Carnatic Terms T|work=karnatik.com}}</ref>

Carnatic music singers usually keep the beat by moving their hands up and down in specified patterns, and using their fingers simultaneously to keep time. ''Tala'' is formed with three basic parts (called ''anga''s) that are ''laghu'', ''dhrtam'', and ''anudhrtam'', though complex talas may have other parts like ''plutam'', ''guru'', and ''kaakapaadam''. There are seven basic ''tala'' groups that can be formed from the ''laghu'', ''dhrtam'', and ''anudhrtam'':

* Ata tala
* Dhruva tala
* Eka tala
* Jhampa tala
* Matya tala{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
* Rupaka tala
* Triputa tala

A ''laghu'' has five variants (called ''jaathi''s) based on the counting pattern. Five ''jaathis'' times seven tala groups gives thirty-five basic ''tala''s, although use of other ''anga''s results in a total of 108 ''tala''s.

==Improvisation==
Improvisation in ''raga'' is an essential aspect of [[Indian classical music]].<ref name="Mann1912">{{cite journal | last = MacCarthy |first = M.| title = Some Indian Conceptions of Music| journal = Proceedings of the Musical Association|volume = 38th Sess | pages = 41–65 |year = 1912 | doi=10.1093/jrma/38.1.41|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1431793}}</ref><ref name="Kassebaum1987">{{cite journal | last = Kassebaum |first = G. R.| title = Improvisation in Alapana Performance: A Comparative View of Raga Shankarabharana
| journal = [[Yearbook for Traditional Music]] |volume = 19 |pages = 45–64 |year = 1987 | doi = 10.2307/767877 | jstor = 767877 | publisher = International Council for Traditional Music| s2cid=192945498 }}</ref> "''Manodharma Sangeetam''" or "''kalpana Sangeetam''" ("music of imagination") as it is known in Carnatic music, comprises several varieties of improvisation.<ref name="Kassebaum1987"/><ref>[[#Arnold2000|Kassebaum (2000)]], p17</ref>

The main traditional forms of improvisation in Carnatic music are as follows:<ref name="Higgins1973">{{cite journal | last = Higgins |first = J. B.| title = untitled | journal = Asian Music |volume = 4 | issue = 2 |pages = 27–35 |year = 1973|doi = 10.2307/833829|jstor = 833829}}</ref><ref>[[#NettlRussells1998|Viswanathan & Cormack (1998)]], pp. 219–220.</ref>

* Alapana
* Niraval
* Pallavi
* Ragam
* Swarakalpana
* Tanam
* Tani Avartanam

===Raga Alapana===
{{Main|Alapana}}

An alapana, sometimes also called ragam,<ref name="Wolf1999">{{cite journal | last = Wolf |first = R.| title = untitled | journal = Asian Music |volume = 30 | issue = 1 |pages = 199–203 |year = 1999|doi = 10.2307/834271|jstor = 834271}}</ref> is the exposition of a [[raga]] or tone – a slow improvisation with no rhythm,<ref name="RoyalCarpetGlossary-R">{{cite web|url=http://www.karnatik.com/glossr.shtml|title=Royal Carpet: Glossary of Carnatic Terms R|work=karnatik.com}}</ref> where the raga acts as the basis of embellishment.<ref name="Nettl1974"/> In performing alapana, performers consider each raga as an object that has beginnings and endings and consists somehow of sequences of thought.<ref name="Nettl1974"/>

The performer will explore the [[ragam]] and touch on its various nuances,<ref name="Wolf1999"/> singing in the lower octaves first, then gradually moving up to higher octaves, while giving a hint of the song to be performed.<ref name="RoyalCarpetGlossary-R"/>

Theoretically, this ought to be the easiest type of improvisation, since the rules are so few, but in fact, it takes much skill to sing a pleasing, comprehensive (in the sense of giving a "feel for the ragam") and, most importantly, original raga alapana.

===Niraval===
{{Main|Niraval}}

Niraval, usually performed by the more advanced performers, consists of singing one or two lines of text of a song repeatedly, but with a series of melodic improvised elaborations.<ref name="Higgins1987">{{cite journal | last = Higgins |first = J. B.
|title = Performing Arts in India: Essays on Music, Dance, and Drama| journal = Asian Music |volume = 18 | issue = 2 |pages = 103–118 |year = 1987 | doi=10.2307/833942|jstor = 833942
}}</ref> Although niraval consists of extempore melodic variations, generally, the original patterns of duration are maintained;<ref>[[#Randel2003|Randel (2003)]], p562</ref> each word in the lines of text stay set within their original place (''idam'') in the [[Tala (music)|tala]] cycle.<ref name="Viswanathan 1998 p232">[[#NettlRussells1998|Viswanathan & Cormack (1998)]], p232</ref> The lines are then also played at different levels of speed which can include double speed, triple speed, quadruple speed and even [[sextuple]] speed.<ref name="Henry2002">{{cite journal | last = Henry |first = E. O.
|title = The Rationalization of Intensity in Indian Music| journal = Ethnomusicology |volume = 46 | issue = 1 |pages = 33–35 |year = 2002 | doi = 10.2307/852807 | jstor = 852807 | publisher = Society for Ethnomusicology}}</ref> The improvised elaborations are made with a view of outlining the raga, the tempo, and the theme of the composition.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

===Kalpanaswaram===
{{Main|Kalpanaswaram}}

Kalpanaswaram, also known as swarakalpana, consists of improvising melodic and rhythmic passages using ''[[swara]]s'' (solfa syllables).<ref>[[#NettlRussell1998|Viswanathan & Cormack (1998)]], p219</ref> Like niraval,<ref>[[#NettlRussell1998|Viswanathan & Cormack (1998)]], p232</ref> kalpanaswaras are sung to end on a particular swara in the [[raga]] of the melody and at a specific place (''idam'') in the [[Tala (music)|tala]] cycle.<ref>[[#NettlRussell1998|Viswanathan & Cormack (1998)]], p221</ref>

Kalpanaswaras have a somewhat predictable rhythmical structure;<ref>[[#SolisNettl2009|Solis & Nettl (2009)]], p188</ref> the swaras are sung to end on the ''samam'' (the first beat of the rhythmical cycle).<ref name="Henry2002"/> The swaras can also be sung at the same speed or double the speed of the melody that is being sung, though some artists sing triple-speed phrases too.<ref name="Henry2002"/>

Kalpanaswaram is the most elementary type of improvisation, usually taught before any other form of improvisation.

===Tanam===
Tanam is one of the most important forms of improvisation, and is integral to Ragam Tanam Pallavi.<ref name="Palackal1998">{{cite journal | last = Palackal |first = J. J.
|title = untitled| journal = Yearbook for Traditional Music|volume = 30 | pages = 207 |year = 1998 | doi=10.2307/768616|jstor = 768616
|s2cid = 191394968
}}</ref> Originally developed for the veena, it consists of expanding the raga with syllables like ''tha, nam, thom, aa, nom, na,'' etc.

===Ragam Tanam Pallavi===
{{Main|Ragam Tanam Pallavi}}

Ragam, Tanam, and Pallavi are the principal long form in concerts,<ref name="Palackal1998"/> and is a composite form of improvisation. As the name suggests, it consists of raga alapana, tanam, and a [[pallavi]] line. Set to a slow-paced [[Tala (music)|tala]], the pallavi line is often composed by the performer. Through niraval, the performer manipulates the pallavi line in complex melodic and rhythmic ways.<ref name="Wolf1999"/> The niraval is followed by kalpanaswarams.

=== Tani Avartanam ===
Tani Avartanam refers to the extended solo that is played by the percussionists in a concert,<ref name="Kassebaum 2000">[[#Arnold2000|Kassebaum (2000)]], 158</ref> and is usually played after the main composition in a concert.<ref name="Viswanathan 1998 p232"/> The percussionist displays the full range of his skills and rhythmic imagination during the solo, which may take from two to twenty minutes.<ref name="Kassebaum 2000"/>

==Compositions==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2014}}
In contrast to [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani music]] of the northern part of India, Carnatic music is taught and learned through compositions, which encode many intricate musical details, also providing scope for free improvisation. Nearly every rendition of a Carnatic music composition is different and unique as it embodies elements of the composer's vision, as well as the musician's interpretation.

A Carnatic composition really has two elements, one being the musical element, the other being what is conveyed in the composition. It is probably because of this fact that most Carnatic music compositions are composed for singing. In addition to the rich musical experience, each composition brings out the knowledge and personality of the composer, and hence the words are as important as the musical element itself. This poses a special challenge for the musicians because rendering this music does not involve just playing or singing the correct musical notes; the musicians are expected to understand what was conveyed by the composer in various languages, and sing musical phrases that act to create the effect that was intended by the composer in his/her composition.

There are many types/forms of compositions.

''[[Geetham]]s'' and ''[[swarajati]]s'' (which have their own peculiar composition structures) are principally meant to serve as basic learning exercises.

Compositions more commonly associated with [[Indian classical dance]] and [[bhakthi|Indian devotional music]] have also been increasingly used in the Carnatic music repertoire. The performance of the [[Sanskrit]] ''[[shloka|sloka]]'', Tamil ''[[viruttam]], Kannada [[Ugabhoga]] and'' Telugu ''padyamu'' or ''sisapadya'' forms are particularly unique. Though these forms consist of lyric-based [[verse (popular music)|verses]], musicians improvise ''[[raga]]'' phrases in free rhythm, like an [[alapana]],<ref name="Higgins1987" /> so both the sound value, and the meaning of the text, guide the musician through elaborate melodic improvisations.<ref name="Higgins1985">{{cite journal | last = Higgins |first = J. B.
|title = India| journal = Ethnomusicology|volume = 29 | issue = 1 |pages = 162–166 |year = 1985 | doi = 10.2307/852348 | jstor = 852348 | publisher = Society for Ethnomusicology}}</ref> Forms such as the ''[[Divya Prabandha|divya prabandham]]'', ''[[thevaram]]'' and ''[[ugabhoga]]'' are often performed similarly, however, these forms can also have a set melody and rhythm like the ''devaranama'', ''javali'', ''padam'', ''[[thillana]]'' and ''[[thiruppugazh]]'' forms.

The most common and significant forms in Carnatic music are the ''[[varnam]]'' and the ''[[Kriti (music)|kriti]]'' (or ''kirtanam'').

===Varnam===
{{Main|Varnam}}

Varnams are short metric pieces which encapsulate the main features and requirements of a ''[[raga]]''.<ref>[[#Nettl2005|Nettl (2005)]], p189</ref> The features and rules of the raga (also known as the ''sanchaaraas'' of a raga) include how each note of the raga should be stressed, the scale of the raga, and so on.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://www.karnatik.com/glossv.shtml|title=Royal Carpet: Glossary of Carnatic Terms V|work=karnatik.com}}</ref> All varnams consist of lyrics,<ref name="Bradnock 1992 p631">[[#Bradnock1992|Bradnock (1992)]], p631</ref> as well as swara passages, including a ''[[pallavi]]'', an ''[[Anupallavi (music)|anupallavi]]'', ''muktayi swaras'', a ''[[charanam]]'', and ''[[chitta swara|chittaswaras]]''.<ref name="autogenerated2" />

Known for their complex structure, varnams are a fundamental form in Carnatic music.<ref name="Bradnock 1992 p631"/> Varnams are practised as vocal exercises in multiple speeds by performers of Carnatic music, to help develop voice culture, and maintain proper pitch and control of rhythm. In Carnatic music concerts, varnams are often performed by musicians as the opening item – acting as a warm up for the musicians,<ref>[[#Gupta2006|Gupta (2006)]], p68</ref> and as a means of grabbing the attention of the audience.<ref name="autogenerated2" />

===Kriti===
{{Main|Kriti (music)}}

Carnatic songs (kritis) are varied in structure and style, but generally consist of three units:
# [[Pallavi]]. This is the equivalent of a [[refrain]] in Western music, with 1 or 2 lines.
# [[Anupallavi (music)|Anupallavi]]. This is the second verse, also as 2 lines.
# [[Charanam|Charana]]. The final (and longest) verse that wraps up the song. The Charanam usually borrows patterns from the Anupallavi. There can be multiple charanas.

This kind of song is called a ''keerthanam'' or a ''[[Kriti (music)|kriti]]''. There are other possible structures for a ''kriti'', which may in addition include swara passages named ''chittaswara''. A ''chittaswara'' consists only of notes, and has no words. Still others have a verse at the end of the ''charana'', called the ''madhyamakāla''. It is sung immediately after the ''charana'', but at double speed.

==Prominent composers==

{{See also|List of Carnatic composers|List of composers who created ragas|Musicians of the Kingdom of Mysore}}

There are many composers in Carnatic music. [[Purandara Dasa]] (1484–1564) is referred to as the ''Pitamaha'' (the father or grandfather) of Carnatic music as he formulated the basic lessons in teaching Carnatic music, and in honour of his significant contribution to Carnatic music. He structured graded exercises known as ''Swaravalis'' and ''Alankaras'', and at the same time, introduced the ''[[Raga]]'' [[Mayamalavagowla]] as the first scale to be learnt by beginners. He also composed ''Gitas'' (simple songs) for novice students.

The contemporaries [[Tyagaraja]] (1767– 1847), [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]], (1776–1835) and [[Syama Sastri]], (1762–1827) are regarded as the [[Trinity of Carnatic music]] because of the quality of Syama Sastri's compositions, the varieties of compositions of Muthuswami Dikshitar, and Tyagaraja's prolific output in composing ''[[Kriti (music)|kriti]]s''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/03/31/stories/2006033100510300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060919223436/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/03/31/stories/2006033100510300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-09-19|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=The golden era}}</ref>

Prominent composers prior to the [[Trinity of Carnatic music]] include [[Sripadaraja]], [[Vyasatirtha]], [[Kanakadasa]], [[Vadiraja Tirtha]], [[Arunachala Kavi]], [[Annamacharya]], [[Narayana Teertha|Narayana Theertha]], [[Vijaya Dasa]], [[Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]], [[Gopala Dasa]], [[Bhadrachala Ramadas]], [[Sadasiva Brahmendra]] and [[Oottukkadu Venkata Kavi]]. Other composers are [[Swathi Thirunal]], [[Gopalakrishna Bharathi]], [[Neelakanta Sivan]], [[Patnam Subramania Iyer]], [[Mysore Vasudevachar]], [[Koteeswara Iyer]], [[Muthiah Bhagavathar]], [[Subramania Bharathiyar]], [[Kalyani Varadarajan]], [[M. Balamuralikrishna]] and [[Papanasam Sivan]]. The compositions of these composers are rendered frequently by artists of today.

Composers of Carnatic music were often inspired by religious devotion and were usually scholars proficient in one or more of the languages [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], or [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. They usually included a signature, called a ''[[Mudras in Indian Music|mudra]]'', in their compositions. For example, all songs by Tyāgarāja (who composed in Sanskrit and Telugu) have the word ''Tyagaraja'' in them, all songs by Muttuswāmi Dīkṣitar (who composed in Sanskrit and Maṇipravāl̥am) have the words ''Guruguha'' in them; songs by Śyāma Śāstri (who composed in Sanskrit and Telugu) have the words Ś''yāma Kr̥ṣṇa'' in them; all songs by Purandaradasa (who composed in Kannada and Sanskrit) have the words ''Purandara Vitthala''; while Gopalakrishna Bharathi (who composed in Tamil) used the signature ''Gopalakrishnan'' in his compositions. Papanasam Sivan, who has been hailed as the ''Tamil Tyagaraja'' of Carnatic music,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/01/04/stories/2002010401120600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030627174438/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/01/04/stories/2002010401120600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2003-06-27|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Focus on veena's exalted status}}</ref> composed in Tamil and Sanskrit,<ref name="autogenerated1" /> and used the signature ''Ramadasan'' in his compositions.

==Learning==
Carnatic music is traditionally taught according to the system formulated by [[Purandara Dasa]]. This involves ''sarali swaras'' (graded exercises), ''alankaras'' (exercises based on the seven talas), ''[[geethams|geetams]]'' or simple songs, and [[Swarajatis]]. After the student has reached a certain standard, ''[[varnam]]s'' are taught and later, the student learns [[Kriti (music)|kriti]]s. It typically takes several years of learning before a student is adept enough to perform at a concert.

The learning texts and exercises are more or less uniform across all the South Indian states. The learning structure is arranged in increasing order of complexity. The lessons start with the learning of the ''sarali varisai'' ([[solfege]] set to a particular raga).

Carnatic music was traditionally taught in the [[gurukula]] system, where the student lived with and learnt the art from his [[guru]] (perceptor). From the late 20th century onwards, with changes in lifestyles and need for young music aspirants to simultaneously pursue a parallel academic career, this system has found few takers.

Musicians often take great pride in letting people know about their [[Guru]] [[Parampara]], or the hierarchy of disciples from some prominent ancient musician or composer, to which they belong. People whose disciple-hierarchies are often referred to are [[Tyagaraja]], [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]], [[Syama Sastri]], [[Swathi Thirunal]] and [[Papanasam Sivan]], among others.

In modern times, it is common for students to visit their gurus daily or weekly to learn music. Though new technology has made learning easier with the availability of quick-learn media such as learning exercises recorded on audio cassettes and CDs, these are discouraged by most gurus who emphasize that face-to-face learning is best for students.

===Notations===
Notation is not a new concept in Indian music. However, Carnatic music continued to be transmitted orally for centuries without being written down. The disadvantage with this system was that if one wanted to learn about a [[Kriti (music)|kriti]] composed, for example, by [[Purandara Dasa]], it involved the difficult task of finding a person from Purandara Dasa's lineage of students.

Written notation of Carnatic music was revived in the late 17th century and early 18th century, which coincided with rule of [[Shahaji II]] in [[Tanjore]]{{Contradictory inline|article=Shahaji II|reason=Shahaji II ruled 1947-1949 so maybe some ancestor/predecessor of his is wanted.}}. Copies of Shahaji's musical manuscripts are still available at the [[Saraswati Mahal Library]] in Tanjore and they give us an idea of the music and its form. They contain snippets of [[solfege]] to be used when performing the mentioned ragas.

====Melody====
Unlike classical [[Classical music|Western music]], Carnatic music is notated almost exclusively in [[tonic sol-fa]] notation using either a Roman or Indic script to represent the solfa names. Past attempts to use the [[staff notation]] have mostly failed. Indian music makes use of hundreds of ragas, many more than the [[Musical mode|church modes]] in Western music. It becomes difficult to write Carnatic music using the staff notation without the use of too many [[accidental (music)|accidentals]]. Furthermore, the staff notation requires that the song be played in a certain [[key (music)|key]]. The notions of key and absolute pitch are deeply rooted in Western music, whereas the Carnatic notation does not specify the key and prefers to use [[scale degree]]s (relative pitch) to denote notes. The singer is free to choose the actual pitch of the [[tonic (music)|tonic]] note. In the more precise forms of Carnatic notation, there are symbols placed above the notes indicating how the notes should be played or sung; however, informally this practice is not followed.

To show the length of a note, several devices are used. If the duration of note is to be doubled, the letter is either capitalized (if using Roman script) or lengthened by a [[diacritic]] (in Indian languages). For a duration of three, the letter is capitalized (or diacriticized) and followed by a comma. For a length of four, the letter is capitalized (or diacriticized) and then followed by a semicolon. In this way any duration can be indicated using a series of semicolons and commas.

However, a simpler notation has evolved that does not use semicolons and capitalization, but rather indicates all extensions of notes using a corresponding number of commas. Thus, ''Sā'' quadrupled in length would be denoted as "S,,,".

====Rhythm====
The notation is divided into columns, depending on the structure of the [[Tala (music)|''tāḷaṃ'']]. The division between a ''laghu'' and a ''dhrutam'' is indicated by a।, called a ''ḍaṇḍā'', and so is the division between two ''dhrutams'' or a ''dhrutam'' and an ''anudhrutam''. The end of a cycle is marked by a॥, called a ''double ḍaṇḍā'', and looks like a [[caesura]].

==Performance==
{{Main|Performances of Carnatic music}}

Carnatic music is usually performed by a small ensemble of musicians, who sit on an elevated stage. This usually consists of, at least, a principal performer, a melodic accompaniment, a rhythm accompaniment, and a drone.<ref name="LArmand1983">{{cite journal | last = L'Armand |first = A. K.
|title = One Hundred Years of Music in Madras: A Case Study in Secondary Urbanization| journal = Ethnomusicology |volume = 27 |pages = 411–438 |year = 1983 | doi = 10.2307/850653 | author2 = L'armand, Adrian | issue = 3 | publisher = Society for Ethnomusicology|jstor = 850653
}}</ref>

Performances can be musical or musical-dramatic. Musical recitals are either vocal, or purely instrumental in nature, while musical-dramatic recitals refer to [[Harikatha]].<ref name="LArmand1983"/> Regardless of what type of recital it is, what is featured are compositions which form the core of this genre of music.

===Instrumentation===
{{See also|Indian musical instruments}}
The ''[[tanpura]]'' is the traditional [[Drone (music)|drone]] instrument used in concerts. However, tanpuras are increasingly being replaced by [[Sruti box|''śruti'' box]]es, and now more commonly, the [[electronic tanpura]]. The drone itself is an integral part of performances and furnishes stability – the equivalent of [[harmony]] in Western music.<ref name="Rosenthal1931">{{cite journal | last = Rosenthal|first = E.|title = Tyagaraja: A Great South Indian Composer| journal = Musical Quarterly |volume = XVII |pages = 14–24 |year = 1931 | doi = 10.1093/mq/XVII.1.14}}</ref>

In a vocal recital, a concert team may have one or more vocalists as the principal performer(s). Instruments, such as the [[Saraswati veena]] and/or [[venu]] flute, can be occasionally found as an accompaniment, but usually, a vocalist is supported by a violin player (who sits on his/her left). The rhythm accompanist is usually a [[mridangam]] player (who sits on the other side, facing the violin player). However, other percussion instruments such as the [[ghatam]], [[kanjira]] and [[morsing]] frequently also accompany the main percussion instrument and play in an almost [[contrapuntal]] fashion along with the beats.

The objective of the accompanying instruments is far more than following the melody and keeping the beats. The accompaniments form an integral part of every composition presented, and they closely follow and augment the melodic phrases outlined by the lead singer. The vocalist and the violinist take turns while elaborating or while exhibiting creativity in sections like [[raga]], [[niraval]] and [[kalpanaswaram]].

Unlike [[Hindustani music]] concerts, where an accompanying [[tabla]] player can keep beats without following the musical phrases at times, in Carnatic music, the accompanists have to follow the intricacies of the composition since there are percussion elements such as eduppu in several compositions.

Some concerts feature a good bit of interaction with the lead musicians and accompanists exchanging notes, and accompanying musicians predicting the lead musician's musical phrases.

===Contemporary concert content===
A contemporary Carnatic music concert (called a ''kutcheri'') usually lasts about three hours, and comprises a number of varied compositions. Carnatic songs are composed in a particular ''[[raga]]'', which means that they do not deviate from the notes in the ''raga''. Each composition is set with specific notes and beats, but performers improvise extensively. Improvisation occurs in the melody of the composition as well as in using the notes to expound the beauty of the ''raga''.

Concerts usually begin with a ''[[varnam]]'' or an invocatory item which will act as the opening piece. The ''varnam'' is composed with an emphasis on ''[[swara]]s'' of the raga, but will also have lyrics, the ''saahityam''. It is lively and fast to get the audience's attention. An invocatory item may usually follow the ''varnam''.

After the ''varnam'' and/or invocatory item, the artist sings longer compositions called ''kirtanas'' (commonly referred to as ''[[Kriti (music)|kriti]]''s). Each kriti sticks to one specific ''raga'', although some are composed with more than one raga; these are known as ''ragamalika'' (a garland of ''ragas'').

After singing the opening ''kriti'', usually, the performer sings the ''[[kalpanaswaram]]'' of the ''raga'' to the beat. The performer must improvise a string of ''swaras'' in any octave according to the rules of the raga and return to beginning of the cycle of beats smoothly, joining the ''swaras'' with a phrase selected from the ''kriti''. The violin performs these alternately with the main performer. In very long strings of ''swara'', the performers must calculate their notes accurately to ensure that they stick to the ''raga'', have no awkward pauses or lapses in the beat of the song, and create a complex pattern of notes that a knowledgeable audience can follow.

Performers then begin the main compositions with a section called ''[[Alapana|raga alapana]]'' exploring the ''raga''. In this, they use the sounds ''aa, ri, na, ta'', etc. instead of ''swaras'' to slowly elaborate the notes and flow of the raga. This begins slowly and builds to a crescendo, and finally establishes a complicated exposition of the ''raga'' that shows the performer's skill. All of this is done without any rhythmic accompaniment, or beat. Then the melodic accompaniment (violin or veena), expounds the ''raga''. Experienced listeners can identify many ragas after they hear just a few notes. With the ''raga'' thus established, the song begins, usually with lyrics. In this, the accompaniment (usually violin, sometimes veena) performs along with the main performer and the percussion (such as a [[mridangam]]). In the next stage of the song, they may sing ''[[niraval]]'' or ''kalpanaswaram'' again.

In most concerts, the main item will at least have a section at the end of the item, for the percussion to perform solo (called the ''tani avartanam''). The percussion artists perform complex patterns of rhythm and display their skill. If multiple percussion instruments are employed, they engage in a rhythmic dialogue until the main performer picks up the melody once again. Some experienced artists may follow the main piece with a ''[[Ragam Thanam Pallavi|ragam thanam pallavi]]'' mid-concert, if they do not use it as the main item.

Following the main composition, the concert continues with shorter and lighter songs. Some of the types of songs performed towards the end of the concerts are ''[[tillana]]s'' and ''thukkadas'' – bits of popular ''kriti''s or compositions requested by the audience. Every concert that is the last of the day ends with a ''mangalam'', a thankful prayer and conclusion to the musical event.

===Audience===
The audience of a typical concert will have some understanding of Carnatic music. It is also typical to see the audience tapping out the ''tala'' in sync with the artist's performance. As and when the artist exhibits creativity, the audience acknowledge it by clapping their hands. With experienced artists, towards the middle of the concert, requests start flowing in. The artist usually sings the requests, and it helps in exhibiting the artist's broad knowledge of the several thousand [[Kriti (music)|kriti]]s that are in existence.

===Festivals===
{{Main|List of Indian classical music festivals|Madras Music Season}}

Various [[music festivals]] featuring Carnatic music performances are held in India, and throughout the world.

With the city of [[Chennai]] (then known as [[Madras]]) emerging as the locus for Carnatic music during the 19th century,<ref name="Hughes2002"/> its musicians founded the [[Tyagaraja Aradhana]] festival in 1846. The Aradhana festival is an annual death-anniversary celebration of the prolific Carnatic music composer, [[Tyagaraja]]. Held in the city of [[Thiruvayaru]], thousands of musicians attend the festival to perform his compositions. Since its inception, other festivals were started in a similar manner throughout India and abroad, such as the [[Chembai Sangeetholsavam]] in the Indian city of [[Guruvayur]], and the Aradhana in the US city of [[Cleveland]].

The city of Chennai also holds a six-week-long grand "[[Madras Music Season|Music Season]]", which has been described as the world's largest cultural event.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/03/stories/2005020301281000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207150555/http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/03/stories/2005020301281000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2005-02-07|title=Musical Musings|access-date=2007-01-13|location=Chennai, India|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-02-03}}</ref> The Music Season was started in 1927, to mark the opening of the [[Madras Music Academy]]. It used to be a traditional month-long Carnatic music festival, but since then it has also diversified into [[dance]] and [[drama]], as well as non-Carnatic art forms. Some concert organisers also feature their own Carnatic music festivals during the season. Thousands of performances are held by hundreds of musicians across various venues in the city.

The [[Karnataka Ganakala Parishat]] is an annual conference of Carnatic music, held in February every year, which has lectures and demonstrations in the morning, and performances in the afternoons and evenings.

==See also==

{{Portal|India|Music}}
* [[List of Carnatic composers]]
* [[List of composers who created ragas]]
* [[List of Carnatic singers]]
* [[List of Carnatic instrumentalists]]
* [[Trinity of Carnatic music]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Kassebaum, Gayatri Rajapur. 'Karnatak raga' (2000). In {{cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|last=Arnold|first=Alison|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=[[New York City|New York]] & [[London]]|ref=Arnold2000}}
* {{cite book|title=Romance of the Raga|last=Moorthy|first=Vijaya|year=2001|publisher=Abhinav Publications|location=[[New Delhi]]|ref=Moorthy2001}}
* Nettl, B. (2009). In {{cite book|title=Musical Improvisation: Art, Education, and Society|last=Solis|first=Gabriel|author2=Nettl, Bruno|year=2009|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|ref=SolisNettl2009}}
* {{cite book|title=Musical Composers during Wodeyar Dynasty (1638–1947 A.D.)|last=Pranesh|first=Meera Rajaram|year=2003|publisher=Vee Emm Publications|location=[[Bangalore]]|ref=Pranesh2003}}
* {{cite book|title=The Harvard Dictionary of Music|last=Randel|first=Don Michael|year=2003|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=United States|ref=Randel2003}}
* Viswanathan, T. & Cormack, Jody (1998). In {{cite book|title=In the Course of Performance: Studies in the World of Musical Improvisation|last=Nettl|first=Bruno|author-link=Bruno Nettl|author2=Russell, Melinda|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|location=[[Chicago]] & [[London]]|ref=NettlRussell1998|isbn=0-226-57411-3|date=15 December 1998|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/incourseofperfor0000unse}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |title=The Music and Musical Instruments of southern India and the Deccan |author=Charles Russel Day |others=William Gibb (lllus.) |publisher=Novello, Ewer & Co., London - |year=1891 |url=https://archive.org/stream/musicmusicalinst00dayc#page/n7/mode/2up }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica | edition=15 | year=2005 | article=[Carnatic music]}}
* {{cite book | author= Panchapakesa Iyer, A. S.| title= Gānāmruta Varna Mālikā| publisher=Gānāmruta Prachuram | year=2003 }}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}

{{Indian Music}}
{{Melakarta ragas}}
{{Janya}}
{{Violin family}}

{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Carnatic music| ]]
[[Category:Indian styles of music]]
[[Category:South India]]
[[Category:Classical and art music traditions]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Carnatic violinists]]

Ghatashraddha

2026-03-03T22:21:25Z

Veronaqbs: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ghatashraaddha
| image = Ghatashraddha poster.jpg
| caption = Poster

| director = [[Girish Kasaravalli]]
| producer = Sadananda Suvarna
| writer = [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]]
| screenplay = Girish Kasaravalli
| starring = Meena Kuttappa Ajith Kumar Narayana Bhat
| music = [[B. V. Karanth]]
| cinematography = [[S. Ramachandra]]
| editing = Umesh Kulkarni
| distributor = Suvarnagiri Films
| released = {{Film date|1977}}
| runtime = 108 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| based_on = {{based on|''Ghatashraddha''|[[U. R. Ananthamurthy]]}}
}}

'''''Ghatashraaddha''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಘಟಶ್ರಾದ್ಧ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|The Ritual}}) is a 1977 Indian [[Kannada language]] film directed by [[Girish Kasaravalli]] starring Meena Kuttappa, Narayana Bhat and Ajith Kumar in lead roles. It is based on a novella by eminent Kannada writer [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]]. The film was Girish Kasaravalli's first feature film as a director, and marked not only the arrival of a promising new filmmaker but also that of Kannada cinema in the India's 'New Cinema' horizon.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.southasiancinema.com/reviews.htm |title=southasiancinema |access-date=5 December 2007 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716112132/http://www.southasiancinema.com/reviews.htm |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

The film won three awards at the [[25th National Film Awards]], awarded for films of 1977. It won the award for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]], [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]] ([[B. V. Karanth]]) and [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]] (Ajith Kumar).

In 2002, ''Ghatashraddha'' became the only Indian film to be chosen by the National Archive of Paris among 100 others, during the centenary celebrations of cinema.<ref>{{cite web |title= Asiatic Film Mediale |url= http://www.asiaticafilmmediale.it/2002/uk/intro.html |website= asiaticafilmmediale.it |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081116041627/http://www.asiaticafilmmediale.it/2002/uk/intro.html |archive-date= 16 November 2008 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Girish Kasaravalli to be felicitated |url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/girish-kasaravalli-to-be-felicitated/article1765035.ece |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |date= 25 April 2011 |access-date= 25 March 2014}}</ref> At the 2009 [[International Film Festival of India]], it was announced as one of the 20 best films in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]], having received 1.6 million votes.<ref>{{cite news |title= Ghatashraddha, one of the 20 best movies |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Ghatashraddha-one-of-the-20-best-movies/articleshow/5297716.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 4 December 2009 |access-date= 1 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/a-film-festival-organised-to-celebrate-the-70th-birthday-of-girish-kasaravalli/article30185472.ece|title = A journey in reels|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 5 December 2019|last1 = Khajane|first1 = Muralidhara}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Udupa (Ramaswamy Iyengar) runs a run down Vedic school, operating from his house in a village. Apart from his uncontrollable and unruly students, he lives with his young daughter, Yamuna (Meena Kuttappa), already a widow. Naani (Ajit Kumar), the innocent boy from a distant village, is a new student. A bond develops between a homesick Naani and Yamuna. Yamuna has a lover, a school teacher, whom she meets clandestinely. She is also pregnant by him. As Udupa goes out of town to raise funds for his crumbling school, things go out of hand at the school. The students go out of control and soon the entire village knows about Yamuna's pregnancy. The traditional village members excommunicate Yamuna. Her lover gets the baby aborted without anyone's knowledge. Udupa returns and on finding out what has happened, performs the last rites of his living daughter. Amidst all these, Naani is the only person in the village determined to support her but not for long for his father comes back to take him away. Yamuna is shaved bald and is abandoned under a banyan tree.<ref name="NYT-19790424">{{cite news|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B02E2DD1330E631A25757C2A9629C946890D6CF|title=Ghatashraddha (1977) The Screen: A Vignette From India |last=Maslin|first=Janet|date=1979-04-24|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=3 February 2013}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Meena Kuttappa as Yamuna
* Narayana Bhat as Shastri
* Ajith Kumar as Naani
* Ramakrishna
* Shantha
* Ramaswamy Iyengar
* Jagannath
* [[B. Suresha]]
* H. S. Parvathi

==Production==
[[Girish Kasaravalli]] approached [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]] for the rights of ''Ghatashraddha'' through dramatist [[K. V. Subbanna]]. Ananthamurthy, who was in the [[US]] at the time, gave his go-ahead on hearing the screenplay from Kasaravalli, on his return to India. It was on the former's suggestion that Meena Kuttappa, his former student, was signed to play the female lead in the film.<ref>{{cite news |title= Ghatashraddha was ideal for a movie: Girish Kasaravalli |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ghatashraddha-was-ideal-for-a-movie-Girish-Kasaravalli/articleshow/40754321.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 23 August 2014 |access-date= 1 April 2015}}</ref>

== Restoration ==
During February 2024, US film publication [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] announced that the [[Martin Scorsese]]'s World Cinema Project, [[George Lucas]]' Hobson/Lucas Family Foundation and [[Shivendra Singh Dungarpur]]'s [[Film Heritage Foundation]] (FHF) have partnered to restore the film in time for its 50th anniversary from the original camera negative preserved at India's [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]-National Film Archive of India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=February 24, 2024 |title=Martin Scorsese, George Lucas Team With Film Heritage Foundation to Restore Indian Classic 'Ghatashraddha' |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/martin-scorsese-george-lucas-film-heritage-foundation-ghatashraddha-restoration-india-1235920278/ |access-date=February 24, 2024 |work=Variety}}</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/restoration-of-kannada-film-by-martin-scorsese-and-george-lucas-foundations/articleshow/107979991.cms]</ref>

The restored version of the film was showcased in the Venice Classics section of the 81st [[Venice Film Festival|Venice International Film Festival]], where it was given the English-language title ''The Ritual''.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-08-27 |title=Kasaravalli's restored 'Ghatashraddha' to be showcased in Classics section of Venice International Film Festival |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kasaravallis-restored-ghatashraddha-to-be-showcased-in-classics-section-of-venice-international-film-festival/article68572069.ece?utm_source=cinema&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Newsletter&pnespid=6rU6EiVWLK4d3qifvyq7EorW5RSgWpduKeTkkPExrxZmLkds.LHpa7LHKqAYLXMy9415_o8s |access-date=2024-11-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was also screened at the [[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2024]] under the Restored Classics section.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deb |first=Deepshikha |date=2024-09-30 |title=MAMI Mumbai Film Festival Unveils 2024 Official Lineup |url=https://www.highonfilms.com/mami-mumbai-film-festival-unveils-2024-official-lineup/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=High On Films |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards ==
;[[25th National Film Awards]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]] — [[B. V. Karanth]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]] — Ajith Kumar

;1977–78 [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|First Best Film]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Best Story|Best Story]] — [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] — [[Girish Kasaravalli]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor (Male)|Best Child Actor]] — Ajith Kumar

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0076080|title= Ghatashraddha}}
* [https://archive.today/20130130132427/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/283279/The-Ritual/overview Overview at NY Times]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090219222122/http://samvaada.com/themes/editorial/unicode ಕನ್ನಡಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ.ಕಾಮ್ ನಿಂದ ಗಿರೀಶ್ ಕಾಸರವಳ್ಳಿ ಗೌರವಾರ್ಥ - ಕನ್ನಡ ಪರ್ಯಾಯ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ರಸಗ್ರಹಣ ಶಿಬಿರ]

{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilm}}
{{Girish Kasaravalli}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Kannada literature]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films about widowhood in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Girish Kasaravalli]]
[[Category:Films scored by B. V. Karanth]]
[[Category:1977 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1977 drama films]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Child Artist National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:1970s rediscovered films]]
[[Category:Rediscovered Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]

Oru Yamandan Premakadha

2026-03-03T20:30:08Z

Veronaqbs: minor cleanup

{{short description|2019 film by B.C. Noufal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oru Yamandan Premakatha
| image = Oru Yamandan Premakadha poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = B. C. Noufal
| producer = [[Anto Joseph]] C. R. Salim
| writer = [[Bibin George]] [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]]
| starring = [[Dulquer Salmaan]] [[Salim Kumar]] [[Soubin Shahir]] [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]] [[Nikhila Vimal]] [[Samyuktha Menon]]
| cinematography = [[P. Sukumar]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Nadirshah]] '''Background Score:''' [[Bijibal]]
| editing = [[Johnkutty]]
| studio = AJ Film Company Al–Tari Movies
| distributor = Aan Mega Media
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|4|25|}}
| runtime = 158 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oru Yamandan Premakatha |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/oru-yamandan-premakatha-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotk1mta |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Oru Yamandan Premakadha''''' ({{translation|A big love story}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Comedy film|comedy]] [[thriller film]] directed by B. C. Noufal and written by Bibin George and [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]]. It stars [[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Salim Kumar]], and [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]] in the lead roles and [[Nikhila Vimal]] and [[Samyuktha Menon]] in female lead. The film's production began on 3 July 2017 and was wrapped up in [[Kochi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2018/07/07/dulquer-begins-shooting-for-oru-yamandan-premakatha.html |title=ദുല്‍ഖര്‍ 'തുടങ്ങിയിടത്ത്തി' രിച്ചെത്തി; 'യമണ്ടന്‍' പ്രേമകഥയുമായി കൊച്ചിയില്‍... |date=7 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=TOI1>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-begins-shooting-for-oru-yamandan-premakatha/articleshow/64880323.cms |title=Dulquer begins shooting for Oru Yamandan Prema Kadha |date=16 July 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |first=Anjana |last=George |access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref> It was released on 25 April 2019.

==Plot==

Set in [[Kadamakkudy]], the film revolves around Lallu, a privileged daily wage painter and his colorful gang of friends. Although he comes from an aristocratic family and is the son of Kombanaayil John, a respected criminal lawyer in the area, he prefers the company of his underprivileged friends Panchikuttan, Vicky Peedika, and Teny Sebastian. Lallu, although uneducated, has a lot of charm. He is adamant that he will marry for love and is looking to find a 'spark' in a girl. Hence, he has not found any girl to settle down with though Jesna is attracted to him and wishes that he marries her. However, Philip alias Paappi, his younger brother, a well-to-do computer engineer, wants to marry his girlfriend, whose parents insist that Lallu be married first. After trying and failing to find a girl that has the 'spark' he is looking for, Lallu sees a picture of a young woman, Diya, in the newspaper, who has gone missing, and suddenly feels the '[[infatuation|spark]]'. He and his friends try to find Diya, and learns about her kind nature in the process, yet cannot find her. However, one day Jesna meets Lallu and invites him to her wedding which was fixed by her parents. She clarifies that she is willing to wait until he gets that "spark" but her parents are unable to do so.

Lallu pieces together clues he gets from an accident which Diya met with and in the meantime learns that she is dead. He learns from SI Abhilash Karikkan that she was actually deliberately murdered by his nephew, Davis, an intoxicated gangster and criminal with psychological problems from childhood when someone mentions his mother and in anger he attacks them. Lallu takes his revenge by brutally hitting Davis and his friends, thereby avenging Diya's death. With the help of his father, he makes them stand before the legal system, ensuring Diya gets justice in the end. The film ends by showing that although Lallu believes he has never met Diya, he has on several occasions. When a small girl asks his full name, Lallu reveals that his name is [[Mohanlal]] John Kombanaayil and then she mentions that he looks like actor [[Mammootty]].

==Cast==
* [[Dulquer Salman]] as Mohanlal John Kombanaayil aka Lallu
** Navaneeth Saju as Teenage Lallu
* [[Nikhila Vimal]] as Diya Francis
* [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]] as Jesna Johny
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Paanchikuttan
* [[Soubin Shahir]] as Vicky Paedika
** Govind Motte as Younger Vicky
* [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]] as Dennis Sebastian
** Karthik Vishnu as Teenage Dennis
***[[Adish Praveen|Master Ashish]] as Young Dennis
* [[Bibin George]] as Davis Karikkan, The main antagonist
* [[Renji Panicker]] as Adv. Jhon Ouseph Kombanaayil, Lallu's and Paappi's father
* [[Arun Kurian]] as Philip Jhon Kombanaayil aka Paappi
* Viji Ratheesh as Nancy, Lallu's and Paappi's mother
* [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]] as Tinku
* [[Hareesh Kanaran]] as Francis
* [[Dileesh Pothan]] as SI Abhilash Karikkan, Davis's uncle
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Francis, Diya's father
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Annamma Francis, Diya's mother
* [[Baiju Santhosh]] as SI Pavan Kalyan
* [[Rajendran]] as Inspector Kamal Hassan
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as Fr. Stephen Nettooran
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Kushumban Koshy, Jesna's father
* [[Pradeep Kottayam]] as Sebastian, Tony's father
* Resmi Anil as Tony's mother
* [[Chembil Ashokan]] as Antony, Vicky's father
* [[Seema G. Nair]] as Vicky's mother
* Molly Kannamally as Vaavathathi
* [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Kombanaayil Ouseph Tharakan Lallu's and Paappi's grandfather (cameo appearance)
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Karikkin Philipose,Davis's Grandfather (cameo appearance)
* [[Akshara Kishor]] as Sandra (Kunjumani)
* [[Ponnamma Babu]] as College Principal
* [[Reshmi Boban]] as Dr. Susan
* Manju Vijeesh as Deepa
* Kalabhavan Prajod as Anil, Police Constable
* Rajesh Paravoor as Thommi, Police Constable
* [[Blessy Kurien]] as College Student
*Cochin Mimi as John's Cousin
* Remya Panicker as College Student
* Sivakami as Diya's friend
* [[Hariprashanth M G]] as Paramada Abba

=== Family Tree of Kombanaayil ===
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{Tree chart| | |||||OUSEPH|| | |OUSEPH=Kombanaayil Ouseph Tharakan |}}
{{Tree chart|| | | | |||!| | }}
{{Tree chart| | |||||JHON|v|NANCY| |JHON= Jhon Kombanaayil|NANCY=Nancy Jhon|}}
{{Tree chart| ||||||,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | | }}
{{Tree chart||||||LALLU | |||PHILIP|-|TANIYA|DIMITRI=Dimitri|RAHEL=Rahel|LALLU=Mohanlal John Kombanaayil (Lallu)|PHILIP=Philip Jhon Kombanaayil (Paappi)|TANIYA=Taniya}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

== Music ==
The music for ''Oru Yamandan Premakadha'' was composed by [[Nadirshah]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/actress-nandini-not-in-dulquers-oru-yamendan-premakatha/articleshow/65005184.cms |title=Actress Nandini not in Dulquer's Oru Yamendan Premakatha |date=16 July 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |first=Anjana |last=George |access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/100718/an-inspiring-move-forward.html |title=An inspiring move forward |date=10 July 2018}}</ref>
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vadhipin Malore
| extra1 = Vidhadharan Master
| title2 = Mutthathe Kombile
| extra2 = [[Jassie Gift]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Suraaj S Vasudev]]
| title3 = Kanno Nilakayal
| extra3 = [[Najim Arshad]]
| length3 = 3:43
| title4 = Kothiyoorum Balyam
| extra4 = Vineeth Sreenivasan
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 25 April 2019.

===Reception===
The film received mixed to positive reviews and was an average grosser at the box office.
Deepa Soman of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the movie 3 out of 5 stating: "The premise in itself might not be new, but the makers have managed to keep it quite entertaining." Deepa also praised Dulquer Salmaan's performance and wrote that it "is an out-and-out DQ show."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/oru-yamandan-prema-kadha/movie-review/69038828.cms |title=Oru Yamandan Prema Kadha Movie Review |last=Deepa Soman |date=25 April 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' rated it 3 out of 5 stars and gave the verdict: "A suave Dulquer Salmaan saves the film." The reviewer concluded that "''Oru Yamandan Premakadha'' is one of those films which is meant to be enjoyed without thinking too much."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/oru-yamandan-premakadha-review-a-suave-dulquer-salmaan-saves-the-film-review-malayalam-te0hMbecdiceg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428164810/http://www.sify.com/movies/oru-yamandan-premakadha-review-a-suave-dulquer-salmaan-saves-the-film-review-malayalam-te0hMbecdiceg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 April 2019 |title=Oru Yamandan Premakadha review :A suave Dulquer Salmaan saves the film |last=Moviebuzz |date=26 April 2019 |work=[[Sify]] |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref> Cris of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave the film a 2 out of 5 rating and wrote: "Dulquer's mass entertainer has a poor storyline."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/oru-yamandan-premakadha-review-dulquers-mass-entertainer-has-poor-story-line-100697 |title='Oru Yamandan Premakadha' review: Dulquer's mass entertainer has a poor storyline |last=Cris |date=25 April 2019 |work=[[The News Minute]] |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref> Navamy Sudhish of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said that it was "a bland treat with feel-good factors."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/oru-yamandan-premakatha-review-a-bland-treat-with-feel-good-factors/article26966756.ece |title='Oru Yamandan Premakatha' review: A bland treat with feel-good factors |last=Navamy Sudhish |date=27 April 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''Firstpost'' rated the movie 1.5 out of 5 and concluded: "DQ looks good in lungis and is charming of course, but even his charm cannot hold up nearly three hours of exhausting wanderings."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/oru-yamandan-premakadha-movie-review-his-royal-cuteness-dulquer-salmaan-gets-a-script-that-is-just-so-meh-6528861.html |title=Oru Yamandan Premakadha movie review: His Royal Cuteness Dulquer Salmaan gets a script that is just so...meh |last=Anna M. M. Vetticad |date=27 April 2019 |work=Firstpost |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref> Manoj Kumar R. of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated it 1.5 out of 5 stars and said that "Dulquer Salmaan cannot charm his way out of this mess."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/oru-yamandan-prema-katha-movie-review-dulquer-salmaan-5696596 |title=Oru Yamandan Prema Katha movie review: Dulquer Salmaan cannot charm his way out of this mess |last=Manoj Kumar R. |date=26 April 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|8667334}}

[[Category:2019 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]

Goonda (film)

2026-03-03T19:06:35Z

Veronaqbs: cleaned up references per standard format and added references

{{more citations needed|date=July 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Goonda
| image = Goonda film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
| producer = Midde Ramarao
| writer = Satyanand (''story&dialogue'')
| screenplay = A. Kodandarami Reddy
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] [[Rao Gopal Rao]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = A. Venkat
| editing = D. Venkataratnam
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1984|02|23|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Goonda''''' is a 1984 Indian [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu]] film directed by [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]. This film stars [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]], [[Rao Gopal Rao]] and [[Allu Ramalingiah]]. The film was recorded as a "Hit" at the box office.

== Plot ==
Ravi (Chiranjeevi) is the son of a sincere Police officer (Satyanarayana). Ravi accidentally hurts his neighbour's eyes and becomes responsible for his blindness. Fearing that his father would scold him, he runs away from home and is brought up by a don in Calcutta, who names him Kalidas. The don dies in an encounter and Kali is asked to leave the world of crime and become a good citizen. Kalidas changes his name to Raja and while traveling in a train, saves his father, later realising their relationship. Because of his criminal background he does not reveal that he is his son. Satyanarayana takes him to his house and introduces Raja to his family members. His father is to face the local goons headed by Rao Gopala Rao. In the meantime he meets Radha, and comes to realise that she is the daughter of the person who became blind because of him. Raja helps her in having her father's eyesight returned and wins her heart. How he wins the hearts of his family members and helps his father in catching the local goondas is the rest of the story.

==Cast==

Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goonda (1984) |url=https://indiancine.ma/YOD |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

* [[Chiranjeevi]] as Kalidas/Raja/Ravi
* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] as Jayanti aka Jaya
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as [[Superintendent of police (India)|S.P.]] Ananda Rao
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Dharmaraju
* [[Allu Ramalingiah]] as Kailasam
* [[Nutan Prasad]]
* [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]] as Kasiram
* [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]] as Sarada
*[[Silk Smitha]] as Mohini
*[[S. V. Ramadas|Ramadas]] as Bhupal
*Chakrapani as Sekhar
*[[Suthi Velu]]
*[[Suthi Veerabhadra Rao]]

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 =Andagatte Aatakemo Song
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balu]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 =

| title2 = Gundalu Teesina
| extra2 = SP Balu, [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 =

| title3 = Kommalaki
| extra3 = S. P. Balu, P. Susheela
| length3 =

| title4 = Kommekki Kusindi
| extra4 =S. P. Balu, [[S. Janaki]]
| length4 =

| title5 = Na Geetam Nee
| extra5 = S. P. Balu, [[P. Susheela]]
| length5 =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0245924|title=Goonda}}
{{A. Kodandarami Reddy}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:1984 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]

{{1980s-Telugu-film-stub}}
{{1980s-action-film-stub}}

Marina Puratchi

2026-03-03T03:02:33Z

Veronaqbs: added initial info more to come...

{{short description|2019 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Marina Puratchi
| image = Marina Puratchi poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = MS Raj
| producer = [[Pandiraj]] Jesu Sundarraman
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = Naveen Kumar Shruti Reddy
| narrator =
| music = Al Rufian
| cinematography = [[R. Velraj]]
| editing = Deepak
| studio = Pasanga productions J Studios
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|12|13}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Marina Puratchi''''' ({{translation|[[2017 pro-jallikattu protests|Marina Revolution]]}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[drama film]] based on the [[2017 pro-jallikattu protests|jallikattu protests]]. The film stars Naveen Kumar and Shruti Reddy and is directed by MS Raj, a former associate to director [[Pandiraj]] who also produced the film under his banner Pasanga productions.<ref name="behindwoods">{{Cite web |last=news bureau |first=behindwoods |date=8 January 2018 |title=JUST IN: PANDIRAJ'S NEXT FILM TITLE IS OUT!!!! |url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/marina-puratchi-is-the-title-of-pasanga-productions-next.html#google_vignette |website=behindwoods}}</ref> Al Rufian composed the music for the film while cinematography was handled by [[R. Velraj]]. The film has been honoured by the [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival]] and [[Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America]] (FETNA).<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2018 |title='Marina Puratchi' is an investigative film on Jallikattu protests |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/marina-puratchi-is-an-investigative-film-on-jallikattu-protests/articleshow/65934629.cms |access-date=2021-06-23 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins with Sukanya (Shruti Reddy) and Parthasarathy (Naveen Kumar) attending an interview for the post of a reporter in a private channel. When the interviewer feels that they do not know much about the history of jallikattu and the protests which took place, he gives them two weeks’ time to learn thoroughly about the bull-taming sport. The two aspiring reporters learn about the history and significance of jallikattu protest to secure a job in a private channel. The rest of the film is their presentation about jallikattu to the interview board.

== Cast ==
*Naveen Kumar as Parthasarathy
*Shruti Reddy as Sukanya
*[[Rajmohan Arumugam|"Put Chutney" Rajmohan]]

== Production ==
The film is based on the [[2017 pro-jallikattu protests| jallikattu protests]] on the [[Marina Beach]] in Chennai as the director, MS Raj, felt that it was an important topic to document.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |date=19 May 2019 |title=Tamil film 'Marina Puratchi' explores the jallikattu protests in 2017 through its organisers |url=https://scroll.in/reel/923430/tamil-film-marina-puratchi-explores-the-jallikattu-protests-in-2017-through-its-organisers |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> According to Raj, ''Marina Puratchi'' is a mixture of documentary and fiction revealing he was inspired by ''[[Fahrenheit 9/11]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=18 September 2018 |title=A film on jallikattu protests |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-film-on-jallikattu-protests/article24971718.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Cinematographer [[R. Velraj]] and audiographer Tapas Nayak worked on the film without pay as they felt that the issue being addressed was important.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |date=12 October 2018 |title='Marina Puratchi' is an investigative film on Jallikattu protests |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/marina-puratchi-is-an-investigative-film-on-jallikattu-protests/articleshow/65934629.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Model-actress Shruti Reddy was selected after MS Raj wanted a debutante for the role.<ref name="Deccan">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=12 December 2019 |title=Marina Puratchi an experience to remember - Shruti Reddy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/111219/marina-puratchi-an-experience-to-remember-shruti-reddy.html |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> After liking the content of the film, Jesu Sundarraman from the United States agreed to produce the film under his production house, J Studios.<ref name="Deccan2">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=7 May 2019 |title=Marina Puratchi finally cleared by censors |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070519/marina-puratchi-finally-cleared-by-censors.html |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== Reception ==

''The Times of India'' wrote "The kind of research the director did for the film deserves special mention". He has touched upon various factors and anybody who wants to gather basic information about the traditional sport and the protest could watch the film while also criticizing the film by stating how there was hardly interesting except for the detailed information doled out on jallikattu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Marina Puratchi Movie Review: Hardly interesting except for detailed information on Jallikattu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/marina-puratchi/movie-review/72583701.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref> ''Maalai Malar'' praised the cinematography and background music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-19 |title=தெரிந்த போராட்டம்... தெரியாத பின்னணி - மெரினா புரட்சி விமர்சனம் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2019/12/19123424/1276944/Marina-Puratchi-movie-review-in-tamil.vpf |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=maalaimalar.com |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt11248244}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Bullfighting films]]
[[Category:Jallikattu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Munger

2026-03-02T06:02:42Z

Veronaqbs: fixed issues

{{About|the municipality in Bihar, India|its namesake district|Munger district|other uses|Munger (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Munger
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname = Yoga Nagri<ref>{{cite web |title=Economy {{!}} Munger District, Government of Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://munger.nic.in/economy/ |website=munger.nic.in |access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref>
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 250
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2
| image1 = Fort of Munger.jpg
| caption1 = [[Munger Fort]]
| image2 = Shri krishna setu.jpg
| caption2 =[[Munger Ganga Bridge]]
| image3 = Chandika Sthan Temple near Saharsa Town.jpg
| caption3 = [[Chandika Sthan]]
| image4 = Kashtharni Ghat Munger.jpg
| caption4 = [[Kastaharni Ghat]]
| image5 = Munger Railway station.jpg
| caption5 = [[Munger railway station]]
}}
| caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.381|N|86.465|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Munger district|Munger]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of divisons of India|Division]]
| founder = [[Chandragupta Vikramaditya|Chandragupta II]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1834
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = Munger Nagar Nigam
| leader_title = [[Mayor of Mumbai|Mayor]]
| leader_name = Kumkum Devi
| leader_title2 = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| population_demonym = Mungeri
| leader_name2 = Sivakshi Dixit (IAS)
| leader_title3 = [[Munger Assembly constituency|MLA,Munger]]
| leader_name3 = Pranav Kumar (BJP)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 89
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Munger City|url=https://nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/udhd/cache/SHOW_DOCS/Final%20CDP%20Munger.pdf|website=nagarseva.bihar.gov.in|access-date=22 November 2020}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| elevation_m = 43
| population_total = 213,101
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 11th in Bihar
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=254543|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=10 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518133015/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=254543|archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=3 January 2019 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = Hindi, English, [[Angika language|Angika]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]]<ref>{{cite web |title=language {{!}} Munger District, Government of Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://munger.nic.in/language/ |website=munger.nic.in |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref>
| demographics1_title4 =
| demographics1_info4 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 811201 to 811214 , 813201<ref>{{cite news |title=MUNGER Pin Code - 811201, Munger All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search MUNGER Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/bihar/munger/munger-pincode-811201.html |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=ABP Live}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-6344
| registration_plate = BR-08
| website = {{URL|Munger.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Munger''', formerly spelt as '''Monghyr''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kerkhoff |first=Kathinka Sinha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuXBBAAAQBAJ&dq=monghyr+bihar&pg=PA229 |title=Colonising Plants in Bihar (1760-1950) |date=2014 |publisher=PartridgeIndia |isbn=978-1-4828-3911-1 |page=229}}</ref> is a [[twin cities|twin city]] and a [[Municipal Corporation]] situated in the [[Indian state]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/CDP/CDP-Munger.pdf|title=CDP Munger|publisher=Urban department, Government of Bihar|access-date=31 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215204/http://urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/CDP/CDP-Munger.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> It is the administrative headquarters of [[Munger district]] and [[Munger Division]]. Munger was one of the major cities in [[Eastern India]] and undivided [[Bengal]] during [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period and [[British raj|British Raj]]. It is one of the major political, cultural, educational and commercial centers of [[Bihar]] and [[Eastern India]]. Munger is situated about {{cvt|180|km}} east of capital city [[Patna]], about {{cvt|480|km}} west of [[Eastern India]]'s largest city [[Kolkata]] and {{cvt|1200|km}} from country's capital [[New Delhi]].

Historically, Munger is known for being an ancient seat of rule. The twin city comprises Munger and [[Jamalpur, Munger|Jamalpur]] situated on the southern bank of the river [[Ganges]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/CDP/CDP-Jamalpur.pdf|title=CDP Jamalpur|work=Urban Department, Government of Bihar|access-date=31 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509133101/http://urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/CDP/CDP-Jamalpur.pdf|archive-date=9 May 2016}}</ref> It is situated {{cvt|8|km}} from [[Jamalpur Junction]], {{cvt|180|km}} east of capital city [[Patna]] and {{cvt|430|km}} from [[Kolkata]] the capital of [[West Bengal]].
[[File:Gangariver 23220.jpg|thumb|Kastaharni Ghat]]
Munger is said to have been founded by the Guptas (4th century CE) and contains a fort that houses the tomb of the Muslim saint Shah Mushk Nafā (died 1497). In 1763, the [[Nawab of Bengal]] [[Mir Qasim]] made Munger his capital and built an arsenal and several palaces. It was constituted a municipality in 1864.

==History==
In classical period (4th-5th century), Munger was known as "Guptagadh" or "Guptagarh". The inscription was found inscribed on a rock at the kasta-harani ghat at the north-western side of the present fort.<ref>{{Citation |last=Sahai |first=Bhagwant |title=The Monghyr Stone Inscription of Chandragupta II |date=1983 |work=The Inscriptions of Bihar |editor-last= |editor-first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dO1AAAAIAAJ|access-date= |publisher=University of California }}</ref>
Guptagadh was founded by [[Chandragupta Vikramaditya]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Chowdhry |first=Babu Ram |title=Hand-book on India for Political Workers |date=1959 |editor-last= |editor-first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gllEAAAAIAAJ&q=gopa+in+bihar|access-date= |publisher=University of California }}</ref>
In early medieval times, Munger was known as ''Mudgagiri'' (Sanskrit {{IAST|Mudgagiri}}, with no diacritics).<ref name="Pandey, Sen, and Maurya 2024">{{cite journal |last1=Pandey |first1=Akash |last2=Sen |first2=Sushmita |last3=Maurya |first3=Rahul |title=Mudgagiri, a Pāla "Jayaskandhāvāra": An Assessment of Recent Sculptural and Inscriptional Findings at Munger, Bihar |journal=South Asian Studies |date=2024 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=121–43 |doi=10.1080/02666030.2024.2391633 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02666030.2024.2391633 |access-date=29 January 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{rp|121}} The name is derived from Sanskrit ''mudga'', referring to the [[mung bean]], plus ''giri'', meaning hill.<ref name="Monier-Williams">{{cite book |last1=Monier-Williams |first1=Monier |author1-link=Monier Monier-Williams |title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary |date=1899 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/nSrb_a-sanskrit-english-dictionary-sir-monier-monier-williams/page/821}}</ref>{{rp|355, 822}} Mudgagiri was a royal residence of the [[Pala Empire]]. Sometime in the mid-800s, there was a significant battle fought at Mudgagiri between the Palas (possibly under [[Narayanapala]]) and the [[Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]]s, possibly under [[Mihira Bhoja]]. Another Pratihara dynast, a feudatory ruler named Kakka, also took part in the battle, which was part of a Pratihara invasion of Bengal. Later, Munger was mentioned (as ''Mudgiri'') as the residence of the Pala ruler [[Ramapala]]. In the 1100s, Mudgagiri seems to have been under [[Sena dynasty|Sena]] rule. A [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plate grant]] of the [[Gahadavala]] ruler [[Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Govindachandra]] indicates that he advanced as far as Mudgagiri in April 1146, and bathed in the Ganges here on the day of [[Akshaya Tritiya]]. According to [[R. D. Banerji]], Govindachandra was likely leading a military expedition to Bengal at that point, and the expedition was evidently unsuccessful, leaving eastern Magadha under Sena control.<ref name="Banerji 1915">{{cite book |last1=Banerji |first1=Rakhal Das |author1-link=R. D. Banerji |title=The Pālas of Bengal |date=1915 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7Q-AQAAMAAJ&dq=mudgagiri&pg=PA59 |access-date=29 January 2025}}</ref>{{rp|59, 92, 107}}

Historically, Munger was located at a strategic [[choke point|bottleneck]] controlling the main route into Bengal from the west. To the south, travel was impeded by the steep hills; to the north, the numerous Ganges tributaries were the main obstacle.<ref name="Wink 1997">{{cite book |last1=Wink |first1=André |author1-link=André Wink |title=Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol. II: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th-13th Centuries |date=1997 |publisher=Brill |location=The Netherlands |isbn=9004102361}}</ref>{{rp|258}}

In the end of 12th century, Munger alongside with Patna was conquered by [[Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji|Bakhtiyar Khalji]]. The region served as a province of Bengal until 1330 before its annexation by [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad Tughlaq]]. From 1397 Munger was part of the [[Jaunpur Sultanate]] till [[Sikandar Khan Lodi|Sikander Lodi]] overrun Bihar before 1499. Treaty was concluded between Delhi and Bengal, which allowed [[Alauddin Husain Shah|Alauddin Hussain Shah]] to retain the region of Bihar. In 1521, [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah|Nusrat Shah]] annexed few forts of Munger. Later it was captured by [[Sher Shah Suri]]. From 1545 till [[Mughal conquest of Bengal|Akbar's invasion of Bengal]], Munger remained in the hands of [[Karrani dynasty]]. The region remained under Muslim rule until British occupation of Bihar in 1760's.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|O'malley|2007|p=|pp=33–37; 47}}</ref>

Maharshi Nagendranath Bhaduri pursued intense spiritual practices in solitude, especially [[Hathayoga]] and [[Pranayama|Pranayam]], in a lonely cave in Monghyr and attained salvation there.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Companions and Followers of Ramakrishna |location=Kolkata |publisher=Advaita Ashrama |isbn=978-81-7505-360-1 |pages=381}}</ref> He also known as Bhaduri Mahasaya, was an Indian yogi famously referred to as "The Levitating Saint" by [[Paramahansa Yogananda]] in his book [[Autobiography of a Yogi]].The chapter which describes Bhaduri Mahasaya is titled "The Levitating Saint".<ref>[[Paramahansa Yogananda|Yogananda, Paramahansa]], [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi/Chapter_7''Autobiography of a Yogi''], Los Angeles, CA: Self-Realization Fellowship, 1946, Chapter 7.</ref>

==Geography==
===Climate===
The climate of Munger is subtropical (warm in summer and cold during winter). The [[Köppen climate classification]] sub-type for this climate is [[humid subtropical]].<ref name=weatherbase/>
{{weather box
|width=80%
|location = Munger, India
|single line = yes
|metric first= yes
|Jan high F = 74.3
|Feb high F = 79.6
|Mar high F = 90.5
|Apr high F = 98.6
|May high F = 100.3
|Jun high F = 95.9
|Jul high F = 89.4
|Aug high F = 88.1
|Sep high F = 88.7
|Oct high F = 87.5
|Nov high F = 81.9
|Dec high F = 75.6
|year high F = 87.5
|Jan low F = 48.9
|Feb low F = 53.4
|Mar low F = 62.4
|Apr low F = 71.3
|May low F = 76.3
|Jun low F = 77.7
|Jul low F = 76.8
|Aug low F = 76.6
|Sep low F = 75.5
|Oct low F = 69.7
|Nov low F = 57.9
|Dec low F = 50
|year low F = 66.4
|Jan precipitation inch = 0.6
|Feb precipitation inch = 0.7
|Mar precipitation inch = 0.5
|Apr precipitation inch = 0.5
|May precipitation inch = 1.6
|Jun precipitation inch = 6.8
|Jul precipitation inch = 11.7
|Aug precipitation inch = 11
|Sep precipitation inch = 8.9
|Oct precipitation inch = 3.2
|Nov precipitation inch = 0.2
|Dec precipitation inch = 0.1
|year precipitation inch = 45.7
|source 1= weatherbase<ref name=weatherbase>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=595655&cityname=Munger-Bihar-India|publisher=weatherbase|title=weatherbase.com|year=2014|access-date=31 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712124950/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=595655&cityname=Munger-Bihar-India|archive-date=12 July 2017}}
Retrieved on 8 April 2014.
</ref>
|date=April 2014
}}

==Demographics==
As per 2011 census, Munger Municipal Corporation has a total population of 213,101 out of which 113,173 were males and 99,928 were females. It had a sex ratio of 883. The population between 0 and 6 years was 29,260. The literacy rate of the 7+ population was 81.83 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above|work=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|access-date=31 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=7 May 2012}}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Munger
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1= Religion
|riht1= per cent
|float= right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|orange|81.01}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|18.02}}
{{bar percent|[[Christians]]|blue|0.20}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|pink|0.04}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.34}}
|caption=Distribution of religions<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_Online/Social_and_cultural/Religion.aspx|title=Census of india:Socio-cultural aspects|work=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs|access-date=9 March 2014}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}}
{{See also|List of cities in Bihar}}

==Economy==
Munger, along with Jamalpur are the major industrial cities in Bihar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hajipuronline.in/city-guide/about-hajipur |title=About Hajipur |website=www.HajipurOnline.in |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019053006/http://www.hajipuronline.in/city-guide/about-hajipur |archive-date=19 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Munger is also one of the most prosperous cities in Bihar with a per capita income of INR 42,793 in FY 2020–21.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Pranav |date=27 February 2023 |title=Patna, Begusarai, Munger emerge most prosperous districts of Bihar |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/patna-begusarai-munger-emerge-most-prosperous-districts-of-bihar-1503157937.html |work=The Statesman |access-date=28 January 2024}}</ref>

[[Indian Railways]] operates of Asia's largest and oldest railway workshops at [[Jamalpur Locomotive Workshop|Jamalpur]]. This was set up by the [[British Raj]] in 1862.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Minister-releases-stamp-on-Jamalpur-railway-workshop/articleshow/26488437.cms|author=Kumod Verma|title=Minister releases stamp on Jamalpur railway workshop|work=Times of India|agency=TNN|date=28 November 2013|access-date=31 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703215150/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Minister-releases-stamp-on-Jamalpur-railway-workshop/articleshow/26488437.cms|archive-date=3 July 2017}}</ref>

Munger has also ITC Factory established by the British. Ordinance Gun Factory Munger, ITC Milk Dairy and many others.[https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-munger-gun-factory-mir-kasim-started-with-pistol-now-five-shot-pump-action-gun-is-being-ready-22743874.html]

==Culture==
Munger is known for [[Sita]] Manpatthar (Sita charan) Sitacharan temple situated on a boulder in the middle of the Ganges in Munger (Anga Region) is the main center of public faith regarding [[Chhath]] festival. It is believed that Mata Sita performed the Chhath festival in Munger. It was only after this that Chhath Mahaparv started. That is why [[Chhath]] Mahaparva is celebrated with great pomp in Munger.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/munger/story-mata-sita-performed-chhath-puja-in-munger-5027410.amp.html|title=Sitacharan Temple." Live Hindustan.livehindustan.com |date=8 November 2021 |access-date= 8 November 2021}}</ref> Munger is also famous for Durga Puja Mahotsav which is celebrated for 10 days. The first nine days are celebrated with great fervor across the city. On the 10th day evening, one side rushes to the Polo Grounds for Ravan Badh, while the other side prepares for a unique ritual known as "Shobha Yatra." The '''“Shobha Yatra of Badi Durga of Shadipur'''” marks the importance of Badi Durga of Munger all over the country. People from all over the city join this yatra, and the deity is immersed early in the morning in the holy river Ganges.

==Places of interest==
*[[Munger Fort]], covers an area of around {{convert|222|acre}}
*Munger [[Museum]]
*[[Chandika Sthan|Chandika Asthan]], a sacred Shakti-Peeth
*[[Kastaharni Ghat]] on the [[Ganges]]
*[[Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary]]
*[[Bihar School of Yoga]]
*Sita Kund hotspring<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sita Kund {{!}} Munger District, Government of Bihar {{!}} India|url=https://munger.nic.in/tourist-place/sita-kund/|access-date=1 November 2020|language=en-US}}</ref>
*Rishi Kund hotspring<ref>{{Cite news|title=कुदरत का करिश्मा, ठंड में भी यहां बहता है गर्म पानी|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news/bihar/article1-rishikund-in-munger-natural-beauty-and-famous-for-hot-water-575146.html|access-date=1 November 2020|work=Hindustan|language=hi|date=13 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Bihar|first=Incredible Munger|date=28 December 2018|title=10 best places to visit in Munger during new year|url=http://im-bihar.in/2018/12/28/10-best-places-to-visit-in-munger-during-new-year/|access-date=1 November 2020|website=IM-BIHAR|language=en-US}}</ref>
*Pir Pahar<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bihar|first=Incredible Munger|date=25 March 2020|title=Pir Pahar: The heritage site of Munger, Bihar|url=https://im-bihar.in/2020/03/25/pir-pahar-the-heritage-site-of-munger-bihar/|access-date=1 November 2020|website=IM-BIHAR|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
*Jai Prakash Udyaan / Company Garden <ref name=":0" />
*Dolphin ECO Park for the conservation of [[South Asian river dolphin|Gangetic river dolphin]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=मुंगेर में इको पार्क का आनंद ले सकेंगे पर्यटक|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/munger/story-tourist-places-to-enjoy-eco-park-in-munger-1582600.html|access-date=1 November 2020|work=Hindustan|language=hi|date=5 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Mir Qasim]]'s Tunnel<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mir Kasim Tunnel {{!}} Munger District, Government of Bihar {{!}} India|url=https://munger.nic.in/tourist-place/mir-kasim-tunnel/|access-date=1 November 2020|language=en-US}}</ref>
*Peer Shah Nafah Shrine<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pir Shah Nafah Shrine {{!}} Munger District, Government of Bihar {{!}} India|url=https://munger.nic.in/tourist-place/pir-shah-nafah-shrine/|access-date=1 November 2020|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Haveli Kharagpur]] Jheel (Lake) <ref name=":0" />
*Raja Rani Park
*Goenka Shivalaya / Machli Talab <ref>{{Cite web|title=Goyanka Shivalaya (Mirchi Talab) {{!}} Munger District, Government of Bihar {{!}} India|url=https://munger.nic.in/tourist-place/goyanka-shivalaya-mirchi-talab/|access-date=1 November 2020|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Transport==
===Rail===
[[File:MungerRailwayStation.jpg|thumb|left|[[Munger Railway Station]]]]
Munger has two railway stations: [[Jamalpur Junction]] and [[Munger Railway Station]]. The former is the main railhead for the city while the latter, which was earlier called Purabsarai Railway Station, acts as suburban facility. Stations are connected with [[Sahibganj Loop]].

The rail system provides connection to cities such as {{rws|New Delhi}}, [[Mumbai]],{{rws|Surat}}, {{rws|Yesvantpur Junction}}, {{rws|Jamshedpur}}, {{rws|Jammu Tawi}}, {{rws|Dibrugarh}}, {{rws|Guwahati}}, [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow]], [[Patna Junction|Patna]], {{rws|Ranchi}}, {{rws|Agartala}}, {{rws|Hyderabad}}, {{rws|Deoghar Junction}}, {{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}} and {{rws|Dhanbad}}. The [[Munger Ganga Bridge]], which takes both rail and road-traffic, connects Munger to the nearby cities of {{rws|Begusarai}}, {{rws|Saharsa Junction}}, {{rws|Katihar}} and {{rws|Khagaria Junction}} as well as various districts of [[North Bihar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Munger-railroad-bridge-likely-to-be-operational-by-2014-end/articleshow/19552527.cms|author=Kumod Verma|title=Munger bridge likely to be operational by 2014 year end|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|date=15 April 2013|access-date=31 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208181950/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Munger-railroad-bridge-likely-to-be-operational-by-2014-end/articleshow/19552527.cms|archive-date=8 December 2014}}</ref> The bridge is the third-largest rail-cum-road bridge in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/10-top-impressive-rail-cum-road-bridges-of-india/|title=Top ten rail road bridges in india|work=Walk Through India|date=3 October 2012 |access-date=31 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143727/http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/10-top-impressive-rail-cum-road-bridges-of-india/|archive-date=13 April 2014}}</ref>

===Road===
Munger is connected to major parts of [[India]] by various National and State Highways. The major cities of [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]] - such as [[Patna]], [[Ranchi]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Purnia]], [[Katihar]], [[Bihar sharif]], [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]], [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]] and [[Darbhanga]] - can be reached by {{jct|NH|33|country=IND}}, {{jct|NH|333B|country=IND}}, {{jct|NH|333A|country=IND}}, {{jct|NH|31|country=IND}} and {{jct|NH|333|country=IND}} and various state Highways. Regular bus service are provided by [[BSRTC]] for all the major cities and other destinations. Citybuses, Taxies, Autorikshaw, E-Rickshaw, etc. are available all the times in the entire city for transportation.
[[File:Munger Ganga Rail Road Bridge.jpg|thumb]]

The [[Munger Ganga Bridge]] links Munger to various districts of [[North Bihar]] and north-eastern India by 2021.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

===Air===
[[Munger Airport]] is located in Safyabad, which is 5 km from Munger. It was re-inaugurated by Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] on 24 May 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=मुख्यमंत्री ने हवाई अड्डा टर्मिनल का किया उद्घाटन |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/munger-14061672.html |date=24 May 2016 |location=Munger |work=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi|access-date=30 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nitish to open renovated airstrip| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-to-open-renovated-airstrip/articleshow/52349577.cms |date= 19 May 2016 |location=Munger |author=Kashi Prasad |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 April 2017}}</ref> Munger has no international airport with commercial service. Domestic airport with commercial service is [[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport]] in [[Patna]] around 180 km away, which is served by all major airlines.

The nearest international airport is [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]] in [[Kolkata]], which is around 480 km away.

==Education==


* [[Bihar School of Yoga]],established in 1964 by [[Satyananda Saraswati]].
* [[Biswanath Singh Institute of Legal Studies]]
* [[Government Engineering College, Munger]]
* [[Indian Railway Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering]]
* [[Jagjivan Ram Shramik Mahavidyalaya]], general degree college<ref>{{cite web |title=Constituent Colleges Under T. M. Bhagalpur University |url=http://tmbu.org/College.aspx |access-date=27 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819002357/http://tmbu.org/College.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Munger Forestry College]]<ref>{{cite news |title=बिहार के इस जिले में बनकर तैयार हुआ राज्य का पहला वानिकी कॉलेज, जल्द ही इन विषयों की पढ़ाई होगी शुरू |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/munger/bihar-first-forestry-college-is-ready-in-munger-classes-will-start-soon-gvk |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=Prabhat Khabar |date=7 January 2023 |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[Munger University]]

==Notable people==

* [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]], Bengali writer, lawyer and script-writer in Hindi films.
* [[Nandalal Bose]], sculptor and painter
* [[George Browne, 6th Marquess of Sligo]] (1856–1935), Anglo-Irish aristocrat, born in Munger
* [[Mona Das]] - [[Washington State Senate]]
* [[Brahmanand Mandal]] - Former MP from [[Munger (Lok Sabha constituency)|Munger Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Muhammad Ali Mungeri]], Indian Muslim scholar, founder Nadwatul Ulama
* [[Minnatullah Rahmani]] First General Secretary of [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]]
* [[Wali Rahmani]] - General Secretary of [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] of [[India]]
* [[Ramdhari Singh Dinkar]], poet
* [[Monazir Hassan]] -four-time MLA from Munger and one-time [[Member of parliament (India)|member of the Indian Parliament]] in 15th Lok Sabha (2009 to 2014) and represented [[Begusarai]] ([[Begusarai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lok Sabha constituency]]).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 July 2018|first=Madan |last=Kumar|title=Former MP Monazir Hassan returns to JD(U) after a gap of four years|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/former-mp-monazir-hassan-returns-to-jdu-after-a-gap-of-four-years/articleshow/64831131.cms|access-date=12 November 2020|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kumar Suresh Singh]], Director-General of [[Anthropological Survey of India]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Scholar of society|newspaper=Frontline|volume=23|issue=12|date=30 June 2006|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2312/stories/20060630006312500.htm|first=T. K.|last=Rajalakshmi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611204439/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2312/stories/20060630006312500.htm|archive-date=11 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Shri Krishna Sinha]], first [[List of Chief Ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister of Bihar]] and a freedom fighter
* [[Udit Narayan Singh]] of Shakarpura Raj [[Zamindari]]- local benefactor
* [[Niranjanananda Saraswati]], yoga Guru
* [[Satyananda Saraswati]], founder of [[Bihar School of Yoga]]
* [[Ramdeo Singh Yadav]] - three times MLA and Co-operative Minister, Government of Bihar.

== See also ==
* [[Anga (region)|Anga region]]
* [[Angika]]
* [[Manjusha Art]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=O'malley |first=L. S. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONw8apR5mVYC&q=Bakhtiyar's+Conquest+of+Bihar |title=Bihar And Orissa District Gazetteers : Monghyr |date=2007 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7268-135-7 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{NIE Poster|Monghyr}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151219044930/http://www.munger.bih.nic.in/ Munger district-official website] (archived)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150506061511/http://munger.nic.in/ Munger official national website] (archived)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170914174802/http://ceo.bihar.gov.in/electorsearchnew/ Election commission] (archived)

{{Munger district}}
{{Munger Division}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Anga Desh]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Munger district]]

Azheekal

2026-02-27T05:23:18Z

Veronaqbs: post.

{{Short description|Place in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox landform
| name = Azheekal
| other_name = Azheekkal
| image = File: Azheeckal Beach, Kayamkulam.jpg
| caption = Azheekkal
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| location = [[Azheekal]], [[Oachira]] (via [[Karunagappally]] Taluk), [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Kerala]].
| coordinates = {{coord|9|07|55.9164|N|76|27|49.9392|E|display=inline}}
| range = [[Alappad|Alappad peninsula]]
| part_of = [[Arabian Sea]]
| water_bodies = [[Kayamkulam Kayal|T. S. Canal]] (to the east)
| length = 660 m <ref name="KT">{{cite web |title=Azheekkal Beach |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/azheekkal-beach/609/ |website=Kerala Tourism |access-date=10 November 2025}}</ref>
| type = Place
| free_label_1 = Hazard rating
| free_data_1 = '''Low'''
| free_label_2 = Nearest Transport
| free_data_2 = [[Karunagappalli railway station|Karunagappally]] {{rint|rail}} - 17 km [[Oachira railway station|Oachira]] {{rint|rail}} - 9 km [[Trivandrum International Airport|Trivandrum Airport]] {{rint|air}} - 110 km 
| embedded = {{succession links|left=}}
}}

'''Azheekal''' is the name of coastal locations in the Indian state of [[Kerala]], deriving from the [[Malayalam]] word ''Aazhee'', meaning the "confluence of backwaters and the sea" (an [[estuary]])<ref name="DTPC">{{cite web |title=Azheekal Beach |url=https://www.dtpckollam.com/places/azheekal-beach |website=DTPC Kollam |access-date=2025-11-09}}</ref><ref name="HED_Azheekkal">{{cite web |title=Azheekkal |url=http://www.hed.kerala.gov.in/index.php/azheekkal |website=Higher Education Department, Government of Kerala |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=9 November 2025}}</ref>

The location is a coastal town situated in the [[Karunagappally]] Taluk of the [[Kollam metropolitan area]], and is primarily known for its beach ([[Azheekal Beach]].<ref name="DTPC"/> The primary and most referenced location is a coastal town and fishing harbor in the [[Kollam district]] of Kerala, fishing harbor, and significant infrastructure.

==Geography and features==
Azheekal is located at the northern tip of the [[Alappad peninsula]] in Kollam district,<ref name="HED_Azheekkal"/> facing the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west and the Kayamkulam Kayal (backwater) to the east.

[[Azheekal Fishing Harbour]] is a major active fishing harbor along the Kerala coast, serving as a vital economic center for the local population.<ref name="blueDrive">{{cite web |title=azheekal beach - thebluedrive |url=https://thebluedrive.com/2021/04/09/azheekal-beach/ |website=thebluedrive |access-date=2025-11-09}}</ref><ref name="HED_Azheekkal"/>

Azheekal is connected to Valiyazheekkal in the neighboring [[Alappuzha district]] by the [[Valiyazheekkal Bridge]]. Spanning approximately 1,200 meters across the mouth of the estuary, it is noted as one of Asia's longest tension steel bar concrete bowstring bridges and forms a crucial link in the proposed Kerala Coastal Highway.

Azheekal is connected to [[Ayiramthengu]] in the neighboring [[Kollam district]] by the [[Ayiramthegu Bridge]]. Spanning approximately 759.8 meters across the [[T.S Canal]].<ref name="ADB-Ayiramthengu">{{cite report |title=Short Resettlement Plan: Ayiramthengu-Azheekal Bridge |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents//39114-01-ind-rp.pdf |date=August 2007 |publisher=Asian Development Bank |series=Tsunami Emergency Assistance (Sector) Project |id=Project No. 39114 |pages=9 |access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>

==Environmental impact==
The coastal sands around Azheekal are known to contain valuable [[rare-earth mineral]]s, including [[monazite]], which is rich in [[thorium]].<ref name="Keralamining">{{cite web |title=Mineral Resources |url=https://dmg.kerala.gov.in/en/mineral-resources/ |website=Department of Mining and Geology - Government of Kerala |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=9 November 2025 |quote=The State possesses one of the world class deposits of mineral sands in the coastal tracts between Neendakara and Kayamkulam. This, commonly known as the Chavara deposit... The Heavy Mineral Sand deposits in Kerala contain an assemblage of Ilmenite, Rutile, Leucoxene, Monazite, Zircon and Sillimanite.}}</ref><ref name="blueDrive" />

The area was severely affected by the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]], resulting in loss of life, significant erosion, and structural damage along the coastline.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Geography of Kerala]]
[[Category:Estuaries of India]]

Jogendra Kishore Roy Choudhury

2026-02-12T06:23:57Z

Veronaqbs: made post - done

{{Short description|Raja of Ramgopalpur}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
'''Jogendra Kishore Roy Choudhury''' was the [[zamindar]] of Ramgopalpur in [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]].

== Biography ==
He was born in January 1858 to Kashi Kishore Roy Chowdhury.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bros |first=Khosla |url=https://archive.org/details/imperial-coronation-durbar-of-delhi-1911-volume-1/ |title=The Imperial Coronation Durbar (Illustrated). |date=1911 |publisher=The Imperial Publishing Co. |volume=1 |location=Lahore (Punjab) |publication-date=1911 |pages=466}}</ref> He was known for his generosity and care for his tenants.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Playne |first=Somerset |url=https://archive.org/details/bengalassambehar00some/ |title=Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa : their history, people, commerce, and industrial resources |date=2012 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1964-7}}</ref> He was fond of Sanskrit and would invite many of its scholars annually.<ref name=":0" /> He would support their work with donations.<ref name=":0" /> During his lifetime, he supported a number of technical schools in [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Government of Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40356/ |title=The Calcutta Gazette, 1896, October-December |date=1896 |pages=2971}}</ref>

He married Hemlata, the daughter of Madhav Chandra from the Joari Bishi Zamindar family.<ref>https://ir.nbu.ac.in/server/api/core/bitstreams/a2c324cc-1a81-42c9-8401-88e8207de00c/content</ref>

==Titles==
The [[British government of India|government of India]] conferred on him the title of [[Rai Bahadur]] in 1895, and in 1909, the title of [[Raja]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
<references />

{{Improve categories|date=January 2025}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy Choudhury, Jogendra Kishore}}
[[Category:1858 births]]

[[Category:20th-century deaths]]

[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:Indian landlords]]
[[Category:Rai Bahadurs]]
[[Category:Rajas]]

Bhagat

2026-02-09T20:14:52Z

Veronaqbs: general expand layout for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Punjabi title and name}}
{{about|the Punjabi word 'Bhagat'|Sindhi folk art|Sindhi bhagat}}
{{italic title}}{{Sikhism sidebar}}

'''Bhagat''' is a term used in the Indian subcontinent to describe religious figures who have obtained high acclaim in their communities for their acts and devotion. It is also a term ascribed to one of the [[clan|clans]] in the [[Mahar]] caste, with their clan totem being a [[King Cobra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2806/1/41944_1961_ETH.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171528/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2806/1/41944_1961_ETH.pdf |archive-date=2022-09-20 |access-date=2024-04-17}}</ref> Furthermore, Bhagat is additionally a surname found among [[Maratha (caste)|Marathas]], [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] communities and [[Punjabi Brahmins (disambiguation)|Punjabi Brahmins]].

==Definition==
''Bhagat'' is a Hindi and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] word derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''Bhagavat'', भगवत्, which means saint or devotee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of BHAGAT |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bhagat |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> It is known to be used as an epithet for Vishnu or Krishna. ''Bhagat'' is also a [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Buddhist]], and [[Jain]] surname, found in various communities throughout India. Though, it is most prevalent in the northern [[States and union territories of India|states]] of India.

==Sikhism==
{{Further|Bhagat Bani}}[[File:Saint Kabir with Namdeva, Raidas and Pipaji. Jaipur, early 19century, National Museum New Delhi (2).jpg|thumb|Four Bhagats of Sikhism: [[Bhagat Ravidas]], [[Bhagat Kabir]], [[Bhagat Namdev]], and [[Bhagat Pipa]].]]
[[File:Fresco depicting Guru Arjan meeting the Bhagats and composing the Adi Granth with the assistance of Bhai Gurdas, circa mid-19th century.jpg|thumb|Fresco depicting Guru Arjan meeting the Bhagats and composing the Adi Granth (first rendition of the Guru Granth Sahib) with the assistance of Bhai Gurdas, circa mid-19th century. The fresco is located within Gurdwara Baba Bir Singh. Positioning of the Bhagats (on the right-side), starting clock-wise from beside Guru Arjan's right-side: Kabir, Ravidas, Sheikh Farid, Jaidev, Farid?, Beni, Pipa, unknown, Trilochan, Dhanna?, and Namdev. Bhai Gurdas is on the left-side, scribing a manuscript.]]
Sikhism's central scriptural [[book]], [[Guru Granth Sahib]], has teachings of 15 ''Bhagats'', along with ''[[Gurbani|bani]]'' of [[Sikh Gurus]], ''Bhats'' and ''Gursikhs''. Because Sikhism believes in one human creed (no one belongs to a higher or a lower social status or caste) and that accounts to adding ''Bani'' of various authors, a total of 36, in [[Guru Granth Sahib]] irrespective of many belonging to religions other than Sikhism. Religious writings of those ''Bhagats'' were collected by [[Guru Arjan]]. Some of them lived before [[Guru Nanak]], but came to have a [[monotheism|monotheistic]] as opposed to a [[God in Hinduism|polytheistic]] doctrine.

Broadly speaking, therefore, a ''Bhagat'' is a holy person or a member of a community whose objectives involve leading humanity towards [[God in Sikhism|God]] and highlighting injustices in the world.

Below is a list of the ''Bhagats'' who contributed towards [[Sri Guru Granth Sahib]]:<ref name=Bahri2000>{{cite journal
| author = Bahri, H. |author2=Bansal, G.S. |author3=Puran, B. |author4=Singh, B. |author5=Singh, B. |author6=Buxi, L.S. |author7=Chawla, H.S. |author8=Chawla, S.S. |author9=Das, D. |author10=Dass, N.
| year = 2000
| title = 4. Bhagats and Saints
| journal = Studies
| volume = 63
| issue = 2
| pages = 169–93
|display-authors=etal|doi=10.1007/1-4020-3044-4_4 }}</ref>

*[[Bhagat Kabir]]
*[[Bhagat Ravidas]]
*[[Bhagat Farid]]
*[[Bhagat Ramanand]]
*[[Bhagat Beni]]
*[[Bhagat Namdev]]
*[[Bhagat Sadhana]]
*[[Bhagat Bhikhan]]
*[[Bhagat Parmanand]]
*[[Bhagat Sain]]
*[[Bhagat Dhanna]]
*[[Bhagat Pipa]]
*[[Bhagat Surdas]]
*[[Jayadeva in Sikhism|Bhagat Jaidev]]
*[[Bhagat Trilochan]]

==See also==
*[[Sant (religion)]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Writers of Guru Granth Sahib}}
{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikh Bhagats| ]]
[[Category:Titles and occupations in Hinduism]]

{{Hinduism-stub}}
{{Sikhism-stub}}

Khujner tehsil

2026-02-06T13:58:32Z

Veronaqbs: made a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
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| footnotes =
}}

'''Khujner tehsil''' is a tehsil in [[Rajgarh district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is also a subdivision of the administrative and revenue division of bhopal district of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2022-08-10|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref><ref>[https://rajgarh.nic.in/en/std-pin-codes/ STD code - [[Khujner]]</ref>

==Demographics==

{{Empty section|date=November 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajgarh district]]

{{Bhopal-geo-stub}}

Christ the King Church, Vilakkannur

2026-01-28T03:48:51Z

Veronaqbs: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Archeparchy of Tellicherry]]
{{R with history|Archeparchy of Tellicherry}}

Reliance Retail

2026-01-28T03:10:10Z

Veronaqbs: created entry...

{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{short description|Indian retail company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Reliance Retail
| logo = Reliance Retail.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| trade as =
| ISIN = INE002A01018
| industry = [[Retail]]
| services = {{Ubl
| [[Supermarket]]
| [[Hypermarket]]
| [[Cash and carry (wholesale)|Cash & carry]]
| [[Warehouse]]
| [[Grocery store]]
| [[Big-box store|Superstore]]
| [[Convenience shop]]
}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|2006}}
| founder = [[Mukesh Ambani]]
| locations = 18,836 (2024)<ref name="store"/>
| hq_location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = India
| key_people = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Mukesh Ambani]] {{small|(Chairman)}}|[[Isha Ambani]] {{small|(Managing Director)}}}}
| revenue = {{gain}} {{INRConvert|330870|c}} (2025)
| operating_income = {{gain}} {{INRconvert|24265|c}} (2025)
| net_income = {{gain}} {{INRConvert|12392|c}} (2025)
| num_employees = 207,552 (2024)<ref>{{cite news|title=Reliance Industries AR 2023–24|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/d473280d-1c2b-4037-8ff9-dfbb82aa2c7e.pdf|access-date=8 August 2024|archive-date=8 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808203434/https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/d473280d-1c2b-4037-8ff9-dfbb82aa2c7e.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| subsid = See [[#Subsidiaries and divisions|divisions and subsidiaries]]
| owner = {{Unbulleted list |
*[[Reliance Industries]] (85.12%)
*Vanishree Commercials (4.7%)
*Infotel Infocomm (0.6%)
*Sovereign wealth funds (5.86)
*Private equity firms (4.32%)
}}
| parent = [[Reliance Industries]]
| website = {{official URL}}
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Financial Results Presentation FY 2024–25 / 4Q FY2025 |url=https://www.ril.com/sites/default/files/2025-04/RIL_4Q_FY25_Analyst_Presentation_25Apr25.pdf |website=ril.com |publisher=Reliance Industries Limited |access-date=26 April 2025 |archive-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426164123/https://www.ril.com/sites/default/files/2025-04/RIL_4Q_FY25_Analyst_Presentation_25Apr25.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''Reliance Retail''' is an Indian [[retail]] company and a subsidiary of [[Reliance Industries]]. Founded in 2006, it is the largest retailer in India in terms of revenue.<ref>{{cite web|last=Annual Report|first=RIL|date=20 July 2020|title=Reliance Retail sales cross $23 bn mark|url=https://www.ril.com/getattachment/299caec5-2e8a-43b7-8f70-d633a150d07e/AnnualReport_2019-20.aspx|access-date=11 September 2020|website=Reliance Industries Limited|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424184318/http://www.ril.com/getattachment/2b3a5223-b9a3-4bc1-b9b6-99f9b1e85a07/Financial%20performance%20for%20the%20year%20ended%2031%20Mar,%202019.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its retail outlets offer foods, groceries, apparel, footwear, toys, home improvement products, electronic goods, and farm implements and inputs. {{asof|2023|post=,}} it has over 245,000 employees at 18,000 store locations in 7,000 [[List of districts in India|towns]].<ref name="store">{{cite news |last1=Prabhakar |first1=Sai |title=Reliance Retail: What's in store? |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/portfolio/news-analysis/reliance-retail-whats-in-store/article67068594.ece |access-date=31 August 2023 |work=BusinessLine |date=12 July 2023 |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831025005/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/portfolio/news-analysis/reliance-retail-whats-in-store/article67068594.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
Reliance Retail was established in 2006 as a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Reliance Industries]], with chairman [[Mukesh Ambani]] announcing an investment of up to {{INRconvert|25000|c|mode=historical|year=2006}} for the new venture at Reliance's 32nd annual general meeting in June 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=RIL unveils retail plans, to pump in Rs 25,000 cr |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/report/retail/20060627.htm |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722234850/https://www.rediff.com/money/report/retail/20060627.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first set of [[convenience store]]s under the name Reliance Fresh were inaugurated in [[Hyderabad]] in November 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance retail arrives in Hyderabad |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2006/nov/03ril.htm |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=Rediff |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722234854/https://www.rediff.com/money/2006/nov/03ril.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> This was followed by entry into consumer electronics via [[Reliance Digital]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance unveils Reliance Digital logo in red and blue |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/17647_reliance-unveils-reliance-digital-logo-in-red-and-blue |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=afaqs! |date=25 April 2007 |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722234851/https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/17647_reliance-unveils-reliance-digital-logo-in-red-and-blue |url-status=live }}</ref> [[hypermarket]]s under Reliance Mart,<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Retail to create half a million jobs |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/cnMp2lcALddEmZk9fSVyfN/Reliance-Retail-to-create-half-a-million-jobs.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=Mint |date=15 August 2007 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722234851/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/cnMp2lcALddEmZk9fSVyfN/Reliance-Retail-to-create-half-a-million-jobs.html |url-status=live }}</ref> apparel with Reliance Trends,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deshpande |first1=Tejal A. |title=Reliance Retail plans apparel blitzkrieg |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/reliance-retail-plans-apparel-blitzkrieg-107092901056_1.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=29 September 2007 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722234853/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/reliance-retail-plans-apparel-blitzkrieg-107092901056_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> jewellery via Reliance Jewels,<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance ventures into jewellery retail; to roll out 300 Reliance Jewels stores in 3 years |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/marketing-news/reliance-ventures-into-jewellery-retailto-roll-out-300-reliance-jewels-stores-in-3-years-28604.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=Exchange4Media |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722234851/https://www.exchange4media.com/marketing-news/reliance-ventures-into-jewellery-retailto-roll-out-300-reliance-jewels-stores-in-3-years-28604.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and footwear through Reliance Footprint, all in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mamgain |first1=Pramugdha |title=Reliance sees Rs 3,000 cr turnover in footwear biz |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/durables/reliance-sees-rs-3000-cr-turnover-in-footwear-biz/articleshow/2547157.cms |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=17 November 2007 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722234850/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/durables/reliance-sees-rs-3000-cr-turnover-in-footwear-biz/articleshow/2547157.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2008, [[Marks & Spencer]] established a 51:49 [[joint venture]] with Reliance Retail to open a chain of Marks & Spencer stores in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marks & Spencer, Reliance Retail announce JV in India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/marks-spencer-reliance-retail-announce-jv-in-india/articleshow/2962331.cms |access-date=25 July 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=18 April 2008 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726143715/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/marks-spencer-reliance-retail-announce-jv-in-india/articleshow/2962331.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011, Reliance Retail started its wholesale [[cash and carry]] chain called Reliance Market.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehta |first1=Shramana Ganguly |title=Reliance Retail's first Cash & Carry store 'Reliance Market' to come up in Ahmedabad |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/reliance-retails-first-cash-carry-store-reliance-market-to-come-up-in-ahmedabad/articleshow/8800435.cms |access-date=25 July 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=10 June 2011 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725202909/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/reliance-retails-first-cash-carry-store-reliance-market-to-come-up-in-ahmedabad/articleshow/8800435.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2013, the company stopped retailing [[Non-vegetarian food in India|non-vegetarian food items]] and shut down its 100-plus Reliance Delight meat and seafood stores, owing to opposition from shareholders, customers and [[Animal rights movement|animal rights activists]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karmali |first1=Naazneen |title=Mukesh Ambani's Reliance Retail Chickens Out, Turns Vegetarian |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/naazneenkarmali/2013/12/16/mukesh-ambanis-reliance-retail-chickens-out-turns-vegetarian/ |access-date=25 July 2024 |work=Forbes |date=16 December 2013 |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726143715/https://www.forbes.com/sites/naazneenkarmali/2013/12/16/mukesh-ambanis-reliance-retail-chickens-out-turns-vegetarian/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Opposition by Consumers, Stakeholders & Activists Prompted Closure of RIL's Delight |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/food-entertainment/personal-care-pet-supplies-liquor/opposition-by-consumers-stakeholders-activists-prompted-closure-of-rils-delight/27584957 |access-date=25 July 2024 |work=ETRetail.com |publisher=The Economic Times |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726143715/https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/food-entertainment/personal-care-pet-supplies-liquor/opposition-by-consumers-stakeholders-activists-prompted-closure-of-rils-delight/27584957 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2014, it also closed its book and music stores called Reliance TimeOut, and furniture retailer, Reliance Living, in order to focus on [[Discount store|value retailing]] and [[e-commerce]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance exiting furniture business |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/reliance-exiting-furniture-business/article20869787.ece1 |access-date=25 July 2024 |work=BusinessLine |date=21 September 2014 |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726143715/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/reliance-exiting-furniture-business/article20869787.ece1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, Reliance Retail [[rebranded]] its hypermarket and mini-hypermarket formats–Reliance Mart and Reliance Super–under the name Reliance Smart.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Agarwal |first1=Sapna |title=Reliance Retail looks to reinvent itself |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/fWo7QwpE3CBS0a1TOK1dTJ/Reliance-Retail-looks-to-reinvent-itself.html |access-date=25 July 2024 |work=Mint |date=11 April 2016 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726143712/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/fWo7QwpE3CBS0a1TOK1dTJ/Reliance-Retail-looks-to-reinvent-itself.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2016, it launched its online fashion retail platform called AJIO.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Agarwal |first1=Sapna |title=Reliance Industries launches online fashion portal Ajio.com |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/ryhOuEuNL2Xa5vLC62tC5I/Reliance-Industries-launches-online-fashion-portal-Ajiocom.html |access-date=25 July 2024 |work=Mint |date=2 April 2016 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725190707/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/ryhOuEuNL2Xa5vLC62tC5I/Reliance-Industries-launches-online-fashion-portal-Ajiocom.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Reliance Retail largely grew organically until 2019, when it acquired the multinational toy retailer [[Hamleys]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karwa |first1=Krishna |title=Another acquisition for Reliance Retail on the cards? |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/another-acquisition-for-reliance-retail-on-the-cards-3849501.html |access-date=25 July 2024 |work=Moneycontrol |date=18 April 2019 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726143715/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/another-acquisition-for-reliance-retail-on-the-cards-3849501.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2019, the company [[soft-launched]] its [[online grocery]] service [[JioMart]], followed by a wide launch in May 2020 amidst the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]].<ref>{{cite news |title=JioMart goes live in 200 cities after Mumbai pilot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/jiomart-goes-live-in-200-cities-after-mumbai-pilot/articleshow/75955843.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 May 2020 |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020153801/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/jiomart-goes-live-in-200-cities-after-mumbai-pilot/articleshow/75955843.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2020, Reliance Retail announced its acquisition of [[Future Group]]'s retail, wholesale, logistics and warehousing business for {{INRConvert|24713|c|mode=historical|year=2020}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Aparna |title=Reliance Retail buys Kishore Biyani's Future retail for Rs 24,713 crore |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/article/reliance-retail-buys-kishore-biyanis-future-retail-for-rs-24713-crore/644685 |publisher=[[Times Now]] |date=29 August 2020 |archive-date=30 August 2020 |access-date=29 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830174835/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/article/reliance-retail-buys-kishore-biyanis-future-retail-for-rs-24713-crore/644685 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the deal was called off in April 2022 after a prolonged legal dispute between Future Group and [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Manish |title=Reliance calls off $3.4 billion deal with Future Group |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/04/23/reliance-says-its-3-4-billion-deal-with-future-group-cannot-be-implemented |access-date=29 June 2023 |work=TechCrunch |date=23 April 2022}}</ref> Later, Reliance Retail took over more than 200 of Future Group's [[Big Bazaar]], [[Central (Department Store)|Central]] and [[Brand Factory]] outlets due to Future Group's non-payment of lease,<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance to take over operations of 250 more Future Retail stores-sources |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/indias-reliance-to-take-over-operations-of-250-more-future-retail-stores-sources/articleshow/89890142.cms |access-date=25 July 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=28 February 2022}}</ref> and reopened them as Smart Bazaar, Centro and Fashion Factory respectively.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Writankar |title=Reliance Retail to rebrand brand factory stores as fashion factory |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/reliance-retail-to-rebrand-brand-factory-stores-as-fashion-factory/articleshow/94571734.cms |access-date=25 July 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725193959/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/reliance-retail-to-rebrand-brand-factory-stores-as-fashion-factory/articleshow/94571734.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2021, the company partnered with [[7-Eleven]] to franchise the latter's stores in India, opening India's first 7-Eleven in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-07|title=Reliance Retail to launch first 7-Eleven store in India this week; Mukesh Ambani takes master franchise|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/reliance-retail-to-launch-first-7-eleven-store-in-india-this-week-mukesh-ambani-takes-master-franchise/2345394/|access-date=2021-10-07|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007125358/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/reliance-retail-to-launch-first-7-eleven-store-in-india-this-week-mukesh-ambani-takes-master-franchise/2345394/|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2022, Reliance Retail entered a similar [[franchising]] agreement with [[Gap Inc.|Gap]] to bring Gap to India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haidar |first1=Faizan |title=Reliance Retail to bring fashion brand Gap to India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/reliance-retail-limited-announces-partnership-with-gap-inc-/articleshow/92701810.cms |access-date=25 July 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=6 July 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725202908/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/reliance-retail-limited-announces-partnership-with-gap-inc-/articleshow/92701810.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2022, Reliance Retail invested $200 million in [[Dunzo]] for a 25.8% stake.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Retail picks up 25.8% stake in Dunzo, leads $240 mn funding |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/reliance-retail-picks-up-25-8-stake-in-dunzo-leads-240-million-funding/articleshow/88733921.cms |date=2022-01-06 |website=The Economic Times |access-date=2022-01-06 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106135632/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/reliance-retail-picks-up-25-8-stake-in-dunzo-leads-240-million-funding/articleshow/88733921.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, soft drink brand [[Campa Cola]] was acquired by Reliance Industries for ₹22 crores. In March 2023, Reliance Consumer Products (RCPL), the fast-moving consumer goods arm and subsidiary of Reliance Retail Ventures (RRVL), announced the relaunch of Campa Cola in three flavours at select stores.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Campa Cola is back: Mukesh Ambani's Reliance Industries relaunches iconic Campa in 3 flavours |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/campa-cola-is-back-mukesh-ambanis-reliance-industries-relaunches-iconic-campa-in-3-flavours/3003752/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310081017/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/campa-cola-is-back-mukesh-ambanis-reliance-industries-relaunches-iconic-campa-in-3-flavours/3003752/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2024, Jio Leasing Services Ltd (JLSL), a subsidiary of [[Jio Financial Services]], announced that it would lease customer premises equipment, devices and telecom equipment worth $4.32 billion from Reliance Retail.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2024-05-24 |title=Jio Financial unit to buy $4.32B of telecom gear from Reliance Retail |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/05/23/jio-financial-unit-to-buy-4-32b-of-telecom-gear-from-reliance-retail/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524224309/https://techcrunch.com/2024/05/23/jio-financial-unit-to-buy-4-32b-of-telecom-gear-from-reliance-retail/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2025, Reliance Retail re-launched [[Shein]] in India, nearly five years after the app was banned by the Indian government due to privacy concerns.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandya |first1=Dhwani |title=Billionaire Ambani's Reliance brings Shein back to India after 2020 app ban |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/billionaire-ambanis-reliance-brings-shein-back-india-after-2020-app-ban-2025-02-02/ |access-date=3 May 2025 |date=3 February 2025}}</ref> This followed a 2023 partnership between Reliance Retail and Shein to source products locally from India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zhai |first1=Keith |title=Fashion Giant Shein to Diversify Supply Chain Beyond China With Indian Fabrics |url=https://www.wsj.com/business/retail/shein-makes-a-comeback-in-india-teams-up-with-reliance-retail-f4826338 |access-date=3 May 2025 |work=WSJ |date=19 May 2023}}</ref>

== Subsidiaries and divisions==
[[File:Reliance Mall, Vikaspuri 01.jpg|thumb|Reliance Mall, [[Delhi]]]]
[[File:Reliance Mall Nizamabad.jpg|thumb|Reliance Mall, [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]]]
[[File:Reliance Mart, ISCON Mall, Ahmedabad.jpg|thumb|Inside a Reliance Smart supermarket in [[Ahmedabad]]]]
{{CSS image crop
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|bSize = 350
|cWidth = 220
|cHeight = 140
|oTop = 80
|oLeft= 1
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|Description = A Reliance Trends Woman store in [[Kollam]].
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[[File:Hamleys.jpg|thumb|A Hamleys store in [[London]]]]
[[File:Metro Cash & Carry India Private Limited - Kalikapur - Eastern Metropolitan Bypass - Kolkata 2013-09-18 0248.JPG|thumb|Metro Cash & Carry, [[Kolkata]]]]
[[File:Reliance Centro Mall in Pune.jpg|thumb|Reliance Centro, [[Pune]]]]
There are over 45 subsidiaries and divisions of Reliance Retail.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ril.com/html/aboutus/subsidiaries_associates_RRL.html |title=Subsidiaries of Reliance Retail Limited |publisher=ril.com |access-date=27 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812101653/http://www.ril.com/html/aboutus/subsidiaries_associates_RRL.html |archive-date=12 August 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Major divisions===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Name
!Note
|-
|1
|Reliance Fresh
|Retail outlets of fruits, vegetables and groceries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/few-ril-retail-arms-still-making-losses-113050900901_1.html|title=Few RIL retail arms still making losses|date=11 May 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=27 August 2013|archive-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626165326/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/few-ril-retail-arms-still-making-losses-113050900901_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2
|Reliance Smart/Smart Point
|Reliance Smart offers fresh produce, bakery, dairy products, home, and personal care products, general merchandise, fruits, vegetables, and groceries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://relianceretail.com/reliance-smart.html|title=Reliance Retail|website=relianceretail.com|access-date=6 September 2018|archive-date=6 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124821/https://relianceretail.com/reliance-smart.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Reliance Digital]]
|Consumer electronics retail stores. It had 689 stores in 2014.<ref name="RRetail">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/reliance-retails-growth-trail/article4974498.ece|title=Reliance Retail's growth trail|date=31 July 2013|newspaper=The Hindu Businessline|access-date=19 August 2013|archive-date=22 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822222132/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/reliance-retails-growth-trail/article4974498.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|4
|Jio Stores
|Small-format connectivity retailer which sells [[Jio]] connections, phones and accessories. It had over 7,900 stores as of 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Retail: King Of Indian Retail |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/business/reliance-group-relaince-industry-retail-sector-reliance-retail-king-of-indian-retail-news-184281 |access-date=13 August 2023 |work=Outlook |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813213733/https://www.outlookindia.com/business/reliance-group-relaince-industry-retail-sector-reliance-retail-king-of-indian-retail-news-184281 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|5
|Reliance Jewels
|Jewellery retail; it had 77 showrooms in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Jewels launches premium flagship showroom in Ahmedabad |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/reliance-jewels-launches-premium-flagship-showroom-in-ahmedabad/article24254288.ece |access-date=13 August 2023 |work=Business Line |date=25 June 2018 |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813213733/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/reliance-jewels-launches-premium-flagship-showroom-in-ahmedabad/article24254288.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|6
|Reliance Trends
|Apparel and clothing. It had more than 2,300 stores in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bailay |first1=Rasul |title=Reliance Retail to roll out value fashion brand Yousta; plans 250 stores |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2023/07/26/reliance-retail-to-roll-out-value-fashion-brand-yousta-plans-250-stores |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=India Retailing |date=26 July 2023 |language=English |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731220914/https://www.indiaretailing.com/2023/07/26/reliance-retail-to-roll-out-value-fashion-brand-yousta-plans-250-stores/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|7
|Reliance Trends Footwear
|Footwear retail format which was known as Reliance Footprint until 2019. It had over 800 stores in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ratna |first1=Anagha R. |title=Reliance opens Trends Footwear store in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2024/05/17/reliance-opens-trends-footwear-store-in-tamil-nadu |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=India Retailing |date=17 May 2024 |language=English |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731220004/https://www.indiaretailing.com/2024/05/17/reliance-opens-trends-footwear-store-in-tamil-nadu/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|8
|Reliance Market
|Cash and carry wholesale format. It had 40 stores in 2022.<ref name="snaps"/>
|-
|9
|Reliance Brands
|Licensee of foreign upmarket fashion brands. It had 595 stores and 744 [[shop-in-shop]]s in 2021.<ref name="rbl">{{cite news |last1=Tandon |first1=Suneera |title=RIL buys 40% in couturier Manish Malhotra's MM Styles |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/reliance-brands-invests-in-designer-label-manish-malhotra-11634304374158.html |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=Mint |date=16 October 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731215717/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/reliance-brands-invests-in-designer-label-manish-malhotra-11634304374158.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|10
|AJIO
|E-commerce, fashion shopping website, officially launched at the [[Lakme Fashion Week]] SS16.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Retail's AJIO to start selling luxury brands |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/reliance-retails-ajio-to-start-selling-luxury-brands/article30880643.ece |access-date=17 November 2020 |work=@businessline |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222134511/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/reliance-retails-ajio-to-start-selling-luxury-brands/article30880643.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|11
|[[JioMart]]
|JioMart is the e-commerce venture of Reliance Retail that provides grocery delivery. It operates in 200 cities in India and was started as a joint venture between Reliance Retail and [[Jio Platforms]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/25/tech/jio-amazon-flipkart-intl-hnk|title=Mukesh Ambani's JioMart expands to 200 Indian cities in challenge to Amazon and Flipkart | CNN Business|first=Sherisse|last=Pham|date=25 May 2020|website=CNN|access-date=9 August 2025|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224053843/https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/25/tech/jio-amazon-flipkart-intl-hnk/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|12
|Azorte
|In 2022, Reliance Retail launched fashion stores under Azorte brand, under which it retails footwear, fashion accessories, home and beauty products.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mint |first1=The |title=Reliance Retail |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/reliance-retail-launches-fashion-stores-under-azorte-brand-11664439147859.html |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929082456/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/reliance-retail-launches-fashion-stores-under-azorte-brand-11664439147859.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|13
|Tira
|Tira is an omnichannel beauty retailer launched in April 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Retail launches first beauty store Tira in Mumbai, plans to expand across 100 cities |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/reliance-retail-launches-first-beauty-store-tira-in-mumbai/article66702391.ece |access-date=13 August 2023 |work=Business Line |date=5 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813205727/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/reliance-retail-launches-first-beauty-store-tira-in-mumbai/article66702391.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

===Acquisitions===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Name
!Note
|-
|1
|[[Hamleys]]
|Hamleys, one of the oldest and largest toy retailers in the world, was acquired by Reliance Retail in 2019 for {{GBP}}67.96 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Brands completes acquisition of Hamleys |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/reliance-brands-completes-acquisition-of-hamleys/articleshow/70274092.cms |access-date=17 November 2020 |work=The Economic Times |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129064140/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/reliance-brands-completes-acquisition-of-hamleys/articleshow/70274092.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2
|Shri Kannan Departmental Store
| Shri Kannan Departmental Store is a retail store chain that sells fruits, vegetables, dairy, staples, home, and personal care, and general merchandise. It operates 29 stores in [[Coimbatore]] and was acquired by Reliance Retail in 2020 for {{INR}}152.5 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/reliance-retail-acquires-shri-kannan-departmental-store-for-1525-crore/article30991510.ece|title=Reliance Retail acquires Shri Kannan Departmental Store for ₹152.5 crore|date=5 March 2020|website=BusinessLine|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=13 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313234253/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/reliance-retail-acquires-shri-kannan-departmental-store-for-1525-crore/article30991510.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|3
|Netmeds
|Netmeds is a licensed e-pharmacy based in Chennai. In 2020, Reliance Retail acquired a 60% stake in Netmeds' parent Vitalic for approximately ₹620 crore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Samidha |last2=Peermohamed |first2=Alnoor |title=Reliance retail acquires majority stake in Netmeds' parent for Rs 620 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/reliance-retail-acquires-majority-stake-in-netmeds-parent-for-rs-620-crore/articleshow/77625176.cms |access-date=17 November 2020 |work=The Economic Times |archive-date=10 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210212721/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/reliance-retail-acquires-majority-stake-in-netmeds-parent-for-rs-620-crore/articleshow/77625176.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|4
|[[Urban Ladder]]
|Urban Ladder is an omnichannel furniture and decor retailer based out of Bangalore, India. In 2020, Reliance Retail acquired a 96% stake in Urban Ladder for {{INR}}182 crore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Retail acquires Urban Ladder for ₹182 crore – at a sixth of the startup's peak valuation in 2018 |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/retail/news/reliance-retail-acquires-urban-ladder-for-182-crore-at-a-sixth-of-the-startups-peak-valuation-in-2018/articleshow/79230550.cms |access-date=17 November 2020 |work=Business Insider |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115233757/https://www.businessinsider.in/retail/news/reliance-retail-acquires-urban-ladder-for-182-crore-at-a-sixth-of-the-startups-peak-valuation-in-2018/articleshow/79230550.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Singh, Manish (November 15, 2020). [https://techcrunch.com/2020/11/14/reliance-retail-buys-urban-ladder-for-24-4-million/ "Reliance Retail buys Urban Ladder for $24.4 million"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115081607/https://techcrunch.com/2020/11/14/reliance-retail-buys-urban-ladder-for-24-4-million/ |date=15 November 2020 }}. ''TechCrunch''. Retrieved 15 November 2020.</ref>
|-
|5
|Addverb
|Addverb is a [[Noida]]-based robotics company in which Reliance Retail bought a 55% stake for $132 million in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Retail acquires about 55% stake in Addverb Technologies: RIL |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/reliance-retail-acquires-about-55-stake-in-addverb-technologies-ril-122011901070_1.html |access-date=29 November 2022 |work=Business Standard |date=19 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129064126/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/reliance-retail-acquires-about-55-stake-in-addverb-technologies-ril-122011901070_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|6
|Amante
|Amante is a retailer and wholesale distributor of lingerie in India and Sri Lanka, acquired by Reliance Retail in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Retail acquires 'amante' from MAS Holdings |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/reliance-retail-acquires-amante-from-mas-holdings/articleshow/87657347.cms |access-date=29 November 2022 |work=The Economic Times |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129061442/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/reliance-retail-acquires-amante-from-mas-holdings/articleshow/87657347.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|7
|Zivame
|Bangalore-based Zivame is an online retailer of lingerie, activewear, sleepwear and shapewear for women. In 2021, Reliance Retail acquired an 85% stake in the company for {{INR}}1,200 crore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Manish |title=Why Reliance is betting big on lingerie; influencers' incomes on the rise |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/newsletters/morning-dispatch/why-reliance-is-betting-big-on-lingerie-influencers-incomes-on-the-rise/articleshow/90948041.cms |date=20 March 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2023 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127141044/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/newsletters/morning-dispatch/why-reliance-is-betting-big-on-lingerie-influencers-incomes-on-the-rise/articleshow/90948041.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|8
|[[Justdial]]
|In 2021, Reliance Retail acquired a 66% stake in local search company [[Justdial]] for {{INRconvert|5710|c|mode=historical|year=2020}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Retail buys Just Dial for Rs 5,710 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/reliance-retail-buys-just-dial-for-rs-5710-crore/articleshow/84489965.cms |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=17 July 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828171143/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/reliance-retail-buys-just-dial-for-rs-5710-crore/articleshow/84489965.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|9
|Milkbasket
|Milkbasket is a subscription-based daily micro-delivery service. In October 2021, Reliance Retail Ventures acquired a 96.49% stake in Milkbasket.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baruah |first1=Rituraj |title=Reliance Retail Completes Milkbasket Acquisition |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/reliance-retail-completes-milkbasket-acquisition-acquires-96-49-stake/ |access-date=29 June 2023 |work=Inc42 Media |date=23 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727190547/https://inc42.com/buzz/reliance-retail-completes-milkbasket-acquisition-acquires-96-49-stake/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|10
|Clovia
|Clovia is an Indian innerwear and loungewear company. In 2022, Reliance Retail acquired a 89% stake in the company for $125 million.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Manish |title=Reliance Retail acquires majority stake in D2C brand Clovia for $125 million |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/03/20/reliance-clovia/ |access-date=29 November 2022 |work=TechCrunch |date=20 March 2022 |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129061439/https://techcrunch.com/2022/03/20/reliance-clovia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|11
|[[Metro AG|Metro Cash & Carry India]]
|In December 2022, Reliance Retail acquired [[Metro AG|Metro Cash & Carry India]] for {{INRConvert|2850|c|mode=historical|year=2022}}. After the acquisition, Reliance Retail gained control of 31 Metro India stores which had over 3 million B2B customers.<ref name="snaps">{{cite news |last1=Tandon |first1=Suneera |title=RIL snaps up Metro's India wholesale biz |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/ril-snaps-up-metro-s-india-wholesale-biz-11671734620978.html |access-date=26 July 2024 |work=Mint |date=23 December 2022 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726145018/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/ril-snaps-up-metro-s-india-wholesale-biz-11671734620978.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|12
|V-Retail
|In 2023, Reliance Retail acquired V-Retail, a footwear and apparel retail company which operated 32 stores under the name of Centro across Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Retail acquires footwear retailer V Retail |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/reliance-retail-acquires-footwear-retailer-v-retail/articleshow/97182261.cms |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=21 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
|13
|Bismi
|In financial year 2023, Reliance Retail Ventures acquired Bismi, an electronics and grocery retail chain with 30 stores in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Writankar |title=Reliance Retail set to acquire Kerala's Bismi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/reliance-retail-set-to-acquire-keralas-bismi/articleshow/94440472.cms |access-date=26 April 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004081255/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/reliance-retail-set-to-acquire-keralas-bismi/articleshow/94440472.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|14
|[[Kelvinator]]
|Reliance Retail announced the acquisition of the Kelvinator brand on July 18, 2025, marking a strategic expansion into India’s consumer durables sector.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/reliance-retail-acquires-kelvinator-to-boost-consumer-durables-business-13293562.html|title=Reliance Retail acquires Kelvinator to boost consumer durables business}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ril.com/sites/default/files/2025-07/18072025_MR_Reliance_Retail_Acquires_Kelvinator.pdf | title=Reliance Retail Acquires Kelvinator: Forging a New Era in India's Consumer Durables Market | website=www.ril.com | date=2025-07-18}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Products and services ==

=== Private label products ===
Although Reliance Retail's grocery businesses primarily markets products of third party FMCG players, they also sell inhouse brands including: Best Farms, Good Life, Enzo, Mopz, Expelz and Home One.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mukesh Ambani's Reliance Retail plans to sell in-house brands in kirana stores|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/reliance-retail-plans-to-sell-in-house-brands-in-kirana-stores/story/368693.html|access-date=2021-03-10|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=29 July 2019|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228103235/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/reliance-retail-plans-to-sell-in-house-brands-in-kirana-stores/story/368693.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pathak|first=Kalpana|date=2019-07-29|title=RIL plans a big push for private-label brands|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/ril-plans-a-big-push-for-private-label-brands-1564341638059.html|access-date=2021-03-10|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226015753/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/ril-plans-a-big-push-for-private-label-brands-1564341638059.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pathak|first=Kalpana|date=2020-05-25|title=For Reliance Retail's JioMart, private labels are the way to go|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/for-reliance-retail-jiomart-pvt-labels-are-the-way-to-go-11590344650286.html|access-date=2021-03-10|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624110742/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/for-reliance-retail-jiomart-pvt-labels-are-the-way-to-go-11590344650286.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Fashion labels===
Reliance Brands, a wholly owned subsidiary of Reliance Retail, holds stakes in fashion labels such as [[Satya Paul]] (72%),<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance buys additional stake in Future101, Genesis Colors |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/reliance-buys-additional-stake-in-future101-genesis-colors/articleshow/67904498.cms |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731215717/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/reliance-buys-additional-stake-in-future101-genesis-colors/articleshow/67904498.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Manish Malhotra]] (40%),<ref name="rbl"/> and [[Ritu Kumar]] (52%).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bailay |first1=Rasul |title=Reliance Retail acquires a controlling stake in designer Ritu Kumar's company |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/reliance-retail-acquires-a-controlling-stake-in-designer-ritu-kumars-company/articleshow/87136675.cms |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=19 October 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731215717/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/reliance-retail-acquires-a-controlling-stake-in-designer-ritu-kumars-company/articleshow/87136675.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Funding==

In September 2020, American investment firm [[Silver Lake (investment firm)|Silver Lake]] bought a 1.75% stake in Reliance Retail for {{INR}}7,500 crore<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/brokerages-view-on-silver-lakes-investment-in-reliance-retail|title=Brokerage view on Silver Lake investment in Reliance retail|work=[[Bloomberg Quint]]|last1=Dsouza|first1=Sharleen|date=11 September 2020|access-date=11 September 2020|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921083702/https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/brokerages-view-on-silver-lakes-investment-in-reliance-retail|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Kohlberg Kravis Roberts|KKR]] acquired a 1.28% stake for {{INR}}5,500 crore valuing the company at $58 billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/latest-news-kkr-reliance-retail-deal-american-buyout-firm-to-invest-rs-5500-crore-for-1-28-in-ril-unit-5873461.html|title=KKR-Reliance Retail deal: American buyout firm to invest Rs 5,550 crore for 1.28% in RIL unit|work=[[Moneycontrol]]|date=23 September 2020|access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924011551/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/latest-news-kkr-reliance-retail-deal-american-buyout-firm-to-invest-rs-5500-crore-for-1-28-in-ril-unit-5873461.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2020, Singapore's sovereign wealth fund [[GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)|GIC]] bought a 1.22% stake for $752 million, while [[TPG Capital|TPG]] acquired a 0.41% stake for $250 million, giving Reliance Retail a pre-money valuation of $58.5 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Singapore's GIC and TPG to invest over $1 billion in Reliance Retail|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/10/02/singapore-gic-reliance-retail-ambani/|access-date=5 October 2020 |website=TechCrunch|date=2 October 2020 }}</ref>

In August 2023, the [[Qatar Investment Authority]] invested $1 billion in Reliance Retail for a 0.99% stake in the company at a $100 billion valuation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rosendar |first=Yessar |title=Qatar Investment Authority Invests $1 Billion In Mukesh Ambani's Reliance Retail Ventures |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/yessarrosendar/2023/08/24/qatar-investment-authority-invests-1-billion-in-mukesh-ambanis-reliance-retail-ventures/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825155315/https://www.forbes.com/sites/yessarrosendar/2023/08/24/qatar-investment-authority-invests-1-billion-in-mukesh-ambanis-reliance-retail-ventures/ |archive-date=25 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> In October 2023, the [[Abu Dhabi Investment Authority]] acquired a 0.59% stake in the company with an investment of nearly $600 million.<ref name="adia">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Manish |title=Abu Dhabi sovereign-wealth fund invests nearly $600M in Reliance Retail at $100B valuation |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/10/06/abu-dhabi-sovereign-wealth-fund-invests-nearly-600m-in-reliance-retail-at-100b-valuation/ |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=TechCrunch |date=6 October 2023 |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006223157/https://techcrunch.com/2023/10/06/abu-dhabi-sovereign-wealth-fund-invests-nearly-600m-in-reliance-retail-at-100b-valuation/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Reliance Group}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Reliance Retail| ]]
[[Category:Reliance Industries subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Retail companies of India]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Clothing brands of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Hypermarkets]]
[[Category:Discount stores]]
[[Category:Consumer electronics retailers]]
[[Category:Supermarkets of India]]
[[Category:Superstores]]
[[Category:Clothing retailers of India]]
[[Category:Convenience stores]]
[[Category:Online retailers of India]]
[[Category:Kohlberg Kravis Roberts companies]]

Ajitesh Bandopadhyay

2026-01-27T12:25:37Z

Veronaqbs: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian actor, playwright, activist and director (1933–1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ajitesh Bandopadhyay
| image =
| birth_date = 30 September 1933
| birth_place = Ropogram, [[Purulia District]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1983|10|13|1933|9|30}}
|death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| occupation = {{plainlist|
* actor
* playwright
* activist
* director
}}
| mother = Lakshmi Rani Devi
| father = Bhubhanmohan Bandopadhyay
}}
'''Ajitesh Bandopadhyay''' ({{langx|bn|অজিতেশ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়}}; born: 30 September 1933 ― 13 October 1983) was an Indian actor, playwright, activist and director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/ajitesh-bannerjee-129228|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526040456/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/ajitesh-bannerjee-129228|url-status=live|archive-date=26 May 2019|title=Ajitesh Bannerjee movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-05-19}}</ref> He along with [[Shambhu Mitra]] and [[Utpal Dutt]] are considered to be the doyens of Bengali theatre of the post - Independence era.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/letters-to-the-editor/some-confession-on-actor-ajitesh-bandopadhyay-1.804592|title=সম্পাদক সমীপেষু: কী হয়েছিল কী হয়নি|website=anandabazar.com|language=bn|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born as Ajit, at Ropogram in [[Purulia District]], [[West Bengal]] at his maternal uncle's house. His native village was [[Kenda]] situated in the [[Raniganj, West Bengal|Raniganj]] region of [[Paschim Bardhaman district]], [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/ajitesh-bandopadhyay-the-man-who-created-a-niche-for-himself-in-bengali-theatre-1.1033758 |title=আসানসোলের অজিত, কলকাতার অজিতেশ}}</ref> He was the eldest son of coal miner Bhubhanmohan and Lakshmirani.

Having graduated from [[Maharaja Manindra Chandra College]], [[Kolkata]], he taught for a few years in the same college and in [[South Point School]] before plunging himself into the world of theatre by joining the ''[[Nandikar]]'' group in 1960.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/53-years-on-an-actor-remembers-his-journey/articleshow/21769485.cms | title=53 years on, an actor remembers his journey|last=Mitra|first=Prithvijit|date=12 August 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=5 August 2018}}</ref>

== Theatre ==
Before joining ''[[Nandikar]]'', he had been in close touch with the IPTA (''Indian Peoples' Theatre Association'') and was both directing and performing a number of its stage productions. While with ''[[Nandikar]]'', Ajitesh along with [[Rudraprasad Sengupta]], [[Asit Bandopadhyay]] and Keya Chakrabarty, staged and performed many successful plays - mostly adaptations of ''[[Chekhov]]'', ''[[Sophocles]]'', ''[[Luigi Pirandello]]'' and such ''stalwarts''; of these, few like ''Antigone'', ''Teen Poysar Pala'' (adapted from ''Three Penny Opera''), ''Manjari Aamer Manjari'' (adapted from ''Cherry Orchard'') not only drew large audiences but created milestones of success even at the national level. Plays like ''Bhalomanusher Pala'' and ''Sher Afgan'' met with the same success. As a recognition of his directorial ventures and contribution to theatre, he was honored with the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award|''Sangeet Natak Academy Award'']] in 1976 at the age of 42, one of the youngest recipients of this nationally prestigious award. In the early 1970s, he was described by none other than [[Sombhu Mitra]] as the "most powerful performer of the Bengal theatre in current times". In 1977, he left [[Nandikar]] and formed his theatrical group ''[[Nandimukh]]'' through which he continued his stage productions and performances with equal aplomb.<ref name=":0" />

== Film ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2025}}
At the same time, his performance on the silver screen, particularly as a [[character actor]], in films like ''Haate Bajare'', ''[[Chhuti]]'', ''[[Atithi (1965 film)|Atithi]]'', ''[[Kuheli]]'' followed by [[Ganadevata (film)|''Ganadevata'']], ''Aaj Kaal Porshur Galpo'', ''[[Aarohi (film)]]'', ''[[Megh o Roudra]]'', ''[[Thagini]]'', ''Nidhiram Sardar'', ''Hire Manik'', ''[[Kapalkundala (1981 film)|Kapalkundala]]'', [[Samjhauta (film)|''Samjhauta'']] (in Hindi) established him as a powerful thespian of the stage and screen.

He was actively involved with ''radio plays'' and [[Jatra (theatre)|''Jatra'']] also.

An instance of his integrity and devotion is found when he left his teaching career to be cast for the role of the antagonist in ''Haate Bajare'' Directed by [[Tapan Sinha]] stating that his acting might negatively impact the young minds.

== Death ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2025}}
His untimely demise (at the age of 50) left a void, especially in Bengal theatre, which is, perhaps, still felt by one and many.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bandopadhyay, Ajitesh}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:People from Purulia district]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Maharaja Manindra Chandra College alumni]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Pathrol Kali Temple, Madhupur

2026-01-23T17:23:56Z

Veronaqbs:

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Pathrol Kali Temple
| native_name =पथरोल काली मंदिर
| image = Pathrol Kali Temple in Madhupur 02.jpg
| alt = Pathrol Kali Temple in Madhupur, Deoghar
| caption = Pathrol Kali Temple
| map_type = India Jharkhand
| map_caption = Location in Madhupur, Deoghar, Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|24|14|41|N|86|42|07|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| district = [[Deoghar district|Deoghar]]
| location = [[Madhupur, Deoghar|Madhupur]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Kali|Dakhshina Kali]]
| festivals = * [[Kali Puja]]
* [[Durga Puja]]
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| established =
| creator =
| temple_board =
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| website = {{Official website|https://tourism.jharkhand.gov.in/}}
| architecture_style =
}}
'''Maa Pathrol Kali Temple''' ({{Langx|hi|माँ पथरोल काली}}) is a [[Hindu temple|hindu]] temple located in [[Madhupur, Deoghar]] in the [[Santhal Parganas]] division of the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]. It is roughly 7 km from the Madhupur Town. The temple consists of a shrine dedicated to Goddess [[Kali]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 Oct 2024 |title=देवघर का पथरोल काली मंदिर, मनोकामनाओं का आश्रय, श्रद्धालुओं की पसंदीदा जगह |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/dharm/kali-temple-of-deoghar-all-wishes-are-fulfilled-within-a-year-devotees-gather-from-across-the-country-and-abroad-local18-8803842.html |access-date=7 Jan 2025 |work=News 18 Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2022-05-09 |title=प्रसिद्ध है पाथरोल का मां दक्षिणा काली मंदिर, पूजा से पूर्ण होती है भक्तों की मनोकामनाएं |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/jharkhand/state/jamtara/pathrol-maa-dakshina-kali-temple-has-historical-importance-in-jamtara/jh20220509113015113113469 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref> It is one of the oldest and sacred temple in Madhupur which was built by Raja Digvijay Singh about 6 to 7 centuries ago.<ref>{{Cite news|date=Nov 13, 2020|title=बंगाल व बिहार से पहुंच रहे पथरौल काली के भक्त|language=hi|work=Dainik Jagran|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/deoghar-kali-temple-pathrol-21060520.html|access-date=2021-09-19}}</ref> Worship is held every day from Monday to Sunday. Animals are sacrificed as part of worship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पथरोल काली मंदिर में 12 को होगी विशेष पूजा - devotees are coming to pathrol kali mandir |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/deoghar-devotees-are-coming-to-pathrol-kali-mandir-22173198.html |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-21 |title=पाथरोल : चैत्र अमावस्या पर मां काली मंदिर में भीड़ |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/deogarh/story-pathrol-crowd-in-maa-kali-temple-on-chaitra-amavasya-7927809.html |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref> There are nine more temple close to the main temple. An Annual fair is held every year during the month of Kartik (Oct - Nov) where thousands and thousands, of Pilgrims and devotees gather here for the worship and to witness the fair.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=पाथरोल काली मंदिर दीप दान के लिए उमड़े श्रद्धालु |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/deoghar/regarding-diwali-at-pathrol-kali-temple |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=Jan 2, 2018|title=पाथरोल मां काली मंदिर में श्रद्धालुओं ने टेका मत्था|language=hi|work=Hindustan|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/deogarh/story-parthol-mother-kali-mandir-1726542.html|access-date=2021-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=काली पूजा के दौरान पथरोल में लगेगा मेला - worship of maa kali in pathrol mandir |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/deoghar-worship-of-maa-kali-in-pathrol-mandir-22176790.html |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Deoghar district]]
[[Category:Kali temples]]
[[Category:Pilgrimage in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]

{{Hindu-temple-stub}}

Karapa mandal

2026-01-10T22:52:51Z

Veronaqbs: made a pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| official_name =
| area_total_km2 = 104.03
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}

'''Karapa mandal''' is one of the 21 mandals in [[Kakinada district|Kakinada District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. As per census 2011,<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4922-karapa-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh.html|website=census2011.co.in|title=Villages & Towns in Karapa Mandal of East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh}}</ref> there are 19 villages.

== Demographics ==
Karapa Mandal has total population of 76,398 as per the Census 2011 out of which 38,460 are males while 37,938 are females and the average Sex Ratio of Karapa Mandal is 986. The total literacy rate of Karapa Mandal is 68.61%. The male literacy rate is 63.59% and the female literacy rate is 58.76%.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/karapa-mandal-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh-4922|title=Karapa Mandal Population, Religion, Caste East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh|website=Census India}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

=== Villages ===
pedakotturu
vijayarayudupalem
uppalanka
goddatipalem
#Aratlakatta
#China Mamidada
#G. Bhavaram
#[[Gorripudi]]
#Gurajanapalle
#[[Karapa]]
#Kongodu
#Koripalle
#Kurada
#[[Nadakuduru]]
#Patharlagadda
#Peddapurapadu
#[[Penuguduru]]
#Siripuram
#Vakada
#[[Valasapakala]]
#Velangi
#Vemulavada
#Yandamuru
#Z. Bhavaram

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kakinada district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Kakinada district]]
[[Category:Mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

Lunar craters

2026-01-07T23:25:48Z

Veronaqbs: general correct details also and corrected details

{{short description|Craters on Earth's moon}}
{{redirect|Lunar crater|the volcanic crater in Nevada|Lunar Crater volcanic field}}
[[File:Webb crater.png|thumb|The crater [[Webb (crater)|Webb]], as seen from [[Lunar Orbiter 1]]. Several smaller craters can be seen in and around Webb.]]
[[File:AS10-29-4324.jpg|thumb|Side view of the crater [[Moltke (crater)|Moltke]] taken from [[Apollo 10]].]]

'''Lunar craters''' are [[impact crater]]s on [[Earth]]'s [[Moon]]. The Moon's surface has many craters, all of which were formed by impacts. The [[International Astronomical Union]] currently recognizes 9,137 craters, of which 1,675 have been dated.<ref name = "yang">{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Chen |last2=Zhao |first2=Haishi |last3=Bruzzone |first3=Lorenzo |last4=Benediktsson |first4=Jon Atli |last5=Liang |first5=Yanchun |last6=Liu |first6=Bin |last7=Zeng |first7=Xingguo |last8=Guan |first8=Renchu |last9=Li |first9=Chunlai |last10=Ouyang |first10=Ziyuan |title=Lunar impact crater identification and age estimation with Chang'E data by deep and transfer learning |journal=Nature Communications |date=December 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=6358 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-20215-y |pmid=33353954 |pmc=7755906 |arxiv=1912.01240 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.6358Y |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==History==
The word ''crater'' was adopted from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for "vessel" ({{Lang|grc|Κρατήρ|italic=no}}, a Greek vessel used to mix wine and water). [[Galileo]] built his [[refracting telescope|first telescope]] in late 1609, and turned it to the Moon for the first time on November 30, 1609. He discovered that, contrary to general opinion at that time, the Moon was not a perfect sphere, but had both mountains and cup-like depressions. These were named craters by [[Johann Hieronymus Schröter]] (1791), extending its previous use with [[volcano]]es.

[[Robert Hooke]] in ''[[Micrographia]]'' (1665) proposed two hypotheses for lunar crater formation: one, that the craters were caused by projectile bombardment from space, the other, that they were
the products of subterranean lunar [[volcanism]].<ref>Robert Hooke. «Micrographia: or, Some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses». London: J. Martyn and J. Allestry, 1665. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15491</ref>

[[Scientific opinion]] as to the origin of craters swung back and forth over the ensuing centuries. The competing theories were:
# [[volcanic eruption]]s blasting holes in the Moon
# [[meteoric impact]]
# a theory known as the [[Welteislehre]] developed in Germany between the two [[World Wars|world wars]] which suggested [[glacial motion]] creating the craters.
[[Grove Karl Gilbert]] suggested in 1893 that the Moon's craters were formed by large asteroid impacts. [[Ralph Baldwin]] in 1949 wrote that the Moon's craters were mostly of impact origin. Around 1960, [[Gene Shoemaker]] revived the idea. According to [[David H. Levy]], Shoemaker "saw the craters on the Moon as logical impact sites that were formed not gradually, in [[geologic time scale|eons]], but explosively, in seconds."<ref name="Levy">{{cite book |last1=Levy |first1=David |url=https://archive.org/details/shoemakerbylevym00levy |title=Shoemaker by Levy: The man who made an impact |date=2002 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691113258 |location=Princeton |pages=59 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

[[File:Lunar Craters 20151103.jpg|alt=Lunar craters as captured through the backyard telescope of an amateur astronomer, partially illuminated by the sun on a waning crescent moon.|thumb|Lunar craters as captured through the backyard telescope of an amateur astronomer, partially illuminated by the sun on a waning crescent moon.]]
Evidence collected during the [[Apollo Project]] and from uncrewed spacecraft of the same period proved conclusively that meteoric impact, or impact by [[asteroids]] for larger craters, was the origin of almost all lunar craters, and by implication, most craters on other bodies as well.

The formation of new craters is studied in the lunar impact monitoring program at [[NASA]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/ | title=Lunar Impacts | publisher=Marshall Space Flight Center | access-date=2013-05-18 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517072309/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/ | archive-date=2013-05-17 }}</ref> The biggest recorded crater was caused by an impact recorded on March 17, 2013.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Phillips |first=Tony |date=17 May 2013 |title=Bright Explosion on the Moon |url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/16may_lunarimpact/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626031503/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/16may_lunarimpact/ |archive-date=26 June 2014 |access-date=13 June 2014 |website=science.nasa.gov |publisher=NASA Science News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NASA's LRO Spacecraft Finds March 17, 2013 Impact Crater and More|url=https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasas-lro-spacecraft-finds-march-17-2013-impact-crater-and-more|website=nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|access-date=18 October 2021|date=17 March 2015}}</ref> Visible to the [[naked eye]], the impact is believed to be from an approximately {{cvt|40|kg|lb}} meteoroid striking the surface at a speed of {{cvt|90,000|km/h|mph mi/s}}.

In March 2018, the discovery of around 7,000 formerly unidentified lunar craters via [[convolutional neural network]] developed at the [[University of Toronto Scarborough]], Canada was announced.<ref>{{cite news |last=Campbell |first=Don |date=March 16, 2018 |title=New technique uses AI to locate and count craters on the moon |work=[[Phys.org]] |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-03-technique-ai-craters-moon.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316214301/https://phys.org/news/2018-03-technique-ai-craters-moon.html |archive-date=16 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Silburt |first=Ari |collaboration= Mohamad Ali-Dib, Chenchong Zhu, Alan Jackson, Diana Valencia, Yevgeni Kissin, Daniel Tamayo, Kristen Menou|title=Lunar Crater Identification via Deep Learning |journal=Icarus |year=2019 |volume=317 |pages=27–38 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2018.06.022 |arxiv=1803.02192|bibcode=2019Icar..317...27S |s2cid=73625527 }}</ref> A similar study in December 2020 identified around 109,000 new craters using a [[deep neural network]].<ref name = "yang"/>

==Characteristics==
Because of the Moon's lack of [[Lunar water|water]], [[Atmosphere of the Moon|atmosphere]], and [[tectonic plates]], there is little erosion, and craters are found that exceed two billion years in age. The age of large craters is determined by the number of smaller craters contained within it, older craters generally accumulating more small, contained craters.
[[File:Eratosthenes crater seen with 8 inch Schmidt-Cassegrain.png|thumb|The lunar crater [[Eratosthenes (crater)|Eratosthenes]] (center left) as imaged from Earth by amateur astronomer Joel Frohlich using an 8-inch [[Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope]].]]
The smallest craters found have been microscopic in size, found in rocks returned to Earth from the Moon. The largest crater called such is about {{convert|290|km|mi|abbr=on}} across in diameter, located near the [[lunar south pole]]. However, it is believed that many of the [[lunar mare|lunar maria]] were formed by giant impacts, with the resulting depression filled by upwelling [[lava]].

Craters typically will have some or all of the following features:
*a surrounding area with materials splashed out of the ground when the crater was formed; this is typically lighter in shade than older materials due to exposure to [[solar radiation]] for a lesser time
*raised rim, consisting of materials ejected but landing very close by
*crater wall, the downward-sloping portion of the crater
*crater floor, a more or less smooth, flat area, which as it ages accumulates small craters of its own
*central peak, found only in some craters with a diameter exceeding {{convert|26|km|mi|abbr=on}}; this is generally a splash effect caused by the kinetic energy of the impacting object being turned to heat and melting some lunar material.

== Statistics ==
There are at least 1.3 million craters larger than {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} in diameter; of these, 83,000 are greater than {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} in diameter, and 6,972 are greater than {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} in diameter.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robbins |first=Stuart J. |date=April 2019 |title=A New Global Database of Lunar Impact Craters >1–2 km: 1. Crater Locations and Sizes, Comparisons With Published Databases, and Global Analysis |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018JE005592 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets |language=en |volume=124 |issue=4 |pages=871–892 |doi=10.1029/2018JE005592 |bibcode=2019JGRE..124..871R |s2cid=134229081 |issn=2169-9097|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Smaller craters than this are being regularly formed, with a recent [[NELIOTA#Results|NELIOTA]] survey covering 283.5 hours of observation time discovering that at least 192 new craters of a size of {{convert|1.5|to|3|m|ft|sp=us}} were created during the observation period.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liakos |first=A. |last2=Bonanos |first2=A. Z. |last3=Xilouris |first3=E. M. |last4=Koschny |first4=D. |last5=Bellas-Velidis |first5=I. |last6=Boumis |first6=P. |last7=Maroussis |first7=A. |last8=Moissl |first8=R. |date=2024-07-01 |title=NELIOTA: New results and updated statistics after 6.5 years of lunar impact flashes monitoring |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2024/07/aa49542-24/aa49542-24.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=687 |pages=A14 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202449542 |issn=0004-6361|arxiv=2403.19613 }}</ref>

==Lunar crater categorization==
In 1978, [[Chuck Wood (astronomer)|Chuck Wood]] and [[Leif Erland Andersson|Leif Andersson]] of the Lunar & Planetary Lab devised a system of categorization of lunar impact craters.<ref name=Wood_1978_fresh/>
They sampled craters that were relatively unmodified by subsequent impacts, then grouped the results into five broad categories. These successfully accounted for about 99% of all lunar impact craters.

The LPC Crater Types were as follows:

* ''ALC'' — small, cup-shaped craters with a diameter of about {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} or less, and no central floor. The [[archetype]] for this category is [[Albategnius (crater)|Albategnius C]].
* ''BIO'' — similar to an ALC, but with small, flat floors. Typical diameter is about {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}. The lunar crater archetype is [[Biot (crater)|Biot]].
* ''SOS'' — the interior floor is wide and flat, with no central peak. The inner walls are not [[wiktionary:terrace|terrace]]d. The diameter is normally in the range of {{convert|15–25|km|mi|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}. The archetype is [[Sosigenes (crater)|Sosigenes]].
* ''TRI'' — these complex craters are large enough so that their inner walls have slumped to the floor. They can range in size from {{convert|15–50|km|mi|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} in diameter. The archetype crater is [[Triesnecker (crater)|Triesnecker]].
* ''TYC'' — these are larger than 50 km, with terraced inner walls and relatively flat floors. They frequently have large central peak formations. [[Tycho (crater)|Tycho]] is the archetype for this class.

Beyond a couple of hundred kilometers in diameter, the central peak of the TYC class disappear and they are classed as [[impact crater|basins]]. Large craters, similar in size to maria, but without (or with a small amount of) dark lava filling, are sometimes called thalassoids.{{efn-ua|This term was coined by Soviet explorers of the Moon after beginning of exploration of [[far side of the Moon|lunar farside]]. Later, in 1967, on XIII General Assembly of the [[International Astronomical Union]] this word was proposed to be included into the list of generic terms of [[planetary nomenclature|nomenclature]] of lunar surface features, but this proposal was declined. So, this term remains only a characterization of the features, but not a part of their names.<ref name=Proceedings_1967 />}}<ref name=glossary_2005/><ref name=Mosher_1970/>

Beginning in 2009 [[Nadine G. Barlow]] of [[Northern Arizona University]], the U.S. began to convert the Wood and Andersson lunar impact-crater database into digital format.<ref>{{cite conference
|title = Development of a New GIS Database of Lunar Impact Craters
|author = David T. W. Buckingham
|author2 = Bitha Salimkumar
|author3 = Nadine G. Barlow
|name-list-style = amp
|conference = Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
|volume = 42
|pages = 1428
|year = 2011
|issue = 1608
|bibcode = 2011LPI....42.1428B
|url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/1428.pdf
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629171952/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/1428.pdf
|archive-date = 2011-06-29
}}</ref> Barlow is also creating a new lunar impact crater database similar to Wood and Andersson's, except hers will include all impact craters greater than or equal to five kilometers in diameter and is based on the ''[[Clementine (spacecraft)|Clementine]]'' spacecraft's images of the lunar surface.

The Moon Zoo project within the [[Zooniverse (citizen science project)|Zooniverse]] program aimed to use [[citizen scientist]]s to map the size and shape of as many craters as possible using data from the NASA [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]]. However, it has since been retired.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moonzoo.org/|title=Moon Zoo: Archive|website=www.moonzoo.org|access-date=2 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017095820/https://www.moonzoo.org/|archive-date=17 October 2017}}</ref>

==Names==
Craters constitute 95% of all [[planetary nomenclature|named]] lunar features.<ref name=gazetteer/> Usually they are named after deceased scientists and other explorers.<ref name=gazetteer_categories/> This tradition comes from [[Giovanni Battista Riccioli]], who started it in 1651.<ref name=Greeley_1990/><ref>[[:commons:File:Riccioli1651MoonMap.jpg|Riccioli's map of the Moon (1651)]]</ref> Since 1919, assignment of these names is regulated by the [[International Astronomical Union]].<ref name=Greeley_1990/>

Small craters of special interest (for example, visited by lunar missions) receive human first names (Robert, José, Louise etc.). One of the biggest lunar craters, [[Apollo (crater)|Apollo]], is named after [[Apollo program|Apollo missions]]. Many smaller craters inside and near it bear the names of deceased American astronauts, and many craters inside and near [[Mare Moscoviense]] bear the names of deceased Soviet cosmonauts.<ref name=gazetteer/><ref name=gazetteer_categories/> Besides this, in 1970 twelve craters were named after twelve living astronauts (6 Soviet and 6 American).<ref name=gazetteer/>

The majority of named lunar craters are ''satellite craters'': their names consist of the name of a nearby named crater and a capital letter (for example, {{nowrap|[[Copernicus (lunar crater)|Copernicus]] A}}, {{nowrap|Copernicus B}}, {{nowrap|Copernicus C}} and so on).<ref name=gazetteer/>

Lunar [[crater chain]]s are usually named after a nearby crater. Their Latin names contain the word ''Catena'' ("chain"). For example, ''[[Catena Davy]]'' is situated near the crater [[Davy (crater)|Davy]].<ref name=gazetteer/><ref name=gazetteer_terms/>

==Locations of major craters==
The red marker on these images illustrates the location of the named crater feature on the near side of the Moon.

<gallery>
Image:Location of albategnius crater.jpg|{{center|[[Albategnius (crater)|Albategnius]]}}
Image:Location of lunar aristarchus crater.jpg|{{center|[[Aristarchus (crater)|Aristarchus]]}}
Image:Location of lunar aristoteles crater.jpg|{{center|[[Aristoteles (crater)|Aristoteles]]}}
Image:Location of lunar bailly crater.jpg|{{center|[[Bailly (crater)|Bailly]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater clavius.jpg|{{center|[[Clavius (crater)|Clavius]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater copernicus.jpg|{{center|[[Copernicus (lunar crater)|Copernicus]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater fra mauro.jpg|{{center|[[Fra Mauro (crater)|Fra Mauro]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater humboldt.jpg|{{center|[[Humboldt (crater)|Humboldt]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater janssen.jpg|{{center|[[Janssen (lunar crater)|Janssen]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater langrenus.jpg|{{center|[[Langrenus (crater)|Langrenus]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater longomontanus.jpg|{{center|[[Longomontanus (crater)|Longomontanus]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater maginus.jpg|{{center|[[Maginus (crater)|Maginus]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater metius.jpg|{{center|[[Metius (crater)|Metius]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater moretus.jpg|{{center|[[Moretus (crater)|Moretus]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater petavius.jpg|{{center|[[Petavius (crater)|Petavius]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater picard.jpg|{{center|[[Picard (crater)|Picard]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater piccolomini.jpg|{{center|[[Piccolomini (crater)|Piccolomini]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater pitatus.jpg|{{center|[[Pitatus (crater)|Pitatus]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater plinius.jpg|{{center|[[Plinius (crater)|Plinius]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater rheita.jpg|{{center|[[Rheita (crater)|Rheita]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater russell.jpg|{{center|[[Russell (lunar crater)|Russell]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater schickard.jpg|{{center|[[Schickard (crater)|Schickard]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater seleucus.jpg|{{center|[[Seleucus (crater)|Seleucus]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater stadius.jpg|{{center|[[Stadius (crater)|Stadius]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater stofler.jpg|{{center|[[Stöfler (crater)|Stöfler]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater thebit.jpg|{{center|[[Thebit (crater)|Thebit]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater theophilus.jpg|{{center|[[Theophilus (crater)|Theophilus]]}}
Image:Lage des Mondkraters Tycho.jpg|{{center|[[Tycho (crater)|Tycho]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater vendelinus.jpg|{{center|[[Vendelinus (crater)|Vendelinus]]}}
Image:Location of lunar crater wargentin.jpg|{{center|[[Wargentin (crater)|Wargentin]]}}
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of craters on the Moon]]
* [[Far side of the Moon#Named features|List of craters on the far side of the moon]]

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{Commons category|Craters on the Moon}}
<references>
<ref name=Proceedings_1967>{{cite web
|url=https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_Transactions_XIIIB
|title=Proceedings of the Thirteenth General Assembly (Prague, 1967) – excerpts
|publisher=The-Moon Wiki
|access-date=2014-09-01
}}</ref>
<ref name=gazetteer>Data from [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331045425/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/ |date=2016-03-31 }}</ref>
<ref name=gazetteer_categories>{{cite web
|url=https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Categories
|title=Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites
|publisher=International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)
|work=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
|access-date=2014-08-24
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120525202317/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Categories
|archive-date=2012-05-25
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
<ref name=gazetteer_terms>{{cite web
|url = https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/DescriptorTerms
|title = Descriptor Terms (Feature Types)
|publisher = International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)
|work = Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
|access-date = 2014-08-24
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131210035813/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/DescriptorTerms
|archive-date = 2013-12-10
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
<ref name=glossary_2005>{{cite book
|title =Glossary of Geology
|editor =J. A. Jackson |editor2=J. P. Mehl |editor3=K. K. E. Neuendorf (American Geological Institute)
|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SfnSesBc-RgC&q=thalassoid&pg=PA665
|edition =5th
|date =2005
|publisher =[[Springer Science & Business Media]]
|pages =665
|isbn =978-0-922-15276-6
}}</ref>
<ref name=Greeley_1990>{{cite book
|title =Planetary Mapping
|author =Greeley R.
|author2 =Batson R. M.
|chapter =4.2. Moon: 1640–1977
|pages =97–103
|publisher =[[Cambridge University Press]]
|date =1990
|isbn =978-0-5210-3373-2
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztodv66A1VsC&pg=PA97
}}</ref>
<ref name=Mosher_1970>{{cite thesis
|title=Lunar Farside Cratering (submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of bachelor of science)
|author=Mosher J.
|publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
|date=1970
|pages=10
|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/55296/29584348.pdf
|url-status=bot: unknown
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905201756/http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/55296/29584348.pdf
|archive-date=2014-09-05
|type=Thesis
}}</ref>
<ref name=Wood_1978_fresh>{{cite journal
|author =Wood C. A.
|author2 =Anderson L.
|title =New morphometric data for fresh lunar craters
|journal =Proceedings of the 9th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 13–17, 1978
|pages =3669–3689
|date =1978
|volume =9
|bibcode =1978LPSC....9.3669W
|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1978LPSC....9.3669W&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf
}}</ref>
</references>

{{The Moon}}
{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Solar System}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lunar Craters}}
[[Category:Impact craters on the Moon| ]]

Radha Kalyanam (1935 film)

2026-01-02T01:38:16Z

Veronaqbs: fix section based on references and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Radha Kalyanam
| image = Radha Kalyanam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film Poster
| native_name = 
| director = C. K. Sachi
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = [[S. Rajam]], [[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]]
| narrator =
| music = Harikesanallur L. Muthiah Bhagavathar Narayana Iyer
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Meenakshi Films
| distributor = National Movietone
| released = {{Film date|1935}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Radha Kalyanam''''' was a 1935 Tamil-language film directed by [[C. K. Sathasivan]]. It stars [[S. Rajam]] and [[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]]. Rajam played Hinduism deity Krishna while Santhanalakshmi was [[Radha]]. The film was a box-office failure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=5 February 2010 |title=Rajam's romance with cinema |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/02/05/stories/2010020551080500.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210092403/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/02/05/stories/2010020551080500.htm |archive-date=10 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=18 January 2014 |title=Radha Kalyanam (1935) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/radha-kalyanam-1935/article5590066.ece |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref> The film had a few sequences in color. <ref>https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/pinangazette19360310-1.1.8</ref>

==Cast==
*[[S. Rajam]] as Krishna
*[[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]] as Radha
*K. S. Devudu Iyer as Sage Narada
*C. M. Durai as Lord Vishnu
*Srijanaki
*B. Saradha
*‘Master’ T.V. Krishnamurthi
*H. Yegneswara Bhagavathar
*‘Comedian’ K.S. Sankara Iyer
*M. Lakshmanan
*S. Rajamani
*K. Shanthadevi
*R. Rajam,
*Soundaravalli
*K. Lakshmi
*Meenambal

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1935 films]]
[[Category:1930s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1935 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films partially in color]]

{{1930s-Tamil-film-stub}}

Our Lady of Angels Church, Puducherry

2025-11-29T08:31:34Z

Veronaqbs: created a data...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox church
|name = Our Lady of Angels Church
|fullname = {{lang|fr|Église Notre-Dame des Anges}}
|image = Eglise de Notre Dame des Anges - our Lady of Holy Angels - Pondicherry.JPG
|caption = Front view of the church
|pushpin map = India Puducherry
|pushpin label position =
|pushpin map alt =
|pushpin mapsize =
|map caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|11.930090|79.834582|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|location = Rue Dumas, White town, Puducherry
|country = [[India]]
|denomination = [[Catholic]]
|website =
|bull date =
|founded date = {{start date|df=yes|1855}}
|founder =
|dedication = Our Lady of Angels
|dedicated date =
|consecrated date =
|cult =
|relics =
|events =
|status = [[Parish church]]
|functional status = Active
|architect = Louis Guerre
|architectural type = [[Chapel]]
|style = [[Greco-Roman architecture records|Greco Roman architecture]]
|groundbreaking =
|completed date =
|demolished date =
|capacity =
|parish =
|archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore|Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]
|archbishop =
|priestincharge =
|priest =
|asstpriest =
|chaplain =
|logo =
|logosize =
|logolink =
|logoalt =
}}
'''Our Lady of Angels Church''' (also called '''Église Notre-Dame des Anges''', '''White Chapel''', '''Kaps Koil''') is the fourth oldest church in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], a Union territory in [[South India]]. The original structure was built in [[Greco-Roman architecture records|Greco Roman architecture]] by [[Napoleon III]] in 1855, with the architect being Louis Guerre. It is the only church in Pondicherry city that offers mass in three languages namely [[French language|French]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[English language|English]].

Our Lady of Angels Church is a working church with hourly prayer and daily services and follows [[Roman Catholic]] sect of [[Christianity]]. The chapel was controlled by Capuchin priests, Holy Spirit Fathers subsequently and finally during 1887 changed hands to Foreign Mission Fathers from Paris. It is one of the most prominent landmarks in Puducherry and faces the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The Church is locally called Dumas Church since it is located in Dumas Street in White Town.

==Architecture==
[[File:Our lady of Angels Pondicherry.jpg|200x200px|thumb|left|Inside view of the church]]
The church is built in Greco-Roman architecture with the main chapel with two pillars on either sides. The two pillars were originally used to house the clocks, which are not functional in modern times. Originally they used to strike every two hours with the singing of [[Ave Maria]]. The shrine faces the East facing the sea towards [[Bay of Bengal]]. The altar is originally believed to have a statue of Our Lady of Angels, but houses a Holy Cross in modern times. There is a statue of [[Joan of Arc]] donated to the church by the then Mayor of Puducherry, Francois Gaudart during 1919.<ref name=Outlook>{{cite web|title=Drenched in a colonial vibe, Puducherry introduces you to stunning gothic buildings including gorgeous churches. Here are some of the best churches you can easily cover on a short trip|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/70791/on-a-cathedral-trail-in-puducherry|publisher=Outlook Traveler|date=23 August 2020|last=Kaushik|first=Karan|accessdate=24 October 2020}}</ref> The twin tower has stained glass windows that sport red, blue and yellow colours.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chequered history of Puducherry's Notre-Dame-inspired church|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/68929851.cms|date=18 April 2019|accessdate=25 October 2020|publisher=Indiatimes}}</ref>

The original chapel was painted white in colour both from the inside and the outside, giving the name White Chapel. A special mixture of paint, egg and limestone were used to paint the walls. The colours of the exterior were changed during 1900s and interiors during the 2000s.<ref name=hindu/> The bells in the temple are believed to have been procured from [[France]]. The bell had a complex mechanism with pulleys and ropes connected to a rope all the way downstairs. During 2012, after a renovation of the chapel, the operation of the bell has been suspended on account of vibrational effects causing hindrance to neighbouring structure.<ref name=hindu1>{{cite news|title=The bells fall silent at 'Kaps Koil'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/the-bells-fall-silent-at-kaps-koil/article2937111.ece|work=The Hindu|location=Puducherry|date=27 February 2012|accessdate=20 November 2015}}</ref> The temple is locally called Dumas Church since it is located in Dumas Street in White Town.<ref name=Outlook/>

==History==
[[File:Church of Our Lady of Angels, 1855, Pondicherry (37256314800).jpg|200x200px|left|thumb|Front view of the church]]
The first arrival of the Franciscan Capuchins to India was Pondicherry in 1632. Capuchins were the very first missionaries to Pondicherry. The first mission came to an end within two years in 1634. When Francois Martin founded the city of Pondicherry in 1673, he invited the French Capuchins from Madras for the spiritual animation of the French and for the evengelization of Tamils. In 1674, the French Capuchin missionary Cosmos de Gien founded the first Christian mission in Pondicherry. The Church of the Capuchins served as the seat of the Capuchin Prefects. After 154 years of zealous missionary enterprise the Capuchin mission was handed over to the Holy Spirit Fathers in 1828. This Capuchin mission came to an end due to the shortage of missionaries in France.Based on records in National Archives in Pondicherry 1777, historian Jayasheela Stephen argues that the Capuchins, the original monks, wanted the church to be with a height of {{convert|40|ft|m|abbr=on}} in 1746 and planned to build it close to the fort. As per the rule of the Governor of Pondicherry, no building could be built {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} close the fort and with a height above {{convert|50|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The proposal was rejected stating the risk and the monks withdrew the idea.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} Our Lady of Angels Church is the fourth oldest church in Puducherry. The original structure was built in [[Greco-Roman architecture records|Greco Roman architecture]] by [[Napoleon III]] (c. 1852–70) in 1855, with the architect being Louis Guerre. It is believed to be based on [[Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame]] in [[Paris]] and the [[Rosary Basilica|Basilica at Lourdes]]. Napoleon III visited the chapel as the first place when he visited Pondicherry. It is understood that there were four churches in the campus and [[British Raj|British]] demolished the church and converted it into two orphanages.<ref name=hindu/> It is believed that Napoleon III donated an oil painting of Our Lady of Assumption to the church.<ref>{{cite book|title=Chennai & Tamil Nadu Footprint Focus Guide: Includes Madurai, Chettinad, Thanjavur, Puducherry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbH8AgAAQBAJ&q=our+lady+of+angels+pondicherry&pg=PA71|page=71|last=Stott|first=David|year=2014|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|isbn=9781909268746}}</ref>

==Worship practises==
The priests in the church were originally only French, but during modern times, Tamil people were also appointed. The chapel was controlled by Capuchin priests, Holy Spirit Fathers subsequently and finally during 1887 changed hands to Foreign Mission Fathers from Paris. It is now under the purview of the [[Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]. The Church got its name, Kaps Kovil from Capuchin Friars, who were the founders of this church. It is the only church that offers mass in three languages namely [[French language|French]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[English language|English]].<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|title=A slice of history|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-slice-of-history/article2955750.ece|work=The Hindu|last=Kishore|first=Kavita|date=3 March 2012|accessdate=20 November 2015}}</ref> Mass is offered various times of the day starting at 6:15 AM in some days to 6:45 PM. Novena is prayed at 6:30 PM in French during Tuesdays and Fridays, adoration and benediction at 6 PM during first Fridays in Tamil and at 6:45 PM on Saturdays. The annual feast of the church is organized during the second Sunday in August. Rosary service is held at 6 PM during Mondays and Fridays.<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Lady of Angels Puducherry|url=http://notredamepondicherry.com/|date=2020|accessdate=24 October 2020|publisher=Our Lady of Angels}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Louis-François de Bausset]] - A French prelate (later raised to cardinalate) born in the Parish of Our Lady of Angels Church

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://catholicchurches.in/directory/pondicherry-churches/our-lady-of-angels-church-notre-dame-des-anges.htm Our Lady of Angels]
* {{Commons category-inline|Our Lady of Angels Church, Puducherry}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1855]]
[[Category:Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]
[[Category:Church buildings with domes]]
[[Category:19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in India]]

Poraiyahat (community development block)

2025-11-10T01:17:57Z

Veronaqbs: basic correct information for clarity and corrected details

{{About|the community development block in Jharkhand, India|its namesake village|Poraiyahat|its namesake state assembly constituency|Poreyahat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}


{{Infobox settlement
| name = Poraiyahat
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| translit_lang1 =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_caption = Poraiyahat
| image_map = Poreyahat in Godda (Jharkhand).svg
| coordinates = {{coord|24|40|41|N|87|10|19|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Godda district|Godda]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 470.03
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 145
| population_total = 187,489
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy (2011)
| demographics2_title2 = Total literates
| demographics2_info2 = 87,791 (56.33%)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 814153 (Poraiyahat)
| area_code = 06422
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| registration_plate = JH 17
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Godda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Godda]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Poreyahat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Poreyahat]]
| website = {{URL|godda.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Poraiyahat''' (also spelled Poreyahat, Pareyahat or simply Poreya) is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the Godda subdivision of the [[Godda district]], [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]], [[India]].

==Geography==
[[Poraiyahat]], the eponymous CD block headquarters, is located at {{coord|24.680056|N|87.179544|E}}.

It is located 26 km from [[Godda]], the district headquarters.

Godda district is a plateau region with undulating uplands, long ridges and depressions. The western portion of the [[Rajmahal hills]] passes through the district. The plain areas have lost its once rich forests but the hills still retain some. Kajhia, Sunder and Sakri rivers flow through the district.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://agri.jharkhand.gov.in/resources/Soil_Inventory/Godda_Soil_Analysis.pdf | title = Godda district| publisher = National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning | access-date = 16 November 2020}}</ref>

Poraiyahat CD block is bounded by [[Godda (community development block)|Godda]] CD block on the north, [[Sunderpahari]] CD block on the east, [[Ramgarh, Dumka|Ramgarh]] and [[Saraiyahat]] CD blocks in Dumka district on the south, and Bausi CD block in Banka district of Bihar on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/godda.html | title = CD block/ tehsil map of Godda | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 17 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/bihar/tehsil/banka.html | title = CD block/ tehsil map of Banka |publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 17 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/dumka.html | title = CD block/ tehsil map of Dumka | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 17 November 2020}}</ref>

Poraiyahat CD block has an area of 470.03 km2.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2006_PART_B_DCHB_GODDA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, godda, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 25: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 14 November 2020}}</ref>[[Poraiyahat]] and [[Dewdanr|Deodanr]] police stations serve this block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/godda| title = District Police Profile - Godda| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 17 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://godda.nic.in/police/# | title = Police | publisher = Government of Jharkhand | access-date = 17 November 2020}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Poraiyahat]] village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2006_PART_A_DCHB_GODDA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Godda, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Godda on the third page|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 17 November 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Poraiyahat CD block had a total population of 187,489, all of which were rural. There were 95,814 (51%) males and 91,675 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 31,648. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 12,347 (6.59%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 59,481 (31.73%).<ref name=census2011/>

In the 2011 census, [[Poraiyahat]] (village) had a population of 6,319.<ref name=census2>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 24 January 2016}}</ref>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census the total number of literate persons in Poreyahat CD block was 87,791 (56.33% of the population over 6 years) out of which 55,229 (63%) were males and 35,562 (37%) were females. The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 26%.<ref name=census2/>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]
{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Godda district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Poreyahat block (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|80.69}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|8.39}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|6.14}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|4.53}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.25}}
}}

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Poreyahat block (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = 'Other' Hindi |value1 = 37.19 |color1 = deeppink
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 30.17 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]] |value3 = 22.98 |color3 = red
|label4 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value4 = 3.80 |color4 = orchid
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 2.60 |color5 = orange
|label6 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value6 = 1.88 |color6 = gold
|other = y |other-label = Others |other-color = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 30.17% of the population spoke [[Santali language|Santali]], 22.98% [[Khortha language|Khortha]], 3.80% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 2.60% [[Hindi]] and 1.88% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] as their first language. 37.19% of the population recorded their language as 'Others' under Hindi as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
40-50% of the population of Godda district were in the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category in 2004–2005, being in the same category as Giridih, Koderma and Hazaribagh districts.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/1/MPRA_paper_45258.pdf | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhad, India| work = Table I: Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Munich Personal RePEc Archive | access-date = 17 November 2020}}</ref> [[Rural poverty]] in Jharkhand declined from 66% in 1993–94 to 46% in 2004–05. In 2011, it has come down to 39.1%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Jharkhand%20presentation.pdf | title = Eliminating poverty | publisher = Jharkhand government | access-date = 17 November 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
| caption = '''Livelihood in Poraiyahat CD block'''
| value1 = 32.32
| label1 = Cultivators
| value2 = 55.19
| label2 = Agricultural labourers
| value3 = 2.13
| label3 = Household industries
| value4 = 10.35
| label4 = Other Workers
}}

In Poraiyahat CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 26,289 and formed 32.32%, agricultural labourers numbered 44,889 and formed 55.19%, household industry workers numbered 1,735 and formed 2.13% and other workers numbered 8,421 and formed 10.35%. Total workers numbered 81,334 and formed 43.38% of the total population. Non-workers numbered 106,155 and formed 56.62% of total population.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2006_PART_A_DCHB_GODDA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Godda | work = Tables 34, 30 Series 21, Part XII A, 2011 census| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 17 November 2020 }}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers and entertainment artistes.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2006_PART_A_DCHB_GODDA.pdf | title= District Census Handbook 2011 Godda, Series 21 Part XII A | work= Page 10: Census Concepts |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 26 October 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 197 inhabited villages in Poraiyahat CD block. In 2011, 64 villages had power supply. 12 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 164 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 172 villages had hand pumps, and 16 villages did not have drinking water facility. 10 villages had post offices, 26 villages had sub post offices, 15 villages had telephones (land lines), 19 villages had public call offices and 77 villages had mobile phone coverage. 180 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 36 villages had bus service (public/ private), 19 villages had autos/ modified autos, 18 villages had taxis/ vans, 67 villages had tractors, 8 villages had navigable waterways. 8 villages had bank branches, 4 village had [[Automated teller machine|ATMs]], 3 villages had agricultural credit societies, 16 villages had cinema/ video halls, 17 villages had public libraries, public reading room. 75 villages had [[public distribution system]], 43 villages had weekly haat (market) and 100 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref name=directory>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2006_PART_A_DCHB_GODDA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Godda, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 984-988 Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 17 November 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
Around 80% of the population depends on agriculture, the main economic activity of the district but lack of irrigation facilities is a major constraint in raising the existing low levels of productivity. A sizable population is also engaged in animal husbandry and cottage industries.<ref name=admin>{{cite web| url = http://godda.nic.in/profile.html| title = Godda District Official website| work = Profile| publisher = Godda district administration| access-date = 24 January 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085923/http://godda.nic.in/profile.html| archive-date = 4 March 2016| url-status = dead}}</ref>
The livelihood scenario presented above indicates that a large population depends on agriculture. In Poraiyahat CD block 48.43% of the total area is cultivable area and 31.98% of the cultivable area is irrigated area.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2006_PART_A_DCHB_GODDA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Table 41: Distribution of villages according to land use, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 14 November 2020}}</ref>

===Power plant===
[[Adani Power]] is building a 1,600 MW thermal power plant spread across [[Motia]], Gangta, Gayghat and other adjacent villages in Godda and Poraiyahat CD blocks. It is expected to be operational by 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.gem.wiki/Adani_Godda_power_station | title = Adani Godda Power Station | publisher = Global Energy Monitor | access-date = 21 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/godda-villagers-seek-halt-to-land-takeover-for-adanis/articleshow/57031497.cms | title = Godda villagers seek halt to land takeover for the Adanis | publisher = The Times of India, 8 February 2017 | access-date = 21 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/adani-power-plant-to-bring-development-to-godda-jharkhand-cm/articleshow/71266526.cms | title = Adani power plant to bring development to Godda: Jharkhand CM | publisher = The Times of India, 24 September 2019 | access-date = 17 November 2020}}</ref>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Godda district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund created by the Government of India is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 1 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 17 November 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Poraiyahat CD block had 45 villages with pre-primary schools, 163 villages with primary schools, 80 villages with middle schools, 19 villages with secondary schools, 8 villages with senior secondary schools, 6 villages with vocational training school/ ITI, 1 village with non-formal training centre, 31 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

==Healthcare==
Poraiyahat CD block had 10 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 17 villages with primary health subcentres, 8 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 3 villages with TB clinics, 6 villages with allopathic hospitals, 8 villages with dispensaries, 2 villages with veterinary hospitals, 4 villages with family welfare centres, 5 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Santhal Pargana Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Godda district]]

Indus Basin

2025-10-26T10:47:10Z

Veronaqbs: made a post - done

{{Short description|Part of Asia}}
[[File:Indus River basin map.svg|thumb|The Indus Basin]]

The '''Indus Basin''' is the part of [[Asia]] drained by the [[Indus River]] and its tributaries. The basin covers an area of {{convert|1120000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name=Shrestha15_58>{{harvnb|Shrestha|Agrawal|Alfthan|Bajracharya|Maréchal|van Oort|2015|page=58}}</ref>{{efn|Other estimates put the area of the basin between {{convert|1080000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and {{convert|1137817|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name=Laghari12_1064>{{harvnb|Laghari|Vanham|Rauch|2012|page=1064}}</ref>}} traversing four countries: [[Afghanistan]], [[China]], [[India]], and [[Pakistan]], with most of the area lying predominantly in the latter two countries.

==Geography==
The Indus River has two main tributaries: the [[Panjnad]]—formed by successive confluences of [[Satluj|Sutlej]], [[Beas River|Beas]], [[Ravi River|Ravi]], [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]], and [[Chenab River]]s—and the [[Kabul River|Kabul]], containing the waters of the [[Swat River|Swat]] and [[Kunar River]]s, as well as others. The Indus and Sutlej originate on the [[Tibetan Plateau]], the Ravi, Beas, Chenab and Jhelum originate in the Indian western [[Himalayas]], and the Kabul and its tributaries originate in the [[Hindu Kush]] of eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan.

The Indus Basin lies in four countries: Pakistan, India, China, and Afghanistan. The largest portion of the basin, at 47%, lies in Pakistan while India contains the second biggest share at 39%. China and Afghanistan contain the remaining 14%.<ref name=Shrestha15_145>{{harvnb|Shrestha|Wagle|Rajbhandari|2019|page=145}}</ref>{{sfn|Cheema|Qamar|2019|page=183}} The Indus Basin spans the length of Pakistan, constitutes a majority (65%) of its area and forms part of all provinces and territories of the country: [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Sindh]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Balochistan]], [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]], and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], with all except Sindh and Balochistan located entirely within the basin. In India, the Indus Basin forms around 14% of the country but makes up the bulk of the [[Northwestern India|northwestern]] part of the country including the [[Indian states|states]] and [[Union Territory|union territories]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], [[Haryana]], and western [[Rajasthan]].

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| align = left
| total_width = 400
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Indus Valley.jpg
| caption1 = The Indus River in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
| image2 = Spiti River Kaza Himachal Jun18 D72 7232.jpg
| caption2 = [[Spiti river|Spiti]], a tributary of the [[Satluj]], in [[Himachal Pradesh]]
}}

The Indus Basin consists of various topographical regions. A large part of the [[drainage basin]] is mountainous, and around 40% of its area lies above an elevation of {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Cheema|Qamar|2019|page=183}} The basin can be divided into two wide physiographic divisions: the upper basin consisting of the mountainous regions of the Himalaya, [[Karakoram]], Hindu Kush, [[Shiwalik Hills|Shiwalik]], [[Suleiman Range|Suleiman]], and [[Kirthar Range|Kirthar]] ranges; and the lower basin consisting of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Indus Plains]] including the alluvial plains of the [[Punjab]] and Sindh.<ref name=Shrestha15_145/> Most of the basin is arid or semi-arid, with the exception of the Himalayan foothills which receive significant rainfall.

[[File:Frozen Lake Shinko La Lahaul Jun24 A7CR 00315.jpg|thumb|Frozen lake at [[Shinku La]], a mountain pass in [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. The headwaters of the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] and [[Zanskar River|Zanskar]] rivers lie near the pass.]]
The basin contains the largest amount of perennial [[glacial ice]] outside of the polar regions.<ref name=Shrestha15_58/> A majority of the runoff in the Indus drainage basin comes from [[meltwater]]—glacial melt contributing 41% and [[snowmelt]] providing 22%—of the Himalaya, Hindu Kush and Karakorum mountains.<ref>{{harvnb|Shrestha|Agrawal|Alfthan|Bajracharya|Maréchal|van Oort|2015|p=21}}</ref> Rainfall contributes the remaining. On average, a little over half of the entire annual flow is received within the three months from July to September, when [[Indian monsoon|monsoonal rains]] combine with meltwater.{{sfn|Gilmartin|2015|p=14}} As a result, the region has historically seen substantial flooding in the summer months.{{sfn|Gilmartin|2015|p=15}}

==Water use==
The Indus drainage supports some 237 million people. Pakistan contains a majority of the people living in the Indus Basin (around 61% of total) most of whom heavily depend on its rivers for their water needs. India contains another large portion (35%) of the Indus Basin's population. The remaining 4% live mostly in Afghanistan, representing a little less than a quarter of the country's population.<ref name=Laghari12_1064/> The Indus Basin is the second most [[water stress]]ed basin of the world.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Richey |first1=Alexandra S. |last2=Thomas |first2=Brian F. |last3=Lo |first3=Min-Hui |last4=Reager |first4=John T. |last5=Famiglietti |first5=James S. |last6=Voss |first6=Katalyn |last7=Swenson |first7=Sean |last8=Rodell |first8=Matthew |date=2015-07-16 |title=Quantifying renewable groundwater stress with GRACE |journal=Water Resources Research |language=en |volume=51 |issue=7 |pages=5217–38 |doi=10.1002/2015WR017349 |pmc=4744761 |pmid=26900185|bibcode=2015WRR....51.5217R }}</ref>

93% of the water of the Indus Basin is used for irrigation of agricultural land.{{sfn|Cheema|Qamar|2019|p=189}} Many of the rivers of the Indus River system are dammed to create large reservoirs of water: in India the Satluj river is dammed at [[Bhakra Dam|Bhakra]] creating the [[Gobind Sagar]] reservoir, the Beas at [[Pong Dam|Pong]] creating the [[Maharana Pratap Sagar]] reservoir and the Ravi at [[Thein Dam|Thein]] creating the Ranjit Sagar reservoir; while in Pakistan the Jhelum river is dammed at [[Mangla Dam|Mangla]] and the Indus is dammed at [[Tarbela Dam|Tarbela]] and [[Chashma Barrage|Chashma]] creating the Mangla, [[Tarbela Lake|Tarbela]] and Chashma reservoirs respectively. The water from these reservoirs as well as from various barrages are diverted to irrigate 26 million hectares (mha) of agricultural land, 16 mha in Pakistan and 10 mha in India.{{sfn|Cheema|Qamar|2019|p=184}}

==See also==
* [[Living Indus Initiative]]
* [[Indus Water Treaty]]

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Gilmartin |first=David |title=Blood and Water: The Indus River Basin in Modern History |publisher=University of California Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-520-96083-1 |oclc=987457337 |doi=10.1525/california/9780520285293.001.0001 }}
* {{citation |editor-last1=Khan |editor-first1=Sadiq I. |editor-last2=Adams III |editor-first2=Thomas E. |title=Indus River Basin: Water Security and Sustainability |publisher=Elsevier |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-12-812782-7 |oclc=8157422772 |doi=10.1016/C2016-0-04119-0}}
** {{citation |last1=Cheema |first1=MJM
|last2=Qamar |first2=MU |title=8. Transboundary Indus River Basin: Potential Threats to Its Integrity |pages=183–201 |year=2019 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-812782-7.00009-6 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128127827000096 }}
** {{citation |first1=Arun Bhakta |last1=Shrestha |first2=Nisha |last2=Wagle |first3=Rupak |last3=Rajbhandari |title=6. A Review on the Projected Changes in Climate Over the Indus Basin |pages=145–158 |year=2019 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-812782-7.00007-2 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128127827000072 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Laghari |first1=A. I. |last2=Vanham |first2=D. |last3=Rauch |first3=W. |title=The Indus basin in the framework of current and future water resources management |journal= Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=16 |pages=1063–83 |year=2012 |issue=4 |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/16/1063/2012/hess-16-1063-2012.pdf |doi= 10.5194/hess-16-1063-2012 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2012HESS...16.1063L }}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Shrestha |editor-first1=AB |editor-last2=Agrawal |editor-first2=NK |editor-last3=Alfthan |editor-first3=B |editor-last4=Bajracharya |editor-first4=SR |editor-last5=Maréchal |editor-first5=J |editor-last6=van Oort |editor-first6=B |year=2015 |title=The Himalayan Climate and Water Atlas: Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources in Five of Asia's Major River Basins |publisher=ICIMOD, GRID-Arendal and CICERO |isbn=978-92-9115-357-2 |url=https://lib.icimod.org/record/31180 |language=en }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Richey AS, Thomas BF, Lo MH, Reager JT, Famiglietti JS, Voss K, Swenson S, Rodell M |title=Quantifying renewable groundwater stress with GRACE |journal=Water Resour Res |volume=51 |issue=7 |pages=5217–38 |date=July 2015 |pmid=26900185 |pmc=4744761 |doi=10.1002/2015WR017349 |bibcode=2015WRR....51.5217R }}
{{Refend}}

{{Authority control}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Indus basin|Basin, Indus]]
[[Category:Basins of Asia]]
[[Category:Drainage basins of Asia]]
[[Category:Geography of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Geography of India]]
[[Category:Natural regions of India]]
[[Category:Geography of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Geography of China]]
[[Category:Indus River|B]]

Pseudolaguvia lapillicola

2025-10-02T00:00:50Z

Veronaqbs: created a article...

{{Short description|Species of catfish}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 11 March 2024">{{cite iucn |author=Sidharthan, A. |date=2023 |title=''Pseudolaguvia lapillicola'' |volume=2023 |article-number=e.T56100118A56717660 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T56100118A56717660.en |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref>
| taxon = Pseudolaguvia lapillicola
| authority = [[Ralf Britz|Britz]], [[Palakkaparambil Hamsa Anvar Ali|A. Ali]] & [[Rajeev Raghavan|Raghavan]], 2013
}}

'''''Pseudolaguvia lapillicola''''' is a [[species]] of [[catfish]] in the family [[Erethistidae]]. It is found in the [[Kumaradhara River]] in [[Karnataka]], southern India.<ref name=Britz2013>{{cite journal | author = Britz R., Ali A., Raghavan R. | year = 2013 | title = ''Pseudolaguvia lapillicola'', a new species of catfish from Peninsular India (Teleostei: Sisoridae) | journal = Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters | volume = 23 | issue = 4| pages = 289–295 }}</ref><ref>{{FishBase |genus= Pseudolaguvia|species= lapillicola| month = February | year = 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q21327180}}

[[Category:Catfish of Asia]]
[[Category:Fish of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Ralf Britz]],
[[Category:Taxa named by Palakkaparambil Hamsa Anver Ali]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Rajeev Raghavan]]
[[Category:Fish described in 2013]]
[[Category:Erethistidae]]

{{Catfish-stub}}

Tajewala Barrage

2025-09-22T11:33:34Z

Veronaqbs: Page updated with additional details

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Tajewala Barrage
| name_official = Tajewala Barrage
| image = Tajewala.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Tajewala Barrage
| image_alt =
| location_map = India
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|30|31|30|N|77|58|51|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| location = [[Yamunanagar district]], [[Haryana]]
| purpose =
| status = O{{clarify|date=December 2018}}
| construction_began = 1873
| opening = {{Start date and age|1873}}
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner =
| dam_type = Embankment, earth-fill
| dam_crosses = [[Yamuna]]
| dam_length = {{Convert|360|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{Convert|27.73|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| dam_height_foundation=
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| spillway_count =
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total =
| res_capacity_active =
| res_capacity_inactive=
| res_catchment =
| res_surface =
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| res_max_depth =
| res_elevation =
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_name =
| plant_coordinates =
| plant_operator =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_hydraulic_head =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| website =
| extra =
}}
'''Tajewala Barrage''' is a now decommissioned but existing old [[barrage (dam)|barrage]] across the [[Yamuna River]], located in [[Yamuna Nagar District]], in the [[states and territories of India|state]] of Haryana, India. Completed in 1873, it regulated the flow of the [[Yamuna]] for irrigation in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Haryana]] through two canals originating at this place namely [[Yamuna#Western Yamuna Canal|Western Yamuna Canal]] and [[Eastern Yamuna Canal]],<ref name="Haberman2006">{{cite book|last=Haberman|first=David L.|title=River of love in an age of pollution: the Yamuna River of northern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63uDsPPr48gC&pg=PA78|access-date=2 June 2011|year=2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24789-5|page=78}}</ref> as well as the municipal water supply to Delhi.

==Replaced by the Hathiinikund barrage==
In 1999, the [[Hathnikund Barrage]] was completed to replace the aged Tajewala Barrage which is now out of service.<ref name=taje1>{{cite journal|last=Tak|first=Prakash C.|author2=Jagdish P. Sati|author3=Anjum N. Rizvi|title=Status of waterbirds at Hathnikund Barrage wetland, Yamunanagar District, Haryana, India|date=April 2010|volume=2|issue=4|pages=841|url=http://threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2010/April/o220026iv10841-844.pdf|access-date=10 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317104520/http://threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2010/April/o220026iv10841-844.pdf|archive-date=17 March 2012}}</ref>

==See also==

{{div col}}
* [[Blue Bird Lake]], [[Hisar (city)]]
* [[Kaushalya Dam]] in [[Pinjore]]
* [[Bhakra Dam]]
* [[Hathni Kund Barrage]]
* [[Okhla Sanctuary|Okhla Barrage]] – [[Yamuna#Western Yamuna Canal|Western Yamuna Canal]] begins here
* [[Surajkund]]
* [[Indira Gandhi Canal]]
* [[Irrigation in India]]
* [[Indian Rivers Inter-link]]
* [[Water transport in India]]
* [[Ganges Canal]]
* [[Ganges Canal (Rajasthan)]]
* [[Upper Ganges Canal Expressway]]
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in India#Haryana|List of dams and reservoirs in Haryana]]

{{col div end}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Crisis/river-yamuna.htm Pollution in Yamuna river] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413044710/http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/crisis/River-yamuna.htm |date=13 April 2018 }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Haryana}}

[[Category:Dams in Haryana]]
[[Category:Dams on the Yamuna River]]
[[Category:Yamunanagar district]]
[[Category:Lakes of Haryana]]
[[Category:Irrigation in Haryana]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1873]]
[[Category:1873 establishments in India]]

{{India-dam-stub}}

Bengaluru East railway station

2025-01-23T12:55:34Z

Veronaqbs: made first data and citations

{{Short description|Railway station in Karnataka India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Bengaluru East
| name_lang = en
| native_name = <hr/>Pūrva Beṅgaḷūru<hr/>
| native_name_lang = kn
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Bangalore East railway station (Jan '24).jpg
| image_caption = [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram]] skipping this station
| address = Pottery Road, [[Fraser Town, Bangalore|Fraser Town]], [[Bangalore Cantonment]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0008518|N|77.6164147|E|region:IN_type:railwaystation|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|915|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| line = Chennai Central–Bangalore City, Bangalore–[[Kolar Gold Fields]]
| platform = 2
| tracks =
| connections = [[Fraser Town, Bangalore|Fraser Town]], [[Cox Town, Bangalore|Cox Town]], [[Cooke Town]]
| structure =
| parking = Yes
| accessible =
| status = Running
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BNCE
| zone = South Western Railways
| division = Bangalore
}}
| opened = 1906
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| embedded = [[File:Feature ticket office.svg|20px|Computerized Ticketing Counters]] [[File:Baggage claim ecomo.svg|20px|Luggage Checking System]] [[File:Feature parking.svg|20px|Parking]] [[File:Feature accessible.svg|20px|Disabled Access]] [[File:SymbolCoffeeShop.svg|20px|Food Plaza]] [[File:AB-Autobahnkiosk.svg|20px|Kiosks]] [[File:Aseos Públicos.jpg|20px|WC]] [[File:Aiga taxi.svg|20px|Taxi Stand]] [[File:Feature suburban buses.svg|20px|Public Transportation]]
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways
|line=South Western Railway zone|left=Bangalore Cantonment|to-left=Bangalore City|right=Baiyyappanahalli|to-right=Yelahanka Junction or Salem Junction or Jolarpettai Junction or Chennai Central|type=[[Chennai Central–Bangalore City line]]}}
| map_locator =
}}

'''Bengaluru East railway station''', also known as '''Bangalore East railway station''' (station code: '''BNCE'''), is an old British-era railway station surrounded by Pottery Road, Kumaraswamy Naidu Road, Murgesha Mudaliar Road and Kenchappa Road. It is a small quaint station located in [[Fraser Town, Bangalore|Fraser Town]], [[Bangalore Cantonment]]. This station is very convenient for residents traveling towards or returning from [[Kolar Gold Fields]] or [[Madras]]. Express and Mail trains did not stop here until the 1920s. The station is now renovated with a larger platform. Adjacent to the railway station is the Bangalore East Football Grounds, which nowadays is more used for playing cricket.<ref name=Patrao2>{{cite news|last1=Patrao |first1=Michael |title=Reminisces of the Raj |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/May192008/metromon2008051868688.asp |access-date=23 December 2014 |issue=Bangalore |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=19 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223173753/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/May192008/metromon2008051868688.asp |archive-date=23 December 2014 }}</ref><ref name=Hindu2012>{{cite news|title=Bangalore East railway station|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-neighbourhood/bangalore-east-railway-station/article3655627.ece|access-date=7 November 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=19 July 2012}}</ref> Well-known cartoonist Paul Fernandes remembers as a young boy befriending train drivers at this station and getting grease for his bicycle.<ref name=Aliyeh1>{{cite news|last1=Rizvi|first1=Aliyeh|title=No apologies for memories here|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/no-apologies-for-memories-here/article4883179.ece|access-date=29 December 2014|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=5 July 2013}}</ref>

==History==
According to the 'List of Mysore Residency records, from the year 1880–1947', the Bangalore East railway station was constructed in 1906, on the Bangalore–Madras railway line. At that time, the trains from Madras terminated at the [[Bangalore Cantonment railway station]], in [[Bangalore Cantonment|Bangalore Civil and Military Station]] which was controlled by the British [[Madras Presidency]]. The Bangalore City station in the [[Bengaluru Pete|Bangalore Pete]] (under the control of the [[Maharaja of Mysore]]), was used to connect to [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore State]].<ref name=East1906>{{cite book|title=List of Mysore Residency records, from the year 1880-1947: Volume 2 of Catalogue of Records|year=1973|publisher=Karnataka State Archives|location=India|page=298|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VyVGAQAAIAAJ&q=st.+andrew|access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> The railway line has existed since starting operations in 1864, with the launch of the Bangalore Cantonment–[[Jolarpettai]] train services by the [[Madras Railway]]. The train line was broad-gauge and 149 km long, connecting the [[Bangalore Cantonment]] with [[Vellore]] district.<ref name=Sunita>{{cite news|last1=R|first1=Sunitha Rao|title=Bangalore Metro launch: Bangalore heard a train whistle first in 1864|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-20/news/30301315_1_cantonment-area-station-first-train|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024153903/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-20/news/30301315_1_cantonment-area-station-first-train|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 October 2011|access-date=8 May 2015|agency=Economic Times|issue=Bangalore|date=20 October 2011}}</ref>

==Recent developments==
Recently in a bid to give a face-lift to the Bangalore East Railway Station, the Indian Railways started five new booking counters at the station.<ref name=Hindu2011>{{cite news|title=Five new booking counters at Bangalore East|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/five-new-booking-counters-at-bangalore-east/article2136622.ece|access-date=7 November 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=26 June 2011}}</ref> As the Express trains do not halt at this station, there has been a long-standing demand from residents of the surrounding suburbs of [[Fraser Town, Bangalore|Fraser Town]], [[Cox Town, Bangalore|Cox Town]], Bharathinagar, Sevanagar, Jeevanahalli, [[Banaswadi]] and Kammanahalli, for all trains to stop at this station. As they are being forced to use the [[Bangalore Cantonment railway station]], which is located at a distance.<ref name=EastHalt>{{cite news|title=Residents seek halt for express trains at Bangalore East|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/residents-seek-halt-for-express-trains-at-bangalore-east/article1527680.ece|access-date=7 November 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=11 March 2011}}</ref>

== Station Layout ==
This station consists of 2 platforms and 2 tracks which are connected by [[foot overbridge]] for passengers to board the express trains and [[MEMU|MEMUs]]. These platforms are built to accumulate 24-coach express trains.
{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="0"
| valign="top" width="50" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| valign="top" width="100" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |North Entrance Street level
| valign="top" width="390" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance & ticket counter
|-
| rowspan="4" width="50" valign="center" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''P'''
| colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Side platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P2''' Doors will open on the left '''''(Used for MEMUs and Express trains)'''''
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 2'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards → [[Jolarpettai Junction railway station|Jolarpettai Junction]] / [[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]] next station is [[Baiyyappanahalli railway station|Baiyyappanahalli]]
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform 1'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards ← [[Bangalore City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]] next station is [[Bangalore Cantonment railway station|Bangalore Cantonment]]
|-
| colspan="2" width="100" align="center" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Side platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P1''' Doors will open on the left '''''(Used for MEMUs and Express trains)'''''
|-
| width="50" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| width="50" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |South Entrance Street level
| width="50" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance & ticket counter
|}

==Gallery==
Some of this railway station pictures are shown below:-
<gallery class="center" mode="packed-hover" heights="125" widths="200">
File:Fraser Town, Bangalore East Station.jpg|Bangalore East railway station. The original British period stone building.
File:Bangalore East Railway Station, Ticket Counter.jpg|Bangalore East railway station, ticket counter. The original British period stone building.
File:Bangalore East Football Ground.jpg|Bangalore East football ground
File:Bangalore East Railway Station.jpg|Aerial view of Bangalore East railway station
File:Bangalore East Railway Station, Board.jpg|Bangalore East railway station, board
File:Bangalore East Railway Station, Pedestrian Crossing.jpg|Bangalore East railway station, pedestrian crossing
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Railway stations in Karnataka}}

{{Commons category|Bangalore East railway station}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1906]]
[[Category:Bangalore Civil and Military Station]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bengaluru]]

Achyutha Pisharadi

2024-09-13T17:05:27Z

Veronaqbs: redirect fix

#REDIRECT [[Acyuta Piṣāraṭi]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
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