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Arjun M. R.

2026-05-06T16:26:16Z

Veronairy:

{{Short description|Indian badminton player (born 1997)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Arjun M. R.
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = {{Nowrap|Arjun Madathil Ramachandran}}
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1997|5|11}}
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], Kerala, India
| residence =
| height =1.72
| weight =
| years_active =
| handedness = Right
| event = Men's & mixed doubles
| highest_ranking = 19 (MD with [[Dhruv Kapila]], 25 October 2022) 41 (XD with [[K. Maneesha]], 6 August 2019)
| date_of_highest_ranking =
| current_ranking = 31
| date_of_current_ranking = MD with [[Hariharan Amsakarunan]], 5 May 2026
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[badminton]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Thomas Cup]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[2022 Thomas & Uber Cup|2022 Bangkok]] | Men's team }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2026 Thomas & Uber Cup|2026 Horsens]] | Men's team }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]] | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's team|Men's team]] }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asia Team Championships]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2020 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2020 Manila]] | Men's team }}
| bwfbadminton_id = 98935
| bwf_id = 2B0560CE-7323-4AB1-9EC9-74225E23F5A0
}}

'''Arjun Madathil Ramachandran''' (born 11 May 1997) is an Indian [[badminton]] player.<ref>{{cite web |title=Players: Arjun M.R. |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/player/98935/arjun-m-r |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |access-date=4 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Player Profile of Arjun M. R. |url=http://www.badmintoninindia.com/viewplayer/Arjun-M.-R.-/3037 |publisher=[[Badminton Association of India]] |access-date=4 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220054046/http://www.badmintoninindia.com/viewplayer/Arjun-M.-R.-/3037 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He alongside India men's team won the [[2022 Thomas & Uber Cup|2022 Thomas Cup]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Kalyani |first=Meera |title=‘Loss to Chinese Taipei brought the team together’: Thomas Cup champion Arjun M R |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/loss-to-chinese-taipei-brought-the-team-together-thomas-cup-champion-mr-arjun-mr-7922462/ |publisher=The Indian Express |date=28 May 2022 |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> and also bronze medal at the [[2020 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2020 Asia Team Championships]].<ref>{{cite web|title=India men take bronze at Badminton Asia Team Championships after valiant fight vs Indonesia in semi-final |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/badminton-asia-team-championships-2020-india-vs-indonesia-semifinal-bronze-medal-lakshya-subhankar-1646814-2020-02-15 |publisher=India Today |date=15 February 2020 |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>

== Career ==
Arjun began playing badminton at the age of nine at FACT club in 2008, and he moved to the badminton academy at the Regional Sports Centre in Kadavanthra three years later. He was introduced to playing doubles by his coach M. Mohanachandran, and within a year he had completely shifted his focus to doubles. He has featured in the Kerala team since 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Double Win for the City Lad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2014/sep/09/double-win-for-the-city-lad-658077.html |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=9 September 2014 |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>

== Achievements ==

=== BWF World Tour (1 title, 1 runner-up) ===
The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |last=Alleyne |first=Gayle |title=BWF Launches New Events Structure |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF). The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300, and the BWF Tour Super 100.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Action-Packed Season Ahead! |url=http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

''Men's doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | [[2025 Al Ain Masters#Finals 3|2025]]
| align="left" | [[Al Ain Masters]]
| align="left" | Super 100
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Hariharan Amsakarunan
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Raymond Indra]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Nikolaus Joaquin]]
| align="left" | 21–17, 21–18
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

''Mixed doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | [[2022 Odisha Open#Finals 5|2022]]
| align="left" | [[Odisha Open]]
| align="left" | Super 100
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sachin Dias]] {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Thilini Hendahewa]]
| align="left" | 16–21, 20–22
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

=== BWF International Challenge/Series (14 titles, 6 runners-up) ===
''Men's doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2016
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge|Tata Open India International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramchandran Shlok]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Shetty]]
| align="left" | 12–10, 9–11, 7–11, 5–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2016
| align="left" | [[Nepal International (badminton)|Nepal International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ramchandran Shlok
| align="left" | {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Rizwan Azam]] {{flagicon|PAK}} Sulehri Kashif Ali
| align="left" | 21–18, 21–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2017
| align="left" | [[Iran Fajr International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ramchandran Shlok
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Kenas Adi Haryanto]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Muhammad Reza Pahlevi Isfahani]]
| align="left" | 11–8, 11–8, 11–9
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2017
| align="left" | [[Ethiopia International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ramchandran Shlok
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JOR}} [[Bahaedeen Ahmad Alshannik]] {{flagicon|JOR}} [[Mohd Naser Mansour Nayef]]
| align="left" | 21–7, 21–19
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2018
| align="left" | [[Hellas Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ramchandran Shlok
| align="left" | {{flagicon|POL}} [[Adrian Dziółko]] {{flagicon|POL}} [[Michał Rogalski]]
| align="left" | 21–13, 21–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2018
| align="left" | Tata Open India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[B. Sumeeth Reddy]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Goh Sze Fei]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[ Nur Izzuddin]]
| align="left" | 21–10, 21–16
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | [[Ghana International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ramchandran Shlok
| align="left" | {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Godwin Olofua]] {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Anuoluwapo Juwon Opeyori]]
| align="left" | 21–11, 21–12
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | [[Lagos International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ramchandran Shlok
| align="left" | {{flagicon|GER}} [[Jones Ralfy Jansen]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Peter Käsbauer]]
| align="left" | 11–21, 8–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | Nepal International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Kapila]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manu Attri]] {{flagicon|IND}} B. Sumeeth Reddy
| align="left" | 19–21, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | [[Bangladesh International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Dhruv Kapila
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chang Yee Jun]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tee Kai Wun]]
| align="left" | 19–21, 16–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2022 (I)
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Dhruv Kapila
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Chaloempon Charoenkitamorn]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Nanthakarn Yordphaisong]]
| align="left" | 21–17, 20–22, 21–18
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | [[Uganda International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Dhruv Kapila
| align="left" | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Vinson Chiu]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Joshua Yuan (badminton)|Joshua Yuan]]
| align="left" | 21–14, 21–13
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | [[Polish Open (badminton)|Polish Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Dhruv Kapila
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[William Kryger Boe]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Christian Faust Kjær]]
| align="left" | 15–21, 23–21, 21–19
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024 (I)
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan Goud Panjala]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pruthvi Krishnamurthy Roy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Pratheek K.]]
| align="left" | 19–21, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2025
| align="left" | Iran Fajr International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Vishnu Vardhan Goud Panjala
| align="left" | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dev Ayyappan]] {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dhiren Ayyappan]]
| align="left" | 21–16, 21–17
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2025
| align="left" | [[Turkey International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Hariharan Amsakarunan
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuto Noda]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Shunya Ota]]
| align="left" | 21–13, 21–6
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2025 (II)
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Hariharan Amsakarunan
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Pharanyu Kaosamaang]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Tanadon Punpanich]]
| align="left" | 21–14, 21–14
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

''Mixed doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2018
| align="left" | [[Hellas Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Maneesha]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|POL}} [[Paweł Pietryja]] {{flagicon|POL}} [[Agnieszka Wojtkowska]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 21–14
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | [[Ghana International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} K. Maneesha
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramchandran Shlok]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutaparna Panda]]
| align="left" | 19–21, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | [[Lagos International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} K. Maneesha
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ramchandran Shlok {{flagicon|IND}} Rutaparna Panda
| align="left" | 21–16, 21–17
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament

=== BWF Junior International (5 titles, 1 runners-up) ===
''Boys' doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#AE9C45"
| align="center" | 2013
| align="left" | India Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Shetty]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aditya Joshi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arun George]]
| align="left" | 17-21, 12-21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#AE9C45"
| align="center" | 2014
| align="left" | India Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Shetty]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishna Prasad Garaga]]
| align="left" | 11-7, 11-10, 11-6
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"
| align="center" | 2014
| align="left" | Belgian Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Chirag Shetty
| align="left" | {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Alexander Dunn (badminton)|Alexander Dunn]] {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Adam Hall (badminton)|Adam Hall]]
| align="left" | 9-11, 11-2, 11-7
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"
| align="center" | 2014
| align="left" | Swiss Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Chirag Shetty
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ben Lane]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sean Vendy]]
| align="left" | 11-7, 11-8, 11-7
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

''Mixed doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#AE9C45"
| align="center" | 2014
| align="left" | India Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kuhoo Garg]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Shetty]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruthi K.P]]
| align="left" | 11-8, 11-7, 5-11, 11-8
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"
| align="center" | 2014
| align="left" | Swiss Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kuhoo Garg]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|GER}} [[Bjarne Geiss]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Yvonne Li]]
| align="left" | 11-7, 11-7, 11-10
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

: {{Color box|#AE9C45|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Grand Prix tournament
: {{Color box|#C6D4E1|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Challenge tournament
: {{Color box|#BDB8AD|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Series tournament
: {{Color box|#EBE7E0|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior Future Series tournament

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{BWFB|98935}}
* {{BWFT|2B0560CE-7323-4AB1-9EC9-74225E23F5A0}}
* {{InterSportStats|3000348243|Arjun Madathil Ramachandran}}

{{Footer Thomas Cup Champions Badminton Team Men}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:M.R., Arjun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kochi]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male badminton players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in badminton]]

2024 Indian general election in Bihar

2026-05-03T10:04:13Z

Veronairy: stub - done

{{Short description|18th Indian general election in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| turnout = 56.28% ({{decrease}} 1.05 [[Percentage point|pp]])
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in Bihar
| previous_year = 2019
| next_election = 2029 Indian general election in Bihar
| next_year = 2029
| election_date = 19 April – 1 June 2024
| seats_for_election = All 40 [[Lok Sabha]] seats of [[Bihar]]
| opinion_polls = 2024 Indian general election in Bihar#Opinion polls
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Bihar
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Bihar
| image_size = 120x120px

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Samrat Chaudhary wishing Nitish Kumar on his birthday (cropped).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader1 = [[Samrat Chaudhary]]
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance
| leaders_seat1 = ''Did not contest''
| leader_since1 = 2023
| last_election1 = 23.58%, 17 seats
| seats1 = '''12'''
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 5
| popular_vote1 = 8,885,818
| percentage1 = 20.52%
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 3.53 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Shri Nitish Kumar in Begusarai.jpg|bSize=160|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=20|oTop=3}}
| party2 = Janata Dal (United)
| leader2 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| alliance2 = National Democratic Alliance
| leaders_seat2 = ''Did not contest''
| leader_since2 = 2003
| last_election2 = 21.81%, 16 seats
| seats2 = '''12'''
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 4
| popular_vote2 = 8,020,732
| percentage2 = 18.52%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 3.74 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Shri Chirag Paswan.jpg
| bSize = 130
| cWidth = 100
| cHeight = 120
| oLeft = 12
| oTop = 0}}
| party3 = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
| leader3 = [[Chirag Paswan]]
| alliance3 = National Democratic Alliance
| leaders_seat3 = [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]] (won)
| leader_since3 = 2021
| last_election3 = ''New Party''
| seats3 = 5
| seat_change3 = {{steady}}
| popular_vote3 = 2,803,936
| percentage3 = 6.47%
| swing3 = ''New Party''


| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Tejaswi Yadav 2023.jpg|bSize=250|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=70|oTop=50}}
| leader4 = [[Tejashwi Yadav]]
| party4 = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| alliance4 = Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance
| seats4 = 4
| seat_change4 = {{increase}} 4
| last_election4 = 15.38%, 0 seats
| leaders_seat4 = ''Did not contest''
| leader_since4 = 2020
| popular_vote4 = '''9,588,365'''
| percentage4 = '''22.14%'''
| swing4 = {{increase}} 6.46 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Union Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution and Agriculture, Dr. Akhilesh Prasad Singh addressing at the National Productivity Awards Ceremony for the Agriculture Sector, in New Delhi on May 24, 2007 (cropped).jpg|bSize=190|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=40|oTop=3}}
| party5 = Indian National Congress
| leader5 = [[Akhilesh Prasad Singh]]
| alliance5 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| leaders_seat5 = ''Did not contest''
| leader_since5 = 2022
| last_election5 = 7.70%, 1 seat
| seats5 = 3
| seat_change5 = {{increase}} 2
| popular_vote5 = 3,983,882
| percentage5 = 9.20%
| swing5 = {{increase}} 1.35 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| image6 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Flag Logo of CPIML.png|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=100|oLeft=05|oTop=0}}
| leader6 = [[Raja Ram Singh Kushwaha|Rajaram Singh]] and [[Sudama Prasad]]
| party6 = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
| alliance6 = Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance
| seats6 = 2
| seat_change6 = {{increase}} 2
| popular_vote6 = 1,293,538
| percentage6 = 2.99%
| swing6 = {{increase}} 1.63 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| leaders_seat6 = [[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency|Karakat]] (won) and [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]] (won)
| leader_since6 = 2024
| last_election6 = 1.36%, 0 seats

| map_image = {{Switcher|[[File:2024 Lok Sabha Bihar Result Map.svg|300px]] | Partywise result|[[File:2024 Bihar Lok Sabha election alliance wise results.svg|300px]] | Alliance-wise result}}
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] after election
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}

The [[2024 Indian general election]] was held in [[Bihar]] in all 7 phases from 19 April to 1 June to elect 40 members of the [[18th Lok Sabha]], with the results declared on 4 June.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/national/after-separating-from-jdu-know-how-difficult-it-is-for-bjp-to-win-loksabha-seat-in-bihar-lok-sabha-election-2024-amh |title=Lok Sabha Election 2024: जदयू से अलग होने के बाद बिहार में लोकसभा सीट जीतना भाजपा के लिए कितना कठिन जानें |date=19 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/2024-elections-bihar-cm-nitish-kumar-1503107333.html |title=Opposition will unify for 2024 elections: Bihar CM Nitish Kumar |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=3 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/politics/nitish-kumar-meeting-jdu-worker-at-party-office-for-loksabha-election-2024/1495230 |title=नीतीश कुमार 'मिशन 24' की तैयारियों में जुटे, जेडीयू ऑफिस में करेंगे बड़ी बैठक}}</ref>

Bihar, along with [[2024 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] and [[2024 Indian general election in West Bengal|West Bengal]], were the only states where the 2024 Indian general election was held in all 7 phases.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-17 |title=Lok Sabha election 2024: Which state, UT will vote in how many phases? Check details |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lok-sabha-elections-2024-which-state-ut-will-vote-in-how-many-phases-check-details-101710634253898.html |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Election schedule ==
[[File:2024 Indian general election in Bihar schedule.svg|300px|thumb|left|Phase wise schedule of [[2024 Indian general election]] in Bihar]]{{br}}
{| class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;
! rowspan=2 | Poll event
! colspan=7 | Phase
|-
| bgcolor=#FFFACD | I
| bgcolor=#87CEFA | II
| bgcolor=#7B68EE | III
| bgcolor=#E9967A | IV
| bgcolor=#DB7093 | V
| bgcolor=#6495ED | VI
| bgcolor=#9ACD32 | VII
|-
! Notification date
| 20 March
| 28 March
| 12 April
| 18 April
| 26 April
| 29 April
| 7 May
|-
! Last date for filing nomination
| 28 March
| 4 April
| 19 April
| 25 April
| 3 May
| 6 May
| 14 May
|-
! Scrutiny of nomination
| 30 March
| 5 April
| 20 April
| 26 April
| 4 May
| 7 May
| 15 May
|-
! Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
| 02 March
| 8 April
| 22 April
| 29 April
| 6 May
| 9 May
| 17 May
|-
! Date of poll
| '''19 April'''
| '''26 April'''
| '''7 May'''
| '''13 May'''
| '''20 May'''
| '''25 May'''
| '''1 June'''
|-
! Date of counting of votes/Result
| colspan="7" | '''4 June 2024'''
|-
! '''''No. of constituencies'''''
| 4
| 5
| 5
| 5
| 5
| 8
| 8
|}

== Parties and alliances ==

=== National Democratic Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
[[File:NDA Seat Sharing Bihar 2024.png|350px]]
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;
| colspan="6" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
| colspan="6" | '''[[National Democratic Alliance]]'''
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
| [[Samrat Choudhary]]
| 17
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
| [[File:JanataDalUnitedFlag.PNG|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Arrow.svg|50px]]
| [[Nitish Kumar]]
| 16
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes}}
| [[File:Lok Janshakti Party Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Helicopter.jpg|50px]]
| [[Chirag Paswan]]
| 5
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
| [[File:Hindustani Awam Morcha Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Telephone.svg|50px]]
| [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
| 1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}
| [[File:Flag of Rashtriya Lok Morcha.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Gas Cylinder.jpg|50px]]
| [[Upendra Kushwaha]]
| 1
|-
!colspan="5"| Total
!40
|}

=== Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]}}
[[File:Bihar 2024 INDIA seat share.jpg|350px]]
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;
| colspan="6" {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
| colspan="6" | '''[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]'''
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[File:RJD Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Hurricane Lamp.png|50px]]
| [[Lalu Yadav]]
| 23
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
| [[Akhilesh Prasad Singh]]
| 9
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
| [[File:CPIML LIBERATION FLAG.png|50px|centre]]
| [[File:Flag Logo of CPIML.png|50px]]
| Shyam Chandra Chaudhary
| 3
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Vikassheel Insaan Party}}
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:VIP PARTY.jpg|50px]]
| [[Mukesh Sahani]]
| 3
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPIM election symbol.png|50px]]
| Lalan Chaudhary
| 1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
| [[Ram Naresh Pandey]]
| 1
|-
!colspan="5"| Total
!
|}

=== Others ===
{| class="wikitable" width=50%; style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
| [[File:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen logo.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|50px]]
| [[Akhtarul Iman]]
| 8
|}

== Candidates ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
! 1
| [[Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Valmiki Nagar]]
| {{party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Sunil Kumar Kushwaha]]
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| Deepak Yadav
|-
! 2
| [[Paschim Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Paschim Champaran]]
| {{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Sanjay Jaiswal]]
| {{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Madan Mohan Tiwari]]
|-
! 3
| [[Purvi Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Purvi Champaran]]
| {{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Radha Mohan Singh]]
| {{Party name with colour|Vikassheel Insaan Party}}
| [[Rajesh Kushwaha]]
|-
! 4
| [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]
| {{party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Lovely Anand]]
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[Ritu Jaiswal]]
|-
! 5
| [[Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sitamarhi]]
| {{party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Devesh Chandra Thakur]]
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[Arjun Roy|Arjun Rai]]
|-
! 6
| [[Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency|Madhubani]]
| {{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Ashok Kumar Yadav]]
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[Ali Ashraf Fatmi]]
|-
! 7
| [[Jhanjharpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jhanjharpur]]
| {{party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Ramprit Mandal]]
| {{Party name with colour|Vikassheel Insaan Party}}
| Suman Kumar Mahaseth
|-
! 8
| [[Supaul Lok Sabha constituency|Supaul]]
| {{party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Dileshwar Kamait]]
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[Chandrahas Chaupal]]
|-
! 9
| [[Araria Lok Sabha constituency|Araria]]
| {{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Pradeep Kumar Singh]]
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[Mohammed Shahnawaz Alam]]
|-
! 10
| [[Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kishanganj]]
| {{party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Mujahid Alam]]
| {{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Mohammad Jawed]]
|-
! 11
| [[Katihar Lok Sabha constituency|Katihar]]
| {{party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Dulal Chandra Goswami]]
| {{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]]
|-
! 12
| [[Purnia Lok Sabha constituency|Purnia]]
| {{party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Santosh Kumar Kushwaha]]
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[Beema Bharti]]
|-
! 13
| [[Madhepura Lok Sabha constituency|Madhepura]]
| {{party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]]
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| Professor Kumar Chandradeep
|-
! 14
| [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga]]
| {{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Gopal Jee Thakur]]
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[Lalit Kumar Yadav]]
|-
! 15
| [[Muzaffarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarpur]]
| {{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Raj Bhushan Nishad
| {{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Ajay Nishad]]
|-
! 16
| [[Vaishali Lok Sabha constituency|Vaishali]]
| {{party name with colour|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| [[Veena Devi]]
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[Vijay Kumar Shukla|Munna Shukla]]
|-
! 17
| [[Gopalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Gopalganj (SC)]]
| {{party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Alok Kumar Suman]]
| {{Party name with colour|Vikassheel Insaan Party}}
| Premnath Chanchal
|-
! 18
| [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency|Siwan]]
| {{party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Vijaylakshmi Devi|Vijay Lakshmi Kushwaha]]
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[Awadh Bihari Choudhary]]
|-
! 19
| [[Maharajganj, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj]]
| {{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Janardan Singh Sigriwal]]
| {{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Akash Prasad Singh
|-
! 20
| [[Saran Lok Sabha constituency|Saran]]
| {{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| Rohini Acharya
|-
! 21
| [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur (SC)]]
| {{party name with colour|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| [[Chirag Paswan]]
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| Shiv Chandra Ram
|-
! 22
| [[Ujiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Ujiarpur]]
| {{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Nityanand Rai]]
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[Alok Kumar Mehta]]
|-
! 23
| [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur (SC)]]
| {{party name with colour|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| [[Shambhavi Choudhary]]
| {{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Sunny Hazari
|-
! 24
| [[Begusarai Lok Sabha constituency|Begusarai]]
| {{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Giriraj Singh]]
| {{party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Awadhesh Kumar Rai]]
|-
! 25
| [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency|Khagaria]]
| {{party name with colour|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| Rajesh Verma
| {{party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Sanjay Kumar Kushwaha
|-
! 26
| [[Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bhagalpur]]
| {{party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Ajay Kumar Mandal]]
| {{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Ajeet Sharma]]
|-
! 27
| [[Banka Lok Sabha constituency|Banka]]
| {{party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Giridhari Yadav]]
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav]]
|-
! 28
| [[Munger Lok Sabha constituency|Munger]]
| {{party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Rajiv Ranjan Singh]]
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| Anita Devi Mahto
|-
! 29
| [[Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalanda]]
| {{party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Kaushalendra Kumar]]
| {{party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
| [[Sandeep Saurav]]
|-
! 30
| [[Patna Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Patna Sahib]]
| {{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| {{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Anshul Avijit Kushwaha
|-
! 31
| [[Pataliputra Lok Sabha constituency|Pataliputra]]
| {{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Ram Kripal Yadav]]
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[Misa Bharti]]
|-
! 32
| [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]]
| {{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[R. K. Singh]]
| {{party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
| [[Sudama Prasad]]
|-
! 33
| [[Buxar Lok Sabha constituency|Buxar]]
| {{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Mithilesh Tiwari
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[Sudhakar Singh (Bihar politician)|Sudhakar Singh]]
|-
! 34
| [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram (SC)]]
| {{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Shivesh Ram
| {{party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Manoj Kumar
|-
! 35
| [[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency|Karakat]]
| bgcolor=#999966 |
| style="text-align:left;|[[Rashtriya Lok Morcha|RLM]]
| [[Upendra Kushwaha]]
| {{party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
| [[Raja Ram Singh Kushwaha]]
|-
! 36
| [[Jahanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Jahanabad]]
| {{party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Chandeshwar Prasad]]
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[Surendra Prasad Yadav]]
|-
! 37
| [[Aurangabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]
| {{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)|Sushil Kumar Singh]]
| {{party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal }}
| [[Abhay Kushwaha]]
|-
! 38
| [[Gaya Lok Sabha constituency|Gaya (SC)]]
| {{Party name with colour|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
| [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[Kumar Sarvjeet]]
|-
! 39
| [[Nawada Lok Sabha constituency|Nawada]]
| {{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Vivek Thakur]]
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| Shravan Kushwaha
|-
! 40
| [[Jamui Lok Sabha constituency|Jamui (SC)]]
| {{party name with colour|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| [[Arun Bharti]]
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| Archana Ravidas
|}

== Campaigns ==

=== Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance ===
The [[Indian National Congress]] began its Bihar section of the [[Bharat Jodo Nyay Yatra]] from [[Kishanganj]] on 28 January 2024. Congress leader [[Rahul Gandhi]] criticised chief minister [[Nitish Kumar]] for [[2024 Bihar political crisis|rejoining the NDA]] and said that the [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] did not need him and that it would keep fighting for social justice.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tewary |first=Amarnath |date=2024-01-30 |title=Nitish Kumar caved under pressure; don't need his support: Rahul Gandhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bharat-jodo-nyay-yatra-reaches-purnia-on-day-2-in-bihar-rahul-to-address-rally/article67791928.ece |access-date=2024-02-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 15 February, Gandhi resumed his yatra from [[Bihar]]'s [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]], where he promised a financial survey to assess the ground reality if his alliance comes to power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After 'Caste Census', Rahul Gandhi Promises 'Financial Survey' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/after-caste-census-rahul-gandhi-promises-financial-survey |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> The yatra resumed from [[Sasaram]] the next day, where [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] chairperson and former state deputy CM [[Tejashwi Yadav]] joined the yatra, touring the state with Gandhi in a jeep.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahul Gandhi tours Bihar in jeep during yatra, Tejashwi Yadav in driver's seat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rahul-gandhi-tours-bihar-in-jeep-during-bharat-jodo-yatra-tejashwi-yadav-in-drivers-seat-2502912-2024-02-16 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=India Today |date=16 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] began its campaign with its ''Jan Vishwas Yatra'' ("People's Trust Yatra") on 20 February 2024. RJD leader [[Tejashwi Yadav]] launched the yatra from [[Muzaffarpur]] in [[Bihar]]. The yatra will last till 1 March 2024 and will have covered 33 districts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-19 |title=Bihar: Tejashwi Yadav to kickstart Jan Vishwas Yatra tomorrow |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bihar-tejashwi-yadav-to-kickstart-jan-vishwas-yatra-tomorrow/articleshow/107830062.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Dev |title=Tejashwi Yadav begins Jan Vishwas Yatra, slams Nitish Kumar in kickoff to Lok Sabha campaign |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/tejashwi-yadav-begins-jan-vishwas-yatra-slams-nitish-kumar-in-kickoff-to-lok-sabha-poll-campaign/cid/2001898 |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |language=en}}</ref> In [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]] on 23 February, Yadav termed the BJP "a dustbin" which takes in other parties that have become "garbage".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhelari |first=Amit |date=2024-02-23 |title=Impressive turnout at Tejashwi's Jan Vishwas Yatra in Bihar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/impressive-turnout-at-tejashwis-jan-vishwas-yatra-in-bihar/article67874416.ece |access-date=2024-02-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Dev |date=23 February 2023 |title=Tejashwi Yadav slams BJP for giving swords in hands of people, becoming 'dustbin' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/tejashwi-prasad-yadav-blames-bjp-of-giving-swords-in-hands-of-people-and-for-becoming-dustbin/cid/2002341 |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |language=en}}</ref> The Rashtriya Janata Dal also worked to expand its social base while holding its core [[Muslim]]-[[Yadav]] support base firmly. The majority of the candidates of Rashtriya Janata Dal on all 23 seats it contested were from Other Backward Class and Extremely Backward Castes. The party fielded 8 Yadav candidates, while the [[Koeri]] and [[Kurmi]]s also got a fair share. It fielded three Koeris, [[Alok Kumar Mehta]] from Ujiarpur, Shravan Kushwaha from Nawada and [[Abhay Kushwaha]] from Aurangabad constituency. RJD also fielded six women candidates– [[Ritu Jaiswal]] (Sheohar), Anita Devi Mahto (Munger), Bima Bharati (Purnea), Archana Ravidas (Jamui), [[Misa Bharti]] (Pataliputra) and Rohini Acharya from Saran.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/obc-bulk-rjd-bihar-list-yadav-ebc-follow-9262170/ |title=OBCs form bulk of RJD's Bihar list; Yadavs, EBCs follow |website=Indian express |date=10 April 2024 |accessdate=10 April 2024}}</ref>

RJD also faced opposition from its own party members in constituencies like Nawada, where RJD's sitting legislators [[Vibha Devi Yadav|Vibha Devi]] and [[Prakash Veer]] were spotted campaigning for independent candidate Vinod Yadav, brother of former RJD legislator, Rajballabh Yadav instead of party's declared candidate Shravan Kushwaha.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/in-an-unusual-twist-rjd-mlas-campaign-in-support-of-the-independent-candidate-in-bihars-nawada/article68047096.ece |title=In an unusual twist, RJD MLAs campaign in support of the Independent candidate in Bihar's Nawada |website=The Hindu |date=9 April 2024 |accessdate=11 April 2024 |last1=Bhelari |first1=Amit}}</ref> In overall ticket distribution of the NDA and INDIA bloc, 16 Yadav candidates were made candidates out of 80 candidates from both sides. The [[Koeri]]s with 11 candidates were the second largest caste.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jansatta.com/jansatta-special/election-2024-caste-representation-in-bihar-40-lok-sabha-seats-caste-dominance-in-bihar-nda-india/3334391/ |title=बिहार लोकसभा चुनाव: हर पांचवा उम्मीदवार यादव, फिर भी दबदबा किसी और का ही |website=jansatta |date=29 April 2024 |accessdate=5 May 2024}}</ref>
== Events and outcomes ==
During the election, the [[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency]] in the [[Rohtas district]] of Bihar drew nationwide attention, when [[Bhojpuri people|Bhojpuri]] singer and actor [[Pawan Singh]] declared that he will contest the Lok Sabha election from there. Earlier, Singh was made a candidate of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Asansol Lok Sabha constituency]] against [[Shatrughan Sinha]], but Singh refused to contest from there. Unable to secure the candidature of [[National Democratic Alliance]] from [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency]], he made the contest in the Karakat triangular. It was speculated that he will cut the major chunk of NDA votes of [[Rajput]] caste, the community to which he belonged. In the aftermath of voting process, Singh was able to get over two lakh votes, pushing NDA candidate [[Upendra Kushwaha]] to the third spot. He was, however, defeated by [[Raja Ram Singh Kushwaha]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]] by a margin of over one lakh votes. The division in votes of NDA due to Singh led to the victory of CPIML candidate.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/neta-vs-abhineta-the-karakat-battle-pits-a-veteran-politician-against-a-bhojpuri-actor/article68218180.ece |title=Neta vs abhineta: the Karakat battle pits a veteran politician against a Bhojpuri actor |website=The Hindu |accessdate=7 June 2024 |last1=Bhelari |first1=Amit}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-jdu-to-save-koeri-votes-from-lalu-tejaswi-yadav-nitish-kumar-bets-on-kushwaha-before-bihar-assembly-elections-10306782.html |title=लालू-तेजस्वी से कोइरी वोट बचाने की कोशिश में जेडीयू? नीतीश ने बिहार चुनाव |website=live Hindustan |accessdate=5 August 2024}}</ref>

However, the defeat of former union minister [[Upendra Kushwaha]], who was considered as the tallest leader of the [[Koeri]] caste in Bihar, sent shockwaves across the state, specially in the Magadh and [[Shahabad district|Shahabad]] belt. There witnessed a palpable anger amongst the member of Koeri caste on Pawan Singh contesting from the constituency considered as the stronghold of the community against Upendra Kushwaha. As a consequence, the Koeris across the Shahabad voted again the [[Rajput]] candidates and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] as the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and its alliance partners like CPIML were successful in conveying the message that Pawan Singh was sent by Bharatiya Janata Party to spoil the votes of Upendra Kushwaha. This led to defeat of veteran Rajput leaders [[R. K. Singh]] and [[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)|Sushil Kumar Singh]] in the nearby [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]] and [[Aurangabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]] constituency. Besides this, NDA also lost [[Buxar Lok Sabha constituency|Buxar]] and [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram]] leading to wiping out of BJP from the whole Shahabad region.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/bihar/tejashwi-yadav-cashes-in-on-kushwaha-factor-cuts-bjp-numbers/articleshow/110713493.cms |title=Tejaswi Yadav cashes in on Kushwaha factor cuts BJP numbers |website=The Economic Times |accessdate=7 June 2024 |last1=Anshuman |first1=Kumar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/door-to-door-campaigning-local-caste-equations-fuel-cpi-ml-liberation-victory-bihar |title=Door-to-Door Campaigning, Local Caste Equations Fuel CPI (ML) Liberation's Victory in Bihar |website=The Wire |accessdate=7 June 2024}}</ref>

Earlier, BJP had raised Samrat Chaudhary to the post of party's Bihar unit president in a bid to bring [[Kushwaha]]s within the fold of BJP. However, discontent was seen amongst the Kushwahas on the ground level as Chaudary was not able to field any Kushwaha candidate on the symbol of BJP in 2024 polls. Although, only two out of seven Kushwaha candidates were able to win from the INDIA alliance, the margin of victory of the NDA candidates was drastically reduced in every seat, where there was a Kushwaha candidate from the side of INDIA bloc. This showed major chunk of Kushwaha voters supporting and voting for INDIA as against NDA.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/election-2024/bihar-loksabha-election/news/bjps-kushwaha-experiment-is-failing-in-bihar-133157916.html |title=बिहार में फेल रहा बीजेपी का कुशवाहा प्रयोग:सम्राट चौधरी भाजपा नेता जरूर बने, लेकिन जाति की राजनीति में मात खा गए |website=Dainik Bhaskar |accessdate=13 June 2024}}</ref>

== Surveys and polls ==
=== Opinion polls ===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Bihar (40)}}
=== Exit polls ===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Bihar}}

== Voter turnout ==
=== Phase wise ===
{| class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;
! Phase
! Poll date
! Constituencies<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-16 |title=Bihar Lok Sabha election dates 2024: Polling to be held in 7 phases; check schedule, constituency-wise details |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/bihar/bihar-lok-sabha-election-dates-2024-polling-to-be-held-in-7-phases-from-april-19-to-june-1-article-12471101.html |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>
! Voter turnout (%)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voter turnout of 66.14% in phase 1 and 66.71% in phase 2 recorded in General Elections 2024 |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=2019225 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502200656/https://pib.gov.in/ErrorPage.html?aspxerrorpath=/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx |archive-date=2 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
! I
| 19 April 2024
| [[Aurangabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]], [[Gaya Lok Sabha constituency|Gaya]], [[Nawada Lok Sabha constituency|Nawada]], [[Jamui Lok Sabha constituency|Jamui]]
| 49.26%
|-
! II
| 26 April 2024
| [[Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kishanganj]], [[Purnia Lok Sabha constituency|Purnia]], [[Katihar Lok Sabha constituency|Katihar]], [[Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bhagalpur]], [[Banka Lok Sabha constituency|Banka]]
| 59.45%
|-
! III
| 7 May 2024
| [[Jhanjharpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jhanjarpur]], [[Supaul Lok Sabha constituency|Supaul]], [[Araria Lok Sabha constituency|Araria]], [[Madhepura Lok Sabha constituency|Madhepura]], [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency|Khagaria]]
| 59.14%
|-
! IV
| 13 May 2024
| [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga]], [[Ujiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Ujiarpur]], [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur]], [[Begusarai Lok Sabha constituency|Begusarai]], [[Munger Lok Sabha constituency|Munger]]
| 58.21%
|-
! V
| 20 May 2024
| [[Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sitamarhi]], [[Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency|Madhubani]], [[Muzaffarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarpur]], [[Saran Lok Sabha constituency|Saran]], [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]
| 56.76%
|-
! VI
| 25 May 2024
| [[Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Valmiki Nagar]], [[Paschim Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Paschim Champaran]], [[Purvi Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Purvi Champaran]], [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]], [[Vaishali Lok Sabha constituency|Vaishali]], [[Gopalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Gopalganj]], [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency|Siwan]], [[Maharajganj, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj]]
| 57.18%
|-
! VII
| 1 June 2024
| [[Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalanda]], [[Patna Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Patna Sahib]], [[Pataliputra Lok Sabha constituency|Pataliputra]], [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]], [[Buxar Lok Sabha constituency|Buxar]], [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram]], [[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency|Karakat]], [[Jahanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Jahanabad]]
| 53.29%
|-
! colspan="3" | Total
!
|}

=== Constituency wise ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! Poll date
! Turnout
! Swing
|-
! 1
| [[Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Valmiki Nagar]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor=#6495ED | 25 May 2024
| 60.19%
| 1.17%{{decrease}}
|-
! 2
| [[Paschim Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Paschim Champaran]]
| 61.62%
| 0.40%{{decrease}}
|-
! 3
| [[Purvi Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Purvi Champaran]]
| 59.68%
| 0.62%{{decrease}}
|-
! 4
| [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]
| 57.40%
| 2.20%{{decrease}}
|-
! 5
| [[Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sitamarhi]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#DB7093 | 20 May 2024
| 56.21%
| 3.11%{{decrease}}
|-
! 6
| [[Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency|Madhubani]]
| 53.04%
| 0.77%{{decrease}}
|-
! 7
| [[Jhanjharpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jhanjharpur]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor=#7B68EE | 7 May 2024
| 54.48%
| 2.87%{{decrease}}
|-
! 8
| [[Supaul Lok Sabha constituency|Supaul]]
| 63.55%
| 2.17%{{decrease}}
|-
! 9
| [[Araria Lok Sabha constituency|Araria]]
| 61.93%
| 2.86%{{decrease}}
|-
! 10
| [[Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kishanganj]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor=#87CEFA | 26 April 2024
| 62.84%
| 3.54%{{decrease}}
|-
! 11
| [[Katihar Lok Sabha constituency|Katihar]]
| 63.76%
| 3.88%{{decrease}}
|-
! 12
| [[Purnia Lok Sabha constituency|Purnia]]
| 63.08%
| 2.29%{{decrease}}
|-
! 13
| [[Madhepura Lok Sabha constituency|Madhepura]]
| bgcolor=#7B68EE | 7 May 2024
| 58.29%
| 2.60%{{decrease}}
|-
! 14
| [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga]]
| bgcolor=#E9967A | 13 May 2024
| 57.37%
| 0.98%{{decrease}}
|-
! 15
| [[Muzaffarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarpur]]
| bgcolor=#DB7093 | 20 May 2024
| 59.47%
| 3.56%{{decrease}}
|-
! 16
| [[Vaishali Lok Sabha constituency|Vaishali]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor=#6495ED | 25 May 2024
| 62.59%
| 0.68%{{increase}}
|-
! 17
| [[Gopalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Gopalganj (SC)]]
| 52.32%
| 3.46%{{decrease}}
|-
! 18
| [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency|Siwan]]
| 52.49%
| 2.24%{{decrease}}
|-
! 19
| [[Maharajganj, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj]]
| 52.27%
| 1.55%{{decrease}}
|-
! 20
| [[Saran Lok Sabha constituency|Saran]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#DB7093 | 20 May 2024
| 56.73%
| 0.13%{{increase}}
|-
! 21
| [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur (SC)]]
| 58.43%
| 3.17%{{increase}}
|-
! 22
| [[Ujiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Ujiarpur]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor=#E9967A | 13 May 2024
| 59.59%
| 0.56%{{decrease}}
|-
! 23
| [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur (SC)]]
| 60.11%
| 0.63%{{decrease}}
|-
! 24
| [[Begusarai Lok Sabha constituency|Begusarai]]
| 58.70%
| 3.93%{{decrease}}
|-
! 25
| [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency|Khagaria]]
| bgcolor=#7B68EE | 7 May 2024
| 57.48%
| 0.23%{{decrease}}
|-
! 26
| [[Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bhagalpur]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#87CEFA | 26 April 2024
| 53.50%
| 3.70%{{decrease}}
|-
! 27
| [[Banka Lok Sabha constituency|Banka]]
| 54.48%
| 4.12%{{decrease}}
|-
! 28
| [[Munger Lok Sabha constituency|Munger]]
| bgcolor=#E9967A | 13 May 2024
| 55.55%
| 0.65%{{increase}}
|-
! 29
| [[Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalanda]]
| rowspan="8" bgcolor=#9ACD32 | 1 June 2024
| 49.78%
| 5.01%{{decrease}}
|-
! 30
| [[Patna Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Patna Sahib]]
| 46.85%
| 1.05%{{increase}}
|-
! 31
| [[Pataliputra Lok Sabha constituency|Pataliputra]]
| 59.27%
| 3.24%{{increase}}
|-
! 32
| [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]]
| 50.27%
| 1.54%{{decrease}}
|-
! 33
| [[Buxar Lok Sabha constituency|Buxar]]
| 55.39%
| 1.44%{{increase}}
|-
! 34
| [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram (SC)]]
| 57.16%
| 2.59%{{increase}}
|-
! 35
| [[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency|Karakat]]
| 54.68%
| 5.59%{{increase}}
|-
! 36
| [[Jahanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Jahanabad]]
| 55.09%
| 3.33%{{increase}}
|-
! 37
| [[Aurangabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor=#FFFACD | 19 April 2024
| 50.35%
| 3.32%{{decrease}}
|-
! 38
| [[Gaya Lok Sabha constituency|Gaya (SC)]]
| 52.76%
| 3.42%{{decrease}}
|-
! 39
| [[Nawada Lok Sabha constituency|Nawada]]
| 43.17%
| 6.56%{{decrease}}
|-
! 40
| [[Jamui Lok Sabha constituency|Jamui (SC)]]
| 51.25%
| 4.00%{{decrease}}
|}

== Results ==
=== Results by alliance or party ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Alliance/ Party
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| rowspan="6" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="6"style="background:#fef3e8" | [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 8,885,818
| 20.52%
| {{decrease}} 3.53
| 17
| 12
| {{decrease}} 5
|-
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| 8,020,732
| 18.52%
| {{decrease}} 3.74
| 16
| 12
| {{decrease}} 4
|-
| {{Party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]]
| 2,803,936
| 6.47%
| New
| 5
| 5
| {{increase}} 5
|-
| {{Party color cell|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
| [[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM]]
| 494,960
| 1.14%
|
| 1
| 1
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| bgcolor="#999966" |
| [[Rashtriya Lok Morcha|RLM]]
| 253,876
| 0.58%
| New
| 1
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8" | Total
| style="background:#fef3e8" | '''20,459,322'''
| style="background:#fef3e8" | '''47.23%'''
| style="background:#fef3e8" |
| style="background:#fef3e8" | 40
| style="background:#fef3e8" | '''30'''
| style="background:#fef3e8" | {{decrease}} 9
|-
| rowspan="7" {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
! rowspan="7"style="background:#E5F8FF" | [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| {{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
| 9,588,365
| 22.14%
| {{increase}} 6.46
| 23
| 4
| {{increase}} 4
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 3,983,882
| 9.20%
| {{increase}} 1.35
| 9
| 3
| {{increase}} 2
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
| 1,293,538
| 2.99%
|
| 3
| 2
| {{increase}} 2
|-
| {{party color cell|Vikassheel Insaan Party}}
| [[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
| 1,187,455
| 2.71%
| {{increase}} 1.05
| 3
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 564,310
| 1.30%
|
| 1
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 375,988
| 0.87%
|
| 1
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| colspan="2"style="background:#E5F8FF" | Total
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | 16,993,538
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | 39.21%
| style="background:#E5F8FF" |
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | 40
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | 9
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | {{increase}} 8
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan="3" | [[2024 Indian general election in Bihar#Others|Others]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|
|
|
|
| 1
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| bgcolor="Black" |
| colspan="3" | [[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
| 8,97,323
| 2.07%
|
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
!
! 100%
! -
!
! 40
! -
|}

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Constituency
! rowspan="2" | Turnout %
! colspan="5" | Winner
! colspan="5" | Runner-up
! colspan="2" | Margin
|-
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
! Votes
! %
|-
! 1
| [[Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Valmiki Nagar]]
| 60.33 {{decrease}}
| [[Sunil Kumar Kushwaha|Sunil Kumar]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| 5,23,422
| 47.5
| Deepak Vadav
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 4,24,747
| 38.55
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 98,675
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 8.95
|-
! 2
| [[Paschim Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Paschim Champaran]]
| 61.78 {{decrease}}
| [[Sanjay Jaiswal]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 5,80,421
| 53.43
| [[Madan Mohan Tiwari]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 4,43,853
| 40.86
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1,36,568
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 12.57
|-
! 3
| [[Purvi Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Purvi Champaran]]
| 59.90 {{decrease}}
| [[Radha Mohan Singh]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 5,80,421
| 50.5
| [[Rajesh Kushwaha|Rajesh Kumar]]
| {{party name with color|Vikassheel Insaan Party}}
| 4,43,853
| 42.28
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 88,287
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 8.22
|-
! 4
| [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]
| 57.56 {{decrease}}
| [[Lovely Anand]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| 476,612
| 45.15
| [[Ritu Jaiswal]]
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 4,47,469
| 42.39
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 29,143
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 2.76
|-
! 5
| [[Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sitamarhi]]
| 56.25 {{decrease}}
| [[Devesh Chandra Thakur]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| 5,15,719
| 47.14
| Arjun Ray
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 4,64,363
| 42.45
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 51,356
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 4.69
|-
! 6
| [[Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency|Madhubani]]
| 53.08 {{decrease}}
| [[Ashok Kumar Yadav]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 5,53,428
| 53.85
| [[Mohammad Ali Ashraf Fatmi]]
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 4,24,747
| 39.07
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1,51,945
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 14.78
|-
! 7
| [[Jhanjharpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jhanjharpur]]
| 54.48{{decrease}}
| [[Ramprit Mandal]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| 5,33,032
| 48.73
| Suman Kumar Mahaseth
| {{party name with color|Vikassheel Insaan Party}}
| 3,48,863
| 31.9
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1,84,169
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 16.83
|-
! 8
| [[Supaul Lok Sabha constituency|Supaul]]
| 63.55{{decrease}}
| [[Dileshwar Kamait]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| 5,95,038
| 48.33
| [[Chandrahas Chaupal]]
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 4,25,235
| 34.54
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1,69,803
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 13.79
|-
! 9
| [[Araria Lok Sabha constituency|Araria]]
| 61.93{{decrease}}
| [[Pradeep Kumar Singh]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 6,00,146
| 47.91
| [[Mohammed Shahnawaz Alam]]
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 5,80,052
| 46.31
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 20,094
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1.60
|-
! 10
| [[Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kishanganj]]
| 62.84{{decrease}}
| [[Mohammad Jawed]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 4,02,850
| 35
| [[Mujahid Alam]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| 3,43,158
| 29.81
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 59,692
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 5.19
|-
! 11
| [[Katihar Lok Sabha constituency|Katihar]]
| 63.76{{decrease}}
| [[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 5,67,092
| 48.41
| [[Dulal Chandra Goswami]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| 5,17,229
| 44.15
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 49,863
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 4.26
|-
! 12
| [[Purnia Lok Sabha constituency|Purnia]]
| 63.08{{decrease}}
| [[Pappu Yadav]]
| {{party name with color|Independent}}
| 5,67,556
| 47.46
| [[Santosh Kumar (politician)|Santosh Kumar]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| 5,43,709
| 45.47
| style="background:{{party color|Others}} ; color:black;" | 23,847
| style="background:{{party color|Others}} ; color:black;" | 1.99
|-
! 13
| [[Madhepura Lok Sabha constituency|Madhepura]]
| 58.29{{decrease}}
| [[Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| 6,40,649
| 52.96
| Da Kumar Chandrareep
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 4,66,115
| 38.53
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1,74,534
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 14.43
|-
! 14
| [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga]]
| 57.37{{decrease}}
| [[Gopal Jee Thakur]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 5,66,630
| 55.33
| [[Lalit Kumar Yadav]]
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 3,88,474
| 37.93
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1,78,156
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 17.40
|-
! 15
| [[Muzaffarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarpur]]
| 59.47{{decrease}}
| [[Raj Bhushan Choudhary]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 6,19,749
| 55.71
| [[Ajay Nishad]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3,84,822
| 34.59
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 2,34,927
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 21.12
|-
! 16
| [[Vaishali Lok Sabha constituency|Vaishali]]
| 62.59{{increase}}
| [[Veena Devi]]
| {{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| 5,67,043
| 48.38
| [[Vijay Kumar Shukla]]
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 4,77,409
| 40.73
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 89,634
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 7.65
|-
! 17
| [[Gopalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Gopalganj (SC)]]
| 52.32{{decrease}}
| [[Alok Kumar Suman]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| 5,11,866
| 48.15
| Chanchal Paswan
| {{party name with color|Vikassheel Insaan Party}}
| 3,84,686
| 36.19
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1,27,180
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 11.96
|-
! 18
| [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency|Siwan]]
| 52.49{{decrease}}
| [[Vijaylakshmi Devi]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| 3,86,508
| 38.73
| Hena Shahab
| {{party name with color|Independent}}
| 2,93,651
| 29.42
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 92,857
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 9.31
|-
! 19
| [[Maharajganj, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj]]
| 52.27{{decrease}}
| [[Janardan Singh Sigriwal|Janardan Singh]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 5,29,533
| 52.22
| Aakash Kumar Singh
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 4,26,882
| 42.09
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1,02,651
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 10.13
|-
! 20
| [[Saran Lok Sabha constituency|Saran]]
| 56.73{{increase}}
| [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 4,71,752
| 46.18
| Rohini Acharya
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 4,58,091
| 44.84
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 13,661
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1.34
|-
! 21
| [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur (SC)]]
| 58.43{{increase}}
| [[Chirag Paswan]]
| {{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| 6,15,718
| 53.29
| Shiv Chandra Ram
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 4,45,613
| 38.57
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1,70,105
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 14.72
|-
! 22
| [[Ujiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Ujiarpur]]
| 59.59{{decrease}}
| [[Nityanand Rai]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 5,15,965
| 49.51
| [[Alok Kumar Mehta]]
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 4,55,863
| 43.75
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 60,102
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 5.76
|-
! 23
| [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur (SC)]]
| 60.11{{decrease}}
| [[Shambhavi Choudhary]]
| {{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| 5,79,786
| 52.97
| Sunny Hazari
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3,92,535
| 35.86
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1,87,251
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 17.11
|-
! 24
| [[Begusarai Lok Sabha constituency|Begusarai]]
| 58.70{{decrease}}
| [[Giriraj Singh]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 6,49,331
| 50.15
| Abdhesh Kumar Roy
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| 5,67,851
| 43.86
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 81,480
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 6.29
|-
! 25
| [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency|Khagaria]]
| 57.48{{decrease}}
| [[Rajesh Verma (Khagaria politician)|Rajesh Verma]]
| {{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| 5,38,657
| 50.73
| Sanjay Kumar
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 3,77,526
| 35.55
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1,61,131
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 15.18
|-
! 26
| [[Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bhagalpur]]
| 53.50{{decrease}}
| [[Ajay Kumar Mandal]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| 5,36,031
| 50.38
| [[Ajeet Sharma]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 4,31,163
| 40.52
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1,04,868
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 9.86
|-
! 27
| [[Banka Lok Sabha constituency|Banka]]
| 54.48{{decrease}}
| [[Giridhari Yadav]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| 5,06,678
| 49.96
| Jai Prakash Narayan Yadav
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 4,02,834
| 39.72
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1,03,844
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 10.24
|-
! 28
| [[Munger Lok Sabha constituency|Munger]]
| 55.55{{increase}}
| [[Lalan Singh]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| 5,50,146
| 48.3
| Kumari Anita
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 4,69,276
| 41.2
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 80,870
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 7.10
|-
! 29
| [[Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalanda]]
| 49.78{{decrease}}
| [[Kaushalendra Kumar]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| 5,59,422
| 48.88
| [[Sandeep Saurav]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
| 3,90,308
| 34.11
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1,69,114
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 14.77
|-
! 30
| [[Patna Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Patna Sahib]]
| 46.85{{increase}}
| [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 5,88,270
| 54.7
| Anshul Avijit
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 4,34,424
| 40.39
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1,53,846
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 14.31
|-
! 31
| [[Pataliputra Lok Sabha constituency|Pataliputra]]
| 59.27{{increase}}
| [[Misa Bharti]]
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 6,13,283
| 49.86
| [[Ram Kripal Yadav]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 5,28,109
| 42.93
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 85,174
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 6.93
|-
! 32
| [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]]
| 50.27{{decrease}}
| [[Sudama Prasad]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
| 5,29,382
| 48.28
| [[Raj Kumar Singh]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 4,69,574
| 42.82
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 59,808
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 5.46
|-
! 33
| [[Buxar Lok Sabha constituency|Buxar]]
| 55.39{{increase}}
| [[Sudhakar Singh (Bihar politician)|Sudhakar Singh]]
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 4,38,345
| 40.82
| Mithilesh Tiwari
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 4,08,254
| 38.02
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 30,091
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 2.80
|-
! 34
| [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram (SC)]]
| 57.16{{increase}}
| [[Manoj Kumar (Sasaram politician)|Manoj Kumar]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 5,13,004
| 46.76
| [[Shivesh Kumar]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 4,93,847
| 45.01
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 19,157
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1.75
|-
! 35
| [[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency|Karakat]]
| 54.68{{increase}}
| [[Raja Ram Singh Kushwaha]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
| 3,80,581
| 36.89
| [[Pawan Singh]]
| {{party name with color|Independent}}
| 2,74,723
| 26.63
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1,05,858
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 10.26
|-
! 36
| [[Jahanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Jahanabad]]
| 55.09{{increase}}
| [[Surendra Prasad Yadav]]
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 4,43,035
| 47.88
| [[Chandeshwar Prasad]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| 3,00,444
| 32.47
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1,42,591
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 15.41
|-
! 37
| [[Aurangabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]
| 50.35{{decrease}}
| [[Abhay Kushwaha]]
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 4,65,567
| 49.22
| [[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)|Sushil Kumar Singh]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 3,86,456
| 40.86
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 79,111
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 8.36
|-
! 38
| [[Gaya Lok Sabha constituency|Gaya (SC)]]
| 52.76{{decrease}}
| [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
| {{party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
| 4,94,960
| 51.36
| [[Kumar Sarvjeet]]
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 3,93,148
| 40.8
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1,01,812
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 10.56
|-
! 39
| [[Nawada Lok Sabha constituency|Nawada]]
| 43.17{{decrease}}
| [[Vivek Thakur]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 4,10,608
| 47.2
| Shrawan Kumar
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 3,42,938
| 39.42
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 67,670
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 7.78
|-
! 40
| [[Jamui Lok Sabha constituency|Jamui (SC)]]
| 51.25{{decrease}}
| [[Arun Bharti]]
| {{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| 5,09,046
| 51.98
| Archana Kumari
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 4,45,613
| 40.5
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 1,12,482
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" | 11.48
|}

== Assembly segments wise lead of Parties ==
[[File:2024 Bihar Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Leads Map.svg|2024 Bihar Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Leads Map|thumb|300px]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=4 | Party
! Assembly segments
! Current Position in the 2025 Assembly election
|-
| rowspan="6" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="6"style="background:#fef3e8" | [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
! [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| 74
| 85
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 67
| 89
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}"|
! [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]]
| 29
| 19
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}"|
! [[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM(S)]]
| 4
| 5
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}"|
! [[Rashtriya Lok Morcha|RLM]]
| 0
| 4
|-
| colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8" | Total
| style="background:#fef3e8" | 174
| style="background:#fef3e8" | 202
|-
| rowspan="8" {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
! rowspan="8"style="background:#E5F8FF" | [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
! [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
| 36
| 25
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
! [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 12
| 6
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}"|
! [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
| 12
| 2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
! [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 1
| 0
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian Inclusive Party}}"|
! [[Indian Inclusive Party|IIP]]
| Did not exist
| 1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
! [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 0
| 1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Vikassheel Insaan Party}}"|
! [[Vikassheel Insaan Party|VIP]]
| 1
| 0
|-
| colspan="2"style="background:#E5F8FF" | Total
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | 62
| style="background:#E5F8FF" | 35
|-
| rowspan="4" {{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
! rowspan="4"style="background:#E5FFDA" | Others
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
! [[Independent politician|Independents]]
| 5
| 0
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}"|
! [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
| 2
| 5
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
! [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| 0
| 1
|-
| colspan="2"style="background:#E5FFDA" | Total
| style="background:#E5FFDA" | 7
| style="background:#E5FFDA" | 6
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! colspan=2 | 243
|}

== See also ==
* [[2024 Indian general election in Chandigarh]]
* [[2024 Indian general election in Chhattisgarh]]
* [[2024 Indian general election in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian general election, 2024}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:2020s in Bihar]]
[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Bihar]]

Romeo (2024 film)

2026-04-30T12:20:46Z

Veronairy:

{{Short description|2024 film directed by Vinayak Vaithianathan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Romeo
| image = Romeo Poster.png
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vinayak Vaithianathan]]
| writer = Vinayak Vaithianathan
| producer = Meera Vijay Antony
| starring = [[Vijay Antony]] [[Mirnalini Ravi]]
| cinematography = Farook J. Basha
| editing = Vijay Antony
| music = Barath Dhanasekar Ravi Royster
| studio = Vijay Antony Film Corporation
| distributor = [[Red Giant Movies]] [[Ayngaran International]] A & P Groups
| released = {{film date|2024|4|11|df=y}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Romeo''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil-language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy film|romantic comedy]] [[drama film|drama]] film written and directed by [[Vinayak Vaithianathan]] in his directorial debut and produced by Meera Vijay Antony.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2023 |title=First Look Of Vijay Antony's Romeo Out |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/first-look-of-vijay-antonys-romeo-out-mirnalini-ravi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406180450/https://www.filmcompanion.in/amp/story/news/first-look-of-vijay-antonys-romeo-out-mirnalini-ravi |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Vijay Antony]] and [[Mirnalini Ravi]] in lead roles. The soundtrack and background score were composed by debutants Barath Dhanasekar and Ravi Royster, while the cinematography and editing was handled by Farook J. Basha and Vijay Antony himself.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2024 |title=New poster of Vijay Antony's Romeo out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jan/31/first-look-poster-of-vijay-antonys-romeo-out-51637.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406180450/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2024/Jan/31/first-look-poster-of-vijay-antonys-romeo-out-51637.html |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2024 |title=My Movie With Vijay And Mirnalini Will Be A Grand Romantic Drama: Vinayak Vaithianathan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/my-movie-with-vijay-and-mirnalini-will-be-a-grand-romantic-drama-vinayak-vaithianathan/articleshow/107421477.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406180450/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/my-movie-with-vijay-and-mirnalini-will-be-a-grand-romantic-drama-vinayak-vaithianathan/amp_articleshow/107421477.cms |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film extensively shot in [[Malaysia]], [[Bangkok]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore]], [[Tenkasi]], [[Chennai]] and [[Mahabalipuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2024 |title=Not your average marriage story: Vijay Antony's 'Romeo' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Jan/30/not-your-average-marriage-story-vijay-antonys-romeo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406180450/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/tamil/2024/Jan/30/not-your-average-marriage-story-vijay-antonys-romeo |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

''Romeo'' was theatrically released on 11 April 2024, coinciding [[Ramadan|Ramzan]] and received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2024 |title=Vijay Antony's Romeo to release for Ramzan |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/vijay-antonys-romeo-to-release-for-ramzan-773797 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406180450/https://www.dtnext.in/amp/news/cinema/vijay-antonys-romeo-to-release-for-ramzan-773797 |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Arivazhagan "Arivu", a Malaysian returnee in his mid-30s, yearns to experience love before marrying. At his village, he meets Leelavathi "Leela", at her grandfather's funeral. She's an aspiring actress, but her father's disapproval forces her to pretend to work in an MNC in Chennai. Arivu selflessly assists with Leela's mother's medical expenses when she falls ill. However, he hesitates to propose to Leela due to his earlier kindness. Leela and her friends cleverly manipulate Arivu's innocence to facilitate her move to Chennai and escape her oppressive family. With marriage being her only option, Leela reluctantly agrees. Smitten with her, Arivu consents to the arrangement.

Upon arriving in Chennai, Arivu faces interference from Leela's three friends - an aspiring director, cinematographer, and stylist - who join the couple and keep Arivu at bay. Despite their initial attempts to annoy him, Arivu wins over Leela's friends with his kindness. Fearing Arivu might use her friends to get closer to her, Leela asks them to leave and informs Arivu of her plans to file for divorce. Heartbroken, Arivu seeks solace in a bar with his uncle, where he meets the manager, Vikram, who helps him contact Leela using a pseudonym, 'Vikram'. Leela develops a friendship with 'Vikram', who shares his fear of fire without revealing the reason. When Leela lands a debut role in a film directed by her friend, the producer misbehaves with her, prompting 'Vikram' to confront him.

Arivu decides to support Leela and her friends by producing their film, "Romeo", a romantic drama, on the condition that he plays the lead role. Leela initially declines Arivu's offer but eventually accepts it due to her friends' persuasion. Meanwhile, Arivu, still pretending to be Vikram, continues to motivate Leela, and they develop a strong friendship. As the film's preproduction and test shoots progress, Arivu struggles initially but eventually improves his skills. When Leela requests to meet Vikram in person, Arivu avoids the meeting, causing Leela to become distraught and lose focus during filming. To revive her spirits, Arivu reestablishes contact with Leela as 'Vikram'.

During filming, the producer who had previously misbehaved with Leela sends goons to abduct her, but Arivu bravely fights them off despite his fear of fire. Severely injured, he's hospitalized, and Leela pleads with her husband to prioritize his well-being over her dreams. Leela then calls 'Vikram', asking why someone who loves her would go to such great lengths to make her happy. Arivu as 'Vikram' shares the story of his long-last mute sister, Janani, during a riot in Rameshwaram, causing Arivu's fear of fire. Arivu's uncle discharges him from the hospital, revealing his [[Pyrophobia|fear of fire]] to Leela, who finally realizes that 'Vikram' is actually Arivu. However, she doesn't confront him.

Before the final day of shooting, Leela invites 'Vikram' to visit her, where she introduces him to Janani. Arivu, fearful of revealing his true identity, controls his emotions and pretends Janani is someone else's sister. After the final day of shooting, Arivu provides Leela with the divorce papers she had requested. However, Leela interrupts the shooting to reveal that she knows Arivu is 'Vikram', confessing that she loves her husband more than anyone else. The two reconcile, with Janani present.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijay Antony]] as Arivazhagan "Arivu" / Vikram
* [[Mirnalini Ravi]] as Leelavathi "Leela", Arivu's wife
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Vikram
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as Arivu and Janani's uncle
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Moorthy, Leela's father
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Pazhaniappan, Arivu and Janani's father
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Arivu and Janani's mother
* [[Sreeja Ravi]] as Leela's mother
* Anarkali Nazar as Janani, Arivu's sister
* [[Shah Ra]] as Arun, Leela's friend
* Rohit Nandakumar (Roju) as Gautham, Leela's friend
* Shalini Vijayakumar as Leela's friend
* Murali
* Master Advaith as young Arivu
* Baby Samridha Sam as young Janani
}}

==Production==
On 16 August 2023, it was announced that Vijay Antony launched his new production house Good Devil Productions.The film was titled as ''Romeo'' and it is the first romantic film of Vijay Antony and the first look poster of the film also was released on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=Vijay Antony's next, 'Romeo'; to be bankrolled by his new production house |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-antonys-next-romeo-to-be-bankrolled-by-his-new-production-house/article67201351.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411021816/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-antonys-next-romeo-to-be-bankrolled-by-his-new-production-house/article67201351.ece/amp/ |archive-date=11 April 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The director, Vinayak Vaithianathan, was an assistant director of [[Shree Karthick]] and was working with him in the film ''[[Oke Oka Jeevitham|Kanam]]'' (2022). Vaithianathan also directed the web series ''Kadhal Distancing''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=16 August 2023 |title=Vijay Antony's next titled Romeo |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Aug/16/vijay-antonys-next-titled-romeo-46644.html |website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Romeo
| cover =
| caption = Album cover
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Barath Dhanasekar and Ravi Royster
| released = 2024
| recorded = 2023–2024
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = Barath Dhanasekar Ravi Royster
| chronology = Barath Dhanasekar
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
| audio1 =
| audio2 =
}}
The songs and background score for the film were composed by debutants Barath Dhanasekar and Ravi Royster. The audio rights were acquired by [[Think Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2024 |title=Valentine's Day is not complete without #Romeo in the house. ♥️🙌💯 Super elated to have bagged the audio rights of #Romeo |url=https://twitter.com/thinkmusicindia/status/1757379683208052884 |website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> The first single "Chellakili" was released on 21 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title='Chellakili' song from Romeo out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Feb/22/chellakili-song-from-romeo-out-52285.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408140621/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2024/Feb/22/chellakili-song-from-romeo-out-52285.html |archive-date=8 April 2024 |access-date=8 April 2024 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref> The second single "Vethala" was released on 13 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2024 |title=Vethala song from Romeo is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/14/vethala-song-from-romeo-is-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408161134/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2024/Mar/14/vethala-song-from-romeo-is-out |archive-date=8 April 2024 |access-date=8 April 2024 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref> The last single "Thaniya Naan" was released on 2 April 2024.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}The entire soundtrack album was released on 10 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2024 |title=The much awaited #Romeo🌹 #LoveGuru full album is releasing tomorrow @ 11AM🎶 Ready to indulge in the magical tunes🎧✨ Music by #BarathDhanasekar |url=https://twitter.com/vijayantonyfilm/status/1777664687166947578 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410094841/https://twitter.com/vijayantonyfilm/status/1777664687166947578 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=Twitter}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2024 |title=Romeo - Jukebox | Vijay Antony | Mirnalini Ravi | Barath Dhanasekar | Ravi Royster | Vinayak |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mn3rmtzKrNY |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412172218/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mn3rmtzKrNY&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=12 April 2024 |access-date=11 April 2024 |website=Think Music India |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chellakili
| length1 = 4:27
| music1 = Barath Dhanasekar
| lyrics1 = [[Vijay Antony]] Hemanth Prakash Jennifer Rajasekar
| extra1 = Adithya RK
| title2 = Vethala
| length2 = 3:54
| lyrics2 = [[Vijay Antony]]
| music2 = Ravi Royster
| extra2 = Ravi Royster
| title3 = Thaniya Naan
| length3 = 4:26
| lyrics3 =[[Vijay Antony]] Hemanth Prakash
| music3 = Barath Dhanasekar
| extra3 = [[Vijay Antony]]
| title4 = Sidu Sidu
| length4 = 5:14
| lyrics4 = [[Karthik Netha]]
| music4 = Barath Dhanasekar
| extra4 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| title5 = Yaar
| length5 = 3:50
| lyrics5 = [[Vijay Antony]] Umanath. J
| music5 = Barath Dhanasekar
| extra5 = Akshara Shritharan
| title6 = Yamma Gollarey
| length6 = 3:17
| lyrics6 = [[Vijay Antony]]
| music6 = Barath Dhanasekar
| extra6 = Barath Dhanasekar
| title7 = Aiyo Ma
| length7 = 2:34
| lyrics7 = [[Dinesh Kanagaratnam|ADK]]
| music7 = Barath Dhanasekar
| extra7 = [[Dinesh Kanagaratnam|ADK]]
| title8 = Sidu Sidu
| note8 = Reprise
| length8 = 3:13
| lyrics8 = [[Vijay Antony]]
| music8 = Barath Dhanasekar
| extra8 = Shibi Srinivasan
}}

==Release==

===Theatrical===
''Romeo'' was theatrically released on 11 April in theatres along with a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] dubbed version under the title ''Love Guru''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2024 |title=மனைவி மீது ஒரு தலைக் காதல் - விஜய் ஆண்டனியின் 'ரோமியோ' |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/vijay-antony-mirnalini-ravi-romeo-trailer-released |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409100250/https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/vijay-antony-mirnalini-ravi-romeo-trailer-released |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=[[Nakkheeran]]}}</ref>

===Distribution===
The distribution rights of the film in [[Tamil Nadu]] were acquired by [[Red Giant Movies]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=9 January 2024 |title=Not your average marriage story: Vijay Antony's 'Romeo' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Jan/30/not-your-average-marriage-story-vijay-antonys-romeo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406181201/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Jan/30/not-your-average-marriage-story-vijay-antonys-romeo |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=12 April 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The overseas rights acquired by [[Ayngaran International]] and [[Arun Pandian]]'s A & P Groups.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2024 |title=Elated to announce @vijayantony's #Romeo Entire Overseas release by @Ayngaran_offl & @AandPgroups |url=https://twitter.com/Ayngaran_offl/status/1770067421057171954 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409100115/https://twitter.com/Ayngaran_offl/status/1770067421057171954 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2024 |title=We're glad to share that Mr.Arun Pandian's @AandPgroups has bagged the Overseas rights of #ROMEO #LOVEGURU |url=https://twitter.com/vijayantony/status/1765333609899241691 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409100115/https://twitter.com/vijayantony/status/1765333609899241691 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=Twitter}}</ref> The distribution rights were acquired by [[Mythri Movie Makers]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2024 |title=Siggu pade Hero 💕 Peg-gu kalipe Heroine 🥃 A glimpse of our epic romance duo - #LoveGuruTrailer is releasing today at 6:00 PM.Telugu Release by @MythriOfficial |url=https://twitter.com/MythriOfficial/status/1772190703021441158 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409100114/https://twitter.com/MythriOfficial/status/1772190703021441158 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=Twitter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2024 |title=Glad to announce that 🌹 #LoveGuru 🌹 is going to be released by @MythriOfficial 😊 |url=https://twitter.com/vijayantony/status/1772181961492054031 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409100333/https://twitter.com/vijayantony/status/1772181961492054031 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=Twitter}}</ref> The distribution rights in [[Karnataka]] acquired by [[Hombale Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2024 |title=Happy to associate with Hombale films in Karnataka theatrical release for #ROMEO 🌹 #Blockbuster |url=https://twitter.com/vijayantony/status/1775517568801128539 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409100115/https://twitter.com/vijayantony/status/1775517568801128539 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=Twitter}}</ref>

===Home media===
The streaming platforms [[Amazon Prime Video]] and [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] acquired the digital rights for the film while the satellite rights were sold to [[Star Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2024 |title=Romeo on OTT: Here's where you an stream Vijay Antony and Mirnalini Ravi's romantic drama soon |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/romeo-on-ott-heres-where-you-an-stream-vijay-antony-and-mirnalini-ravis-romantic-drama-soon/7ea975ed6f250 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422123507/https://www.ottplay.com/news/romeo-on-ott-heres-where-you-an-stream-vijay-antony-and-mirnalini-ravis-romantic-drama-soon/7ea975ed6f250 |archive-date=22 April 2024 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref> The film had its digital premiere on the streaming platform from 10 May 2024.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==Reception==
===Critical response===
''Romeo'' received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics.

Roopa Radhakrishnan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "All said and done, Romeo falters at being a romantic film with a lead pair to root for. It tries to be both [[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]] and [[Kaavalan]] but imbibes the illogicality of those films rather than its conviction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2024 |title=Romeo Movie Review : Falters at being a romantic film with a lead pair to root for |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/romeo/movie-review/109219958.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422123507/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/romeo/movie-review/109219958.cms |archive-date=22 April 2024 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Nevertheless, Romeo is a much-needed deviation from Vijay Antony’s recent duds and makes for a decent watch with its fine share of emotionally gratifying moments".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2024 |title='Romeo' movie review: Vijay Antony has lots of fun in this lopsided tale of one-sided love |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/romeo-movie-review-vijay-antony-has-lots-of-fun-in-this-lopsided-tale-of-one-sided-love/article68054036.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415174352/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/romeo-movie-review-vijay-antony-has-lots-of-fun-in-this-lopsided-tale-of-one-sided-love/article68054036.ece |archive-date=15 April 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Jayabhuvaneshwari B of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "At the end of the day, Romeo has a happy ending that makes for a quality family watch on a long weekend. And hey, at least it's not as tragic as [[Shakespeare]]'s [[Romeo and Juliet]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2024 |title=Romeo Movie Review: Impressive performances elevate this all-too-familiar story |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Apr/11/romeo-movie-review-impressive-performances-elevate-this-unoriginal-story |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422123629/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Apr/11/romeo-movie-review-impressive-performances-elevate-this-unoriginal-story |archive-date=22 April 2024 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "The film purports an idea of love that is unconditional and all-giving, a concept more dated than the film itself".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2024 |title=Romeo movie review: Vijay Antony's latest is a tedious love story of a 35-year-old virgin |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/romeo-movie-review-vijay-antonys-latest-is-a-tedious-love-story-of-a-35-year-old-virgin-9265926/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415175449/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/romeo-movie-review-vijay-antonys-latest-is-a-tedious-love-story-of-a-35-year-old-virgin-9265926/ |archive-date=15 April 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Ram Venkat Srikar of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote that "The humor is clean, simple, and subtle and even though it feels overlong, it is a largely satisfying ride thanks to its neatly drawn-out emotional beats".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2024 |title=Romeo Review: A Simple, Old-school Drama Saved By Strong Emotional Beats |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/an-old-school-romantic-drama-saved-by-strong-emotional-beats-vijay-antony-mrinalini-ravi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415173319/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/an-old-school-romantic-drama-saved-by-strong-emotional-beats-vijay-antony-mrinalini-ravi |archive-date=15 April 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

Manigandan KR of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Vinayak Vaithianathan's story, despite having portions that remind one of the plot of Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi, still emerges as a neat, engaging entertainer that works big time".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2024 |title=Romeo Review: A Fun-Filled Romantic Entertainer That Impresses |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/romeo-review-a-fun-filled-romantic-entertainer-that-impresses-review-109210418 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414234105/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/romeo-review-a-fun-filled-romantic-entertainer-that-impresses-review-109210418 |archive-date=14 April 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>

Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "On the other hand, much more writing about these characters would have tapped into the potential this flippant love story has".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2024 |title=Romeo Movie Review: Vijay Antony's attempt to win over Juliet is formulaic and momentarily |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/romeo-movie-review-the-attempt-to-win-over-juliet-is-formulaic-and-momentarily/f1b3c9a8fb804 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422123507/https://www.ottplay.com/review/romeo-movie-review-the-attempt-to-win-over-juliet-is-formulaic-and-momentarily/f1b3c9a8fb804 |archive-date=22 April 2024 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|28678362}}

[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Malaysia]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Annanukku Jai (1989 film)

2026-04-29T13:56:47Z

Veronairy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Annanukku Jai (1989 film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| writer = Gangai Amaran
| producer = D. Raveendran C. Jagatha
| starring = [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]
| cinematography = A. Sabapathi
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| released = {{Film date|1989|7|5|df=y}}
| studio = Sri Vijaya Jagathambal Films
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Annanukku Jai''''' is a 1989 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, written and directed by [[Gangai Amaran]]. The film stars [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] and [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]. It was released on 5 July 1989,<ref>{{Cite web |title=அண்ணனுக்கு ஜே / Annanukku Jai (1989) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/annanukku-jai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119044011/https://screen4screen.com/movies/annanukku-jai |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> and failed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-29 |title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: கரகாட்டக்காரனை கவிழ்த்த கங்கை அமரன் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/137742 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260429133803/https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/137742 |archive-date=2026-04-29 |access-date=2026-04-29 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=June 2023}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]
*[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]
*[[Manochithra|Kiruthika]]
*[[Radha Ravi]]
*[[Shanmugasundaram]]
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
*[[Chinni Jayanth]]
*[[Charle]]
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]]
*[[Gandhimathi]]
}}

== Production ==
The film was made around the same time as ''[[Karakattakkaran]]'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=16 June 2020 |title=''அந்த 'சொப்பனசுந்தரி'...'' - கங்கை அமரன் விளக்கம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/559739-karagattakkaran-31-years.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601131007/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/559739-karagattakkaran-31-years.html |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> Gangai Amaran felt that he had put a lot of effort into making ''Annanukku Jai'' unlike he did in ''Karakattakkaran''.; however, while the latter film was successful, the former was not.<ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Aarthi |date=17 March 2022 |title=வாழைப்பழம் காமெடி காப்பி அடித்ததா ? - என்ன சொல்கிறார் கங்கை அமரன் |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/gangai-amaran-opens-about-his-famous-comedy-scene-from-karakattakaran-movie-131647501547196.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509101859/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/gangai-amaran-opens-about-his-famous-comedy-scene-from-karakattakaran-movie-131647501547196.html |archive-date=9 May 2023 |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annanukku Jey Tamil Film LP VInyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/annanukku-jey-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504170349/https://mossymart.com/product/annanukku-jey-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja-2/ |archive-date=4 May 2023 |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1989 |title=Annanukku Jai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/annanukku-jai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1597573354 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601083127/https://music.apple.com/gb/album/annanukku-jai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1597573354 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The song "Enakkoru Magan Pirappan" is set to [[Mohanam]] raga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |pages=128 |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Solai Ilanguyile" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || rowspan=2|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
| "Un Mela" || Gangai Amaran
|-
| "Annanukku Jey" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Saibaba, Sundarrajan || Ilaiyaraaja
|-
| "Anne Ippo" || Saibaba, Sundarrajan, Gangai Amaran || rowspan=4|Gangai Amaran
|-
| "Enakkoru Magan Pirappan" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
| "Sokkanukku Aasapattu" || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Uma Ramanan]]
|-
| "Ponmani Ponmanikku" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Gangai Amaran}}

[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:1989 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gangai Amaran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Boath Assembly constituency

2026-04-26T03:49:35Z

Veronairy:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Boath City
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (8-Boath highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Boath City Assembly constituency within Telangana
| type = SLA
| established = 1962
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Boath|Adilabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]]
| constituency_no = 8
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image = అనిల్ జాదవ్ శాసన సభ్యులు బోథ్.jpg
| mla = [[Anil Jadhav]]
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| electors = 166,315
}}

'''Boath Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] in India. It is one of two constituencies in [[Adilabad district]]. It comes under the [[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency]] along with six other Assembly constituencies. Jadhav Anil Kumar of [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] is currently representing the constituency.

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Boath]]
|-
| [[Tamsi mandal|Tamsi]]
|-
| [[Talamadugu]]
|-
| [[Ichoda]]
|-
| [[Bazarhathnoor]]
|-
| [[Neradigonda]]
|-
| [[Gudihathnur]]
|-
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Winner
! Color
! Party
! Opponent
! Color
! Party
|-
| 1962
| [[C. Madhava Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| R. Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 1967
| [[S. A. Devshah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| D. Asha Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 1972
| S. A. Devshah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| D.R. Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 1978
| Amar Singh Kilavath
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Ganesh Jadhav
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| 1983
| M. Kasheeram
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| V.G.Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 1985
| Godam Ramarao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| S. Bheemarao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1989
| Godam Ramarao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| Amar Singh Kilavath
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1994
| [[Godam Nagesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| K. Chouhan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1999
| [[Godam Nagesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| Kodapa Kosurao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2004
| [[Soyam Bapu Rao| Bapurao Soyam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Godam Nagesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 2009
| [[Godam Nagesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[Anil Jadhav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2014
| [[Rathod Bapu Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
| [[Anil Jadhav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2018
| [[Rathod Bapu Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
| [[Soyam Bapu Rao|Bapurao Soyam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Anil Jadhav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
| [[Soyam Bapu Rao| Bapu Rao Soyam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2018]]: Boath (Assembly constituency)}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Anil Jadhav]]|votes=76,792|percentage=44.13|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Soyam Bapu Rao]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=53,992|percentage=31.03|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gajender Ade|party=Indian National Congress|votes=32,797|percentage=18.85|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=2,565|percentage=1.47|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Mesram Jangubapu|votes=2,071|percentage=1.19|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=22,800|percentage=13.10|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1,74,018|percentage=83.42
|change=}}{{Election box hold with party link
|winner =Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|loser =Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Boath}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|candidate=[[Rathod Bapu Rao]]
|votes=61,125
|percentage=38.99%
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate= [[Soyam Bapu Rao| Bapu Rao Soyam]]
|votes=54,639
|percentage=34.85%
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent politician
|candidate= [[Anil Jadhav]]
|votes=28,206
|percentage=17.99%
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate= Madhavi Raju
|votes=4,840
|percentage=3.09%
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate= Gajender Ade
|votes=2,658
|percentage=1.70%
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate= [[None of the Above]]
|votes=2,275
|percentage=1.45%
|change=
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes=6,486
|percentage=4.2%
|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes=1,54,487
|percentage=94.3%
|change=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner =Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser =Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]:Boath<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20231204055750/https://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=8 Boath Results]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Rathod Bapu Rao]]
| votes = 62,870
| percentage =46.14%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Anil Jadhav]]
| votes = 35,877
| percentage = 26.33%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate =[[Soyam Bapu Rao]]
| votes = 35,218
| percentage = 25.85%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 26,993
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,36,253
| percentage = 78.24%
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{Adilabad district}}
{{coord|19.35|78.32|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Adilabad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Street food of Kolkata

2026-04-25T05:41:30Z

Veronairy: Started initial info nd citations...

{{short description|Food sold by street vendors in Kolkata, India}}

'''Street food of Kolkata''' is the food sold by hawkers and street vendors from portable market stalls in the streets of [[Kolkata]], [[India]]. It is one of the major characteristics of the city, which makes Kolkata the "City of Joy". Kolkata's street foods include Indian [[street food]] as well as Chinese, Mughlai, British, and even European foods.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/dining/food/the-ultimate-kolkata-food-guide/|title=Bookmark the ultimate Kolkata food guide to get a taste of everything best|date=June 13, 2022|website=Lifestyle Asia India}}</ref>
{{Multiple image|total_width = 500
| align = center
| image1 = India DSC00921 (16515522567).jpg
|caption1= A street [[fast food]] stall in Kolkata
| image2 =Tea Break - Wikimedia Photowalk - Chitpur Road - Kolkata 2013-03-03 5302.JPG
|caption2= Tea stall at [[Chitpur]], [[Kolkata]]
|image3= The chaatwala in London.jpg
|caption3 = The chaatwala in London inspired by street food of Kolkata
}}

==Varieties==
*'''Luchi Alur dom'''
:[[Luchi]] and [[Dum Aloo|Alur dom]] is most popular, cheap and consumed street food in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/kolkata/travel-guide/kolkatas-most-iconic-street-eats-and-where-to-have-them/gs48786052.cms|title=Kolkata's most iconic street eats and where to have them|first=Sharmila|last=Chand|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> Daily workers or passer-by people prefer luchi and alur dom for its good taste and fast consumption. Instead of luchi in many shops [[Puri (food)|puri]], Kochuri, [[Parota]], [[Naan]] are served with Alur dom, Paneer Curry etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/food/the-best-breakfasts-across-india-kolkatas-kochuri-alur-dum-to-bengalurus-bene-dosa/|title=The Best Breakfasts Across India – Kolkata’s Kochuri Alur Dum to Bengaluru’s Bene Dosa|date=December 25, 2016|website=Scoopwhoop}}</ref>
:[[File:Burrabazar Market in Kolkata 12.jpg|center|200px|thumb|Kochuri Alur dom along with [[Samosa|Singara]] sold in a street food stall in [[Burrabazar|Bara Bazar]], [[North Kolkata]].]]
*'''[[Pakora]]'''
: Street vendors and restaurants sell various types of [[Pakora]]s like [[potato]], [[eggs as food|egg]], [[onion]], [[cauliflower]] and [[chicken as food|chicken]]. Chicken pakora is most famous pakora among the consumers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/street-food-goes-online/articleshow/57229518.cms|title=Street food goes online|date=February 19, 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
:[[File:Food-Chicken-Pakoda.jpg|center|200px|thumb|Chicken Pokora]]
*'''Fast food stalls'''
:Stalls containing [[fast food]]s are frequently seen in the streets which contains Indian as well as Chinese fast foods. Notable fast foods include [[Chinese noodles|chowmin]], fish finger, [[Momo (food)|Momo]], Chicken Pokora/Cutlett, [[Egg roll]], [[Chicken roll]] etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/70732/eat-like-a-local-north-kolkata-street-food-edition|title=Eat Like a Local: 5 Best Street Food Joints in North Kolkata}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/travel/5-best-street-food-joints-in-north-kolkata-news-196046|title=5 Best Street Food Joints In North Kolkata}}</ref>
:{{Multiple image|total_width = 320

| align =center
| direction = horizontal

| header_background = 
| header_align = 
| header = 


| image1 = Kolkata Chicken Roll.jpg
| width1 =
| alt1 =
| link1 =
| thumbtime1 =
| caption1 = Chicken roll in Kolkata

| image2 = Fried Items at China Bazar, Kolkata.jpg 
| width2 =
| alt2 =
| link2 =
| thumbtime2 =
| caption2 = Egg Devil and rolls in portable stall in China Bazar
|image3 =Pork Roll - Sun Yat-sen Street - Kolkata 2013-03-03 5307.JPG
|caption3 = Pork roll in Kolkata



| footer_background = 
| footer_align = 
| footer = 
}}
*'''South Indian foods'''
:[[Indian fast food#South Indian|South Indian foods]] like [[Idli]], [[Sambar (dish)|sambhar]], [[Dosa (food)|Dhosa]], [[Masala Dosa|Masala Dhosa]], [[Coconut chutney]] are among the most consumed street foods in Kolkata since these are easy to ready and easy to eat.
*''' Kulfi '''
:[[Kulfi]] is very famous street food in Kolkata, known for its cooling and satisfying effect in summer times, available in flavours like malai, kesar and elaichi.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/eating-out/kolkatas-most-iconic-street-eats-and-where-to-have-them/gs48786052.cms|title=Kolkata's most iconic street eats and where to have them|first=Sharmila|last=Chand|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
:[[File:Pista Kulfi.jpg|center|thumb|Pista Kulfi]]
*'''Other street foods'''
:Other street food of Kolkata includes [[Momo (food)|Momo]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.folomojo.com/momos-from-a-humble-himalayan-dumpling-to-a-street-food-star/|title=Momos: From a humble Himalayan dumpling to a street food star|first=Sunita Iyer folomojo|last=staff|date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> Papri chat, Phuchka, Ghugni, [[Jhalmuri]] and Singara chat, Telebhaja, Radha Ballavi and Masala Kochuri, Aloo Kabli, Jilipi, Ghoti Gorom,Jhal Muri, Badam Makha, Doodh cola etc.<ref name="auto"/>
:[[File:Street Food - Kolkata 2011-01-09 0152.JPG|left|200px|thumb|Ghugni and masala chola in a stall]] [[File:Calcutta Street Food (8717525612).jpg|center|200px|thumb|Phuchka in a leaf plate in Kolkata.]] [[File:A Pav Bhaji stand in Kolkata.jpg|center|200px|thumb|A Pav Bhaji stand in Kolkata. [[Pav bhaji]] is one of noted street foods of [[North Kolkata]].]]

==Areas and spread==
{{Further|topic=the food stall|Chauhan Victoria Vada}}
Although Kolkata has street food stalls in nearly every part of the city, it specifically has many areas famous for its different types of street foods. [[North Kolkata]] has comparatively more street food stalls than South Kolkata. Surya Sen Street, [[Sealdah]], [[Bidhan Sarani]], [[Shyambazar]] has some notable stalls famous since 90s.

Decars Lane or James Hicky Sarani is a lane in [[Dharmatala]], Central Kolkata, which is famous for its cheap and tasty food stalls. Maniktala has famous shop which still sells per kochuri at 25 and 50 [[Indian paisa|Paisa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/here-is-a-kolkata-shop-that-still-sells-kochuri-at-just-25-paisa|title=Here is a Kolkata shop that still sells kochuri at just 25 paisa!|website=Get Bengal}}</ref>

Exide more near [[Rabindra Sadan]], [[Shyambazar]] 5-point crossing etc. are famous for its [[Momo (food)|momo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/here-are-the-best-momo-joints-in-kolkata/articleshow/46743564.cms|title=Here are the best momo joints in Kolkata|website=BombayTimes}}</ref>

[[File:The Juice Station.jpg|200px|center|thumb|Juice Stall in [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake]] Sector V.]]

==See also==
*[[Indian fast food]]
*[[Street food of Mumbai]]
*[[Street food of Chennai]]
*[[Indian cuisine]]
*[[Culture of Kolkata]]
{{Portal bar|India|Food}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Street food in India]]

Gali Bhanu Prakash

2026-04-25T00:17:14Z

Veronairy: made new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gali Bhanu Prakash
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[R. K. Roja]]
| constituency = [[Nagari Assembly constituency|Nagari]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date = 20-06-1976
}}
'''Gali Bhanu Prakash''' (born 20 June 1976){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Nagari Assembly constituency]] in [[Chittoor district]]. He represents [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] where TDP had an alliance with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Jana Sena Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagari Assembly Election Results 2024: Nagari Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/nagari-constituency-result-1170 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagari Constituency Election Results 2024: Nagari Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/nagari |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Prakash is from Nagari. His late father [[Gali Muddu Krishnama Naidu|Gali Muddu Krishnam Naidu]] was a former minister, six times MLA and an MLC. He completed his post graduation in 2000 at [[University of Bridgeport]], [[Connecticut]], US. Earlier, he did his graduation in 1997 at MJ College which is affiliated with [[Osmania University]], [[Hyderabad]]. He completed his Intermediate in 1993 at Vikas Junior College, Guntur after his schooling at [[Hyderabad Public School]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gali Bhanu Prakash(TDP):Constituency- NAGARI(CHITTOOR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5085 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He declared assets worth Rs.23.9 crore in his affidavit to the [[Election Commission of India]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gali Bhanu Prakash , TDP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Gali Bhanu Prakash , Lok Sabha Constituency Seat - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/andhra/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2024/gali-bhanu-prakash-01170-2 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Prakash won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Nagari Assembly constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He polled 107,797 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Roja Selvamani|R. K. Roja]], the tourism minister in the incumbent [[YSR Congress Party]] government, by a margin of 45,004 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nagari, Election Result 2024 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/nagari-assembly-constituency-s01aed2008a170/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=Balakrishna scores a hat-trick win but with dented victory margin |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/balakrishna-scores-a-hat-trick-win-but-with-dented-victory-margin/article68251617.ece |access-date=2024-06-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He entered politics after his father died in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vennelakanti |first=Pradeep |date=2024-04-02 |title=TDP's Muddu Bhanu Prakash determined to win Nagari seat |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/tdps-muddu-bhanu-prakash-determined-to-win-nagari-seat-869494 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He contested the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] but lost by a narrow margin of 2,708 votes to Roja.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhanu Prakash, Gali}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Bridgeport alumni]]

Ramcharan Dohre

2026-04-24T18:00:48Z

Veronairy: added some stub more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramcharan Madarilal Dohre
| birth_date = 9 July 1942
Death- 15 january 2026 at native Village
| prime_minister = [[Morarji Desai]]
| predecessor = Seat established
| president = [[B. D. Jatti]]
| successor = [[Nathuram Shakyawar]]
| country = [[India]]
| occupation = Teacher and agriculturist
| children = [2 son, 2 daughters]
| birth_place = Chhiriyasalempur village, [[Jalaun District]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]]
| birth_name = Ramcharan Madarilal Dohre
| spouse = Smt. Shakuntala Devi Dohre
| parents = Madari Lal Dohre (father)
| term_start = 1977
| term_end = 1980
| constituency = [[Jalaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalaun]]
| source = http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2529.htm
}}

'''Ramcharan Madarilal Dohre''' (born 9 July 1942) was an Indian politician, social worker and [[Member of Parliament]] of [[6th Lok Sabha]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=लोकसभा चुनाव 2019 : जानें, जालौन का सफरनामा, कांग्रेस के आखिरी सांसद थे चौ. लच्छीराम|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/jalaun-chaudhary-lacchiram-was-the-last-mp-of-congress-in-jalaun-19040368.html|access-date=2022-02-13|website=m.jagran.com|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=तीन दशकों से कांग्रेस से दूर रही लोकसभा सीट|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/jalaun/141552503822-jalaun-news|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]

Gudivada, Kakinada district

2026-04-22T12:02:53Z

Veronairy: made place

{{more citations needed|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gudivada
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name = Peddapuram
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16|27|N|80|59|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Gudivada''' or '''Peddapuram''' is a village in [[Peddapuram Mandal]], [[Kakinada district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

It is one of the areas where special teams appointed by Superintendent of Police M Ravindranath Babu and his team conducted raids where crores of rupees allegedly changed hands for illegal cockfighting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2020/jan/17/540-cases-lodged-1494-detained-cockfights-in-andhra-continue-unabated-crores-change-hands-2090646.html|title=540 cases lodged, 1,494 detained: Cockfights in Andhra continue unabated, crores change hands|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kakinada district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kakinada district]]

{{Kakinada-geo-stub}}

Muzaffarnagar jaggery

2026-04-20T00:13:29Z

Veronairy: made a info!

{{Short description|Type of jaggery (non-centrifugal cane sugar) - agri-product from Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Muzaffarnagar jaggery (मुजफ्फरनगर गुड़)
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| alternative names = Muzaffarnagar Gur
| description =A [[jaggery]] (agri-product) made from fresh sugarcane juice in Muzaffarnagar, Bijnor, Shamli, Baghpat, Meerut and Shajahanpur district of [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| type =[[Jaggery]]
| area = Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh
| country = India
| registered = 31 March 2023
| material =
| official website ={{URL|https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/723|ipindia.gov.in}}}}

The '''Muzaffarnagar jaggery''' is a variety of [[jaggery]] ([[non-centrifugal cane sugar]]) made from fresh [[sugarcane juice]] in the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=UP social worker sends 1,000 kg of jaggery for Ram Mandir 'Pran Pratishtha' ceremony |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/social-worker-jaggery-ram-mandir-quintals-pran-pratishtha-ceremony-ayodhya-2490133-2024-01-18 |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=India Today |date=18 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |title=All for a gur cause: Muzaffarnagar to host jaggery fest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/all-for-a-gur-cause-muzaffarnagar-to-host-jaggery-fest/article27199716.ece |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=21 May 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gur and khandsari stage revival through new production technology and savvy marketing |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gur-khandsari-stage-revival-through-new-production-tech-savvy-marketing-9185042/ |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=28 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> It is an agri-product manufactured from sugarcane which is a common and widely cultivated crop majorily in the districts of [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]] and also in [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]], [[Shamli district|Shamli]], [[Bagpat district|Baghpat]], [[Meerut district|Meerut]] and [[Shahjahanpur district|Shajahanpur]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jai |first1=Shreya |title=Muzaffarnagar’s Gur industry recovers post-riot |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/muzaffarnagars-gur-industry-recovers-post-riot/articleshow/28322450.cms?from=mdr |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=3 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Muzaffarnagar eager to win back its ‘gur’ image |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/muzaffarnagar-eager-to-win-back-its-gur-image/story-LqgLLM0qMoxizWidzuCuON.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref> Muzaffarnagar hosts India's largest jaggery market, accounting for 20% of the country's total jaggery production. The city's jaggery is considered lucky by many and is a significant contributor to India's traditional sweetener production.<ref>{{cite web |title=NABARD - National Bank For Agriculture And Rural Development |url=https://www.nabard.org/gi/GIProductDetails.aspx?Id=54 |website=www.nabard.org |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Dr Sheelwant |title=Trillion Dollar Economy: Yogi Govt. {{!}} Uttar Pradesh On The Move The Plans, Policies, Goals And Achievements By The Government of The State {{!}}: Dr. Sheelwant Singh's Bestseller & Famous Book |date=16 July 2024 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5562-227-3 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Trillion_Dollar_Economy_Yogi_Govt_Uttar/_mUUEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=muzaffarnagar+jaggery&pg=PA187&printsec=frontcover |access-date=17 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Agricultural Marketing |date=2004 |publisher=Controller of Publications |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Agricultural_Marketing/9D-6807tGH0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=muzaffarnagar+jaggery&dq=muzaffarnagar+jaggery&printsec=frontcover |access-date=17 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Under its [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication]] tag, it is referred to as "Muzaffarnagar Gur (Jaggery)".

==Name==
Muzaffarnagar jaggery made from [[sugarcane]] is a prized crop in Muzaffarnagar and so named after the place.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muzaffarnagar Gur Market Opens for New Season |url=https://money.rediff.com/news/market/muzaffarnagar-gur-market-opens-for-new-season/16535820241001 |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

===Local name===
It is known as "Muzaffarnagar Gur". The word "Gur" means jaggery in the local state language of [[Hindi language|Hindi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/business/muzaffarnagar-receives-new-season-s-first-gur-supply/1866686 |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=www.ptinews.com}}</ref>

==Description==
It is manufactured in the product form of liquid, powder & solid - with 80% preparation in solid form.<ref>{{cite news |title=मुजफ्फरनगर के गन्‍ने से बन रहा 118 तरीके का गुड़, दुनियाभर में डिमांड |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/others/muzaffarnagar-gur-worldwide-demand-118-kinds-gur-made-from-sugarcane-of-muzaffarnagar/articleshow/74592796.cms |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UP’s first gur mahotsav begins in Muzaffarnagar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/ups-first-gur-mahotsav-begins-in-muzaffarnagar/articleshow/69707446.cms |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=9 June 2019}}</ref> Some of the common shapes are:<ref>{{cite news |title=Gur closes flat in Delhi, gur laddoo rises in Muzaffarnagar |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/gur-closes-flat-in-delhi-gur-laddoo-rises-in-muzaffarnagar-118060500580_1.html |access-date=17 November 2024 |publisher=Business Standard Private Ltd.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gur ends flat in Delhi, gur raskat spurts in Muzaffarnagar |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/gur-ends-flat-in-delhi-gur-raskat-spurts-in-muzaffarnagar-116071200595_1.html |access-date=17 November 2024 |publisher=Business Standard Private Ltd.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=DNA Web |title=Gur ends quiet in Delhi, declines in Muzaffarnagar |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-gur-ends-quiet-in-delhi-declines-in-muzaffarnagar-2432082/amp |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Shape
!Description
!Weight
|-
|Laddu (bheti)
|Small spherical / Semi-spherical lumps
|50 to 250 grams
|-
|Dhayya (bheti)
|Semi-spherical lumps
|2 to 3 kg
|-
|Pari
|Semi-spherical lumps
|1 to 2 kg
|-
|Chaukhanta
|Trapezodial lumps
|4 to 5 kg
|-
|Pansera
|Semi-spherical lumps
|5 to 6 kg
|-
|Dhansera
|Semi-spherical lumps
|9 to 10 kg
|-
|Balti
|Tapered cylindrical lumps
|10 to 20 kg
|-
|Chaku
|Trapezodial lumps
|10 to 20 kg
|-
|Khurpa pad<ref>{{cite news |title=Gur ends flat in thin trade |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/gur-ends-flat-in-thin-trade-110112000119_1.html |access-date=17 November 2024 |publisher=Business Standard Private Ltd.}}</ref>
|Small trapezoidal slabs
|250 to 500 grams
|-
|}

==Traditional jaggery production==
The jaggery-making process involves five key steps:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Panda |first1=H. |title=The Complete Book on Sugarcane Processing and By-Products of Molasses (with Analysis of Sugar, Syrup and Molasses): How is sugar made from sugarcane?, How Sugar Cane Is Made, How sugar is made, How to Make Sugar from Sugar Cane, How to make sugar from sugarcane, How to manufacture sugar from sugarcane, How to start a successful Sugarcane processing business, How to start a Sugar manufacturing business, How to Start a Sugar Production Business, How to Start a Sugarcane processing?, How to Start and Make Profit from Sugar-Cane, How to start process of making sugar from sugarcane |date=1 October 2011 |publisher=ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc. |isbn=978-81-7833-144-7 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Complete_Book_on_Sugarcane_Processin/2UM4AQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=muzaffarnagar+jaggery+process&pg=PA35&printsec=frontcover |access-date=17 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
# Extraction of juice from sugarcane is done using a crusher, typically a three-roller vertical cane crusher, which extracts about 60% of juice.
# Clarification of juice follows, using natural or chemical clarificants like sukhlai (a traditional ingredient, purifies and enhances the color of Gur, removing impurities and imparting a golden-brown hue and earthy flavor.) to remove impurities.
# Boiling and concentration of juice then occurs to produce syrup, where juice is boiled briskly to evaporate water and ingredients like mustard oil are added to prevent frothing.
# Cooling and molding into desired shapes, such as irregular or cake forms, takes place next, where hot syrup is worked out and left to solidify.
# Finally, final shaping and packaging occur, where the semi-solid product is transferred to a flat platform, cooled, and a handful of phatki or alum is added to enhance color and texture, resulting in dark brownish jaggery with a fair texture.

==Usage==
It is the oldest sweetening agent, used in various dishes and beverages. It is used in sweet dishes like [[Laddu|laddoos]], [[puran poli|puran polis]], [[kheer]], and pitheys, as well as savory dishes. It plays a key role, including the festival of [[Makar Sankranti]] across India,

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on 31 March 2023 (valid until 1 December 2030).<ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical Indications |publisher=Intellectual Property India |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/723 |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref>

Haritzone Farmers Producer Company Limited from Muzaffarnagar, proposed the GI registration of Muzaffarnagar jaggery. After filing the application in December 2020, the jaggery was granted the GI tag in 2023 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Muzaffarnagar Gur (Jaggery)" exclusive to the jaggery manufactured in the region. It thus became the first jaggery variety from Uttar Pradesh along with whole of India and the 46th type of goods from Uttar Pradesh to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite web |title=18 Indian foods that have got the GI Tag |url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/web-stories/18-indian-foods-that-have-got-the-gi-tag/photostory/99482124.cms |website=recipes.timesofindia.com |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Banarasi Paan and Langda Aam join GI club |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/banarasi-paan-and-langda-aam-varanasi-mango-get-geographical-indication-gi-tag/photostory/99256342.cms |website=Times of India |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kolhapur jaggery|Kolhapur Jaggery]]
* [[Central Travancore jaggery]]
* [[Marayoor jaggery]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Uttar Pradeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:Economy of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Jaggery varieties of India]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Uttar Pradesh]]

Jammu West Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:42Z

Veronairy: starting a info w/ refs

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jammu West
| union_territory = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 78
| district = [[Jammu district|Jammu]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jammu Lok Sabha constituency|Jammu]]
| established = 2008
| reservation =
| mla = [[Arvind Gupta (politician)|Arvind Gupta]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 
}}

'''Jammu West Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]. It comprises parts of [[Jammu tehsil]] and [[Jammu West tehsil]], both in [[Jammu district]].<ref name=delimitation2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14157-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-union-territory-of-jammu-kashmir-%E2%80%93-final-notification-%E2%80%93-regarding/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir – Final Notification – regarding. |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=5 May 2022 |access-date= 6 May 2022}}</ref> As of 2024, its representative is [[Arvind Gupta (politician)|Arvind Gupta]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Harbans Lal Bhagotra || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Rangil Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || [[Mangat Ram Sharma]]
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Hans Raj || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || [[Mangat Ram Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Chaman Lal Gupta]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Sat Paul Sharma]]
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Arvind Gupta (politician)|Arvind Gupta]]
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jammu West<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Jammu West|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0878.htm|access-date=9 July 2025|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709124038/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0878.htm|archive-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arvind Gupta (politician)|Arvind Gupta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=41,963 |percentage=64.74% |change={{decrease}}5.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manmohan Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,836 |percentage=30.60% |change={{increase}}11.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gourav Chopra |party=Democratic Progressive Azad Party |votes=667 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=530 |percentage=0.82% |change={{increase}}0.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sahil Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=479 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,127 |percentage=34.14% |change= {{decrease}}17.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,820 |percentage=61.24% |change= {{decrease}}2.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,05,852 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}31.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jammu West<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sat Paul Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=69,626 |percentage=70.63% |change={{increase}}30.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Singh Shingari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,997 |percentage=19.27% |change={{increase}}3.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharamveer Singh |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=4,733 |percentage=4.80% |change={{decrease}}2.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarv Daman Bhasin |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=2,419 |percentage=2.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=359 |percentage=0.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=50,629 |percentage=51.36% |change= {{increase}}36.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=98,574 |percentage=64.09% |change= {{increase}}3.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,53,794 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.88 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}30.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jammu West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chaman Lal Gupta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=34,288 |percentage=40.26% |change={{increase}}37.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Singh Shangari |party=Independent politician |votes=21,251 |percentage=24.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mangat Ram Sharma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,848 |percentage=16.26% |change={{decrease}}24.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Mohan Sharma |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,050 |percentage=7.10% |change={{decrease}}4.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Lal Chargotra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,791 |percentage=2.10% |change={{decrease}}2.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=887 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Paul Singh |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=837 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narinder Kant |party=Communist Party of India |votes=658 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chamupati |party=Republican Party of India |votes=585 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,037 |percentage=15.31% |change= {{increase}}2.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=85,174 |percentage=60.85% |change= {{increase}}22.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,39,965 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}14.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jammu West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mangat Ram Sharma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,627 |percentage=40.47% |change={{increase}}20.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virander Kumar Gupta |party=Independent politician |votes=17,704 |percentage=27.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Mohan Sharma |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=7,631 |percentage=12.05% |change={{decrease}}0.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anan Sharma |party=Shiv Sena |votes=2,822 |percentage=4.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,652 |percentage=4.19% |change={{decrease}}9.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kavinder Gupta |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,655 |percentage=2.61% |change={{decrease}}43.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hans Raj Dogra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,211 |percentage=1.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aslam Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=830 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Munish Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=652 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joginder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=459 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Girdhari Lal |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=418 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,923 |percentage=12.51% |change= {{decrease}}12.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,327 |percentage=38.69% |change= {{decrease}}4.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,63,689 |ref = |change= {{increase}}41.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jammu West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hans Raj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,506 |percentage=45.67% |change={{increase}}15.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yogesh Sawhney |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,068 |percentage=20.43% |change={{decrease}}28.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,767 |percentage=13.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Mohan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,276 |percentage=12.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ayoudhia Kumar |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,123 |percentage=4.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tilak Raj Mahajan |party=Independent politician |votes=480 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Udhay Chand |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=429 |percentage=0.87% |change={{decrease}}3.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=315 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,438 |percentage=25.24% |change= {{increase}}6.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,283 |percentage=43.31% |change= {{decrease}}17.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,15,286 |ref = |change= {{increase}}110.79 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jammu West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mangat Ram Sharma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,204 |percentage=48.99% |change={{decrease}}17.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Mohan Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,130 |percentage=30.63% |change={{increase}}13.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishwa Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=3,131 |percentage=9.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Udhay Chand |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=1,566 |percentage=4.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sham Sunder |party=Janata Party |votes=585 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=382 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar Malhotra |party=Independent politician |votes=343 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Farrkh Javeed |party=Independent politician |votes=267 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,074 |percentage=18.37% |change= {{decrease}}30.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,073 |percentage=61.52% |change= {{increase}}9.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,692 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}17.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jammu West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rangil Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,672 |percentage=66.38% |change={{increase}}28.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tilak Raj Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,331 |percentage=17.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Udhey Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,824 |percentage=7.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudershan Lal Mahajan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=1,210 |percentage=4.82% |change={{increase}}1.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash S/O Sh. Beli Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=309 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash S/O Sh. Dhani Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=264 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jatinder Paul |party=Independent politician |votes=225 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,341 |percentage=49.13% |change= {{increase}}32.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,117 |percentage=51.65% |change= {{decrease}}2.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,676 |ref = |change= {{increase}}31.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}11.61 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jammu West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbans Lal Bhagotra |party=Janata Party |votes=10,956 |percentage=54.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Romesh Chander |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,599 |percentage=37.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Lal Gupta |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=684 |percentage=3.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Som Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=333 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Master Modh Sharif |party=Independent politician |votes=267 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,357 |percentage=16.78% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,006 |percentage=53.73% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,810 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|32.76|74.79|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Rajnagar Kali Mandir

2026-04-18T12:57:02Z

Veronairy: added new biography and citations

{{Short description|Kali Mandir in Mithila}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Rajnagar Kali Mandir|native_name=राजनगर काली मंदिर|native_name_lang=Mai|deity=Goddess Kali|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|location=Rajnagar Palace, Madhubani, Mithila region|district=Madhubani district|state=Bihar|image=File:Kali Mandir Rajanagar Madhubani.jpg|caption=View of the Rajnagar Kali Mandir made by white marble|coordinates={{Coord|26.4048054|N|86.1717377|E}}}}
'''Rajnagar Kali Mandir''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: राजनगर काली मंदिर) is a Hindu temple dedicated to [[Kali|Goddess Kali]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of Bihar. It is located at the campus of the [[Navlakha Palace|Rajnagar Palace]] in the [[Madhubani district]] of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. It is made by white marble and elephant ivory. It is one of the major tourist destinations in the Mithila region of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-22 |title=राजनगर के नवलखा पैलेस में मौजूद है 11 मंदिरों का समूह, भूकंप के 90 साल बाद भी बना हुआ है शानदार |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-bihar-tourist-spots-rajnagar-navlakha-palace-epicenter-of-culture-and-architecture-faced-drastic-earthquake-in-1934-still-gives-glorrius-look-7387873.html?utm_source=microsoft-livehindustan |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhari |first=Ram Gopal Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Rambles_in_Bihar.html?id=W88BAAAAMAAJ#Kali%20Mandir |title=Rambles in Bihar |date=1917 |publisher=Express Press |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The Rajnagar Kali Mandir was built during the period of [[Rameshwar Singh|Maharajadhiraja Rameshwar Singh]] in Mithila. It is said that Maharajadhiraja Rameshwar Singh was a great devotee of the Goddess Kali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=वास्तुकला का अद्भुत नमूना है राजनगर का राज परिसर, मंदिरों और राजमहल की कलाकृतियां करती हैं चकित - Rajnagar Estate Complex in Madhubani Bihar is example of unique architecture in temples and kings palace Jagran Special |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-rajnagar-estate-complex-in-madhubani-bihar-is-example-of-unique-architecture-in-temples-and-kings-palace-jagran-special-22537955.html |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:Maharajadbg.jpg|thumb|[[Rameshwar Singh|Maharajadhiraj Rameshwar Singh]]]]
[[File:Kali Temple at Raj Nagar.jpg|alt=|thumb|Older view of the Rajnagar Kali Mandir]]Goddess Kali was the Kuldevi of the Darbhanga Maharaja in Mithila. It is said that wherever the Darbhanga Maharaja had a palace, a grand temple of the Kuldevi Kali was also built there.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-19 |title=Madhubani News: इस मंदिर की घंटी की आवाज पर पहुंच जाते थे ये जानवर, फिर बंद कर दी गई रात की पूजा |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/madhubani-these-animals-used-to-reach-the-sound-of-the-bell-of-this-temple-6564351.html |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== Description ==
The Rajnagar Kali Mandir is also called as Tajmahal of the Mithila region. According to the history of the Rajnagar Palace, the King Rameshwar Singh had ordered 6 statues of Goddess Kali made in Ajmer. The cost of those statues was twenty eight thousands Indian rupees. Since the temple was built using white marble, so it is compared with the [[Taj Mahal|Tajmahal]] of [[Agra]].<ref name=":0" /> It is an important tourist destination of the [[tourism in Mithila]].

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Kali temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Madhubani district]]

Dhaniram Verma

2026-04-15T02:05:32Z

Veronairy: made new details.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1930|10|07}}
| term_end1 = 20 June 1995
| spouse = {{marriage|Smt. Ram Devi|1946|2012}}
| children = 4 sons & 3 daughters
| party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (2008-12)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/may/28up.htm|title=SP rebel leaders join BSP|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
| other_party = [[Samajwadi Party]] (till 2008)
| father = Ram Prasad Verma
| education = [[Master of Arts|M.A.]]
| office = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 21 April 1997
| source = http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Ex-Speaker-en/12/1
| term_end = 15 September 2001
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Mayawati]] [[Kalyan Singh]] [[Ram Prakash Gupta]] [[Rajnath Singh]]
| predecessor = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
| successor = [[Swami Prasad Maurya]]
| office1 = [[List of speakers of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 15 December 1993
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2012|12|12|1930|10|07}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ndtv.in/india-news/dhani-ram-verma-dead-358066|title=उत्तर प्रदेश के पूर्व विधानसभा अध्यक्ष धनीराम वर्मा का निधन|website=NDTVIndia}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Etawah district|Purwasujan]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| term_start3 = 1989
| term_end3 = 2002
| successor1 = Barkhuram Verma
| office2 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2007
| term_end2 = 2009
| predecessor2 = [[Vinay Shakya]]
| successor2 = Mahesh Chandra Verma
| constituency2 = [[Bidhuna (Assembly constituency)|Bidhuna]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] [[Mayawati]]
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| predecessor3 = Ausan Singh
| successor3 = [[Vinay Shakya]]
| constituency3 = [[Bidhuna (Assembly constituency)|Bidhuna]]
| term_start4 = 1980
| term_end4 = 1985
| predecessor4 = Bharat Singh Chauhan
| successor4 = Kamlesh Pathak
| predecessor1 = [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]
| constituency4 = [[Auraiya (Assembly constituency)|Auraiya]]
}}

'''Dhaniram Verma''' was an Indian politician from [[Samajwadi Party]] who served as the [[List of speakers of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|13th Speaker]] of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from 1993 to 1995. He also served as the [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from 1997 to 2001.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Dhaniram}}
[[Category:Politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]

Gopalganj Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:01Z

Veronairy: made new data

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gopalganj
| type = SLA
| map_image = 101-Gopalganj constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = Subhash Singh
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| preceded_by = [[Kusum Devi]]
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|101]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 297,051
| abolished = 
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{coord|26|28|00|N|84|26|00|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}

'''Gopalganj Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 101 Gopalganj Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
Gopalganj and Thawe [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]; Bairia Durg, Uchkagaon, Chhotka Sankhe, Harpur, Sakhekhas, Parsauni Khas, Nawada Parsauni, Luhsi, Jhirwa and Dahibhata [[gram panchayat]]s of Uchkagaon CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Gopalganj Assembly constituency is part of No. 17 [[Gopalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|title=Gopalganj Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/gopalganj.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref name="BJP Wins Gopalganj Assembly Bypoll In Bihar">{{cite news |last1=Outlook |title=BJP Wins Gopalganj Assembly Bypoll In Bihar |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/bjp-wins-gopalganj-assembly-bypoll-in-bihar-news-235170 |access-date=7 November 2022 |work= |date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107114334/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/bjp-wins-gopalganj-assembly-bypoll-in-bihar-news-235170 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |Kamla Rai
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|1961^
|[[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]]
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Abdul Ghafoor (politician, born 1918)|Abdul Ghafoor]]
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Hari Shankar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ram Dulari Sinha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Radhika Devi
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Kali Prasad Pandey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Surendra Singh
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Ramawtar
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Sadhu Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Reyazul Haque Raju|Reyazul Haque]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Subhash Singh (Bihar politician)|Subhash Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|2022^
|[[Kusum Devi]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|Subhash Singh
|}
^ bypoll

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Gopalganj<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Subhash Singh (2025)|Subash Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:96892}}
|percentage = 48.72
|change = {{increase}}5.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Om Prakash Garg|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:67920}}|percentage=34.15|change={{increase}}13.77}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Indira Yadav|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes={{formatnum:14225}}|percentage=7.15|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anash Salam|party=All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|votes={{formatnum:8079}}|percentage=4.15|change={{decrease}}14.88}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anup Kumar Shrivastava (supported by Jan Suraaj)|party=Independent|votes={{formatnum:5116}}|percentage=2.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samata Party|candidate=Sahana Khatoon|votes={{formatnum:1806}}|percentage=0.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:2237}}|percentage=1.12|change={{increase}}0.55}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:28972}}|percentage=14.57|change={{decrease}}5.98}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:198872}}|percentage=66.95|change={{increase}}11.92}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2022===
By polls necessitated by the death of MLA Subhash Singh.<ref name="election2022">{{cite news |title=Upcoming Assembly by-polls first battle between GA, BJP in Bihar since change of govt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/upcoming-assembly-by-polls-first-battle-between-ga-bjp-in-bihar-since-change-of-govt-101664641551891.html |access-date=3 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=1 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin |title=By-election, 2022: Gopalganj<ref name="BJP Wins Gopalganj Assembly Bypoll In Bihar"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Kusum Devi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 70,053
|percentage = 41.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Mohan Gupta
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 68,259
|percentage = 40.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Abdul Salam
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|votes = 12,214
|percentage = 7.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Indira Yadav
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 8,854
|percentage = 5.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Prasad
|party = Pragatisheel Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:1964}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jagmohan Mahto
|party = Jan Janwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:1805}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vinay Kumar Rai
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:1593}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,170
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 1,794
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,68,405
|percentage = 50.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]]<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Subhash Singh (Bihar politician)|Subash Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:77791}}
|percentage = 43.49
|change = -2.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sadhu Yadav|Anirudh Prasad alias Sadhu Yadav]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:41039}}
|percentage = 22.94
|change = +20.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Asif Ghafoor
|votes = {{formatnum:36460}}
|percentage = 20.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Sangharsh Dal
|candidate = Abdul Salam
|votes = {{formatnum:2450}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Lalan Prasad Bind
|votes = {{formatnum:2418}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Waqar Ahmad
|votes = {{formatnum:2277}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = The Plurals Party
|candidate = Vivek Kumar Chaubey
|votes = {{formatnum:2165}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Choubey
|votes = {{formatnum:2015}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1028}}
|percentage = 0.57
|change = -0.37
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:36752}}
|percentage = 20.55
|change = +17.61
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:178862}}
|percentage = 55.03
|change = -2.73
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===

In [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Gopalganj was one of the 36 seats to have VVPAT enabled electronic voting machines.<ref name="election1993">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/EC-move-to-allay-fears-about-errors-in-EVMs/articleshow/49199345.cms|title=EC move to allay fears about errors in EVMs}}</ref><ref name="election2015">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/Current/ImpIns_24092015.pdf|title=General Election to the State Legislative Assembly of Bihar, 2015- Use of EVMs with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail System(VVPAT)-reg.}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]]<ref name="election2015"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Subhash Singh (Bihar politician)|Subash Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:78491}}
|percentage = 45.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Reyajul Haque Alias " Raju"
|votes = {{formatnum:73417}}
|percentage = 42.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jay Hind Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:3565}}
|percentage = 2.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Om Prakash Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3240}}
|percentage = 1.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sunil Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:2937}}
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Surendra Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2844}}
|percentage = 1.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dr. Rajesh Kumar Vernwal
|votes = {{formatnum:1552}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1618}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5074}}
|percentage = 2.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:172533}}
|percentage = 57.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Gopalganj district, India}}
{{Saran Division topics}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Gopalganj district, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Momo (food)

2026-04-09T00:54:06Z

Veronairy: made new article!

{{short description|Dumpling in Tibetan and Nepali cuisine}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Momo
| image = momo_nepal.jpg
| caption = A typical serving of a plate of momos with sesame yellow sauce and red ginger chilli pickle
| alternate_name = མོག་མོག, मम, मःमः, 饃饃
| place_of_origin = [[Tibet]], [[Nepal]]
| associated_cuisine = [[Tibetan cuisine]], [[Nepali cuisine]]
| main_ingredient = White-flour-and-water dough; meat, vegetable
| variations = Steam-momo, Kothey momo, Jhol momo, C-momo, Fry-momo, Open-momo, fried momo, chicken-momo, veg-momo, buff-momo, cheese-momo, khuwa-momo, chocolate-momo
| calories = 350 to 1000 (35 to 100 per piece)
| similar_dish = [[Siddu (bread)|siddu]], [[jiaozi]], [[Jiaozi#Guotie|guotie]], [[xiaolongbao]], [[baozi]], [[mantou]], [[buuz]], [[gyoza]], [[Mandu (dumpling)|mandu]], [[Manti (dumpling)|manti]]
| other =
}}
'''Momos'''{{Efn|Some speakers of [[South Asian English]] use "momo" as both the singular and plural form.}}{{efn|{{langx|bo|མོག་མོག|mog mog}}; {{IPA|bo|mo˩˨.mo˥˨|IPA}}; {{langx|ne|मम|mama}}; {{IPA|ne|mʌmʌ|IPA}}; {{lang-zh|s=饃饃|p=mómo}}; {{IPA|zh|mwǒmwo|IPA}}}} are a type of steamed filled [[dumpling]] in [[Tibetan cuisine|Tibetan]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kleeman |first1=Julie |last2=Jampa |first2=Yeshi |title=Taste Tibet: Family recipes from the Himalayas |date=2022 |publisher=Murdoch Books |isbn=978-1-911668-42-8 }}</ref> and [[Nepali cuisine]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Santosh |title=Ayla: A Feast of Nepali Dishes from Terai, Hills and the Himalayas |date=26 April 2022 |publisher=DK |isbn=978-0-241-53577-6 }}</ref> that is also popular in neighbouring [[Bhutan]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]].<ref name=toi>{{Cite web |title= The Interesting Story Of How Momos Came To India|first=Kritika|last=Pushkarna | work=TIMESOFINDIA.COM |date=2021-11-23|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/the-interesting-story-of-how-momos-came-to-india/etphotostory/87782672.cms |access-date= 12 May 2023 |archive-date= 24 April 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240424041031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/the-interesting-story-of-how-momos-came-to-india/etphotostory/87782672.cms |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="p454">{{cite web | title=How Momos are becoming a street food staple in Dhaka | website=Dhaka Tribune | date=2023-11-02 | url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/329878/how-momos-are-becoming-a-street-food-staple-in | access-date=2024-09-27}}</ref> The majority of Tibetan momos are half-moon in shape like [[jiaozi]], while Nepali momos are normally round like [[baozi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tibettravel.org/tibetan-food/tibetan-momo.html|first=Kham |last=Sang|title=Tibetan Momo, A Kind of Exotic Dumpling in Tibet|work=Tibet Travel|date=2023-06-10}}{{unreliable source?|date=June 2024}}</ref><ref name="gulfnews.com">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-07 |title=Momos! The Tibetan dumplings that the world is besotted with |url=https://gulfnews.com/food/momos-the-tibetan-dumplings-that-the-world-is-besotted-with-1.1638862535966 |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Momos are usually served with a sauce known as [[South Asian pickle|achar]] influenced by the [[spices]] and [[herbs]] used within many [[South Asian cuisine]]s. It can also be used in soup, as in jhol momo and [[mokthuk]].

== Origin ==
"Momo", as written, is a [[THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription|phonetic transcription]] of the Tibetan word མོག་མོག ({{bo|w=mog mog}}, {{IPA|bo|moʔ˩˨.ˈmoʔ}}). It is possible that this Tibetan word is borrowed from the Chinese term ''momo'' (馍馍),<ref name=guo>{{Cite web |title=The Origins of the "Barbarian Head" {{!}} EATEN |url=https://www.eileenguo.com/mantou |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Eileen Guo |language=en-US}}</ref> a name traditionally used in northwestern Chinese dialects for wheat steamed buns and bread. The word ''mo'' (馍) itself means wheat flour food products or ''[[mantou]]'' [[Mantou|(馒头)]], steamed buns.<ref>{{Cite web |title="馍"字的解释 {{!}} 汉典 |url=https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E9%A6%8D |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=www.zdic.net |language=zh-cn}}</ref> Historically, Chinese names for steamed buns did not distinguish between those with or without fillings until the term ''[[baozi]]'' [[Baozi|(包子)]] emerged during the [[Song dynasty|Song Dynasty]] between the tenth and thirteenth century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=燕翼诒谋录 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆 |url=https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E7%87%95%E7%BF%BC%E8%A9%92%E8%AC%80%E9%8C%84 |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=zh.wikisource.org |language=zh-Hans}}</ref> However, in eastern regions of China such as [[Jiangsu]] and [[Shanghai]], ''mantou'' continues to carry both meanings in modern day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=菜包占比超过肉馒头苏州人吃包子口味紧跟时尚_我苏网 |url=http://www.ourjiangsu.com/a/20190702/1562056749986.shtml |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=www.ourjiangsu.com |archive-date=2023-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617180629/http://www.ourjiangsu.com/a/20190702/1562056749986.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> The history of dumplings in China shows that dumplings were popular during the Southern and Northern dynasties (420–589 AD). Dumplings dated between 499 AD and 640 AD were found in the [[Astana Cemetery]] in northwestern modern-day China.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=3447823 | year=2012 | last1=Chen | first1=T. | last2=Wu | first2=Y. | last3=Zhang | first3=Y. | last4=Wang | first4=B. | last5=Hu | first5=Y. | last6=Wang | first6=C. | last7=Jiang | first7=H. | title=Archaeobotanical Study of Ancient Food and Cereal Remains at the Astana Cemeteries, Xinjiang, China | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=7 | issue=9 | article-number=e45137 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0045137 | pmid=23028807 | bibcode=2012PLoSO...745137C | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://collection.sina.com.cn/cqyw/20120127/090953724.shtml | title=新疆出土现时我国最早的饺子_藏趣逸闻_新浪收藏_新浪网 }}</ref>

Legend holds that 7th-century Nepali princess [[Bhrikuti]], who introduced [[Buddhism]] to Tibet, also introduced momos there.<ref name="g386">{{cite book | last=Rana | first=Rohini | title=The Nepal Cookbook | publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited | date=2024-01-31 | isbn=978-93-5708-434-5 | page=234}}</ref> Despite that, it is generally believed that the concept of dumplings was carried from China by the Mongols in the 13th century.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-13 |title=Georgians have the Mongols to thank for their favourite dumpling |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/2027750/georgians-have-mongols-thank-their-favourite-dumpling |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref><ref name=guo /><ref name="gulfnews.com"/> As for the Himalayan momo, similar to the history of Korean [[Mandu (food)|mandu]], the history of momos in Nepal dates back to as early as the fourteenth century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WORLDFOOD - Momo: Nepal's Most Popular Food |url=https://www.slowfood.com/blog-and-news/worldfood-momo-nepals-most-popular-food/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Slow Food |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web| url=https://neweverestcuisine.com/news/f/the-history-of-momo-the-king-of-fast-food-dumpling| title=The history of MOMO (The king of fast food-Dumpling)| access-date=2023-01-16| archive-date=2023-01-21| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121042730/https://neweverestcuisine.com/news/f/the-history-of-momo-the-king-of-fast-food-dumpling| url-status=live}}{{better source needed|date=July 2023}}</ref> It is not quite known whether it spread from the [[Kathmandu Valley]] of Nepal to Tibet or the other way around. Because this dish was initially popular among the [[Newar people|Newar]] community of the [[Kathmandu Valley]] of Nepal, one prevalent belief is that traveling [[Lhasa Newar (trans-Himalayan traders)|Nepali Newar merchants]] took the recipe from Tibet, where they traded, and brought it home to Nepal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-09-17/juicy-love-affair.html|title=A Juicy Love Affair|last=Sijapati|first=Alisha|date=September 17, 2016|access-date=September 22, 2016|work=The Kathmandu Post|archive-date=September 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923103121/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-09-17/juicy-love-affair.html}}</ref> In Tibet, the filling of the dish was typically meat, such as [[yak]] and occasionally potatoes and cheese. Traditional Tibetan momos are quite different from Nepalese ones, as the former was made with a thicker dough and with little to no spices except salt.

After arriving in the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]s, the meat was more often chicken, and mixed vegetable momos were introduced to feed the large population of [[Hindu diet#Vegetarian Diet|vegetarian Hindus]].<ref name="Seow2017">{{cite book|first=Lynelle|last=Seow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8s6iDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT202|title=CultureShock! India|date=15 January 2017|publisher=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd|isbn=978-981-4771-98-6|pages=202–}}</ref> A large number of Tibetans emigrated to India following the [[1959 Tibetan uprising]], bringing their recipes for momos with them.<ref name=toi /> Unproven, but substantiated by the dates and references to momos in colloquial references, the [[Nepalese Civil War|civil war in Nepal]] pushed out the Nepali diaspora to seek a livelihood in India, which further increased the prevalence of Himalayan style momos in the southern half of India especially in the cities of Chennai and Bangalore.

[[File:Dumplings of Gilgit.jpg|thumb|Momos from [[Gilgit]] in [[Kashmir]]]]

==Production==
[[File: Plateful of Momo in Nepal.jpg|thumb|A plate of momos from Nepal]]
[[File:Making mo-mos pastry.jpg|thumb|A Tibetan woman making momos in [[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States]]]]

The earliest Tibetan dumplings were made of highland barley flour as the outer covering, and beef and mutton as the stuffing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=山南礼物丨"包"你好吃! |url=http://lyfzj.shannan.gov.cn/zjsn/tsms/202112/t20211217_95625.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=lyfzj.shannan.gov.cn}}</ref> Nowadays, a simple white-flour-and-water dough is generally preferred to make the outer covering of momos. Sometimes, a little [[yeast]] or [[baking soda]] is added to give a more doughy texture to the finished product.

Traditionally, momos are prepared with ground/minced meat, potatoes, and leek filling. Nowadays, the fillings have become more elaborate and momos are prepared with virtually any combination of ground meat, vegetables, [[tofu]], mushrooms, paneer cheese, soft [[chhurpi]] (local hard cheese) and vegetable and meat combinations.

* [[Meat]]: Different types of meat fillings are popular in different regions. In [[Nepal]], [[Tibet]], [[Sikkim]], and [[Bhutan]] common meat fillings are [[pork]], [[chicken (food)|chicken]], [[goat meat|goat]] and [[water buffalo]]. In the [[Himalayas|Himalayan region]] of [[Nepal]] and [[India]], [[Lamb and mutton|lamb]] and [[yak]] meat are more common. Minced meat is combined with any or all of the following: [[onions]]/[[shallots]], [[garlic]], [[ginger]] and [[cilantro]]/[[coriander]]. Some people also add finely puréed [[tomato]]es and [[soy sauce]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himalayanlearning.org/the-himalaya/food-momo.php|title=Momo recipe|publisher=Himalayanlearning.org|access-date=April 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201133109/http://www.himalayanlearning.org/the-himalaya/food-momo.php|archive-date=December 1, 2008}}</ref>
* [[Vegetables]]: Finely chopped [[cabbage]], [[carrot]], [[soy]] granules, [[potato]], [[flat bean]] (''lilva kachori'') or [[chayote]] (''iskush'') are used as fillings in Nepal.
* [[Cheese]]: Usually fresh cheese ([[paneer]]) or the traditional soft [[chhurpi]] is used. This variety is common in [[Eastern Nepal]].
* [[Khoa]]: Momos filled with milk solids mixed with sugar are popular as a dessert in the [[Kathmandu Valley]].

The dough is rolled into small circular flat pieces. The filling is enclosed in the circular dough cover either in a round pocket or a half-moon or crescent shape. Fatty meat is preferred because it produces flavourful, juicy momos. A little oil is sometimes added to the lean ground/minced meat to keep the filling moist and juicy. The dumplings are then cooked by [[steaming]] over a soup (either a stock based on bones or vegetables) in a momo-making utensil called ''mucktoo''. Momos may also be [[Pan frying|pan-fried]] or [[Deep frying|deep-fried]] after being steamed.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

==Variations==

Momos are traditionally [[steamed]] but can also be [[deep-fried]] or [[pan-fried]] and cooked in soup. They are usually served with chilli garlic sauce and pickled daikon in [[Tibet]]. In [[Nepal]], popular dipping sauces include tomato-based chutneys or sesame or peanut or soybean-based sauces called achar. Sauces can be thick or thin in consistency depending on the eatery.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=James |title=Momos Chutney Recipe |url=http://recipickr.com/559/momos-chutney-recipe/ |website=Recipickr.com |access-date=2014-12-12 |archive-date=2016-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108025731/http://recipickr.com/559/momos-chutney-recipe/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

[[File:Jhol_Momo.jpg|thumb|Jhol momo]]
Momos may be used in soups. ''Jhol momo'' ({{langx|ne|झोल मोमो}}) is a Nepali soup consisting of momos in a spicy vegetable broth called ''jhol achar'', which contains [[tomatoes]], [[sesame seeds]], [[chillies]], [[cumin]], and [[coriander]]. It is commonly eaten in [[Kathmandu]] in the winter.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.anupskitchen.com/recipe/momo-dumplings/|title=Anup's Kitchen | Traditional recipes, without shortcuts|date=July 8, 2016|access-date=April 25, 2023|archive-date=April 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425092049/https://www.anupskitchen.com/recipe/momo-dumplings/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Info Nepal |title=Momos |url=https://www.infonepal.org/wiki/food-and-dishes/momos/ |website=Info Nepal |access-date=24 April 2023 |archive-date=28 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428093436/https://www.infonepal.org/wiki/food-and-dishes/momos/ }}</ref> [[Mokthuk]], from Tibet, is a variation of the [[thukpa]] soup using small momos.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lama |first1=Tsering Ngodup |title=An essential guide to thukpas |url=https://kathmandupost.com/food/2019/10/04/an-essential-guide-to-thukpas |website=The Kathmandu Post |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425100813/https://kathmandupost.com/food/2019/10/04/an-essential-guide-to-thukpas |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other variations of momos include:

* C-momo, steamed or fried then served in [[chili sauce]].<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |last1=HoneyGuide Staff |title=12 Varieties of Momo - Have you tried them all? |url=https://honeyguideapps.com/blog/12-varieties-of-momo-have-you-tried-them-all |website=HoneyGuide |date=9 July 2015 |access-date=2023-05-02 |archive-date=2023-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424193652/https://honeyguideapps.com/blog/12-varieties-of-momo-have-you-tried-them-all |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bishal |date=2019-05-22 |title=How to cook Nepali Style C-Momo (Chilli Momo) in 10 Minutes? C-MOMO Recipe |url=http://www.readerspice.com/2019/05/22/cook-nepali-style-c-momo-chilli-momo-10-minutes/ |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=ReaderSpice |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507171353/http://www.readerspice.com/2019/05/22/cook-nepali-style-c-momo-chilli-momo-10-minutes/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Dhapu momo'', from Chinese ''[[Da Bao|da bao]]'' (大包), or "big bun", also known as "Tibetan momo", a Nepali dumpling that is typically larger and flatter than other versions of momos.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 15 momos that will surely tempt your taste buds! |url=https://buddymantra.com/top-15-momos/#14_Dhapu_Momos |website=BuddyMantra |access-date=2023-05-02 |archive-date=2023-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502153516/https://buddymantra.com/top-15-momos/#14_Dhapu_Momos |url-status=live }}</ref> This was possibly introduced to Nepal through two routes. One was through [[Myanmar]] along the eastern Himalayas, and the other was by the Chinese who immigrated to Kolkata, India one or two hundred years ago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=尼泊尔小吃"馍馍"神似小笼包，历史上也是从中国传过去的，两国交往源远流长 |url=https://wenhui.whb.cn/zhuzhan/huanqiu/20190730/280037.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=wenhui.whb.cn}}</ref>
* ''Gonga momo'' ({{bo|t=སྒོ་ང་མོག་མོག|w=sgo nga mog mog}}), a wheat and egg fried dough dumpling filled with meat paste.<ref name=tc>{{cite book |last1=Li, Tao |first1=Jiang |title=Tibetan Customs |date=2003 |publisher=五洲传播出版社 |isbn=978-7-5085-0254-0 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5L0TQjLGgUC&pg=PA36 |access-date=5 August 2011}}</ref>
* Green momo, a steamed vegetarian dumpling stuffed with vegetables, cabbage and green beans.<ref name="auto2"/>
* ''[[Hoentay]]'', a [[Bhutanese cuisine|Bhutanese]] [[dumpling]] made from [[buckwheat]] [[dough]] wrapper mixed with [[spinach]] and [[cheese]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Migrationology |title=Bhutanese Food: 25 Best Dishes To Eat When You're In Bhutan! |url=https://migrationology.com/bhutanese-food/ |website=Migrationology |date=2 April 2017 |access-date=2023-05-15 |archive-date=2023-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526095901/https://migrationology.com/bhutanese-food/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Kothey momo'', from Chinese [[Jiaozi#Guotie|guotie]] (锅贴), a pan-fried version of the momo. The dumpling is first filled with meat as well as vegetables and spices. It is first steamed then fried and then served in dipping sauce.
* Open momo, another Nepali addition to the variant in that it has a distinct shape which has open holes on the top that can be used to add various sauces and spices.<ref>{{cite web |title=How To Make Authentic Open Momo Recipe In 20 Min |url=https://bakaasur.com/open-momo-recipe/ |website=Bakaasur |access-date=2023-05-02 |archive-date=2023-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502221658/https://bakaasur.com/open-momo-recipe/ }}</ref>
* ''Sadheko momo'', a momo salad with onions and tomatoes, herbs, and spices.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sandheko Momo |url=https://www.themomoking.com/menu-item/sandheko-momo/ |website=momo king |access-date=2023-05-02 |archive-date=2023-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502223245/https://www.themomoking.com/menu-item/sandheko-momo/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeena |date=2023-06-08 |title=Sadeko Momo Recipe (Spicy Momo Salad Nepali Style) |url=https://chaosofflavor.com/sadeko-momo-recipe/ |access-date=2023-07-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722004514/https://chaosofflavor.com/sadeko-momo-recipe/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Momos: Scrumptious Delights |url=https://nepaltraveller.com/sidetrack/1468 |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=nepaltraveller.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508113256/https://nepaltraveller.com/sidetrack/1468 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Shoko momo'' ({{bo|t=ཞོག་ཁོག་མོག་མོག|w=zhog khog mog mog}}), a Tibetan variant that is prepared using mashed potato with dough, shaped into balls, with a minced meat filling, served with bread crumbs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Himalayan Dumplings |title=Tibetan Shogo Momo (Fluffy Potato Dumplings) |url=https://thefeedfeed.com/himalayandumplings/tibetan-shogo-momo-fluffy-potato-dumplings |website=feedfeed |access-date=2023-05-02 |archive-date=2023-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502114115/https://thefeedfeed.com/himalayandumplings/tibetan-shogo-momo-fluffy-potato-dumplings |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Tingmo]]'' ({{bo|t=ཀྲིན་མོག|w=krin mog}}), a type of steamed bread made from flour, yeast and water. ''Tingmo'' is a soft and fluffy bread served with savoury dishes such as stews or curries. Unlike other versions of momos, ''tingmo'' does not contain any type of filling.<ref>{{cite book |title=Lonely Planet India|first=Sarina|last=Singh |page=377 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK88ktao7pIC&pg=PA377|isbn=978-1-74220-347-8|date=2010|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications }}</ref>
* ''Shamo'' ({{bo|t=ཤ་མོག|w=sha mog}}), a Tibetan dumpling stuffed with [[beef]] or [[mutton]].<ref name=tc />

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Momomucktoo.jpg|Momos in a ''mucktoo'' in Kathmandu, Nepal
File:Kothey momo.JPG|Kothey, a pan-fried momo variety from "The Bakery Cafe" in Nepal
File:2022-11-09 - Kashmir Café - Tibetan Momo (2).jpg|Momos served in a restaurant in {{nobr|St Petersburg}}, Russia
File:Restaurant Kailash Barcelona 05.jpg|Momos served in a restaurant in [[Barcelona]].
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal||Asia|Food}}
* [[List of dumplings]]
** [[Baozi]]
** [[Jiaozi]]
** [[Mantou]]
** [[Wonton]]
** [[Khinkali]]
* [[Tibetan diaspora]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References ==
{{Commons category|Momos}}
{{Cookbook|Momo}}
{{reflist}}

{{Dumplings}}

[[Category:Dumplings]]
[[Category:Tibetan cuisine]]
[[Category:Bhutanese cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Newari cuisine]]
[[Category:Nepalese cuisine]]
[[Category:Fast food]]

Mayank Chakraborty

2026-03-31T15:44:38Z

Veronairy:

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (Elect) (born 2009)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox chess player
| name = Mayank Chakraborty
| image =Mayank Chakraborty, Indian Chess Player.jpg
|image_size= 180px
| caption =
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2009|7|28}}
| birth_place = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2026)
| FideID = 25659766
| peakrating = 2508 (April 2026)
}}

'''Mayank Chakraborty''' (born 28 July 2009) is an Indian [[chess Grandmaster]] from [[Guwahati]], Assam. In March 2026 he became the first chess grandmaster from Assam and the [[Northeast India|Northeast region]] of India, and the 94th grandmaster of India.<ref name="air">{{cite news |title=Mayank Chakraborty becomes India’s 94th and first-ever Grandmaster from North East region |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/mayank-chakraborty-becomes-indias-94th-and-first-ever-grandmaster-from-north-east-region/ |work=News On AIR |date=14 March 2026 |access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Sportstar">{{cite news |title=Mayank Chakraborty becomes India’s 94th Chess Grandmaster |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/mayank-chakraborty-becomes-india-94th-chess-grandmaster-gm-norm-live-rating-news/article70742604.ece |access-date=15 March 2026 |work=[[Sportstar]] |date=14 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

He previously earned the title of International Master in 2023 and won several national youth championships during his rise in Indian chess.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mayank Chakraborty – The awesome kid from Assam |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Mayank-Chakraborty-The-Awesome-Kid-from-Assam |website=ChessBase India |access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref>

==Early life==
Mayank Chakraborty was born in Guwahati, Assam. He began playing chess at a young age and gained attention after winning the National Under-11 Chess Championship in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Under-11 Championship 2019 report |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Mayank-Chakraborty-The-Awesome-Kid-from-Assam |website=ChessBase India |access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref>

As a junior player he won several national and international youth events and emerged as one of the strongest young chess players from Northeast India.

==Chess career==

===Youth championships===
Chakraborty achieved national recognition after winning the National Under-11 Open Chess Championship. He also won medals at the Asian Youth Chess Championship and Western Asian Youth Chess Championship.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mayank Chakraborty interview and games |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Mayank-Chakraborty-The-Awesome-Kid-from-Assam |website=ChessBase India |access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref>

He later won the National Under-17 Chess Championship both in 2023 and 2024 finishing unbeaten in the tournaments.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ninan |first1=Susan |title=How Mayank Chakraborty became North East India’s first GM |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/how-mayank-chakraborty-became-north-east-india-s-first-gm-101773506260936.html |access-date=15 March 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=14 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mayank Chakraborty wins U-17 national chess title |work=The Assam Tribune |date=9 May 2023}}</ref> He was also the Asian Junior Rapid Champion at Tatanagar in 2024 and Champion in Sharjah Challengers, 2025.

===International Master===
In 2024 Chakraborty achieved the title of International Master (IM) after crossing the 2400 Elo rating mark and securing the required norms in international tournaments.<ref>{{cite web |title=FIDE profile – Mayank Chakraborty |url=https://ratings.fide.com/profile/25659766 |website=FIDE |access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref>

His IM norms were achieved in events such as:

* 2nd Maharashtra Grandmaster Open 2023
* 1st Issykkul Open (Kyrgyzstan) 2023
* Qatar Masters Open 2023

===Grandmaster===
In March 2026 Chakraborty achieved the Grandmaster(Elect GM), becoming India's 94th grandmaster.<ref name="air" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Assam’s Mayank Chakraborty becomes India’s 94th Grandmaster |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assams-mayank-chakraborty-becomes-indias-94th-grandmaster-first-from-northeast-1359392-2026-03-13 |work=India Today NE |date=13 March 2026 |access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref>

He secured his final GM norm at the 8th GM Tournament – Hotel Stockholm North in [[Sweden]], finishing first with 7/9 points and crossing the required 2500 rating threshold.<ref name="air" /><ref name="Sportstar" />

His achievement was widely regarded as a historic milestone for chess in Northeast India.<ref name="Sportstar" />

==Grandmaster norms==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Grandmaster norms achieved by Mayank Chakraborty
! No.
! Tournament
! Location
! Year
! Score
|-
| 1
| 2nd Maharashta International Open GM tournament
| [[Maharashtra]], India
| 2023
| 7/9
|-
| 2
| GM Round Robin tournament "Korentinis Memorial"
| [[Piraeus]], Greece
| 2024
| 7/9
|-
| 3
| 8th 'First Hotel Stockholm North GM Tournament'
| Stockholm, Sweden
| 2026
| 7/9
|}

==Playing style==
Chakraborty is known for a dynamic and tactical playing style and frequently employs openings such as the Sicilian Defence and the Ruy López.

==See also==
* [[Chess in India]]
* [[List of Indian chess players]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{FIDE|id=25659766}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Mayank}}
[[Category:2009 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian chess players]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Guwahati]]

Risaldar

2026-03-29T15:07:49Z

Veronairy: slightly cleaned up section for clarity and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian and Pakistani military rank}}
{{distinguish|Ressaidar}}
[[File:Risaldar, Madras Army, 1840 (c).jpg|thumb|upright|{{circa|1840}} illustration of a [[Madras Army]] risaldar]]

'''Risaldar''', meaning the commander of a ''risala'' or ''risalah'' (a body of horse,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Francis Joseph Steingass|title=A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary, Including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in literature|year=1892|edition=5th [1963]|publisher=[[Routledge & Kegan Paul]]|place=London|page=575|url= https://archive.org/details/AComprehensivePersian-EnglishDictionary-FrancisJosephSteingass|access-date=2022-07-06}} Apparently there is a 2015 edition from [[Munshiram Manoharlal]] Publishers, New Delhi, {{isbn|81-7304-669-7}}</ref> regardless if troop or regiment<ref>{{cite book|first=W.(William) Y.|last=Carman|title=Indian Army Uniforms Under the British from the 18th Century to 1947: cavalry.|date=1961|publisher=Leonard Hill|location=London|page=226}}</ref>) in [[Persian language|Persian]], is a mid-level rank in [[cavalry]] and [[armour]]ed units of the [[Indian Army|Indian]] and [[Pakistan Army]]. In other arms, such as the [[infantry]], the equivalent rank is [[subedar]]. Risaldar was also a [[viceroy's commissioned officer]]'s rank in the [[British Indian Army]], until 1947.

== Indian and Pakistan Armies ==
The [[Indian Army]] and [[Pakistan Army]] have a unique set of ranks, called [[junior commissioned officer]]s (JCO). They stand between [[non-commissioned officer]]s and [[commissioned officer]]s. A risaldar ranks above a [[naib risaldar]] and below a [[risaldar major]].{{fact|date=July 2022}}

==British Indian Army==
The JCO evolved from the Viceroy's commissioned officers (VCO), established during the [[British Raj]] in 1885. The VCOs themselves succeeded the so called native officers holding a commission of the [[Governor-General of India|Governor General]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Stevenson|title=Beatson's Mutiny. The Turbulent Career of a Victorian Soldier|date=2015|publisher=I.B.Tauris|location=London. New York|page=37|ISBN=978-1-784531-10-2}}</ref>

In the late 19th century, the spelling ''risaldar'' was uncommon, and the rank was usually listed as ''ressaldar'' or ''russuldar'' (e.g. in the Bombay Cavalry).<ref>H. G. Hart (Major General), ''The New Annual Army List, Militia List, and Indian Civil Service List'', London 1878, p.430, p.522</ref> During [[World War I]], the spelling ''rissaldar'' became common.<ref>{{cite book|first=Eugène|last= Plumon|page=10|title=Vade-mecum for the Use of Officers and Interpreters in the Present Campaign: French and English Technical and Military Terms|date=1914 |publisher=Librairie Hachette & Cie |location=London}}</ref>

A rissaldar was roughly equivalent to a native [[captain]] and ranked between [[risaldar-major]] and [[ressaidar]] (later [[jemadar]]). But like all VCOs, they were always outranked by the most junior officer with a [[Officer (armed forces)|King's or Queen's commission]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Stevenson|title=Beatson's Mutiny. The Turbulent Career of a Victorian Soldier|date=2015|publisher=I.B.Tauris|location=London. New York|page=37|ISBN=978-1-784531-10-2}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Ressaidar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Military ranks of British India]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Indian Army]]

{{india-mil-stub}}
{{pakistan-mil-stub}}

Sangharsh (2014 film)

2026-03-29T00:31:08Z

Veronairy: typo fix

{{COI|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sangharsh
| image = Sangharsh.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Saisparsh
| producer = Vidnyan Siddhi Films Ltd
| writer =
| starring = [[Rajesh Shringarpure]] Sangeeta Kapure [[Prajakta Mali]] Nakul Ghanekar [[Anshuman Vichare]]
| music = Nishikant Sadaphule Bapi –Tutul
| cinematography = Sandy
| editing = Nilesh Gawand
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2014|02|07|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sangharsh''''' ({{langx|mr|संघर्ष}}) is a 2014 Marathi film produced by Vidnyan Siddhi Films Ltd. It features an ensemble star cast and revolves around the lives of the residents of Gunaji Chawl and how they get caught in the [[politician]]-underworld nexus. The film was released on 7 February 2014.<ref>[https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/article/BOL-sangharsh-first-look-launched-4449075-PHO.html SANGHARSH First look launched - divyamarathi.bhaskar.com]</ref><ref name=kemmannu>{{cite web |title=Premiere show of Marathi movie of " Vishesh ... |url=http://www.kemmannu.com/index.php?action=highlights&type=7840 |publisher=kemmannu.com |accessdate=27 December 2013}}</ref>

==Plot==
Three best friends Bhau, Manya and Tavlya are the soul of Gunaji Chawl. Bhau is a [[karate]] black belt champion. Manya is a dancer and dreams of winning a dance reality show. Tavlya has no mission in life but to play jokes on people around him and imitate them.

The trio's life takes an unexpected turn when they get into a brawl with a few goons. They find themselves caught in a conflict which pitches them against a politician, an [[underworld]] don and some corrupt police officers.

In the due course of time, they find themselves slipping deeper into murky waters and soon realize of a devious conspiracy against the common man.

==Cast==
*Ravi Shinde alias Bhau – [[Rajesh Shringarpure]]
*Sakshi – Sangeeta Kapure
*Bijli – [[Prajakta Mali]]
*Manya – Nakul Ghanekar
*Tavlya – Anshuman Vichare
*Radhika – Madhavi Nimkar
*Avinash Waghmare – [[Devdatta Nage]]
*Mangala Tai – Sulabha Arya
*Gurav Kaka – [[Arun Nalawade]]
*Mai – [[Amita Khopkar]]
*Raghubhai – Sushant Shelar
*Prataprao – Dr. Vilas Ujawane
*Inspector Kalokhe – Ajay Purkar
*Bala – Sunil Deo
*Bavlya – PankajKhamkar
*Inspector Bhosale – Rajesh Kamble
*PratapraoPA – Nilesh Suryavanshi
*Ingale – Sudhir Pednekar
*Baban - Ashruba
*Hero - Akshay veer

==Crew==
*Producer - Vidnyan Siddhi Films Ltd.
*Director–Saisparsh
*Executive Director–R. Viraj
*Executive Producer–Mangesh Jagtap
*Screenplay & Dialogues–R. Viraj
*Story–Saisparsh
*Cinematographer –Sandy
*Music–Nishikant Sadaphule, Bapi –Tutul
*Lyrics – Saisparsh, Ashwini Shende, Nishikant Sadaphule
*Choreographers –Saroj Khan, Rajeev Surti, Raju Khan, [[Ranju Varghese]]
*Editor–Nilesh Gawand
*Action - Javed – Aejaz
*Art Director–Jaywant Waingankar

== Soundtrack ==
{{empty section|date=March 2019}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/article/BOL-sangharsh-first-look-launched-4449075-PHO.html bhaskar.com]
* {{IMDb title|3437682}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]

{{2010s-Marathi-film-stub}}

Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986

2026-03-25T19:24:17Z

Veronairy: brief update structure per standard format

#REDIRECT [[Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Chhattisgarh Special Public Security Act, 2005

2026-03-25T18:27:00Z

Veronairy:

{{Short description|2005 law in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
'''Chhattisgarh Special Public Security Act, 2005''' (also called as ''Chhattisgarh Vishesh Jan Suraksha Adhiniyam'', 2005) is a law in the state of [[Chhattisgarh]] passed by the Chhattisgarh assembly in December 2005. The bill received the assent of the [[President of India]] and was brought into effect by notification issued on 12 April 2006.

==The law==

The [[People's Union for Democratic Rights]] pointed out that although this act was ostensibly meant to combat growing Maoist violence, all the Maoist groups operating in Chhattisgarh were already banned and declared unlawful organisations after the 2004 amendment to the Unlawful Activities Act, 1967.

It authorises the police to detain a person for committing acts, which among other things, show a "tendency to pose an obstacle to the administration of law". The act also states any person whose actions "encourage(s) the disobedience of the established law" will be considered "unlawful".

[[Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative]], in a statement, said that the present definition of "unlawful activities" imperils free exercise of fundamental freedoms set out under Article 19 of the Constitution and illustratively it appears to restrict the right to hold public meetings; organise public protests; and oppose government policies through the media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/aj/police/chhattisgarh/documents/chri_submission_on_csps_act_2005.pdf |title=Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative's Submission on Chhattisgarh Special Public Security Act 2005 |publisher=CHRI |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216203946/http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/aj/police/chhattisgarh/documents/chri_submission_on_csps_act_2005.pdf |archivedate=16 February 2009 }}</ref>

==Arrests==
Six organisations were banned under this act. Dr. [[Binayak Sen]], General Secretary, Chhattisgarh [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] was detained under this Act on 14 May 2007 allegedly for his linkages with the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].

==Criticism==
The Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative has expressed its reservations about the Act and said it may become a potential instrument to throttle the right to free speech, legitimate dissent, and trample the fundamental rights enshrined in Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cgnet.in/N1/CHRIpsa/document_view |title=Repeal Chhattisgarh Special Public Security Act 2005 : CHRI |publisher=cgnet.in |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230182512/http://cgnet.in/N1/CHRIpsa/document_view |archivedate=30 December 2008 }}</ref>

===Concerns on press freedom===
President Christopher Warren, in a statement, said, "Freedom of the press is a pre-requisite for the peaceful resolution of conflict, and restricting the media from carrying out its professional activities can only lead to more suspicion and misinformation. Under no circumstances has gagging the media and silencing journalists furthered the objective of tackling armed conflict. It is only when democratic debate and the free flow of accurate information is made possible is the cause of democracy furthered."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newswatch.in/newsblog/7244 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908050622/http://www.newswatch.in/newsblog/7244 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-09-08 |title=Chhattisgarh's novel way to counter Naxals: Gun for journalists |publisher=Newswatch.in }}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060630101902/http://www.cgnet.in/Med/cgact/document_view Unofficial English Translation of the Act]
* [http://cpjc.files.wordpress.com/2007/07/memo_on_chattisgarh_bill.pdf PUDR Analysis on the act]
* [https://archive.today/20120908050622/http://www.newswatch.in/newsblog/7244 Chhattisgarh’s novel way to counter Naxals: Gun for journalists]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090216203946/http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/aj/police/chhattisgarh/documents/chri_submission_on_csps_act_2005.pdf Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative statement]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080522051139/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/chhattisgarh-security-act-challenged-in-supreme-court_10049776.html Chhattisgarh security act challenged in Supreme Court]

[[Category:Chhattisgarh state legislation]]
[[Category:2005 in law]]
[[Category:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]

Finding Fanny

2026-03-22T21:48:05Z

Veronairy: improved article

{{short description|2014 Hindi film directed by Homi Adajania}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Finding Fanny
| image = Finding Fanny.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Homi Adajania]]
| producer = [[Dinesh Vijan]]
| writer = Homi Adajania Kersi Khambatta
| starring = [[Naseeruddin Shah]] [[Dimple Kapadia]] [[Pankaj Kapur]] [[Deepika Padukone]] [[Arjun Kapoor]]
| narrator = [[Deepika Padukone]]
| music = [[Mathias Duplessy]] [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| cinematography = [[Anil Mehta]]
| editing = [[Sreekar Prasad]] {{small|(Indian- English)}} [[Nick Moore (film director)|Nick Moore]] {{small|(International- English)}}
| studio = [[Maddock Films]]
| distributor = [[Fox Star Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2014|09|12|df=yes}}
| runtime = 101 minutes<ref>{{cite web|title=''FINDING FANNY'' (12A) - British Board of Film Classification|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/finding-fanny-film|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305203623/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/finding-fanny-film|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=British Board of Film Classification|access-date=4 October 2015}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = English
| budget = {{Estimation}} {{INR|29 [[crore]]}}<ref name="Report">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/finding-fanny-gets-an-edge-over-creature-3d/|title=Finding Fanny gets an edge over Creature 3D|work=indianexpress.com|date=19 September 2014}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|50.61 crore}}<ref name="BOI Report">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2300|title=Finding Fanny - Movie - Worldwide Gross & Budget|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref>
}}

'''''Finding Fanny''''' is a 2014 Indian [[English language|English]]-language<ref>{{Cite web |title='Finding Fanny' will open avenues for English films: Karan Johar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/finding-fanny-will-open-avenues-for-english-films-karan-johar/ |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2 September 2014}}</ref> [[satire (film and television)|satirical]] [[Road movie|road film]] directed and written by [[Homi Adajania]], produced by [[Dinesh Vijan]] under [[Maddock Films]] and presented by [[Fox Star Studios]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/goa-in-fashion-ranveer-singh-deepika-padukone-reveal-their-looks-in-finding-fanny/article1-1236316.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141229065938/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/goa-in-fashion-ranveer-singh-deepika-padukone-reveal-their-looks-in-finding-fanny/article1-1236316.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 December 2014|title=Goa in fashion: Ranveer, Deepika reveal their looks in Finding Fanny|date=3 July 2014|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Pankaj Kapur]], [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Arjun Kapoor]] feature in prominent roles. The film is based on a road trip set in [[Goa]] and follows the journey of five dysfunctional friends who set out on a road trip in search of Fanny, the love interest of Shah's character. The film had its premiere in India on 1 September 2014 and was released worldwide on 12 September 2014. It was selected to be screened at the [[19th Busan International Film Festival]] in October 2014.<ref>{{cite web | title = Finding Fanny to premiere in Korea
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Finding-Fanny-to-premiere-in-Korea/articleshow/41791046.cms
| date=6 September 2014|access-date = 6 September 2014 | work = The Times of India }}</ref>

==Plot==

Ferdie Pinto receives a letter at midnight and realises that his one true love, Fanny Fernandes, never knew how he felt about her. Angie, Ferdie's friend, had married Gabo Eucharistica, who died suddenly{{efn|Gabo's mother (Rosie), to save money, had the figurines on the wedding cake made out of plastic, not icing. Gabo, in a drunken frenzy, had a piece of cake with the figurines, not realizing he'd swallowed the figurines, and choked to death}} during a wedding party. Determined to find Fanny, Ferdie and Angie set out on a journey, joined by Savio Da Gama (a friend of both Angie and Gabo), Gabo’s mother Rosie, and the unsavory artist Don Pedro Cleto Collaco. In the past, Savio had loved Angie but stepped aside after she married Gabo.

On the journey, Ferdie throws Rosie's cat out of the window by accident whilst sneezing as he is allergic; so to keep her unaware, he retrieves the dead cat and pretends that it is sleeping. They visit Fanny's old house and find a deranged Russian, Vladimir, who tells them Fanny sold him the house 20 years ago and moved to Tivoli. Ferdie tells Savio that Rosie's husband is not dead, but instead had run away to Madagascar with another woman, and Rosie had simply lied to the village for the sake of her pride. As they approach Tivoli, Ferdie thanks everyone for joining him on his journey – but unbeknownst to him, most of the other passengers have their own reasons for making the trip. Savio soon realizes that they have gone the wrong way, and are now in the state of Karnataka due to wrong navigation by Ferdie, who cannot read a map. When they run out of petrol, Ferdie volunteers to go and get some in the morning, so the group spends the night in the open field next to the road. Don Pedro tries to seduce Rosie into being a model for his painting, whilst Savio and Angie go away from the others to talk. Savio tells Angie that he does not have a big business in Mumbai as presumed, but rather, he was a waiter for 5 years and is not wealthy. It is revealed that Angie only married Gabo because Savio never asked her, and she was in love with Savio as he was with her. He kisses her, and she slaps him. They eventually talk and, after realizing that they both still have feelings for each other, have sex that night.

In the morning, Ferdie goes to get petrol and comes back to find Rosie posing in the field for Don Pedro, Angie and Savio busy talking. The artist has now dropped his charming attitude of suave sophistication and is mistreating Rosie. When she sees the painting, she is devastated to find that it is a nude, unflattering portrait of her. Don Pedro walks off with the painting and finds the can of petrol that Ferdie has left, along with a letter explaining that he is going on alone and thanking them for coming this far with him. The rest of them start to leave, but Rosie refuses to go, saying that they can't leave Ferdie. She gets extremely upset and begins to yell at Savio, telling him that he should have died instead of Gabo and that Gabo only married Angie because Savio was in love with her. Savio angrily tells Rosie that she is selfish and reveals that her cat is actually dead, but she hadn't even noticed, leaving everyone else to look after it. They bury the cat and set off home. On the way, Rosie accidentally opens the glove compartment in the car and finds Savio's father's revolver. She puts it to her head, intending to shoot herself. When no one notices, she coughs, and Savio sees his dad's revolver, which is an antique and worth a lot of money. He begins to wrestle with Rosie for the gun whilst driving, causing it to go off, and Don Pedro gets shot in the head, without anyone noticing. They turn the car around and go to look for Ferdie, finding him by the roadside waiting for the bus, but can't pick him up as the car brakes fail. The back door of the car opens, and when the car veers close to the cliff edge, Don Pedro's body falls out. The car eventually comes to a stop, and Angie notices that Don Pedro has gone. Rosie says that he jumped out of the car to save himself, but Ferdie sees someone who he thinks is Don Pedro on a passing bus, while in fact, his body is at the bottom of the sea.

The group then carries on to Tivoli to find Fanny. They get to the village and see a funeral procession go past. Ferdie sees a woman that he thinks is Fanny, only to discover that she is Fanny's daughter ([[Anjali Patil]]) and the funeral procession is for Fanny. Ferdie is told by her daughter that Fanny was married four times and never even mentioned his name to her daughter, implying that he wasn't important to her. They go to the funeral, and Angie muses that you can't wait for love; you must go out and find it.

Six months later, there is a wedding in the church. The couple is presumed to be Savio and Angie, but is in fact, Ferdie and Rosie. The happy couple drives away into the sunset, leaving behind Angie and Savio kissing near the church as they leave.

==Cast==
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Ferdinand 'Ferdie' Pinto
* [[Dimple Kapadia]] as Mrs. Rosalina 'Rosie' Eucharistica
* [[Pankaj Kapur]] as Don Pedrò Cleto Colaco
* [[Deepika Padukone]] as Angelina ’Angie’ Eucharistica
* [[Arjun Kapoor]] as Savio Da Gama
* [[Anand Tiwari]] as Father Francis
* [[Anjali Patil]] in a dual role as Stefanie 'Fanny' Fernandes and Fanny's daughter<ref>{{cite news|title=Anjali on a roll|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/anjali-on-a-roll/article5957479.ece|access-date=30 April 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 April 2014}}</ref>
* Mihai Fusu as Vladmir Olianov
* Kevin D'Mello<ref>{{cite news|last=Rodrigues|first=Clara|title=Konkani film to tackle ill effects of MMS|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Konkani-film-to-tackle-ill-effects-of-MMS/articleshow/24187565.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020194118/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-15/news-interviews/43065255_1_konkani-film-mms-pankaj-kapur|url-status=live|archive-date=20 October 2013|access-date=20 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 October 2013}}</ref>
* [[Ranveer Singh]] in a [[cameo appearance]] as Gabo Eucharistica, Angie's husband and Rosie's son.<ref>{{cite news|title=After Ramleela, Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukone to share screen space in Finding Fanny Fernandes|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1901468/report-after-ramleela-ranveer-singh-and-deepika-padukone-to-share-screen-space-in-finding-fanny-fernandes|access-date=20 October 2013|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|date=10 October 2013}}</ref>

==Production==

===Development===
[[Homi Adajania]] wrote the first draft of the screenplay during his month-long stay at the village [[Salvador do Mundo]]. During this period, he also studied local [[Goan Catholics]], and added some dysfunctional characters into what he called, "hybrid [[Gabriel Marquez|Marquezian]] Indian village", which became the fictional village of Pocolim. To get local nuances and cultural research right, he took the help of Goan writer Cecil Pinto. Adajania didn't intend to write the film as a road film; instead, he placed it in the genre of ''[[As Good as It Gets]]'' (1997). This was his second collaboration with Kersi Khambatta, who also wrote the dialogues for his debut film, ''[[Being Cyrus]]'' (2006). Khambatta wrote the scenes, chapter by chapter, like a novel, which aided in the development of the script.<ref name=mint/> The screenplay of ''Finding Fanny'' was adapted from a novel by Kersi Khambatta. The 200-page novel is expected to hit shelves later in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/coming-soon-a-finding-fanny-novel-171015.html|title = COMING SOON: A Finding Fanny Novel|date = 30 August 2014}}</ref>

He had finished writing the script of ''Finding Fanny'' by 2009, 4 years after his first directorial venture ''[[Being Cyrus]]'' released.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} However, casting for the film became an issue as it was an offbeat film—[[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]] and [[Sonam Kapoor]] were initially offered roles in the films, though they turned their respective parts down.<ref>{{cite news|title=Deepika replaces Sonam|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/deepika-replaces-sonam-4380.html|access-date=20 October 2013|work=[[Filmfare]]|date=15 October 2013}}</ref> [[Dinesh Vijan]] had suggested against making the film, advising Adajania that "you are going to make a Hinglish film which only 10 people will see."<ref>{{cite web|last=Dedhia|first=Sonil|title=I was bullied into making Cocktail|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interveiw-with-homi-adajania/20120710.htm|date=10 July 2012|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref> Hence, Adajania postponed the film and went on to direct ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]'' instead. During the shooting of ''Cocktail'', his narration of the story to lead actress [[Deepika Padukone]] had impressed her, and she expressed her desire to be a part of the film.<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Prashant|title=Deepika Padukone features in Finding Fanny|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Deepika-Padukone-features-in-Finding-Fanny/Article1-1063479.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522000403/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Deepika-Padukone-features-in-Finding-Fanny/Article1-1063479.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2013|access-date=28 June 2013|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=21 May 2013}}</ref>

In May 2013, [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Arjun Kapoor]] were signed on for leading roles, the latter being assigned the part of "a mechanic, who's in denial about being a loser."<ref>{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Priya|title=Deepika Padukone and Ranveer Singh team up for an English film|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Deepika-Padukone-and-Arjun-Kapoor-team-up-for-an-English-film/articleshow/19967405.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517154238/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-10/news-interviews/39144870_1_cocktail-casting-coup-homi-adajania|url-status=live|archive-date=17 May 2013|access-date=28 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pitale|first=Sonali J.|title=It's an emotional experience to act in front of dad: Arjun Kapoor|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/its-an-emotional-experience-to-act-in-front-of-dad-arjun-kapoor/15148088|access-date=17 April 2014|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|date=10 March 2014}}</ref> Reportedly, Padukone has reduced her usual fee for the film and has also signed a profit-sharing deal with the producers.<ref name="profit">{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/news/Deepika-Padukone-In-Profit-Sharing-Deal-4584 |title=Deepika Padukone in Profit Sharing Deal |access-date=13 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015161924/http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/news/Deepika-Padukone-In-Profit-Sharing-Deal-4584 |archive-date=15 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By August 2013, [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and [[Dimple Kapadia]], who earlier featured in ''Being Cyrus'', were signed on for the film; [[Pankaj Kapur]] joined the cast the following month.<ref name="sign">{{cite web|title=Dimple Kapadia signs Homi Adajania's next|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1975631/Dimple-Kapadia-signs-Homi-Adajania%27s-next|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806233643/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1975631/Dimple-Kapadia-signs-Homi-Adajania%27s-next|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 August 2013|date=3 August 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=3 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pankaj Kapur joins cast of Finding Fanny|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/nargis-fakhri-opposite-salman-khan/1168262/|access-date=30 April 2014|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=13 September 2013}}</ref> Whilst the film was earlier reported to be a short film, Padukone confirmed in an interview that this was untrue.<ref>{{cite news|title=Box Office Queen|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/box-office-queen/2/|access-date=13 January 2014|newspaper=Box Office India|date=4 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627024908/http://boxofficeindia.co.in/box-office-queen/2/|archive-date=27 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film will be showcased in English and Hindi versions to cater for the audience in India and abroad.<ref name=todayjuly/>

Before the filming could commence, sessions and workshops were organised with the actors. A month prior to the shooting, Adajania and Naseeruddin Shah figured out where to place the latter's character emotionally and his body language, through a story arc from vulnerable, even "borderline idiotic" to coming into his strength later in the film. Shah decided to use a mid-range voice, instead of his natural baritone. Arjun Kapoor was convinced to use a restrained acting style, compared to his usual dramatic style, and appear in the "effortlessness of just being".<ref name=mint/>

===Filming===
Shooting of the film began in October 2013.<ref name="sign"/> The film was shot in various villages across Goa, including [[Saligao]], [[Parra, Goa|Parra]], [[Assagao]], [[Aldona]], [[Socorro, Goa|Socorro]], and [[Cortalim]],<ref name=mint>{{cite web | title = Homi Adajania: Love and longing in Goa |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]| url = http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9n9YFf7araO0jO8TxFQCqL/Homi-Adajania-Love-and-longing-in-Goa.html |author=Nandini Ramnath|date=30 August 2014| access-date = 31 August 2014 }}</ref> and was completed in 36 days.<ref>{{cite news|title=Deepika Padukone wraps up 'Finding Fanny Fernandes'|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/nov/061113-deepika-padukone-arjun-kapoor-finding-fanny-fernandes-ram-leela-bollywood.htm|access-date=6 November 2013|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|date=6 November 2013}}</ref> Dimple Kapadia wore a prosthetic posterior for the film, as she did in ''[[Rudaali]]'' (1993).<ref>{{cite web | title = Censors Wanted to See me in Bikini, but Since I had a Skirt on, They Cut the Scene: Dimple|work= NDTV | url = http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/censors-wanted-to-see-me-in-bikini-but-since-i-had-a-skirt-on-they-cut-the-scene-dimple-583100 |date=28 August 2014| access-date = 1 September 2014 }}</ref> The film was shot in English, the Hindi version was subsequently, dubbed in by the actors.<ref name=mint/> On 4 July 2014, the cast shot for a promotional music video for the song "Shake Your Bootiya". The freewheeling dance number was choreographed by [[Shiamak Davar]], giving the actors quirky moves, in keeping with the tone of the film.<ref>{{cite web | title = Finding Fanny cast shoots quirky video for first song | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Finding-Fanny-cast-shoots-quirky-video-for-first-song/articleshow/40006287.cms |author=Garima Sharma|date= 11 August 2014 |access-date = 1 September 2014 | work = The Times of India}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Finding Fanny
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Mathias Duplessy, [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| cover =blank
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2014|08|21}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/finding-fanny-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/908645782 |title=Finding Fanny (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=21 August 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=12|s=46}}
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer =
| chronology = Mathias Duplessy
| prev_title = Delhi in a Day
| prev_year = 2011
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Bey Yaar]]
| prev_year = 2014
| title = Finding Fanny
| year = 2014
| next_title = [[Happy Ending (2014 film)|Happy Ending]]
| next_year = 2014
}}
}}

The music of ''Finding Fanny'' was composed by Mathias Duplessy, duo [[Sachin–Jigar]], and the lyrics were penned by a range of artists, including [[Mukhtiyar Ali]], Alan Mercer, [[Mayur Puri]], and the film's producer, [[Dinesh Vijan]]. The first song "Fanny Re" was released on 11 August 2014 in an event in Mumbai, where the second song, "Shake Your Bootiya" written by Dinesh Vijan, [[Mayur Puri]] and composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]] was also announced.<ref>{{cite news|title=Deepika Padukone, Arjun Kapoor's Quirky Love in Fanny Re|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/deepika-padukone-arjun-kapoor-s-quirky-love-in-fanny-re-574330|access-date=13 August 2014|website=[[NDTV|NDTV Movies]]|date=11 August 2014}}</ref> The film's soundtrack was officially released on 19 August 2014.

{{track listing
| headline = ''Finding Fanny'' Soundtrack
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 12:46
| title1 = Fanny Re
| extra1 = Mir Mukhtiyar Ali
| music1 = Mathias Duplessy
| lyrics1 = Mir Mukhtiyar Ali
| length1 = 3:07
| title2 = Mahi Ve
| extra2 = Mir Mukhtiyar Ali
| music2 = Mathias Duplessy
| lyrics2 = Mir Mukhtiyar Ali
| length2 = 3:04
| title3 = Ding Dong
| extra3 = Mathias Duplessy
| lyrics3 = Alan Mercer
| music3 = Mathias Duplessy
| length3 = 3:23
| title4 = Shake Your Bootiya
| extra4 = [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]
| lyrics4 = [[Dinesh Vijan]], [[Mayur Puri]]
| music4 = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| length4 = 3:12
}}

==Release==
The International English version was edited by [[Nick Moore (film director)|Nick Moore]].<ref name=todayjuly>{{cite news|title=A different version of Finding Fanny for foreigners|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/a-different-version-of-finding-fanny-for-foreigners-201181-2014-07-21|date=21 July 2014|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> The director, Homi Adajania expressed interest in premiering the film at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Finding Fanny Fernandes May Go For TIFF: Homi Adajania|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/gupshup/2014/finding-fanny-fernandes-will-go-to-tiff-once-ready-homi-adajania-145500.html|date=13 June 2014|publisher=OneIndia Entertainment|access-date=14 June 2014}}</ref> However, it was decided the film will premiere in India 11 days prior to the film's worldwide release, on 1 September 2014 and therefore the makers decided against the decision.<ref>{{cite news|title=Finding Fanny will not premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival anymore|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-finding-fanny-will-not-premiere-at-the-toronto-international-film-festival-anymore-2006276|date=29 July 2014|publisher=[[DNA India|DNA]]|access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Finding Fanny' premiere gets postponed|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/finding-fanny-premiere-gets-postponed/15547170|date=22 August 2014|publisher=[[DNA India|DNA]]|access-date=22 August 2014}}</ref> The film has also screened at [[Busan International Film Festival]] in October 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title='Finding Fanny' selected for Busan International Film Festival|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140903/entertainment-bollywood/article/finding-fanny-selected-busan-international-film-festival|date=3 September 2014|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=3 September 2014}}</ref>

Ahead of its release, the film got into a tangle with the [[Censor Board of India]]. Late August, the Board asked the director to delete a supposedly 'vulgar' line from the film wherein Deepika Padukone says, "I'm a virgin" to get a UA certificate. The board also demanded a scene wherein Dimple Kapadia's skirt gets torn be "toned down".<ref>{{cite web | title = Finding Fanny's virgin dialogue not okay with Censor Board? |work= India Today | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/finding-fanny-arjun-kapoor-deepika-padukone-homi-adajania-virgin-censor-board-deleted-205842-2014-08-27 |date=27 August 2014| access-date = 1 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = 'Virgin' dialogue deleted from Arjun, Deepika's 'Finding Fanny' |work= The Indian Express | url = http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/censor-board-cuts-down-virginity-dialogue-from-finding-fanny/ |date=27 August 2014| access-date = 1 September 2014 }}</ref> As of 1 September 2014, the film was still waiting for approval from the Censor Board. The process was slowed down due to the arrest of the Central Board CEO on bribery charges. The film was also rejected permission twice by the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]], due to a scene involving a hen.<ref>{{cite web | title = Waiting for Censor Nod |work= The Indian Express| url = http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/waiting-for-censor-nod/ |date=1 September 2014| access-date = 1 September 2014 }}</ref> On 5 September, Adajania confirmed that the CBFC has finally approved the Deepika Padukone dialogue, which was previously removed. This came after he pointed out to the CBFC chairperson that it had already been approved in the film's trailer.<ref>{{cite web | title = Finding Fanny: CBFC approves Deepika Padukone's 'virgin' line | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Finding-Fanny-CBFC-approves-Deepika-Padukones-virgin-line/articleshow/41841491.cms |author=Roshmila Bhattacharya|date= 6 September 2014| access-date = 6 September 2014 | work = The Times of India}}</ref>

==Marketing==
On 2 July 2014, the first promotional pictures were released of Arjun Kapoor as Savio Da Gama and Deepika Padukone as Angie. In the picture, Arjun Kapoor dons a pair of shades and a vest, while Deepika Padukone, who plays a Goan girl, is seen wearing an apron and holding a blood-stained butcher's knife.<ref name="First Look: Arjun Kapoor-Deepika Padukone get playful about their upcoming Finding Fanny Fernandes">{{cite news|title=First Look: Arjun Kapoor-Deepika Padukone get playful about their upcoming Finding Fanny Fernandes|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/arjun-kapoor-finding-fanny-fernandes-first-look-out--15395.html|access-date=2 July 2014|website=[[India TV]]|date=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Exclusive: Deepika Padukone’s first look from Finding Fanny">{{cite news|title=First Look: Exclusive: Deepika Padukone's first look from Finding Fanny|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Exclusive-Deepika-Padukones-first-look-from-Finding-Fanny/articleshow/37637745.cms|access-date=2 July 2014|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 July 2014}}</ref> On 8 July 2014, the official posters for the film were released and on 10 July 2014, the official trailer was released.<ref name="Trailer Release Date">{{cite news|title=Arjun Kapoor Sports Bohemian Look in Finding Fanny Fernandes|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/arjun-kapoor-sports-bohemian-look-in-finding-fanny-fernandes-551741|access-date=5 July 2014|website=[[NDTV|NDTV Movies]]|date=3 July 2014}}</ref> As a first, the makers decided to premiere the film on 1 September 2014 to gauge the response of the film before it releases worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|title='Finding Fanny' premiere to be held 17 days before its release|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140728/entertainment-bollywood/article/finding-fanny-premiere-be-held-17-days-its-release|date=28 July 2014|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
''Finding Fanny'' received critical acclaim upon release.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mehta|first=Ankita|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/finding-fanny-movie-review-must-watch-film-brilliant-performances-608764|title='Finding Fanny' Movie Review: Must Watch Film with Brilliant Performances|date=10 September 2014|work=International Business Times|access-date=12 September 2014}}</ref>

Raja Sen of [[Rediff.com]] gave the film four stars and said the film gives "much to smile pleasantly at [and] to guffaw at."<ref>{{cite web|last=Sen|first=Raja|title=Review: Finding Fanny is wickedly fantastic|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-finding-fanny-is-wickedly-fantastic/20140909.htm|work=Rediff.com|date=10 September 2014|access-date=10 September 2014}}</ref> A reviewer from [[Bollywood Hungama]] said, "Writer-director Homi Adajania has dared to break all conventional rules and manages to serve an absorbing and entertaining story that keeps you interested [...] It will surely appeal to the target group of a discerning audience that values sensible entertainment."<ref>{{cite web|title=Finding Fanny (2014) Review|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/671391|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101035210/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/671391|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 November 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=10 September 2014|access-date=10 September 2014}}</ref> Sweta Kaushal of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' commented that "all the actors have done a brilliant job, fitting perfectly in their characters" and described the picture as a "not-to-be-missed take on life and love".<ref>{{cite news|last=Kaushal|first=Sweta|title=Movie review: Finding Fanny is a not-to-be-missed take on life and love|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-finding-fanny-is-a-not-to-be-missed-take-on-life-and-love/article1-1261674.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910012050/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-finding-fanny-is-a-not-to-be-missed-take-on-life-and-love/article1-1261674.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2014|access-date=10 September 2014|work=Hindustan Times|date=8 September 2014}}</ref> In a four-star review, ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]''{{'}}s Rahul Desai regarded the film as a breakthrough film involving commercial actors, saying "This film is exactly the kind of brave clutter-breaking effort that most critics wish for while lamenting the rigidness of mainstream stars."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Desai|first1=Rahul|title=Film review: Finding Fanny|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Film-review-Finding-Fanny/articleshow/42319345.cms|access-date=19 September 2014|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=2 September 2014}}</ref> Sarita Tanwar of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' praised the film for being "real, funny and thoughtful".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tanwar|first1=Sarita|title=Film Review: It is real, funny and thoughtful; that is the charm of 'Finding Fanny'|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-film-review-it-is-real-funny-and-thoughtful-that-is-the-charm-of-finding-fanny-2018069|access-date=19 September 2014|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=12 September 2014}}</ref>

==Box office==
The film collected {{INRConvert|51|m}} on its opening day on a total of 900 screens which previewed both English and Hindi versions.<ref name="gross">{{cite news|title=Box office: 'Finding Fanny' overtakes 'Creature' on day one|url=http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/finding-fanny-picks-up-on-day-2-1st-saturday-at-the-box-office/|access-date=14 September 2014|work=Koimoi|date=14 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/finding-fanny-a-success-makes-rs-5-1-crore-on-opening-day-663409|title=Finding Fanny a Success, Makes Rs 5.1 Crore on Opening Day|publisher=NDTV Movies|date=13 September 2014|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> The film collected {{INRConvert|199|m}} in India and $1.6 million from the overseas market in its first weekend.<ref name="collection">{{cite web|url=http://post.jagran.com/finding-fanny-collects-rs2809-cr-in-first-week-1411194024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006142906/http://post.jagran.com/finding-fanny-collects-rs2809-cr-in-first-week-1411194024|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2014|title=Finding Fanny collects Rs 28.09 cr in first week|publisher=Jagran Post|date=20 September 2014|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> The film grossed £101,000 from UK and $515,000 from the US during its opening weekend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/14/sep/18-news-bollywood-box-office-report-of-the-week-091406.asp|title=Bollywood Box-Office Report of the Week|publisher=Glamsham.com|date=18 September 2014|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> In its first week, Finding Fanny collected a total of {{INRConvert|281|m}} crore.<ref name="collection"/>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipients and nominees
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| [[7th Mirchi Music Awards]]
| Best Background Score
| [[Mathias Duplessy]]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi2014/nominations/|title=Nominations - Mirchi Music Awards 2014|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-04-15}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{BH movie|finding-fanny}}

{{Homi Adajania}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Finding Fanny}}
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 English-language films]]
[[Category:2010s comedy road movies]]
[[Category:Fox Star Studios films]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:2010s avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Indian adventure comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy road movies]]
[[Category:2014 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian drama road movies]]
[[Category:Maddock Films films]]

List of Jamshedpur FC players

2026-03-21T18:34:31Z

Veronairy: made a entry!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur Football Club]] is a professional [[association football]] club based in [[Jamshedpur]], [[India]], that plays in [[Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1159-jamshedpur-fc-profile|title=Jamshedpur FC|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref> The club was formed in 2017 and played its first competitive match on 18 November 2017, and hold [[NorthEast United FC]] 0–0 tie.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/19964-northeast-united-fc-vs-jamshedpur-fc|title=MATCH 2|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref>

==List of players==
The list includes all the players registered under an [[Jamshedpur FC]] contract. Some players might not have featured in a professional game for the club.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Name!!{{Tooltip| Nat| Player nationality}}!!{{abbr|Pos|Position}}{{ref label|Positions|NB|}}!!Jamshedpur FC career!! data-sort-type="number"|{{abbr|Apps|Appearances}}!! data-sort-type="number"|Goals!!class="unsortable"|Ref
|-
|align="left"|[[Subrata Pal]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2017–2020|||49||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/942559/isl-goalkeeper-subrata-pal-shines-as-jamshedpur-fc-hold-bengaluru-fc-to-0-0-draw|title=ISL: Goalkeeper Subrata Pal shines as Jamshedpur FC hold Bengaluru FC to 0-0 draw|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.scroll.in|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Sanjiban Ghosh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2017-2018|||2||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/jamshedpur-fc-pick-experienced-indian-players-isl-draft/110868/|title=Jamshedpur FC pick experienced Indian players in ISL draft|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.avenuemail.in|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[André Bikey]]|| {{flagicon|CMR}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2017-2018|||17||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-super-league-jamshedpur-fc-set-to-rope-in-andre-bikey/pmyc00t8vvec1qi1khdzrlakr|title=Indian Super League: Jamshedpur FC set to rope in Andre Bikey|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Tiri (footballer)|Tiri]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2017-2020|||49||3||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://superpowerfootball.com/sameehg-doutie-signs-for-jamshedpur-fc/|title=SAMEEHG DOUTIE SIGNS FOR JAMSHEDPUR FC!|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Yudhveer Singh Sisodia|date=8 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-jamshedpur-fc-tiri-mimi-contract-extension/1dsl18250dzf81aenw59rtznee|title=Tiri and Memo set to sign contract extensions with Jamshedpur FC|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.goal.com|language=en|date=26 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Sairuat Kima]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2017-2018|||1||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2018-sairuat-kima-gursimrat-singh-gill-sign-for-bengaluru-fc|title=ISL 2018: Sairuat Kima, Gursimrat Singh Gill sign for Bengaluru FC|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.goal.com|language=en|date=20 December 2019|author=Akshat Mehrish}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Anas Edathodika]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2017-2018|||10||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/IndianSuperLeague/posts/jamshedpur-fcs-defensive-wall-anas-edathodika-on-what-he-expects-from-a-longer-h/872384676270790/|title=Jamshedpur FC's defensive wall Anas Edathodika on what he expects from a longer #HeroISL & more!|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|date=}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Robin Gurung]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2017-2020|||26||0||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-robin-gurung-extends-contract-with-jamshedpur-fc/articleshow/69146963.cms|title=ISL: Robin Gurung extends contract with Jamshedpur FC|access-date=2022-08-14|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|date=2 May 2019|agency=PTI}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Shouvik Ghosh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2017-2018|||10||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/defender-10666-shouvik-debkumar-ghosh-profile|title=Shouvik Ghosh|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Yumnam Raju]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2017-2019|||16||2||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arunfoot.com/yumnam-raju-signs-contract-extension-till-2019-with-jamshedpur-fc/|title=Yumnam Raju signs contract extension with Jamshedpur FC till 2020 |access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.arunfoot.com|language=en|date=28 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Memo (footballer)|Memo]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2017-2020|||57||3||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/memo-commits-to-jamshedpur-football-club|title=Memo commits to Jamshedpur Football Club|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|language=en|date=26 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Mehtab Hossain]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2017-2018|||13||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-jamshedpur-fc-sign-subhasish-roy-chowdhury/1a4rdg1mvnzyy1if7hwn2bcvso|title=ISL: Jamshedpur FC sign Subhasish Roy Chowdhury, retain Mehtab Hossain|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.goal.com|language=en|date=24 March 2018|author=Nisanth V Easwar}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Matheus Gonçalves]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2017-2018|||17||4||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/jamshedpur-fc-sign-brazilian-midfielder-matheus-goncalves/articleshow/60326529.cms|title=Jamshedpur FC sign Brazilian midfielder Matheus Goncalves|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en|date=1 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Souvik Chakrabarti]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2017-2018|||18||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/player/souvik-chakraborty|title=Souvik Chakraborty|access-date=2022-08-14|publisher=Khel Now|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Bikash Jairu]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2017-2020|||35||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-northeast-united-jamshedpur-fc-produce-six-goal-thriller/articleshow/74070128.cms|title=ISL: NorthEast United, Jamshedpur FC produce six-goal thriller |access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en|date=10 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Siddharth Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017-2018|||5||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/forward-31822-siddharth-singh-profile|title=Siddharth Singh|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Jerry Mawihmingthanga]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017-2019|||30||1||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-delhi-dynamos-jerry-mawihmingthanga-jamshedpur-fc/ifyhlek8t5oe15yd2r3c3wctn|title=ISL: Delhi Dynamos set to sign Jamshedpur's Jerry Mawihmingthanga|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Ritabrata Banerjee}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Farukh Choudhary]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017–present|||54||3||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/isl-2019-20-breaking-farukh-choudhary-going-join-mumbai-city-fc/|title=ISL 2019-20 BREAKING: Farukh Choudhary going to join Mumbai City FC|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.thebridge.in|language=en|author= Prachyaprachetah Sarkar|date=16 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Sameehg Doutie]]|| {{flagicon|RSA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017-2018|||7||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-sameehg-doutie-signs-for-jamshedpur-fc/mw4ihlnt6mhc18m7k50eawfvt|title=ISL 2017: Sameehg Doutie signs for Jamshedpur FC|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.goal.com|language=en|date=8 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Ashim Biswas (footballer)|Ashim Biswas]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017-2018|||8||2||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-ashim-biswas-jamshedpur-fc-tata/1h8cifypla3nuzazqji6oc16b|title=ISL 2017: Forgotten star Ashim Biswas eyes redemption at Jamshedpur FC|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.goal.com|language=en|date=2017-05-09|author=Ritabrata Banerjee}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Izu Azuka]]|| {{flagicon|NGR}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017-2018|||17||3||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/forward-35064-izu-azuka-profile|title=Izu Azuka|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Kervens Belfort]]|| {{flagicon|HTI}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017-2018|||16||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-kervens-belfort-signs-for-jamshedpur-fc/1jekla0lbup0v1nxkdyi5opq8c|title=ISL 2017: Former Kerala Blasters star Kervens Belfort signs for Jamshedpur FC|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.goal.com|language=en|date=18 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Sumit Passi]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017-2020|||30||3||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2018-sumeet-passi-and-farukh-choudhary-sign-2-year-extensions-at-jamshedpur-fc|title=ISL 2018: Sumeet Passi and Farukh Choudhary sign 2-year extensions at Jamshedpur FC|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en|date=20 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Rafique Ali Sardar]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2017-2020|||6||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arunfoot.com/mohammed-rafique-ali-sardar-signs-jamshedpur-fc-extension-till-2020/|title=Mohammed Rafique Ali Sardar signs Jamshedpur FC extension till 2020!|access-date=2020-03-24|website=www.arunfoot.com|language=en|date=22 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Karan Amin]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2018–present|||8||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arunfoot.com/isl-jamshedpur-fc-extend-contract-of-karan-amin-until-2020/|title=ISL: Jamshedpur FC extend contract of Karan Amin until 2020!|access-date=2020-03-24|website=www.arunfoot.com|language=en|date=13 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Wellington Priori]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018|||11||3||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-18-jamshedpur-fc-wellington-priori-midfielder/j5upl3o234xt17pqblnqrvrzo|title=ISL 2017-18: Jamshedpur FC announce signing of midfielder Wellington Priori|access-date=2020-03-24|website=www.goal.com|language=en|date=4 January 2018|author=Ritabrata Banerjee}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/wellington-signs-one-year-extension-with-jamshedpur-fc|title=Wellington signs one-year extension with Jamshedpur FC|access-date=2020-03-24|website=www.goal.com|language=en|date=21 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Talla N'Diaye]]|| {{flagicon|SEN}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017-2018|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-jamshedpur-fc-sign-senegalese-striker-talla-ndiaye/tvfw2kkxn2s31e00ss2uvyvz7|title=ISL 2017: Jamshedpur FC sign Senegalese striker Talla N’diaye|access-date=2020-03-24|website=www.goal.com|language=en|date=1 September 2017|author=Nisanth V Easwar}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Subhasish Roy Chowdhury]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2018-2019|||3||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-jamshedpur-fc-sign-subhasish-roy-chowdhury/1a4rdg1mvnzyy1if7hwn2bcvso|title=ISL: Jamshedpur FC sign Subhasish Roy Chowdhury, retain Mehtab Hossain|access-date=2020-03-24|website=www.goal.com|language=en|date=24 March 2018|author=Nisanth V Easwar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/subhasish-roy-chowdhury-signs-for-jamshedpur-football-club|title=Subhasish Roy Chowdhury signs for Jamshedpur Football Club|access-date=2020-03-24|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|language=en|date=26 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Raju Gaikwad]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2018-2019|||5||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/raju-gaikwad-signs-for-jamshedpur-football-club|title=Raju Gaikwad signs for Jamshedpur Football Club|access-date=2020-03-24|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|language=en|date=6 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Pratik Chaudhari]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2018-2019|||10||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-season-2018-jamshedpur-sign-pratik-chowdhary|title=Jamshedpur acquire services of Delhi Dynamos defender Pratik Chowdhary|access-date=2020-03-24|website=www.khelnow.com|language=en|date=17 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Augustin Fernandes]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2019-2020|||3||1||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2018-19-jamshedpur-fc-sign-augustin-fernandes/18xmj9p9lkdvu1d31vs34lfha8|title=ISL 2018-19: Jamshedpur FC set to sign Augustin Fernandes|access-date=2020-03-24|website=www.goal.com|language=en|date=25 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Dhanachandra Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2018-2019|||9||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/dhanachandra-singh-signs-for-jamshedpur-football-club|title=Dhanachandra Singh signs for Jamshedpur Football Club|access-date=2020-03-24|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|language=en|date=14 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|Swarup Das|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018-2019|||1||0||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/players/61070-swarup-das|title=Player Profile|website=Jamshedpur Football Club}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|Asifullah Khan|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018-2019|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scores24.live/en/soccer/p-asifullah-khan|title=Asifullah Khan|access-date=2020-03-24|website=www.scores24.live|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Sergio Cidoncha]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018-2019|||13||4||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-football-club-sign-carlos-calvo-pablo-morgado-and-sergio-cidoncha|title=Jamshedpur Football Club sign Carlos Calvo, Pablo Morgado and Sergio Cidoncha|access-date=2020-03-24|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|date=10 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Mario Arqués]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018-2019|||18||3||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-sign-spanish-midfielder-mario-arques-blasco|title=Jamshedpur FC sign Spanish midfielder Mario Arques Blasco|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|date=3 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Malsawmzuala]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018-2019|||4||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/IndSuperLeague/status/1042758701956968448|title=With a new head coach in the dugout and proven #HeroISL recruits - @WorldATK have made their intentions clear ahead of the new season Trophy|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.twitter.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Tim Cahill]]|| {{flagicon|AUS}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018-2019|||11||2||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-football-club-sign-australian-legend|title=Jamshedpur Football Club sign Australian legend & superstar Tim Cahill|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|date=1 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Carlos Calvo (footballer, born 1985)|Carlos Calvo]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018-2020|||16||5||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-football-club-sign-carlos-calvo-pablo-morgado-and-sergio-cidoncha|title=Jamshedpur Football Club sign Carlos Calvo, Pablo Morgado and Sergio Cidoncha|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|date=10 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1159-jamshedpur-fc-profile/press-releases/jamshedpur-fc-sign-carlos-calvo-pablo-morgado-and-sergio-cidoncha|title=Jamshedpur FC sign Carlos Calvo, Pablo Morgado and Sergio Cidoncha|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|date=10 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Michael Soosairaj]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018-2019|||14||4||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-sign-michael-soosairaj-from-chennai-city-fc|title=Jamshedpur FC sign Michael Soosairaj from Chennai City FC|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|date=9 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Mobashir Rahman]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2018–present|||22||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/925469/isl-local-boy-mobashir-rahmans-pens-three-year-contract-extraction-with-jamshedpur-fc|title=ISL: Local boy Mobashir Rahman’s pens three-year contract extension with Jamshedpur FC|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.scroll.in|date=31 May 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/925469/isl-local-boy-mobashir-rahmans-pens-three-year-contract-extraction-with-jamshedpur-fchttp://www.arunfoot.com/mobashir-rahman-signs-a-contract-extension-with-jamshedpur-fc/|title=Mobashir Rahman signs a contract extension with Jamshedpur FC!|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.arunfoot.com|date=31 May 2019|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Pablo Morgado]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2018-2019|||14||4||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/isl-2018-19-jamshedpur-fc-overseas-players/qvdf56gudfbn16g3uv82g3027|title=ISL 2018-19: Who are Jamshedpur FC's foreign signings|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.goal.com|date=3 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1159-jamshedpur-fc-profile/press-releases/jamshedpur-fc-sign-carlos-calvo-pablo-morgado-and-sergio-cidoncha|title=Jamshedpur FC sign Carlos Calvo, Pablo Morgado and Sergio Cidoncha|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|date=10 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Gourav Mukhi]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2018-2020|||4||1||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/gaurav-mukhi-scores-on-return-from-ban-in-jamshedpurs-reserves-game-against-chennaiyan-2323635.html|title=Gaurav Mukhi Scores on Return from Ban in Jamshedpur's Reserves Game against Chennaiyin|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.news18.com|date=27 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|Niraj Kumar|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2019-2020|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1159-jamshedpur-fc-profile/news/jamshedpur-rope-in-young-goalkeeping-sensation-niraj-kumar|title=Jamshedpur rope in young goalkeeping sensation Niraj Kumar|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|date=19 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|Amrit Gope|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2018-2020|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/isl/jamshedpur-fc-will-target-more-tangible-rewards-isl/|title=ISL 2019 Preview: Jamshedpur FC will target more tangible rewards|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.thebridge.in|date=18 October 2019 |language=en|author=Abhranil Roy}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Narender Gahlot]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2019–present|||11||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/narender-gahlot-signs-for-jamshedpur-football-club|title=Narender Gahlot signs for Jamshedpur Football Club|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|date=3 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Jitendra Singh (footballer)|Jitendra Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2019–present|||8||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/narender-gahlot-signs-for-jamshedpur-football-club|title=Narender Gahlot signs for Jamshedpur Football Club|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|date=3 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Joyner Lourenco]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2019–present|||10||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-jamshedpur-fc-announce-signing-of-centre-back-joyner-lourenco|title=Indian Football: Jamshedpur FC announce signing of centre-back Joyner Lourenco|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.sportskeeda.com|date=20 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Sandip Mandi]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2020–present|||7||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-sign-back-gourav-mukhi-and-promote-sandip-mandi-to-the-first-team|title=Jamshedpur FC sign back Gourav Mukhi and promote Sandip Mandi to the First Team|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|date=6 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Aitor Monroy]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019-2021|||37||1||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/aitor-monroy-rueda-puts-pen-to-paper-for-jamshedpur|title=Aitor Monroy Rueda puts pen to paper for Jamshedpur|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|date=19 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Noé Acosta]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019-2020|||15||3||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/jamshedpur-sign-spanish-midfielder-noe-acosta-on-a-one-year-deal|title=Jamshedpur sign Spanish midfielder Noe Acosta on a one-year deal|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|date=4 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[C. K. Vineeth]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019-2020|||10||1||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/ck-vineeth-heads-to-jamshedpur-to-add-experience-to-strike-force|title=CK Vineeth heads to Jamshedpur to add experience to strike force|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|date=26 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Piti (footballer)|Piti]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019-2020|||6||1||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/jamshedpur-sign-veteran-spanish-midfielder-francisco-medina-luna|title=Jamshedpur sign veteran Spanish midfielder Francisco Medina Luna|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|date=29 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Issac Vanmalsawma]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019-2021|||25||1||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/isaac-vanmalsawma-to-don-jamshedpur-colours-in-the-upcoming-season|title=Isaac Vanmalsawma to don Jamshedpur colours in the upcoming season|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|date=5 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Sergio Castel]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019-2020|||11||7||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/jamshedpur-unveil-striker-sergio-castel-as-latest-addition-to-their-attack|title=Jamshedpur unveil striker Sergio Castel as latest addition to their attack|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|date=22 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[David Grande]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019-2021|||14||4||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/jamshedpur-fc-signs-david-grande-indian-super-league-transfer-isl-2019-20-indian-football/article30494192.ece|title=ISL Transfers: Jamshedpur FC ropes in Spanish striker David Grande|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|date=6 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Aniket Jadhav]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2018-2021|||27||2||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/jamshedpur-football-club-sign-india-u17-world-cup-squad-youngsters-aniket-jadhav-and-amarjit-singh|title=Jamshedpur Football Club sign India U17 World Cup squad youngsters Aniket Jadhav and Amarjit Singh|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|date=31 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Amarjit Singh Kiyam]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018-2021|||8||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/jamshedpur-football-club-sign-india-u17-world-cup-squad-youngsters-aniket-jadhav-and-amarjit-singh|title=Jamshedpur Football Club sign India U17 World Cup squad youngsters Aniket Jadhav and Amarjit Singh|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|date=31 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Nerijus Valskis]]|| {{flagicon|LTU}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2020–present|||18||8||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/jamshedpur-fc-sign-hero-isl-golden-boot-winner-nerijus-valskis|title=Jamshedpur FC sign Hero ISL Golden Boot winner Nerijus Valskis|date =21 August 2020 |access-date = 2020-08-21|website =www.indiansuperleague.com|language = en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news18.com/amp/news/sports/jamshedpur-fc-rope-in-isl-golden-boot-winner-valskis-for-two-seasons-2807969.html|title=Jamshedpur FC Rope in ISL Golden Boot Winner Valskis for Two Seasons|date =21 August 2020 |access-date = 2020-08-21|website =www.news18.com|language = en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/jamshedpur-fc-rope-in-isl-golden-boot-winner-valskis-for-2-seasons/articleshow/77678649.cms|title=Jamshedpur FC rope in ISL Golden Boot winner Valskis for 2 seasons|date =21 August 2020 |access-date = 2020-08-21|website =www.m.timesofindia|language = en|author= Sourav Mondak}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/a-golden-acquisition-for-jamshedpur-fc-as-the-lethal-isl-golden-boot-winner-nerijus-valskis-pens-a-two-year-deal|title=Jamshedpur FC sign ISL Golden Boot winner Nerka Valskis|date =21 August 2020 |access-date = 2020-08-24|website =www.fcjamshedpur.com|language = en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Alex (footballer, born December 1988)|Alex Lima]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2020–present|||19||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-jamshedpur-fc-sign-alex-lima-official/|title=Jamshedpur FC sign Brazilian midfielder Alex Monteiro de Lima|website=khelnow.com|access-date=31 August 2020|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1990)|Pawan Kumar]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2020–present|||2||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/isl-jamshedpur-fc-rope-in-goalkeeper-pawan-kumar/articleshow/77720936.cms|title=Goalkeeper Pawan Kumar roped in by Jamshedpur FC for upcoming ISL|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=24 August 2020}}
</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Rehenesh TP]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2020–present|||19||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-2020-21-jamshedpur-fc-signs-seasoned-goalkeeper-tp-rehenesh/article32554333.ece|title=ISL 2020-21: Jamshedpur FC signs goalkeeper TP Rehenesh|website=sportster.thehindu.com|accessdate=8 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Peter Hartley (footballer)|Peter Hartley]]|| {{flagicon|ENG}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2020–present|||19||2||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-add-defensive-solidity-with-peter-hartley|title=Jamshedpur add defensive solidity with Peter Hartley|website=fcjamshedpur.com|access-date=6 September 2020|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Stephen Eze]]|| {{flagicon|NGA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2020–present|||20||4||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/nigerian-international-stephen-eze-joins-jamshedpur|title=Nigerian International Stephen Eze joins Jamshedpur|access-date=10 September 2020|website=fcjamshedpur.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[William Lalnunfela]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2020–present|||11||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-sign-william-lalnunfela-and-bhupender-singh|title=Jamshedpur sign William Lalnunfela and Bhupender Singh|access-date=13 September 2020|website=fcjamshedpur.com}}</ref>
|}

==Notable foreign internationals==

*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tim Cahill]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-football-club-sign-australian-legend|title=Jamshedpur Football Club sign Australian legend & superstar Tim Cahill|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|date=1 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==List of overseas players==
The list includes all the overseas players registered under an [[Jamshedpur FC]] contract. Some players might not have featured in a professional game for the club.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Name!!{{Tooltip| Nat| Player nationality}}!!{{abbr|Pos|Position}}{{ref label|Positions|NB|}}!!Jamshedpur FC career!! data-sort-type="number"|{{abbr|Apps|Appearances}}!! data-sort-type="number"|Goals!!class="unsortable"|Ref
|-
|align="left"|[[André Bikey]]|| {{flagicon|CMR}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2017-2018|||17||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-super-league-jamshedpur-fc-set-to-rope-in-andre-bikey/pmyc00t8vvec1qi1khdzrlakr|title=Indian Super League: Jamshedpur FC set to rope in Andre Bikey|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Tiri (footballer)|Tiri]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2017-2020|||49||3||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://superpowerfootball.com/sameehg-doutie-signs-for-jamshedpur-fc/|title=SAMEEHG DOUTIE SIGNS FOR JAMSHEDPUR FC!|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Yudhveer Singh Sisodia|date=8 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-jamshedpur-fc-tiri-mimi-contract-extension/1dsl18250dzf81aenw59rtznee|title=Tiri and Memo set to sign contract extensions with Jamshedpur FC|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.goal.com|language=en|date=26 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Memo (footballer)|Memo]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2017–present|||57||3||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/memo-commits-to-jamshedpur-football-club|title=Memo commits to Jamshedpur Football Club|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|language=en|date=26 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Matheus Gonçalves]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2017-2018|||17||4||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/jamshedpur-fc-sign-brazilian-midfielder-matheus-goncalves/articleshow/60326529.cms|title=Jamshedpur FC sign Brazilian midfielder Matheus Goncalves|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en|date=1 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Sameehg Doutie]]|| {{flagicon|RSA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017-2018|||7||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-sameehg-doutie-signs-for-jamshedpur-fc/mw4ihlnt6mhc18m7k50eawfvt|title=ISL 2017: Sameehg Doutie signs for Jamshedpur FC|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.goal.com|language=en|date=8 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Izu Azuka]]|| {{flagicon|NGR}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017-2018|||17||3||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/forward-35064-izu-azuka-profile|title=Izu Azuka|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Kervens Belfort]]|| {{flagicon|HTI}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017-2018|||16||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-kervens-belfort-signs-for-jamshedpur-fc/1jekla0lbup0v1nxkdyi5opq8c|title=ISL 2017: Former Kerala Blasters star Kervens Belfort signs for Jamshedpur FC|access-date=2020-03-23|website=www.goal.com|language=en|date=18 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Wellington Priori]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018|||11||3||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-18-jamshedpur-fc-wellington-priori-midfielder/j5upl3o234xt17pqblnqrvrzo|title=ISL 2017-18: Jamshedpur FC announce signing of midfielder Wellington Priori|access-date=2020-03-24|website=www.goal.com|language=en|date=4 January 2018|author=Ritabrata Banerjee}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/wellington-signs-one-year-extension-with-jamshedpur-fc|title=Wellington signs one-year extension with Jamshedpur FC|access-date=2020-03-24|website=www.goal.com|language=en|date=21 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Talla N'Diaye]]|| {{flagicon|SEN}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017-2018|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-jamshedpur-fc-sign-senegalese-striker-talla-ndiaye/tvfw2kkxn2s31e00ss2uvyvz7|title=ISL 2017: Jamshedpur FC sign Senegalese striker Talla N’diaye|access-date=2020-03-24|website=www.goal.com|language=en|date=1 September 2017|author=Nisanth V Easwar}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Sergio Cidoncha]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018-2019|||13||4||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-football-club-sign-carlos-calvo-pablo-morgado-and-sergio-cidoncha|title=Jamshedpur Football Club sign Carlos Calvo, Pablo Morgado and Sergio Cidoncha|access-date=2020-03-24|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|date=10 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Mario Arqués]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018-2019|||18||3||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-sign-spanish-midfielder-mario-arques-blasco|title=Jamshedpur FC sign Spanish midfielder Mario Arques Blasco|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|date=3 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Tim Cahill]]|| {{flagicon|AUS}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018-2019|||11||2||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-football-club-sign-australian-legend|title=Jamshedpur Football Club sign Australian legend & superstar Tim Cahill|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|date=1 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Carlos Calvo (footballer, born 1985)|Carlos Calvo]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018-2020|||16||5||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-football-club-sign-carlos-calvo-pablo-morgado-and-sergio-cidoncha|title=Jamshedpur Football Club sign Carlos Calvo, Pablo Morgado and Sergio Cidoncha|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|date=10 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1159-jamshedpur-fc-profile/press-releases/jamshedpur-fc-sign-carlos-calvo-pablo-morgado-and-sergio-cidoncha|title=Jamshedpur FC sign Carlos Calvo, Pablo Morgado and Sergio Cidoncha|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|date=10 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Pablo Morgado]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2018-2019|||14||4||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/isl-2018-19-jamshedpur-fc-overseas-players/qvdf56gudfbn16g3uv82g3027|title=ISL 2018-19: Who are Jamshedpur FC's foreign signings|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.goal.com|date=3 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1159-jamshedpur-fc-profile/press-releases/jamshedpur-fc-sign-carlos-calvo-pablo-morgado-and-sergio-cidoncha|title=Jamshedpur FC sign Carlos Calvo, Pablo Morgado and Sergio Cidoncha|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.fcjamshedpur.com|date=10 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|-
|align="left"|[[Aitor Monroy]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–present|||18||1||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/aitor-monroy-rueda-puts-pen-to-paper-for-jamshedpur|title=Aitor Monroy Rueda puts pen to paper for Jamshedpur|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|date=19 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Noé Acosta]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–present|||15||3||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/jamshedpur-sign-spanish-midfielder-noe-acosta-on-a-one-year-deal|title=Jamshedpur sign Spanish midfielder Noe Acosta on a one-year deal|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|date=4 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Piti (footballer)|Piti]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–present|||6||1||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/jamshedpur-sign-veteran-spanish-midfielder-francisco-medina-luna|title=Jamshedpur sign veteran Spanish midfielder Francisco Medina Luna|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|date=29 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Sergio Castel]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019–present|||11||7||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/jamshedpur-unveil-striker-sergio-castel-as-latest-addition-to-their-attack|title=Jamshedpur unveil striker Sergio Castel as latest addition to their attack|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|date=22 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[David Grande]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019–present|||8||1||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/jamshedpur-fc-signs-david-grande-indian-super-league-transfer-isl-2019-20-indian-football/article30494192.ece|title=ISL Transfers: Jamshedpur FC ropes in Spanish striker David Grande|access-date=2020-03-25|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|date=6 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Nerijus Valskis]]|| {{flagicon|LTU}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2020–present|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/jamshedpur-fc-sign-hero-isl-golden-boot-winner-nerijus-valskis|title=Jamshedpur FC sign Hero ISL Golden Boot winner Nerijus Valskis|date =21 August 2020 |access-date = 2020-08-21|website =www.indiansuperleague.com|language = en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news18.com/amp/news/sports/jamshedpur-fc-rope-in-isl-golden-boot-winner-valskis-for-two-seasons-2807969.html|title=Jamshedpur FC Rope in ISL Golden Boot Winner Valskis for Two Seasons|date =21 August 2020 |access-date = 2020-08-21|website =www.news18.com|language = en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/jamshedpur-fc-rope-in-isl-golden-boot-winner-valskis-for-2-seasons/articleshow/77678649.cms|title=Jamshedpur FC rope in ISL Golden Boot winner Valskis for 2 seasons|date =21 August 2020 |access-date = 2020-08-21|website =www.m.timesofindia|language = en|author= Sourav Mondak}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/a-golden-acquisition-for-jamshedpur-fc-as-the-lethal-isl-golden-boot-winner-nerijus-valskis-pens-a-two-year-deal|title=Jamshedpur FC sign ISL Golden Boot winner Nerka Valskis|date =21 August 2020 |access-date = 2020-08-24|website =www.fcjamshedpur.com|language = en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Alex (footballer, born December 1988)|Alex Lima]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2020–present|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-jamshedpur-fc-sign-alex-lima-official/|title=Jamshedpur FC sign Brazilian midfielder Alex Monteiro de Lima|website=khelnow.com|access-date=31 August 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2020-21-jamshedpur-fc-sign-brazilian-alex-monteiro-de/1qkrkwyvs5smf13vdxjymywo16|title=ISL 2020-21: Jamshedpur FC recruit Brazilian midfielder Alexandre Monteiro de Lima|website=goal.com|access-date=31 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Peter Hartley (footballer)|Peter Hartley]]|| {{flagicon|ENG}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2020–present|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-add-defensive-solidity-with-peter-hartley|title=Jamshedpur add defensive solidity with Peter Hartley|website=fcjamshedpur.com|access-date=6 September 2020|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Stephen Eze]]|| {{flagicon|NGA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2020–present|||0||0||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/nigerian-international-stephen-eze-joins-jamshedpur|title=Nigerian International Stephen Eze joins Jamshedpur|access-date=10 September 2020|website=fcjamshedpur.com}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jamshedpur FC}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamshedpur FC players}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:Lists of footballers in India by club]]
[[Category:Jamshedpur FC players|*]]
[[Category:Jamshedpur-related lists]]
[[Category:Association football player non-biographical articles]]

Kanana, Balotra

2026-03-20T09:02:24Z

Veronairy: starting new entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kanana
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = File:Sheetla Mata Temple (Kanana, Balotra).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =Sheetla Mata Temple (Kanana, [[Balotra]])
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|48|15|N|72|24|33|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Balotra district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for =
| government_type = Democratic
| governing_body =
[[Grampanchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5668
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi Language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=16 October 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017|pages=34–35}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Balotra]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kanana''' is a village located in [[Pachpadra]] Tehsil of [[Balotra district]], [[Rajasthan]], India, with total 965 families residing. The Kanana village has population of 5,668 of which 2,824 are males while 2,844 are females as per Population Census 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanana Village Population - Pachpadra - Barmer, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/87438-kanana-rajasthan.html |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Kanana Pin Code - 344027, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search barmer Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/barmer/kanana-pincode-344027.html |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=VAISHNAV |first=PRAKASH |date=2024-08-14 |title=उप मुख्यमंत्री दिया कुमारी ने किया वीर दुर्गादास राठौड़ की मूर्ति का अनावरण » Marwad Ka Mitra |url=https://marwadkamitra.in/jaipur/deputy-chief-minister-diya-kumari-unveiled-the-statue-of-brave-durgadas-rathod/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |language=en-UScn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-16 |title=कनाना में 1008 कुंडीय महायज्ञ व मां सरस्वती मंदिर प्राण-प्रतिष्ठा महोत्सव 22 से 24 मार्च तक » Balotra News™ -बालोतरा न्यूज़ |url=https://balotranews.com/1008-kundiya-mahayagya-and-maa-saraswati-temple-pran-pratishtha-mahotsav-in-kanana-from-22-to-24-march/ |access-date=2026-03-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Sri Lalitha Tripurasundari Mahayagya,(Kanana, Balotra).jpg|thumb|Sri Lalitha Tripurasundari Mahayagya,(Kanana, Balotra)]]

==Gellery==
[[File:Kanana, village Balotra.jpg|thumb|Kanana, village Balotra]]

[[File:Kanana.jpg|thumb|Kanana]]
==External links==
{{Commons category|Kanana, Balotra}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Balotra district]]

{{Jaipurdivision-geo-stub}}

Mahatma Phule Mandai metro station

2026-03-19T16:39:54Z

Veronairy: made details

{{short description|Pune Metro's Purple Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Mahatma Phule Mandai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Pune Metro Infobox station line|line = Purple}}
| style = Pune Metro
| image = Side view of Mandai metro station illuminated.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = [[Shukrawar Peth, Pune]], Maharashtra 411002
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.51302|73.85689|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Pune Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Pune Metro|Purple|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Island platform]] Platform-1 → [[Swargate metro station|Swargate]] Platform-2 → [[PCMC Bhavan metro station|PCMC Bhavan]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = Underground, [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = MNA
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2024|09|29}}
| closed = 
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Pune Metro|line=Purple|left1=Kasba Peth|to-left1=PCMC Bhavan|right=Swargate|to-right1=Swargate}}
| route_map = {{Pune Metro Purple Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Purple}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Mahatma Phule Mandai''' (until Dec. 2025 just '''Mandai''') is an underground metro station on the north–south corridor of the [[Purple Line (Pune Metro)|Purple Line]] of [[Pune Metro]] in [[Pune]], India. The station was opened on 29 September 2024 as the final extension of Pune Metro Phase I.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PM to inaugurate Pune Metro section of District Court to Swargate|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2059884|date=2024-09-28 |access-date=2024-09-29 |work=pib.gov.in}}</ref> It was originally named after the towns district Mandai, which is surrounding it.

As per the initial plan, Mahatma Phule Mandai station is the longest among other Pune Metro stations spanning 248m long.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-07 |title=The long and short of underground Metro |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/the-long-and-short-of-underground-metro/articleshow/64890423.cms |access-date=2024-10-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The work on this station began after the commercial establishments which encroached the area were cleared by the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] from the allocated space for construction.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dastane |first=Sarang |date=2020-03-02 |title=100 vendors sell wares amid Mandai metro station work |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/100-vendors-sell-wares-amid-mandai-metro-station-work/articleshow/74431402.cms |access-date=2024-10-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gadkari |first=Siddharth |date=29 May 2021 |title=Mandai metro station work to begin after PMC clears encroachments |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/mandai-metro-station-work-to-begin-after-pmc-clears-encroachments-101622307092234.html |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Two parallel tunnels being dug from [[Swargate metro station]] reached here in December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dastane |first=Sarang |date=23 December 2021 |title=Tunnelling And Station Work For Metro In Mandai Gain Speed |url=https://timesproperty.com/article/post/tunnelling-and-station-work-for-metro-in-mandai-gain-speed-blid1423 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> In June 2022, Maha-Metro had placed iron decking on a patch of a road near the site to continue the subway excavation work without affecting the traffic movement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hindocha |first=Jigar |date=20 June 2022 |title=Maha-Metro places iron decking near Mandai underground metro station |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/mahametro-places-iron-decking-near-mandai-underground-metro-station-101655663797628.html |archive-url= |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> After the inauguration of the metro services at this station, the PMC undertook a {{Indian rupee|1.25}} crore plan to improve the surrounding area of Mandai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Urunkar |first=Salil |date=2024-10-15 |title=Mahatma Phule Mandai to Get Rs. 1.25 Crore Makeover Following Metro Inauguration |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/news/mahatma-phule-mandai-to-get-rs-125-crore-makeover-following-metro-inauguration |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=The Bridge Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

A fire had broken out at the metro station around midnight on 21 October 2024. It was caused due to the insulating foam material in the air-conditioning ducts which caught the sparks from the ongoing welding work. No injuries were reported due this incident and the train operations resumed at the scheduled time of 6am later in the day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-21 |title=Welding sparks set off fire at Pune’s Mandai Metro station; no one injured |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/fire-breaks-out-at-punes-mandai-metro-station-due-to-welding-sparks/articleshow/114434964.cms |access-date=2024-10-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In December 2025, the station was renamed into Mahatma Phule Mandai to honour the well-known [[social reformer]] [[Jyotirao Phule]], which lived nearby.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune: Mali Mahasangha Stages Protest Demanding Mandai Metro Station Be Named After Mahatma Phule |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/pune-mali-mahasangha-stages-protest-demanding-mandai-metro-station-be-named-after-mahatma-phule |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mypunepulse.com/pune-metro-renames-three-stations-after-citizen-campaign-mandai-now-honours-mahatma-phule/ |title=Pune Metro Renames Three Stations After Citizen Campaign; Mandai Now Honours Mahatma Phule |date=2025-12-22 |work=Pune Pulse |access-date=2026-03-19}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Mahatma Phule Mandai track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Purple}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = HSTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Kasba Peth}}
*'''P2'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P1'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Swargate}}
HSTg\HSTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=510 valign=top|Exit/ Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''M'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Mezzanine
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=510|Towards → [[Swargate metro station|Swargate]] '''Next Station:''' [[Swargate metro station|Swargate]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="510" |Towards ← [[PCMC Bhavan metro station|PCMC Bhavan]] '''Next Station:''' [[Kasba Peth metro station|Kasba Peth]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Pune]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid Transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|http://www.punemetrorail.org/station/mandai/}}

{{Pune Metro}}

[[Category:Pune Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2024]]

Velu Thampi Dalawa

2026-03-15T08:48:58Z

Veronairy:

{{short description|Diwan of Travancore}}
{{For|the 1962 Malayalam film|Veluthampi Dalawa (film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2022}}
{{Keralahistory}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Velu Thampi Dalawa
| honorific-suffix =
| image = File:Veluthampi.JPG
| imagesize =
| caption = Statue of Veluthampi Dalawa at Mannadi in [[Adoor]]
| office1 = [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of [[Kingdom of Travancore]]
| term_start1 = 1802
| term_end1 = 1809
| monarch1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri]]
| successor1 = Ummini Thampi
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| monarch2 = [[Avittom Thirunal Balarama Varma|Balarama Varma]]
| birth_date = 6 May 1765
| birth_place = [[Thalakulam]], [[Travancore]]
| death_date = 1809
| death_place = [[Mannadi]], [[Travancore]]
| parents = Manakkara Kunju Mayatti Pillai Valiyamma Pillai Thankachi
}}

'''Velayudhan Chempakaraman Thampi of''' '''Thalakulam''' (1765–1809) was the [[Dewan|Dalawa]] or Prime Minister of the Indian kingdom of [[Travancore]] between 1802 and 1809 during the reign of [[Balarama Varma|Bala Rama Varma]] Kulasekhara Perumal. He is best known for being one of the earliest individuals to rebel against the [[British East India Company]]'s authority in India.

==Early life==
Velayudhan Thampi was born in a [[Nair]] family to Manakkara Kunju Mayatti [[Pillai (Kerala title)|Pillai]] and his wife Valiyamma Pillai [[Thampi|Thankachi]] of Thalakkulam. He was born on 6 May 1765 in the village of Thalakkulam in Travancore which is in the [[Southern Division (Travancore)|southern district]] of [[Travancore|Travancore State]], Kerala (present day [[Kanyakumari district]], Tamilnadu). His full title was "Valiya Veettil Thampi ''Chempakaraman'' Velayudhan" being from the family that held the ownership of the province and the high title of ''[[Chempakaraman]]'' for their services to the modern state created by Maharajah Marthanda Varma. He was the grandson of Ettmar Varma Thampuran of Thattari Kovilakam, Parappanadu Swarupam.
Velu Thampi, was appointed a ''Kariakkar'' or [[Tahsildar]] at [[Mavelikkara]] during the initial years of the reign of Maharajah Dharmaraja Ramavarma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-O1AAAAIAAJ&q=Valli+Amma+Pilla|title=Dewan Velu Tampi and the British|first=B.|last=Sobhanan|date=27 April 1978|publisher=Kerala Historical Society|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Home-of-the-brave/article14304563.ece|title=Home of the brave|first=Sharat Sunder|last=Rajeev|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 May 2016|via=thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/jun/18/a-real-to-reel-story-of-a-warrior-1829557.html|title=A real to reel story of a warrior|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Rise to Dalawaship==
Bala Rama Varma was one of [[Travancore]]'s least popular sovereigns whose reign was marked by unrest and various internal and external political problems.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TRAVANCORE UNDER BRITISH RULE|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/280251/3/03_chapter1.pdf|website=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in}}</ref> He became rajah at the age of sixteen and fell under the influence of the corrupt nobleman [[Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri]] from the [[Zamorin of Calicut]]'s kingdom. One of the first atrocities of his reign was the deposition, arrest and poisoning of [[Raja Kesavadas]],<ref>P. Shungunny Menon. History of Travancore. Page 245.</ref> the then [[Dewan]] of Travancore. Sankaran Nampoothiri was subsequently appointed Dewan (Prime Minister) assisted by two other ministers. The state treasury was soon empty due to corruption so it was decided to collect money by ordering the [[tahsildar]]s (district officers) to pay large amounts of money which were determined without any reference to the revenue of the districts. Velu Thampi, the [[Tahasildar]](Karyakar) of a southern district, was ordered to pay Rs. 3000 to which he responded that he needed three days to pay. Velu Thampi returned to his district, gathered the people and an uprising ensued. People from all parts of Travancore united to surround the palace and demand the immediate dismissal and banishment of Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri. They also demanded that his two ministers ([[Thachil Matthoo Tharakan|Matthoo Tharakan]], Sankaranarayanan Chetty) be brought to a public place then undergo flogging and have their ears cut off. The punishments were duly carried out and the two ministers were put in jail at [[Trivandrum]]. Velu Thampi was later appointed the Dalawa of Travancore.<ref>P. Shungunny Menon. Thiruvithancore Charitram. (History of Travancore). Page 245-251.</ref>

==Career as Dalawa==
[[Image:Dalava.jpg|thumb|200px|Sculpture of Velu Thampi Dalawa in the Secretariat campus, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]]]
After Velu Thampi became Dalawa of Travancore, he faced serious opposition from two relatives of the late Raja Kesavadas who sought assistance to get rid of him from their associates in [[Bombay]]. These letters were intercepted and presented to the Maharajah in a negative light and he ordered the immediate execution of the two men, Chempakaraman Kumaran Pillai and Erayiman Pillai. Having cleared the way, Velu Thampi became established as the Dalawa with no opposition. The [[Madras Presidency|Madras Government]] sanctioned his appointment within a few months.

Even though Velu Thampi tried to enforce justice, he was not an able statesman like [[Ramayyan Dalawa]] or Raja Kesavadas, his immediate two predecessors. He was not diplomatic, but was of a rebellious, abrasive nature. Within three years of the death of Raja Kesavadas the country was plagued with corruption and various problems caused by the banished Namboodiri Dalawa. Velu Thampi resorted to harsh punishments with a view to improve the situation. Flogging, cutting off of ears and noses as well as nailing people to trees were some of the punishments adopted during his term as Dalawa. He was also very strict in punishing wrong doers. Nevertheless, his harsh measures produced results and peace and order were restored within a year of Velu Thampi's accession to the Dalawaship.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

==Initial intrigues against the Dalawa==
The Dalawa's undue severity and overbearing conduct resulted in resentment amongst the [[Nair]] nobility, the very same people who had assisted his rise to power. A conspiracy was formed against him under the influence of Kunjunilam Pillai, a powerful Travancore cabinet official who succeeded in getting the Maharajah to sign a royal warrant to arrest and immediately execute Velu Thampi Dalawa.<ref>pg 422,The Travancore State Manual, V Nagam Aiyah, Dewan Peischar of Travancore, 1906, Travancore Government Press</ref> The Dalawa was at [[Allepey]] when he received news of the conspiracy and immediately rushed to [[Kochi|Cochin]] to meet the [[British Resident]], Col. [[Colin Macaulay]], who, by that time, had become a good friend. Col. Macaulay had already received evidence that Kunjunilam Pillai had a major hand in the murder of Raja Kesavadas and therefore he armed Dalawa Velu Thampi with a small force of British soldiers and sent him to Trivandrum to investigate Kunjunilam Pillai's conspiracy. Pillai was found guilty of murder and conspiracy and punished accordingly. With this obstacle removed, Velu Thampi regained his former influence.<ref>pg 423,The Travancore State Manual, V Nagam Aiyah, Dewan Peischar of Travancore, 1906, Travancore Government Press</ref>{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

==Mutiny of the Nair troops==
The armies of Travancore consisted mainly of members of the [[Nair]] group of castes. Velu Thampi's 1804 proposal to reduce their allowances was met with immediate discontent. The troops believed that the idea had come from the British and immediately resolved to assassinate both Col. Macaulay and Velu Thampi. Velu Thampi fled again back to [[Kochi|Cochin]] to seek refuge with Col. Macaulay. The Nairs marched to Trivandrum with a ten thousand strong army of sepoys and demanded that the Maharajah immediately dismiss the Dalawa and end any alliance with the British. Meanwhile, the Resident and the Dalawa collected forces at Cochin and, assisted by the Carnatic Brigade, marched to Trivandrum and put an end to the mutiny. Several of its leaders were executed in the most gruesome manner. One Krishna Pillai, a commander of a regiment, had his legs tied to two elephants which were then driven in opposite directions, tearing his body into two, in the presence of the Dalawa; even at that time, Krishna Pillai was riposting Velu Thambi's tuants with harsh criticism of his own against Thambi.<ref>pg 424,The Travancore State Manual, V Nagam Aiyah, Dewan Peischar of Travancore, 1906, Travancore Government Press</ref><ref>Page 309,P. Shungunny Menon. Thiruvithancore Charitram. (History of Travancore), Higginbotham and Co, Madras, 1878</ref>

==Alliance with the British==
The Treaty signed with the British East India Company by the popular Maharajah [[Dharma Raja]] Rama Varma in 1795 was revised in what is known as the Treaty of 1805 (according to the English East India Company's policy of "Subordinate Isolation") after the insurrection of the Nair troops in Travancore. It increased the British Indian force stationed in Travancore and the amount of money to be paid as tribute to the British, though the expenditure of the State in maintaining its own standing army was drastically cut. This was the main change brought about in the Treaty of 1805.<ref>pages 312-317, Page 309,P. Shungunny Menon. Thiruvithancore Charitram. (History of Travancore), Higginbotham and Co, Madras, 1878</ref>{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

==The state of affairs immediately prior to the war==
The Tranvancore-British Alliance had started in 1730s when the British had supported Travancore against the Dutch during the [[Travancore-Dutch War]]. This relationship had strengthened considerably during the [[Mysorean invasion of Kerala]], especially during the attack on the [[Battle of the Nedumkotta]] which was used as a ''casus belli'' by the British against Mysore, since the action against Travancore breached the clauses of [[Treaty of Mangalore]] between Mysore and the British which had provided protection, thus leading to the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]. The British forces marched on to Mysore in aid of Tranvancore and Tipu lost the war.

After the Mysore wars and the death of [[Tipu Sultan]], Travancore, owing to all its internal problems and external wars of the previous decades, found herself facing a serious financial crisis. The ratification of the Treaty with the British by Velu Thampi was intended to help Tranvancore improve its finances significantly, but the action created serious discontent as it increased the dependence of Travancore on the British and also made it indebted to the English Company. In spite of being fully aware of the financial crisis in Travancore, the Resident, Col. Macaulay, pressed Dalawa Velu Thampi for immediate payment of the large amount of the agreed war costs and the expenses of putting down the mutiny of the Nair troops. The Dalawa instigated the Majarajah to write to the Madras government requesting the recall of the Resident and appointment of a new Resident; this request was denied. But this action, perceived as ingratitude by Col. Macaulay who had twice saved Dalawa Thampi, irrevocably broke down the friendship between the former friends. The Resident pressurised the Dalawa for payments immediately.

The Dalawa was now also disillusioned with the British whom he had considered as friends and who considered any "aggression on Travancore as an aggression on themselves" as per the previous treaties. His frustruation materialised in the form of the assassination of the ambassador of the Resident in the Tranvancore court. The Maharajah, who by now also had reasons to be cautious of his Dalawa, had communicated his discontent with the Dalawa to this ambassador, a certain Sthanapathy Subba Iyer. This information was known to the [[Maharajah]]s wife, Arumana Amma, a noblewomen of the Arumana Ammaveedu family. She was a lady of influence, who apparently communicated Royal secrets to the Dalawa, and she informed the Dalawa of the Maharajah's intention to dismiss him, with support from the Resident. This increased the anger of the Dalawa towards the British. He felt that the Resident, in addition to demanding impossible amounts of money, had now started interfering with the internal affairs of the state.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}. Following this, Subba Iyer, the envoy of the Resident, who had met up with the Dalawa for discussions, was found dead, ostensibly due to a snake bite.<ref>Page 333,P. Shungunny Menon. Thiruvithancore Charitram. (History of Travancore), Higginbotham and Co, Madras, 1878</ref>

At the same time, in the neighbouring [[Kingdom of Cochin]], Paliyath Govindan Achan, the powerful Dalawa of Cochin, was involved in deadly feuds of his own with some of the other Nair nobility of Cochin. He had the army commander-in-chief, along with a previous minister, seized and drowned in the river at Chanamangalom. He then attempted to kidnap and murder his rival and sworn enemy, the finance minister Nadavarampathu Kunju Krishna Menon. The Maharajah of Cochin was forced to give Nadavarampathu Kunju Krishna Menon refuge in his own palace at Vellarapilli and then sent for Col. Macaulay and requested him to protect Kunju Krishna Menon. Col. Macaulay took Kunju Krishna Menon to the British Residence at Cochin under his own protection.<ref>Page 334,P. Shungunny Menon. Thiruvithancore Charitram. (History of Travancore), Higginbotham and Co, Madras, 1878</ref> This act angered Paliyath Achan who then decided to kill not only Kunju Krishna Menon, but also his protector Col. Macaulay as well.

==Insurrection==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2012}}
[[File:മണ്ണടി ക്ഷേത്രം.jpg|thumb|The [[Mannadi]] Temple, where Thampi committed suicide]]
Velu Thampi Dalawa and the Paliath Achan, Govindan [[Menon (subcaste)|Menon]], met and decided on the extirpation of the British Resident and end of British supremacy in their respective states. Dalawa Velu Thampi organised recruits, strengthened forts and stored up ammunition while similar preparations was made by the Paliath Achan in [[Kochi|Cochin]]. Velu Thampi appealed to the Zamorin of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] and to the French for assistance, but both did not acknowledge the request.<ref>Page 334,P. Shungunny Menon. Thiruvithancore Charitram. (History of Travancore), Higginbotham and Co, Madras, 1878</ref> The plan of the Paliath Achan and Velu Thampi was to join forces and attack the Fort of Cochin, storm the defences and murder the British Resident [[Colin Macaulay]] and Kunju Krishna Menon. Under the leadership of Vaikom Padmanabha Pillai, troops from the garrisons at Alleppey, Alangad and Paravoor were transferred stealthily through the backwaters in covered boats to Kalvathy<ref>page 336, A History of Travancore, author P Shungoonnoy Menon, Dewan Peischar of Travancore, 1878, published by Higginbotham and Co, Madras</ref> where they met up with four thousand of Paliyath Achan's followers.<ref>page 344, A History of Travancore, author P Shungoonnoy Menon, Dewan Peischar of Travancore, 1878, published by Higginbotham and Co, Madras</ref>

On the night of 28 December 1808, this united force attacked the Resident's palace and overwhelmed the Indian guards and domestics, but due to the warning of a native domestic, the Resident and Kunju Krishna Menon managed to escape the attacking army and flee to a frigate, the ''HMS Piedmontese'', which had been anchored in Cochin harbour. Almost simultaneously, the rebels attacked the British garrison at Quilon on 30 December 1808, but were repulsed. Dissatisfied with the failure to capture or kill the Resident, as well as the failure at Quilon, Velu Thampi moved south from Cochin and on 11 January 1809 (1st Makaram 984 M.E.), he issued his famous Kundara Proclamation in which he exhorted the nation to throw out the British.<ref>pg 434-436,The Travancore State Manual, V Nagam Aiyah, Dewan Peischar of Travancore, 1906, Travancore Government Press</ref> He then organised another force to attack the British garrison at [[Quilon]] and the [[Battle of Quilon]]<ref name="History of Travancore">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-place-in-history/article3218611.ece|title=A place in history|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 June 2006|via=thehindu.com}}</ref> took place on 15 January 1809 in which Velu Thampi's force lost 15 guns and suffered many casualties.

Velu Thampi then sent a part of his force to launch another amphibious attack on the British garrison at Cochin, which was defended by Major Hewitt. On 18 January 1809, the rebel forces at Quilon were totally defeated when they attempted to storm the Quilon garrison. On 19 January 1809, the Cochin garrison, supported by the frigate ''HMS Piedmontese'', along with some boats manned by Nair soldiers loyal to Paliyath Achan's many rivals and enemies amongst the Cochin nobility, successfully repelled another amphibious attack on the Cochin garrison.<ref>pg 438,The Travancore State Manual, V Nagam Aiyah, Dewan Peischar of Travancore, 1906, Travancore Government Press</ref> On 30 January 1809, a small force of 3 military officers and 30 European soldiers, en route to Kochi, were captured and executed on the Dalawa's orders at Purakkad, even though one of the officers, Surgeon Hume, had treated Velu Thampi in the past.<ref>pg 439,The Travancore State Manual, V Nagam Aiyah, Dewan Peischar of Travancore, 1906, Travancore Government Press</ref> A sick lady, who was a member of this party, was permitted to travel unharmed to Cochin, since it was contrary to the laws of Travancore to kill women.<ref>page 338, A History of Travancore, author P Shungoonnoy Menon, Dewan Peischar of Travancore, 1878, published by Higginbotham and Co, Madras</ref>

In the aftermath of the battle at Quilon, Velu Thampi moved to the southern border of Travancore to bolster the defence at Aramboly pass located at [[Aralvaimozhi]]. The two mile long fortifications at the Aramboly pass were guarded by masonry walls and had around 50 artillery pieces covering the road from [[Palayamkottai]] to defend it in the event of a frontal attack from that road. On 6 February 1809, a force under the Hon. Col. St. Leger marched from [[Tiruchirappalli]] and reached the fortified lines at Aramboly. On the morning of 10 February 1809, the British attacked the flanks of the fortified lines from the southern mountain and Velu Thampi fled from Aramboly.<ref>pg 440-441,The Travancore State Manual, V Nagam Aiyah, Dewan Peischar of Travancore, 1906, Travancore Government Press</ref> The British forces moved into the interior of Travancore on 17 February 1809, and were held up by Thampi's men who were entrenched in a fortified dugout in [[Kottar]]. These soldiers were routed by Col. McLeod and within a few days, the strategic forts of Udayagiri and Padmanabhapuram fell to the British without a fight. On hearing the news, the rebels at Quilon dispersed and Col. Chalmers approached Trivandrum from the North and the Hon. Col. St. Leger approached from the south, in a pincer movement.<ref>pg 442,The Travancore State Manual, V Nagam Aiyah, Dewan Peischar of Travancore, 1906, Travancore Government Press</ref>

==Death of Velu Thampi==
On hearing about the approach of the British forces, Velu Thampi fled from Trivandrum to [[Kilimanoor]] and the Maharajah, who officially, hitherto, had stayed neutral, suddenly turned against Dalawa Thampi and denounced him. On 24 February 1809, the Hon. Col. St. Leger had a letter delivered to the Maharajah demanding the surrender of Dalawa Thambi.<ref>page 351, A History of Travancore, author P Shungoonnoy Menon, Dewan Peischar of Travancore, 1878, published by Higginbotham and Co, Madras</ref> The Maharajah appointed one of his nobility, Marthandam Eravi Ummini Thampi, a sworn enemy of Velu Thampi, as the mediator between Travancore and the British. Ummini Thampi reached the British forces who were camped at Pappenamcode and conveyed the Maharajah's terms to them. A reward of 50,000 Travancore Rupees, a princely sum in those days, was offered for Velu Thampi's capture and both Travancore and British officers were deployed to find him. On 18 March 1809, the Maharajah appointed Ummuni Thampi as Dalawa with the blessings of the British. His officials tracked the former Dalawa Velu Thampi to the forests of Kunnathoor. Velu fled from there and took refuge with a priest at Mannadi. A local shopkeeper on noticing that an impoverished servant had some expensive gold utensils on his person, informed Dalawa Ummini Thampi's soldiers. This servant, who was an employee of the former Dalawa, was arrested by the new Dalawa's officials, who then inerrogated him to elicit all the information regarding Velu Thampi. On hearing this, Velu Thampi and his brother Padmanabhan Thampi, fled to the Bhagavathy temple at Mannadi. There when the temple was surrounded by the would-be captors who demanded that he surrender to them, the former Dalawa Velu Thampi committed suicide with his dagger <ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/velu-thampi-dalawas-sword-of-rebellion-takes-centre-stage/article4706870.ece</ref> {{citation needed|date=January 2018}}. Velu Thampi's brother Padmanabhan Thampi was caught at the scene. The body of Velu Thampi was exposed in the gibbet at Kannammoola.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Home-of-the-brave/article14304563.ece|title=Home of the brave|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 May 2016|last1=Rajeev|first1=Sharat Sunder}}</ref> Lord Minto, the then Governor General, strongly condemned this act, describing the act as "repugnant to the feelings of common humanity and the principles of a civilised government".<ref>pg 445,The Travancore State Manual, V Nagam Aiyah, Dewan Peischar of Travancore, 1906, Travancore Government Press</ref>

==Aftermath of the rebellion==

During the trial for the murder of prisoners on the 30 January 1809 at Purrakad beach, Padmanabhan Thampi was found guilty of complicity in the act and was hanged at Trivandrum on 10 April 1809. Dalawa Ummuni Thampi took a brutal revenge on the family of his sworn enemy Dalawa Velu Thampi by levelling their ancestral house to the ground and had most of Velu Thampi's family banished to the Maldives. Other leaders such as Vaikom Padmanabha Pillai were executed by hanging at key locations such as Quilon, Purakkad and Palthuruthee.<ref>page 349, A History of Travancore, author P Shungoonnoy Menon, Dewan Peischar of Travancore, 1878, published by Higginbotham and Co, Madras</ref> The Paliyath Achan surrendered to the British and was exiled first to Madras and then to Benares where he died in 1835.<ref>Menon, A. Sreedhara (1967). A Survey of Kerala History. Kerala: Sahithya Pravarthaka Company. pp. 322, 323, 324, 325</ref> His nemesis, Kunju Krishna Menon prospered and later became the Dalawa of Cochin; in the later years, one of his daughters married one of the Maharajahs of Travancore. Maharajah Balarama Varma died in 1810 and Maharani [[Gowri Lakshmi Bayi]] took charge of the Kingdom first as Maharani and then as Queen Regent. Col. Macaulay retired in 1810 and left for Great Britain. Ummini Thampi Dalawa retired in 1811 and the then British resident, Col. [[John Munro, 9th of Teaninich]] was appointed as Dalawa. The reign of Maharani [[Gowri Lakshmi Bayi]] was a very englightened one and resulted in reduction of taxes, increased social justice, establishment of schools and hospitals.

The [[Government of Kerala]] instituted a memorial to Dalawa Velu Thampi, a research centre, a museum, a park and a statue at Mannadi near [[Adoor]]. Another statue of Velu Thampi Dalawa can be found in front of the Secretariat of Kerala in Trivandrum.

== In popular culture ==
''[[Veluthambi Dalawa (film)|Veluthampi Dalawa]]'' is a 1962 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film based on the life of the Dewan. Directed by G. Viswanath, it stars [[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]] in the titular role.

==Honours==
[[File:Velu Thampi Dalawa Museum, Mannadi.jpg|thumb|Velu Thampi Dalawa Museum, Mannadi]]
The sword that was used by Velu Thampi Dalawa in his fight against the British, was kept with the Kilimanoor royal family, for about 150 years. It was presented in 1957, to India's then president Rajendra Prasad by a member of the royal family. On 20 June 2010 it was brought back to Kerala and was placed in the Napier Museum (Art Museum)Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/21/stories/2010062160660300.htm |title=The Hindu : Kerala / Thiruvananthapuram News : Dalawa's sword comes home |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626110035/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/21/stories/2010062160660300.htm |archive-date=26 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Stamp_of_India_-_2010_-_Colnect_259571_-_Velu_Thampi.jpeg|thumb|Stamp of Velu Thampi]]

A commemorative postage stamp on him was issued on 6 May 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Stamps2010.aspx|title=Stamps – 2010|publisher=Department of Posts, Indian government|access-date=2 August 2013|archive-date=14 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814101038/http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Stamps2010.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.boloji.com/astro/00334a.htm Nangol Houses of Travancore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907124235/http://boloji.com/astro/00334a.htm |date=7 September 2008 }}

{{Kingdom of Travancore}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thampi, Velu}}
[[Category:Diwans of Travancore]]
[[Category:History of Kollam]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:People from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:1809 deaths]]
[[Category:1765 births]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian politicians]]

George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston

2026-03-12T22:25:31Z

Veronairy:

{{Short description|Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Most Honourable]]
| name = The Marquess Curzon {{nowrap|of Kedleston}}
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=|KG|GCSI|GCIE|PC|FRS|FRGS|FBA}}
| image = George Curzon2.jpg
| office1 = [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]]
| term_start1 = 6 January 1899
| term_end1 = 18 November 1905
| monarch1 = {{plainlist|
*[[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]
*[[Edward VII]]}}
| predecessor1 = [[Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin|The Earl of Elgin]]
| successor1 = [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|The Earl of Minto]]
| deputy1 = [[Oliver Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill|Lord Ampthill]]
| order2 = [[Leader of the House of Lords]]
| term_start2 = 3 November 1924
| term_end2 = 20 March 1925
| monarch2 = [[George V]]
| primeminister2 = [[Stanley Baldwin]]
| predecessor2 = [[Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane|The Viscount Haldane]]
| successor2 = [[James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury|The Marquess of Salisbury]]
| term_start3 = 10 December 1916
| term_end3 = 22 January 1924
| monarch3 = [[George V]]
| primeminister3 = {{plainlist|
*[[David Lloyd George]]
*[[Bonar Law]]
*Stanley Baldwin}}
| predecessor3 = [[The Marquess of Crewe]]
| successor3 = [[Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane|The Viscount Haldane]]
| order4 = [[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)|Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start4 = 23 October 1919
| term_end4 = 22 January 1924
| monarch4 = [[George V]]
| primeminister4 = {{plainlist|
*David Lloyd George
*Bonar Law
*Stanley Baldwin}}
| predecessor4 = [[Arthur Balfour]]
| successor4 = [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
| order5 = [[Lord President of the Council]]
| term_start5 = 3 November 1924
| term_end5 = 20 March 1925
| monarch5 = [[George V]]
| primeminister5 = [[Stanley Baldwin]]
| predecessor5 = [[Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor|Lord Parmoor]]
| successor5 = [[Arthur Balfour]]
| term_start6 = 10 December 1916
| term_end6 = 23 October 1919
| monarch6 = [[George V]]
| primeminister6 = [[David Lloyd George]]
| predecessor6 = [[Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe|The Marquess of Crewe]]
| successor6 = [[Arthur Balfour]]
| order7 = [[President of the Air Board]]
| term_start7 = 15 May 1916
| term_end7 = 3 January 1917
| monarch7 = [[George V]]
| primeminister7 = {{plainlist|
*[[H. H. Asquith]]
*David Lloyd George}}
| predecessor7 = [[Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby|The Earl of Derby]]
| successor7 = [[Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray|The Viscount Cowdray]]
| order9 = [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start9 = 20 June 1895
| term_end9 = 15 October 1898
| monarch9 = [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]
| primeminister9 = [[The Marquess of Salisbury]]
| predecessor9 = [[Sir Edward Grey]]
| successor9 = [[St John Brodrick]]
| order10 = [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for India]]
| term_start10 = 9 November 1891
| term_end10 = 11 August 1892
| monarch10 = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
| primeminister10 = [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|The Marquess of Salisbury]]
| predecessor10 = Sir [[John Eldon Gorst]]
| successor10 = [[George W. E. Russell]]
| office14 = Member of the [[House of Lords]]
| status14 = [[Lord Temporal]]
| term_label14 = as an [[Irish representative peer]]
| term_start14 = 21 January 1908
| term_end14 = 20 March 1925
| predecessor14 = [[Francis Browne, 4th Baron Kilmaine|Lord Kilmaine]]
| successor14 = [[Irene Curzon, 2nd Baroness Ravensdale|The Baroness Ravensdale]] ''(in barony)'' [[Richard Curzon, 2nd Viscount Scarsdale|The Viscount Scarsdale]] ''(in viscountcy)'' No successor ''(as Irish representative peer)''
| office15 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Southport (UK Parliament constituency)|Southport]]
| term_start15 = 27 July 1886
| term_end15 = 24 August 1898
| predecessor15 = [[George Augustus Pilkington]]
| successor15 = [[Herbert Naylor-Leyland]]
| birth_name = George Nathaniel Curzon
| birth_date = {{birth date|1859|1|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kedleston]], [[Derbyshire]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1925|3|20|1859|1|11|df=y}}
| death_place = London, England
| spouse = {{plainlist|
*{{marriage|[[Mary Curzon, Baroness Curzon of Kedleston|Mary Leiter]]|1895|1906|end=died}}
*{{marriage|[[Grace Curzon, Marchioness Curzon of Kedleston|Grace Duggan]] |1917}}}}
| children = {{plainlist|
*[[Irene Curzon, 2nd Baroness Ravensdale]]
*[[Lady Cynthia Mosley]]
*[[Lady Alexandra Metcalfe]]}}
| parents = [[Alfred Curzon, 4th Baron Scarsdale]] Blanche ''née'' Pocklington-Senhouse
| alma_mater = [[Balliol College, Oxford]]
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
}}
[[File:Shield of arms of George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, KG, GCSI, GCIE, PC, FBA.png|thumb|Garter-encircled arms of George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, KG, GCSI, GCIE, PC, FBA]]
'''George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston''' (11 January 1859 – 20 March 1925), known as '''Lord Curzon''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɜr|z|ən}}<ref>{{Cite Collins Dictionary|Curzon}}</ref>), was a British statesman, [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician, explorer and writer who served as [[Viceroy of India]] from 1899 to 1905 and [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Foreign Secretary]] from 1919 to 1924.

Curzon was born in [[Derbyshire]] into an aristocratic family and educated at [[Eton College]] and [[Balliol College, Oxford]], before entering [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] in 1885. In the following years, he travelled extensively in [[Russia]], [[Central Asia]] and the [[Far East]], and published several books on the region in which he detailed his geopolitical outlook and underlined the perceived [[Russian Empire|Russian]] threat to British control of [[India]]. In 1891, Curzon was named [[Under-Secretary of State for India]], and in 1899 he was appointed Viceroy of India. During his tenure, he pursued a number of reforms of the [[British Raj|British administration]], attempted to address the British maltreatment of Indians, undertook the restoration of the [[Taj Mahal]], and sent a [[British expedition to Tibet]] to counter Russian ambitions. In 1905, he presided over the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]] and came into conflict with [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] over issues of military organisation. Unable to secure the backing of the government in London, he resigned later that year and returned to England.

In 1907, Curzon became [[Chancellor of Oxford University]], and the following year he was elected to the [[House of Lords]] as an [[January 1908 Irish representative peer election|Irish representative peer]]. During the [[First World War]], he served in [[H. H. Asquith]]'s [[Asquith coalition|coalition cabinet]] as [[Lord Privy Seal]], and from late 1916 he was [[Leader of the House of Lords]] and served in the war cabinet of Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George]] and the [[War Policy Committee]]. He was appointed [[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)|Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]] in October 1919 and lent his name to Britain's proposed Soviet-Polish boundary, the [[Curzon Line]]. He also oversaw the division of the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] and the creation of the [[Emirate of Transjordan]], and was the chief Allied negotiator of the 1922 [[Treaty of Lausanne]] which defined the borders of modern [[Turkey]]. In 1921, he was created a [[marquess]]. On [[Bonar Law]]'s retirement as prime minister in 1923, Curzon was a contender for the office but was passed over in favour of [[Stanley Baldwin]]. He remained as [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|foreign secretary]] until 1924 when the Baldwin government fell, and died a year later at the age of 66.

== Early life ==
Curzon was the eldest son and the second of the eleven children of [[Alfred Curzon, 4th Baron Scarsdale]] (1831–1916), who was the [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] of [[Kedleston]] in Derbyshire. George's mother was Blanche (1837–1875), the daughter of Joseph Pocklington-Senhouse of Netherhall in [[Cumberland]]. He was born at [[Kedleston Hall]], built on the site where his family, who were clergymen and priests, had lived since the 12th century. His mother, exhausted by childbirth, died when George was 16; her husband survived her by 41 years. Neither parent exerted a major influence on Curzon's life. Scarsdale was an austere and unindulgent father who believed that landowners should stay on their land and not indefinitely tour the world for pleasure. He disapproved of the journeys across Asia between 1887 and 1895 which made his son one of the most travelled men to be a member of any British cabinet. An influential presence in Curzon's childhood was that of his brutal, sadistic governess, [[Ellen Mary Paraman]], whose tyranny in the nursery stimulated his combative qualities and encouraged the obsessional side of his nature. Paraman used to beat him and periodically forced him to parade through the village wearing a conical hat bearing the words ''liar'', ''sneak'', and ''coward''. Curzon later noted, "No children well born and well-placed ever cried so much and so justly."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ferguson |first1=Niall |url=https://archive.org/details/empire00nial/page/n4/mode/2up |title=Empire : the rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power |date=2004 |publisher=New York : Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02329-5 |pages=172}}</ref>
[[File:George Curzon.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|left|Curzon at Eton, 1870s]]
He was educated at [[Wixenford School]],<ref>Philip Holden, ''Autobiography and Decolonization: Modernity, Masculinity, and the Nation-state'' (2008), p. 46.</ref> [[Eton College]],<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4309213.stm Eton, the Raj and modern India]; By Alastair Lawson; 9 March 2005; BBC News.</ref> and [[Balliol College, Oxford]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} His over-intimate relationship at Eton College with [[Oscar Browning]] led to the latter's dismissal.<ref>{{Cite ODNB|id=32128|title=Browning, Oscar|first = Richard|last = Davenport-Hines|author-link = Richard Davenport-Hines|date = 3 January 2008|quote = His intimate, indiscreet friendship with a boy in another boarding-house, G. N. Curzon [...] provoked a crisis with [Headmaster] Hornby [….] Amid national controversy he was dismissed in 1875 on the pretext of administrative inefficiency but actually because his influence was thought to be sexually contagious}}</ref><ref>"... Oscar Browning (1837–1923), who had been sacked from Eton in September 1875 under suspicion of [[pederasty]], partly because of his involvement with young George Nathaniel Curzon" in Michael Kaylor, ''Secreted Desires'' (2006), p. 98.</ref> A [[spinal injury]] incurred while riding during his adolescence was a lifelong impediment to Curzon that required him to wear a metal corset for the remainder of his life.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mosley |first= Leonard |author-link = Leonard Mosley|title= Curzon: The End of an Epoch |url=https://archive.org/details/curzonendofepoch0000mosl |url-access=registration |publisher= Longmans, Green, and Co. |year=1961 |page= }}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2020}}
[[File:UK-2014-Oxford-All Souls College 03.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|Curzon was educated at [[Balliol College, Oxford]], and was later a Prize Fellow of [[All Souls College, Oxford]]]]
Curzon was President of the [[Oxford Union|Union]]{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} and Secretary of the Oxford Canning Club (a Tory political club named after [[George Canning]]), but as a consequence of the extent of his time-expenditure on political and social societies, he failed to achieve a [[first class degree]] in [[Greats]], although he subsequently won both the [[Lothian Prize Essay]] and the Arnold Prize, the latter for an essay on Sir [[Thomas More]], about whom he knew little. In 1883, Curzon received the most prestigious fellowship at the university, a Prize Fellowship at [[All Souls College]]. While at Eton and at Oxford, Curzon was a contemporary and close friend of [[Cecil Spring Rice]] and [[Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon|Edward Grey]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Burton|first=David Henry|title=Cecil Spring Rice: A Diplomat's Life|year=1990|page=22|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-8386-3395-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kCGKtLkHnxAC}}</ref> Spring Rice contributed, alongside [[John William Mackail]], to the composition of a famous sardonic [[doggerel]] about Curzon that was published as part of ''[[Balliol rhyme|The Balliol Masque]]'', about which Curzon wrote in later life "never has more harm been done to one single individual than that accursed doggerel has done to me."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Lord Curzon {{!}} Biography & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lord-Curzon|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref> It read:
{{blockquote|<poem>My name is George Nathaniel Curzon,
I am a most superior person.
My cheek is pink, my hair is sleek,
I dine at [[Blenheim Palace|Blenheim]] once a week.</poem>}}

When Spring Rice was assigned to the British Embassy to the United States in 1894–1895, he was suspected by Curzon of trying to prevent Curzon's engagement to the American Mary Leiter, whom Curzon nevertheless married.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mosley|first=Leonard|title=Curzon: The End of an Epoch|url=https://archive.org/details/curzonendofepoch0000mosl|url-access=registration|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.|year=1961|page=[https://archive.org/details/curzonendofepoch0000mosl/page/26 26]}}</ref> Spring Rice assumed for a certainty, like many of Curzon's other friends, that Curzon would inevitably become [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Foreign Secretary]]: he wrote to Curzon in 1891, 'When you are Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs I hope you will restore the vanished glory of England, lead the European concert, decide the fate of nations, and give me three months' leave instead of two'.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mosley|first=Leonard|title=Curzon: The End of an Epoch|url=https://archive.org/details/curzonendofepoch0000mosl|url-access=registration|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.|year=1961|page=[https://archive.org/details/curzonendofepoch0000mosl/page/43 43]}}</ref>

Old texts state that he spent few months in a cottage in [[Dehradun]], India. Though exact records are not available there is a road named after him there (probably near his erstwhile cottage).{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

== Early political career ==
In his youth, Curzon regularly attended debates at the House of Commons.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gilmour|first=David|title=[[Curzon: Imperial Statesman]]|publisher=Penguin Books|page=4|year=2019}}</ref> Curzon became Assistant Private Secretary to the [[Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Marquess of Salisbury]] in 1885, and in 1886 entered [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] as Member for [[Southport (UK Parliament constituency)|Southport]] in south-west [[Lancashire]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} His [[maiden speech]], which was chiefly an attack on [[Irish Home Rule movement|home rule]] and [[Irish nationalism]], was regarded in much the same way as his oratory at the [[Oxford Union]]: brilliant and eloquent but also presumptuous and rather too self-assured.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} The press reaction was mainly favourable. ''The Times'' called it 'brilliant' while other newspapers described it as 'capital' and a 'decided success', and the ''[[St James's Gazette|St James' Gazette]]'' deemed it 'very successful' though 'unnecessarily flippant in tone'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=David |first1=Gilmore |title=Curzon |date=1995 |publisher=Macmillan General Books |location=London |isbn=0-333-64406-9 |page=62 |edition=1995}}</ref> Subsequent performances in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|Commons]], often dealing with Ireland or reform of the [[House of Lords]] (which he supported), received similar verdicts. He was [[Under-Secretary of State for India]] in 1891–1892 and [[Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]] in 1895–1898.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mosley|first=Leonard|title=''Curzon: The End of an Epoch''|url=https://archive.org/details/curzonendofepoch0000mosl|url-access=registration|year=1961}}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2020}}

==Asian travels and writings==
In the meantime Curzon had travelled around the world: [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and [[Central Asia]] (1888–1889); [[Qajar Persia|Persia]] (September 1889 – January 1890); [[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Siam]], [[French Indochina]], [[Qing dynasty|China]], [[Joseon|Korea]] and [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] (1892); and a daring foray into [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] and the [[Pamirs]] (1894–1895). He published several books describing central and eastern Asia and related foreign policy issues.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} A bold and compulsive traveller, driven by [[orientalism]], he was awarded the [[Patron's Medal]] of the [[Royal Geographical Society]] for his exploration of the source of the [[Amu Darya]] (Oxus). His journeys allowed him to study the problems of Asia and their implications for [[British India]], while reinforcing his pride in his nation and her imperial mission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CURZON, GEORGE NATHANIEL |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/curzon-george-nathaniel |website=[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]}}</ref>

Curzon believed Russia to be the most likely threat to [[British India]], Britain's most valuable possession, from the 19th century through the early 20th century.<ref>Curzon, ''Russia in Central Asia'' (1967), p. 314.</ref> In 1879 Russia had begun construction of the [[Transcaspian Railway]] along the [[Silk Road]], officially solely to enforce local control. The line starts from the city of Kyzyl-Su, formerly Krasnovodsk (nowadays [[Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan|Turkmenbashi]]) (on the [[Caspian Sea]]), travels southeast along the [[Karakum Desert]], through [[Ashgabat]], continues along the [[Kopet Dagh]] Mountains until it reaches [[Tejen]]. Curzon dedicated an entire chapter in his book ''Russia in Central Asia'' to discussing the perceived threat to British control of India.<ref>Curzon, ''Russia in Central Asia'' (1967), p. 272.</ref> This railway connected Russia with the most wealthy and influential cities in Central Asia at the time, including the Persian [[Khorasan Province]],<ref>[[Denis Wright]], "Curzon and Persia", ''The Geographical Journal'' 153#3 (November 1987): 343.</ref> and would allow the rapid deployment of Russian supplies and troops into the area. Curzon also believed that the resulting greater economic interdependence between Russia and Central Asia would be damaging to British interests.<ref>Curzon, ''Russia in Central Asia'' p. 277.</ref>

''Persia and the Persian Question'', written in 1892, has been considered Curzon's ''magnum opus'' and can be seen as a sequel to ''Russia in Central Asia.''<ref>Denis Wright, "Curzon and Persia", ''The Geographical Journal'' 153#3 (November 1987): 346.</ref> Curzon was commissioned by ''[[The Times]]'' to write several articles on the Persian political environment, but while there he decided to write a book on the country as whole. This two-volume work covers Persia's history and governmental structure, as well as graphics, maps and pictures (some taken by Curzon himself). Curzon was aided by General [[Albert Houtum-Schindler]] and the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), both of which helped him gain access to material to which as a foreigner he would not have been entitled to have access. General Schindler provided Curzon with information regarding Persia's geography and resources, as well as serving as an unofficial editor.<ref>Wright, "Curzon and Persia", pp. 346–347.</ref>
[[File:Lord and Lady Curzon and staff on tour of Persian Gulf 1903.jpg|thumb|Curzon, his wife, and his staff on a tour of the Persian Gulf in 1903]]
Curzon was appalled by his government's apathy towards Persia as a valuable defensive buffer to India from Russian encroachment.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Brockway | first1 = Thomas P | year = 1941 | title = Britain and the Persian Bubble, 1888–1892 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1941-03_13_1/page/46 | doi = 10.1086/243919 | journal = The Journal of Modern History | volume = 13 | issue = 1| page = 46 | s2cid = 144405914 }}</ref> Years later Curzon would lament that "Persia has alternatively advanced and receded in the estimation of British statesmen, occupying now a position of extravagant prominence, anon one of unmerited obscurity."<ref>George N. Curzon, ''Persia and the Persian Question'' (Volume 1). New York: Barnes & Noble, 1966, p. 605.</ref>

== First marriage (1895–1906) ==
[[File:Alexandre Cabanel - Mary Victoria Leiter (1870–1906), Lady Curzon.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[Mary Curzon, Baroness Curzon of Kedleston|Mary Victoria Leiter]] by [[Alexandre Cabanel]], 1887]]
On 22 April 1895, Curzon married [[Mary Victoria Leiter]], the eldest daughter and co-heiress of [[Levi Leiter]], an American millionaire{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} of [[Swiss people|Swiss]] descent,<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=A.N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJmfAAAAMAAJ&q=Levi+Leiter |title=After the Victorians |publisher=Hutchinson |year=2005 |isbn=9780091794842 |page=596}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANdBAQAAIAAJ&q=protestant+swiss |magazine=[[The Listener (magazine)|The Listener]] |title=Cobbold's Diary |first=Denis |last=Thomas |date=1977 |volume=98 |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bradford |first=Sarah |date=9 August 1995 |title=Lady Alexandra Metcalfe |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/lady-alexandra-metcalfe-1595421.html |access-date=6 January 2015 |newspaper=The Independent |location=London}}</ref> who co-founded the Chicago department store Field & Leiter (later [[Marshall Field and Company|Marshall Field]]). While he married Mary for her wealth so he could save his estate, he later developed feelings for her.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} Mary had a long and nearly fatal illness near the end of summer 1904, from which she never really recovered. Falling ill again in July 1906, she died on the 18th of that month in her husband's arms, at the age of 36.<ref>[http://www.peterwestern.f9.co.uk/maximilia/pafg1237.htm Maximilian Genealogy Master Database, Mary Victoria LEITER, 2000] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306052857/http://www.peterwestern.f9.co.uk/maximilia/pafg1237.htm |date=6 March 2008 }}</ref> It was the greatest personal loss of his life.

She was buried in the church at Kedleston, where Curzon designed his memorial for her, a Gothic chapel added to the north side of the nave. Although he was neither a devout nor a conventional churchman, Curzon retained a simple religious faith; in later years he sometimes said that he was not afraid of death because it would enable him to join Mary in heaven.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

They had three daughters during a firm and happy marriage: [[Irene Curzon, 2nd Baroness Ravensdale|Mary Irene]] (known as Irene), who inherited her father's [[Baron Ravensdale|Barony of Ravensdale]] and was created a [[life peer]] in her own right; [[Lady Cynthia Mosley|Cynthia Blanche]], who became the first wife of the fascist politician Sir [[Oswald Mosley]]; and [[Lady Alexandra Metcalfe|Alexandra Naldera]] ("Baba"), Curzon's youngest daughter; she married [[Edward Dudley Metcalfe|Edward "Fruity" Metcalfe]], the best friend, best man and [[equerry]] of [[Edward VIII]]. Mosley exercised a strange fascination for the Curzon women: Irene had a brief romance with him before either were married; Baba became his mistress; and Curzon's second wife, [[Grace Curzon, Marchioness Curzon of Kedleston|Grace]], had a long affair with him.

== Viceroy of India (1899–1905) ==
{{blockquote|Curzon, in 1901, had famously said, "As long as we rule India we are the greatest power in the world. If we lose it, we shall drop straightaway to a third-rate power."<ref>{{Cite news|title=(Catalogue ref: COPY 1/59 f.371)|url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/empire/usefulnotes/g2cs4s6u.htm|publisher=National Archives}}</ref>}}

[[File:Curzon-Sanchi.jpg|thumb|right|Curzon—procession to [[Sanchi]] [[Stupa|Tope]], 28 November 1899.]]

[[File:Lord Curzon Hunting 1901.jpg|thumb|Curzon and [[Madho Rao Scindia]], [[Maharaja]] of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]], pose with [[Tiger hunting|hunted tigers]], 1901.]]
[[File:Curzon Hall - Northern Facade - University of Dhaka - Dhaka 2015-05-31 1985-1991.tif cropped.jpg|alt=Curzon Hall of the [[University of Dhaka]] in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh|thumb|Curzon Hall of the [[University of Dhaka]] in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh]]
In January 1899 Curzon was appointed as [[Viceroy of India]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} He was created a baron in the [[peerage of Ireland]] as '''[[Baron Curzon of Kedleston]]''', in the County of Derby,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27016 |date=21 October 1898 |page=6140 }}</ref> on his appointment. (The title was "Curzon of Kedleston" rather than simply "Curzon" because his kinsmen the [[Earl Howe|Earls Howe]] were already Viscounts and Barons Curzon.) As Viceroy, he was ''ex officio'' Grand Master of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] and [[Order of the Star of India]]. This peerage was created in the [[Peerage of Ireland]] (the last so created) so that he would be free, until his father's death, to re-enter the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] on his return to Britain.

Reaching India shortly after the suppression of the [[Mohmand campaign of 1897–1898|frontier risings of 1897–98]], he paid special attention to the independent tribes of the north-west frontier, inaugurated a new province called the [[North West Frontier Province]], and pursued a policy of forceful control mingled with conciliation. In response to what he called "a number of murderous attacks upon Englishmen and Europeans", Curzon advocated at the Quetta Durbar extremely draconian punishments which he believed would stop what he viewed as such especially abominable crimes. In his own private correspondence, Curzon pondered "Is it possible, under the law, to flog these horrible scoundrels before we execute them? Supposing we remove them for execution to another and distant jail, could we flog them in the first jail before removal? I believe that if we could postpone the execution for a few weeks and give the criminal a few good public floggings – or even one, were more not possible – it would act as a real deterrent. But I have a suspicion that British law does not smile upon anything so eminently practical."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kolsky |first1=Elizabeth |date=October 2015 |title=The Colonial Rule of Law and the Legal Regime of Exception: Frontier "Fanaticism" and State Violence in British India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43696899 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=1218–1246 |doi=10.1093/ahr/120.4.1218 |jstor=43696899 |access-date=30 April 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The only major armed outbreak on this frontier during the period of his administration was the [[Mahsud Waziri blockade|Mahsud-Waziri campaign]] of 1901.

In the context of the [[Great Game]] between the British and [[Russian Empire]]s for control of Central Asia, he held deep mistrust of Russian intentions. This led him to encourage British trade in [[Qajar Iran|Persia]], and he paid a visit to the [[Persian Gulf]] in 1903. Curzon argued for an exclusive British presence in the Gulf, a policy originally proposed by [[John Malcolm]]. The British government was already [[Persian Gulf Residency|making agreements]] with local sheiks/tribal leaders along the Persian Gulf coast to this end. Curzon had convinced his government to establish Britain as the unofficial protector of [[Sheikhdom of Kuwait|Kuwait]] with the [[Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899]]. The Lansdowne Declaration<ref>{{cite Hansard |jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=Great Britain and the Persian Gulf. |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1903/may/05/great-britain-and-the-persian-gulf#column_1347 |house=House of Lords |date=5 May 1903 |column=1347 |speaker=The Marquess of Lansdowne |position=The Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs}}</ref> in 1903 stated that the British would counter any other European power's attempt to establish a military presence in the Gulf.<ref>[[Malcolm Yapp]], "British Perceptions of the Russian Threat to India", ''Modern Asian Studies'' 21#4 (1987): 655.</ref> Only four years later this position was abandoned and the Persian Gulf was declared a neutral zone in the [[Anglo-Russian Convention]] of 1907, prompted in part by the high economic cost of defending India from Russian advances.<ref>Yapp, pp. 655, 664.</ref>

=== Trucial States ===
That neutral status did not extend to the [[Trucial States]], which were bound to Britain under a number of treaties signed since the [[General Maritime Treaty of 1820]], including the Exclusive Agreement of 1892,<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=McNabb |first=Alexander |title=Children of the Seven Sands |publisher=Motivate Media Group |year=2025 |isbn=9781860635120 |location=Dubai |pages=245}}</ref> which bound the Trucial Sheikhs ‘not to enter into any agreement or correspondence with any Power other than the British Government’. On 21 November 1903, Curzon held a Darbar in [[Sharjah]] (today one of the [[United Arab Emirates]]) and addressed the Sheikhs of the Trucial Coast assembled on the ''Argonaut'', moored some five miles offshore of Sharjah because of the shallow waters nearer land.<ref name=":72">{{Cite book |last=McNabb |first=Alexander |title=Children of the Seven Sands |publisher=Motivate Media Group |year=2025 |isbn=9781860635120 |location=Dubai |pages=252, 253}}</ref>

In his address to them, Curzon made it clear they should consider themselves blessed by the ''Pax Brittanica'': they were to be appreciative of the peace the British had brought. The 'pacificated Arabs' were to consider that ‘the influence of the British government must remain supreme’ and abide by their treaty obligations by sea and on land.<ref name=":72" /> Three years later, in 1906, the Sheikhs were all presented with a bound collection of the treaties their predecessors had entered into with the British, as a reminder of the obligations they were considered to have inherited. Printed in both Arabic and English, the collection was introduced by a transcribed copy of Curzon’s 1903 Durbar address.<ref name=":72" />

=== Indian reform ===
At the end of 1903, Curzon sent a [[British expedition to Tibet]] under [[Francis Younghusband]], ostensibly to forestall a Russian advance. After bloody conflicts with [[Tibet under Qing rule|Tibet]]'s poorly armed defenders, the mission penetrated to [[Lhasa]], where the [[Treaty of Lhasa]] was signed in September 1904.<ref>{{Cite ODNB|id=37084|title=Younghusband, Sir Francis Edward|first = David|last = Matless|date = 28 September 2006}}</ref>

During his tenure, Curzon undertook [[Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal|the restoration of the Taj Mahal]] and expressed satisfaction that he had done so. Curzon was influenced by Hindu philosophy and quoted:
{{blockquote|India has left a deeper mark upon the history the philosophy and the religion of mankind than any other terrestrial unit in the universe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston Quotes|url=https://www.azquotes.com/author/61636-George_Curzon_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston}}</ref>}}
Within India, Curzon appointed a number of commissions to inquire into education, irrigation, police and other branches of administration, on whose reports legislation was based during his second term of office as viceroy. Reappointed Governor-General in August 1904, he presided over the [[1905 partition of Bengal]].
{{blockquote|In 'Lion and the Tiger : The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947', Denis Judd wrote: "Curzon had hoped… to bind India permanently to the Raj. Ironically, his partition of Bengal, and the bitter controversy that followed, did much to revitalize [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. Curzon, typically, had dismissed the Congress in 1900 as 'tottering to its fall'. But he left India with Congress more active and effective than at any time in its history."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lion and Tiger:The Rise and fall of British Empire 1600 to 1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mitiTQZ1qu4C|first=Dennis|last=Judd|year=2004| publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0192803581}}</ref>}} Curzon was determined to address the British maltreatment of Indians. In particular, he incurred the displeasure of many in the European community in India by pressing for severe punishment for Europeans who had attacked Indians. On two occasions, he imposed collective punishment on [[British Army]] units which had attacked Indians: when soldiers of the [[West Kent Regiment]] raped a Burmese woman, he had the whole regiment exiled to [[Aden]] without leave. He later imposed similar punishment on the [[9th Queen's Royal Lancers]] for the murder of an Indian cook.<ref name="ODNBCurzon" />

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] lauded Curzon as the first viceroy to express sympathy for [[indentured Indian labourers]] and question why the system should continue. Curzon was especially concerned with the treatment of Indian emigrants to the [[Transvaal Colony|Transvaal]] and [[Colony of Natal|Natal]]. After learning about the realities of labour conditions for indentured Indians, he deemed it impossible to defend the system in its current state, and committed to a stance of reform. In 1900, Curzon wrote an appeal to the [[Permanent secretary|Permanent Under-Secretary]] for India calling for indentured labourers to be treated better given their contribution to colonial defences, although this did not prompt immediate change. On 14 May 1903, he wrote a lengthy despatch to the [[India Office]] demanding full discretion to withdraw from the system of indentured labour if they would not concede to the proper treatment of Indian workers. He continued to champion this cause throughout his time as viceroy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tinker |first=Hugh |title=A New System of Slavery: the Export of Indian Labour Overseas, 1830–1920 |publisher=Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations |year=1974 |location=London |pages=286–333}}</ref>

Curzon proposed the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] and put it into effect on 16 October 1905 creating the new province of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]]. Behind this incident, his excuse was that the area of Bengal was too large and it was difficult for the British to administer efficiently but actually his intention was to divide Bengalis into religious and territorial grounds to weaken the growing nationalism in Bengal. He said, "Partition of Bengal is a settled fact and what is settled cannot be unsettled." Huge protest ([[Swadeshi movement]]) was seen from every corner of Bengal and on 1911 this so-called "settled fact" became "unsettled" by [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]]. It was done in response to the Swadeshi movement's riots in protest against the policy but the partition animated the Muslims to form their own national organization along communal lines.{{Citation needed |date=March 2024}}

=== Indian Army ===
Curzon took an active interest in military matters and in 1901 he founded the [[Imperial Cadet Corps]], or ICC. The ICC was a corps d'elite, designed to give Indian princes and aristocrats military training, after which a few would be given officer commissions in the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] but these commissions were "special commissions" which did not empower their holders to command any troops. Predictably, this was a major stumbling block to the ICC's success, as it caused much resentment among former cadets. Though the ICC closed in 1914, it was a crucial stage in the drive to Indianise the Indian Army's officer corps, which was haltingly begun in 1917.

Military organisation proved to be the final issue faced by Curzon in India. It often involved petty issues that had much to do with clashes of personality: Curzon once wrote on a document "I rise from the perusal of these papers filled with the sense of the ineptitude of my military advisers", and once wrote to the [[Commander-in-Chief, India]], [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener]], advising him that signing himself "Kitchener of Khartoum" took up too much time and space, which Kitchener thought petty (Curzon simply signed himself "Curzon" as if he were a hereditary peer, although he later took to signing himself "Curzon of Kedleston").<ref>Reid 2006, p. 116.</ref> A difference of opinion with Kitchener regarding the status of the military member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]] (who controlled army supply and logistics, which Kitchener wanted under his own control), led to a controversy in which Curzon failed to obtain the support of the home government. He resigned in August 1905 and returned to England.

=== Indian famine ===
{{main|Indian famine of 1899–1900}}

A major famine coincided with Curzon's time as viceroy in which 1 to 4.5 million people died.<ref>Fagan, Brian (2009), Floods, Famines, and Emperors: El Nino and the Fate of Civilizations, Basic Books. p. 13</ref> Curzon implemented a variety of measures, including opening up famine relief works that fed between 3 and 5 million, reducing taxes and spending vast amounts of money on irrigation works.<ref>David Gilmour's ''Curzon'' and ''Ruling Caste''. In ''Curzon'' he writes that 3.5 million were on famine relief, in ''Ruling Caste'' he writes it was over five million.</ref> In ''[[Late Victorian Holocausts]]'', the historian [[Mike Davis (scholar)|Mike Davis]] criticised Curzon for cutting back rations and raising relief eligibility. At the time, Curzon stated that "any government which imperiled the financial position of India in the interests of prodigal philanthropy would be open to serious criticism; but any government which by indiscriminate alms-giving weakened the fibre and demoralized the self-reliance of the population, would be guilty of a public crime."<ref>Davis, Mike. ''[[Late Victorian Holocausts]]''. 1. Verso, 2000. {{ISBN|1-85984-739-0}} pp. 162–164</ref>

== Return to Britain ==
[[Arthur Balfour]]'s refusal to recommend an earldom for Curzon in 1905 was repeated by Sir [[Henry Campbell-Bannerman]], the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] prime minister, who formed his government the day after Curzon returned to England. In deference to the wishes of the King and the advice of his doctors, Curzon did not stand in the [[1906 United Kingdom general election|general election of 1906]] and thus found himself excluded from public life for the first time in twenty years. It was at this time, the nadir of his career, that Mary died.

After the death of [[George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen|Lord Goschen]] in 1907, the post of Chancellor of Oxford University fell vacant. Curzon was elected as [[University of Oxford#Chancellor of the University of Oxford|Chancellor of Oxford]] after by 1,001 votes to 440 against [[Lord Rosebery]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Ronaldshay|title=The Life of Curszon Vol.3}}</ref> He proved to be an active chancellor – "[he] threw himself so energetically into the cause of university reform that critics complained he was ruling Oxford like an Indian province."<ref name="ODNBCurzon"/>

==House of Lords==
{{further|January 1908 Irish representative peer election}}
In 1908, Curzon [[January 1908 Irish representative peer election|was elected]] an [[Irish representative peer]], and thus relinquished any idea of returning to the House of Commons. In 1909–1910 he took an active part in opposing the Liberal government's{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} proposal to abolish the legislative veto of the House of Lords, and in 1911 was created '''Baron Ravensdale''', of Ravensdale in the County of Derby, with remainder (in default of heirs male) to his daughters, '''Viscount Scarsdale''', of Scarsdale in the County of Derby, with remainder (in default of heirs male) to the heirs male of his father, and '''Earl Curzon of Kedleston''', in the County of Derby, with the normal remainder, all in the [[Peerage of the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28547 |date=3 November 1911 |page=7951 }}</ref>

He became involved with saving [[Tattershall Castle, Lincolnshire]], from destruction. This experience strengthened his resolve for heritage protection. He was one of the sponsors of the [[Ancient Monuments Consolidation and Amendment Act 1913]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21587468 | title=The man who demolished Shakespeare's house| work=BBC News| date=7 March 2013| last1=Winterman| first1=Denise}}</ref> He served as President of the Committee commissioning the [[Survey of London]] which documented the capital's principal buildings and public art.<ref>{{cite web |title=Members of the Survey Committee Pages 4–7 Survey of London Monograph 12 |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/bk12/pp4-7 |website=British History Online |publisher=Guild & School of Handicraft, London, 1926 |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

On 5 May 1914, he spoke out against a bill in the House of Lords that would have permitted women who already had the right to vote in local elections the right to vote for members of Parliament.

== First World War ==
[[File:George Nathaniel Curzon, Marquess Curzon of Kedleston by John Cooke.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|Lord Curzon of Kedleston by [[John Singer Sargent]], 1914. [[Royal Geographical Society]]]]
Curzon joined the Cabinet, as [[Lord Privy Seal]], when Asquith formed [[Asquith coalition ministry|his coalition]] in May 1915. Like other politicians (e.g. [[Austen Chamberlain]], [[Arthur Balfour]]) Curzon favoured British Empire efforts in [[Mesopotamian campaign|Mesopotamia]], believing that the increase in British prestige would discourage a German-inspired Muslim revolt in India.<ref>Woodward, 1998, pp. 113, 118–119.</ref> Curzon was a member of the Dardanelles Committee and told that body (October 1915) that the recent [[Macedonian front|Salonika]] expedition was "quixotic chivalry".<ref>Woodward, 1998, p. 16.</ref> Early in 1916 Curzon visited Sir [[Douglas Haig]] (newly appointed Commander-in-Chief of British forces in France) at his headquarters in France. Haig was impressed by Curzon's brains and decisiveness, and considered that he had mellowed since his days as viceroy (Major-General Haig had been Inspector-General of Cavalry, India, at the time) and had lost "his old pompous ways".<ref>Groot 1988, pp. 226–227.</ref> Curzon served in [[Lloyd George]]'s small [[War cabinet]] as [[Leader of the House of Lords]] from December 1916, and he also served on the [[War Policy Committee]]. With Allied victory over [[German Empire|Germany]] far from certain, Curzon wrote a paper (12 May 1917) for the War Cabinet urging that Britain seize Palestine and possibly Syria.<ref>Woodward, 1998, pp. 155–157.</ref> Like other members of the War Cabinet, Curzon supported further [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] offensives lest, with Russian commitment to the war wavering, [[French Third Republic|France]] and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] be tempted to make a separate peace.

[[File:Imperial War Cabinet.jpg|left|thumb|Imperial War Cabinet (1917) Lord Curzon seated, third from the left]]
At the War Policy Committee (3 October 1917) Curzon objected in vain to plans to redeploy two divisions to Palestine, with a view to advancing into Syria and knocking the [[Ottoman Empire]] out of the war altogether. Curzon's commitment wavered somewhat as the losses of the [[Third Battle of Ypres]] mounted.<ref>Woodward, 1998, pp. 134, 159–161.</ref> In the summer of 1917 the [[Chief of the Imperial General Staff]] (CIGS) General [[William Robertson (British Army officer)|William Robertson]] sent Haig a biting description of the members of the War Cabinet, who he said were all frightened of Lloyd George; he described Curzon as "a gasbag". During the crisis of February 1918, Curzon was one of the few members of the government to support Robertson, threatening in vain to resign if he were removed.<ref>Woodward, 1998, p. 200.</ref> Despite his opposition to [[women's suffrage]] (he had been co-president of the [[National League for Opposing Woman Suffrage]]), the House of Lords voted conclusively in its favour.

== Second marriage (1917) ==
[[File:Grace Elvina, Marchioness Curzon of Kedleston.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|Grace Elvina, second wife]]
After a long affair with the romantic novelist [[Elinor Glyn]], Curzon married the former [[Grace Curzon, Marchioness Curzon of Kedleston|Grace Elvina Hinds]] in January 1917. She was the wealthy [[Alabama]]-born widow of Alfredo Huberto Duggan (died 1915), a first-generation [[Irish Argentinian]] appointed to the Argentine [[Legation]] in London in 1905. Elinor Glyn was staying with Curzon at the time of the engagement and read about it in the morning newspapers.

Grace had three children from her first marriage, two sons, [[Alfred Duggan|Alfred]] and [[Hubert Duggan|Hubert]], and a daughter, Grace Lucille. Alfred and Hubert, as Curzon's step-sons, grew up within his influential circle. Curzon had three daughters from his first marriage, but he and Grace (despite fertility-related operations and several miscarriages) did not have any children together, which put a strain on their marriage. Letters written between them in the early 1920s imply that they still lived together, and remained devoted to each other. In 1923, Curzon was passed over for the office of Prime Minister partly on the advice of [[Arthur Balfour]], who joked that Curzon "has lost the hope of glory but he still possesses the means of Grace" (a humorous allusion to the well known "General Thanksgiving" prayer of the Church of England, which thanks God for "the means of grace, and for the hope of glory").<ref>{{cite web |last1=The Church of England |title=Prayers and Thanksgivings |url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/book-common-prayer/prayers-and-thanksgivings |website=The Book of Common Prayer (1662) |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref>

In 1917, Curzon bought [[Bodiam Castle]] in East Sussex, a 14th-century building that had been gutted during the [[English Civil War]]. He restored it extensively, and then bequeathed it to the [[National Trust]].<ref>[[Channel 4]] history microsites: [http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/C/castle/bod_main.html Bodiam Castle]</ref> From 1915 he also rented [[Montacute House]] as a residence for himself and Elinor Glyn.

== Foreign Secretary (1919–1924) ==
[[File:Curzon fronting Victoria Memorial.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|Statue of Curzon in front of the [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata]]]]

===Relations with Lloyd George===
Curzon did not have [[David Lloyd George]]'s support. Curzon and Lloyd George had disliked one another since the [[Parliament Act 1911|1911 Parliament Crisis]]. The Prime Minister thought him overly pompous and self-important, and it was said that he used him as if he were using a [[Rolls-Royce Motor Cars|Rolls-Royce]] to deliver a parcel to the station; Lloyd George said much later that [[Winston Churchill]] treated his ministers in a way that Lloyd George would never have treated his: "They were all men of substance — well, except Curzon."<ref>Michael Foot: ''Aneurin Bevan''.</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2020}} Multiple drafts of resignation letters written at this time were found upon Curzon's death. Despite their antagonism, the two were often in agreement on government policy.<ref>Johnson, Gaynor "Preparing for Office: Lord Curzon as Acting Foreign Secretary, January- October 1919." Contemporary British History 18.3 (2004): 56.</ref> Lloyd George needed the wealth of knowledge Curzon possessed so was both his biggest critic and, simultaneously, his largest supporter. Likewise, Curzon was grateful for the leeway he was allowed by Lloyd George when it came to handling affairs in the Middle East.<ref>G. H. Bennett, "Lloyd George, Curzon and the Control of British Foreign Policy 1919–22", ''Australian Journal of Politics & History'' 45#4 (1999): 479.</ref>

Other cabinet ministers also respected his vast knowledge of Central Asia but disliked his arrogance and often blunt criticism. Believing that the Foreign Secretary should be non-partisan, he would objectively present all the information on a subject to the Cabinet, as if placing faith in his colleagues to reach the appropriate decision. Conversely, Curzon would take personally and respond aggressively to any criticism.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bennett | first1 = G. H. | year = 1999 | title = Lloyd George, Curzon and the Control of British Foreign Policy 1919–22 | journal = Australian Journal of Politics & History | volume = 45 | issue = 4| page = 472 | doi = 10.1111/1467-8497.00076 }}</ref>

It has been suggested that Curzon's defensiveness reflected institutional insecurity by the [[Foreign Office]] as a whole. During the 1920s the Foreign Office was often a passive participant in decisions which were mainly reactive and dominated by the prime minister.<ref>Sharp, Alan "Adapting to a New World? British Foreign Policy in the 1920s." Contemporary British History 18.3 (2004): 76.</ref> The creation of the job of [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|Colonial Secretary]], the [[Cabinet Office]] and the [[League of Nations]] added to the Foreign Office's insecurity.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bennett | first1 = G. H. | year = 1999 | title = Lloyd George, Curzon and the Control of British Foreign Policy 1919–22 | journal = Australian Journal of Politics & History | volume = 45 | issue = 4| page = 473 | doi = 10.1111/1467-8497.00076 }}</ref>

===Policy under Lloyd George===
[[File:Curzon line en.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|The territorial changes of Poland. ''Light blue line'': Curzon Line "B" as proposed by Lord Curzon in 1919. ''Dark blue line'': Curzon Line "A" as proposed by the Soviet Union in 1940. ''Pink'': [[Recovered Territories|Formerly German provinces annexed by Poland after World War II]]. ''Grey'': Pre–World War II Polish territory east of the Curzon Line annexed by the Soviet Union after the war.]]
{{Territorial evolution of Poland}}

After nine months as acting Secretary while Balfour was at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]],<ref>Gaynor Johnson, "Preparing for Office: Lord Curzon as Acting Foreign Secretary, January–October 1919", ''Contemporary British History'', vol. 18, n°3, 2004, pp. 53–73.</ref> Curzon was appointed Foreign Secretary in October 1919. He gave his name to the British government's proposed Soviet-Polish boundary, the [[Curzon Line]] of December 1919. Although during the subsequent [[Polish-Soviet War]], [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] conquered [[Kresy|territory in the east]], after [[World War II]], Poland was shifted westwards, leaving the border between Poland and its eastern neighbours today approximately at the Curzon Line.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sarah Meiklejohn Terry|title=Poland's Place in Europe: General Sikorski and the Origin of the Oder-Neisse Line, 1939–1943|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zOL_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121|year=1983|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=121|isbn=9781400857173}}</ref>

Curzon was largely responsible for the [[Peace Day 1919|Peace Day]] ceremonies on 19 July 1919. These included the plaster [[The Cenotaph|Cenotaph]], designed by the noted architect Sir [[Edwin Lutyens]], for the Allied Victory parade in London. It was so successful that it was reproduced in stone, and still stands.

In 1918, during World War I, as [[Mesopotamian campaign|Britain occupied Mesopotamia]], Curzon tried to convince the Indian government to reconsider his scheme for [[Qajar Iran|Persia]] to be a buffer against Russian advances.<ref>Yapp, p. 654.</ref> British and Indian troops were in Persia protecting the oilfields at [[Abadan]] and watching the Afghan frontier – Curzon believed that British economic and military aid, sent via India, could prop up the Persian government and make her a British client state. The [[Anglo-Persian Agreement]] of August 1919 was never ratified and the British government rejected the plan as Russia had the geographical advantage and the defensive benefits would not justify the high economic cost.<ref>Yapp, p. 653.</ref>

Small British forces had twice occupied [[Baku]] on the Caspian in 1918, while an entire British division had occupied [[Batum]] on the Black Sea, supervising German and Turkish withdrawal. Against Curzon's wishes, but on the advice of Sir [[George Milne]], the commander on the spot, the [[Chief of the Imperial General Staff|CIGS]] [[Sir Henry Wilson]], who wanted to concentrate troops in Britain, Ireland, India, and Egypt,{{sfn|Jeffery| 2006| p=251–252}} and of Churchill ([[Secretary of State for War]]), the British withdrew from Baku (the small British naval presence was also withdrawn from the Caspian Sea), at the end of August 1919 leaving only three battalions at Batum.

In January 1920 Curzon insisted that British troops remain in Batum, against the wishes of Wilson and the prime minister. In February, while Curzon was on holiday, Wilson persuaded the [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]] to allow withdrawal, but Curzon had the decision reversed on his return, although to Curzon's fury (he thought it "abuse of authority") Wilson gave Milne permission to withdraw if he deemed it necessary. At Cabinet on 5 May 1920 Curzon "by a long-winded jaw" (in Wilson's description) argued for a stay in Batum. After a British garrison at [[Enzeli]] (on the Persian Caspian coast) was taken prisoner by [[Bolshevik]] forces on 19 May 1920, Lloyd George finally insisted on a withdrawal from Batum early in June 1920. For the rest of 1920 Curzon, supported by [[Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner|Milner]] (Colonial Secretary), argued that Britain should retain control of Persia. When Wilson asked (15 July 1920) to pull troops out of Persia to put down the rebellions in [[Iraqi Revolt|Iraq]] and [[Irish War of Independence|Ireland]], Lloyd George blocked the move, saying that Curzon "would not stand it". In the end, financial retrenchment forced a British withdrawal from Persia in the spring of 1921.{{sfn|Jeffery| 2006| p=233–234, 247–251}}

Curzon worked on several Middle Eastern problems. He designed the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] (10 August 1920) between the victorious Allies and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The treaty obliged the de facto end of Turkey's sovereign state status, but a new government in [[Turkey]] under [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]] rejected the treaty. In response, the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|Greeks invaded Turkey]]. Curzon tried and failed to induce the Greeks to accept a compromise on the status of [[Occupation of Smyrna|Smyrna]] and failed to force the Turks to renounce their nationalist program. Lloyd George tried to use force at [[Chanak Crisis|Chanak]] but lost support and was forced to step down as prime minister. Curzon remained as foreign secretary and helped tie down loose ends in the Middle East at the [[Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923|peace conference at Lausanne]].<ref>Domna Visvizi-Dontas, "The Allied powers and the Eastern Question 1921–1923." ''Balkan Studies'' 17.2 (1976): 331–357 [https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/viewFile/1284/1305 online].</ref>

Curzon helped to negotiate Egyptian independence ([[Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence|agreed in 1922]]) and the division of the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]], despite the strong disagreement he held with the policy of his predecessor Arthur Balfour,<ref name=UnregardedProphet>{{cite journal|author-link=Sir David Gilmour, 4th Baronet|first=David|last=Gilmour|title=The Unregarded Prophet: Lord Curzon and the Palestine Question|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=25|issue=3|pages=60–68|date=1996|jstor=2538259|doi=10.2307/2538259}}</ref> and helped create the [[Emirate of Transjordan]] for [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal]]'s brother, which may also have delayed the problems there. According to [[Sir David Gilmour, 4th Baronet|Sir David Gilmour]], Curzon "was the only senior figure in the British government at the time who foresaw that its policy would lead to decades of Arab–Jewish hostility".<ref name=UnregardedProphet/>

During the [[Irish War of Independence]], but before the introduction of martial law in December 1920, Curzon suggested the "Indian" solution of blockading villages and imposing collective fines for attacks on the police and army.{{sfn|Jeffery| 2006| p=266–67}}

In 1921 Curzon was granted the titles '''Earl of Kedleston''', in the County of Derby, and '''Marquess Curzon of Kedleston'''.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32376 |date=1 July 1921 |page=5243 }}</ref>

In 1922, he was the chief negotiator for the Allies of the [[Treaty of Lausanne]], which officially ended the war with the Ottoman Empire and defined the borders of Turkey.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Curzon defended the geopolitical talent of [[Eyre Crowe]], who served as [[Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office]] from 1920 until his death in 1925.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

===Under Bonar Law===
Unlike many leading Conservative members of Lloyd George's Coalition Cabinet, Curzon ceased to support Lloyd George over the [[Chanak Crisis]] and had just resigned when Conservative backbenchers voted at the [[Carlton Club meeting]] to end the Coalition in October 1922. Curzon was thus able to remain Foreign Secretary when [[Bonar Law]] formed a purely Conservative ministry.

In 1922–23 Curzon had to negotiate with [[Interwar France|France]] after French troops [[Occupation of the Ruhr|occupied the Ruhr]] to enforce the payment of [[World War I reparations|German reparations]]; he described the French Prime Minister (and former president) [[Raymond Poincaré]] as a "horrid little man". Curzon had expansive ambitions and was not much happier with Bonar Law, whose foreign policy was based on "retrenchment and withdrawal", than he had been with Lloyd George. Curzon provided invaluable insight into the Middle East and was instrumental in shaping British foreign policy in that region.<ref>Bennett, "Lloyd George, Curzon and the Control of British Foreign Policy 1919–22", p. 477.</ref>

==Passed over for the premiership, 1923==
[[File:Curzon GGBain.jpg|thumb|Curzon {{circa|1920–1925}}]]
On [[Bonar Law]]'s retirement as prime minister in May 1923, Curzon was passed over in favour of [[Stanley Baldwin]], despite his eagerness for the job.

This decision was taken on the private advice of leading members of the party including former Prime Minister Arthur Balfour. Balfour advised the monarch that in a democratic age it was inappropriate for the prime minister to be a member of the [[House of Lords]], especially when the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], which had few peers, had become the [[His Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition|main opposition party]] in the Commons. In private Balfour admitted that he was prejudiced against Curzon, whose character was objectionable to some. [[George V]] shared this prejudice. A letter purporting to detail the opinions of Bonar Law but actually written by Baldwin sympathisers was delivered to the King's Private Secretary [[Lord Stamfordham]], though it is unclear how much impact this had in the outcome. Curzon felt he was cheated because [[J. C. C. Davidson]]—to whom Baldwin was loyal—and Sir [[Charles Waterhouse (British politician)|Charles Waterhouse]]{{Disputed inline|Error in Mosley re Waterhouse|for=Mosley has the name wrong|date=November 2020}} falsely claimed to Stamfordham that Law had recommended that George V appoint Stanley Baldwin, not Curzon, as his successor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mosley|first=Leonard|title=''Curzon: The End of an Epoch''|url=https://archive.org/details/curzonendofepoch0000mosl|url-access=registration|year=1961|pages=[https://archive.org/details/curzonendofepoch0000mosl/page/264 264–275]}}</ref> Harry Bennett says Curzon's arrogance and unpopularity probably prevented him from becoming prime minister despite his brilliance, great capacity for work and accomplishments.<ref>Harry Bennett, "Lord Curzon of Kedleston: 'Easily misunderstood' and 'Easily misrepresented'", ''The Historian'', No. 49, 1996. pp. 17–19.</ref>

[[Winston Churchill]], one of Curzon's main rivals, accurately contended that Curzon "sow[ed] gratitude and resentment along his path with equally lavish hands".<ref>Winston S. Churchill, ''Great Contemporaries''.</ref> Even contemporaries who envied Curzon, such as Baldwin, conceded that Curzon was, in the words of his biographer [[Leonard Mosley]], "a devoted and indefatigable public servant, dedicated to the idea of Empire".<ref>{{cite book|last=Mosley|first=Leonard|title=''Curzon: The End of an Epoch''|url=https://archive.org/details/curzonendofepoch0000mosl|url-access=registration|year=1961|page=[https://archive.org/details/curzonendofepoch0000mosl/page/288 288]}}</ref>

Curzon, summoned by Stamfordham, rushed to London assuming he was to be appointed. He burst into tears when told the truth. He later ridiculed Baldwin as "a man of the utmost insignificance", although he [[Conservative government, 1922–1924|served under Baldwin]] and proposed him for the leadership of the Conservative Party. Curzon remained foreign secretary under Baldwin until the government fell in January 1924. When Baldwin formed a [[Second Baldwin ministry|new government]] in November 1924 he appointed Curzon [[Lord President of the Council]].

Curzon's rejection was a turning point in the nation's political history. Henceforth, by convention peers were deemed to be barred from being leaders of major political parties and from becoming prime minister. In an age of democracy, it was no longer acceptable for the prime minister to be based in an unelected and largely powerless chamber.<ref>Chris Cooper, "Heir not Apparent: Douglas Hailsham, the role of the House of Lords, and the Succession to the Conservative Leadership 1928–31." ''Parliamentary History'' 31.2 (2012): 206–229.</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Curzon-last-pic.jpg|thumb|upright|The last photograph taken of Curzon on his way to attend a cabinet meeting (1925)]]
In March 1925 Curzon suffered a severe haemorrhage of the bladder. Surgery was unsuccessful and he died in London on 20 March 1925 at the age of 66. His coffin, made from the same tree at Kedleston that had encased his first wife, Mary, was taken to [[Westminster Abbey]] and from there to his ancestral home in [[Derbyshire]], where he was interred beside Mary in the family vault at [[All Saints Church, Kedleston|All Saints Church]] on 26 March. In his will, proven on 22 July, Curzon bequeathed his estate to his wife and his brother Francis; his estate was valued for probate at £343,279 10s. 4d. (roughly equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|0.343279|1925|r=-0}}}} million in {{Inflation-year|UK}}){{Inflation/fn|UK|df=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Curzon&yearOfDeath=1925&page=3#calendar |title=Curzon of Kedleston |author= |date=1925 |website=probatesearchservice.gov |publisher=UK Government |access-date=7 August 2019 }}</ref>

Upon his death the barony, earldom and marquessate of Curzon of Kedleston and the earldom of Kedleston became extinct, while the [[Viscount Scarsdale|viscountcy]] and barony of Scarsdale were inherited by a nephew. The [[Baron Ravensdale|barony of Ravensdale]] was inherited by his eldest daughter [[Irene Curzon, 2nd Baroness Ravensdale|Mary]] and is today held by his second daughter [[Lady Cynthia Mosley|Cynthia]]'s great-grandson, [[Daniel Mosley, 4th Baron Ravensdale]].

There is a [[blue plaque]] on the house in London where Curzon lived and died, No. 1 [[Carlton House Terrace]], [[City of Westminster|Westminster]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://openplaques.org/plaques/6258|title=George Nathaniel Curzon blue plaque|publisher=openplaques.org|access-date=13 May 2013}}</ref>

== Titles ==
On his appointment as [[Viceroy of India]] in 1898, he was created [[Baron Curzon of Kedleston]], in the County of Derby. This title was created in the [[Peerage of Ireland]] to enable him to potentially return to the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]], as Irish peers did not have an automatic right to sit in the [[House of Lords]]. His was the last title to be created in the Peerage of Ireland. In 1908, he was elected a [[Representative peer|representative of the Irish peerage]] in the British House of Lords, from which it followed that he would be a member of the House of Lords until death; indeed, his [[Irish representative peer]]age would continue even if (as proved to be the case) he later received a [[Peerage of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom peerage]] entitling him to a seat in the House of Lords in his own right.

In 1911 he was created [[Earl Curzon of Kedleston]], [[Viscount Scarsdale]], and [[Baron Ravensdale]]. All of these titles were in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

Upon his father's death in 1916, he also became 5th [[Baron Scarsdale]], in the [[Peerage of Great Britain]]. The title had been created in 1761.

In the [[1921 Birthday Honours]], he was created Marquess Curzon of Kedleston.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32346 |date=4 June 1921 |page=4529 |supp=y}}</ref> The title became extinct upon his death in 1925, as he was survived by three daughters and no sons.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lord Curzon: A Great Career |newspaper=[[The Times]] |page=7 |date=21 March 1925 }}</ref>

== Assessment ==
Few statesmen have experienced such changes in fortune in both their public and their personal lives.
[[Sir David Gilmour, 4th Baronet|David Gilmour]] concludes:

<blockquote>Curzon's career was an almost unparalleled blend of triumph and disappointment. Although he was the last and in many ways the greatest of Victorian viceroys, his term of office ended in resignation, empty of recognition and barren of reward.... he was unable to assert himself fully as Foreign Secretary until the last weeks of Lloyd George's premiership. And finally, after he had restored his reputation at Lausanne, his last ambition was thwarted by George V.<ref name="ODNBCurzon">{{Cite ODNB|id=32680|title=Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|date = 6 January 2011|first = David|last = Gilmour|author-link = David Gilmour (historian)}}</ref></blockquote>

Critics generally agreed that Curzon never reached the heights that his youthful talents had seemed destined to reach. This sense of opportunities missed was summed up by [[Winston Churchill]] in his book ''[[Great Contemporaries]]'' (1937):

<blockquote>The morning had been golden, the noontide was bronze, and the evening lead. But all were solid, and each was polished till it shone after its fashion.</blockquote>

Churchill also wrote there was certainly something lacking in Curzon:<blockquote>it was certainly not information nor application, nor power of speech nor attractiveness of manner and appearance. Everything was in his equipment. You could unpack his knapsack and take an inventory item by item. Nothing on the list was missing, yet somehow or other the total was incomplete.<ref>Churchill, ''Great Contemporaries'', Chapter on Curzon.</ref></blockquote>

His Cabinet colleague [[David Lindsay, 27th Earl of Crawford]] provided a withering personal judgment in his diary; "I never knew a man less loved by his colleagues and more hated by his subordinates, never a man so bereft of conscience, of charity or of gratitude. On the other hand the combination of power, of industry, and of ambition with a mean personality is almost without parallel. I never attended a funeral ceremony at which the congregation was so dry-eyed!"{{sfn|Lindsay|p=507}}

The first leader of independent India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], paid Curzon a tribute, stating that as viceroy, Curzon exhibited real love of Indian culture. He ordered a restoration project for several historic monuments, including the [[Taj Mahal]]:<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1481257/Reviled-Curzon-name-wins-new-respect-in-India.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1481257/Reviled-Curzon-name-wins-new-respect-in-India.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Reviled-Curzon-name-wins-new-respect-in-India|publisher=telegraph.co.uk|access-date=29 August 2017|date=15 January 2005|last1=Roy|first1=Amit}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<blockquote>After every other Viceroy has been forgotten, Curzon will be remembered because he restored all that was beautiful in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/When-Curzon-rescued-Ahmedabads-icon/articleshow/13015110.cms|title=When Curzon rescued Ahmedabad's icon|newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 May 2012 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=5 July 2017}}</ref></blockquote>

==Legacy==
By [[Remainder (law)|special remainders]], although he had no son, two of Curzon's peerages survive to the present day. His barony of Ravensdale went first to his eldest daughter, [[Irene Curzon, 2nd Baroness Ravensdale]], and then to his grandson [[Nicholas Mosley]], both of whom sat in the [[House of Lords]], while his [[Viscount Scarsdale]] title went to a nephew. His great-great-grandson [[Daniel Mosley, 4th Baron Ravensdale]], is a current member of the House of Lords, having been elected as a representative hereditary peer.

[[Curzon Hall]], the home of the faculty of science at the [[University of Dhaka]], is named after him. Curzon had inaugurated the building in 1904.

[[Curzon Gate, Bardhaman|Curzon Gate]], a ceremonial gate, was erected by Maharaja Bijay Chand Mahatab in the heart of Burdwan town and was renamed to commemorate Lord Curzon's visit to the town in 1904, which was renamed as Bijay Toran after the independence of India in 1947.

Curzon Road, the road connecting India Gate, the memorial dedicated to the Indian fallen during the Great War of 1914–18, and Connaught Place, in New Delhi was named after him. It has since been renamed [[Kasturba Gandhi]] Marg. The apartment buildings on the same road are named after him.

The George Nathaniel Curzon Foundation was established in 2025 to commemorate the centenary of Curzon's death.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2025 |title=The George Nathaniel Curzon Foundation |url=https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-george-nathaniel-curzon-foundation/ |website=LinkedIn}}</ref>
{{Clear|right}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
=== Curzon's writings ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Curzon, ''Russia in Central Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian Question'' (1889) Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., London (reprinted Cass, 1967), Adamant Media Corporation; {{ISBN|978-1-4021-7543-5}} (27 February 2001) Reprint (Paperback) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1402175434 Details]
* Curzon, ''Persia and the Persian Question'' (1892) Longmans, Green, and Co., London and New York.; facsimile reprint:
** '''Volume 1''' (Paperback) by George Nathaniel Curzon, Adamant Media Corporation; {{ISBN|978-1-4021-6179-7}} (22 October 2001) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1402161794 Abstract]
** '''Volume 2''' (Paperback) by George Nathaniel Curzon, Adamant Media Corporation; {{ISBN|978-1-4021-6178-0}} (22 October 2001) [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1402161786 Abstract]
*Curzon, ''On the Indian Frontier'', Edited with an introduction by Dhara Anjaria; (Oxford U.P. 2011) 350 pages {{ISBN|978-0-19-906357-4}}
* Curzon, ''Problems of the Far East'' (1894; new ed., 1896) George Nathaniel Curzon ''Problems of the Far East. Japan -Korea – China'', reprint; {{ISBN|1-4021-8480-8}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4021-8480-2}} (25 December 2000) Adamant Media Corporation (Paperback)[https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1402184808 Abstract]
* Curzon, ''The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus'', 1897, The Royal Geographical Society. ''Geographical Journal'' 8 (1896): 97–119, 239–63. A thorough study of the region's history and people and of the British–Russian conflict of interest in Turkestan based on Curzon's travels there in 1894. Reprint (paperback): Adamant Media Corporation, {{ISBN|978-1-4021-5983-1}} (22 April 2002) [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1402159838 Abstract]. Unabridged reprint (2005): Elbiron Classics, Adamant Media Corporation; {{ISBN|1-4021-5983-8}} (pbk); {{ISBN|1-4021-3090-2}} (hardcover).
* Curzon, The Romanes Lecture 1907, ''FRONTIERS'' by the Right Hon Lord Curzon of Kedleston [[G.C.S.I.]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|G.C.I.E.]], [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|PC]], [[D.C.L.]], [[LL.D.]], [[Fellow of the Royal Society|F.R.S.]], All Souls College, Chancellor of the university, Delivered in the Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford, 2 November 1907 [[s:Frontiers|full text]].
* Curzon, ''Tales of Travel''. First published by Hodder & Stoughton 1923 (Century Classic Ser.) London, Century. 1989, Facsimile Reprint; {{ISBN|0-7126-2245-4}}; reprint with foreword by Lady Alexandra Metcalfe, Introduction by Peter King. A selection of Curzon's travel writing including essays on Egypt, Afghanistan, Persia, Iran, India, Iraq Waterfalls, etc. (includes the future viceroy's escapade into Afghanistan to meet the "Iron Emir", Abdu Rahman Khan, in 1894)
* Curzon and H. Avray Tipping. Finished by [[Henry Avray Tipping]] after Curzon's death: Marquess George Nathaniel Curzon Curzon of Kedleston and Henry Avray Tipping {{google books|jkGAAAAAIAAJ|Tattershall Castle, Lincolnshire: A Historical & Descriptive Survey by the Late Marquis Curzon of Kedleston, K.G. and H. Avray Tipping (1929)}}
* Curzon, ''Travels with a Superior Person'', London, Sidgwick & Jackson. 1985, Reprint; {{ISBN|978-0-283-99294-0}}, Hardcover, illustrated with 90 contemporary photographs most of them from Curzon's own collection (includes ''Greece in the Eighties'', pp. 78–84; edited by Peter King; introduced by Elizabeth, Countess Longford)
{{refend}}

=== Secondary sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Bennet, G. H. (1995). ''British Foreign Policy During the Curzon Period, 1919–1924''. New York: St. Martin's Press. {{ISBN|0-312-12650-6}}.
* Carrington, Michael. Officers, Gentlemen, and Murderers: Lord Curzon's campaign against 'collisions' between Indians and Europeans, 1899–1905, ''Modern Asian Studies'' 47:03, May 2013, pp. 780–819.
* Carrington, Michael. A PhD thesis, ''Empire and authority: Curzon, collisions, character and the Raj, 1899–1905.'' Discusses a number of interesting issues raised during Curzon's Viceroyalty (available through British Library).
* {{EB1911 |wstitle=Curzon of Kedleston, George Nathaniel, 1st Baron |volume=7 |page=665}}
* De Groot, Gerard ''Douglas Haig 1861–1928'' (Larkfield, Maidstone: Unwin Hyman, 1988)
* Dilks, David; ''Curzon in India'' (2 volumes, Rupert Hart-Davis, 1969 & 1970) [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=59429856 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307000328/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=59429856 |date=7 March 2007 }}
* Edwardes, Michael. "The Viceroyalty Of Lord Curzon" ''History Today'' (Dec 1962) 12#12, pp. 833–844.
* Edwardes, Michael. ''High Noon of Empire: India under Curzon'' (1965).
* Gilmour, David (1994). UK: ''[[Curzon: Imperial Statesman|Curzon]]''. London: John Murray; US: ''Curzon: Imperial Statesman''. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. [https://www.amazon.com/Curzon-David-Gilmour/dp/0333644069/ excerpt and text search]
* Gilmour, David. "Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess Curzon of Kedleston (1859–1925)" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' 2004; online edn, Jan 2011 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32680, accessed 30 Sept 2014] doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32680
* Goudie A. S. (1980). "George Nathaniel Curzon: Superior Geographer", ''The Geographical Journal'', 146, 2 (1980): 203–209, {{doi|10.2307/632861}} [https://www.jstor.org/pss/632861#abstract Abstract]
* Goradia, Nayana. ''Lord Curzon The Last of the British Moghuls'' (1993) [https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215426/http://www.dli.ernet.in/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Lord%20Curzon%20The%20Last%20Of%20The%20British%20Moghuls&author1=Nayana%20Goradia&subject1=GEOGRAPHY.%20BIOGRAPHY.%20HISTORY&year=1993%20&language1=english&pages=342&barcode=2990100067864&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=Oxford%20University%20Press%2C%20Delhi&contributor1=&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=ttd%2C%20s.v%20digital%20library&slocation1=NONE&sourcelib1=SNL%20Vetapalem&scannerno1=0&digitalrepublisher1=Digital%20Library%20Of%20India&digitalpublicationdate1=2005-01-21&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=Tagged%20Image%20File%20Format%20&url=%2Fdata_copy%2Fupload%2F0067%2F869 full text online free].
* {{cite book |last=Jeffery |first=Keith |title=Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: A Political Soldier |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-820358-2}}
* Katouzian, Homa. "The Campaign Against the Anglo-Iranian Agreement of 1919." ''British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies'' 25 (1) (1998): 5–46.
*Loades, David, ed. ''Reader's Guide to British History'' (2003) 1:324-25; historiography
* {{cite book |last=Lindsay |first=David |author-link=David Lindsay, 27th Earl of Crawford |editor=[[John Vincent (historian)|John Vincent]] |year=1984 |title=The Crawford Papers: The journals of David Lindsay, twenty-seventh Earl of Crawford and tenth Earl of Balcarres 1871–1940 during the years 1892 to 1940 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k81RAQAAIAAJ&q=the+crawford+papers |location=Manchester |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-71900-948-8 |ref={{sfnRef|Lindsay}}}}
* McLane, John R. "The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1905", ''Indian Economic and Social History Review'', July 1965, 2#3, pp 221–237
* [[Leonard Mosley|Mosley, Leonard Oswald]]. ''The glorious fault: The life of Lord Curzon'' (1960)[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.458978 online]
* Nicolson, Harold George (1934). ''Curzon: The Last Phase, 1919–1925: A Study in Post-war Diplomacy''. London: Constable. {{ISBN|9780571258925}}
* Reid, Walter. ''Architect of Victory: Douglas Haig'' (Birlinn Ltd, Edinburgh, 2006.) {{ISBN|1-84158-517-3}}
* Ronaldshay, Earl of (1927). ''The Life of Lord Curzon''. (Two volumes; London)
* Rose, Kenneth. ''Superior Person: A Portrait of Curzon and His Circle in Late Victorian England'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969 {{ISBN|1842122339}}
* Ross, Christopher N. B. "Lord Curzon and E. G. Browne Confront the 'Persian Question{{'"}}, ''Historical Journal'', 52, 2 (2009): 385–411, {{doi|10.1017/S0018246X09007511}}
* Woodward, David R., ''Field Marshal Sir William Robertson'', Westport Connecticut & London: Praeger, 1998, {{ISBN|0-275-95422-6}}
* [[Denis Wright|Wright, Denis]]. "Curzon and Persia". ''The Geographical Journal'' 153 (3) (1987): 343–350.
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|last=Curzon |title=George Nathaniel Curzon, Marquess of Curzon of Kedleston (1859–1925) – Bodiam Castle, Sussex : a historical and descriptive survey / by the Marquis Curzon of Kedleston. |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/1140236/bodiam-castle-sussex-a-historical-and-descriptive-survey-by-the-marquis-curzon-of |website=rct.uk |access-date=24 April 2021 |year=1926}}
* Marabello, Thomas Quinn (2023) "The Centennial of the Treaty of Lausanne: Turkey, Switzerland, the Great Powers and a Soviet Diplomat's Assassination," ''Swiss American Historical Society Review'': Vol. 59. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss3/4

== External links ==
{{Commons category|George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110911062951/http://www.britishempirehistory.com/pages/8.html ''Analysis of George Curzon as Viceroy'']
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-george-curzon | the Marquess Curzon of Kedleston }}
* India under Curzon and after, By Lovat Fraser, Published by William Heinemann, London – 1911. [https://archive.org/stream/indiaundercurzon00frasuoft#page/n9/mode/2up Digital Rare Book] :
* [[iarchive:problemsoffareas00curziala|''Problems of the Far East: Japan – Korea – China'' by George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston at archive.org]]
* [[iarchive:modernparliament00curzuoft|''Modern parliamentary eloquence; the Rede lecture, delivered before the University of Cambridge, 6 November 1913'' by George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston at archive.org]]
* [https://archive.org/details/russiaincentrala032476mbp ''Russia In Central Asia In 1889'' by George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston at archive.org]
* {{Librivox author |id=16692}}
* [[iarchive:warpoemsandother00curzuoft|''War poems and other translations'' by George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston at archive.org]]
* {{UK National Archives ID}}
* [http://www.maximiliangenealogy.co.uk/maximilia/pafg1237.htm ''George Nathaniel CURZON was born 11 Jan 1859. He died 20 Mar 1925. George married Mary Victoria LEITER on 22 Apr 1895'']
* {{PM20|FID=pe/003608}}

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{{Viceroys of India}}
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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Curzon of Kedleston, George Curzon, 1st Marquess}}
[[Category:George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston| ]]
[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1890s in British India]]
[[Category:1900s in British India]]
[[Category:1925 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century regents]]
[[Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British secretaries of state for foreign affairs]]
[[Category:Chancellors of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies|Curzon, George]]
[[Category:Curzon family|George]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Iran]]
[[Category:British orientalists]]
[[Category:Explorers of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Irish representative peers]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)]]
[[Category:Leaders of the House of Lords]]
[[Category:Lords president of the Council]]
[[Category:Lords Privy Seal]]
[[Category:Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports]]
[[Category:Marquesses in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Peers of Ireland created by Queen Victoria]]
[[Category:People educated at Wixenford School]]
[[Category:People from Kedleston]]
[[Category:People of the Victorian era]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Oxford Union]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Geographical Society]]
[[Category:Rectors of the University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1886–1892|Curzon, George]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1892–1895|Curzon, George]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1895–1900|Curzon, George]]
[[Category:UK MPs who inherited peerages]]
[[Category:UK MPs who were granted peerages]]
[[Category:Viceroys of India]]
[[Category:Viscounts Scarsdale|1]]
[[Category:Peers created by George V]]
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[[Category:Barons Ravensdale|1]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Classical Association]]
[[Category:British anti-suffragists]]
[[Category:British anti-Zionists]]

Arish Kumar

2026-03-11T06:00:21Z

Veronairy: stub - done

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arish Kumar
| image =
| birth_date = 20 September
| birth_place = Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 2006-Present
| spouse = {{marriage|Abinaya|2015|2017|end=div}}
}}

'''Arish Kumar''' is an Indian [[Actor|actor]] known for his work in [[Tamil cinema]]. He has frequently appeared in multi-starrer films.

== Career ==
Arish Kumar is the son of Editor Kumar, of the editing duo Ganesh–Kumar, who worked extensively under [[K. Balachander]]'s [[Kavithalayaa Productions]].

He made his acting debut in ''[[Idhu Kadhal Varum Paruvam]]'' (2006), a coming-of-age film directed by [[Kasthuri Raja]], where he played a youngster infatuated with an older woman, portrayed by [[Kiran Rathod]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ithu Kathal Varum Paruvam |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14342672&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206063703/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14342672&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=2006-12-06 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> He followed this with ''[[Pugaippadam]]'' (2010), a film centered on friendship, emphasizing that academics and career aspirations should take precedence over romantic relationships among friends.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pugaipadam |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14926054&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109100217/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14926054&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Later in 2010, Arish appeared in ''[[Maathi Yosi]]'', a film set against the backdrop of a Dalit colony that portrayed prevailing caste dynamics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2010 |title=Maathi Yosi |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/maathi-yosi-review-tamil-pclx4debccjii.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116125550/https://www.sify.com/movies/maathi-yosi-review-tamil-pclx4debccjii.html |archive-date=16 November 2019 |access-date=16 November 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The same year, he played one of the leads in ''[[Goripalayam]]'', directed by [[Rasu Madhuravan]], where he played a rebellious youngster.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=13 May 2010 |title=Engaging tale of gore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Engaging-tale-of-gore/article16300472.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123160739/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Engaging-tale-of-gore/article16300472.ece |archive-date=23 January 2025 |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> He continued his collaboration with Madhuravan in ''[[Muthukku Muthaaga]]'' (2011), a family drama highlighting the emotional bonds and sacrifices between parents and children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muthuku Muthaga |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/muthuku-muthaga-review-tamil-14965651.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307015822/http://www.sify.com/movies/muthuku-muthaga-review-tamil-14965651.html |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

In 2019, he appeared in ''[[Miga Miga Avasaram]]'' as [[Sri Priyanka]]'s love interest.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/hits-or-flops-you-have-to-do-films-to-be-in-the-limelight/articleshow/61889334.cms | title=‘Hits or flops, you have to do films to be in the limelight | date=2 December 2017 | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=26 July 2020}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Idhu Kadhal Varum Paruvam]]'' || Surya ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2010 || ''[[Pugaippadam]]'' || Bala ||
|-
| ''[[Maathi Yosi]]'' || Pandi ||
|-
| ''[[Goripalayam]]'' || Azhagar ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Muthukku Muthaaga]]'' || Selvam ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2014 ||''[[Ninaithathu Yaaro]]''|| Himself|| Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Netru Indru]]'' || Narayanan ||
|-
| ''[[Kaadhal 2014]]'' || Baskar ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Vethu Vettu]]'' || Machaikaalai ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Miga Miga Avasaram]]'' || ||
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Label (TV series)|Label]]'' || Arul Kumaran || [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|7019640}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Arish}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]

V S Rama Das

2026-03-08T19:32:46Z

Veronairy: Started new info first draft

{{Short description|Indian botanist and fellow of Indian National Science Academy}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2022}}
{{Indian name|Rama Das|VS}}
{{Infobox scientist
|honorific_prefix = [[Professor|Prof]]
|name = VSR Das
|image = Prof VSR Das.jpg
|caption = Vallabhaneni Sita Rama Das
|birth_name = Vallabhaneni Sita Rama Das
|birth_date = 5 February 1933<ref>{{cite web|title=Das, V.S. Rama 1933- (Vallabhaneni Sita Rama Das)|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/das-vs-rama-1933-vallabhaneni-sita-rama-das|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|birth_place = [[Gudlavalleru]], [[Krishna district|Krishna District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2010|12|9|1933|2|5}}
|death_place =
|workplaces =
|alma_mater =
|known_for = [[Photosynthesis]]
}}

'''Prof Vallabhaneni Sita Rama Das''' (5 February 1933 – 9 December 2010) was an [[India|Indian]] [[botanist]] and a fellow of [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref name=insaindia>{{cite web|title=Deceased Fellow - Professor VS Rama Das |url=https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N78-0598|website=[[Indian National Science Academy]]|publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]]|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref><ref>Elchuri SV, Govindjee. Vallabhaneni Sita Rama Das, 1933-2010: Teacher and Mentor. Photosynth Res. 2016 May;128(2):109-15. {{doi|10.1007/s11120-015-0210-1}}. Epub 2015 Dec 16. {{PMID|26676024}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Raghavendra|last1=A. S. |first2=Reddy|last2=A. R.|title=V. S. Rama Das (1933–2010)|journal=[[Current Science]]|date=25 September 2011|volume=101|issue=6|page=798|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/06/0798.pdf|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Rama Das was born on 5 February 1933 into an agriculture family in [[Gudlavalleru]]. Vankatappayya and Ratnamma were his father and mother. His family was into farm ownership. He did his BSc from Hindu College, [[Machilipatnam]] in 1951. He obtained his MSc in botany from Delhi University in 1953.

==Career==
After finishing his M.Sc, Rama Das went to Sweden to work with [[Mycology|mycologist]] Elias Melin at [[Uppsala University|Institute of Physiological Botany, Uppsala University]]. At University of Uppsala, Rama Das worked on physiology of tree [[mycorrhiza]]. After that, Rama Das obtained DPhil in 1957 from the [[University of Oxford]]. For his D.Phil, he worked on metabolism of isolated chloroplasts. He did this study under Professor WO James. Then he worked at the [[University of Allahabad]] as Assistant professor of botany from 1957 to 1959. After that, he started his career at the [[Sri Venkateswara University|SV University]], Tirupati, as lecturer. He was later promoted to reader, then professor, and then head of the Botany Department. He also worked as dean, Faculty of Sciences, principal of the University College and later as rector at the SV University. He worked at SV University until 1988. He visited the University of California at Berkeley in 1959 to work with Professor Daniel Arnon. He also worked at the Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John’s NFLD, Canada, in 1967-69. He worked at the Central University at Hyderabad from 1988 to 1993 in the School of Life Sciences, where he was also CSIR Emeritus Scientist and professor emeritus till 1999. Thereafter, he served as visiting professor in Biotechnology at [[Acharya Nagarjuna University|Nagarjuna University]] till 2005.

==Scientific contributions==
Rama Das’s doctoral work was on [[photosynthesis]] and it resulted in isolation of biochemically pure [[chloroplast]]s for the first time, uncontaminated by the [[Mitochondrion|mitochondria]]. His main research activity was in the area of [[plant physiology]] covering photosynthesis. He carried out research in relation to foliar solar tracking behavior and photosynthesis. In 2004, he published a monograph on photosynthesis. Under his guidance, twenty students researched in plant physiology and obtained PhD from the SV university. He conducted several research projects as the principal investigator. These projects were sponsored by the Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, US Department of Agriculture, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India and United Nations Environment Programme. He has authored over 200 research papers.<ref name=insaindia/>

==Personal life==
Rama Das married Ahalya Vemuri on 22 June 1951. They had a daughter, Kausalya Yarlagadda and son, Ravi Vallabhaneni.

==Death==
Rama Das died on 9 December 2010.

==Honours and awards==
Rama Das was awarded for Outstanding Achievement in Biological Sciences by FICCI for the year 1978. He received the Birabal Sahni Gold Medal by Indian Botanical Society in 1985. He was awarded JJ Chinoy Memorial Medal by Indian Society for Plant Physiology in1979. He was honored with Honor Summas Medal by Watumull Foundation, USA for the year 1987. He was awarded JC Bose Award by UGC for the year 1991 and the professor SB Saksene Memorial Award by INSA in 1996. He was president of the Indian Society for Plant Physiology for the year 1973 and Andhra Pradesh Akademi of Sciences for the year 1978-79. He was UGC National Lecturer in Botany twice, once in 1978-79 and the second time in 1985-86. He was also elected Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore; and the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi.

==See also==
*[[National Academy of Sciences, India]]
*[[Plant physiology]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Mantha V Sailaja, Govindjee Govindjee (2015) "[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11120-015-0210-1 Vallabhaneni Sita Rama Das, 1933-2010: teacher and mentor]" December 2015, Photosynthesis Research 128(2) {{doi|10.1007/s11120-015-0210-1}}. {{PMID|26676024}}/

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rama Das, V S}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Indian botanists]]

Badri (2000 film)

2026-03-06T06:26:59Z

Veronairy: rework citations for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|2000 Telugu-language romantic drama film}}
{{For|Tamil movie|Badri (2001 film)}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Badri
| image = Badri Telugu.jpg
| caption = Badri Movie Poster
| writer = Puri Jagannadh
| producer = [[T. Trivikrama Rao]]
| director = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| starring = [[Pawan Kalyan]] [[Amisha Patel]] [[Renu Desai]]
| music = [[Ramana Gogula]]
| cinematography = [[Madhu Ambat]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = Vijaya Lakhshmi Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2000|4|20}}
| runtime = 158 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Badri''''' is a 2000 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action film]] written and directed by [[Puri Jagannadh]] in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Amisha Patel]], [[Renu Desai]] and [[Prakash Raj]]. This film marks the South Indian debut of Amisha Patel. The film's music was composed by [[Ramana Gogula]], which marks his second collaboration with Pawan Kalyan after ''[[Thammudu]]'' (1999).<ref>{{cite web |date=20 April 2000 |title=Movie Review - Badri |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-badri.html |access-date=4 March 2021 |work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

The film became a super hit at the box office and made Pawan Kalyan a star.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=20 April 2023 |title=23YrsOfBlockBusterBadri: పవన్ కల్యాణ్ ‘బద్రి’ గురించి ఈ విషయం తెలుసా? |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2023/viral/power-star-pawan-kalyan-badri-movie-completes-23-years-kbk-44250.html |website=Chitrajyothy |publisher=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |language=te}}</ref> The film's dialogues and songs were huge hits with the youth. The dialogue “Nuvvu Nanda aithe nenu Badri Badrinath” and songs like “Ye Chikitha” and “Bangala Kathamlo” continued to be popular even after two decades.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kiran Kumar Thanjavur |date=2023-04-20 |title=పవన్ కళ్యాణ్ బ్లాక్ బస్టర్‌ ‘బద్రి’కి 23 యేళ్లు పూర్తి.. సాధించిన రికార్డులు ఇవే.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/pawan-kalyan-blockbluster-badri-movie-completes-23-years-here-are-the-total-collections-ta-1746176.html |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=News18 తెలుగు |language=te}}</ref> Puri Jagannadh later remade it in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Shart: The Challenge]]'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2020 |title=2 Decades of Blockbuster Badri: 5 facts about the film that unbelievably interesting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/2-decades-of-blockbuster-badri-5-facts-about-the-film-that-unbelievably-interesting/photostory/75248675.cms |website=The Times of India |via=}}</ref>

==Plot==
Badri is an [[Advertising|ad agency]] director who is challenged by his fiancée, Vennela, who claims that no other girl on earth would probably love him more than Vennela does. Badri takes up the challenge immediately, where Vennela shows a beautiful girl named Sarayu and asks him to approach her. After a few meetings, Sarayu falls for Badri. However, Sarayu's brother Nanda, who is excessively fond and protective of Sarayu, wants to finish Badri since he knows that Badri and Vennela are destined for marriage. Everything goes well for Badri because he realizes his love for Sarayu and reunites with her after Vennela and Nanda's approval.

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Pawan Kalyan]] as Badrinadh "Badri"
*[[Amisha Patel]] as Sarayu, Nanda's younger sister and Badri's love interest
*[[Renu Desai]] as Vennela, Badri's fiancée
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Nanda Kishore "Nanda", Sarayu's elder brother
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Badri's father
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Gangaraju
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
*[[Kaushal Manda]]
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Manikantha
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as Chandra Mouli "C. M."
*[[Sangeetha (Telugu actress)|Sangeetha]] as Badri's mother
*[[Rama Prabha]] as Vennela's grandmother
*[[Uttej]]
*[[Narsing Yadav]]
*[[Ironleg Sastri]]
*[[Tirupathi Prakash]]
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
Pawan Kalyan, already a successful actor with hits like ''[[Suswagatham]]'' (1998), [[Tholi Prema (1998 film)|''Tholi Prema'']] (1998), and ''[[Thammudu]]'' (1999), took a risk by working with new director [[Puri Jagannadh]] for ''Badri''. The film was produced by T. Trivikram Rao, with its [[Muhurat shot|muhurtham shot]] being given a clap by [[Chiranjeevi]].<ref name=":1" />

The film employed a unique approach with its title cards, placing the names of the heroines first, followed by [[Prakash Raj]], and then [[Pawan Kalyan]], surprising the industry.<ref name=":0" />

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Badri
| type = film
| artist = [[Ramana Gogula]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2000
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 28:32
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Ramana Gogula]]
| prev_title = [[Yuvaraju (2000 film)|Yuvaraju]]
| prev_year = 2000
| next_title = [[Johnny (2003 film)|Johnny]]
| next_year = 2003
}}
The music was composed by [[Ramana Gogula]] and it was released on [[Aditya Music]]. The song "Ye [[wiktionary:chiquita|Chiquita]]" became one of the top songs almost for a year.

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:32
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = I am an Indian
| lyrics1 = Jalees Sherwani
| extra1 = Ramana Gogula
| length1 = 5:13
| title2 = Bangala Kathamlo
| lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra2 = Ramana Gogula, [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
| length2 = 4:37
| title3 = Ye Chikita (Ye Chiquita)
| lyrics3 = [[Veturi]]
| extra3 = Ramana Gogula, Sunitha
| length3 = 4:29
| title4 = Vevvela
| lyrics4 = Veturi
| extra4 = Ramana Gogula, Sunitha
| length4 = 4:23
| title5 = Varamanti Manase
| lyrics5 = Veturi
| extra5 = Ramana Gogula
| length5 = 5:07
| title6 = Chali Pidugullo
| lyrics6 = Veturi
| extra6 = Ramana Gogula, Sunitha
| length6 = 4:28
}}

== Reception ==
''Badri'' initially received an indifferent response on its release day, but quickly turned into a blockbuster, helping to establish Puri Jagannadh as a director in Tollywood.<ref name=":0" /> The film went on to become a huge success, earning over ₹18 [[crore]] as [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributor share]].<ref name=":1" />

== Legacy ==
The film became a blockbuster at the box office, and its dialogues and songs were huge hits with the youth.<ref name=":1" /> The dialogue "Nuvvu Nanda aithe nenu Badri Badrinath" and songs like "Ye Chikitha" and "Bangala Kathamlo" continued to be popular even after two decades.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

''Badri'' played a crucial role in expanding Pawan Kalyan's appeal from class audiences, who admired his earlier hits like ''[[Suswagatham]]'', [[Tholi Prema (1998 film)|''Tholi Prema'']], and ''[[Thammudu]]'', to a broader mass audience.<ref name=":0" /> The film, especially the intense scenes between Pawan Kalyan and Prakash Raj, remains a significant highlight in Pawan's career and continues to resonate in discussions about mass cinema.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0247945|Badri}}
{{Puri Jagannadh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Puri Jagannadh]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2000 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2000 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2000 romantic comedy films]]

List of Indian state anthems

2026-03-03T05:47:24Z

Veronairy: new

{{Short description|None}}
[[India]] is a country in [[Asia]]. It is a [[Federal state|union]] made up of [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]]. Some of these states and territories have adopted anthems for usage at state functions and ceremonies. In other states, songs have been proposed or are in popular, traditional or unofficial use.

==Official state anthems==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!State or union territory
!Song name
!Translated name
!Language
!Lyricist(s)
!Composer(s)
!Adopted
|-
|{{flagicon image|Government Banner of Andhra Pradesh.svg}} [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Maa Telugu Thalliki]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.lyricalbeast.com/2019/12/yenti-yenti-song-lyrics-geetha-govindam.html | title=Surya Kumari | date=18 May 2005 | newspaper=The Guardian | first=Bill | last=Harpe | access-date=28 June 2019 }}</ref>
|''To Our Mother Telugu''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[Sankarambadi Sundaraachari]]
|[[Suryakumari|Tanguturi Suryakumari]]
|1975<ref>{{Cite news|title=The First World Telugu Conference A Review|url=https://worldteluguconference.com/en/firstWTC-review.html|work=worldteluguconference.com|access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Assam]]
|[[O Mur Apunar Desh]]<ref>"Encyclopedia of Indian Literature Volume 1, 1989, pagina 416-418</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://assam.gov.in/about-us/390 |title=State Anthem | Assam State Portal |publisher=Assam.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2022-08-05}}</ref>
|''O My Endearing Country!''
|[[Assamese language|Assamese]]
|[[Lakshminath Bezbaroa]]
|[[Kamala Prasad Agarwala]]
|2013<ref>{{Cite news|title=Govt to recognize Bezbaruah's song as state anthem|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/govt-to-recognize-bezbaruahs-song-as-state-anthem/articleshow/26016309.cms|date=19 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
|
[[Mere Bharat Ke Kanthahar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120323/main6.htm|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News}}</ref>
|
''The Garland of My India''
|
[[Hindi]]
|
Satya Narayan
|
[[Hari Prasad Chaurasia]] and
[[Shivkumar Sharma]]
|2012
|-
|{{flagicon image|Chhattisgarh Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Arpa Pairi Ke Dhar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/---arpa-pairi-ke-dhaar----notified-official-song.html|title='Arpa Pairi Ke Dhaar' notified official song}}</ref>
|''The Streams of Arpa and Pairi''
|[[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]
|colspan="2" | [[Nardenra Dev Verma]]
|2019
|-
| [[Gujarat]]
|[[Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat]]<ref name="DeshGujarat2011">{{cite web | title=Newest version of Jay Jay Garvi Gujarat song launched(Video) | website=DeshGujarat | date=2011-05-07 | url=http://deshgujarat.com/2011/05/07/newest-version-of-jay-jay-garvi-gujarat-song-launchedvideo/ | access-date=2016-11-12}}</ref>
|''Victory to Proud Gujarat!''
|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|[[Narmad|Narmadashankar Dave]]
|''unknown''
|2011
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Haryana Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Haryana]]
|[[Jai Jai Jai Haryana]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manav |first=Sushil |date=2025-03-04 |title=Haryana has its official state anthem. 'Jai Jai Jai Haryana' to debut in budget session this week |url=https://theprint.in/india/haryana-has-its-official-state-anthem-jai-jai-jai-haryana-to-debut-in-budget-session-this-week/2531848/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-28 |title='Reflects our pride': Haryana officially adopts 'Jai Jai Jai' as state song |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pride-haryana-jai-jai-jai-state-song-9911530/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|''Victory to Haryana''
|[[Haryanvi]]
|Dr Balkrishan Sharma
|Paras Chopra
|2025
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Karnataka Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Karnataka]]
|[[Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hinduonnet.com/2004/01/11/stories/2004011103410400.htm |title=Poem declared 'State song' |access-date=24 March 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012200650/http://hinduonnet.com/2004/01/11/stories/2004011103410400.htm |url-status=usurped }} The Hindu - 11 January 2006</ref>
|''Victory to you Mother Karnataka, the Daughter of Mother India!''
|[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|[[Kuvempu]]
|[[Mysore Ananthaswamy]]
|2004
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Madhya Pradesh Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Mera Madhya Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/mp-state-song-to-be-sung-along-with-national-anthem/697068|title=MP: State Song to be Sung Along with National Anthem|publisher=Outlook India|date=12 October 2010|access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref>
|''My Madhya Pradesh''
|[[Hindi]]
|colspan="2" | Mahesh Shrivastava
|2010
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Maharashtra Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Maharashtra]]
|[[Jai Jai Maharashtra Majha]]<ref>{{cite book |title= Bombay, Meri Jaan: Writings on Mumbai |author= Jerry Pinto, Naresh Fernandes |year=2003 |publisher=Penguin Books |page= 237 |isbn= 9780143029663 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm1uAAAAMAAJ&q=garja+maharashtra}}</ref>
|''Victory to My Maharashtra!''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|[[Raja Badhe]]
|[[Shrinivas Khale]]
|2023<ref>{{cite web | url=https://newsroomodisha.com/iconic-jai-jai-maharashtra-maza-proclaimed-new-state-song/ | title=Iconic 'Jai Jai Maharashtra Maza' proclaimed new State Song | date=31 January 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of Manipur.svg}} [[Manipur]]
|[[Sana Leibak Manipur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=15..160415.apr15|title = AMMIK wants 'Sana Leibak Manipur' to be State anthem : 16th apr15 ~ E-Pao! Headlines}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/2522-state-anthem|title = State Anthem - Imphal Times| date=15 April 2015 }}</ref>
|''Manipur, Land of Gold''
|[[Meitei language|Manipuri]]
|[[Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma]]
|[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|2021<ref>{{cite web | url=https://newsonair.com/2021/08/13/patriots-day-celebrated-in-manipur/ | title=Patriots' Day celebrated in Manipur | }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thenortheastaffairs.com/sana-leibak-manipur-adopted-as-state-song-by-cabinet/ | title='Sana Leibak Manipur' adopted as State Song by Cabinet | date=12 August 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image| Banner of Meghalaya.png}} [[Meghalaya]]
|[[Ri Khasi, Ri Pnar, Ri Garo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themeghalayanexpress.com/meghalaya-state-anthem-amended-to-include-pnar-language/|title=Meghalaya State Anthem amended to include Pnar language|website=The Meghalayan Express|date=16 January 2025}}</ref>
|''Meghalaya, My Land''
|[[Khasi language|Khasi]], [[Pnar language|Pnar]], [[Garo language|Garo]], English
|[[Neil Nongkynrih]], [[Paul Lyngdoh]], Kit Shangpliang (Khasi), Amabel Susngi (Pnar), Iris Watre Thomas (Garo)
|[[Neil Nongkynrih]]
|2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1998146|title=Meghalaya gets State Anthem|website=PIB|date=20 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
|[[Bande Utkala Janani]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130526084233/http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article1450316.ece Students and teachers of schools in Cuttack district will have to compulsorily sing ‘Bande Utkal Janani’ during daily prayer]. "The district administration on Monday issued directions to all schools to include a recital of the State song in the prayer sessions with immediate effect. A committee of senior citizens would be constituted to keep a tab on schools to ensure total adherence to the instructions, Collector Girish S.N. said. Making the announcement during observation of death anniversary of Utkal Gaurab [[Madhusudan Das]], Girish said the objective was to generate Odia pride and love for the language among the younger generation. Mayor Soumendra Ghosh announced that it is mandatory that signboards of all establishments and institutions in the city will have to be in Odia language from April 1. Failing to do so will invite penal action against violators, he warned.]</ref>
|''I Bow to Thee, O Mother Utkala!''
|[[Odia language|Odia]]
|[[Laxmikanta Mohapatra]]
|[[Balakrushna Dash]]
|2020<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 June 2020|title=Odisha Accords State Song Status To 'Bande Utkala Janani'|work=O TV|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/odisha-accords-state-song-status-to-bande-utkala-janani-455791/amp|access-date=7 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Banner of Puducherry.png}} [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|[[Tamil Thai Valthu (Puducherry)|Tamil Thai Valthu]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/bharathidasans-gift-to-tamil-and-pondicherry/article18436826.ece |author=Ramakrishnan, Deepa H. |title=Bharathidasan's gift to Tamil and Pondicherry|newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 March 2012 |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|''Invocation to Mother Tamil''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Bharathidasan]]
|L. Krishnan
|2007
|-
|{{flagicon image|..Tamil Nadu Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Tamil Thai Valthu (Tamil Nadu)|Tamil Thai Valthu]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/veteran-music-composer-ms-viswanathan-dead/article7420180.ece|title=Veteran musician M.S. Viswanathan passes away|work=The Hindu|date=14 July 2015|last=Kolappan|first=B. |access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref>
|''Invocation to Mother Tamil''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Manonmaniam Sundaram Pillai]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|2021<ref>{{Cite news|title=DMK Government declares Tamil Thai Vaazhthu the State song|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dmk-government-declares-tamil-thai-vaazhthu-the-state-song/article37981387.ece|access-date=2021-12-17|website=The Hindu|date=17 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Telangana]]
|[[Jaya Jayahe Telangana]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/telangana-to-change-ts-vehicle-registration-name-state-emblem-announces-new-state-song/articleshow/107430352.cms?from=mdr | title=Telangana to change TS vehicle registration name, state emblem; Announces new state song | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=5 February 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/cm-revanth-reddy-crucial-decisions-on-telangana-talli-state-anthem--news-349409 | title=CM Revanth Reddy's crucial decisions on Telangana Talli, State Anthem - News | date=5 February 2024 }}</ref>
|''Victory to Mother Telangana!''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|colspan="2" | [[Ande Sri]]
|2024
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Uttarakhand.svg}} [[Uttarakhand]]
|[[Uttarakhand Devabhumi Matribhumi]]<ref>{{cite news|title=हेमन्त बिष्ट ने लिखा उत्तराखण्ड राज्यगीत|language=hi|url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/hemant-bisht-write-uttarakhand-state-song-hindi-news|newspaper=[[Amar Ujala]]|date=20 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Song Written By A Govt School Teacher Becomes State Song|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/song-written-by-a-govt-school-teacher-becomes-state-song.html|publisher=[[Daily Pioneer]]|date=20 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hemant Bisht's Lyrics Is State Song|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/uttarakhand/community/hemant-bisht-s-lyric-is-state-song/192841.html|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=7 February 2016}}</ref>
|''Uttarakhand, Land of the Gods, O Motherland!''
|[[Hindi]], [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] and [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]
|Hemant Bisht
|[[Narendra Singh Negi]]
|2016
|-
|{{flagicon image|}} [[West Bengal]]
|[[Banglar Mati Banglar Jol]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/politics/2584930-wb-assembly-passes-resolution-to-observe-bengali-new-year-poila-baisakh-as-bengal-day | title=WB assembly passes resolution to observe Bengali new year, Poila Baisakh, as Bengal Day | Politics }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/latest/1055604/west-bengal-assembly-passes-resolution-declaring-rabindranath-tagore-composition-as-state-anthem | title=West Bengal Assembly passes resolution declaring Rabindranath Tagore composition as state anthem | date=7 September 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=West Bengal Assembly declares Poila Baishakh as foundation day and Tagore song as state anthem |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/west-bengal-assembly-poila-baishakh-foundation-day-8929023/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|''The Soil of Bengal, The Water of Bengal''
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|colspan="2" | [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
|2023
|}

==Unofficial and traditional state songs==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!State or union territory
!Song name
!Translated name
!Language
!Lyricist(s)
!Composer(s)
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Arunachal Pradesh.svg}} [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|[[Arunachal Hamara]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2017/01/22/state-song-needs-to-mirror-unity-in-diversity/|title=State song needs to mirror unity in diversity!|publisher=Arunachal Observer|date=22 January 2017|access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://arunachal.kammarkia.com/2021/01/the-state-song-of-arunachal-pradesh.html|title = The State Song of Arunachal Pradesh : Humara Arunachal Lyrics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2020/02/20/34th-arunachal-statehood-day-amit-shah-to-grace-occasion-live/|title = 34th Arunachal Statehood Day: Amit Shah to grace occasion | LIVE|date = 20 February 2020}}</ref>
|''Our Arunachal''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|[[Bhupen Hazarika]]
|Bhupen Hazarika
|-
|{{flagicon image|Mizoram Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Mizoram]]
|[[Ro Min Rêlsak Ang Che]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/mizo-hnam-hla-1961-1986|title = The State Song of Mizoram}}</ref>
|''Be Thou Our Counsellor''
|[[Mizo language|Mizo]]
|[[Rokunga]]
|Rokunga
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of Sikkim.svg}} [[Sikkim]]
|[[Jahan Bagcha Teesta Rangeet]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scstsenvis.nic.in/arcindex3.aspx?sslid=1220&subsublinkid=746&langid=1&mid=4 |title=Celebration of Sikkimese culture in Chandigarh college |publisher=Scstsenvis.nic.in |date=2013-11-22 |accessdate=2022-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darjeeling-unlimited.com/anthem.html|title = Darjeeling Unlimited :: National Anthem of Sikkim}}</ref><ref>https://www.facebook.com/thevoiceofsikkim/videos/jaha-bagcha-teesta-rangit-will-be-recognized-as-state-song-education-minister-ku/2895946704016931/ {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/sanu-lamas-himalchuli-mantira-jaha-bagcha-teesta-rangeet-released|title = Sanu Lama's 'Himalchuli Mantira', 'Jaha Bagcha Teesta Rangeet' released}}</ref>
|''Where Teesta and Rangeet Flow''
|[[Nepali language|Nepali]]
|Sanu Lama
|Dushyant Lama
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Uttar Pradesh.svg}} [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh Sametata Khud Ko]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/melodies-of-freedom-detail.htm?10|title = Melodies of Freedom}}</ref>
|''Uttar Pradesh Covers Itself in the Pages of History''
|[[Hindi]]
| ''unknown''
| ''unknown''
|-
|}

==Proposed state songs==

The governments of [[Goa]] and<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/This-Liberation-Day-Goa-to-get-a-State-anthem-in-Konkani/150329|title = This Liberation Day, Goa to get a State anthem in Konkani| date=21 August 2019 }}</ref> [[Kerala]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1242551&u=sixth-year-without-official-state-song-committee-continues-search-for-cultural-anthem | title=Sixth year without official state song; Committee continues search for cultural anthem | newspaper=Keralakaumudi Daily | last1=Daily | first1=Keralakaumudi }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/anthem-of-national-service-scheme-shortlisted-for-kerala-geetham/article36987098.ece | title=Anthem of National Service Scheme shortlisted for Kerala Geetham | newspaper=The Hindu | date=13 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/kerala-to-get-official-song-government-sets-up-panel/1231468|title = Kerala to get official song; government sets up panel|date = 4 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/official-song-for-state-in-the-making/article24232548.ece|title = Official song for State in the making|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 22 June 2018}}</ref> are currently in the process of selecting official state songs.

==See also==

* [[Jana Gana Mana]], the national anthem of India
* [[Vande Mataram]], the national song of India
* [[List of regional anthems]]
* [[List of Indian state symbols]]
* [[List of Indian state flags]]
* [[List of Indian state emblems]]
* [[List of Indian state mottos]]
* [[List of Indian state foundation days]]
* [[List of Indian state animals]]
* [[List of Indian state birds]]
* [[List of Indian state flowers]]
* [[List of Indian state trees]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/melodies-of-freedom-list.htm Melodies of Freedom]
{{Symbols of Indian states}}
{{Indian state songs}}
{{National anthems of Asia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:State songs, India}}
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Indian state anthems| ]]
[[Category:Indian state songs| ]]
[[Category:Indian patriotic songs]]
[[Category:Lists of anthems|India]]
[[Category:Indian culture-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian state symbols]]

Avan Aval Adhu

2026-03-03T05:23:03Z

Veronairy: refined lead as per guidelines and corrected details

{{short description|1980 film by Muktha Srinivasan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Avan Aval Adhu
| image = Avan Aval Adhu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Muktha Srinivasan]]
| screenplay = [[Visu]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Oru Singam Muyalaagirathu''|[[Sivasankari]]}}
| producer = S. Sundar
| starring = [[Sivakumar]] [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] [[Sripriya]]
| cinematography = R. Sampath
| editing = V. P. Krishnan R. Shanmugam
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Maya Arts
| released = {{Film date|1980|4|11|df=y}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Avan Aval Adhu''''' ({{Translation|He, she and that}})<ref>{{Cite magazine |year=1981 |title=AVAN AVAL ATHU (He, She and That) Tamil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUoZAAAAIAAJ&q=Aval+%22Indian+Films%22 |url-status=live |magazine=Tribune |publisher=Ceylon News Service |volume=26 |issue=1–16 |page=335 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004092809/https://books.google.com/books?id=nUoZAAAAIAAJ&q=Aval+%22Indian+Films%22 |archive-date=4 October 2021 |access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref> is a 1980 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[Muktha Srinivasan]] and written by [[Visu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2020 |title=Sivakumar pens down emotional note for his friend, Visu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakumar-pens-down-emotional-note-for-his-friend-visu/articleshow/74770453.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110015957/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakumar-pens-down-emotional-note-for-his-friend-visu/articleshow/74770453.cms |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Sivakumar]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Sripriya]] and [[Thengai Srinivasan]]. Dealing with the then-groundbreaking issue of [[Surrogacy|surrogate pregnancy]] in India, it is based on the story ''Oru Singam Muyalaagirathu'' ({{Translation|A lion becomes a rabbit}}) by [[Sivasankari]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=சுதாங்கன் |date=11 December 2017 |title=1980ம் வருடம் வெளியான படங்கள் நூற்றுக்கும் மேலே! |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/40148/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E2%80%93-137%E2%80%93-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804061643/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com//web/news/40148/%25E0%25AE%2592%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%2581-%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2587%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%258D-%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25A3%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D-%25E2%2580%2593-137%25E2%2580%2593-%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%2599%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%258D |archive-date=4 August 2019 |access-date=19 October 2019 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=சுதாங்கன் |date=21 May 2016 |title=பார்த்தது |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/8325 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804061646/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com//web/news/8325 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |access-date=19 October 2019 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref> The film was released on 11 April 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Avan Aval Adhu (1980) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/avan-aval-adhu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004092757/https://screen4screen.com/movies/avan-aval-adhu |archive-date=4 October 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ramu and Lavanya are a childless couple. Lavanya is forced to have her ovaries removed because of a complication and is unable to conceive. She hires Menaka as a surrogate mother who is impregnated by Ramu through artificial insemination, without knowing who the father is.

Lavanya houses Menaka in a secluded home in an attempt to keep her pregnancy a secret and preventing Ramu and Menaka knowing each other. But Menaka and Ramu meet coincidentally, and fall in love with each other. Ramu starts to cheat on Lavanya. Lavanya learns about the affair and leaves the house. Menaka realizes her mistake and ends the affair after delivering the baby. Lavanya forgives Ramu and rejoins him and the newborn.

== Cast ==
*[[Sivakumar]] as Ramu
*[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Lavanya
*[[Sripriya]] as Menaka
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]]
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Muniyamma
*[[Y. G. Mahendran]]
*[[Kathadi Ramamurthy]]
*[[Typist Gopu]]
*[[Gundu Kalyanam]]

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]]. Lyrics written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Avan Aval Athu Tamil Film Super 7 EP Vinyl Record by M.S.Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/avan-aval-athu-tamil-film-super-7-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004093607/https://mossymart.com/product/avan-aval-athu-tamil-film-super-7-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=4 October 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song!! Singers
|-
| "Andha Naal Mudharkkondu"
| [[L. R. Eswari]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|-
| "Illam Sangeetham Athil"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
| "Kasturi Thilakam La Laala Palake"
| [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
| "Margazhi Pookkale Ilam Thendrale"
| [[T. L. Maharajan]], [[Vani Jairam]]
|}

== Reception ==
Despite being significantly different from the source material, the film was well received critically and commercially.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Neeraja |date=17 October 2019 |title=When novel idea works in cinema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/when-novel-idea-works-in-cinema/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103031755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/when-novel-idea-works-in-cinema/ |archive-date=3 November 2019 |access-date=19 October 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the film for the morals it was propagating.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=4 May 1980 |title=அவன் அவள் அது |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1980/may/04-05-1980/p48.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=48 |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220729034314/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1980/may/04-05-1980/p48.jpg}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2716504}}

{{Muktha Srinivasan}}
[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about surrogacy]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muktha Srinivasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Visu]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Amma Vandhachu

2026-03-03T04:57:23Z

Veronairy: rework section also and updated info per standard format

{{Short description|1992 film by P. Vasu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Amma Vandhachu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[P. Vasu]]
| writer = P. Vasu
| producer = [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[K. Bhagyaraj]]|[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]|[[Sridevi Vijaykumar|Baby Sridevi]]}}
| cinematography = M. C. Sekhar
| editing = P. Mohanraj
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Sharanya Cine Combines
| distributor = Surya Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|06|26}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Amma Vandhachu''''' ({{translation|Mother has come}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by [[P. Vasu]], and produced by [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]]. The film stars [[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] and [[Sridevi Vijaykumar|Baby Sridevi]], with [[Delhi Ganesh]], [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]], [[Chelladurai]], [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]], Rajesh Kumar, [[LIC Narasimhan]] and [[Junior Balaiah]] in supporting roles. It was released on 26 June 1992 and failed at the box office. For her performance, Sridevi won the [[Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Award for Best Child Artist]]. It is a remake of the 1986 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Ee Jeeva Ninagagi]]''.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=December 2022}}
Nandakumar, a medical representative, is a bachelor and lives alone in [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. He starts to meet the smart and quick-tempered woman Nandini in various situations. Nandini sells detergent soap door to door and lives with her father, a retired teacher. Nandakumar, who wants to get married as soon as possible, tries to seduce the bubbly Nandini and they fall in love. Even Nandini's father accepts their marriage. Everything goes well until the arrival of Vimala, a four-year girl. She introduces herself to Nandini as Vimala Nandakumar and she says that Nandakumar is her father. Nandini, with a broken heart, leaves the city with her father. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[K. Bhagyaraj]] as Nandakumar
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Nandini
*[[Sridevi Vijaykumar|Baby Sridevi]] as Vimala
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Nandini's father
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Mahalingam
*[[Chelladurai]] as Naina Mohamed
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Senior officer
*Rajesh Kumar as Ramesh
*[[LIC Narasimhan]] as Businessman
*S. S. Mani as Rajapalayam
*[[Junior Balaiah]] as Senior officer
*Soundararajan as Incense stick seller
*Vijaya Chandrika as Mahalingam's wife
*[[C. R. Saraswathi]] as School teacher
}}

== Production ==
The action scenes were choreographed by [[Vikram Dharma]].<ref name="IE review" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amma Vanthachu / Sevagan – Pyramid |url=https://greenhivesaudio.com/products/amma-vanthachu-sevagan-pyramid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514034203/https://greenhivesaudio.com/products/amma-vanthachu-sevagan-pyramid |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |website=Greenhives Audio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amma Vandhachu Tamil Film Audio Cassette by Deva |url=https://mossymart.com/product/amma-vandhachu-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-deva/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911055949/https://mossymart.com/product/amma-vandhachu-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-deva/ |archive-date=11 September 2023 |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Soapu Madam Soapu
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:55
| title2 = Dhinathanthi Paperula
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], K. S. Chithra
| length2 = 4:34
| title3 = Unakkoru Thayirukka
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 4:16
| title4 = Nandini Oh Nandini
| extra4 = Mano, [[Swarnalatha]]
| length4 = 4:39
| title5 = Unakkaaga Paadum Raagam
| extra5 = [[P. Susheela]], [[P. Jayachandran]], K. S. Chithra
| total_length = 18:24 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Amma Vandhachu'' was released on 26 June 1992 and distributed by Surya Films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 June 1992 |title=Amma Vandhachu |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920626&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=31 January 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Lalitha Dileep of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated, "an entertainment film; a fine amalgame of sentiment and subtle comedy that bear the trademark of Bhagyaraj's film" and praised the lead performances.<ref name="IE review" /> K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "this movie should satisfy all Bhagiaraj fans looking for his own brand of humour".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=18 July 1992 |title=Bhagiaraj takes on a different role |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RKRUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OpADAAAAIBAJ&pg=2745%2C3062578 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514034204/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RKRUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OpADAAAAIBAJ&pg=2745%2C3062578 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=11 November 2020 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=25 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the film's comedy but noted that the film became too serious in second half.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=19 July 1992 |title=அம்மா வந்தாச்சு |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1992/jul/19-07-1992/p41.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=41 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220805145900/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1992/jul/19-07-1992/p41.jpg |archive-date=5 August 2022 |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref> According to Bhagyaraj, the film underperformed commercially because "the first part was funny and the last too serious".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=28 November 1992 |title=Glimpses of Bhagiaraj at his very best |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Ca9UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TpADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5486%2C3144099 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515043256/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Ca9UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TpADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5486%2C3144099 |archive-date=15 May 2024 |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=26 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> At the [[13th Cinema Express Awards]], Sridevi won the award for Best Child Artist.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 1993 |title=Cinema Express Awards |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930317&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=11 May 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |via=[[Google News Archive]] |agency=Express News Service}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="IE review">{{Cite news |last=Dileep |first=Lalitha |date=26 June 1992 |title=Waiting for mother |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vGJlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=H5QNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1336%2C2144109 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229152736/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vGJlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=H5QNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1336%2C2144109 |archive-date=29 December 2022 |access-date=15 October 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=10225606}}
{{P. Vasu}}

[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Vasu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Tamreswari Temple

2026-02-28T09:51:04Z

Veronairy: Started a place initial version...

{{short description|Non-Hindu temple in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Tamreswari Temple
| religious_affiliation = Ethnic religion
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = India
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Tinsukia district]]
| location = [[Sadiya]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Kechai-Khati]]/Pishasi (tribal goddess)<ref>{{harvcol|Shin|2023|p=71}}</ref><ref>"She is popularly known as Kechai-khati, the eater of raw flesh."{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=235}} "Perhaps, Kechai-khati was a tribal deity who was so influential at the time of the coming of the Ahoms that even they could not possibly ignore her and decided to continue her worship according to the old tradition."{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=236}}</ref> (equivalent to Nang Hoo Toungh)<ref>"Towards the north of the Lohit River is the Nang Hoo Toungh territory. The third phi muang is, as the prefix "nang" (lady) indicates, a female divinity. The territory it is said to protect is more easily identifiable than that of the two-previous phi muangs. Nang Hoo Toungh is known in Assamese as Kesakhati ("person who eats raw meat")."{{harvcol|Laine|2019|pp=17–18}}</ref>
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator = [[Chutia people]]
| website =
}}

'''Tamreswari temple''' (also '''Dikkaravasini''') is a temple for the tribal goddess called [[Kecaikhati]]<ref>"[I]n the eastern most boundary of Assam (near Sadiya) we find the ''pitha'' of a very interesting goddess. She is popularly known as Kechai-khati, the eater of raw flesh. The ''Kalika Purana'', a 10th century work written in Kamarupa mentions her as Tamreswari , referred also as Dikkaravasini." {{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=235}}</ref> is situated about 18 km away from [[Sadiya]] in [[Tinsukia district]], [[Assam]], India.<ref>{{Cite web| title=The Tamreswari Temple: A Historical Analysis of a Sutiya Religious Center in Medieval Assam | url=https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2025/4/50746.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901071543/https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2025/4/50746.pdf | archive-date=2025-09-01}}</ref> The temple was in the custody of non-Brahmin tribal priests called [[Deori people|Deoris]] (formerly a priestly class of [[Chutia people|Chutias]]).<ref>"In the case of Tamresvari Temple, the goddess was served by the Deoris, the representatives of the priestly class among the Chutiyas. They were permitted to continue their religious service to her including human sacrifice even after their subjugation by the Ahoms in 1523."{{harvcol|Shin|2023|p=70}}</ref><ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=236}}</ref> Some remains suggest that a [[Chutia kingdom|Chutia]] king built a brick-cum-stone boundary wall in the year 1442.<ref>"
As mentioned earlier, Mukta-dharmanarayana, who constructed the wall of Tamresvari (alias Kecaikhati, Dikkaravasini) Temple or the temple itself in AD 1442"{{harvcol|Shin|2023|p=69}}</ref><ref>"The Pãyã-Tãmresvari (Dikkaravãsiní) temple inscription announces that King Dharmanãrãyana raised in 1364 Šaka [1442 AD] a wall (prãkãra) around the temple of Dikkaravãsiní, popularly known as Tãmresvari."{{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=817}}</ref> There were four different kinds of Deori priest who looked after the temple. The Bar Bharali and the Saru Bharali collected dues of the temple and provides animals for sacrifice. The Bar Deori (Deori Dema) and the Saru Deori (Deori Surba) performs the sacrifice and sung hymns.<ref>"There were four different kinds of priests of whom each was attached to a particular division (khel), viz., the Bar Deori (Deori Dema) and the Saru Deori (Deori Surba); the Bar Bharali and the Saru Bharali. It was the duty of the two Bharalis to collect the dues of the temple and to provide animals for sacrifice. The two Deoris performed the sacrifice; they alone entered the temple and sung hymns, which were scarcely understood by the common people."{{harvcol|Shin|2023|p=70}}</ref> The temple was dedicated to Kechaikhati/Pishasi (''kechai'' means ''raw'' and ''khati'' means ''eat''), a powerful tribal deity or the [[Buddhist]] deity [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]],<ref>"In her fearsome self this deity bears so many resemblances to the fierce manifestation of Buddhist Tara that many scholars have suggested a Buddhist origin for her"{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|pp=235–236}}</ref> commonly found among different [[Bodo-Kachari peoples|Bodo-Kachari groups]].<ref>[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/66509/5/05_chapter%201.pdf Kechai Khati worshipped by Bodo-kacharis]</ref><ref>[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/67118/10/10_chapter%206.pdf Rabhas worship Kechai-khati and celebrate the Kechai-khati festival once every year]</ref><ref>[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/116438/10/10_chapter%203.pdf Kechai-khati festival of Rabhas]</ref><ref>The [[Tiwa (Lalung)|Tiwas]], as well as the [[Koch dynasty|Koch]], also worshipped Kechai Kati. The Koch general Gohain Kamal built temples dedicated to Kesai Khati in Khaspur for the Dehans who were Tiwa and [[Mech people|Mech]] soldiers from Gobha, Nellie and Kabi.</ref><ref>"There is at Sadiya a shrine of ''Kechai Khati'' the tutelar deity of the Kacharis, which the [[Dimasa kingdom|Dimasa]] rulers continued to worship even after the establishment of their rule in Cachar." {{Harvcol|Bhattacharjee|1992|p=393}}</ref><ref>"The most famous temple of the Chutiyas was that of Kechaikhati, their primodial female deity.{{harvcol|Dutta|1985|pp=49}}</ref> The worship of the goddess even after coming under Hindu influence was performed according to her old tribal customs.<ref>"(S)he [Kesai Khati] was incorporated into the Sanskritized cosmos of goddess tradition and as her tribal attributes were so strong to be denounced as non-Brahminical, her worship continued according to old customs."{{harvcol|Gogoi|2011|p=236}}</ref> The temple was located on the right (western) bank of the river Paya and ruins of a Shiva temple still exist, opposite to it, on the left (eastern) bank.<ref>{{cite book
|title=District Gazetteer: Lakhimpur
|publisher=Government of Assam
|year=1968
|page=Archaeology section
|quote=The Tameswari stood on the right bank of the river Paya and the Shivalinga on its left, the two being within about a kilometre of each other.
}}</ref>

The temple was abandoned during the reign of [[Suhitpangphaa]] (1780 - 1795), when the [[Ahom kingdom]] was attacked by the [[Konbaung dynasty]] of [[Myanmar|Burma]].<ref>{{harvp|Kakati|1989|pp=62-63}}:"(D)uring the reign of king Gaurinath Singh (1780 - 1795), when the Chutiya priests harried by the Burmese invaders abandoned their ancient possessions in the vicinity of the temple. According to the Deori priests the downfall of the Ahoms was largely due to the neglect of this religious rite"</ref> Scholars assert that ''Kesaikhaiti'' is equivalent to the [[Khamti people|Tai-Khamti]] female deity ''Nang Hoo Toungh''.<ref>"Towards the north of the Lohit River is the Nang Hoo Toungh territory. The third phi muang is, as the prefix "nang" (lady) indicates, a female divinity. The territory it is said to protect is more easily identifiable than that of the two-previous phi muangs. Nang Hoo Toungh is known in Assamese as Kesakhati ("person who eats raw meat")."{{harvcol|Laine|2019|pp=17–18}}</ref>

Of note, the main Kecaikhati shrine at Tamreswari Temple once stood near Paya Reserve forest area in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], next to Chunpura along [[Sadiya]] - [[Tezu]] route;<ref>"The shrine of Kecaikhatl has always been referred to as the Tamresvari Temple in later times because it was covered with a roof of beaten sheets of copper. The temple formerly stood at lat. 27° 56', long; 96° 21' near Paya in Arunachal Pradesh, about 8 km away from Tebangkhunti on the Sadiya-Teju route." {{harvcol|Shin|2023|p=61}}</ref> is in ruins. The location of temple mentioned in this page under wikimedia (27° 32′ 50.86″ N, 94° 44′ 13.5″ E) in Bormuria Deori refers to another Tamreswari temple, which is very far from Sadiya. The Deori community, descendants of the temple’s priests, preserve its rituals in many relocated shrines, such as those in Lakhimpur and Dibrugarh. <ref>{{Cite web| title=The Tamreswari Temple: A Historical Analysis of a Sutiya Religious Center in Medieval Assam | url=https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2025/4/50746.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901071543/https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2025/4/50746.pdf | archive-date=2025-09-01}}</ref>

==Stone inscription==

The stone inscription found in the temple reads:<ref>{{harvcol|Sircar|1973|p=21}}</ref>{{Blockquote
|text=“Shiv-Charan-Prasadat Vridharajatan Ya-Sri-Srimata-Mukta Dharmanarayana Shri shrimati Digaravasini Ichtaka Di-Virchit-Prakara-Nivaddha Krit Agrahainike Saka 1364”
|author=Tamresari Wall inscription
}}

The inscription describes that the walls of the temple have been built using bricks (''Ichtaka'') and other materials(''Adi'') by the son Mukta Dharmanarayan of the old king (name not specified) in the Saka year 1364 (1442 AD).

==The name Tamresari==
The wall and doors of the temple were very well designed with beautiful works. There were two giant elephant sculptures with silver tusks at the main door. The walls were made without any mortar. The temple roof was made of copper, that's why it is called Tamreswari. The whole temple was surrounded with brick walls and on the western wall there was a place for [[human sacrifice]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlinesivasagar.com/tourism/sadiya.php|title=Sadiya - Tourism, History, Culture and other facts|access-date=12 June 2015}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The roof of the Tamresari temple was originally sheeted with copper as mentioned in the ''Changrung Phukan Buranji'' (1711 AD), from which the name is derived. In 1848, when Dalton visited the site, he found a stone structure, but the copper roof was already removed. As per T.Block who visited the site in 1905, this square structure in the corner cannot have been the main building inside the complex and the brick wall evidently enclosed some sort of a grand temple in the center which has disappeared with time. According to S.F. Hannay, the present temple complex was as near as possible square with the doorway to the west. There was a substantial brick wall, about 4.5 feet thick rising to the height of 8 feet, on the foundation of rudely cut blocks of sandstone. The entrance of the complex was on the west face, where there had been a stone enclosure and door. The ruins of the gateway which remains include the [[lintel]] carved on the edge in a chain of lotus flowers, some ornamented small pillars and an elephant statue. The three blocks forming the doorway, each of 7.5 feet long and 2 feet by 18 inches in girth, along with the blocks of the projecting wall, were reddish porphyritic granite of an adamantine hardness. There was another stone gateway at the southeast corner leading to the stream, in the bed of which are several carved and plain blocks of granite and sandstone.<ref>Hanney, S.F. ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'' p. 468.</ref> According to Debala Mitra(1956), the temple was originally Chaturayatana, i.e. having four shrines, built of sandstone and granite and located in the south-east section of the rectangular brick enclosure, prakara roughly measuring 208 ft by 130 ft. The compound wall was 4 feet wide and 8 feet tall and had a stone gateway on the eastern side. In the floods of 1959, due to deposit of silt in the banks of Paya river the structure was completely submerged in the waters.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58i0me3mj2YC&dq=tamreswari+temple+granite&pg=PA348|title=Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh|first1=Byomakesh|last1=Tripathy|first2=Sristidhar|last2=Dutta|date=8 February 2008|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=9788121210027|via=Google Books}}</ref>
[[File:Statue in Tamreswari Temple.png|thumb|Sketch of a statue in Tamreswari Temple]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |last1=Shin|first1=Jae-Eun|year=2023|title=Kecaikhaiti, Eater of Raw Flesh: A Profile of the Multifaceted Goddess in the North-East|publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors}}
* {{Citation|last=Sircar|first=D.C|journal=Journal of Ancient Indian History|title=Journal of Ancient Indian History|volume=6|year=1973|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.11682/page/20/mode/2up}}
* {{Citation |last=Bhattacharjee |first=J. B. |contribution=The Kachari (Dimasa) state formation |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=2 |pages=391–397 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992}}
* {{Cite journal| last = Gogoi| first=Kakoli| title = Envisioning Goddess Tara: A Study of the Tara Traditions in Assam | journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=72 | year=2011| pages= 232–239| jstor=44146715|issn= 2249-1937}}
* {{Citation |last=Dutta |first=Sristidhar |title=The Mataks and their Kingdom |publisher=Chugh Publications |place=Allahabad |year=1985}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Neog|first=Maheswar|title=Light on a Ruling Dynasty of Arunachal Pradesh in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries|date=1977|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=58/59|pages=813–820|jstor=41691751|issn=0378-1143}}
* {{citation|last=Kakati|first=Banikanta|title=The Mother Goddess Kamakhya|date=1989|publisher=Publication Board|place=Guwahati}}
* {{citation|last=Laine|first=Nicolas|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02344765/document|title= Phi Muangs. Forces of the Place among the Khamti in Arunachal Pradesh|date=2019}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:Tinsukia district]]
[[Category:Culture of Assam]]
[[Category:Temples in Assam]]

Pearson plc

2026-02-27T10:39:44Z

Veronairy: clean up

{{Short description|British multinational publishing and education company}}
{{Confused|C. Arthur Pearson Ltd}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Pearson plc
| logo = Pearson plc 2025.svg
| image = Shellmexhouse.jpg
| image_caption = [[Eighty Strand]], Pearson's headquarters in [[London]]
| former_name = S. Pearson & Son
| type = [[Public limited company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl |{{lse|PSON}} |{{NYSE|PSO}} |[[FTSE 100]] component}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|1844}}
| founder = [[Samuel Pearson]]
| hq_location = [[Shell Mex House]], [[London]], England
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Omid Kordestani]] ([[chairman]]) |Omar Abbosh ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{GBP|3,577 million}} (2025)<ref name="results">{{cite web |url=https://plc.pearson.com/sites/pearson-corp/files/annual-reports/pearson-2025-full-year-results-27-february-2026.pdf|title=Annual Results 2025 |publisher=Pearson plc |access-date=27 February 2026}}</ref>
| revenue_year =
| operating_income = {{decrease}} {{GBP|507 million}} (2025)<ref name="results"/>
| income_year =
| net_income = {{decrease}} {{GBP|336 million}} (2025)<ref name="results"/>
| net_income_year =
| assets = {{decrease}} {{GBP|6,458 million}} (2025)<ref name="results"/>
| equity = {{decrease}} {{GBP|3,663 million}} (2025)<ref name="results"/>
| num_employees = 18,000 (2025)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://plc.pearson.com/en-GB/news-and-insights/news/11-trillion-stake-pearson-report-urges-action-solutions-skills-gap |title=$1.1 Trillion at Stake: Pearson Report Urges Action, Solutions for Skills Gap|date=22 January 2025 |publisher=Pearson plc |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>
| industry = {{hlist|Education|[[Mass media]]}}
| products = Educational materials (books, tests), Television distribution
| services = {{hlist|Educational assessment|school management|higher education}}
| subsid = {{hlist|[[Pearson Education]]|[[Edexcel]]}}
| website = {{URL|https://plc.pearson.com/}}
}}

'''Pearson plc''' is a multinational corporation, headquartered in the UK, focused on educational publishing and services.

Originating in 1844 and named '''S. Pearson and Son''' by [[Samuel Pearson]] in 1856, what began as a small local [[civil engineering]] business in [[Yorkshire]] grew between 1880 and 1927 into a massive diversified international conglomerate under the subsequent leadership of Samuel's grandson [[Weetman Pearson]].<ref>{{cite web |title=S. Pearson & Son Ltd |url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/ap10/s-pearson-son-ltd |website=sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref> By the time of World War II, the company had major national and international subsidiaries in manufacturing, electricity, oil, coal, banking and financial services, publishing (periodicals and books), and aviation.

After the Second World War and the British government's nationalisation of many industries, Pearson refocused on publishing and media. In 1984 the company changed its name from S. Pearson & Son plc to '''Pearson plc'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=PEARSON PLC |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00053723 |website=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION |url=https://plc.pearson.com/sites/pearson-corp/files/pearson/archive/memorandum-of-association-2009.pdf |website=plc.pearson.com |publisher=PEARSON plc |access-date=22 February 2024 |page=1 |date=October 2009}}</ref> Under the leadership of CEO [[Marjorie Scardino]], in 1998 Pearson PLC formed [[Pearson Education]], and by 2016, Pearson education was Pearson plc's exclusive focus. As of 2023 Pearson Education, known since 2011 as simply Pearson, is Pearson plc's main subsidiary.<ref name="Pearson PLC AR2022"/> Pearson owns one of the GCSE [[Examination boards in the United Kingdom|examining boards]] for the UK, [[Edexcel]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://qualifications.pearson.com/en/qualifications/edexcel-gcses.html |title=Edexcel GCSEs | Pearson qualifications |website=qualifications.pearson.com}}</ref>

Pearson plc has a primary listing on the [[London Stock Exchange]] and is a constituent of the [[FTSE 100 Index]]. It has a secondary listing on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] in the form of [[American depositary receipt]]s.

== History ==


=== Civil engineering businesses 1844–1925 ===
In 1844 [[Samuel Pearson]] became an associate partner in a small brickmaking and contracting [[civil engineering]] company in [[Huddersfield]], [[West Yorkshire]].<ref name="IDCH"/><ref>{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Garner |title=British Lions and Mexican Eagles: Business, Politics and Empire in the Career of Weetman Pearson in Mexico, 1889-1919 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wSDMDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT51 |date=2011 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0804774451}}</ref> In 1856 Pearson's eldest son George entered the business, which became known as '''S. Pearson & Son''', "sanitary tube and brickmakers and contractors for local [[public works]] in and around [[Bradford]]".<ref name="IDCH"/> In 1880, control passed to Samuel's grandson [[Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray|Weetman Dickinson Pearson]] (later 1st Viscount Cowdray), an engineer, who in 1890 moved the business to London and turned it into one of the world's largest construction companies.<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=http://www.pearson.com/about-us/our-history.html |title=Our History |website=pearson.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015023257/http://www.pearson.com/about-us/our-history.html |archive-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Another of its prominent engineers was [[Ernest William Moir]] who, after working for Pearson on tunnels in [[New York City]], became the contractor's agent on construction of the [[Blackwall Tunnel]] under the River Thames in London between 1892 and 1897.<ref name="Blackwall">{{cite web |url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1345 |title=Engineering Timelines – Blackwall Road Tunnel, northbound |website=engineering-timelines.com}}</ref><ref name="History">{{cite web |url=https://greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/07/30/centenary-of-the-opening-of-the-blackwall-tunnel/ |title=Centenary of the opening of the Blackwall Tunnel |website=greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com |publisher=Greenwich Peninsula History |date=30 July 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46543 "Southern Blackwall: The Blackwall Tunnel", Survey of London - volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs (1994), pp. 640–645], accessed 17 March 2013.</ref>

Between 1880 and 1902 the company also built the Admiralty Harbour at [[Dover]], the [[City of Halifax|Halifax]] Dry Dock in Canada, the [[East River Tunnels|East River Railway Tunnels]] in [[New York City]], the Mexican Grand Canal that drained [[Mexico City]], the [[Ferrocarril Transístmico|Tehuantepec Railway]] in [[Mexico]], and railways and harbours around the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Weetman Dickinson Pearson |url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Weetman_Dickinson_Pearson |website=gracesguide.co.uk |publisher=Grace's Guide To British Industrial History}}</ref><ref name="fundinguniverse">{{cite web |url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/pearson-plc-history/ |title=Pearson plc History |website=fundinguniverse.com |access-date=26 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="IDCH"/>

In November 1915, the firm began construction of [[HM Factory, Gretna]], the largest [[cordite]] factory in the UK during [[World War I]].<ref name="s">[[J. A. Spender]], ''Weetman Pearson - First Viscount Cowdray'', (London, [[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell and Company]], 1930).</ref>

The construction business was shut down in the 1920s.<ref name="fundinguniverse"/><ref name="IDCH"/> Its final projects included construction of the [[Silent Valley Reservoir]] in Northern Ireland (contract awarded in 1923),<ref name="BBCPt2">{{cite web |title=A Century of Water from the Mournes - Part 2 - A concise history - The Silent Valley Reservoir - 1910–1933 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/yourplaceandmine/down/A1068527.shtml |access-date=25 June 2020 |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=16 October 2014}}</ref> and completion of the [[Sennar Dam]], in Sudan, in 1925.<ref name="Engineer">"The Sennar Dam and the Gezira Irrigation Scheme", ''[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/images/a/a2/Er19240926.pdf The Engineer]'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104190643/http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/images/a/a2/Er19240926.pdf |date=4 January 2015}}</ref>

=== Manufacturing businesses 1856–1993 ===
In 1856, S. Pearson & Son advertised itself as manufacturing sanitary tubes and bricks in Yorkshire.<ref name="IDCH"/> Manufacturing expanded beyond sanitary tubes and bricks to include a variety of items globally, including nuts and bolts, specialist glass, pottery, porcelain and fine china, and related items.<ref name="IDCH"/>

Pearson acquired Allied English Potteries (including [[Royal Crown Derby]]) in 1964<ref>{{cite web |last1=Birks |first1=Steve |title=Allied English Potteries Ltd |url=https://www.thepotteries.org/allpotters/19c.htm |website=thepotteries.org |access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref> and [[Royal Doulton|Doulton & Co.]] in November 1971, whereupon it merged those two potteries companies.<ref name="potteryhistories">{{cite web |last1=Perry |first1=Mike |title=Royal Doulton |url=https://potteryhistories.com/doultonhistory.html |website=potteryhistories.com |access-date=12 February 2024 |date=2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Doulton Company Records |url=http://www.archives.staffordshire.gov.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=G272%2F2 |website=archives.staffordshire.gov.uk |access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref> Pearson purchased the [[Fairey Aviation Company|Fairey Group]] in 1980, and its engineering was merged with Doulton's industrial ceramics engineering.<ref name="doultonusa">{{cite web |title=Doulton |url=https://doultonusa.com/HTML%20pages/history.htm |website=doultonusa.com |access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref>

Pearson sold Doulton Glass Industries Ltd in 1982.<ref name="IDCH"/><ref name="doultonusa"/> The Fairey Group became independent of Pearson in 1986 via a management buy-out.<ref name="doultonusa"/> As Pearson refocused on its core publishing and media industries, it divested Royal Doulton, which was its remaining fine china division and the last of Pearson's manufacturing assets, in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pearson Announces Spinoff of Royal Doulton |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/12/business/company-news-pearson-announces-spinoff-of-royal-doulton.html |access-date=12 February 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=12 November 1993}}</ref><ref name="potteryhistories"/>

=== Electricity businesses 1900–1960 ===
The conglomerate entered the electrification market in 1900, when Weetman Pearson was requested to electrify Mexico's tramway system, and then the general electrical supply in the city of [[Veracruz (city)|Vera Cruz]] and elsewhere.<ref name="IDCH"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Watson |first1=Cate |title=Records of S. Pearson and Son circa 1870–1955 |url=https://archives.sciencemuseumgroup.ac.uk/Documents/SCM/Finding%20Aids/Named%20Archives/PEAR.pdf |website=sciencemuseumgroup.ac.uk |publisher=[[Science Museum at Wroughton]] |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref> This process was repeated in Chile.<ref name="IDCH"/> These electrical interests were consolidated into Whitehall Electric Investments Ltd in 1922.<ref name="IDCH"/>

In 1929 the electricity businesses in Mexico and Chile were sold, but similar electricity utilities were developed in southwestern England until they were nationalised in 1948.<ref name="IDCH"/>

All of Pearson's overseas electricity utility businesses, which had spread to Greece, were closed by 1960.<ref name="IDCH"/>

=== Oil businesses 1901–1989 ===
While building the [[Tehuantepec National Railway]] in Mexico for President [[Porfirio Diaz]], Weetman Pearson learned of oil deposits in south Texas and Mexico and in 1901 began buying prospective oil lands in those places.<ref name="Yergin230">Yergin, Daniel, "The Prize, The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power", [[Simon & Schuster]], 1991, pp. 230–232</ref> After striking oil in Mexico in 1908,<ref name="Emergence">{{cite web |last1=Bud Frierman |first1=Lisa |last2=Godley |first2=Andrew C. |last3=Wale |first3=Judith |title=Weetman Pearson in Mexico and the Emergence of a British Oil Major, 1901–1919 |url=http://www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/business/empd042-07.pdf |website=reading.ac.uk |publisher=[[University of Reading]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602131024/http://www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/business/empd042-07.pdf |archive-date=2 June 2016 |date=2007}}</ref> he founded the [[Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company]] in 1909 to handle all of S. Pearson and Sons' oil interests.<ref name="Emergence"/>

In 1919 the [[Shell plc|Royal Dutch Shell Group]] acquired a large share of, and management of, Mexican Eagle, and Pearson formed Whitehall Petroleum Corporation Ltd. to take over Pearson's oil interests and to prospect globally for oil.<ref name="IDCH"/> It established a major oil company in the U.S., [[Amerada Corporation]], in 1919.<ref name="IDCH"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Hoover's Handbook of American Business 2008, Volume 1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781573111201/page/422 422–424] |publisher=Hoover's |date=2007 |isbn=978-1-57311-120-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781573111201/page/422}}</ref> Amerada was compulsorily acquired by the British government in 1941 due to World War II; a small interest was reacquired by Pearson in 1945.<ref name="IDCH"/>

In the 1950s Pearson expanded its North American oil and gas interests, and in the 1970s also expanded them globally.<ref name="IDCH"/> By 1989, Pearson divested its oil and gas exploration activities and sold Whitehall Petroleum.<ref name="IDCH"/>

=== Banking and financial services 1919–1999 ===
In 1919, Pearson founded Whitehall Trust Ltd. as a finance and issuing house.<ref name="IDCH"/> In 1919 Pearson also acquired a 45% stake in the London branch of merchant bankers [[Lazard|Lazard Brothers]],<ref name="dragging">{{Cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/dragging-lazards-into-the-21st-century-1102311.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/dragging-lazards-into-the-21st-century-1102311.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Dragging Lazards into the 21st century |author=Andrew Garfield |date=25 June 1999 |work=[[The Independent]] |location=London}}</ref> an interest which was increased to 80% in 1932 during the depression years.<ref name="dragging"/>

In 1976 Pearson acquired a stake in Embankment Trust Ltd.<ref name="IDCH"/>

By 1990 Pearson's stake in Lazard Brothers was reduced to 50% following Lazard's internationalization to Paris and New York,<ref name="dragging"/> and Pearson acquired 10% stakes in the two overseas branches.<ref name="IDCH"/>

In 1999, due to the company's refocus on education, publishing, and media, Pearson sold its Lazard holdings for £410 million.<ref name="IDCH"/><ref name="dragging"/>

=== Coal businesses 1921–1947 ===
Following Wheetman Pearson's 1907 creation of [[Whitehall Securities]] as its holding company for all of Pearson's non-contracting industries,<ref name="IDCH"/> beginning in 1921 Pearson partnered with [[Dorman Long]]<ref name="kent pdf"/> to form a coal-mining conglomerate in 1922,<ref name="IDCH"/><ref name="kent pdf">{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=W. |title=The Development of the Kent Coalfield, 1896–1946 |url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/86510/1/602431.pdf |website=kar.kent.ac.uk |publisher=[[University of Kent at Canterbury]] |access-date=11 February 2024 |date=October 1972}}</ref><ref name="Grace S">{{cite web |title=S. Pearson and Son |url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/S._Pearson_and_Son |website=gracesguide.co.uk |publisher=[[Grace's Guide]] |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref> called Pearson & Dorman Long Ltd.<ref name="NA Pearson Dorman">{{cite web |title=Pearson & Dorman Long Ltd, colliery owners |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F183159 |website=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk |publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref> The company purchased and operated many [[colliery|collieries]] in the UK through at least 1947.<ref name="Grace S"/><ref name="NA Pearson Dorman"/>

=== Publishing businesses 1921–1997 ===
In 1921, Pearson purchased a number of local daily and weekly newspapers in the United Kingdom, which it combined to form the [[Westminster Press (Pearson subsidiary)|Westminster Press]] group.<ref name="history"/>

Following the British government's acquisition and nationalisation of several of Pearson's aviation, fuel, and energy divisions in the early 1940s due to World War II,<ref name="IDCH"/><ref name="Grace S"/> In 1953 [[Angela Pearson|Angela Murray]] (née Pearson) became a director of the Pearson group and the chair of the Westminster Press, which owned local newspapers including the ''[[Oxford Mail]]'', ''[[The Northern Echo]]'' and the ''Brighton Evening News'', and with the backing of the Westminster Press they were encouraged to find local news.<ref name="angela">{{Citation |last=Moss |first=Michael S. |title=Preston [née Pearson; other married name Murray], Angela Campbell (1910–1981), businesswoman, landowner, and conservationist |date=13 June 2024 |work=[[Dictionary of National Biography|Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-63965 |access-date=28 June 2024 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |language=en |doi=10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.63965 |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 1957, it bought the ''[[Financial Times]]''<ref name="history"/> and acquired a 50% stake in ''[[The Economist]]''. It purchased the publisher [[Longman]] in 1968.<ref name="history"/>

Pearson was first listed on the [[London Stock Exchange]] in 1969.<ref name="history"/>

It bought the paperback publisher [[Penguin Books]] in 1970,<ref name="history"/> and the children's imprint [[Ladybird Books]] in 1972.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Butt |first1=Stephen |title=Loughborough Through Time |date=2013 |publisher=[[Amberley Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4456-1549-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IvnBBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT11}}</ref> It bought a rival, the educational publisher [[Pitman Ltd]], in 1985.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pitman Ltd |url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/ap3816/pitman-ltd |website=collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk |publisher=[[Science Museum Group]] |access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref>

In 1996 Pearson sold [[Westminster Press (Pearson subsidiary)|Westminster Press]] to [[Newsquest]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pearson Sees Profits Fall 40 Percent, Selling Westminster Press Unit |work=[[Associated Press News]] |date=5 August 1996 |access-date=23 August 2014 |url=https://apnews.com/33080e847a4d32a788a4e5c48b5f9d69}}</ref> acquired the education division of [[HarperCollins]] from [[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corporation]],<ref>{{Cite web |issn=0362-4331 |last=Gilpin |first=Kenneth N. |title=Pearson to Buy a Publisher From News Corp. |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=23 August 2014 |date=10 February 1996 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/10/business/pearson-to-buy-a-publisher-from-news-corp.html}}</ref> and acquired book publishers [[Scott Foresman|Scott Foresman & Co.]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fabrikant |first1=Geraldine |last2=Myerson |first2=Allen R. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/18/business/simon-schuster-in-sale-to-british.html |title=Simon & Schuster In Sale To British |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 May 1998 |access-date=21 December 2016}}</ref>

=== Aviation businesses 1929–1959 ===
In 1929, Pearson's Whitehall Securities [[Whitehall Securities#Aviation interests|entered the aviation field]], purchasing an interest in [[Airwork Services]].<ref>''The ATL-98 Carvair: A Comprehensive History of the Aircraft and All 21 Airframes (Part 1: Getting off the ground – Airwork''), p. 14</ref>

By 1935 Whitehall Securities had major interests in a number of British airlines and aviation companies, including [[Spartan Air Lines]], [[Saunders-Roe]], [[United Airways Limited|United Airways]], and [[Hillman's Airways]].<ref name="Airways">''Airways (The Archive: The Legacy of BOAC (Pt. 1)''), p. 62</ref> In September 1935, Hillman's Airways, Spartan Air Lines, and United Airways merged to form [[British Airways Ltd]]<ref name="Airways"/> In 1936, British Airways absorbed [[British Continental Airways]] and [[Crilly Airways]].<ref name="Airways"/> In 1940, British Airways was nationalised due to World War II.<ref name="Airways"/>

In 1937 the company acquired [[Northern & Scottish Airways]] and [[Highland Airways Limited|Highland Airways]], and merged them into a new company, [[Scottish Airways]].<ref name="Bao">{{cite book |last1=Lo Bao |first1=Phil |last2=Hutchison |first2=Iain |title=BEAline to the Islands |date=2002 |publisher=Kea Publishing |location=Erskine, Scotland |isbn=0951895842 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5JZ9GBTZwwC |access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> This airline was nationalised by the British government in 1947 and merged into [[British European Airways]].<ref name="Bao"/>

Pearson's aviation interests ended by 1959, when Saunders-Roe was sold to [[Westland Aircraft]].<ref name="IDCH">{{cite book |editor1-last=Long |editor1-first=Steven |editor2-last=Jacques |editor2-first=Derek |editor3-last=Kepos |editor3-first=Paula |title=International Directory of Company Histories, Volume 207 |date=2019 |publisher=[[St. James Press]] / [[Gale (publisher)|Gale]] [[Cengage]] |chapter=Pearson plc |oclc=1066283259}}</ref>

=== Entertainment media businesses 1978–2002 ===
For several decades, Pearson had owned [[Chessington World of Adventures|Chessington Zoo]] in Greater London. In 1978, the company were approached by [[Madame Tussauds]] in London, who also owned [[Warwick Castle]] and [[Wookey Hole Caves]], to purchase the zoo and so were acquired by Pearson to place Chessington under Tussauds' ownership.<ref name="Chessington History">{{cite web |title=Chessington History |url=https://www.chessington.com/our-company/history/ |website=Chessington World of Adventures |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

In 1981 Pearson's publishing subsidiary [[Pearson Longman]] established Goldcrest Films and Television in 1981, led by the founder of [[Goldcrest Films]], John Eberts, and chaired by James Lee, chief executive of Pearson Longman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Barker |first=Dennis |date=3 July 1981 |title=Pearson builds on Trident deal |page=15 |website=newspapers.com |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |publication-place=United Kingdom |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58551234/the-guardian/ |access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref> At its inception, the new concern owned 40% of Goldcrest Films.<ref name=":0"/>

Pearson's newly formed subsidiary [[The Tussauds Group]], then consisting of the Madame Tussauds wax exhibitions, Warwick Castle and Wookey Hole, redeveloped Chessington Zoo into Chessington World of Adventures theme park, opened in 1987, and subsequently purchased [[Alton Towers]] theme park in Staffordshire in 1990. In 1998, Pearson sold the Tussauds Group to venture capital firm Charterhouse Development Capital for £352m, ending their involvement in the visitor attractions business.<ref name="BBC Tussauds sale">{{cite web |title=No more fun and games for Pearson |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/196440.stm |website=BBC News |access-date=29 August 2025 |date=19 October 1998}}</ref>

In 1986, Pearson invested in the [[British Satellite Broadcasting]] consortium, which a few years later merged with [[Sky Television (1984–1990)|Sky Television]] to form a new company, [[Sky UK|British Sky Broadcasting]] (BSkyB).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/the_company_file/237074.stm |title=Granada and Pearson sell BSB stake |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=17 December 1998 |access-date=18 April 2011}}</ref>

During the 1990s, the company acquired a number of TV production and broadcasting assets, including former [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] franchisee [[Thames Television]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/pearson-looks-for-foreign-tv-station-agreed-bid-for-thames-values-the-programme-maker-at-pounds-99m-1457057.html |title=Pearson looks for foreign TV stations Agreed bid for Thames values the programme maker at 99m |first=Patrick |last=Hosking |work=[[The Independent]] |date=23 April 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/media-how-thames-turned-the-tide-from-failed-franchisee-to-thriving-indie-producer-there-can-be-life-1392970.html |title=How Thames turned the tide: From failed franchisee to thriving "indie" producer: there can be life after broadcasting death, as Richard Last witnessed |first=Richard |last=Last |work=[[The Independent]] |date=9 February 1994 |access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> Australian production company [[Reg Grundy Organisation|Grundy Television]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Dawdtrey |first=Adam |url=https://variety.com/1995/tv/features/pearson-goes-global-via-grundy-purchase-99127863 |title=Pearson goes global via Grundy purchase |periodical=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=3 April 1995 |access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=de Logu |first=Simona |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/03/29/Pearson-buys-Aussie-TV-production-firm/5979796453200 |title=Pearson buys Aussie TV production firm |agency=[[United Press International|UPI]] |date=29 March 1995 |access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/30/business/international-briefs-pearson-to-expand-in-tv.html |title=International Briefs; Pearson to Expand in TV |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 March 1995 |access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref> U.S. television company All American Communications Inc.,<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.pearsontv.com/pages/aanews.htm |title=ACQUISITION OF ALL AMERICAN BY PEARSON TO CREATE THE WORLD'S LARGEST INTERNATIONAL TELEVISION PRODUCER |publisher=Pearson Television |date=1 October 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000902080204/http://www.pearsontv.com/pages/aanews.htm |archive-date=2 September 2000}}</ref> Italian drama production company Mastrofilm,<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.pearsontv.com/pages/article21.htm |title=PEARSON TELEVISION ACQUIRES ITALIAN PRODUCTION COMPANY |publisher=[[Fremantle (company)|Pearson Television]] |date=3 November 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000902075255/http://www.pearsontv.com/pages/article21.htm |archive-date=2 September 2000}}</ref> European animation financer and distributor EVA Entertainment,<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.pearsontv.com/pages/article27.htm |title=PEARSON TELEVISION ACCELERATES ANIMATION BUSINESS |publisher=[[Fremantle (company)|Pearson Television]] |date=2 February 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000528130535/http://www.pearsontv.com/pages/article27.htm |archive-date=28 May 2000}}</ref> and UK production company [[Talkback (production company)|Talkback Productions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.screendaily.com/pearson-close-to-talkback-acquisition/402103.article |title=Pearson close to Talkback acquisition |periodical=[[Screen International]] |date=14 April 2000 |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref>

In 1994, Pearson acquired software publisher [[The Software Toolworks]] for US$462{{nbsp}}million,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/01/business/pearson-enters-multimedia-software-arena.html |title=Pearson Enters Multimedia Software Arena |first=Steve |last=Lohr |date=1 April 1994 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626222253/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/01/business/pearson-enters-multimedia-software-arena.html |archive-date=26 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> and rebranded it [[Mindscape (company)|Mindscape]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAgEAAAAMBAJ |title=TOP OF MIND |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |volume=106 |issue=46 |publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]] |date=12 November 1994 |page=90}}</ref> In 1998, Pearson sold Mindscape to [[The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey)|The Learning Company]] for US$150{{nbsp}}million, taking a $346 million loss on the sale.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pearson loses Mindscape |url=https://money.cnn.com/1998/03/06/deals/mindscape/ |website=money.cnn.com |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=6 March 1998 |access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>

In 2000, Pearson merged its television holdings with [[CLT-UFA]] to form the [[RTL Group]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Milmo |first1=Dan |title=RTL chief defends Pearson TV acquisition |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2001/sep/19/rtl.pearson |access-date=9 February 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=19 September 2001}}</ref> In 2002 it exited the industry entirely by selling its 22% stake in RTL to [[Bertelsmann]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pearson Completes Sale Of RTL Stake To Bertelsman |url=https://the-media-leader.com/pearson-completes-sale-of-rtl-stake-to-bertelsman/ |website=the-media-leader.com |access-date=9 February 2024 |date=1 February 2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2001_Dec_24/ai_81087547 |title=Pearson agrees to sell 22% stake in RTL Group |publisher=[[FindArticles]] |website=findarticles.com |access-date=18 April 2011 |date=2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104183852/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2001_Dec_24/ai_81087547 |archive-date=4 January 2009}}</ref>

=== Pearson Education and corporate refocus 1998–2016 ===
==== Scardino and new focus on education ====
[[Marjorie Scardino]], who was CEO of Pearson plc from 1997 to 2013, increasingly focused the conglomerate on education and on making education acquisitions.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Baird |first1=Dugald |last2=Sabbagh |first2=Dan |title=Pearson chief executive Marjorie Scardino to step down |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/oct/03/pearson-marjorie-scardino-step-down |access-date=9 September 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=3 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Chozick |first1=Amy |title=Scardino, Chief of Pearson, to Step Down |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/04/business/media/scardino-ceo-of-pearson-to-step-down.html |access-date=9 September 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=3 October 2012}}</ref> In 1998, Pearson plc purchased the education division of [[Simon & Schuster]], which included [[Prentice Hall]], [[Allyn & Bacon]],<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Walsh |first1=Mark |title=Pearson Hopes To "Widen the Definition Of Education" |url=https://www.edweek.org/education-industry/pearson-hopes-to-widen-the-definition-of-education/2001/02 |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=[[Education Week]] |date=21 February 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Selingo |first1=Jeffrey J. |title=British Publisher Announces Plan to Buy Simon & Schuster's Textbook Division |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/british-publisher-announces-plan-to-buy-simon-schusters-textbook-division-103710/ |access-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]] |date=19 May 1998}}</ref> and parts of [[Macmillan Inc.]] including the Macmillan name.<ref name="dustbin">{{cite web |title=Macmillan Rises from the Dustbin |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/3303-macmillan-rises-from-the-dustbin.html |access-date=7 December 2023 |publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]] |date=12 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="Arm Now">{{cite web |last1=Milliot |first1=Jim |title=Holtzbrinck's U.S. Arm Now Macmillan |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/612-holtzbrinck-s-u-s-arm-now-macmillan.html |access-date=7 December 2023 |publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]] |date=9 October 2007}}</ref> Later in 1998 it merged Simon & Schuster's educational business with Addison Wesley Longman to form [[Pearson Education]].<ref name="Pearson Education launched">{{cite web |title=Pearson Education: World's Leading Education Business Is Launched |url=http://www.pearson.com/news/contents/headline/current/educate.htm/ |website=pearson.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990224164746/http://www.pearson.com/news/contents/headline/current/educate.htm/ |archive-date=24 February 1999 |date=30 November 1998}}</ref>

Pearson sold and divested most of its Simon & Schuster divisions in 1999.<ref>
* {{cite web |date=24 May 1999 |title=Pearson Sells Two Former S&S Units |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990524/32256-pearson-sells-two-former-s-amp-s-units.html |access-date=15 October 2019 |website=publishersweekly.com}}
* {{cite web |last=Milliot |first=Jim |date=31 May 1999 |title=Wiley, Kluwer Acquire Two Pearson Units |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990531/35347-wiley-kluwer-acquire-two-pearson-units.html |access-date=15 October 2019 |website=publishersweekly.com}}
* {{cite web |last=Milliot |first=Jim |date=31 May 1999 |title=Six Macmillan Library Kids Imprints Closed |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990531/40646-six-macmillan-library-kids-imprints-closed.html |access-date=15 October 2019 |website=publishersweekly.com}}
* {{cite web |date=28 June 1999 |title=Macmillan Library Units to Join Gale |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990628/34076-macmillan-library-units-to-join-gale.html |access-date=15 October 2019 |website=publishersweekly.com}}
* {{cite web |last1=Milliot |first1=Jim |last2=Baker |first2=John F. |date=5 July 1999 |title=IDG Books Buys Macmillan General Reference |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990705/24783-idg-books-buys-macmillan-general-reference.html |access-date=15 October 2019 |website=publishersweekly.com}}
</ref>

In March 2000 Pearson acquired the illustrated reference publisher [[Dorling Kindersley]] and integrated it within Penguin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/696695.stm |title=Pearson buys Dorling Kindersley |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=31 March 2000 |access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> It acquired National Computer Systems (NCS) in September 2000, entering the educational assessment and school management systems market in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.faqs.org/abstracts/Business-international/Pearson-to-acquire-NCS-for-$25-billion-Move-will-create-worlds-top-education-firm.html |title=Pearson buys NCS |website=faqs.org |access-date=18 April 2011}}</ref>

In 2002, Pearson purchased [[Rough Guides]], the travel publisher, and brought it under Penguin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pearson Timeline |url=http://www.pearsonlongman.com/longman_greece/pearson_timeline.asp |website=pearsonlongman.com |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>

In 2003 it acquired [[Edexcel]],<ref name="marking">{{Cite web |author=Rebecca Smithers and Kevin Massy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/jun/30/politics.schools |title=New marking fiasco |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |date=30 June 2003 |access-date=18 April 2011}}</ref> a provider of qualifications in the UK, and in 2004 acquired about 80% stake in Meximerica Media Inc for the swelling U.S. Hispanic market.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB108207230225484474 |title=Pearson Acquires Newspaper Concern For Hispanic Market |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=16 April 2004}}</ref> Pearson purchased a series of other testing and assessment businesses, including Knowledge Technologies in 2004,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pearsonkt.com/company.shtml |title=Pearson Knowledge Technologies |website=pearsonkt.com |access-date=18 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715061505/http://www.pearsonkt.com/company.shtml |archive-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> AGS in 2005,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmafp/is_200506/ai_n14757442 |title=Pearson buys AGS Publishing for $270 million | AFP | Find Articles at BNET |date=3 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103222154/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmafp/is_200506/ai_n14757442 |archive-date=3 January 2009}}</ref> and Promissor in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6301535.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609182138/http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6301535.html |url-status=dead |title=Peason buys Promissor |archive-date=9 June 2007 |website=publishersweekly.com}}</ref> It acquired National Evaluation Systems, a provider of customised state assessments for teacher certification in the US, in 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gazettenet.com/2006/04/26/nes-sold-global-company-licensing-tests-key?SESSa1e83f95fbc8e85404d6e6764114bd93=gnews |title=NES sold to global company |access-date=26 April 2006 |website=gazettenet.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507135623/http://www.gazettenet.com/2006/04/26/nes-sold-global-company-licensing-tests-key?SESSa1e83f95fbc8e85404d6e6764114bd93=gnews |archive-date=7 May 2013}}</ref> and acquired eCollege, a digital learning technology group, in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nagel |first=David |url=http://campustechnology.com/articles/2007/05/pearson-to-acquire-ecollege.aspx |title=Pearson To Acquire College |website=campustechnology.com |date=16 May 2007 |access-date=21 March 2015}}</ref>

It sold [[Silver Burdett]] Ginn Religion, a Catholic publishing division it operated under the [[Scott Foresman]] imprint, to [[RCL Benziger]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2007 |title=RCL Publishing LLC ("RCL Benziger"), a CFM Religion Publishing Group LLC division, announced today that it has acquired the assets of Silver Burdett Ginn Religion, a Scott Foresman imprint, from Pearson Education |url=http://www.wicksgroup.com/newsContent.asp?pageID=77&newsID=15 |website=wicksgroup.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203015420/http://www.wicksgroup.com/newsContent.asp?pageID=77&newsID=15 |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> In 2007 Pearson Education sold the Macmillan name to [[Holtzbrinck Publishing Group]],<ref name="dustbin"/><ref name="Arm Now"/> which had purchased Macmillan Publishing Ltd. in the late 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holtzbrinck |url=https://ulib.niu.edu/publishers/Holtzbrinck.htm |publisher=[[Northern Illinois University]] |access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref>

In 2008 Pearson acquired [[Harcourt Assessment]] and [[Harcourt (publisher)|Harcourt Education International]] from [[Reed Elsevier]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pearson.com/news/2007/may/pearson-acquires-harcourt-assessment-and-harcourt-education-inter.html |title=Pearson acquires Harcourt Assessment and Harcourt Education International from Reed Elsevier |access-date=11 May 2013 |publisher=Pearson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214182021/http://www.pearson.com/news/2007/may/pearson-acquires-harcourt-assessment-and-harcourt-education-inter.html |archive-date=14 December 2012}}</ref> and merged them into Pearson Assessment & Information.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pearsonassessments.com/haiweb/Cultures/en-US/Site/Community/PostSecondary/NewsEvents/PressReleases/NewsRelease013008.htm |title=Pearson Completes Acquisition of Harcourt Assessment |access-date=16 July 2011 |publisher=Assessment & Information group of Pearson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327140816/http://www.pearsonassessments.com/haiweb/Cultures/en-US/Site/Community/PostSecondary/NewsEvents/PressReleases/NewsRelease013008.htm |archive-date=27 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In February 2008, Pearson announced the sale of its Pearson Data Management Division (formerly the scanner manufacturing and servicing division of NCS Inc.) to [[Optical answer sheet|Scantron]] Corporation (part of [[M&F Worldwide]]) which had been its main competitor.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Completes the Acquisition of Pearson's Data Management Business |publisher=Pearson plc |date=24 February 2008 |url=http://datamanagement.scantron.com/news/08-02-24.htm |access-date=8 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408093448/http://datamanagement.scantron.com/news/08-02-24.htm |archive-date=8 April 2008}}</ref>

In 2010, Pearson acquired the adult English training service Wall Street Institute<ref>{{cite web |last=Neilan |first=Catherine |url=http://www.thebookseller.com/news/pearson-buys-wall-street-institute-92m-cash |title=Pearson buys Wall Street Institute for $92m in cash |date=29 July 2010 |website=thebookseller.com |access-date=21 March 2015}}</ref> and the school learning systems division of Sistema Educacional Brasileiro (SEB).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Browning |first1=Jonathan |last2=Saitto |first2=Serena |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-07-22/pearson-buys-sistema-educacional-brasileiro-learning-unit-for-499-million |title=Pearson Buys Sistema Learning Unit for $499 Million |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=22 July 2010 |access-date=21 March 2015}}</ref> Also in 2010, the company sold its 61% stake in Interactive Data to investment funds managed by [[Silver Lake Partners]] and [[Warburg Pincus]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Sweney |first=Mark |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/may/04/paerson-idc-interactive-data-corporation |title=Pearson sells IDC stake for $2bn |date=4 May 2010 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |access-date=21 March 2015}}</ref>

==== Pearson Education rebrands as Pearson (2011) and Pearson plc rebrands as education-only (2016) ====
Pearson Education was rebranded as simply Pearson in 2011.<ref name="About Us 2011">{{cite web |title=About Pearson |url=http://www.pearsoned.com/about-us/ |website=pearsoned.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013025843/http://www.pearsoned.com/about-us/ |archive-date=13 October 2011}}</ref>

In July 2011, Pearson announced the creation of [[Pearson College (UK)|Pearson College]], a British degree provider based in London.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gill |first=John |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=416714 |title=Royal Holloway to validate new Pearson degree |access-date=17 November 2012 |publisher=[[Times Higher Education]] |date=4 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2012/aug/14/ft-owners-pearson-plan-college?newsfeed=true |title=FT owners plan college for business degrees |access-date=17 November 2012 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |date=14 August 2012}}</ref> Also in 2011, Pearson acquired [[Connections Academy|Connections Education]] and agreed to sell its 50% stake in FTSE International Limited to the London Stock Exchange for £450 million.<ref>{{cite web |last=Halliday |first=Josh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/dec/12/pearson-to-sell-ftse-stake-450m |title=Pearson to sell FTSE stake for £450m |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |date=12 December 2011 |access-date=21 March 2015}}</ref> In 2011, Pearson also increased its stake in TutorVista to 76%.<ref>{{cite web |author=Mark Sweney |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/jan/18/pearson-tutorvista-india |title=Pearson buys controlling stake in TutorVista for $127m |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=18 January 2011 |access-date=4 December 2016}}</ref>

In May 2012 Pearson announced its acquisition of GlobalEnglish Corporation, an American [[Business English]] software and solutions company, in an all-cash transaction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pearson's world-leading English learning business strengthens its position in the corporate market |url=http://www.globalenglish.com/whoweare/newsroom/press_releases/782 |website=globalenglish.com |access-date=31 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707010743/http://www.globalenglish.com/whoweare/newsroom/press_releases/782 |archive-date=7 July 2012}}</ref>

In October 2012 Pearson entered into talks with rival conglomerate Bertelsmann, over the possibility of combining their respective publishing companies, [[Penguin Group]] and [[Random House]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/eaf8eaaa-1eac-11e2-be82-00144feabdc0 |title=Penguin and Random House in merger talks |publisher=[[Financial Times]] |date=25 October 2012}}</ref> and said it would merge Penguin Books with Bertelsmann's Random House to create the world's biggest consumer book publisher.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holton |first=Kate |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pearson-idUSBRE89S0C120121029 |title=Random, Penguin merging to form leading publisher |date=29 October 2012 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=1 July 2017 |archive-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128104202/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/29/us-pearson-idUSBRE89S0C120121029 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2013, following government changes to apprenticeship funding rules, Pearson sold its Pearson in Practice, a UK vocational training business, to [[West Nottinghamshire College]], which renamed it Vision Workforce Skills.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wnc.ac.uk/About-Us/News-And-Events/Press-Release.aspx?PRID=629 |title=Training provider Pearson in Practice to transfer over to West Nottinghamshire College |date=21 February 2013 |website=wnc.ac.uk |publisher=[[Vision West Nottinghamshire College|West Nottinghamshire College]] |access-date=10 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402175647/http://wnc.ac.uk/About-Us/News-And-Events/Press-Release.aspx?PRID=629 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visionworkforceskills.co.uk/ |title=Vision Workforce Skills |website=visionworkforceskills.co.uk |access-date=10 June 2013}}</ref>

In May 2013, Pearson announced a new restructuring plan to invest in digital learning and emerging markets, after predicting weaker earnings.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Young |first1=Sarah |title=Pearson sees 2013 flat, begins restructuring plan |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-pearson-idUKBRE91O08I20130225 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108195815/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-pearson-idUKBRE91O08I20130225 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2016 |access-date=18 January 2015 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=25 February 2013}}</ref> The change supported the decoupling of the Penguin consumer publishing business into a separate entity with Random House (forming [[Penguin Random House]]). The new structure combined the separate education companies, Pearson International and Pearson North America under one Pearson company and Pearson reorganised around three global lines of business – School, Higher Education and Professional. The Financial Times Group and Pearson English formed part of Pearson Professional.<ref name="WSJ">{{cite web |last=Gordon |first=Kathy |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324659404578500433025096180 |title=Pearson details restructuring |publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=23 May 2013 |access-date=26 June 2013}}</ref>

In July 2014, the company announced it had cut 4,000 jobs, representing 10% of the company's workforce.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Orihuela |first1=Rodrigo |last2=Schweizer |first2=Kristen |title=Pearson cutting 4,000 jobs as first-half sales decline |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-07-25/pearson-first-half-sales-drop-6-5-percent-on-strength-of-pound.html |access-date=18 January 2015 |website=bloomberg.com |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=25 July 2014}}</ref>

Pearson announced in July 2015 that it had agreed to sell the FT Group, which includes business daily ''[[Financial Times]]'', to Japanese media group [[Nihon Keizai Shimbun|Nikkei]] for £844 million, or $1.32 billion. The sale does not include FT Group's London property at One Southwark Bridge.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d7e95338-3127-11e5-8873-775ba7c2ea3d |title=Nikkei to buy FT Group for £844m from Pearson |author=Henry Mance, Arash Massoudi and James Fontanella-Khan |publisher=[[Financial Times]] |date=23 July 2015 |access-date=28 July 2015}}</ref> Pearson retained the publishing rights to FT Press and licensed the trademark from Nikkei.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pearson FT Press |url=https://www.informit.com/promotions/pearson-ft-press-141135 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=informit.com}}</ref> In August 2015, Pearson's sold its 50% stake in ''[[The Economist]]'' to the [[Agnelli family]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Pearson sells Economist Group stake |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=12 August 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-33878566 |access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref> who previously held 4.7% of the group.<ref name="BrandRepublic 2015-07-28">{{cite web |url=http://www.brandrepublic.com/article/pearson-sell-economist-group-stake/1357659 |title=Pearson to sell Economist Group stake |author=Omar Oakes |publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group|Brand Republic]] |date=27 July 2015 |access-date=28 July 2015}}</ref> The remaining 50% of The Economist Group is owned by the [[Schroders]], [[Cadbury family|Cadburys]] and the [[Rothschild family|Rothschilds]].<ref name="BrandRepublic 2015-07-28"/>

Following the sale of its financial news publications ''Financial Times'' and ''The Economist'' in 2015, Pearson plc rebranded in January 2016 to focus solely on education, and the corporation adopted a new logo,<ref name="rebrand">{{Cite web |last1=Cowdrey |first1=Katherine |title=Pearson rebrand to reflect 100% focus on education |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/pearson-rebrands-reflect-100-focus-education-319864 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=[[The Bookseller]] |date=7 January 2016}}</ref> the [[interrobang]] (‽), a combination of a question mark and an exclamation point, meant to convey a "combination of excitement, curiosity and individuality"<ref name="rebrand"/> and "the excitement and fun of learning".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Logo: The Interrobang |url=https://www.pearson.com/content/dam/corporate/global/pearson-dot-com-v2/files/logos/Pearson_Guidelines_Logo.pdf |website=pearson.com |access-date=12 September 2023 |archive-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312102802/https://www.pearson.com/content/dam/corporate/global/pearson-dot-com-v2/files/logos/Pearson_Guidelines_Logo.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== 2017–present ===
In July 2017, Pearson sold its Tutor Vista and Edurite lines of business to India-based education technology company, [[Byju's]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhamija |first=Anshul |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/byjus-acquires-tutorvista-and-edurite-from-pearson/47449/1 |title=Byju's acquires TutorVista and Edurite from Pearson |work=[[Forbes India]] |language=en |access-date=4 July 2017}}</ref> In July 2017, it also agreed to reduce its holding in Penguin Random House to 25%, by selling a 22% stake in the business to Bertelsmann.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pearson sells 22% stake in Penguin Random House |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-40566637 |access-date=12 July 2017 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=11 July 2017}}</ref>

In August 2017 Pearson announced that it would cut 3,000 staff in an effort to save £300 million annually.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sweney |first=Mark |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/aug/04/pearson-to-axe-3000-jobs-after-slump-at-main-us-business |title=Pearson to axe 3,000 jobs after slump at main US business |date=4 August 2017 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref> In August 2017 it also sold the language-training subsidiary Global Education to Chinese company Pu-Xin Education.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Heloise |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/pearson-sells-global-education-puxin-education-614566 |title=Pearson sells Global Education to Puxin for £62m |date=16 August 2017 |website=thebookseller.com |publisher=[[The Bookseller]] |access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref>

In 2019, Pearson sold its US K-12 courseware business to the private equity firm Nexus Capital Management,<ref>{{cite web |last=Wan |first=Tony |title=Finally Pearson Sells Its US K-12 Courseware Business — for $250 Million |publisher=[[EdSurge]] |access-date=13 October 2019 |date=18 February 2019 |url=https://www.edsurge.com/news/2019-02-18-finally-pearson-sells-its-us-k-12-courseware-business}}</ref> which rebranded it as [[Savvas Learning Company]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Millward |first1=Wade Tyler |title=Former Pearson K-12 Courseware Business Rebrands as Savvas Learning |url=https://www.edsurge.com/news/2019-10-29-former-pearson-k-12-courseware-business-rebrands-as-savvas-learning |website=[[EdSurge]] |access-date=1 February 2024 |date=29 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Molnar |first1=Michele |title=Pearson K12 Spinoff Rebranded as "Savvas Learning Company" |url=https://marketbrief.edweek.org/marketplace-k-12/pearson-k12-spinoff-rebranded-savvas-learning-company/ |website=marketbrief.edweek.org |date=6 May 2020 |access-date=1 February 2024}}</ref> Pearson also sold its remaining 25% stake in [[Penguin Random House]] to [[Bertelsmann]].<ref name="retire">{{Cite web |last=Calatayud |first=Adria |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/pearson-ceo-to-retire-and-company-will-sell-remaining-penguin-random-house-stake-2019-12-18 |title=Pearson CEO to Retire and company will sell remaining Penguin Random House stake |website=marketwatch.com |publisher=[[MarketWatch]] |date=18 December 2019 |access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

Pearson CEO [[John Fallon (businessman)|John Fallon]] retired from the company in 2020,<ref name="retire"/> and was succeeded by [[Andy Bird]] on 19 October 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pfeiffer |first1=Thomas |last2=Seal |first2=Thomas |title=Pearson Names Ex-Disney Executive as CEO, Ending Long Search |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/companies/pearson-names-ex-disney-executive-as-ceo-ending-long-search/ar-BB18iFmv |access-date=24 August 2020 |publisher=[[MSN]] |date=24 August 2020}}</ref>

In December 2021, Pearson announced that [[Omid Kordestani]] had been appointed as the chairman of the board of directors,<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2021 |title=Pearson appoints Silicon Valley veteran Omid Kordestani as chair |publisher=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/09f5c19a-0822-4b07-b2bb-69de223ae820 |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2021 |title=Pearson hires former Twitter exec Omid Kordestani as Chair Designate |url=https://www.cityam.com/pearson-hires-former-twitter-exec-omid-kordestani-as-chair-designate/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=cityam.com |language=en}}</ref> effective March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introducing our leaders |url=https://plc.pearson.com/en-GB/company/leadership |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=plc.pearson.com |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2022, Pearson announced it had acquired the online language learning platform, [[Mondly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pearson reports 7% underlying sales growth as it acquires language learning platform Mondly |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/pearson-reports-7-underlying-sales-growth-as-it-acquires-language-learning-platform-mondly |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=thebookseller.com |publisher=[[The Bookseller]] |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2022, Pearson acquired ClutchPrep, which was renamed Channels and added to the Pearson website.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clutch Prep acquired by Pearson |date=12 April 2022 |url=https://refreshmiami.com/clutch-preps-journey-from-startup-to-exit-what-a-run-it-was/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Pearson Releases Curated Video & Practice Feature to Enhance Learning Experiences for All College Students |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/pearson-releases-curated-video--practice-feature-to-enhance-learning-experiences-for-all-college-students-301599800.html}}</ref>

In September 2023, CEO Andy Bird announced his impending retirement.<ref name="Reuters new CEO">{{cite web |last1=Shabong |first1=Yadarisa |last2=Mathews |first2=Eva |title=Pearson names Microsoft executive Abbosh CEO as Bird retires |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/pearson-names-omar-abbosh-its-new-ceo-2023-09-20/ |access-date=19 February 2024 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=20 September 2023}}</ref> He was succeeded by Omar Abbosh, president of [[Microsoft]]'s Industry Solutions business,<ref name="Reuters new CEO"/> on 8 January 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.investegate.co.uk/announcement/rns/pearson--pson/omar-abbosh-to-take-over-as-ceo-on-8-january-2024/7846446|title=Omar Abbosh to take over as CEO on 8 January 2024|newspaper =Investegate|date=30 October 2023|access-date =15 February 2026}}</ref>

== Organisational structure ==
Pearson plc is a [[holding company]], and conducts its business primarily through subsidiaries and other affiliates.<ref name="Pearson PLC AR2022">{{cite web |author1=Pearson plc |title=Form 20-F: Annual Report for the fiscal year ended 31 December 2022 |url=https://plc.pearson.com/sites/pearson-corp/files/pearson/files/pearson-form-20-f-fy22.pdf |website=plc.pearson.com |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |access-date=19 February 2024 |date=31 March 2023}}</ref> As of December 2022, its main subsidiaries are:<ref name="Pearson PLC AR2022"/>
* Pearson Education Inc. (United States);
* Pearson Education Ltd. (United Kingdom);
* NCS Pearson, Inc. (United States).

According to the company's website, its business divisions consist of:<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Business Divisions |url=https://plc.pearson.com/en-GB/company/our-business-divisions |website=plc.pearson.com |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
* Assessment & Qualifications;
* Virtual Learning;
* English Language Learning;
* Workforce Skills;
* Higher Education.

== Criticism ==
Concerns exist around the amount of influence Pearson, being a commercial company, has on public education.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mansell |first=Warwick |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2012/jul/16/pearson-multinational-influence-education-policy |title=Should Pearson, a giant multinational, be influencing our education policy? |date=16 July 2012 |access-date=25 September 2013 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}}</ref> Other concerns are around [[tax avoidance]], high value contracts, and an instance of laying off teachers to offset the high costs of testing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wiredacademic.com/2011/10/pearson-draws-criticism-from-new-york-to-texas-justified-or-unjustified/ |title=Pearson Draws Criticism From New York to Texas... Justified? Or Unjustified? |date=24 October 2011 |access-date=25 September 2013 |website=wiredacademic.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928053128/http://www.wiredacademic.com/2011/10/pearson-draws-criticism-from-new-york-to-texas-justified-or-unjustified/ |archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> In 2017, more than six out of ten Pearson shareholders voted against then-chief executive John Fallon's pay package of £1.5 million, after the company made a record loss.<ref>{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Sweney |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/may/05/pearson-shareholders-reject-pay-revolt-john-fallon |title=Pearson shareholders reject chief executive's £1.5m pay package |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=5 May 2017 |access-date=6 May 2017}}</ref> Pearson US has been criticised for using offshore tax avoidance schemes involving a host of companies at a service address in Luxembourg.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tarek |first=Alia |url=https://www.world.tax/articles/when-pearson-us-took-a-tax-break.php |title=When Pearson US took a tax break – Courtesy of PwC |date=3 July 2015 |website=world.tax |access-date=2 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011073438/https://www.world.tax/articles/when-pearson-us-took-a-tax-break.php |archive-date=11 October 2016}}</ref>

Pearson owns [[Edexcel]], a British education and examination board.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senior Management Team |url=http://www.edexcel.com/Aboutus/who-we-are/our-people/smt/Pages/home.aspx |publisher=[[Edexcel|Pearson Edexcel]]}}</ref> Edexcel has produced qualifications which link to Pearson texts, although Edexcel also continues to endorse textbooks published by other companies.<ref name="marking"/> Edexcel has also faced criticism over repeated leaks of exam material in consecutive years; police investigations into some of the incidents were referred to prosecutors.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-48646188 |title=Edexcel launches investigation after A-level maths paper leaked online |date=15 June 2019 |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref>

In June 2010, Pearson plc received notification that the [[Libyan Investment Authority]] (LIA) founded by [[Muammar Gaddafi]]'s son [[Saif al-Islam Gaddafi]] as a sovereign fund had acquired 24.4 million shares within the company via [[Euroclear]]. On further investigation, Pearson said the LIA may have acquired an additional 2.1 million shares, resulting in a total interest of 26.5 million shares. At the time, this represented a major holding of 3.27% within the company and the investment was worth around £280 million.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sweney |first=Mark |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/mar/01/pearson-libyan-investment-authority-stake |title=Pearson freezes stake held by Libyan Investment Authority |date=1 March 2011 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=26 March 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Companies|Books}}

* [[Bertelsmann]]
* [[Elsevier]]
* [[Holtzbrinck Publishing Group]]
* [[Lagardère Publishing]]
* [[McGraw Hill Education]]
* [[News Corp]]
* [[Scholastic Corporation]]
* [[Thomson Reuters]]
* [[Wiley (publisher)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Pearson plc}}
* [https://plc.pearson.com/ Official website]
* {{cite web |title=Pearson Timeline |url=http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/index.htm |work=The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition |author=Mary H. Munroe |date=2004 |publisher=[[Northern Illinois University]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020160102/http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/Pearson.htm |archive-date=20 October 2014}}

{{Pearson}}
{{Media in the United Kingdom|comporg}}
{{FTSE 100 Index constituents}}
{{Portal bar|Companies|London|Books}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pearson plc}}
[[Category:1844 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Pearson plc| ]]
[[Category:British brands]]
[[Category:British companies established in 1844]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1844]]
[[Category:Education companies established in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1844]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1844]]
[[Category:Mass media companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in England]]
[[Category:Multinational publishing companies]]
[[Category:Pan-European media companies]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1844]]
[[Category:Companies in the FTSE 100 Index]]
[[Category:Educational organizations established in 1844]]

Rohini Godbole

2026-02-21T07:58:42Z

Veronairy: added the post more to come

{{Short description|Indian physicist (1952–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Rohini Godbole
| image = Rohini Godbole.png
| image_size =
| alt = Rohini Godbole
| caption = Godbole in 2017
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1952|11|12}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Bombay State]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2024|10|25|1952|11|12}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| citizenship = Indian
| fields = [[Particle Physics]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Pune]] 
[[IIT Bombay]] [[Stony Brook University]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| dissertation =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[File:Ordre national du Merite GC ribbon.svg|20px]] [[National Order of Merit (France)|National Order of Merit]]<ref name="hindustantimes.com">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/particle-physicist-rohini-godbole-conferred-with-french-order-of-merit-101610566224231.html?fromExternalWidget=true Particle physicist Rohini Godbole conferred with French Order of Merit]</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/top-france-award-to-physicist-rohini-godbole/articleshow/80263313.cms?fromExternalWidget=true Top France award to physicist Rohini Godbole]</ref>
[[Padma Shri]] {{small|(2019)}}, [[Government of India]]
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://padmaawards.gov.in/|title=Padma Awards|website=padmaawards.gov.in|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=26 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126060835/https://padmaawards.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://citytoday.news/environmentalist-thimakka-physicist-godbole-and-3-others-from-state-win-padma-awards/|title=Environmentalist Thimakka, physicist Godbole and 3 others from state win Padma awards|date=26 January 2019|access-date=26 January 2019|archive-date=27 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127035008/https://citytoday.news/environmentalist-thimakka-physicist-godbole-and-3-others-from-state-win-padma-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[IIT Bombay]], 1974 Batch, Silver medallist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iitb.ac.in/alumni/en/awards/2004/distinguished-alumnus/rohini-m-godbole|title=Rohini M. Godbole - Alumni and Corporate Relations|website=www.iitb.ac.in|access-date=25 March 2018|archive-date=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325233808/http://www.iitb.ac.in/alumni/en/awards/2004/distinguished-alumnus/rohini-m-godbole|url-status=live}}</ref>
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| website = http://rmgodbole.in/
| footnotes =
| spouse =
}}

'''Rohini Godbole''' (12 November 1952<ref name="obituary"/> – 25 October 2024) was an Indian physicist and academic specializing in elementary particle physics: field theory and phenomenology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nobelprizeseries.in/tbis/rgodbole|title=Rohini Godbole {{!}} The Best of Indian Science|website=nobelprizeseries.in|language=en|access-date=25 March 2018|archive-date=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325171553/http://nobelprizeseries.in/tbis/rgodbole|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rohini M Godbole {{!}} Rohini M Godbole|url=http://rmgodbole.in/|access-date=2021-03-06|language=en}}</ref> She was professor at the Centre for High Energy Physics, [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chep.iisc.ac.in/Personnel/rohini.html|title=Prof. Rohini M. Godbole|website=chep.iisc.ac.in|publisher=Centre for High Energy Physics, IISc|access-date=25 March 2018|archive-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322020012/http://chep.iisc.ac.in/Personnel/rohini.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She worked extensively on different aspects of particle phenomenology over three decades, in particular on exploring different aspects of the [[Standard Model of Particle Physics]] (SM) and the physics beyond it (BSM). Her work regarding hadronic structure of high-energy photons outlined a variety of ways in which to study it and has had implications for the design of next generation electron positron colliders. She was an elected fellow of all the three academies of Science of India and also the Science Academy of the Developing World (TWAS).<ref>{{cite web|title=Participant Details- India France Technology Summit 2013|url=http://www.indiafrancesummit.org/participants.php?action=view&id=791|access-date=4 April 2014|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075233/http://www.indiafrancesummit.org/participants.php?action=view&id=791|url-status=live}}</ref>

Apart from her work in academics, Godbole was also a much sought-after communicator of science, often delivering talks to young students, scholars and scientists on everything physics. She was also an avid supporter of women pursuing careers in science and technology, and along with Ram Ramaswamy, edited the book [[Lilavati's Daughters]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-literaryreview/Forgotten-daughters/article15942107.ece|title=Forgotten daughters|date=2009-04-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-03-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218154214/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-literaryreview/Forgotten-daughters/article15942107.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMTxPgAACAAJ|title=Lilavati's Daughters: The Women Scientists of India|last1=Godbole|first1=Rohini M.|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Ram|date=2008|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|isbn=978-81-8465-005-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.in/LILAVATIS-DAUGHTERS-Women-Scientists-India/dp/B00DT7E5UW|title=LILAVATI'S DAUGHTERS- The Women Scientists of India|last=Godbole|first=Rohini|editor-last=Ramaswamy|editor-first=Ram|access-date=25 March 2018|archive-date=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325231956/https://www.amazon.in/LILAVATIS-DAUGHTERS-Women-Scientists-India/dp/B00DT7E5UW}}</ref> a collection of biographical essays on women scientists from India.

==Life and career==
Godbole was born in Pune, in the Indian state of Maharashtra in 1952. She graduated with a bachelor's degree in physics, mathematics and statistics from [[Sir Parshurambhau College]], University of Pune, and later obtained a masters in science degree from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]]. She completed here [[PhD]] in [[theoretical particle physics]] from the [[State University of New York at Stony Brook]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Fellow|url=http://www.insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P03-1334|access-date=29 March 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140329110408/http://www.insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P03-1334|archive-date=29 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rohini M Godbole |url=http://rmgodbole.in/|access-date=2021-03-06|language=en}}</ref>

Godbole joined [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], Mumbai as a visiting fellow in 1979. She was Lecturer and Reader at the Department of Physics, University of Bombay from 1982 to 1995. She joined the Centre for High Energy Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, as an associate professor in 1995 and has been a professor since June 1998. Superannuating there by 31 July 2021, she became an honorary professor.

She authored more than 150 research papers, many of which have some of the largest citation indices in her area.

Godbole died on 25 October 2024 at her home in Bangalore from a short-illness at the age of 71.<ref name="obituary">{{cite web |title=Noted physicist Rohini Godbole, a staunch advocate for Indian women in science, passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/physicist-rohini-godbole-indian-women-science-passes-away-9638200/ |date=25 October 2024 | website=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/renowned-physicist-gender-equity-proponent-rohini-godbole-dies-at-71-101729880612731.html|title=Renowned physicist, gender equity proponent Rohini Godbole dies at 71|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=27 October 2024|access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref>

==Research fields==
Godbole worked in the following areas-<ref>{{cite web|title=Rohini M. Godbole IISc Profile|url=http://cts.iisc.ernet.in/Personnel/pages/rohini/research/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915110051/http://cts.iisc.ernet.in/Personnel/pages/rohini/research/index.html|archive-date=2013-09-15}}</ref>
*New Particle Production at current and future colliders
*Physics at [[Large Hadron Collider]] and [[International Linear Collider|Next Linear Collider]]
*[[Quantum chromodynamics|QCD]] phenomenology: Structure Functions of a proton, photon and nucleus
*[[Supersymmetry]] and [[Electroweak interaction|Electroweak Physics]]

==Contribution==
Godbole was part of the International Detector Advisory Group (IDAG)<ref>{{cite web|title=International Detector Advisory Group (IDAG)|url=http://www.linearcollider.org/ILC/physics-detectors/Detectors/IDAG|access-date=29 March 2014|archive-date=31 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331144320/http://www.linearcollider.org/ILC/physics-detectors/Detectors/IDAG|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chasing the one trillion trillionth of a second|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 January 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/money-and-careers/chasing-the-one-trillion-trillionth-of-a-second/article2831537.ece|access-date=4 April 2014|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407092453/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/money-and-careers/chasing-the-one-trillion-trillionth-of-a-second/article2831537.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> for the [[International Linear Collider]] in the European research lab, [[CERN]]. The International Detector Advisory Group monitors the ILC detector research and development of the Research Directorate and the detector design groups. She was the Chair of the Panel for Women in Science initiative of the Indian Academy of Sciences.<ref>{{cite web|title=Women in Science- an Indian Academy of Sciences Initiative|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/womeninscience/|access-date=29 March 2014|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075047/http://www.ias.ac.in/womeninscience/|url-status=live}}</ref> Along with Ram Ramaswamy, Godbole jointly edited ''[[Lilavati's Daughters]]'', a collection of biographical essays on women scientists of India, which was published in the form of book by [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-literaryreview/forgotten-daughters/article662225.ece|title=Forgotten daughters|work=The Hindu|date=4 April 2009 |access-date=27 May 2015|archive-date=30 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030170235/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-literaryreview/forgotten-daughters/article662225.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Publications==
* Low-virtuality leptoproduction of open-charm as a probe of the gluon Sivers function (2018)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Godbole|first1=Rohini M.|last2=Kaushik|first2=Abhiram|last3=Misra|first3=Anuradha|date=2018-03-10|title=Low-virtuality leptoproduction of open-charm as a probe of the gluon Sivers function|url=http://inspirehep.net/record/1656599|journal=Few Body Syst.|volume=59|issue=3|page=34|doi=10.1007/s00601-018-1349-z|arxiv=1802.06980|bibcode=2018FBS....59...34G |s2cid=118992720|access-date=25 March 2018|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115072906/https://inspirehep.net/literature/1656599|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Transverse single-spin asymmetry in the low-virtuality leptoproduction of open charm as a probe of the gluon Sivers function (2017)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Godbole|first1=Rohini M.|last2=Kaushik|first2=Abhiram|last3=Misra|first3=Anuradha|date=2017|title=Transverse single-spin asymmetry in the low-virtuality leptoproduction of open charm as a probe of the gluon Sivers function|url=http://inspirehep.net/record/1622756|journal=Physical Review D|volume=97 |issue=7 |article-number=076001 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.97.076001 |arxiv=1709.03074 |bibcode=2018PhRvD..97g6001G |access-date=25 March 2018|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115072931/https://inspirehep.net/literature/1622756|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Proceedings, 2nd Asia-Europe-Pacific School of High-Energy Physics (AEPSHEP 2014) : Puri, India (2014)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mulders|first1=Martijn|last2=Godbole|first2=Rohini|date=2017|title=Proceedings, 2nd Asia-Europe-Pacific School of High-Energy Physics (AEPSHEP 2014): Puri, India, November 04–17, 2014|url=http://inspirehep.net/record/1614008|doi=10.23730/CYRSP-2017-002 |journal=CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings |s2cid=119331933|access-date=25 March 2018|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115072835/https://inspirehep.net/literature/1614008|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Books==
* ''Theory And Phenomenology Of Sparticles: An Account Of Four-dimensional N=1 Supersymmetry In High Energy Physics'':<ref>{{Cite book|title=Theory And Phenomenology Of Sparticles: An Account Of Four-dimensional N=1 Supersymmetry In High Energy Physics|date=2005-01-18|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd|isbn=978-981-256-531-0|editor-last=Drees|editor-first=Manuel|location=New Jersey|language=en|editor-last2=Godbole|editor-first2=Rohini|editor-last3=Roy|editor-first3=Probir}}</ref> Supersymmetry or SUSY, one of the most beautiful recent ideas of physics, predicts sparticles existing as superpartners of particles. This book gives a theoretical and phenomenological account of sparticles. Starting from a basic level, it provides a comprehensive, pedagogical and user-friendly treatment of the subject of four-dimensional N=1 supersymmetry as well as its observational aspects in high energy physics and cosmology.
* ''The Girl's Guide to a Life in Science'':<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.in/Girls-Guide-Life-Science-ebook/dp/B00TIPFLMA/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1521975557&sr=1-2|title=The Girl's Guide to a Life in Science|last=Ramaswamy|first=Ram|date=2015-02-11|publisher=Zubaan|editor-last=Godbole|editor-first=Rohini|language=en|editor-last2=Dubey|editor-first2=Mandakini|access-date=25 March 2018|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115072943/https://www.amazon.in/Girls-Guide-Life-Science-ebook/dp/B00TIPFLMA/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1521975557&sr=1-2|url-status=live}}</ref> Inspiring, informative, ingenious...meet twenty-five of India's most celebrated female scientists. From astrophysics to zoology, learn what it takes to make a career in science. Who were they encouraged by? What did they struggle against? What motivated them to choose their particular field? What are the key questions at the cutting edge of modern research? What are the Big Questions that they are striving to find answers for? Why chose a life in science at all? Each of the women in this essential guide gives a short overview of their life and career. The profiles are accompanied by "Know-it-ology"—a brief introduction to their particular field of research. Each of the scientists describes her own "Eureka Moment".
* ''LILAVATI'S DAUGHTERS- The Women Scientists of India (2008)''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.in/LILAVATIS-DAUGHTERS-Women-Scientists-India/dp/B00DT7E5UW/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1521975557&sr=1-3|title=LILAVATI'S DAUGHTERS- The Women Scientists of India|last=Godbole|first=Rohini|date=January 2016 |publisher=Indian Academy Of Science |editor-last=Ramaswamy|editor-first=Ram}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Awards==
*[[Honorary doctorate]], IIT Kanpur (2021).
*[[Padma Shri]] for her contributions in science and technology (2019).
*Satyendranath Bose Medal of [[Indian National Science Academy]] (2009)<ref>{{cite web|title=INSA- Awards Recipients|url=http://www.insaindia.org/recipients.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140404115326/http://www.insaindia.org/recipients.php|archive-date=2014-04-04}}</ref>
*Fellowship of [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (NASI) (2007)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nasi.nic.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=G|title=NASI- List of Fellows|website=nasi.nic.in|access-date=4 April 2014|archive-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921065511/http://nasi.nic.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=G|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Fellowship of Academy of Sciences of the Developing World, TWAS 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.twas.org/network/members/g|title=Members- The World Academy of Sciences|website=www.twas.org|access-date=4 April 2014|archive-date=14 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614062704/https://twas.org/network/members/g|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Devi Award of the New Indian Express Group, August 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eventxpress.com/devi2015/bengaluru/|title=Devi Awards 2015|website=www.eventxpress.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-25|archive-date=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232113/http://www.eventxpress.com/devi2015/bengaluru/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Ordre National du Mérite]] by the French government.<ref name="Hindustan Times 2021">{{cite web|title=Particle physicist Rohini Godbole conferred with French Order of Merit|website=Hindustan Times|date=14 January 2021|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/particle-physicist-rohini-godbole-conferred-with-french-order-of-merit-101610566224231.html|access-date=15 January 2021|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115072923/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/particle-physicist-rohini-godbole-conferred-with-french-order-of-merit-101610566224231.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* [http://www.ias.ac.in/womeninscience/LD_essays/110-113.pdf Autobiographical article by Rohini Godbole in Lilavati's Daughters]

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Godbole, Rohini}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Stony Brook University alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Indian particle physicists]]
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:Scientists from Pune]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:People associated with CERN]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women physicists]]

Devalgarh

2026-02-19T05:39:20Z

Veronairy: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Pauri Garhwal district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Yeshu (TV series)

2026-01-25T01:31:05Z

Veronairy: Started the post from scratch

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = [[Arvind Babbal]]
| developer =
| writer = Rekha Babbal
| story =
| screenplay =
| director = [[Arvind Babbal]]
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = {{ubl|Vivaan Shah|[[Sonali Nikam]]|Aarya Dharmchand Kumar|[[Rudra Soni]]}}
| open_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 84
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Arvind Babbal]]
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 20–24 minutes
| network = [[&TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|12|22|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|04|16|df=yes}}
| list_episodes =
| image_alt =
| theme_music_composer =
| company = Arvind babbal productions
| related =
}}

'''Yeshu''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama]] television series broadcasting on [[And TV|&TV]]. It premiered on 22 December 2020 and produced by [[Arvind Babbal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive - Sonali Nikam on Yeshu going off-air: There's no specific reason behind its end but it's shocking |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-sonali-nikam-on-yeshu-going-off-air-theres-no-specific-reason-behind-its-end-but-its-shocking/articleshow/82048542.cms |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=13 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> It starring [[Sonali Nikam]], Aarya Dharmchand Kumar and Vivaan Shah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TV show 'Yeshu' aims at spreading compassion, positivity |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/tv-show-yeshu-aims-at-spreading-compassion-positivity-2331281.html |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The series depicts the childhood of Yeshu Masih (Jesus Christ). This series showcases Yeshu's miracles and how he helped people with his healing powers in a world afflicted by sins and evil. The show also focusses on Yeshu's special bond with his mother.

== Cast ==

=== Main ===
* Vivaan Shah as [[Yeshu]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2020 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Yeshu star Sonali Nikam on her character Mary, bond with on screen son Vivaan & 10 years in showbiz |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/exclusive-yeshu-star-sonali-nikam-her-character-mary-bond-screen-son-vivaan-10-years-showbiz-586295 |access-date=30 August 2022 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213205838/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/exclusive-yeshu-star-sonali-nikam-her-character-mary-bond-screen-son-vivaan-10-years-showbiz-586295 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Sonali Nikam]] as Mary
* Aarya Dharmchand Kumar as Joseph
*[[Rudra Soni]] as King Antipas

=== Recurring ===
* [[Giriraj Kabra]] as Devtoot
* Pooja Dixit as Maria
* Vikey Ahuja as Rabbi Guru
* Sarthak Mohan Chorghe as James
* Misha Krishna Kataria as Ashiya
* Khabir Mehta as Yakub
* Tanishq Jain as Simon
* Pushkar Priyadarshi as Mannu's father
* [[Ankit Arora]] as Shaitaan

== Production ==
[[Arvind Babbal]]'s series was supposed to premiere in March 2020. However, owing [[COVID-19]] outbreak, the production and filming of television series were stalled. But, due to imposed lockdown which extended, it could not be resumed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2020 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Yeshu actor Aarya Dharamchand on playing Joseph, bond with onscreen son Vivaan, and USP of the show |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/exclusive-yeshu-actor-aarya-dharamchand-playing-joseph-bond-onscreen-son-vivaan-and-usp-show-585582 |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705083301/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/exclusive-yeshu-actor-aarya-dharamchand-playing-joseph-bond-onscreen-son-vivaan-and-usp-show-585582 |url-status=dead }}</ref> When the shootings of the series were permitted from October 2020, the production and filming of the series resumed and the team decides to release the series in December. But finally the series premiered on 22 December 2020. It produced by [[Arvind Babbal]], through his studio, Arvind Babbal Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=एण्ड टीवी पर जल्दी ही शुरू होने वाला है 'येशु' सीरियल, जानिए कौन से कलाकर करेंगे काम |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/story-serial-yeshu-coming-soon-on-tv-know-which-artists-will-work-3687016.html |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Dayasagar]]'', another Indian TV series about Jesus
*''[[Bible Ki Kahaniyan]]'', an Indian TV series based on the Old Testament

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Christian mass media in India]]
[[Category:Television series based on the Bible]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Palestine]]
[[Category:Television shows set in ancient Egypt]]
[[Category:Television series set in 1st-century Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Television series about Christianity]]
[[Category:Portrayals of Jesus on television]]
[[Category:Portrayals of Mary, mother of Jesus, on television]]
[[Category:Biblical Magi in television]]
[[Category:Nativity of Jesus on television]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Saint Joseph]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Judas Iscariot]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Herod the Great]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of John the Baptist]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of the Devil]]
[[Category:&TV original programming]]
[[Category:Depictions of Herod the Great on television]]
[[Category:Television productions postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Treaty of Mungi-Shevgaon

2026-01-15T00:48:27Z

Veronairy: update intro per standard format

{{Short description|1728 treaty between Hyderabad and Maratha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox treaty
|name=Treaty of Mungi-Shevgaon
|context=Signed to protect Sambhaji II of Kolhapur from the Marathas under Bajirao I and for the safe retirement of the Nizam's army.
|date_signed={{Start date|df=yes|1728|03|06}}
|location_signed=[[Shevgaon]]
|signatories=* {{flagicon|Hyderabad State}}[[Asaf Jah I]]

* [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]][[Shahu I]]|parties=* {{flagicon|Hyderabad State}}[[Nizam of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]]

* [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] [[Maratha Empire]]|wikisource=Treaty of Mungi-Shevgaon}}
The '''Treaty of Mungi-Shevgaon''' was signed on 6 March 1728, between [[Bajirao I]] of the [[Maratha Empire]] and the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Asaf Jah I]], in what is present-day [[Shevgaon]]. According to the terms of the treaty, the Nizam granted the Marathas the authority to collect [[Chauth]], a type of tax, from the six [[Subah|Subahs]] located in the Deccan region. Additionally, the treaty recognized [[Shahu I]] as the Emperor of the Maratha Empire, and in return, the Maratha Emperor agreed not to apprehend [[Sambhaji II]], who had allied himself with the Nizam against the Emperor.

==Background==
The seeds of this battle date back to the year 1713 when Maratha king [[Shahu I]] appointed [[Balaji Vishwanath]] as his [[Peshwa]], or Prime Minister. In 1724, [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] control waned, and Asaf Jah I, the first [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], proclaimed independence from Mughal rule, thus establishing his own kingdom, which came to be known as [[Hyderabad Deccan]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Heitzman |first=James |title=Emporiums, empire, and the early colonial presence |date=2008 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203483282-9/emporiums-empire-early-colonial-presence-james-heitzman |work=The City in South Asia |access-date=2023-10-11 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203483282-9/emporiums-empire-early-colonial-presence-james-heitzman |isbn=978-0-203-48328-2}}. Page no 102</ref>
The Nizam aimed to strengthen his province by curbing the increasing influence of the Marathas. He took advantage of the growing division within the Maratha Empire, as both Shahu and [[Sambhaji I of Kolhapur|Sambhaji II]] of [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]] claimed the title of King. The Nizam chose to support the faction led by Sambhaji II, which angered Shahu, who had also declared himself King. Additionally, the Nizam decided to stop the payment of [[Chauth]], which had been agreed upon by many landowners in the Deccan province to the Marathas, as per the arrangement made by the [[Sayyid brothers|Syed Brothers]] in 1719.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadkarnia |first=Rajaram Vyankatesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hM9AAAAMAAJ |title=The Rise and Fall of the Maratha Empire |date=1966 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |pages=179–180 |language=en}}</ref>

== Campaigns of Bajirao and Nizam ==
[[File:Peshwa Bajirao vs Nizam-ul-Mulk movements in Palkhed Campaign.png|thumb|alt=Colour-coded map|Troop movements of Baji Rao I and Nizam-ul-Mulk before the treaty of Mungi Shevgaon]]
The battle strategy unfolded as Baji Rao's army retreated from the southern regions of the Maratha empire in May 1727. Shortly afterward, Shahu ended negotiations with Nizam-ul-Mulk regarding the restoration of the Chauth.<ref name=":0" />

Over the course of approximately six months, the Nizam chased Baji Rao's army in the [[Pune]] area. During this time, Baji Rao employed a series of tactical maneuvers, leading to the eventual encirclement and cornering of the Nizam's forces at Palkhed.<ref name="auto" />

Baji Rao and the Maratha armies were summoned back from their campaign in Karnataka. In May 1727, Baji Rao requested Shahu to terminate negotiations with Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I, who had proposed arbitration regarding the payment of Chauth and sardeshmukhi. Baji Rao then began the process of mobilizing an army.<ref name=":2" />

With the monsoon season concluded and the terrain favorable for the upcoming campaign, Baji Rao's forces advanced towards [[Aurangabad]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Grover |first=Verinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LiDAAAAMAAJ |title=Political Thinkers of Modern India: V.D. Savarkar |date=1990 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-253-5 |pages=20 |language=en}}</ref>

Following a skirmish near [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]], where the Marathas continued their strategy of avoiding direct confrontation with the enemy, Baji Rao, as expected, withdrew from the battlefield and redirected his forces toward [[Burhanpur]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrzuyqW1aRwC |title=Hyderabad Affairs |date=1883 |publisher=Talbot Bros. |pages=509–512 |language=en}}</ref>

Nizam-ul-Mulk's army initially pursued Baji Rao, but Baji Rao changed his course and moved westward into [[Gujarat]] from North [[Khandesh]]. Surprisingly, the Nizam-ul-Mulk decided to abandon the pursuit and instead headed southward toward Pune. Sambhaji II accompanied the Nizam during this movement.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Yosuf Hussain Khan |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77281 |title=Nizam Ul Mulk Asaf Jahi Founder Of The Hyderabad State |date=1936 |pages=188–190}}</ref> Upon learning of the situation, Baji Rao quickly moved toward Pune and arrived at the Nizam's camp. The Marathas then encircled the camp, effectively cutting off the supply lines to the Nizam's forces. The shortage of food supplies, caused by the Marathas surrounding Nizam's camp, played a crucial role in his decision to sign a treaty with them.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=New Cambridge History of India |url=http://archive.org/details/the-marathas-1600-1818-cambridge-history-of-india-vol.-2-part-4 |title=The Marathas - Cambridge History of India (Vol. 2, Part 4)}}</ref>

==The treaty==
Baji Rao and the Nizam initiated negotiations, during which Baji Rao proposed the retirement of the Maratha army in exchange for Nizam handing over Sambhaji II to him. However, the Nizam declined this offer and instead, they forged a treaty that granted the Marathas the right to collect taxes (known as Chauth) from the six Subahs of Hyderabad. This arrangement was made in order to safeguard their ally, Shambaji II.<ref name=":0" /> The Nizam of Hyderabad and [[Baji Rao I]] signed a peace treaty on 6 March 1728 at the village of [[Paithan|Mungi-Paithan]]. According to the treaty:

By the treaty of Mungi-Shivagaon, the Nizam agreed to make certain concessions to the Peshwa.

# [[Chhatrapati]] Shahu was recognised as the sole Maratha ruler.
# Marathas were given the right to collect Chauth and Sardeshmukhi of Deccan Subahs.
#
# The Marathas agreed not to capture Shambhaji II and allowed him to remain free.
# The balance revenue was to be paid to Chhatrapati Shahu.<ref name="auto"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Montgomery, Bernard Law. ''A Concise History of Warfare'', Great Britain: William Collins Sons, 1968, {{ISBN|1-84022-223-9}}, pg. 132
* Palsolkar, Col. R. D., ''The life of an outstanding Indian Cavalry commander - 1720-1760 the Peshwa.'', India: Reliance Publishers, 248pp, 1995, {{ISBN|81-85972-93-1}}.
* Paul, E. Jaiwant. ''Baji Rao - The Warrior Peshwa'', India: Roli Books Pvt Ltd, 184pp, {{ISBN|81-7436-129-4}}.

==External links==
* [http://historytelling.wordpress.com/maratha-pages/the-events/the-palkhed-campaign-1728/ Atul Sabnis' excellent article on the battle]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711163924/http://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=pseudowar&FileName=mogulempire Wars of the Mogul Empire]

{{MarathaEmpire}}

[[Category:Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:1728 in India]]

Kaiyum Kalavum

2026-01-09T21:44:52Z

Veronairy: starting new pg w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian drama streaming web series}}
{{unreliable sources|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kaiyum_Kalavum.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Comedy (genre)|comedy]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Adventure]]
| writer = Roju
| director = Roju
| starring = [[Sanchana Natarajan|Sanchana Natrajan]] Rohit [[Madonna Sebastian]] [[Remya Nambeesan|Ramya Nambessan]] [[Senthil]] [[Karu Palaniappan|Karu Palaniyappan]] [[Vivek Prasanna]] [[Vijay Adhiraj|Vijay Adiraj]] Jeeva Subramanian [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] and [[Bobby Simha|Simha]] (Narrators)
| composer = '''Score:''' [[Sundaramurthy KS]] '''Songs:''' [[Satish Raghunathan]]
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes =
| producer = Kalyan Subramanian
| location = [[India]]
| cinematography = [[Sandeep K. Vijay]]
| editor = [[Manikandan B.]] [[Radha Sridhar]]
| runtime = 24-47 minutes
| company = [[Stone Bench|Stone Bench Films]]
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| released = {{Start date|2022|11|04|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Kaiyum Kalavum''''' ({{Translation|Red handed}}) is an Indian [[streaming television]] series written and directed by Roju<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Kaiyum Kalavum to premiere on SonyLIV |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/oct/27/kaiyum-kalavum-to-premiere-on-sonyliv-36032.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |date=27 October 2022 |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103175434/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/oct/27/kaiyum-kalavum-to-premiere-on-sonyliv-36032.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Produced by Kalyan Subramanian and Presented by [[Karthik Subbaraj]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-06-18 |title=SonyLIV unveils slate of originals: Sudhir Mishra, Karthik Subbaraj to helm projects |url=https://theprint.in/features/sonyliv-unveils-slate-of-originals-sudhir-mishra-karthik-subbaraj-to-helm-projects/1002440/ |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103191355/https://theprint.in/features/sonyliv-unveils-slate-of-originals-sudhir-mishra-karthik-subbaraj-to-helm-projects/1002440/ |url-status=live }}</ref> under his banner Stone Bench films.<ref name=":0" /> The series stars [[Sanchana Natarajan|Sanchana Natrajan]], Rohit, [[Madonna Sebastian]], [[Karu Palaniappan|Karu Pazhaniappan]], [[Senthil]], [[Remya Nambeesan|Ramya Nambessan]], [[Vivek Prasanna]], [[Vijay Adhiraj|Vijay Adiraj]]. [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] and [[Bobby Simha|Simha]] serve as Narrators of the series. Music and background score was composed by Sundaramurthy KS and songs by Satish Raghunathan Cinematography handled by Sandeep K Vijay and editing was done by Manikandan B and Radha Sridhar. The series was released at [[SonyLIV]] on 4 November 2022.<ref name=":0" />

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|* [[Sanchana Natarajan|Sanchana Natrajan]] as Anbu<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Sanchana as ANBU |url=https://twitter.com/sonyliv/status/1587137760787591170 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>
* Rohit Nandakumar (Roju) as Boy<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Rohit as BOY |url=https://twitter.com/sonyliv/status/1587060036748312579 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Twitter |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103183857/https://twitter.com/sonyliv/status/1587060036748312579 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Madonna Sebastian]] as Meenakshi
* [[Remya Nambeesan|Ramya Nambessan]] as House wife
* Jeeva Subramanian as PMC
* Gajaraj as Police Officer
* [[Senthil]] as The Father
* [[Karu Palaniappan|Karu Palaniyappan]] as Librarian
* [[Vivek Prasanna]] as Vakkil
* [[Vijay Adhiraj|Vijay Adiraj]] as the Chief Doctor
* Vikas Muppala as Aayiram
* Avinash Raghudevan as Nalla
* Jane Thompson as Mandhiri
* [[Amrutha Srinivasan]] in a cameo appearance}}

===''Narrators''===
* [[Chinmayi Sripada]] as Akka/Partner
* [[Bobby Simha]] as Anna/Partner

== Production ==
On 27 October 2022 [[S. J. Suryah|S J Suryah]] revealed the first look Poster on Twitter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First look of the magicalworld of KaiyumKalavum |url=https://twitter.com/iam_sjsuryah/status/1585595674405519363 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Twitter |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103175434/https://twitter.com/iam_sjsuryah/status/1585595674405519363 |url-status=live }}</ref> SonyLiv released the official trailer of the series on 28 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer of Kaiyum Kalavum out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/oct/28/trailer-of-kaiyum-kalavum-out-36046.html |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=28 October 2022 |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103175434/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/oct/28/trailer-of-kaiyum-kalavum-out-36046.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
The soundtrack album and background score for Kaiyum Kalavum were composed by Sundaramurthy KS and songs by [[Satish Raghunathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The music of KaiyumKalavum |url=https://twitter.com/karthiksubbaraj/status/1587788354854490112 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Twitter |language=en |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211233025/https://twitter.com/karthiksubbaraj/status/1587788354854490112 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Hero Naan
| length1 = 4:37
| lyrics1 = Roju
| extra1 = Milidhane Dinesh
| title2 = Thaaye
| length2 = 3:03
| lyrics2 = Mukundan Raman
| extra2 = Karthika Vaidyanathan
| title3 = Aasai Enbadhu
| length3 = 2:13
| lyrics3 = Roju
| extra3 = Karthika Vaidyanathan, Satish Raghunathan
| title4 = Thaaye Unleashed
| length4 = 2:36
| lyrics4 = Mukundan Raman, Roju
| extra4 = Karthika Vaidyanathan
| title5 = Kadavulaaga Maarinen
| length5 = 3:27
| lyrics5 = Roju
| extra5 = Satish Raghunathan
| total_length = 15:56
}}

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |total_width= |background=#9F260E|overall=|title=|director= |writer=|airdate=|country=India|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Once Upon A Time
|DirectedBy = Roju
|WrittenBy = Roju
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|04|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9F260E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = The Housewife Who hates Love
|DirectedBy = Roju
|WrittenBy = Roju
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|04|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9F260E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = The Head of the Family
|DirectedBy = Roju
|WrittenBy = Roju
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|04|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9F260E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = The hunter
|DirectedBy = Roju
|WrittenBy = Roju
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|04|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9F260E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = The Bookworm
|DirectedBy = Roju
|WrittenBy = Roju
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|04|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9F260E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = The Widow
|DirectedBy = Roju
|WrittenBy = Roju
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|04|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9F260E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = The Devotee
|DirectedBy = Roju
|WrittenBy = Roju
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|04|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9F260E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = The End to A New beginning
|DirectedBy = Roju
|WrittenBy = Roju
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|04|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9F260E
}}}}

== Release ==
The series was released at [[SonyLIV]] on 4 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-28 |title=Kaiyum Kalavum Trailer: Karthik Subbaraj's Tale of a Thief and Pickpocket To Release on Sony Liv on November 4 (Watch Video) {{!}} 🎥 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/south/kaiyum-kalavum-trailer-karthik-subbarajs-tale-of-a-thief-and-pickpocket-to-release-on-sony-liv-on-november-4-watch-video-4388463.html |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=LatestLY |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103182032/https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/south/kaiyum-kalavum-trailer-karthik-subbarajs-tale-of-a-thief-and-pickpocket-to-release-on-sony-liv-on-november-4-watch-video-4388463.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* ''[https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/kaiyum-kalavum-1700001055 Kaiyum Kalavum]'' at [[SonyLIV]]

[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime television series]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]

Uparichara Vasu

2025-12-17T04:57:44Z

Veronairy: page edit

{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Uparichara Vasu
| texts = [[Puranas]], [[Mahabharata]]
| dynasty = [[Chandravamsha]]
| spouse = Girika
| children = Pratyagraha, Brihdratha, Kusambu, Mavella, and Yadu Matsya (adopted), [[Satyavati]]
| father = Kruti
}}{{Short description|King in Hindu texts}}

'''Uparichara Vasu''' ({{Langx|sa|उपरिचरवसु|lit=Vasu, Who wanders above|italic=yes|translit=Uparicara Vasu}} [[IAST]]: ''UparicaraVasu'' [[Help:IPA/Sanskrit|[upəɾɪt͡ʃəɾəʋəs̪u]]]) is a king featured in [[Hindu texts|Hindu literature]], a member of the [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravamsha]] (Lunar dynasty).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkUQYvw2HGkC&dq=Uparichara+Vasu&pg=PA43 |title=Vyasa's Mahabharatam |date=2008 |publisher=Academic Publishers |isbn=978-81-89781-68-2 |pages=43 |language=en}}</ref> He was the King of [[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus of Magadha]], who defeated and eliminated [[Yadavas|Chedi Yadavas]] and conquered kingdom of [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]]. He is described to be a friend of [[Indra]] and a great devotee of [[Vishnu]] in the [[Puranas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Books |first=Kausiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvxLEAAAQBAJ&dq=Uparichara+Vasu&pg=PT28 |title=Skanda Purana: Vaishnava Khanda: Vasudeva Mahatmya: English Translation only without Slokas |date=2021-10-24 |publisher=Kausiki Books |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref> His legend is also described in the [[Mahabharata]]. He founded [[Kurus of Chedi Kingdom|Kuru dynasty of Chedi Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pandey |first=J. N. |last2=Begum |first2=Nasreen |date=2009 |title=Review of ANCIENT INDIAN DYNASTIES |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41692138 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=90 |pages=197–201 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref> In Hindu scriptures, the Kurus of Chedi is prominently known as the Chandravanshi Aila dynasty of Chedi, possibly so as not to be confused with the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus of Hastinapur]]. His eldest son Pratyagraha succeeded him and ascended the Kuru throne of Chedi, while Brihadratha inherited the Kuru throne of [[Magadha]], founding the [[Brihadratha dynasty]]. In his dynasty born the famous villains of the epic [[Mahabharata]], [[Shishupala]] and [[Jarasandha]].

== Etymology ==
He was originally named '''Vasu'''. He received the title of '''Uparichara''' after [[Indra]], pleased with him, granted him a [[Vimana]] (flying chariot). This chariot enabled him to wander (chara) above (upari) all mortals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhaṭṭācārya |first=Tārānātha TarkaVācaspati |url=https://archive.org/details/VfAW_vachaspatyam-vol-2-compiled-by-taranath-vachaaspati-bhattacharya-chowkhamba-seri |title=वाचस्पत्यम् (बृहत् संस्कृताभिधानम्) |publisher=Caukhambā |year=1873 |series=The Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Work No. 94 |volume=2 |location=Varanasi |page=331 |language=sa |trans-title=Vācaspatyam: A Comprehensive Sanskrit Lexicon. |chapter=उपरिचर |trans-chapter=Uparichara |quote=तुष्टेन शक्रेण तस्मै आकाशगं विमानं दत्तं तत्र चरणादुपरिचरनामेत्युक्तं |orig-year=1962 |chapter-url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/VCPScan/VCPScanpdf/pg1319.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dvaipāyana |first=(Vyāsa) Kṛṣṇa |author-link=Vyasa |title=महाभारतम्-01-आदिपर्व-064 |trans-title=Mahabharata - Volume 1 - Adi Parva - 064 |url=https://sa.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D-01-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5-064&oldid=54241 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=विकिस्रोतः |language=sa |quote=दैवोपभोग्यं दिव्यं त्वामाकाशे स्फाटिकं महत्। आकाशगं त्वां मद्दत्तं विमानमुपपत्स्यते॥ त्वमेकः सर्वमर्त्येषु विमानवरमास्थितः। चरिष्यस्युपरिस्थो हि देवो विग्रहवानिव॥ |trans-quote=The celestial chariot, enjoyable to the deities and beautifully crystalline in the sky, that I have graciously bestowed upon you will come to you. You alone, on the splendid chariot, residing above all mortals, will wander above, like the embodiment of the divine.}}</ref>
{{Verse translation|दैवोपभोग्यं दिव्यं त्वामाकाशे स्फाटिकं महत्। आकाशगं त्वां मद्दत्तं विमानमुपपत्स्यते॥१३॥
त्वमेकः सर्वमर्त्येषु विमानवरमास्थितः। चरिष्यस्युपरिस्थो हि देवो विग्रहवानिव॥१४॥|The celestial chariot, enjoyable to the deities and beautifully crystalline in the sky, that I have graciously bestowed upon you will come to you.(13)
You alone, on the splendid chariot, residing above all mortals, will wander above, like the embodiment of the divine.(14)|head1=महाभारतम् आदिपर्व ६४|head2=Mahabharata - Volume 1 - Adi Parva - 064|lang1=sa|attr1=Mahabharata|lang2=en|italicsoff2=y}}

== Legend ==
=== Puranas ===
The [[Skanda Purana]] and the [[Vayu Purana]] state that Uparichara Vasu is a king so pious that he is able to ride his chariot across the sky. When there is a dispute that arises between the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] and the [[Rishi|sages]] about the interpretation of the term 'Aja' in a [[Vedas|Vedic]] injunction that prescribed for a sacrificial offering, they decide to go to Uparichara Vasu for arbitration. The sages state that such a sacrifice must be performed using grains, and the devas insist that such a sacrifice must be performed using animals such as goats. The king rules in favour of the devas. The sages, angry that the king had advocated against [[ahimsa]], cursed him to fall towards the [[Patala|netherworld]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Books |first=Kausiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HFKEAAAQBAJ&dq=Uparichara+Vasu+aja&pg=PT23 |title=Vayu Purana Part 1: English Translation only without Slokas |date=2021-10-24 |publisher=Kausiki Books |pages=23 |language=en}}</ref> He is saved by [[Garuda]] upon the instruction of Vishnu, who brings him to [[Svarga]]. The Skanda Purana states that the king is punished because he once sees a mind-born daughter of the [[Pitrs]] named Acchoda, and an [[apsara]] named Adrika. Because they regard each other as father and daughter, they are cursed by the Pitrs to be born on earth.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-03-01 |title=Uparicara Vasu Attains Liberation [Chapter 7] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc371746.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Mahabharata ===
The [[Mahabharata]] narrates that a mountain in the king's domain, Kolahala, was once maddened by lust, and attacked a river, blocking her path. The river sought the protection of Uparichara Vasu, who split the mountain with a kick, allowing the river to pass through. By the union of the mountain and the river, a man and a woman emerged. The boy was made commander-in-chief of Vasu's army, while the girl, Girika, was married to Vasu.<ref name="Alf">{{cite book |author=Alf Hiltebeitel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4NF8pYxdvIC&pg=PA354 |title=Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0195394238 |place=USA |pages=354–355 |access-date=2020-10-09}}</ref>

Uparichara Vasu's wife, Girika, having purified herself after bathing, informed her husband that it was an auspicious time for them to engage in intercourse. During this period, the king is also visited by his Pitrs, who wish him to hunt some deer for them. Deciding to prioritise the instructions of his ancestors, the king sets out to the forest to hunt, thinking about his beautiful wife. When he ejaculates, he decides that it would not be appropriate to waste his semen during his wife's ovulation. Depositing the semen on a leaf, he requests a hawk to carry his seed to his wife. While the hawk is flying, it is attacked by another hawk, and the semen falls into the river [[Yamuna]]. The semen is swallowed by a fish, the rebirth of Adrika. When a fisherman cuts open the belly of the fish, he finds a human boy and a girl within. The children are brought to Uparichara Vasu, who adopts the male child, naming his Matsya, who becomes his heir. The girl is adopted by the fisherman, and is named [[Satyavati]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VziP-_XUT8C&dq=uparichara+vasu+semen&pg=PT88 |title=The Mahabharata: Volume 1 |date=2015-06-01 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-388-2 |pages=88 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Debroy |first=Bibek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRnpDAAAQBAJ&dq=Uparichara+Vasu&pg=PT439 |title=Harivamsha |date=2016-09-09 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-86057-91-4 |pages=439 |language=en}}</ref>

In the text, the king is described to be the disciple of Sage [[Brhaspati|Brihaspati]], living in the [[Satya Yuga]]. The sage teaches him the Satvata Shastra, the knowledge of which guides his rule, and due to which he becomes a patron of the [[Pancharatra]] rituals dedicated to [[Narayana]]. The epic also describes a legend in which Uparichara Vasu commences an [[ashvamedha]] sacrifice, but orders that no animals be slain.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCEoAwAAQBAJ&dq=Uparichara+Vasu&pg=PT403 |title=The Vedas: An Introduction to Hinduism's Sacred Texts |date=2014-04-15 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-763-7 |pages=403 |language=en}}</ref> Instead, he offers the products of the forests to the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], who come to receive his offerings. Vishnu is so pleased by this act that he appears at the ritual site, but allows only the king to [[Darshan (Indian religions)|witness]] him. This angers Brihaspati, but the king reminds his preceptor that witnessing Vishnu is entirely up to him, describing it to be akin to a [[prasada]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hudson |first=D. Dennis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IE8DwAAQBAJ&dq=Uparichara+Vasu&pg=PA521 |title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram |date=2008-09-25 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-536922-9 |pages=521 |language=en}}</ref>

==According to Historeans==

According to Historean RC Majumdar, Vasu, a descendant of Kuru, conquered the kingdom of Chedi, and extended his conquests as far as Magadha in the east, and Matsya in the north-west.<ref>{{Cite book |last=R. c. Majumdar |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.10819 |title=Ancient India |date=1952}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
== External links ==
* The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', Bharata Press, Calcutta (1883–1896)''

{{Mahābhārata}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lunar dynasty]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Uparichara Vasu}}

Hiriyur

2025-12-05T13:49:41Z

Veronairy: expand references as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hiriyur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.95|N|76.62|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = City Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 29.13
| area_rural_km2 = 1681.06
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 630
| population_total = 56416
| population_rural = 229717
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/603/download/2060/DH_2011_2912_PART_B_DCHB_CHITRADURGA.pdf|access-date= 4 June 2024|title=Census Data Handbook 2011 Chitradurga District}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 577 598 & 577 599
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08193
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KA—Karnataka|KA-16]]
| website = http://www.hiriyurcity.mrc.gov.in/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hiriyur''' is a town and a [[taluk]] headquarter located in [[Chitradurga district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]].

Hiriyur is situated along [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]]. Hiriyur is located 160 km north-west of [[Bengaluru]]. All the buses from Bengaluru going towards [[Hubballi]], [[Belgavi]], [[Davanagere]], [[Ballari]] travel through Hiriyur.

The climate is generally dry with low rain fall. During winter (November - February), the night temperature may come down to 18 degrees C.

== History ==
Hiriyur is famous as a centre for regional (rural) markets. The 'santhe' attracts people from all over the district.

C N Malige is one of the villages of Hiriyur taluk and it is situated between Hulithotlu and Adiralu villages. Sub office to this village is Aimangala. The [[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 4]] which passes through Hiriyur has for decades created a cluster of business catering to the commuters.
Hiriyur is also famous for its 500+ years old temple of [[Shiva]]. Famously known as [[Teru Malleshvara Temple, Hiriyur]] it is also called as "Dakshina Kashi" by the devotees. It is believed that the famous devotee of Lord Shiva, "Hema Reddy Mallamma", was a resident of this town. Every year she travelled to [[Varanasi]] by foot. As she grew older and weaker, one day she prayed to her lord that "O lord I have become old and weak, unable to visit Varanasi and have your darshan, what do I do". On the night of that day Lord Shiva appeared in her dream and told her that she need not come to Varanasi to see him, he himself will come and reside in Hiriyur. As promised, Lord Shiva was believed to have incarnated in the "oraLukallu" (a stone of cylindrical shape used in the households of ancient India for grinding purpose). That stone which was worshipped by Mallamma later became known as Terumalleshwara.

The ancient name of Hiriyur was "Ghanapuri". The "Yeppattu Kannina Setuve" ("the seventy eyed bridge") located near Hiriyur is noted for its architecture. The patterns in the bridge resemble human eye, and there are seventy eyes.

==Geography==
Hiriyur is located at {{Coord|13.95|N|76.62|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Hiriyur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Hiriyur]</ref> It has an average elevation of 630 metres (2066 feet). The months of March and April are the hottest months of the year. The Vedavati River is dammed here to meet the water needs of the otherwise mostly dry district of [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]].

===National Geological monument===
'''[[Pillow lava|Pillow lava rocks]]''' at [[Mardihalli]] village <ref>{{cite web|url=https://karnatakatravel.blogspot.com/2021/07/pillow-lava-rocks-of-maradihalli.html?m=1|access-date=23 August 2023|title =Pillow lava near Mardihalli}}</ref> near Hiriyur has been declared as the [[List of National Geological Monuments in India|National Geological Monuments of India]] by the [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI), for their protection, maintenance, promotion and enhancement of [[Geotourism]].<ref name=gsi1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title=National Geological Monument, from Geological Survey of India website |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712055947/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date=12 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="gsi2">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137573|title=Geo-Heritage Sites|date=2016-03-09|website=pib.nic.in|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=2018-09-15}}</ref><ref name=gsi3>[http://naturalheritage.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Geoheritage-Monograph.pdf national geo-heritage of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111120428/http://naturalheritage.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Geoheritage-Monograph.pdf |date=11 January 2017 }}, [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|INTACH]]</ref>

==Demographics==
According to [[2011 Census of India]],<ref>[http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803123-hiriyur-karnataka.html Hiriyur Population Census 2011]</ref> Hiriyur had a population of 56,416. Males constitute 49.85% of the population and females 50.15%. Hiriyur has an average literacy rate of 83.63%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 88.48%, and female literacy is 78.85%. In Hiriyur, 10.44% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== Transportation ==
This place lies on [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH-48]], the Mumbai-Bangalore National Highway, and is a central place for most commuters travelling to southern and central parts of [[India]] via [[Karnataka]]. Several villages around Hiriyur like Adivala, have been major producers of coconuts.

== See also ==
* [[Chitradurga]]
* [[Hosadurga]]
* [[Davanagere]]
* [[Aimangala, Hiriyur|Aimangala]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bengaluru Division}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Chitradurga district]]

Chaitya Bhoomi

2025-11-26T19:27:00Z

Veronairy:

{{short description|Resting place of Babasaheb Ambedkar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox monument
|monument_name = Chaitya Bhoomi
|image = Chaitya Bhoomi, Mumbai – Samadhi place of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar.jpg
|caption = Chaitya Bhoomi Stupa
|coordinates = {{Coord|19|01|30|N|72|50|02|E|display=inline,title}}
|location = [[Dadar]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|designer =
|type = Stupa
|material =
|length =
|width =
|height =
|begin =
|complete =
|open = 5 December 1971
|dedicated_to = [[B. R. Ambedkar]]
|map_image =
|map_text =
|map_width =
|relief =
|extra =
}}

'''Chaitya Bhoomi''', also written as '''Chaityabhoomi''' ([[IAST]]: ''Caityabhūmī'', Officially: ''Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Chaityabhoomi Memorial'') is a Buddhist [[chaitya]] and the cremation place of [[B. R. Ambedkar]], the architect of the [[Indian Constitution]] and the revived [[Buddhism in India]]. It is situated beside [[Dadar]] Chowpatty (beach), [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India. Chaitya Bhoomi is a revered place of pilgrimage for Ambedkar's followers, who visit in millions annually on his death anniversary (''Mahaparinirvan Diwas'') on 6 December.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/59th-death-anniversary-of-b-r-ambedkar-a-day-when-all-roads-in-the-city-led-to-chaityabhoomi/|title=59th death anniversary of B R Ambedkar: A day when all roads in the city led to Chaityabhoomi|date=7 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2014/12/babasaheb-ambedkar-mahaparinirwan-bhumi/|title = Chaitya Bhoomi: India's most visited death memorial|date = 2 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/thousands-in-city-all-roads-lead-to-chaitya-bhoomi/|title=Thousands in city, all roads lead to Chaitya Bhoomi|date=6 December 2014}}</ref>

The [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]], the Governor, the Minister, and many other politicians pay tribute to Ambedkar every year on 6 December at Chaitya Bhoomi. [[Narendra Modi]], the [[Prime Minister of India]], has also visited.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glimpses from PM Modi's visit to Chaitya Bhoomi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/glimpses-from-pm-modis-visit-to-chaitya-bhoomi-376468-2015-10-11 |accessdate=21 March 2018 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Chaitya Bhoomi hosts a memorial to Ambedkar and has been graded an A-class tourism and pilgrimage site by the [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=BR Ambedkar Chaitya Bhoomi gets 'A' class pilgrimage status |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/mumbai/br-ambedkar-chaitya-bhoomi-gets-a-class-pilgrimage-status_1955352.html |accessdate=21 March 2018 |work=Zee News |date=2 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

==Structural details==
[[File:The Buddha and Babasaheb Ambedkar inside Chaitya Bhoomi Stupa, Mumbai.jpg|thumb|right|The Buddha and Babasaheb Ambedkar inside Chaitya Bhoomi Stupa]]

The structure is square in shape, with a small dome divided into ground and mezzanine floors. In the square-shaped structure, is a circular wall about 1.5 metres in height. In the circular area are placed the bust of Ambedkar and a statue of [[Gautam Buddha]]. The circular wall has two entrances and is furnished with marble flooring. On the mezzanine floor there is a Stupa, besides the resting place for [[Bhikkhu]]s. The main entrance gate of the Chaitya Bhoomi is replica of the Gate of the [[Sanchi|Stupa of Sanchi]] while inside a replica of [[Pillars of Ashoka|Ashoka Pillar]] is made.

The Chaitya Bhoomi was inaugurated by Meerabai Yashvant Ambedkar, the daughter-in-law of B. R. Ambedkar, on 5 December 1971. Here, the [[relic]]s of Ambedkar are enshrined. In 2012, the Central Government, led by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, cleared the transfer of Indu Mills land to the Maharashtra Government for constructing a memorial.<ref name=PTI>{{cite news |last=PTI |title=Ambedkar memorial: Centre okays transfer of Indu Mill land |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ambedkar-memorial-centre-okays-transfer-of-indu-mill-land/article4166696.ece |accessdate=5 December 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 December 2012}}</ref>

==Mahaparinirvan Din==
[[File:Chaitya Bhoomi gate and Ashoka pillar.jpg|thumb|Chaitya Bhoomi gate and Ashoka pillar]]
[[File:Ambedkar 2013 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Ambedkar and Chaitya Bhoomi on a 2013 postage stamp of India]]
Ambedkar's death anniversary (6 December) is observed as [[Nirvana|Mahaparinirvan]] Din. [[Million]]s of people across India throng Chaitya Bhoomi to pay homage to him.<ref name=Amit>{{cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Amit |title=Navi Mumbai: Declare public holiday in schools and colleges on Friday |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-navi-mumbai-declare-public-holiday-in-schools-and-colleges-on-friday-1929982 |accessdate=5 December 2013 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=5 December 2013}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Chaitya Bhoomi Stupa 01.jpg|Chaitya Bhoomi

File:Ashoka pillar, Chaitya Bhoomi 04.jpg|Ashoka pillar, Chaitya Bhoomi

File:Ashoka pillar and Chaitya Bhoomi gate (inner side).jpg|Ashoka pillar and Chaitya Bhoomi gate (inner side)

File:Chaitya Bhoomi Stupa 04.jpg|Chaitya Bhoomi Volunteers of [[Samata Sainik Dal]] and Ambedkars followers, surrounded by Chaitya Bhoomi on Mahaparinirvana Day

File:Structure of Chaitya Bhoomi stupa inside Chaitya Bhoomi.jpg|Structure of Chaitya Bhoomi stupa inside Chaitya Bhoomi

File:Replica of Sanchi gate at Chaitya Bhoomi.png|Replica of Sanchi gate carving at Chaitya Bhoomi

File:Sand carved Buddha at Dadar Chowpatty.png|Sand carved Buddha at Dadar Chowpatty on Mahaparinirvan Din

File:People across India gathered at Chaitya Bhoomi on 6th December.png|People across India gathered at Chaitya Bhoomi on 6 December

File:An offering at Chaitya Bhoomi by family.png|An offering at Dadar Chowpatty by family

File:A Buddhist monk watching photo exhibition at Chaitya Bhoomi.png|A Buddhist monk watching photo exhibition at Chaitya Bhoomi

File:Resting Place Of Yashwant Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg|Resting Place Of [[Yashwant Bhimrao Ambedkar]]

</gallery>

==See also==
*''[[The Buddha and His Dhamma]]''
* [[Dalit Buddhist Movement]]
* [[Deekshabhoomi]]
* [[Global Vipassana Pagoda]]
* [[Navayana Buddhism]]
* [[Statue of Equality (Ambedkar)|Statue of Equality]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

* [https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ITwN9yIv7PGKpRrmtmu2fI/The-day-Shivaji-Park-turns-blue.html?facet=amp The day Shivaji Park turns blue; 15 Dec 2018; Bhanuj Kappal] by [[Mint (newspaper)|mint]]

[[Category:Memorials to B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Stupas in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples in Maharashtra]]

College Square Swimming Pool

2025-11-05T08:41:26Z

Veronairy: made new entry

{{short description|Swimming Pool in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

{{Infobox street
| name = College Square Swimming Pool
| maint = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| known_for =
| designer =
| demolition_date =
| inauguration_date = 
| completion_date =
| construction_start_date =
| commissioning_date =
| junction =
| terminus_b =
| direction_b =
| terminus_a = College Square
| direction_a =
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5747|N|88.3639|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title, inline}}
| client =
| native_name =
| metro = [[MG Road metro station, Kolkata|MG Road]], [[Central metro station, Kolkata|Central]] and [[Sealdah metro station|Sealdah]](under construction)
| metro_system = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], India
| width =
| length_ref =
| length_km =
| addresses =
| postal_code = 700073
| former_names =
| other_name =
| caption = College Square Swimming Pool
| image = College Square Swimming Pool in Kolkata 05.jpg
| marker_image =
| status =
}}

'''College Square Swimming Pool'''<ref>{{Cite book|first=Kushanava|last=Choudhury|title=The Epic City: The World on the Streets of Calcutta|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2018|year=|isbn=9781635571578|location=|pages=}}</ref> is a swimming pool arena of [[Kolkata]] maintained by [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 21, 2018|title=College Square swimming pool getting ready for next season|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/college-square-swimming-pool-getting-ready-for-next-season/articleshow/63390473.cms|access-date=2020-07-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> It is situated at [[College Street (Kolkata)|College Street]] area adjacent to [[Hindu School, Kolkata|Hindu School]] and Surya Sen Street.

== History ==
The first swimming club to be constructed in this pool arena was College Square Swimming Club in the year 1927 by a group of sports enthusiasts of Kolkata, led by Pramoth Nath Ghosh.<ref name=":1" /> Several Olympians have been part of the College Square Swimming Club.<ref>https://www.cssc.in/brief_history.php</ref>

== Organization ==
[[File:College Square Dive.jpg|thumb|Diving at College Square Swimming Pool]]
Though the swimming pool is administered by the Municipality Corporation, it is allowed to be used by six swimming clubs namely College Square Swimming Club, Bowbazaar Bayam Samity, Self Culture Institute, YMCA Swimming Club, Sailendra Memorial Club, The Calcutta University Institute (Swimming Section).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Perils swim in College Square pool|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/perils-swim-in-college-square-pool/cid/1406553|access-date=2020-07-23|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Swimming culture ==
It is one of the oldest swimming pools of Kolkata other than the aquatic pool of [[The Calcutta Swimming Club|Calcutta Swimming Club]] while having one of the oldest swimming clubs of Kolkata - College Square Swimming Club<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=College Square Swimming Club|url=https://cssc.in/brief_history.php|access-date=2020-07-21|website=cssc.in}}</ref> situated within its arena.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=CSSC|url=http://cssc.in/images/100years.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721194703/http://cssc.in/images/100years.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2020 |access-date=|website=}}</ref> This swimming pool is found to have considerable contribution towards history of aquatic culture of Kolkata.

== Accidents and controversies ==

In August 2017, a veteran swimming trainer Kajal Dutta drowned in the concerned swimming pool. In spite of being swimming pool in nature, there was reported to be many unplanned structures underwater which was claimed to be formed in unauthorized manner. Such unsafe structures were blamed to be the reason for the death of the veteran swimming coach.

In August 2019, a novice swimmer trainee of Calcutta University Institute Swimming Section<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-05|title=Kolkata: Teenager drowns during swimming lessons in pool|url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/kolkata/050819/kolkata-teenager-drowns-during-swimming-lessons-in-pool.html|access-date=2020-07-21|website=The Asian Age}}</ref> drowned at the swimming pool.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-05|title=Novice swimmer drowns in city pool|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/novice-swimmer-drowns-city-pool-1502785768.html|access-date=2020-07-21|website=The Statesman|language=en-US}}</ref> Kolkata Municipal Corporation closed the entire swimming pool for about seven days post such tragic incidence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-08-05|title=Swimming clubs using College Square pool to be shut for 7 days|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/swimming-clubs-using-college-square-pool-to-be-shut-for-7-days-367469|access-date=2020-07-21|website=www.millenniumpost.in|language=en}}</ref>

== Religious festivity and popular culture ==

Each year, an event of [[Durga Puja]] is undertaken within the arena of the swimming pool and its adjoining area.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Durga Puja 2019: From Kumartuli to College Square, 7 North Kolkata Pandals You Must Visit|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/durga-puja-2019-from-kumartuli-to-college-square-7-north-kolkata-pandals-you-must-visit-2334397.html|access-date=2020-07-21|website=News18}}</ref> This puja event is periodically reported to witness heavy footfall during the concerned festival time.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Anuradha|date=2018-10-10|title=Durga Puja: Soak in an immersive experience in Kolkata|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/the-goddess-of-good-times/article25179072.ece|access-date=2020-07-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> During this festivity time, all aquatic activities are kept suspended.

==College Square Swimming Club==
{{OSM Location map |coord={{coord|22.574511|88.363472}} |zoom=15 |label=College Square Swimming Pool|mark-coord={{coord|22.574511|88.363472}}|label-pos=right|float=right}}'''College Square Swimming Club''' is one of the swimming clubs at College Square Swimming Pool (also known as Vidyasagar Udyan). The club trains people in aquatic sports including [[swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[Diving (sport)|diving]] and [[water polo]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prashant H. Pandya|title=Vadophil: Issue No. 146-147|publisher=Baroda Philatelic Society|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> Its situated at the north east corner of the swimming pool arena.

=== History ===
The Swimming club was situated in the year 1917<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-11|title=Swimming faces a dry summer of discontent|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/swimming-faces-a-dry-summer-of-discontent/story-5eaQ827doT3ggMt5EMJqeK.html|access-date=2020-07-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> by a group of swimming enthusiasts of Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]) while Pramotho Nath Ghosh leaded them and the same was the founder Secretary of the club.<ref>{{Cite web|title=College Square Swimming Club|url=http://cssc.in/brief_history.php|access-date=2020-07-22|website=cssc.in}}</ref> Advocate General of that time [[Satish Ranjan Das]] (MLC) was the first president of the club.

=== Notable swimmers ===
During the time, the club has reportedly produced many swimming talents a handful of them were Olympians

* Dwarka Das Muljee (Olympian Swimming 1923)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-18|title=Dwarkadas Murarji Bio, Stats, and Results {{!}} Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mu/dwarkadas-murarji-1.html|access-date=2020-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418063842/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mu/dwarkadas-murarji-1.html|archive-date=18 April 2020}}</ref>
* [[Durga Das (water polo)|Durga Das]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ananth|first=Venkat|date=2014-09-29|title=India's first Asian Games gold medallist Sachin Nag|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/foRS7rnLTXbqXc1MSaZbCI/Indias-first-Asian-Games-gold-medallist-Sachin-Nag.html|access-date=2020-07-22|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref> (Olympian Water Polo 1948)
* Kedar Shaw (Olympian Water Polo 1952)
* [[Sambhu Saha|Shambhu Saha]] (Olympian Water Polo 1952)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-18|title=Sambhu Saha Bio, Stats, and Results {{!}} Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/sambhu-saha-1.html|access-date=2020-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418085218/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/sambhu-saha-1.html|archive-date=18 April 2020}}</ref>
* [[Bijoy Barman]] (Olympian Swimming &Water Polo 1952)<ref>{{Cite web|title=College Square Swimming Club|url=http://cssc.in/internationals.php|access-date=2020-07-22|website=cssc.in}}</ref>
* Amrita Das<ref>{{Cite web|title=English Chanel Crossing By Amrita Das From College Squar Swiming Club - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6E9AD0ePVlI|access-date=2020-07-23|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>(Crossed English Channel)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-09-06|title=Kolkata girl crosses English Channel|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-kolkata-girl-crosses-english-channel-1434292|access-date=2020-07-22|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Swimming venues in India]]
[[Category:Swimming clubs in India]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1927 establishments in British India]]

Tamil Murasu

2025-09-14T18:07:37Z

Veronairy: small adjust references for clarity further and corrected details

{{short description|Tamil language newspaper in Singapore}}
{{about|the newspaper in Singapore|the unrelated newspaper in India|Tamil Murasu (India)}}

{{More citations needed|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Tamil Murasu
| type = Daily newspaper
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1936|5|2|df=yes}}
| owners = [[SPH Media]]
| website = [http://www.tamilmurasu.com.sg tamilmurasu.com.sg]
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Tamil Murasu''''' ({{langx|ta|தமிழ் முரசு}}) is a Singapore-based [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] newspaper officially launched on 2 May 1936 by [[Thamizhavel G. Sarangapani]], Tamil Murasu is Singapore's only Tamil-language newspaper. It is one of the [[List of newspapers in Singapore|sixteen newspapers]] in Singapore.

==Market Coverage==
Readership* 154,000 (Print + Digital) 
Circulation^ 16,000 (Mon-Sun) 
* Media Nielsen Research Media Index 2013
^ Average Circulation Jan-Nov 2013

==History==
[[Thamizhavel G. Sarangapani]] officially launched Tamil Murasu on 2 May 1936 as his second publication (after ''Seerthirutham'' (Reform) in 1929 and before ''Munnetram'' (Progress) in 1939) pricing it at 1 cent per copy to accommodate the lower economic status of the Tamil community at the time. Starting as a weekly from 1937 onward it was published daily. A reformist, Sarangapani advocated for positions similar to [[Periyar]], decrying discrimination from the British and Malays as well as calling for increased labor rights for workers and changing the political state of Tamils in Singapore. ''Tamil Murasu'' reduced the dominance of English-educated upper-class Brahmins in Singaporean Tamil journalism.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4RIDwAAQBAJ&dq=Tamil+Murasu&pg=PA201 |title=The Singapore Ethnic Mosaic: Many Cultures, One People |date=2017-10-31 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-323-475-8 |editor-last=Mathews |editor-first=Mathew |chapter=6: Tamil Community and Culture in Singapore |last1=Mani |first1=A. |last2=Prakash |first2=Pravin |last3=Selvarajan |first3=Shanthini |pages=201–202 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Lavanya|last1=Balachandran|title=Tamils, Social Capital and Educational Marginalization in Singapore: Labouring to Learn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uHg5EAAAQBAJ&dq=Tamil+Murasu&pg=PT75|publisher=Routledge|date=29 July 2021|isbn=978-0-429-63843-5}}</ref>

1952: Student supplement Manavar Murasu is launched.

1963: Labour unrest disrupts operations for the first time since the Japanese Occupation.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Gopinath|last1=Pillai|first2=K.|last2=Kesavapany|title=50 Years Of Indian Community In Singapore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHfQDAAAQBAJ&dq=Tamil+Murasu&pg=PA52|publisher=World Scientific|date=4 July 2016|isbn=978-981-314-060-8|page=52}}</ref>

1991: [[Singapore Press Holdings]] (SPH) takes over distribution of Tamil Murasu.

1993: Hipro Printing, Tamil Murasu's family-owned publisher, is incorporated

1995: SPH and Times Publishing buy Hipro Printing.<ref name="KohAuger2006">{{cite book|author1=Tommy Thong Bee Koh|author2=Timothy Auger|author3=Jimmy Yap|author4=Wei Chian Ng|title=Singapore: The Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WJaRDHoOp0C|year=2006|publisher=Continental Sales, Incorporated|isbn=978-981-4155-63-2|page=533}}</ref> This makes ''Tamil Murasu'' the last daily paper in Singapore that was not owned by SPH.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Louise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3H1AgAAQBAJ&dq=Tamil+Murasu&pg=PA174 |title=Losing Control: Freedom of the Press in Asia |last2=Rich |first2=Roland |date=2014-01-10 |publisher=ANU E Press |isbn=978-1-925021-44-8 |language=en}}</ref>

1999: Youth page Ilyar Murasu is launched.

2000: Tamil Murasu webpage is launched.

2004: SPH buys Times Publishing's share of Hipro, making it a wholly owned SPH [[subsidiary]].

2005: Hirpo Printing is renamed Tamil Murasu.

2006: Tamil Murasu celebrates its 70th anniversary.

2008: Weekly English tabloid tabla! is launched.

2011: Tamil Murasu celebrates its 75th anniversary.

2016: Tamil Murasu celebrates its 80th anniversary.

2017: Balar Murasu, a fortnightly supplement for pre-schoolers, is launched.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Camillia Deborah|last1=Dass|access-date=2024-01-16|title=Tamil Murasu launches new magazine for preschoolers|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/education/tamil-murasu-launches-new-paper-for-preschoolers|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=25 April 2017|location=Singapore|issn=0585-3923}}</ref> Tamil Murasu becomes part of SPH's English/Malay/Tamil Media Group.

2019: The Tamil Murasu website receives a revamp.

2021: Tamil Murasu celebrates its 85th anniversary and starts distributing copies of their "Manavar Murasu" supplement to all schools in Singapore.

== See also ==
* [[Vasantham (TV channel)|Vasantham]]
* [[Oli 96.8FM|Oli 968]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|1=http://www.tamilmurasu.com.sg/}}

{{SPH Media}}

[[Category:Newspapers published in Singapore]]
[[Category:SPH Media]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Singapore]]
[[Category:Culture of Indian diaspora]]
[[Category:Tamil-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1936]]
[[Category:1935 establishments in Singapore]]

{{Singapore-newspaper-stub}}

Jagdish Singh Kushwaha

2025-08-06T03:51:02Z

Veronairy: formatting fix

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =Jagdish Singh Kushwaha
| image = File:Jagdish Kushwaha.gif
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|7|7|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Ghazipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghazipur]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1989
| term_end = 1991
| predecessor = [[Zainul Basher]]
| successor = [[Vishwanath Shastri]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| spouse = Vasanti Devi
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3319.htm
}}

'''Jagdish Singh Kushwaha''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Ghazipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghazipur]] as an [[Independent politician|Independent]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d05PAQAAMAAJ&q=Jagdish+Singh+Kushwaha+ghazipur | title=Lok Sabha Debates | year=1990 | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat | pages=387 | access-date=18 September 2021 | archive-date=14 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814201402/https://books.google.com/books?id=d05PAQAAMAAJ&q=Jagdish+Singh+Kushwaha+ghazipur | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kG0wAAAAMAAJ&q=Kushwaha | title=Lok Sabha Debates | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat | year=1990 | pages=215 | access-date=18 September 2021 | archive-date=14 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814201356/https://books.google.com/books?id=kG0wAAAAMAAJ&q=Kushwaha | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLZVAAAAYAAJ&q=Jagdish+Singh+Kushwaha+ghazipur | title=Indian Parliamentary Companion: Who's who of Members of Lok Sabha | year=2003 | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat | pages=266 | access-date=18 September 2021 | archive-date=14 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814201423/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLZVAAAAYAAJ&q=Jagdish+Singh+Kushwaha+ghazipur | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur/news/in-ghazipur-the-mahasabha-emphasized-on-the-all-round-development-of-the-society-the-review-of-the-assembly-elections-129533966.html|title=कुशवाहा समाज के उत्थान के लिए बैठक:गाजीपुर में महासभा ने समाज के चतुर्दिक विकास पर दिया जोर, विधानसभा चुनाव की समीक्षा|website=Bhaskar|accessdate=20 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420183531/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur/news/in-ghazipur-the-mahasabha-emphasized-on-the-all-round-development-of-the-society-the-review-of-the-assembly-elections-129533966.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3319.htm|title=Member's Profile Lok Sabha|access-date=20 March 2023|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320075047/https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3319.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3319.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kushwaha, Jagdish Singh}}
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}

Church of St Andrew and St Columba

2025-07-22T14:42:45Z

Veronairy: further improved section based on references and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Church in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
[[File:The Scotch Kirk, Bombay (12674816203).jpg|thumb|Church of St Andrew in the late-1850s.]]
[[File:St Andrew's church, Mumbai.jpeg|thumb|St Andrew, with a [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] facade, is located opposite the [[Lion Gate (Mumbai)|Lion Gate]].]]
[[File:Church of St. Columba, Fort, Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Church of St. Columba, Fort precinct]]
'''Church of St Andrew and St Columba''' (or '''Scots' Kirk''') is a church with two separate buildings located in [[Kala Ghoda]] (St Andrew) and [[Fort, Mumbai|Fort]] (St Columba) in [[Mumbai]], India. It was Bombay's first [[Church of Scotland|Scottish church]] and was built in 1819 after the arrival of the city's first [[Presbyterian]] minister, [[James Clow]], who was appointed [[chaplain]] for the [[British East India Company|East India Company]] in 1815.<ref>"Presbyterianism" 272.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/In-its-200th-year-Mumbais-Scottish-Church-meets-its-first-reverends-descendant/articleshow/47402091.cms|title=In its 200th year, Mumbai's Scottish Church meets its first reverend's descendant | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=24 May 2015 }}</ref> The two Scottish churches were merged in 1938.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/kirk-in-fort-tells-lesser-known-story-of-the-scottish-presbyterian-in-mumbai/19718169|title=Kirk in Fort tells lesser-known story of the Scottish Presbyterian in Mumbai|date=19 August 2018|website=mid-day}}</ref>

The architectural style of St Andrew is [[Greek Revival]] and the facade is said to have been inspired by [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]] in [[London]].<ref name="auto"/> Both St Andrew and St Columba are only open on Sundays for service, and on other days the latter is used for the church's homeless street children project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skerriespublications.com/Peata-Ruadh-is-supporting-the-Street-Children-Project-in-Mumbai|title = Peata Ruadh is supporting the Street Children Project in Mumbai | publisher=Skerries | first=Fiona | last=Hulbert | accessdate=11 June 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
*(1869). "Presbyterianism in Victoria and Otago and Southland." ''The Reformed Presbyterian magazine''. 1 July.

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Churches in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Church of North India church buildings]]
[[Category:1819 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1819]]
[[Category:Greek Revival church buildings]]
[[Category:Neoclassical church buildings in India]]

{{India-church-stub}}

Ammamma.com

2025-07-19T17:49:36Z

Veronairy:

{{Short description|Telugu television series (2007–2008)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator = [[Gunnam Gangaraju]]
| starring = [[Jayalalitha (actress)|Jayalalitha]] Arun Kumar Ravi Kiran Sridhar [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] [[Ragini (Telugu actress)|Ragini]]
| theme_music_composer = S. K. Balachandran
| opentheme = "Ye Daaramo" sung by [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| screenplay = Palagummi Seeta
| story = Palagummi Seeta
| director = Narendra Varma Mantena
| producer = Sandeep Gunnam
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_episodes = 200+
| cinematography = Sakhamuri Ramu
| editor = Sandeep K.
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Scorpio Productions
| network = [[Maa TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2007}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2008}}
}}

'''''Ammamma.com''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language drama television series that aired on [[Star Maa|Maa TV]] from 2007 to 2008. The series was written by Palagummi Seeta and produced by Sandeep Gunnam. It follows the story of a traditional middle-aged housewife who, with the help of her daughter-in-law, learns to use a computer and creates a website to share her experiences and advice. The series explores themes of women’s empowerment, technological adoption, and the generational gap in adapting to modern technology.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ammamma.com |url=http://justyellowmedia.com/ammamacom |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Just Yellow Media|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130044914/http://justyellowmedia.com/ammamacom |archive-date=30 January 2011 }}</ref>

The cast includes [[Jayalalita]] in the title role, supported by Arun Kumar, Ravi Kiran, Sridhar, [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]], [[Ragini (Telugu actress)|Ragini]], and [[Bhargavi (actress)|Bhargavi]]. The series received critical acclaim for its premise, its portrayal of family dynamics, and its exploration of social and technological issues. The title song, sung by [[M. M. Keeravani]], was appreciated.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2009-11-06 |title=Melody is my forte: Balachandran |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/melody-is-my-forte-balachandran/articleshow/5200045.cms |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The serial won five [[Nandi Awards]] in 2007, including the award for Second Best Daily TV Serial.<ref name=":5" />

== Plot ==
The serial follows the story of a middle-aged housewife, who is traditional, composed, and devoted to her family. She respects her husband, Venkat Rao, and deeply cares for her children. By necessity, she learns to use a computer and gradually becomes adept at navigating the internet. Initially, she uses her knowledge to offer advice to her pregnant daughter living in the [[United States]]. Over time, her common sense and life experience enable her to assist her friends with their problems.

Encouraged by her growing reputation, her daughter-in-law creates a website named "Ammamma.com" in her honour. The website becomes a platform for Telugu-speaking individuals worldwide to seek her advice on various personal and social issues. Her thoughtful suggestions and practical solutions earn her widespread recognition, turning her into a celebrated figure within the community.

However, Venkat Rao struggles to accept his wife's newfound fame, and his ego is hurt when he discovers the existence of the website. Unable to cope with her celebrity status, tensions arise in their relationship. Meanwhile, she is invited by a prominent Telugu association in the United States to attend a felicitation ceremony in her honour. Her departure leads Venkat Rao to introspect and reassess his feelings. How the couple resolves their differences and reconciles forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jayalalita]]
* Arun Kumar
* Ravi Kiran
* Sridhar
* [[Ragini (Telugu actress)|Ragini]] as Lucky<ref name=":0" />
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Lucky's husband<ref name=":0" />
* Meka Ramakrishna
* Aasa Latha
* [[Bhargavi (actress)|Bhargavi]] as Nandu<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2008 |title=Telugu actress found murdered |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/telugu-actress-found-murdered/story-2smQbvtKSscu67UudMjxDK.html |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2008 |title=The Fourth Player of 'Ashta-Chamma'- Bhargavi |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/ashtachemma-bhargavi.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
* Sirisha
* Avinash
* Naga Ravi Shankar<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2014 |title='అమ్మమ్మ డాట్ కామ్'తో పేరొచ్చింది |trans-title=I got fame with Ammamma.com |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/serial-actor-mantripragada-naga-ravishankar-164704 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
The story and screenplay of ''Ammamma.com'' were written by Palagummi Seetha, the daughter of noted writer [[Palagummi Padmaraju]]. The series was directed by Varma and produced by Sandeep Gunnam under Scorpio Productions.<ref name=":0" /> The dialogues for the series were written by Srinivas Chowdary Kilari and Pranamithra.<ref name=":0" />

Sandeep Gunnam, along with his father [[Gunnam Gangaraju|Gangaraju Gunnam]], was also involved in other Telugu serials, including the popular series [[Amrutham (TV series)|''Amrutham'']], which was produced under the Just Yellow banner.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-24 |title=Our Childhood's Favorite Serial 'Ammamma.com' Completes 11 Years & We Miss It So Much |url=https://www.chaibisket.com/blogs/blog/ammammacom-11-years |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Chai Bisket |language=te}}</ref>

== Themes ==
''Ammamma.com'' centers on the life of a middle-aged housewife who, with the help of her daughter-in-law, learns to use a computer and creates a website to share her experiences and life tips. The series explores the impact of technology on daily life and addresses the generational gap in adapting to technological advancements.<ref name=":0" />

Set in 2007, when the internet was becoming increasingly integrated into everyday life, the show depicts a middle-class family. The housewife’s journey into technology contrasts with her husband's resistance to change. Representing a traditional middle-class mindset, the husband believes that technology makes people lazy, while the wife adapts to this shift. This dynamic reflects the broader societal divide between those who embrace technological progress and those who remain sceptical.<ref name=":3" />

The series also touches on sensitive issues, including the emotional and social challenges faced by a person unknowingly infected with [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] and the complexities of second marriages. These topics are handled with sensitivity, showcasing the housewife’s ability to address them within her family.<ref name=":3" />

A lighter, more humorous element is introduced through the character of [[Ragini (Telugu actress)|Ragini]], a housewife who dreams of moving to the US. The show also became notable for one of the first uses of the term "Bro" in a Telugu serial, which later gained popularity.<ref name=":3" />

== Music ==
The title song of ''Ammamma.com'' was composed by S. K. Balachandran,<ref name=":1" /> with lyrics written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry|Sirivennela Seetarama Sastry]] and sung by [[M. M. Keeravani]].<ref name=":0" /> Balachandran's composition earned him the [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]] for Best Music Director.<ref name=":1" />

The song reflects the theme of the show, emphasizing the value of wisdom and experiences passed down through generations, particularly from grandmothers. The title song also became popular and contributed to the show's success.<ref name=":3" />
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Ammamma.com'' (Original Soundtrack)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| title1 = Ye Daaramo
| note1 =
| length1 = 3:37
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Seetarama Sastry]]
| music1 = S. K. Balachandran
| extra1 = M. M. Keeravani
}}

== Release ==
''Ammamma.com'' originally aired on [[Maa TV]], starting on 25 June 2007, and ran for over 200 episodes.<ref name=":3" />

== Reception ==
''Ammamma.com'' was praised for its premise, which depicted a woman using technology to drive social change, and for its realistic portrayal of family dynamics, empowerment, and progress. The series is remembered for its innovative concept and inspired other shows focused on women's empowerment and technology.<ref name=":3" />

Bhargavi, who played a key role in the series, gained recognition and later appeared in the film ''[[Ashta Chamma]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2008 |title=Ashta Chemma Bhargavi died |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/bhargavi-death.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2008 |title=Telugu actress killed in bed |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/telugu-actress-killed-in-bed/cid/515720 |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |quote=Since appearing on television as a dancer four years ago, Bhargavi had been a TV anchor and then a popular face in the serial Ammamma.com.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-12-16 |title=Telugu actress found murdered in flat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telugu-actress-found-murdered-in-flat/articleshow/3847492.cms |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2008 |title='She was a hardworking girl' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2008/Dec/17/she-was-a-hardworking-girl-11335.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Naga Ravi Shankar also gained fame through the serial and became an established actor in Telugu television.<ref name=":2" />

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+{{sronly|Awards and nominations received by Amrutham}}
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipient
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" |Ref.
|-
! rowspan="5" |[[Nandi Awards|Nandi TV Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |2007
|Second Best TV Daily Serial
|Sandeep Gunnam
Narendra Varma Mantena
|{{won}}
| rowspan="5" |<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh State Nandi TV Film Awards for the Year 2007 |url=https://apsftvtdc.in/pdf/TV-Awards-GOs-and-Results/Nandi%20tv%20Awards%202007.pdf |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=Andhra Pradesh State Film, Television & Theatre Development Corporation}}</ref>
|-
|Best Comedian Actor
|[[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Comedian Actress
|[[Ragini (Telugu actress)|Ragini]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|K. Balachandran
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Male Dubbing Artiste
|K. S. Kumar
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Gunnam Gangaraju}}
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2000s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Star Maa original programming]]

Bilha, India

2025-05-13T23:02:15Z

Veronairy: made new info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bilha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|21|57|N|82|03|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8992
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi, [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =CG
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bilha''' is a city and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur district]] in the state of Chhattisgarh, India.

==Demographics==
The Biggest block in India, {{As of|2001|alt=as of the 2001}} India [[census]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Bilha had a population of 8992 of which males constitute 51% and females 49%. The average literacy rate is 58%, which is lower than the national average of 59.5%—male literacy is 68% and female 49%. 17% of the population is under six years of age.

Mr Radhe Shyam Nayak is the CEO of Bilha Janpad Panchayat since May 2016.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh]]

{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Immaneni Sathyamurthy

2025-05-10T17:04:40Z

Veronairy:

{{Short description|Indian cardiologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Immaneni Sathyamurthy
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Cardiologist
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Immaneni Sathyamurthy''' is an Indian cardiologist and the director of the department of cardiology at [[Apollo Hospitals]], [[Chennai]].<ref name="Sathyamurthy">{{cite web | url=http://drsathyamurthy.com/ | title=Sathyamurthy | publisher=Sathyamurthy | date=2014 | access-date=29 December 2014 | archive-date=13 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113011413/http://drsathyamurthy.com/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> A former member of faculty at the [[Christian Medical College & Hospital]], Vellore, he is known to be a specialist in [[interventional cardiology]].<ref name="Sathyamurthy" /> He is credited with several publications,<ref name="Coronary Artery Disease">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMgZDq0L5osC|title=Coronary Artery Disease|publisher=Jaypee Publications|author=Gundu HR Rao, S Thanikachalam|year=2005|isbn=9788180614507|page=324|access-date=28 January 2015}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> some of which have been prescribed as text for medical courses.<ref name="Sathyamurthy" /><ref name="Pubfacts">{{cite web | url=http://www.pubfacts.com/author/Sathyamurthy+Immaneni | title=Pubfacts | publisher=Pubfacts | date=2014 | access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="Agris FAO">{{cite web | url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201301031044 | title=Agris FAO | publisher=FAO | date=2014 | access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> He was honored by the [[Government of India]], in 2000, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Padma Awards |date=2014 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{Portal|India|Medicine}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sathyamurthy, Immaneni}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Indian cardiologists]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

Wilkin Mota

2025-04-03T08:39:34Z

Veronairy: basic expand structure based on references

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}

{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Wilkin Mota
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Wilkin Arvind Mota
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|9|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right arm [[Fast bowling|Medium]]
| role = [[All-rounder]]
| family =
| club1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| year1 = 2004–2009
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Kings XI Punjab]] (IPL)
| year2 = 2008–2009
| clubnumber2 =
| club3 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| year3 = 2009–
| clubnumber3 =
| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 25
| runs1 = 664
| bat avg1 = 18.44
| 100s/50s1 = 0/2
| top score1 = 74
| deliveries1 = 3,913
| wickets1 = 68
| bowl avg1 = 26.30
| fivefor1 = 2
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 6/26
| catches/stumpings1 = 7/–
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 16
| runs2 = 175
| bat avg2 = 17.50
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 34
| deliveries2 = 612
| wickets2 = 18
| bowl avg2 = 29.55
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 4/52
| catches/stumpings2 = 2/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches3 = 20
| runs3 = 228
| bat avg3 = 16.28
| 100s/50s3 = 0/1
| top score3 = 50
| deliveries3 = 225
| wickets3 = 11
| bowl avg3 = 25.90
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 3/29
| catches/stumpings3 = 5/–
| date = 22 October
| year = 2010
| source = http://www.cricinfo.com/indiandomestic2010/content/current/player/31041.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Wilkin Arvind Mota''' (born 20 September 1981) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays for [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]] and formerly [[Kings XI Punjab]] in the [[Indian Premier League]] for the 2008 & 2009 campaigns. He is a right-handed [[batsman]] and right-arm medium pace [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]].

Wilkin started his career in the [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] side where he was a squad player. His Mumbai highlight was in the [[Ranji Trophy]] Semi-Final in 2007, where he made a battling 33 coming in when Mumbai were 0–5, and then taking 6 wickets in the match to gain an unexpected win.

==Career best performances==

''Updated 22 October 2010''
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="1"|
!colspan="4" rowspan="1"|Batting
!colspan="4" rowspan="1"|Bowling
|-
!
!Score
!Fixture
!Venue
!Season
!Figures
!Fixture
!Venue
!Season
|-
|[[First-class cricket|FC]]
|align="center"|74
|[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] v [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|[[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]]
|align="center"|2006
|align="center"|6/26
|[[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]] v [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|[[Maharaja Bir Bikram College Stadium|Agartala]]
|align="center"|2009
|-
|[[List A cricket|LA]]
|align="center"|100
|[[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]] v [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
|[[Ravenshaw College|Cuttack (Rav)]]
|align="center"|2010
|align="center"|4/25
|[[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]] v [[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
|[[Ravenshaw College|Cuttack (Rav)]]
|align="center"|2010
|-
|[[Twenty20 cricket|T20]]
|align="center"|50
|[[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]] v [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
|[[Tata Digwadih Stadium|Jamadoba]]
|align="center"|2009
|align="center"|4/29
|[[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]] v [[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
|[[Sunshine Ground|Cuttack (Sun)]]
|align="center"|2010
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=31041}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mota, Wilkin Arvind}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Mumbai cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab Kings cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Tripura cricketers]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1980s-stub}}