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Itihasa-Purana

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{{italictitle}}
{{Short description|Traditional Hindu accounts of "past events"}}
{{Other uses|Itihaas (disambiguation){{!}}Itihaas}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2016}}
{{Hinduism small}}
{{Hindu scriptures}}

In [[Hinduism]], '''''Itihasa-Purana''''', also called '''the fifth Veda''',{{sfnp|Klostermaier|2007|p=59}}{{sfnp|Flood|1996|p=104}}{{sfnp|Debroy|2014|p=7}} refers to the traditional accounts of [[Hindu cosmology|cosmogeny]], [[Hindu mythology|myth]]s, [[Epic-Puranic royal genealogies|royal genealogies]] of the [[lunar dynasty]] and [[solar dynasty]], and [[legend]]ary past events,<ref group=web name="Devdutt"/> as narrated in the ''Itihasa'' (''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the ''[[Ramayana]]''){{sfnp|Klostermaier|2007|p=59}} and the [[Puranas]].{{sfnp|Klostermaier|2007|p=59}} They are highly influential in Indian culture, and many classical Indian poets derive the plots of their poetry and drama from the ''Itihasa''.{{sfnp|Pargiter|1922}} The [[Epic-Puranic chronology]] derived from the ''Itihasa-Purana'' is an influential frame of reference in traditional Indian thought.

==Etymology==

''Itihāsa'', [[wikt:इतिहास#Sanskrit|इतिहास]], derives from the phrase ''iti ha āsa'' {{lang|sa|इति ह आस}}, which means "so indeed it was".<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |title=Itihasa, Itihāsa, Iti-hasa: 27 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/itihasa |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251129180833/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/itihasa |archive-date=2025-11-29 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

''Purana'', {{IPAc-en|p|ʊ|ˈ|r|ɑː|n|ə}}; {{langx|sa|{{lang|sa|पुराण}}}}, ''{{IAST|purāṇa}}'' literally means "ancient, old."<ref group=web name="Merriam-Webster_Purana"/>{{sfnp|Debroy|2014|p=7}}

==Characterisation==

''Itihasa'' refers to the [[Sanskrit Epics]] of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the ''[[Ramayana]]''.{{sfnp|Klostermaier|2007|p=59}} The Puranas are a vast genre of Hindu literature about a wide range of topics, particularly about [[cosmogony]], myths, legends and purported history.{{sfn|Bailey|2001|pp=437-439}} Together they are also called the [[fifth Veda]],{{sfnp|Klostermaier|2007|p=59}}{{sfnp|Flood|1996|p=104}}{{sfnp|Debroy|2014|p=7}} "the Holy Book of the masses who were not entitled to study the four Vedas."{{sfnp|Klostermaier|2007|p=59}}

The tradition of ''Itihāsa'' is generally understood to be developed by the bardic tradition of [[Sūta]]s and [[Charan|Cāraṇas]] whose duties consisted of composing royal [[Eulogy|eulogies]].{{sfnp|Goldman|2018}}

In the mythical narratives of the ''Itihasa-Purana'' there is no clear distinction between mythology, hagiography and historiography.{{sfnp|Flood|1996|p=104}} The Indian tradition regards the ''Itihasa-Purana'' as authoritative historical writings, documenting past events{{sfnp|Klostermaier|2007|p=59}} and prescribing ''[[dharma]]'', the right way to live.{{sfnp|Samarpan|2017}} The ''Itihasa-Purana'' forms the basis for the [[Epic-Puranic chronology]], the traditional timeline of legendary history. The ''Mahabharata'' includes the story of the [[Kurukshetra War]] and preserves the traditions of the [[Lunar dynasty]] in the form of embedded tales. The ''Ramayana'' contains the story of [[Rama]] and is incidentally related to the legends of the [[Solar dynasty]]. The Puranas provide the idea of [[yuga]]s and the [[Dashavatara]], the ten incarnations of Vishnu in the four respective [[yuga]]s.

==Cosmogony and cyclic time (Yugas)==
{{see also|Hindu cosmology}}

===Yuga===

{{main|Hindu units of time}}

According to the [[Hindu texts]], time is cyclic. The history of mankind is divided into four ages—[[Satya Yuga]], [[Treta Yuga]], [[Dvapara Yuga]] and [[Kali Yuga]]—collectively forming one [[Yuga Cycle|Maha Yuga]]. Seventy-one Maha Yugas form a [[Manvantara]] (''"age of [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]]"''), a period of time over which a "Manu" presides. For the duration of his period, each Manu is the archetypal first man, the progenitor of humanity, and also the first king and lawgiver. Along with a Manu, every Manvantara also has its own set of [[Indra]], [[Deva (Hinduism)|gods]] and the [[Saptarishi|seven sages]]. Fourteen Manus reign in [[Kalpa (aeon)|Kalpa, (a single day in the life of]] [[Brahma]]), an equivalent of 1,000 Maha Yugas, at the end of which, the creation is destroyed and is followed by a [[Pralaya]] (dissolution) of equal length. The creation starts again, in the next Kalpa in an endless cycle of creations and dissolutions.

===Dashavatara===

{{Main|Dashavatara}}

The ''Dashavatara'' refers to the ten primary (i.e. full or complete) incarnations ([[avatar]]s) of [[Vishnu]], the [[Hindus|Hindu]] god of [[Trimurti|preservation]] which has [[Rigvedic deities|Rigvedic origins]]. Vishnu is said to descend in the form of an avatar to restore cosmic order. The word ''Dashavatara'' derives from {{IAST|daśa}}, meaning "ten", and avatar ({{IAST|avatāra}}), roughly equivalent to "incarnation".

Various versions of the list of Vishnu's avatars exist, varying per region and tradition.{{sfn|Wuaku|2013|p=148}}{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|pp=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|pp=211-212}}{{sfn|Leyden|1982|p=22}} Some lists mention [[Krishna]] as the eighth avatar and the [[The Buddha|Buddha]] as the ninth avatar,{{sfn|Wuaku|2013|p=148}} while others – such as the ''Yatindramatadipika'', a 17th-century summary of [[Sri Vaishnavism|Srivaisnava]] doctrine{{sfn|Carman|1994|pp=211-212}} – give [[Balarama]] as the eighth avatar and Krishna as the ninth.{{sfn|Carman|1994|pp=211-212}} The latter version is followed by some Vaishnavas who do not accept the Buddha as an incarnation of Vishnu.{{sfn|Krishna|2009}} Though no list can be uncontroversially presented as standard, the "most accepted list found in Puranas and other texts is [...] Krishna, Buddha."{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=112}}{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2001|p=73}}{{sfn|Doniger O'Flaherty|1994|p=175}}{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007}}{{sfn|Krishna|2010|pp=28-29}}{{refn|group=note|name="Buddha"}}

The following table summarises the position of avatars within the Dashavatara in many but not all traditions:{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|pp=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|pp=211-212}}{{sfn|Leyden|1982|p=22}}<ref name="maharashtra.gov.in">{{cite web |title=Junnar |publisher=The Gazetteers Dept, Government of Maharashtra |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Poona-III/places_j.html# |orig-year=1885 |author=Pathak, Arunchandra S. |year=2006 |access-date=2008-11-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016101200/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Poona-III/places_j.html |archive-date=16 October 2009 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
| Position
| Krishna, Buddha (common list) {{sfn|Vaswani|2017|pp=12-14}}{{refn|group=note|name="Buddha"}}{{refn|group=note|Leyden: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra.{{sfn|Leyden|1982|p=22}}}}
| Balarama, Krishna ([[Vaishnavites]]) {{sfn|Vaswani|2017|pp=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|pp=211-212}}{{refn|group=note|Leyden: Southern Deccan, Mysore.{{sfn|Leyden|1982|p=22}}}}
| Balarama, Buddha {{sfn|Nagaswamy|2010|p=27}}{{refn|group=note|name="HareKrsna"}}{{refn|group=note|Leyden: Rajasthan, Nepal, Northern Deccan.{{sfn|Leyden|1982|p=22}}}}
| Krishna, Vithoba <ref name="maharashtra.gov.in"/>{{refn|group=note|Maharashtra, Goa.<ref name="maharashtra.gov.in"/>}}
| Balarama, Jagannatha {{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|p=155}}{{refn|group=note|Mukherjee: Orissa;{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|p=155}} Leyden: West Bengal.{{sfn|Leyden|1982|p=22}}}}
| ''Yuga''{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|pp=12-14}}
|-
| 1
| colspan=5 | [[Matsya]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|pp=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|pp=211-212}} ''(fish; saves [[Manu Vaivasvata]])''
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Satya Yuga]]''{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|pp=12-14}}
|-
| 2
| colspan=5 | [[Kurma]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|pp=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|pp=211-212}} ''(turtle, tortoise)''
|-
| 3
| colspan=5 | [[Varaha]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|pp=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|pp=211-212}} ''(boar, wild swine)''
|-
| 4
| colspan=5 | [[Narasimha]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|pp=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|pp=211-212}} ''(man-lion)''
|-
| 5
| colspan=5 | [[Vamana]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|pp=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|pp=211-212}} ''(dwarf-god)''
| rowspan="3" |''[[Treta Yuga]]''{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|pp=12-14}}
|-
| 6
| colspan=5 | [[Parashurama]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|pp=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|pp=211-212}} ''(Brahman warrior)''
|-
| 7
| colspan=5 | [[Rama]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|pp=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|pp=211-212}}{{refn|group=note|Donald J. LaRocca, Metropolitan Museum of Art, describes a ''[[Katar (dagger)|katar]]'' with Rama-Krishna-Buddha, referring to ''Rama'' as ''Ramachandra'', or alternately ''Balarama''.{{sfn|LaRocca|1996|p=4}} Yet, Hoiberg specifically states that ''Rama'', as an avatar of Vishnu, is ''Ramachandra''.{{sfn|Hoiberg|2000|p=264}}}}
|-
| 8
| [[Krishna]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|pp=12-14}}{{refn|group=note|name="HareKrsna"}}
| [[Balarama]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|pp=12-14}}{{sfn|Leyden|1982|p=22}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|pp=211-212}}
| [[Balarama]]{{sfn|Nagaswamy|2010|p=27}}{{refn|group=note|name="HareKrsna"}}
| [[Krishna]]<ref name="maharashtra.gov.in"/>
| [[Balarama]]{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|p=155}}{{sfn|Leyden|1982|p=22}}
| rowspan=2 |''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'',{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|pp=12-14}} ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' in case of Buddha{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|pp=12-14}}
|-
| 9
| [[Buddha]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|pp=12-14}}{{refn|group=note|name="Buddha"}}
| [[Krishna]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|pp=12-14}}{{sfn|Leyden|1982|p=22}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|pp=211-212}}
| [[Buddha]]{{sfn|Nagaswamy|2010|p=27}}{{refn|group=note|name="Buddha"}}
| [[Vithoba]]<ref name="maharashtra.gov.in"/>
| [[Jagannatha]]{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|p=155}}{{sfn|Leyden|1982|p=22}}
|-
| 10
| colspan="5" | [[Kalki]]{{sfn|Vaswani|2017|pp=12-14}}{{sfn|Carman|1994|pp=211-212}} ''(prophesied 10th avatar who ends the Kali Yuga)''
|''[[Kali Yuga]]''
|}

==Royal genealogies==

{{Main|Epic-Puranic royal genealogies}}

The [[Solar Dynasty]] and [[Lunar dynasty]] were two legendary principal dynasties of the [[Kshatriya]]s [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]], or warrior–ruler class mentioned in the ancient Indian texts. They trace their origin to [[Vaivasvata Manu]], who presides over the present, seventh manvatara.

According to ''[[Harivamsa]]'', [[Ikshvaku]] was the son of Vaivasvata Manu, and the primogenitor of the Suryavamsha, or the [[Solar Dynasty]], and was granted the kingdom of Aryavarta by his father [[Shraddhadeva Manu|Vaivasvata Manu]]. Vaivasvata Manu settled down in the [[Aryavarta]] region after he survived the [[List of flood myths#India|Great Flood]] that ended the sixth mamanvatara. [[A. K. Mozumdar]] states that Manu is the one who built a city on the [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu]] (the river that his mother Sanjana was the goddess of) and called it [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], meaning the 'invincible city'. This city served as the capital of many kings from the solar dynasty and is also believed to be the birthplace of [[Rama]].{{sfn|Mazumdar|2008|p=161}}

The [[Lunar dynasty]] ([[IAST]]: ''Candravaṃśa'') is said to be descended from moon-related deities (''[[Soma (deity)|Soma]]'' or ''[[Chandra]]'').<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TGyzMJYZn-0C&pg=PA21 |title=Message of the Purans |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Ltd |first=B. B. |last=Paliwal |year=2005 |page=21 |isbn=978-8-12881-174-6}}</ref> According to the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'', [[Pururavas]] was the son of [[Budha]] (himself often described as the son of Soma) and the gender-switching deity [[Ila (Hinduism)|Ila]] (born as the daughter of [[Shraddhadeva Manu|Manu]]).{{sfn|Thapar|2013|p=308}} Pururavas's great-grandson was [[Yayati]], who had five sons named [[Yadus|Yadu]], [[Turvashas|Turvasu]], [[Druhyus|Druhyu]], [[Anu (tribe)|Anu]], and [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]]. These seem to be the names of five Vedic tribes as described in the [[Vedas]].<ref>{{cite book |author=A. K. Warder |author-link=A. K. Warder |title=An Introduction to Indian Historiography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCluAAAAMAAJ |year=1972 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |pages=21–22 }}</ref>

==Influence on classical Indian poetry==
Many classical Indian poets derive the plots of their poetry and drama from the Itihasa.{{sfnp|Pargiter|1922}} The rules of classical Indian poetics prescribe that the themes of the [[Indian epic poetry|mahakavyas]]<ref>Dandin, Kavyadarsha, I.15</ref><ref>Visvanatha Kaviraja, Sahityadarpana, VI.318</ref> (ornate epics) and [[Sanskrit drama|natakas]]<ref>Bharata, Natyasastra, XVIII.10</ref> (drama) should primarily be selected from the ''itihasa''. In accordance, great mahakavyas such as [[Kalidasa]]’s ''[[Raghuvamsa]]'', [[Kumaradasa]]’s ''Janaki-harana'', Bhatti's ''Ravanavadha'' (or ''[[Bhattikavya]]'') have drawn their themes from the ''Ramayana'', and [[Bharavi]]’s ''[[Kiratarjuniya]]'', [[Magha (poet)|Magha]]’s ''[[Shishupala Vadha|Sisupalavadha]]'' and Sriharsa's ''Naisadhiyacarita'' from the ''Mahabharata''.

== Historical consciousness ==

The belief that South Asian society lacked historical consciousness until colonial times persists, as colonial writers like [[Robert Orme]] and [[James Mill]] argued that rational, factual history emerged in India only with the [[British Raj]]. They claimed pre-colonial Indian history, seen as mythic, did not meet modern standards because it was too formulaic and lacked historical context. But this notion has also been challenged.{{Sfn|Chatterjee|2008|p=513}} Kumkum Chatterjee, focused on a vernacular tradition of ''Itihasa/Purana'' in early modern [[Bengal]], argued that these narratives are based on historical experiences derived from Mughal rule in Bengal and much of India during the 17th and 18th centuries.{{Sfn|Chatterjee|2008|p=514}} Puranas have evolved over time, constantly updated to reflect changing social conditions. They traditionally cover creation myths, cosmic cycles, genealogies, divine exploits, and royal histories, but they also include additional content like sectarian deities and social norms.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2008|p=515}}

== See also ==

* [[Epic-Puranic chronology]]
* [[Epic-Puranic royal genealogies]]
* [[Hindu units of time]]
* [[History of Hinduism]]
* [[Janapada]]
* [[List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes]]
* [[List of Ikshvaku dynasty kings in Hinduism]]
* [[List of monarchs of Magadha]]
* [[Mahabharat|''Mahabharata'']]
* [[Puru and Yadu Dynasties]]
* [[Ramayan|''Ramayana'']]
* [[Turvasu Druhyu and Anu dynasties]]
* [[Yuga cycle]]

==Notes==

{{reflist|group=note|2|refs=


{{refn|group=note|name="Buddha"|Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu:
;Krishna, Buddha
''Printed sources''
* {{harvnb|Bansal|2005|p=27|loc="Vishnu Dashavatara"}}.
* {{harvnb|Dalal|2010|p=112|loc="Dashavatara"}}. Dalal: "The standard and most accepted list found in Puranas and other texts is: [...] Rama, Krishna, Buddha, Kalki";
* {{harvnb|Doniger O'Flaherty|1994|p=175|loc=}}. Doniger: "Visnu is generally said to have had ten incarnations [...] Krsna [...] the Buddha."
* {{harvnb|Flood|1996|p=175|loc=}}. Flood: "...by the eight century the standard number of descent-forms in the Vaisnava Puranas is ten. These are [...] Krsna, Buddha."
* {{harvnb|Klostermaier|2007|p=|loc="Visnu Avataras"}}. Klostermaier: "The most common tradition speaks of ten such avataras [...] Krsna [...] Buddha."
* {{harvnb|Krishna|2010|pp=28–29|loc=}}. Krishna: "Krishna [...] Buddha [...] There is a difference of opinion as to whether Buddha was an incarnation of Vishnu [...] The alternative then is Balarama, Rama of the plough and elder brother of Krishna, who is listed after Rama, thereby removing Buddha and making Krishna the ninth incarnation."
* {{harvnb|Leeming|2001|p=19|loc="Avatar"}}.
* {{harvnb|Lochtefeld|2001|p=73|loc="Avatar"}}. Lochtefeld: "Although there is some variation in the list of Vishnu's Avatars, the generally accepted list is as follows [...] Krishna, Buddha."
* {{harvnb|Vaswani|2017|pp=12–14|loc=}}.
* {{harvnb|Wuaku|2013|p=148|loc=}}.
;Balarama, Buddha
* {{harvnb|Nagaswamy|2010|p=27|loc=}}.
''Web-sources''
* {{cite web|website=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45474/avatar |title=avatar}}
;Unspecified
* Holt, John Clifford (2008), ''The Buddhist Viṣṇu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture'', p.14-15; p.372 note 9 refers to four Purana's which mention the Buddha in 9th position: ''Varaha Purana'' 4.2; ''Matsya Purana'' 285.6-7; ''Agni Purana'' 49.8; ''Bhagavata Purana'' X.40.22 and I.3.
;Krishna/Balarama, Buddha
* The Hare Krsnas, [http://www.harekrsna.com/philosophy/incarnations/dasavatara.htm ''Incarnations of the Lord - Dasavatara - Ten Primary Visnu Incarnations'']. The Hare Krsnas refer to the eight avatar both as Krsna and as Balarama.}}


{{refn|group=note|name="HareKrsna"|The Hare Krsnas, [http://www.harekrsna.com/philosophy/incarnations/dasavatara.htm ''Incarnations of the Lord - Dasavatara - Ten Primary Visnu Incarnations'']. The Hare Krsnas refer to the eight avatar both as Krsna and as Balarama.}}
}}

==References==

{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==

;Printed sources
;
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*{{citation |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }}

* {{Citation | last =Vaswani | first =J.P. | year =2017 | title =Dasavatara | publisher =Jaico Publishing House | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=eSNADwAAQBAJ&q=Matsya&pg=PT13| isbn =9789386867186 }}

* {{cite book|last=Wuaku|first=Albert|title=Hindu Gods in West Africa: Ghanaian Devotees of Shiva and Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HakcAAAAQBAJ|date=11 July 2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25571-5}}
{{refend}}

;Web-sources
{{reflist|group=web|refs=


<ref group=web name="Devdutt">{{Cite web|date=2017-06-03|title=Itihasa is not fantasy|url=https://devdutt.com/articles/itihasa-is-not-fantasy/|access-date=2021-05-11|website=Devdutt|language=en-US}}</ref>


<ref group=web name="Merriam-Webster_Purana">[https://archive.org/details/myriadworldsbudd00kons Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature] (1995 Edition), Article on Puranas, {{ISBN|0-877790426}}, page 915</ref>
}}

==Further reading==

* Pargiter, F.E.
** ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition''. Delhi. 1972.
** ''The Purana Text of the Dynasties of the Kali Age''. Oxford. 1913.
* Winternitz, M. ''History of Indian Literature''. Vol. I-II. Delhi. 1987.
* Rapson, E.J. ''The Cambridge History of India''. Vol. I Cambridge. 1922.
* Warder, A.K. ''Indian Kavya Literature'', Vol. I-VII. Delhi. 2004.
* Smith, R. Morton ''Dates and dynasties in earliest India: translation and justification of a critical text of the Purana dynasties'', Shastri, J. L. (ed.). Delhi. Motilal Banarasidass. 1973.
* Smith, Mary Carroll ''The core of India's great Epic''. Harvard University. 1972.
* Thapar, Romila
** "Puranic Lineages and archaeological cultures" in ''Ancient Indian Social History: some interpretations''. New Delhi. Orient Longmans. 1978.
** "Origin Myths and the early Indian historical tradition" in ''Ancient Indian Social History: some interpretations''. New Delhi. Orient Longmans. 1978.
** "Genealogy as a source of social history" in ''Ancient Indian Social History: some interpretations''. New Delhi. Orient Longmans. 1978.

[[Category:Indian poetics]]
[[Category:History of literature in India]]
[[Category:Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Epic poetry]]
[[Category:Indian poetry|E]]

Imarat-e-Shariah

2026-04-26T02:26:03Z

Veronaiqr: Made new data

{{Short description|Muslim socio-religious organization in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Imarat-e-Shariah Bihar, Odisha, and Jharkhand
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|ur|امارت شرعیہ بہار، اڑیسہ و جھارکھنڈ
}}
| formation = {{start date and age|1921|06|26|df=y}}
| type = [[Religious organization]]
| purpose = Religious, judicial, and educational services for Muslims.
| headquarters = [[Phulwari Sharif]], Patna, India
| region_served = [[India]]
| membership = Estimated in millions
| language = [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]]
| leader_title = Ameer-e-Shariat
| leader_name = [[Ahmad Wali Faisal Rahmani]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.imaratshariah.com/}}
| founders = {{bulleted list|[[Abul Mahasin Muhammad Sajjad]]|Badruddin Qadri|[[Abul Kalam Azad]]|[[Muhammad Ali Mungeri]]|Shah Mohiuddin Qadri|Shah Habibul Haq}}
}}

'''Imarat-e-Shariah Bihar, Odisha, and Jharkhand''' (formerly '''Imarat-e-Shariah Bihar and Orissa''') is a Muslim socio-religious organization in India, based on the principles of [[Islam]] and [[Shariah]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lalu Prasad turns out for daughter Misa Bharti's campaign, declares 'Modi is gone' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/lalu-prasad-turns-out-for-daughter-misa-bhartis-campaign-declares-modi-is-gone/cid/2023133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530073111/https://www.telegraphindia.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/lalu-prasad-turns-out-for-daughter-misa-bhartis-campaign-declares-modi-is-gone/cid/2023133 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |access-date=2025-03-25 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Established on 26 June 1921 (19 Shawwal 1339 AH) in Patna, Bihar, it aims to provide religious guidance, promote Islamic education, and facilitate a Shariah-based arbitration system. The organization follows the [[Hanafi]] school of Islamic jurisprudence and primarily serves the Muslim communities in Bihar, Odisha, and Jharkhand.

== History and background ==
=== Establishment of Imarat ===
As the [[Mughal Empire]] declined and the [[British Raj|British]] began consolidating their control over [[India]], Muslims faced increasing oppression, restrictions on religious practices, and attacks on Islamic traditions.<ref name="mujahid">{{cite book |last1=Qasmi |first1=Mujahid-ul-Islam |author-link=Mujahidul Islam Qasmi|title=Islami Adalat (Islam ke Adalati Qawaneen ka Majmua) |publisher=Maktaba Imarat-e-Shariah |year=1988 |location=[[Patna]] |page=45 |language=ur |trans-title=Islamic Judiciary: Compilation of Islamic Legal Codes|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/islami-adalat-islam-ke-adalati-qawaneen-ka-majmooa-part-001-mujahidul-islam-qasmi-ebooks}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sandilwi|1988|p=11}} In 1824, [[Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi]] issued a fatwa declaring India as [[Dar al-Harb]] (abode of war), emphasizing the need for an Islamic leadership system.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rahmani|first1=Abdul Samad|title=Hindustan Aur Mas’ala-e-Imarat|trans-title=India and the Issue of Imarat|publisher=Maktaba Imarat-e-Shariah Phulwari Sharif|location=[[Patna]]|page=16|year=2005|edition=2nd|language=ur}}</ref>{{Sfn|Deobandi|1960|p=61}}

Following this, [[Syed Ahmad Shaheed]] was elected as the first [[Amir|Ameer]] (leader). A well-structured system was established, including the collection of [[Zakat]], distribution of charity, and appointment of officials for religious and judicial affairs. This organized structure reduced internal conflicts and ensured unity. However, after Syed Ahmad Shaheed’s martyrdom in the [[Battle of Balakot]] (1831),<ref name="miyan">{{cite book |last1=Deobandi |first1=Muhammad Miyan |author-link=Muhammad Miyan Deobandi |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/ulma-e-hind-ka-shandar-mazi-volume-004-syed-mohammad-miyan-ebooks |title=Ulama-e-Hind Ka Shaandar Mazi |publisher=M Brothers |year=1960 |volume=4 |location=Delhi |page= |pages=44, 61, 67, 150 |language=ur |trans-title=The Glorious Past of Indian Ulama}}</ref><ref name="lahor">{{cite book|last1=Deobandi|first1=Muhammad Miyan|title=Ulama-e-Hind Ka Shaandar Mazi|trans-title=The Glorious Past of Indian Ulama|url=https://archive.org/details/UlamaEHindKaShandarMazi/page/n598/mode/1up?view=theater|publisher=Ishtiaq A Ishtiaq Printing Center|location= [[Lahore]]|page=599|date=April 2010|edition=6th|language=ur}}</ref> Wilayat Ali Sadiqpuri (Bihari) was elected as the next Ameer, followed by Inayat Ali Sadiqpuri. This leadership structure continued for a long time.{{Sfn|Deobandi|2010|p=832}}

=== 1857 Rebellion ===
During the [[1857 War of Independence]], Muslims actively fought against the British. In response, Islamic scholars and community leaders selected [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]] as their leader. Although the war was fought fiercely, [[Battle of Shamli|Muslims faced defeat]], leading to the dissolution of the Mughal Empire and the suspension of Islamic governance and judiciary.{{Sfn|Deobandi|2010|pp=832, 838–840}} This created widespread unrest among Muslims, and later, [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]] emerged as a key leader. Many scholars pledged allegiance to his cause, and he launched the [[Silk Letter Movement]] (Tehreek-e-Reshmi Rumal) to mobilize resistance. However, the movement was eventually exposed, and in 1917, Mahmud Hasan Deobandi was imprisoned in [[Malta]].{{Sfn|Deobandi|2010|p=843}}

=== Abul Mahasin Muhammad Sajjad’s Initiative ===
Seeing the lack of unity among Islamic scholars, [[Abul Mahasin Muhammad Sajjad]] took the initiative to establish the Anjuman Ulama-e-Bihar,<ref name="sindilwi">{{cite book |last1=Sandilwi |first1=Shujaat Ali |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/intikhab-khutbat-e-jamiyat-ulma-e-hind-ebooks |title=Intikhab Khutbat Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind |publisher=[[Urdu Academy, Uttar Pradesh]] |year=1988 |location=[[Lucknow]] |page=72 |language=ur |trans-title=Selected Speeches of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind}}</ref> which later played a crucial role in the formation of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind. His efforts also contributed to the establishment of the Khilafat Committee, and ultimately, led to the formation of Imarat-e-Shariah Bihar, Odisha, and Jharkhand.<ref name="islam">{{cite book|last1=Qasmi|first1=Nair Islam|title=Tareekh Ulama-e-Imarat-e-Shariah (Volume 1)|trans-title=History of the Scholars of Imarat-e-Shariah|publisher=Maktaba Imarat-e-Shariah|location=[[Patna]]|page=37|year=2017|language=ur}}</ref>

=== The Proposal for All India Imarat-e-Shariah ===
In 1920, during the second annual session of [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]] in Delhi, Abul Mahasin Muhammad Sajjad proposed the establishment of All India Imarat-e-Shariah, a nationwide Islamic governance system. The idea received strong support from Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, but due to his illness and other factors, the plan was postponed, and an Ameer-ul-Hind could not be elected.<ref name="Zafar">{{cite book|last1=Miftahi|first1=Zafiruddin|author1-link=Zafiruddin Miftahi|title=Imarat-e-Shariah: Deeni Jadd-o-Jehad Ka Roshan Bab|trans-title=Imarat-e-Shariah: A Bright Chapter of Islamic Struggle|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/imaarat-e-shariya-deeni-jadd-o-jahad-ka-roshan-baab-zafeeruddin-miftahi-ebooks|publisher=Maktaba Imarat-e-Shariah Phulwari Sharif|location=[[Patna]]|date=April 1974|edition=first|pages=58–59|language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rahmani|first1=Abdul Samad|title=Tareekh-e-Imarat|trans-title=History of Imarat)|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/tareekh-e-imaraat-abdul-samad-rahmani-ebooks|publisher=Maktaba Imarat-e-Shariah Phulwari Sharif|location=[[Patna]]|year=1948|edition=2nd|language=ur|pages=52–54}}</ref>

=== Provincial Imarat-e-Shariah ===
At a Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind conference in 1921, Abul Kalam Azad presided over discussions regarding Imarat-e-Shariah-e-Hind. However, no final decision was made at that time. In a subsequent meeting, scholars including [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]] and Zahoor Ahmad (Secretary of All India Muslim League) discussed the issue further, leading to the drafting of an Imarat proposal.{{Sfn|Rahmani|1948|pp=54–55}}

During the Ajmer session of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind, it was concluded that the establishment of a nationwide Imarat was not feasible at the time due to logistical challenges. Instead, it was resolved that provincial Imarat bodies should be established, and directives were issued to form them as soon as possible.{{Sfn|Rahmani|1948|p=55}}

=== Formation of Imarat-e-Shariah Bihar and Orissa ===
In June 1921, after consultations with prominent scholars and community leaders, a meeting was held at [[Pathar Ki Masjid]], [[Patna]], presided over by [[Abul Kalam Azad]]. The gathering of approximately 500 scholars and community representatives officially established Imarat-e-Shariah Bihar and Orissa (now Imarat-e-Shariah Bihar, Odisha, and Jharkhand) on 26 June 1921 (19 Shawwal 1339 AH).<ref name="Sana">{{cite web |last=Qasmi|first=Sanaul Huda|date=22 July 2021 |title=First Ameer-e-Shariat: Badrul Kamileen Hazrat Maulana Syed Shah Badruddin Qadri |url=https://khabaronly.in/?p=1378 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613022646/https://khabaronly.in/?p=1378 |archive-date=13 June 2023 |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=Khabar Only}}</ref>
=== Establishment of the Office ===
On 9th Dhul-Qa'dah 1339 AH (Islamic calendar), the office of Imarat-e-Shariah was established at Khanqah Mujibiya in [[Phulwari Sharif]]. Usman Ghani contributed to the formation of the organizational structure of the Imarat and played a role in organizing its administrative and religious activities.
<ref name="-usmanghani2022">{{cite web |url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/85354 |title=حضرت مولانا مفتی محمد عثمان غنی ؒ : ایک عہد ساز شخصیت|trans-title =Hazrat Maulana Mufti Muhammad Usman Ghani: A Transformative Figure of His Time|last=Nadwi |first=Muhammad Minhaj Alam|publisher=ملت ٹائمز |date=9 December 2022 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref>

=== Separation and integration of Imarat-e-Shariah Odisha ===
Initially, Imarat-e-Shariah Bihar and Orissa functioned as a unified body after its establishment in 1921. However, following the administrative separation of [[Orissa]] (now [[Odisha]]) from Bihar in 1936, the demand for a distinct religious and judicial institution in Odisha gradually emerged. In 1964, Imarat-e-Shariah Odisha was formally established as an independent entity, with [[Muhammad Ismail Katki]] appointed as its first Ameer-e-Shariat.<ref name="Amīn">{{cite web |last=Mayurbhanji |first=Muhammad Rūhul Amīn |date=24 November 2023 |title=Maulana Sayed Muhammad Ismail Katki: Life and Work |url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/206709 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101140834/https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/206709 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |access-date=25 March 2025|website=Baseerat Online |language=ur}}</ref>

Later, it became affiliated with All India Imarat-e-Shariah (Imarat-e-Sharia Hind) under Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind to coordinate religious and judicial activities on a national level.<ref name="Amīn"/>

Although Imarat-e-Shariah Odisha was established in 1964, Imarat-e-Shariah Bihar, Odisha, and Jharkhand, based in Phulwari Sharif, Patna, remains active there, overseeing religious, judicial, and educational affairs. Its scholars and representatives frequently visit Odisha for administrative and religious work.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-07-25 |title=Maulana Sohail Nadwi Passes away |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/bihar/imarat-shariah-naib-nazim-of-jharkhand-and-bihar-maulana-sohail-nadwi-passed-away-today/na20230725181553139139997 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=[[ETV Bharat News]] |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Qasmi |first=Ghhalib Shams |date=2023-07-28 |title=مولانا سہیل احمد ندوی: امارت شرعیہ کے عظیم سپوت |url=https://qindeelonline.com/moulana-suhail-ahmad-nadwi/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Qindeel |language=ur |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803100323/https://qindeelonline.com/moulana-suhail-ahmad-nadwi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Challenges from the Establishment of Imarat-e-Shariah Hind (1986) ===
In 1986, [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]] (JUH), under the leadership of [[Asad Madani]], announced the formation of Imarat-e-Shariah Hind in [[New Delhi]], appointing [[Habibur Rahman Azami]] as Ameer-ul-Hind and Madani as Naib Ameer. This move was seen as a direct challenge to Imarat-e-Shariah Bihar, Odisha, and Jharkhand, which had functioned as a key Islamic judicial and religious institution for over five decades.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Farzand |date=31 December 1986 |title=Maulana Asad Madani sets up Imarat-e-Shariah-e-Hind, move draws criticism |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/19861231-maulana-asad-madani-sets-up-imarat-e-shariah-e-hind-move-draws-criticism-801600-1986-12-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916182936/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/19861231-maulana-asad-madani-sets-up-imarat-e-shariah-e-hind-move-draws-criticism-801600-1986-12-30 |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=25 March 2025 |publisher=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

The creation of a national Imarat raised concerns among Muslim scholars and leaders. Critics, including [[Syed Shahabuddin]], accused Madani of political opportunism, while [[Minnatullah Rahmani]], the long-serving Ameer-e-Shariat, strongly opposed the move. Observers viewed this as an attempt to undermine regional Imarats and possibly weaken the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] (AIMPLB), which was actively resisting the [[Uniform Civil Code|proposed Uniform Civil Code]].<ref name="indiatoday"/>

=== Legal status and informal jurisdiction ===
Although institutions like Imarat-e-Shariah lack formal judicial authority under the Indian Constitution, they operate as voluntary arbitration forums under the Muslim Personal Law framework. These institutions offer dispute resolution in matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and waqf, provided that all parties consent to the arbitration process. Legal scholars describe such bodies as "non-state legal forums" that coexist with the state’s judicial system, particularly serving communities that prefer Shariah-based adjudication in personal matters.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Narain |first=Vrinda |title=Sharia Courts and Muslim Personal Law in India: Intersecting Legal Regimes |journal=Law & Society Review |volume=54 |issue=3 |year=2020 |pages=644–671 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1111/lasr.12505 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-society-review/article/sharia-courts-and-muslim-personal-law-in-india-intersecting-legal-regimes/F875AFD72C1DF007ADFC086DE50C0F01|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Leadership ==
The leadership of Imarat Shariah is held by the Ameer-e-Shariat, who is elected by an assembly of Islamic scholars, community leaders, and members. The Ameer-e-Shariat is responsible for overseeing religious, judicial, and social affairs according to Islamic principles. Since its establishment in 1921, eight individuals have held this position, each playing a crucial role in the development of Islamic jurisprudence, education, and community welfare.<ref name="mufti">{{cite book |last1=Qasmi |first1=Anisur Rahman|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/imarat-shariah-taruf-khidmat-aur-sargarmiyan-ebooks |title=Imarat Shariah: Taruf, Khidmat aur Sargarmiyan |publisher=Maktaba Imarat-e-Shariah |year=2010 |location=[[Patna]] |pages=7–13 |language=ur}}</ref><ref name="naqab">{{Cite journal |last=Qasmi |first=Sanaul Huda |date=12 June 2023 |editor-last=Qasmi |editor-first=Sanaul Huda |editor2-last=Nadwi |editor2-first=Rizwan Ahmad |title=All India Muslim Personal Law Board ke nau-muntakhab secretary, Ameer-e-Shariat Hazrat Maulana Ahmad Wali Faisal Rahmani Hafizahullah. |trans-title=The newly elected secretary of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board, Ameer-e-Shariat, Hazrat Maulana Ahmad Wali Faisal Rahmani (May Allah protect him). |url=https://www.imaratshariah.com/data-upload/naqeeb/190623125955.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Naqeeb Weekly |language=ur |location=[[Phulwari Sharif]], Patna |volume=63/73 |issue=22 |page=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623072231/https://www.imaratshariah.com/data-upload/naqeeb/190623125955.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2023 |access-date=25 March 2025 }}</ref>

=== Historical development of leadership ===
The first Ameer-e-Shariat, Shah Badruddin Qadri, was elected in 1921 and served until 1924, succeeded by Shah Mohiuddin Qadri, who held the position from 1924 to 1947. After him, Shah Qamaruddin Qadri served from 1947 to 1957, followed by Minnatullah Rahmani, who was elected as the fourth Ameer-e-Shariat in 1957 and remained in office until 1991.<ref name="mufti"/><ref name="FDFK">{{cite book |last1=Qasmi|first1=Aaftab Ghazi|last2=Qasmi|first2=Abdul Hasib|title=Fuzala-e-Deoband Ki Fiqhi Khidmāt|trans-title=Jurisprudential services of Darul Uloom Deoband's alumni|url=https://archive.org/details/fuzal-e-deoband-ki-fiqhi-khidmaat|date=February 2011|publisher=Naeemia Book Depot|location=[[Deoband]]|page=155|language=ur}}</ref>

Following his passing, Abdur Rahman Darbhangvi became the fifth Ameer-e-Shariat from 1991 to 1998, after which Syed Nizamuddin Qasmi Gayawi took over and served from 1998 to 2015.<ref name="FDFK"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-17 |title=President of Imarat-e-Sharia Maulana Syed Nizamuddin passes away |url=https://twocircles.net/2015oct17/1445098289.html |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=[[TwoCircles]] |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2015, Wali Rahmani was elected as the seventh Ameer-e-Shariat and remained in office until 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-04 |title=Imarat Shariah head passes away in Patna |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/imarat-shariah-head-passes-away/articleshow/81890728.cms |access-date=2025-03-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

After his demise, [[Ahmad Wali Faisal Rahmani]] was elected as the eighth Ameer-e-Shariat in 2021.<ref name="naqab"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatima |first=Nikhat |date=2021-10-12 |title=Bihar: Imarat-e-Shariah’s new chief is a man of technology, who believes ‘massive action’ can change course of Muslim community |url=https://twocircles.net/2021oct12/443859.html |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=TwoCircles |language=en-US}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of Emirs of Shariah
|- ! No.
! Name
! Tenure
|- | 1
| Shah Badruddin Qadri (1851–1924)
| 1921–1924
|- | 2
| Shah Mohiuddin Qadri (1889–1947)
| 1924–1947
|- | 3
| Shah Qamaruddin Qadri (1895–1957)
| 1947–1957
|- | 4
| [[Minnatullah Rahmani]] (1913–1991)
| 1957–1991
|- | 5
| Abdur Rahman Darbhangvi (1903–1998)
| 1991–1998
|- | 6
| Syed Nizamuddin Qasmi Gayawi (1927–2015)
| 1998–2015
|- | 7
| [[Wali Rahmani]] (1943–2021)
| 2015–2021
|- | 8
| [[Ahmad Wali Faisal Rahmani]]
| 2021–present
|-
|}

=== Deputy Ameer-e-Shariat ===
The position of Deputy Ameer-e-Shariat (Naib Ameer-e-Shariat) has played an important role in assisting the Ameer-e-Shariat in administrative and religious affairs. After Abul Mahasin Muhammad Sajjad, who was the first to hold this position, Abdus Samad Rahmani was appointed as Deputy Ameer-e-Shariat. He was succeeded by Abdur Rahman Darbhangvi, who later became the Ameer-e-Shariat. Following him, Syed Nizamuddin Qasmi Gayawi held the position before being elected as Ameer-e-Shariat. Subsequently, the role was held by prominent Islamic scholar [[Qazi Mujahidul Islam Qasmi]], followed by Muhammad Wali Rahmani.<ref name="FDFK"/>{{Sfn|Qasmi|2010|pp=11–13}}

As of 2021, Shamshad Rahmani was appointed as the Deputy Ameer-e-Shariat.<ref>{{cite news|title=Maulana Shamshad Rahmani elected Deputy Ameer-e-Shariat|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/city/patna/maulana-shamshad-rahmani-elected-deputy-ameer-e-shariat/na20210330162144854|work=ETV Bharat|date=30 March 2021|access-date=20 March 2025}}</ref>

== Activities and educational initiatives ==
In addition to its religious and arbitration services, Imarat-e-Shariah has expanded its focus to modern education. In a 2015 executive council meeting chaired by [[Wali Rahmani]], it was decided to establish secondary and higher secondary schools following the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] curriculum, vocational institutions, and a medical college across Bihar, Odisha, and Jharkhand. The first phase included a residential CBSE school in Ranchi, ITI education in Ranchi, and vocational training courses in [[Giridih]].<ref name="MilliGazette">{{cite news
|title=Imarat-e Shariah to set up school, vocational institutions and medical college
|url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/13736-imarat-e-shariah-to-set-up-school-vocational-institutions-and-medical-college/
|work=[[The Milli Gazette]]
|date=11 February 2016
|access-date=25 March 2025
|author=NA Ansari}}</ref>

Further expansions were planned in Samastipur (Chhoti Biryarpur), [[Jehanabad]], and [[Dhanbad]], with a three-member committee appointed to oversee feasibility assessments. Additionally, a medical college was proposed in [[Araria]], contingent upon land availability.<ref name="MilliGazette"/>

In 2017, Imarat Shariah announced the establishment of CBSE-affiliated schools in Bihar and Jharkhand to provide quality education tailored to contemporary employment needs. The first phase included schools in Ranchi, Giridih, and [[Purnia]], with plans to open more institutions in the coming years.<ref name="CBSE">{{cite news
|title=In a first, Imarat Shariah to open three CBSE schools in Bihar and Jharkhand
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/in-a-first-imarat-shariah-to-open-three-cbse-schools-in-bihar-and-jharkhand/story-0WBHlZ28aHEWHT8fa3BpML_amp.html
|work=Hindustan Times
|date=23 October 2017
|access-date=25 March 2025
|author=Arun Kumar}}</ref>

Alongside madrasa education, Imarat Shariah also operates polytechnics, paramedical institutes, and computer training centers to equip students with technical and vocational skills. These initiatives aim to enhance educational opportunities and provide career-oriented learning beyond traditional religious education.<ref name="MilliGazette"/><ref name="CBSE"/>

== Religious arbitration and family law services ==
The Imarat-e-Shariah operates Darul Qazas (Islamic courts) that provide arbitration services for personal and family disputes, including [[Marriage in Islam|marriage]], [[Divorce in Islam|divorce]], [[Inheritance in Islam|inheritance]], and [[waqf]] matters. One significant area of its work is resolving divorce cases, particularly [[Khul'|khula]], which allows a woman to seek divorce by surrendering her [[mahr]] (the agreed-upon marital gift). According to data from Imarat-e-Shariah, most divorce cases are now filed through khula, surpassing those initiated by husbands such as talaq-e-hasan. In the Islamic year 2021–22, the Darul Qaza in Patna handled 572 khula cases, reflecting a nationwide trend observed in other major cities and regions as well. The process is often quick and efficient, with many cases concluded within hours or days, and about 70% settled within two months. This provides Muslim women an accessible and timely means to end unhappy marriages while safeguarding their rights under Islamic law.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |date=2022-08-27 |title=More Muslim women are opting for khhula, their right to ‘instant divorce’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/more-muslim-women-are-opting-for-khhula-their-right-to-instant-divorce/article65818394.ece |access-date=2025-04-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Moreover, following the Supreme Court’s 2017 verdict banning [[Triple talaq in India|triple talaq]] and [[Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019|the 2019 legislation]] criminalising it, a new trend has emerged wherein some Muslim men abandon their wives instead of pursuing a formal divorce, possibly to avoid legal consequences or maintenance obligations. As a result, many women remain in limbo—neither formally divorced nor practically married. This has contributed to a noticeable rise in khula applications across India. Rights activists argue that while legal reform has raised awareness and reduced triple talaq incidents, it has also led to unintended consequences for Muslim women seeking clarity and justice in marital relationships.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farooquee |first=Neyaz |date=2022-09-14 |title=Triple talaq: India Muslim women in limbo after instant divorce ruling |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62805107 |access-date=2025-04-20 |work=BBC News |language=en}}</ref>

== 2025 political activism and leadership dispute ==
In 2025, Imarat-e-Shariah was active in political and legal opposition to [[the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025]], passed by the NDA-led central government in India. The organisation criticised the Act as undermining religious autonomy and threatening waqf properties, with legal challenges pending in the Supreme Court at the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Waqf law protest likely to draw large crowd today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/waqf-law-protest-likely-to-draw-large-crowd-today/articleshow/122132796.cms |website=The Times of India |date=28 June 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref>

In March 2025, an internal dispute emerged within Imarat-e-Shariah over leadership. A faction of the Majlis-e-Arbab-e-Hall-o-Aqd announced the removal of Ameer-e-Shariat [[Ahmad Wali Faisal Rahmani]], citing concerns related to nationality, scholarly qualifications, and organisational matters. This faction subsequently declared [[Anisur Rahman Qasmi]] as the new Ameer-e-Shariat.<ref name="22-05-2025">{{cite web|date=22 May 2025 |title=امارت شرعیہ کا مقصد نفاذ شریعت، مستند عالم دین ہی ہو سکتا ہے امیر شریعت |trans-title=The objective of Imarat-e-Shariah is enforcement of Shariah; Only a recognised Islamic scholar can be Ameer-e-Shariat |url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/223487 |website=Baseerat Online |language=ur |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref> However, Rahmani and his supporters rejected this decision and maintain that he remains the legitimate Ameer-e-Shariat. As of mid-2025, the leadership dispute remains unresolved, with significant sections of the community and the existing administrative structure continuing to recognise Rahmani’s leadership, while the opposing faction upholds Qasmi’s claim.<ref>{{cite news |title=Attack allegation on Imarat Shariah by JDU leaders |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeesalaam/muslim-news/bihar-news-attack-allegation-on-imarat-shariah-by-jdu-leaders-revenge-waqf-amendment-bill/2699539 |work=Zee Salaam |date=30 March 2025 |access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="Navbharat">{{cite news |date=30 March 2025 |title=बिहार में इमारत- ए- शरिया में नेतृत्व को लेकर भारी बवाल, दो गुटों में वर्चस्व के सवाल पर टकराव तेज |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/there-is-a-ruckus-between-two-groups-in-imarat-e-sharia-in-bihar-over-dominance-and-leadership/articleshow/119753734.cms |access-date=20 April 2025 |work=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi}}</ref>

Despite these internal tensions, Imarat-e-Shariah joined other Muslim organisations in March 2025—including the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]], [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]], Jamiat Ahle Hadith (India), and the Khanqahs of Mujeebia and Rahmani—in boycotting the [[Ninth Nitish Kumar ministry|Bihar state government]]'s official Iftar hosted by Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]]. The groups accused Kumar of aligning with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and supporting laws perceived as adverse to Muslim interests.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bihar Muslim body announces boycott of Nitish Kumar’s Iftaar over Waqf Bill, Congress comes to his defence |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-muslim-body-announces-boycott-of-nitish-kumars-iftaar-over-waqf-bill-congress-comes-to-his-defence-9902278/ |work=The Indian Express |date=24 March 2025 |access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhelari |first=Amit |date=2025-03-23 |title=Muslim organisations boycott Nitish Kumar’s Iftar over his support to Waqf Amendment Bill |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/muslim-organisations-boycott-nitish-kumars-iftar-over-his-support-to-waqf-amendment-bill/article69365379.ece |access-date=2025-04-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=You rose to power promising secular rule: Muslim body declines Bihar CM Nitish Kumar’s Iftaar invite |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/you-rose-to-power-promising-secular-rule-muslim-body-declines-bihar-cm-nitish-kumar-s-iftaar-invite-101742666599401.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 March 2025 |access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raj |first=Dev |date=24 March 2025 |title=Major Muslim organisations boycott Iftar hosted by Nitish Kumar over his waqf stance |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/major-muslim-organisations-boycott-iftar-hosted-by-bihar-chief-minister-nitish-kumar-over-his-waqf-stance-prnt/cid/2090440 |access-date=20 April 2025 |work=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim body declines Bihar CM’s Iftaar invite; JD(U) blames RJD |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/muslim-body-declines-bihar-cm-s-iftaar-invite-jd-u-blames-rjd-101742731951085.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 March 2025 |access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref>

In June 2025, Imarat-e-Shariah organised a large rally at [[Gandhi Maidan]] in Patna under the banner “Waqf Bachao, Dastoor Bachao Conference,” led by Ahmad Wali Faisal Rahmani. He alleged that the new law could enable increased state intervention in religious endowments and heritage sites and claimed that some BJP Members of Parliament privately expressed support for this view.<ref>{{cite web |title=Waqf law protest likely to draw large crowd today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/waqf-law-protest-likely-to-draw-large-crowd-today/articleshow/122132796.cms |website=The Times of India |date=28 June 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Santosh |title=‘Some BJP MPs backing our Waqf stand’: Top Muslim body chief on eve of Patna rally |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/some-bjp-mps-backing-our-waqf-stand-top-muslim-body-chief-on-eve-of-patna-rally-10095011/ |work=The Indian Express |date=29 June 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref> The rally received support from several political parties, including the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]], [[AIMIM]], and the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Waqf Act Bihar Assembly Election 2025: मुस्लिम समुदाय वक्फ कानून के विरोध में लामबंद |url=https://www.jansatta.com/national/muslim-organisation-imarat-e-shariah-hold-a-mega-rally-in-patna-against-waqf-law/4024623/ |website=Jansatta |date=29 June 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Zehra">{{cite web |last=Zehra |first=Asma |title=‘Waqf Bachao Dastoor Bachao’ Conference: A Historic Day in Regional and National Politics |url=https://muslimmirror.com/waqf-bachao-dastoor-bachao-conference-a-historic-day-in-regional-and-national-politics/ |website=Muslim Mirror |date=30 June 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Waqf law protest likely to draw large crowd today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/waqf-law-protest-likely-to-draw-large-crowd-today/articleshow/122132796.cms |website=The Times of India |date=28 June 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref> However, the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] indicated that it preferred not to turn the waqf issue into an electoral subject.<ref name="Zehra" />

== See also ==
* [[Abul Mahasin Muhammad Sajjad]]
* [[Abul Kalam Azad]]
* [[Minnatullah Rahmani]]
* [[Wali Rahmani]]
* [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]
* [[Islam in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Papiya |date=1997-03-01 |title=Muttahidah qaumiyat in aqalliat Bihar: The Imarat i Shariah, 1921-1947 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/001946469703400101 |journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review |language=EN |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1177/001946469703400101 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite thesis
| last = Khan
| first = Badre Alam
| title = The Role of Imarat-e-Shariah in Development of Muslim Personal Law in India
| url = http://hdl.handle.net/10603/49839
| publisher = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| date = 2000
| department = Department of Law
| type = PhD thesis
| access-date = 26 March 2025
}}

[[Category:Islamic organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1921]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Patna]]
[[Category:Deobandi organisations]]

Jabera Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:38Z

Veronaiqr: Made new post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jabera
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 56
| map_image = 56-Jabera.svg
| mla = [[Dharmendra Singh Lodhi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Pratap Singh]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Damoh district|Damoh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Damoh Lok Sabha constituency|Damoh]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
}}

'''Jabera Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=27 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 2008, following [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of the legislative assembly constituencies. Before delimitation, the area covered by this constituency was part of the erstwhile Nohata constituency abolished in 2008.

==Overview==
[[Jabera]] (constituency number 56) is one of the 4 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Damoh district]]. This constituency covers the entire Jabera and Tendukhera [[tehsil]]s of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=230, 250}}</ref>

Jabera is part of [[Damoh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Damoh Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Pathariya Assembly constituency|Pathariya]], [[Damoh Assembly constituency|Damoh]] and [[Hatta Assembly constituency|Hatta]] in this district, [[Deori Assembly constituency|Deori]], [[Rehli Assembly constituency|Rehli]] and [[Banda, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Banda]] in [[Sagar district]] and [[Malhara Assembly constituency|Malhara]] in [[Chhatarpur district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |url-access=limited |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| Ratnesh Soloman
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2010{{efn|by-poll}}
|Dashrath Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |url-access=limited |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| [[Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Pratap Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2018<ref name=election2018/>
| rowspan="2" | [[Dharmendra Singh Lodhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|}
{{noteslist}}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jabera<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dharmendra Singh Lodhi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:72249}}
|percentage = 37.21
|change = +8.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Pratap Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:56366}}
|percentage = 29.03
|change = +2.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Vinod Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:52657}}
|percentage = 27.12
|change = +20.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Shakti Chetna Party
|candidate = Sujan Singh Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:6108}}
|percentage = 3.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2023}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change = -0.3
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15883}}
|percentage = 8.18
|change = +6.11
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:194154}}
|percentage = 81.13
|change = +4.03
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaitpur<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Dharmendra Singh Lodhi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:48901}}
|percentage = 29.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Pratap Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:45416}}
|percentage = 26.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raghvendra Singh (Rishi Bhaiya)
|votes = {{formatnum:21751}}
|percentage = 12.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Aditya Ratnesh Solomon
|votes = {{formatnum:13015}}
|percentage = 7.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Arvind Pratap Singh Judev
|votes = {{formatnum:10490}}
|percentage = 6.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Delan Singh Dhurve
|votes = {{formatnum:10355}}
|percentage = 6.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Shakti Chetna Party
|candidate = Ashish Shukla
|votes = {{formatnum:8444}}
|percentage = 5.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Uttam Bhaiya
|votes = {{formatnum:3039}}
|percentage = 1.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2264}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3485}}
|percentage = 2.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:168338}}
|percentage = 77.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Damoh district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|23.56|79.67|display=title}}

[[Category:Damoh district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Rimo Massif

2026-04-19T13:19:32Z

Veronaiqr: Starting A Entry

{{Short description|Massif in the eastern Karakoram}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Rimo I
| elevation_m = 7385
| elevation_ref = <ref name="Peakbagger.com" /> [[List of highest mountains|Ranked 71st]]
| prominence_m = 1438
| prominence_ref = <ref name="Peakbagger.com" />
| range = [[Rimo Muztagh]], [[Karakoram]]
| location = [[India]]<ref name="bbc" group=notes>India is in ''de facto'' control of this region of Kashmir; the region is claimed by [[Pakistan]]. See e.g. ''[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/south_asia/03/kashmir_future/html/default.stm The Future of Kashmir]'' on the [[BBC]] website.</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|35|21|21|N|77|22|05|E|type:mountain_region:IN_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| first_ascent = July 28, 1988 by Nima Dorje Sherpa, [[Tsewang Samanla]] (India); Yoshio Ogata, Hideki Yoshida (Japan)
| easiest_route = South Face/Southwest Ridge
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = Karakoram#India Ladakh#India
| map_caption = Location of the Rimo Massif within the greater [[Karakoram]] region
| image_map = {{Karakoram OSM}}
| label = Rimo Massif
| label_position = top
| map_size =
| mapframe = no
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| other_name = Rimo Kangri I
}}
{{infobox Chinese
| s = 里莫I峰
}}

The '''Rimo Massif''' lies in the northern part of the remote [[Rimo Muztagh]], a subrange of the [[Karakoram]] [[mountain range|range]]. It is located about 20 km northeast of the snout of the [[Siachen Glacier]] and its main summit, '''Rimo I''' (alternatively Rimo Kangri I) is the world's [[List of highest mountains|71st highest mountain]] with an elevation of {{convert|7385|m|ft|0}}. The massif heads the large Central Rimo Glacier (on the north side) and South Rimo Glacier (on the east side), as well as the smaller North Terong Glacier (on the west side).

''Rimo'' means "striped mountain".<ref name="American Alpine Journal-1986a" /> The Rimo Glacier, drains to the [[Shyok River|Shyok]] river. Due to its remote location in the heart of the eastern Karakoram, Rimo was little-known and almost entirely unvisited until the twentieth century. Explorers [[Filippo De Filippi (explorer)|Filippo De Filippi]] and Philip and Jenny Visser visited the area in 1914 and 1929 respectively. Adding to its isolation is the unsettled political and military situation between India and [[Pakistan]] in the region, especially the [[Siachen conflict|conflict around the nearby Siachen Glacier]]. This means that India controls access to the massif.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
__NOTOC__
{{Annotated image 4
| image = ISS014-E-6863 - View of India.jpg
| align = right
| width = 300
| height = 400 
| image-width = 800
| image-left = 0
| image-top = 0
| header = View from space of Rimo Massif
| header_align = 
| header_background = 
| caption =
| alt =
| icon = 
| frameless = 
| annot-font-size = 
| annot-text-align = 
| annotations =
{{Annotation|128|150|color=red|Rimo}}
{{Annotation|132|170|color=red|massif}}
{{Annotation|224|155|color=white|Glacier}}
{{Annotation|250|138|color=white|Rimo}}
{{Annotation|266|123|color=white|South}}
{{Annotation|178|75|color=white|Glacier}}
{{Annotation|210|50|color=white|Rimo}}
{{Annotation|230|30|color=white|Central}}
{{Annotation|170|284|color=white|South Terong Glacier}}
{{Annotation|10|330|color=white|[[Siachen Glacier|Siachen]]}}
{{Annotation|40|350|color=white|[[Siachen Glacier|Glacier]]}}
}}

==Peaks==
The Rimo Massif consists of six peaks sharing the Rimo name. In addition to Rimo I, they are:
{| class="wikitable" border="0"
|-
! Peak name
! Alternative name
! Elevation m (ft)
! [[Topographic prominence|Prominence]] m (ft)
! Coordinates
|-
||Rimo II<ref>{{cite peakbagger |pid=35586 |name=Rimo II, India |access-date=2015-02-17}}</ref>
| Rimo Kangri II
| align="center" | {{convert|7373|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| align=center | {{convert|73|m|ft|abbr=on}}
||{{coord|35|21|N|77|22|E|name=Rimo II}}
|-
||Rimo III<ref>{{cite peakbagger |pid=18673 |name=Rimo III, India |access-date=2015-02-17}}</ref>
| Rimo Kangri III
| align="center" | {{convert|7233|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| align=center | {{convert|615|m|ft|abbr=on}}
||{{coord|35|22|31|N|77|21|42|E|name=Rimo II}}
|-
||Rimo IV<ref>{{cite peakbagger |pid=35585 |name=Rimo IV, India |access-date=2015-02-17}}</ref>
| Rimo Kangri IV
| align="center" | {{convert|7169|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| align=center | {{convert|329|m|ft|abbr=on}}
||{{coord|35|23|N|77|23|E|name=Rimo IV}}
|-
||Rimo V<ref>{{cite peakbagger |pid=35237 |name=Rimo V, India |access-date=2015-02-17}}</ref>
| Rimo Kangri V
| align="center" | {{convert|6882|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| align=center | {{convert|262|m|ft|abbr=on}}
||{{coord|35|24|N|77|23|E|name=Rimo V}}
|-
||Rimo VI<ref>{{cite peakbagger |pid=35236 |name=Rimo VI, India |access-date=2015-02-17}}</ref>
| Rimo Kangri VI
| align="center" | {{convert|6846|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| align=center | {{convert|446|m|ft|abbr=on}}
||{{coord|35|25|N|77|23|E|name=Rimo VI}}
|}
'''Rimo II''' is a minor subpeak located about {{convert|150|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}} northeast of Rimo I, on its north ridge. The others are more independent peaks further north.

'''Rimo III''' is the [[List of highest mountains|98th highest mountain]] in the world (Rimo II is unranked, lacking sufficient [[topographic prominence|prominence]]). Rimo III has an altitude of 7,233  <abbr>m</abbr>. It is located about 2.4 km north of Rimo Kangri I (7385 m) and its subsidiary peak Rimo Kangri II ( 7373  <abbr>m</abbr> ), with which it is connected by a ridge. On its northern slope lies the Middle Rimo Glacier, on the southeast slope the Southern Rimo Glacier. On the southwest slope of the mountain flows the Northern Terong Glacier.

'''Rimo IV''', or Rimo Kangri IV is 7,169 <abbr>m</abbr> high and located 1.6 km to the east of Rimo III. It is considered a secondary peak due to its low ridge height of 329 m.

'''Rimo V''' is 1.95 km beyond Rimo IV, and rises to an altitude of 6,882 m.

'''Rimo Kangri VI''' sits 2.59 km north-northwest and rises 6,846 m.

==Climbing history==
The first attempts on the Rimo Massif were in 1978, by a Japanese expedition which had little success, in 1984 (first ascent of Rimo IV, by an Indian army expedition) and in 1985, by a well-organized Indian/[[United Kingdom|British]] expedition led by famed Himalayan expert [[Harish Kapadia]]. That expedition climbed Rimo III on 14 July 1985 and was summited by Britons Dave Wilkinson and Jim Fotheringham via the northeast ridge.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-02 |title=UKC Gear – Brit Climbing Team to Climb Southwest Face of Rimo III |url=http://www.ukclimbing.com/news/press.php?id=4676 |access-date=2024-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160719/http://www.ukclimbing.com/news/press.php?id=4676 |archive-date=2015-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Himalayan Index – Results of Search by Group |url=http://www.alpine-club.org.uk/hi/screen3.php?act=1 |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=www.alpine-club.org.uk |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504083847/http://www.alpine-club.org.uk/hi/screen3.php?act=1 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="American Alpine Journal-1986b" />

The first, and only ascent of Rimo I was made in 1988 by an Indian/Japanese team led by Hukam Singh and Yoshio Ogata. They climbed the south face to the southwest ridge, starting from a significant pass called Ibex Col on the south side of the mountain. The ascent involved 1500 m of significant technical climbing.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

==See also==
* [[List of highest mountains on Earth]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=notes}}

==References==
<references>
<ref name="American Alpine Journal-1986a">
{{cite aaj |article_id=12198626601 |title=Asia, India–Karakoram, Nomenclature in the Terrong Valley |year=1986 |volume=28 |issue=60 |page=266 |access-date=2015-02-15}}</ref>
<ref name="American Alpine Journal-1986b">
{{Cite aaj |title=India–Karakoram, Rimo III and Other Peaks in the Terong Basin, Eastern Karakoram |article_id=12198626102 |year=1986 |links=off |access-date=2024-07-26}}</ref>
<ref name="Peakbagger.com">
{{cite peakbagger |pid=18674 |name=Rimo I, India |access-date=2015-02-16}}</ref>
</references>

===Sources===
* Jerzy Wala, ''Orographical Sketch Map of the Karakoram'', Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research, Zurich, 1990.
* {{cite book |author1=Fanshawe, Andy |author2=Venables, Stephen |title=Himalaya Alpine-Style |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |year=1995}}

{{Ladakh|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mountains of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Seven-thousanders of the Karakoram]]

Surkhi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:37:35Z

Veronaiqr: started the entry v1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Surkhi
| type= SLA
| map_image = 37-Surkhi.svg
| mla = [[Govind Singh Rajput]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Parul Sahu
| district = [[Sagar district|Sagar]]
| constituency_no = 37
| loksabha_cons = [[Sagar Lok Sabha constituency|Sagar]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
}}

'''Surkhi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=15 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh|page=6|publisher=Election Commission of India website}}</ref>

==Overview==
Surkhi (constituency number 37) is one of the 8 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Sagar district]]. This constituency presently covers the entire [[Surkhi]] town, [[Rahatgarh]] [[tehsil]] and part of Sagar tehsil of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=229, 250}}</ref>

Surkhi is part of [[Sagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sagar Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Bina Assembly constituency|Bina]], [[Khurai, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Khurai]], [[Naryoli Assembly constituency|Naryoli]] and [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Sagar]] in this district and [[Kurwai Assembly constituency|Kurwai]], [[Sironj Assembly constituency|Sironj]] and [[Shamshabad Assembly constituency|Shamshabad]] in [[Vidisha district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1952
| Jyotishi Jwala Prasad
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan=2|[[Bani Bhushan Rai]]
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| N. P. Rai
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Gaya Prasad Kabirpanthi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Laxminarayan Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan=2|[[Vitthalbhai Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Laxminarayan Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan=2|[[Bhupendra Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Bhupendra Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan=2|[[Govind Singh Rajput]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| Parul Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan=3|[[Govind Singh Rajput]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections|2020^]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}
*^ denotes by-election

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Surkhi<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Govind Singh Rajput]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:83551}}
|percentage = 48.73
|change = -12.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Neeraj Sharma
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:81373}}
|percentage = 47.46
|change = +13.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1079}}
|percentage = 0.63
|change = +0.08
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2178}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change = -25.58
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:171456}}
|percentage = 76.41
|change = +2.26
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 bypoll ===
In the 2020 by-election, [[Govind Singh Rajput]] of the Bharatiya Janata Party won the seat by defeating Parul Sahu Keshri from the Indian National Congress with a margin of 40,991 votes.<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/surkhi-assembly-elections-mp-37/|title=Surkhi Election Result 2018 LIVE: Surkhi MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia}}</ref> Rajput secured 93,294 votes while runner-up Parul got only 52,303 votes.<ref name="byelection2020"/>

{{Election box begin | title= [[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Surkhi<ref name=byelection2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12753-bye-elections-2020-parliamentary-and-assemblies/ |title=Bye Elections 2020 (Parliamentary and Assemblies) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Govind Singh Rajput]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 93,294
|percentage = 61.11
|change = +20.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Parul Sahu Keshri
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 52,303
|percentage = 34.26
|change = -21.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gopal Prasad Ahirwar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,585
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 844
|percentage = 0.55
|change = -0.91
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 40,991
|percentage = 26.85
|change = +12.18
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 152,671
|percentage = 74.15
|change = -1.59
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Surkhi<ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Govind Singh Rajput]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:80806}}
|percentage = 55.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sudheer Yadav
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:59388}}
|percentage = 40.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2137}}
|percentage = 1.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21418}}
|percentage = 14.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:146046}}
|percentage = 75.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Rahatgarh]]
* [[Surkhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|23.63|78.83|display=title}}

[[Category:Sagar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Belgaum Rural Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:17:26Z

Veronaiqr: started new article w/ refs

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{other_uses|Belagavi Assembly constituency (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Belgaum Rural
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 13
| map_image = 13-Belgaum Rural constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Lakshmi Hebbalkar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| district = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Belgaum Lok Sabha constituency|Belgaum]]
| established = 1951 (first establishment) 2008 (second establishment)
| electors = 2,59,537 
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Lakshmi Hebbalkar.jpg
}}
'''Belgaum Rural Assembly constituency''' is a one of 224 assembly constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state, in India. It is one of the eight constituencies which make up [[Belgaum Lok Sabha constituency]]. The constituency came into existence for the second time when the assembly map was redrawn in 2008. Prior to that most of its area was under the now-defunct [[Uchagaon Assembly constituency]] and [[Hire Bagewadi Assembly constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || [[Sadashiv Bhosle]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 elections in India#Bombay|1952 By-election]] || S. N. Omanna || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="2" | [[Sanjay Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan="2" | [[Lakshmi Hebbalkar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belgaum Rural }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Lakshmi Hebbalkar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 107,619 |percentage = 52.61% |change = {{decrease}}2.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagesh Annappa Manolkar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 51,603 |percentage = 25.23% |change = {{decrease}}1.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. M. Chougule |party = Independent politician |votes = 41,500 |percentage = 20.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,165 |percentage = 0.57% |change = {{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 56,016 |percentage = 27.38% |change = {{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 204,672 |percentage = 78.86% |change = {{increase}}1.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 204,562}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 259,537 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]: Belgaum Rural<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=16 May 2018 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Lakshmi Hebbalkar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 102,040 |percentage = 54.74% |change = {{increase}}31.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanjay Patil]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 50,316 |percentage = 26.99% |change = {{increase}}1.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kinekar Manohar Kallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,776 |percentage = 12.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Shivanagouda. S |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,794 |percentage = 2.04% |change = {{increase}}0.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,958 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 51,724 |percentage = 27.75% |change = {{increase}}26.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 186,605 |percentage = 77.63% |change = {{increase}}3.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 186,419}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 240,389 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.93 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}29.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belgaum Rural <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=3 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanjay Patil]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 38,322 |percentage = 25.20% |change = {{decrease}}6.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kinekar Manohar Kallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 36,987 |percentage = 24.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshmi Ravindra Hebbalkar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,811 |percentage = 23.55% |change = {{decrease}}1.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anandswamy Gaddadevarmath |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,670 |percentage = 11.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaji Kedari Suntakar |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,759 |percentage = 10.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sunanda L Patil |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 2,290 |percentage = 1.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok B Govekar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,837 |percentage = 1.21% |change = {{decrease}}1.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balasaheb Bhimappa Sattigeri |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,023 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,335 |percentage = 0.88% |change = {{decrease}}5.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 152,126 |percentage = 74.00% |change = {{increase}}2.89 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 152,059}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 205,579 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.89 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}6.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Belgaum Rural <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanjay Patil]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 42,208 |percentage = 31.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Malagi Shivaputrappa Chanabasappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,899 |percentage = 25.49% |change = {{decrease}}19.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kinekar Manohar Kallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 28,689 |percentage = 21.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaji Kedari Suntakar |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,286 |percentage = 13.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rukmini Ganganna Gouda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,239 |percentage = 2.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sahukar Mallasettappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,447 |percentage = 1.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balu Ramling Anagolkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,203 |percentage = 1.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajgoli Tousif |party = Indian Union Muslim League |votes = 1,447 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kollanatti Bhimappa Balappa |party = Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes = 841 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,309 |percentage = 6.25% |change = {{decrease}}4.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 133,031 |percentage = 71.11% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 133,012}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 187,080 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = P&W |swing = {{decrease}}23.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1952 elections in India#Bombay|1952 Bombay Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Belgaum Rural <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. N. Omanna |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 25,521 |percentage = 55.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. N. Iroji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,718 |percentage = 44.81% |change = {{decrease}}4.23 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,803 |percentage = 10.39% |change = {{decrease}}5.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,239}}
{{Election box gain |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Belgaum Rural <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sadashiv Bhosle]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,138 |percentage = 49.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desai Govindrao Shamrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 12,809 |percentage = 32.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Kalgouda Shidgouda |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 4,394 |percentage = 11.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Ramchandra Babasa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,687 |percentage = 6.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,329 |percentage = 16.22% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,028 |percentage = 69.07% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,028}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,504 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Belagavi District]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|15.83|74.51|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Belgaum]]
[[Category:Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Tara vs Bilal

2026-04-10T09:39:11Z

Veronaiqr: started the info v1!

{{Short description|2022 Indian film by Samar Iqbal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tara Vs Bilal
| image = Tara Vs Bilal poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Samar Iqbal
| producer = [[Bhushan Kumar]] [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]] [[John Abraham]]
| writer = Sanyukta Shaikh
| based_on =
| starring = [[Harshvardhan Rane]] [[Sonia Rathee]]
| music = [[Manan Bhardwaj]]
| cinematography = Amarjeet Singh
| editing = Dipika Kalra
| studio = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]] [[JA Entertainment]] TVB Films
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|10|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 126 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tara Vs Bilal|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/tara-vs-bilal-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdewmju2|access-date=1 January 2023|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|archive-date=1 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101133650/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/tara-vs-bilal-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdewmju2|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Tara Vs Bilal''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Samar Iqbal, starring [[Harshvardhan Rane]] and [[Sonia Rathee]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tara-vs-bilal-trailer-out-harshvardhan-rane-fakes-a-marriage-with-sonia-rathee-to-trouble-his-family-2282758-2022-10-08 |title=Tara vs Bilal trailer out: Harshvardhan Rane fakes a marriage with Sonia Rathee to trouble his family |work=India Today |date=8 October 2022 |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101133646/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tara-vs-bilal-trailer-out-harshvardhan-rane-fakes-a-marriage-with-sonia-rathee-to-trouble-his-family-2282758-2022-10-08 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/tseries-john-abraham-to-co-produce-new-film-tara-vs-bilal-11661836162407.html|title=T-Series, John Abraham to co-produce new film 'Tara vs Bilal'|work=Mint|date=30 August 2022|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=1 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101133651/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/tseries-john-abraham-to-co-produce-new-film-tara-vs-bilal-11661836162407.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The story revolves around two leading characters who enter a fake marriage and later fall in love.

''Tara Vs Bilal'' was released on 28 October 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/john-abraham-backed-tara-vs-bilal-to-release-on-october-28-2518929.html/ |title=John Abraham-backed 'Tara vs Bilal' to release on October 28 |date=7 October 2022 |publisher=Zee News |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104190823/https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/john-abraham-backed-tara-vs-bilal-to-release-on-october-28-2518929.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Harshvardhan Rane]] as Advocate Bilal "Billu" Khan
* [[Sonia Rathee]] as Tara Kaul Sharma
* Sarmard Varaich as Karan Sharma
* Raheem Mir as Ritesh Shah (Ritz)
* Pranay Manchanda as Dr. Jignesh "Jiggy"
* Nikki Aneja as Daisy Aunty
* Shammi Aulakh as Imran Khan, Bilal's father
* Mona Ambegaonkar as Bilal's mother
* Shagufta Ali as Bilal's aunt (Mausi)
* [[Deepika Amin]] as Bilal's aunt (Phuphi)

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox Album
| name = Tara Vs Bilal
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Manan Bhardwaj]]
| released = 4 November 2022<ref name="jiosaavn">{{Cite web |date=4 November 2022 |title=Tara Vs Bilal– Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/tara-vs-bilal/rfcCPLglk6o_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101140457/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/tara-vs-bilal/rfcCPLglk6o_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 14:27
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|NeOnLwQug80|Tara Vs Bilal- Full Album}}
}}
}}

The music was composed and lyrics written by [[Manan Bhardwaj]].<ref name="jiosaavn" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 14:27
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Teri Ho Gayi
| extra1 = Master Saleem, Faridkot
| length1 = 3:24
| title2 = Nichod Dunga
| extra2 = Manan Bhardwaj{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
| length2 = 2:58
| title3 = Saiyaan Ji
| extra3 = Romy, [[Manan Bhardwaj]]
| length3 = 4:03
| title4 = Sau Rab Di
| extra4 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]], Manan Bhardwaj, Purvashi Grover
| length4 = 4:02
}}

== Production ==
The principal photography of the film started in mid-October 2021.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2021 |title=John Abraham's production Tara Vs Bilal starring Harshvardhan Rane and Sonia Rathee goes on floors |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abrahams-production-tara-vs-bilal-starring-harshvardhan-rane-sonia-rathee-goes-floors/ |access-date=1 January 2023 |work=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022052140/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abrahams-production-tara-vs-bilal-starring-harshvardhan-rane-sonia-rathee-goes-floors/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for its lead performances and music but criticism for its formulaic plot and uneven execution. [[The Times of India]] rated it 2.5/5, calling it a “sweet and simple love story” with strong chemistry between [[Harshvardhan Rane]] and [[Sonia Rathee]], though noting it “barely a compelling romantic drama” due to its predictable narrative.<ref name="TOI2022">{{cite web |title=Tara Vs Bilal Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/tara-vs-bilal/movie-review/95175704.cms |website=The Times of India |date=2022-10-29 |access-date=2025-07-03}}</ref>

Fenil Seta of ''Filmy Fenil'' gave it 3/5, commending Rane’s “terrific” performance, Rathee’s confident debut, and the sensitive handling of an [[LGBTQ]] subplot, but criticized silly plot points and weak initial portions.<ref name="FilmyFenil2022">{{cite web |last=Seta |first=Fenil |title=(Crisp) Movie Review: TARA VS BILAL |url=https://www.filmyfenil.com/2022/12/crisp-movie-review-tara-vs-bilal/ |website=Filmy Fenil |date=2022-12-24 |access-date=2025-07-03}}</ref>

The film’s music, composed by [[Manan Bhardwaj]], was well-received, with ''Teri Ho Gayi'' noted for enhancing the lead couple’s romance.<ref name="TOI2022" /><ref name="FilmyFenil2022" />

The film underperformed at the box office, with [[Bollywood Hungama]] reporting negligible collections, including ₹11,750 on its opening day.<ref name="BollywoodHungama2022">{{cite web |title=Tara vs Bilal Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tara-vs-bilal/box-office/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=2022-10-28 |access-date=2025-07-03}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|14398454}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tara Vs Bilal}}
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films about sham marriage]]

Chiplun Khed Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:19:27Z

Veronaiqr: put up a entry.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chiplun Khed
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 107,731
| mla = Khedekar Sudkoji Baburao
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = SC
}}
Chiplun Khed Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Khedekar Sudkoji Baburao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Shetye Tukaram Krishna
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chiplun Khed <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Khedekar Sudkoji Baburao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,022 |percentage = 23.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shetye Tukaram Krishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,882 |percentage = 23.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhosale Amrit Ganpatrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,194 |percentage = 18.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wadavalkar Shankar Laxman |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 8,829 |percentage = 12.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sawant Shivaji Shivram |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 8,287 |percentage = 11.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Rajaram Nagesh |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,297 |percentage = 7.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Hanumantrao Babaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,619 |percentage = 3.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,828 |percentage = 5.31% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,130 |percentage = 33.48% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,130}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,731 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Common Eligibility Test

2026-04-01T04:13:34Z

Veronaiqr: put up stub.

{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Indian public examination}}
{{Infobox examination
|name=Common Eligibility Test
|acronym=CET
|image=
|type=
|test_admin= [[National Recruitment Agency]]
|purpose=Recruitment of staff under group B and C (non-technical) <ref>{{cite news |url =https://www.indiatvnews.com/education/career-nra-national-recruitment-agency-salient-features-643411|title =NRA: Salient features of National Recruitment Agency|publisher =indiatvnews|location =[[Mumbai]]|date =August 19, 2020|accessdate =August 19, 2020}}</ref> for Central Govt.
|skills_tested=
|year_started=2025
|duration=
|score_range=
|offered=twice a year
|attempt_restriction= No restriction
|regions=India
|language=
|website=
}}

The '''Common Eligibility Test''' (or '''CET'''), is an upcoming examination in India to be started from year 2025 for recruitment of staff to non-gazetted posts in the [[central government]] and [[Public sector banks in India|public sector banks]] and [[Indian Railways]]. The test will be conducted by [[National Recruitment Agency]]<ref>{{cite news |url =https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1647000|title =Union Cabinet approves setting up of National Recruitment Agency|publisher =[[Press Information Bureau]]|location =[[Mumbai]]|date =August 19, 2020|website =pib.gov.in|accessdate =August 19, 2020}}</ref> which will function as a central agency of [[Indian Government]] . The setting up of the National Recruitment Agency for replacing multiple entrance examination with a single examination was approved by Union Cabinet of India on 19 August 2020..

The National Recruitment Agency shall conduct a separate CET each for the three levels of graduate, higher secondary (12th pass), and the matriculate (10th pass) candidates for various non-technical posts. Presently such tests are being conducted by SSC, IBPS, Railways, and various other organizations.

==History==
Presently multiple examinations by various agencies viz. Railways, IBPS, SSC are held for recruiting group B and C staff for various organizations of central govt. In the budget speech of 2020–21, the finance minister [[Nirmala Sitaraman]] proposed setting up [[National Recruitment Agency]] in order to replace multiple examinations for various government job recruitment in India by Central Govt. The upcoming CET will replace all these exams, which will save job seekers time and energy from filling multiple forms and focusing on all the examinations.
<ref>{{cite news |url =https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/national-recruitment-agency-nra-government-jobs-6561491/|title =Explained: How the National Recruitment Agency will streamline the recruitment process|publisher =[[The Indian Express]]|location =[[New Delhi]]|date =August 20, 2020|accessdate =August 21, 2020}}</ref>

== Salient Features of NRA and CET==
The CET will be held twice a year and the scores will be valid for the next three years from the date of declaration of result. The best of CET scores will be considered as the current score of the candidate.

===Mode of Examination===

The examination will be conducted as online examination, also the candidates will have to apply online for this examination.<ref>{{cite news |url =https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/common-eligibility-test-key-things-to-know-about-nra-cet/articleshow/77653326.cms|title =Common Eligibility Test: Key things to know about NRA CET|work =[[The Times of India]]|location =[[New Delhi]]|date =August 20, 2020|accessdate =August 21, 2020}}</ref>
This test will be based on a multiple-choice objective type question paper.

===No. of Attempts===
There will be no limit on the number of attempts for taking this examination, but the upper age limit will be there. However, the relaxation in the upper age limit shall be given to candidates of SC/ST/OBC and other categories as per the extant policy of the Government.

=== Exams Replaced by CET ===
Here are the top three government exams by which the Common Eligibility Test gets replaced: [[Staff Selection Commission]] (SSC), [https://www.pankhzindagi.com/2020/08/NRA-CET-kya-hai.html NTPC] Railway Recruitment Board (RRB), and [[Institute of Banking Personnel Selection]] (IBPS).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techbazar.in/common-eligibility-test-cet/|title = Common Eligibility Test (CET) 2021 for SSC, RRB, and IBPS|date = 8 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026145643/https://techbazar.in/common-eligibility-test-cet/| archive-date=2020-10-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Medium of Examination===

There are 22 languages in the Eighth Schedule of the [[Constitution of India]], out of which this examination is conducted in 12 languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.governmentrecruitment.in/cet-exam-pattern-career-option-eligibility-criteria/ |title =Common Eligibility Test}}{{dead link|date=May 2024}}</ref>

===Examination Centers===

For the ease of the candidates, each district will have at least one examination center, and in total around 1000 examination centers will be made .<ref>{{cite news |url =https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/common-eligibility-test-key-things-to-know-about-nra-cet/articleshow/77653326.cms|title =Common Eligibility Test: Key things to know about NRA CET|work =[[The Times of India]]|location =[[New Delhi]]|date =August 20, 2020|accessdate =August 21, 2020}}</ref>

===Other features===
The scores of CET will be shared with central government, state government, union territories, public sector undertakings and private sector, and it can also be used for recruitment in their respective departments and agencies /companies.
<ref>{{cite news |url =https://www.indiatvnews.com/education/career-nra-national-recruitment-agency-salient-features-643411|title =NRA: Salient features of National Recruitment Agency
|publisher =indiatvnews|location =[[New Delhi]]|date =August 20, 2020|accessdate =August 21, 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Standardised tests in India]]
[[Category:2020 in India]]

Hyderabad

2026-03-23T15:53:43Z

Veronaiqr:

{{Short description|Capital of Telangana, India}}
{{hatnote|This article is about the city in India. For other uses, see [[Hyderabad (disambiguation)]].}}
{{Featured article}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hyderabad
| native_name = ''Haidarābād''
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]] 
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| image1 = Downtown hyderabad drone.png
| caption1 = Skyline of Central Business District
| image2 = Charminar-Pride of Hyderabad.jpg {{!}} The Charminar
| caption2 = [[Charminar]]
| image3 = Birla Mandir on a sunset.jpg {{!}} Birla Mandir
| caption3 = [[Birla Mandir, Hyderabad|Birla Mandir]]
| image6 = Qutb Shahi Tomb 5.jpg {{!}} Qutb Shahi tombs
| caption6 = [[Qutb Shahi tombs]]
| image4 =Telangana_Secretariat.jpg
| caption4 = [[Telangana Secretariat]]
| image5 = Hussain Sagar Buddha Statue.JPG {{!}} Buddha Statue
| caption5 = [[Buddha Statue of Hyderabad|Buddha Statue]] at [[Hussain Sagar]]
| image7 = Falaknuma Palace 01.jpg {{!}} Falaknuma Palace
| caption7 = [[Falaknuma Palace]]
}}
| image_alt = 
| image_caption =
| native_name_lang = iso 15919
| other_name =
| named_for = [[Ali]]
| blank_emblem_type = Logo of the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]
| blank_emblem_size = 100px
| blank_emblem_alt =
| image_blank_emblem =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| pushpin_map_alt = A map showing the location of Hyderabad in Telangana, India.
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Hyderabad##Location in Telangana##Location in India##Location in Asia##Location in Earth
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad#India Telangana#India#Asia#Earth
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|type:city_region:IN-TG|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|Districts]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2 = {{Plainlist|
* [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
* [[Medchal-Malkajgiri district|Medchal–Malkajgiri]]
* [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
* [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
}}
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{Start date and age|1591}}
| founder = [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah|Muhammad Qutb Shah]]
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal corporation]]
| governing_body = {{unbulleted list|[[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] | [[Cyberabad Municipal Corporation]] | [[Malkajgiri Municipal Corporation]] | [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]]}}
| total_type = [[City proper|City]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite news |first=Swathi |last=V |date=19 January 2026 |title=A municipal corporation, a trifurcation |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-municipal-corporation-a-trifurcation/article70522446.ece |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 2053
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 = 7,257
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 536
| population_total = 6,809,970 ([[List of cities in India by population|4th]])
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="greater Hyderabad" />
| population_density_km2 = 10477
| population_est = 9,482,000
| pop_est_as_of = 2018
| pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=The World's Cities in 2018 |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/citiesday/assets/pdf/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf |work=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]] |year=2018 |access-date=11 July 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315074343/https://www.un.org/en/events/citiesday/assets/pdf/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2021}}</ref>
| population_urban = 7677018 ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|6th]])
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="2011UA" />
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 9.7 million ([[List of metropolitan areas in India|6th]])
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="metropop">{{cite news |title=Time to put metropolitan planning committee in place |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Time-to-put-metropolitan-planning-committee-in-place/articleshow/39138115.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 March 2016 |date=28 July 2014 |location=Hyderabad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314172214/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Time-to-put-metropolitan-planning-committee-in-place/articleshow/39138115.cms |archive-date=14 March 2021}}</ref>
| population_demonym = Hyderabadi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN(s)]]
| postal_code = 500xxx, 501xxx, 502xxx
| area_codes = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91–40, 8413, 8414, 8415, 8417, 8418, 8453, 8455]]
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India|TG-07 to TG-15]]
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross metropolitan product|Metro GDP]] ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])
| blank_info_sec1 =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Parliament of India]]
| leader_name = [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] ([[AIMIM]]) [[G. Kishan Reddy]] ([[BJP]]) [[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) [[Etela Rajender]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title2 = [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|Mayor]]
| leader_name2 = Vacant
| blank2_name = {{nowrap|Official languages}}
| blank2_info = {{hlist|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]]}}
| website = {{URL|www.ghmc.gov.in}}
| official_name =
| blank_name_sec2 = [[International airport]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]] (HYD)
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Rapid transit]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Hyderabad Metro]]
}}

'''Hyderabad'''{{efn|{{Indic Transl|te|Haidarābād|ˈɦaɪ̯dəɾaːbaːd|Hyderabad.ogg}}; {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|حيدرآباد}}}} {{IPA|ur|ˈɦɛːd(ə)ɾɑːbaːd|langpron}}}} is the capital and largest city of the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. It occupies {{cvt|650|km2|sqmi}} on the [[Deccan Plateau]] along the banks of the [[Musi River (India)|Musi River]], in the northern part of [[Southern India]]. With an average altitude of {{cvt|536|m|ft}}, much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around [[Lakes in Hyderabad|artificial lakes]], including the [[Hussain Sagar]] lake, predating the city's founding, in the north of the city centre. According to the [[2011 census of India]], Hyderabad is the [[List of cities in India by population|fourth-most populous city in India]] with a population of {{nowrap|6.9 million}} residents within the city limits, and has a population of {{nowrap|9.7 million}} residents in the [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Region|metropolitan region]], making it the [[List of metropolitan areas in India|sixth-most populous metropolitan area]] in India.

The Qutb Shahi dynasty's [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]] established Hyderabad in 1591 to extend the capital beyond the [[Golconda Fort|fortified Golconda]]. In 1687, [[Siege of Golconda|the city was annexed]] by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. In 1724, [[Asaf Jah I]], the [[Viceroy of the Deccan|Mughal viceroy]], declared his sovereignty and founded the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]], also known as the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams]]. Hyderabad served as the imperial capital of the Asaf Jahis from 1769 to 1948. As the capital of the [[Hyderabad State|princely state of Hyderabad]], the city housed the [[British Residency, Hyderabad|British Residency]] and [[Secunderabad Cantonment Board|cantonment]] until [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]] in 1947. [[Annexation of Hyderabad|Hyderabad was annexed]] by the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] in 1948 and continued as a capital of [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]] from 1948 to 1956. After [[Gentlemen's Agreement of 1956|the introduction]] of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation Act of 1956]], Hyderabad was made the capital of the [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|newly formed Andhra Pradesh]]. In 2014, [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|Andhra Pradesh was split]] to form the state of Telangana, and Hyderabad became the joint capital of the two states until 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyderabad ceases to be common capital of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-common-capital-andhra-pradesh-telangana-9367023/ |work=The Indian Express |agency=PTI |date=2 June 2024 |access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref> Since 1956, the city has housed the [[Rashtrapati Nilayam]], the winter office of the [[president of India]].

Relics of the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras remain visible today; the [[Charminar]] has come to symbolise the city. By the end of the early modern era, the Mughal Empire had declined in the Deccan, and the Nizam's patronage attracted men of letters from various parts of the world. [[Culture of Hyderabad|A distinctive culture]] arose from the amalgamation of local and migrated artisans, with [[Deccan painting|painting]], [[Bidriware|handicraft]], [[Jewels of the Nizams of Hyderabad|jewellery]], [[Deccani Masnavi|literature]], [[Deccani language|dialect]] and [[Clothing of Hyderabad, India|clothing]] prominent even today. For [[Hyderabadi cuisine|its cuisine]], the city is listed as a [[City of Gastronomy|creative city of gastronomy]] by [[UNESCO]]. The [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film industry]] based in the city is the highest-grossing film industry in India {{as of|2021|lc=on}}.

Until the {{nowrap|19th century}}, Hyderabad was known for its [[Hyderabad pearls|pearl industry]] and was nicknamed the "City of Pearls", and was the only trading centre for [[Golconda diamonds]] in the world. Many of the city's historical and traditional [[bazaar]]s remain open. Hyderabad's central location between the [[Deccan Plateau]] and the [[Western Ghats]], and industrialisation throughout the {{nowrap|20th century}} attracted major Indian research, manufacturing, educational and financial institutions. Since the 1990s, the city has emerged as an [[Genome Valley|Indian hub of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology]] and information technology. The formation of the [[special economic zone]]s of [[Hardware Park, Hyderabad|Hardware Park]] and [[HITEC City]], dedicated to information technology, has encouraged leading multinationals to set up operations in Hyderabad.

{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== History ==
{{Main|History of Hyderabad}}

=== Toponymy ===


The name ''Hyderabad'' means "Haydar's City" or "Lion City", from ''[[Haydar]]'' 'lion' and ''[[-abad|ābād]]'' 'city', after [[Caliph]] [[Ali Ibn Abi Talib]], also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battle.<ref name="Everett-Heath2005">{{cite book |title=Concise dictionary of world place names |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=223 |isbn=978-0-19-860537-9 |last=Everett-Heath |first=John |year=2005}}</ref> The city was originally called ''Baghnagar'' (city of gardens).<ref name="AnPet">{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Islamic architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr |url-access=registration |publisher=Routledge |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr/page/112 112] |isbn=978-0-415-06084-4 |last=Petersen |first=Andrew |year=1996 |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Holister">{{cite book |title=The Shia of India |url=https://insideismailism.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/shia-of-india-1953-john-norman-hollister_txt.pdf |publisher=Luzac and company limited |last=Holister |first=John Norman |pages=120–125 |year=1953 |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010135146/https://insideismailism.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/shia-of-india-1953-john-norman-hollister_txt.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The European travellers [[Heinrich von Poser|von Poser]] and [[Jean de Thévenot|Thévenot]] found both names in use in the 17th century.<ref name="Lach&Kley">{{cite book |title=Asia in the Making of Europe |volume=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YPPiumz4vx0C |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=? |isbn=978-0-226-46768-9 |last1=Lach |first1=Donald F |last2=Kley |first2=Edwin J. Van |year=1993 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303193015/https://books.google.com/books?id=YPPiumz4vx0C& |archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="TH-Hyd name">{{cite news |title=The city of love: Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-city-of-love-Hyderabad/article15474440.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=7 October 2016 |access-date=9 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207155308/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-city-of-love-Hyderabad/article15474440.ece |archive-date=7 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="McCann(1994)">{{cite book |title=Rights at work: pay equity reform and the politics of legal mobilization |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-55571-3 |last=McCann |first=Michael W. |year=1994}}</ref>{{rp|6}}

A popular legend suggests that the founder of the city, [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]], named it ''Bhagya-nagar'' ("fortunate city")<ref name="Bernier">{{Cite book |first=Francois |last=Bernier |title=Travels in the Mogul Empire, 1656–1668 |publisher=Archibald Constable |year=1891 |edition=1st |location=London |page=19 |url=https://archive.org/details/travelsinmogulem00bernuoft/page/18/mode/2up}}</ref> after [[Bhagmati]], a local ''[[nautch]]'' (dancing girl) whom he married. She converted to [[Islam]] and adopted the title ''Hyder Mahal'', the city being subsequently named ''Hyderabad'' in her honour.<ref name="McCann(1994)" />{{rp|6}}<ref name="Hyderabad_and_Bhagmati">{{cite book |title=The march of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5AhAQAAMAAJ |access-date=7 January 2013 |year=1959 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |page=89 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103024703/http://books.google.com/books?id=d5AhAQAAMAAJ |archive-date=3 January 2014}}
* {{cite book |title=Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |pages=14–15 |isbn=978-81-260-0233-7 |last=Khan |first=Masud Ḥusain |year=1996}}
* {{cite book |title=With respect to sex: negotiating hijra identity in south India |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=6 |isbn=978-0-226-70755-6 |last=Reddy |first=Gayatri |year=2005}}
* {{cite book |title=The colors of violence: cultural identities, religion, and conflict |url=https://archive.org/details/colorsofviolence00kaka |url-access=registration |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/colorsofviolence00kaka/page/23 23] |isbn=978-0-226-42284-8 |last=Kakar |first=Sudhir |year=1996}}</ref>

In the year 1597, Hyderabad gained the [[epithet]] ''Farkhunda Bunyad'' ({{Literal translation|Of Auspicious Foundation}}). Following the [[Siege of Golconda|Mughal conquest of Hyderabad]], emperor [[Aurangzeb]] changed the epithet to ''Dar-ul-Jihad'' ({{Literal translation|Abode of Holy War}}), a title which appears on coins minted in the city during the reigns of Aurangzeb and [[Kam Bakhsh]]. The later Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam I|Shah Alam]] returned the city to its older epithet of ''Farkhunda Bunyad'', and consequently Mughal coins of Shah Alam and [[Muhammad Shah]] feature this title as the city's mint-name.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bilgrami |first=Syed Ali Asgar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgo97XF0XuYC |title=Landmarks of the Deccan |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1992 |isbn=8120605438 |pages=17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Robert Pilkington |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjYaAAAAIAAJ |title=The Dominions, Emblems, and Coins of the South Indian Dynasties |date=1913 |publisher=Harrison |pages=86–87 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Early and medieval history ===
{| role="Historical affiliations" class="wikitable mw-collapsible autocollapse"
| Historical affiliations
|-
|
* {{flagicon image|Qutbshahi Flag.svg}} [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda Sultanate]] 1518–1687
:(inception of Hyderabad city in 1591)
* {{flagicon image|Captured flag of the Mughal Empire (1857).png}} [[Mughal Empire]] 1687–1724
* {{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg}} [[Nizam State]] 1724–1948
* {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Republic of India]] 1948 onwards
:[[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]] 1948–1956
:[[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] 1956–2014
:[[Telangana]] since 2014
|}
The discovery of [[Megalithic]] burial sites and [[Hasmathpet cairns|cairn circles]] in the [[suburb]]s of Hyderabad, in 1851 by [[Philip Meadows Taylor]], a [[polymath]] in the service of the Nizam, had provided evidence that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited since the [[South Asian Stone Age|Stone Age]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Prehistoric and megalithic cairns vanish from capital's landscape |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/prehistoric-and-megalithic-cairns-vanish-from-capitals-landscape/articleshow/59696497.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 July 2017 |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921010650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/prehistoric-and-megalithic-cairns-vanish-from-capitals-landscape/articleshow/59696497.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="yimene">{{cite book |title=An African Indian community in Hyderabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C |last=Yimene |first=Ababu Minda |year=2004 |publisher=Cuvillier Verlag |page=2 |isbn=978-3-86537-206-2 |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024075422/https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed [[Iron Age]] sites that may date from 500 [[BCE]].<ref name="Hyd_BC">{{cite news |title=Iron Age burial site discovered |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/10/stories/2008091058090100.htm |last=Venkateshwarlu |first=K. |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 September 2008 |access-date=7 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110234947/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/10/stories/2008091058090100.htm |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was ruled by the [[Chalukya dynasty]] from 624 [[Common Era|CE]] to 1075 CE.<ref name="kolluru">{{cite book |title=Inscriptions of the minor Chalukya dynasties of Andhra Pradesh |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=1 |isbn=978-81-7099-216-5 |last=Kolluru |first=Suryanarayana |year=1993}}</ref> Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golconda—now part of Hyderabad—came under the control of the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] from 1158, whose seat of power was at [[Warangal]]—{{cvt|148|km|mi|0}} northeast of modern Hyderabad.<ref name="Golctime">{{harvtxt|Sardar, Golconda through Time|2007|pp=19–41}}</ref> The Kakatiya ruler [[Ganapatideva]] (1199–1262) built a [[Hilltop castle|hilltop]] [[Outpost (military)|outpost]]—later known as [[Golconda Fort]]—to defend their western region.<ref name="yimene" />

The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the [[Khalji dynasty]] in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. This lasted until 1321 when the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed by [[Malik Kafur]], Khalji's general.<ref name="medival India">{{cite book |title=Historical dictionary of medieval India |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |pages=85 and 141 |isbn=978-0-8108-5503-8 |last=Khan |first=Iqtidar Alam |year=2008}}</ref> During this period, Khalji took the ''[[Koh-i-Noor]]'' diamond, which is said to have been mined from the [[Kollur Mine]]s of Golconda, to Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Heritage Golconda diamond up for auction at Sotheby's |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Heritage-Golconda-diamond-up-for-auction-at-Sothebys/articleshow/12077925.cms |last=Ghose |first=Archana Khare |date=29 February 2012 |access-date=1 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510184349/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-29/hyderabad/31109972_1_heritage-golconda-type-iia-golconda-diamond |archive-date=10 May 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325, bringing Warangal under the rule of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]]; [[Malik Maqbul Tilangani]] was appointed its governor. In 1336 the regional chieftains [[Musunuri Nayakas]]—who revolted against the Delhi sultanate in 1333—took Warangal under their direct control and declared it as their capital.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Delhi Sultanate |chapter=Muhammad Bin Tughluq |pages=61–89 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar |year=1967 |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> In 1347 when [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]], a governor under bin Tughluq, rebelled against Delhi and established the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] in the [[Deccan Plateau]], with [[Gulbarga]]—{{cvt|200|km|mi|0}} west of Hyderabad—as its capital, both the neighbouring rulers Musunuri Nayakas of Warangal and Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga engaged in many wars until 1364–65 when a peace treaty was signed and the Musunuri Nayakas ceded Golconda Fort to the Bahmani Sultan. The Bahmani Sultans ruled the region until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.{{sfn|Prasad, History of the Andhras|1988|p=172}}{{sfn|Sardar, Golconda through Time|2007|p=20}}<ref name="Mainak">{{cite book |title=Perception, Design and Ecology of the Built Environment: A Focus on the Global South |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyTMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA504 |publisher=Springer Nature |page=504 |isbn=978-3-030-25879-5 |last=Ghosh |first=Mainak |year=2020 |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024075415/https://books.google.com/books?id=hyTMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA504#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Govardhan II, Visit of sufi-singer Shir Muhammad to Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, ca. 1720, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris.jpg|thumb|right|A 17th century [[Deccan painting|Deccani School]] miniature of [[Qutb Shahi]] ruler [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]] with Sufi singers in the ''[[Mehfil]]''-("gathering to entertain or praise someone").|alt=A deccani style of painting of the last Qutb Shahi ruler Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]]

In 1496 [[Quli Qutb Shah|Sultan Quli]] was appointed as a Bahmani governor of Telangana. He rebuilt, expanded and [[Fortification|fortified]] the old mud fort of Golconda and named the city "Muhammad Nagar". In 1518, he revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]].<ref name="Golctime" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad through the ages |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/br/2002/05/28/stories/2002052800050300.htm |last=Nayeem |first=M.A |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 May 2002 |access-date=18 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604122609/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/br/2002/05/28/stories/2002052800050300.htm |archive-date=4 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Golconda |url=http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~islamarc/WebPage1/htm_eng/index/map_e.htm |last=Matsuo |first=Ara |publisher=University of Tokyo |date=22 November 2005 |access-date=18 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613080243/http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~islamarc/WebPage1/htm_eng/index/map_e.htm |archive-date=13 June 2013}}</ref> The fifth Qutb Shahi sultan, [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]], established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591,<ref name="James">{{cite book |title=Historical dictionary of the British empire |publisher=Greenwood Press |page=544 |isbn=978-0-313-27917-1 |last1=Olson |first1=James Stuart |last2=Shadle |first2=Robert |year=1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Zad93Q6KZOuM4jrH99qaeN/Opinion--A-Hyderabadi-conundrum.html |title=Opinion A Hyderabadi conundrum |date=15 November 2018 |access-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115151348/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Zad93Q6KZOuM4jrH99qaeN/Opinion--A-Hyderabadi-conundrum.html |archive-date=15 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> to avoid water shortages experienced at Golconda.<ref>{{cite book |title=Developments in administration under H.E.H. the Nizam VII |publisher=Osmania University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWYeAAAAMAAJ |page=243 |year=1984 |editor1-first=Shamim |editor1-last=Aleem |editor2-last=Aleem |editor2-first=M. Aabdul |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-date=16 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216141226/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWYeAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> During his rule, he had the [[Charminar]] and [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]] built in the city.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of India |publisher=Smriti Books |page=61 |isbn=978-81-87967-71-2 |last=Bansal |first=Sunita Pant |year=2005}}</ref> On 21 September 1687, the Golconda Sultanate came under the rule of the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] after a [[Siege of Golconda|year-long siege]] of the Golconda Fort.<ref name="Richards1">{{cite journal |title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707 |first=J. F. |last=Richards |year=1975 |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |pages=241–260 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996 |volume=9 |issue=2 |s2cid=142989123 |issn=0026-749X}}</ref><ref name="Waldemar Hansen">{{cite book |title=The Peacock throne: the drama of Mogul India |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |pages=168 and 471 |isbn=978-81-208-0225-4 |last=Hansen |first=Waldemar |year=1972}}</ref> The annexed city "Hyderabad" was renamed ''Darul Jihad'' (House of War),<ref name="TH&Journal">{{cite news |title=Living Hyderabad: drum house on the hillock |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/living-hyderabad-drum-house-on-the-hillock/article21571851.ece |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 December 2017 |access-date=19 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226211248/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/living-hyderabad-drum-house-on-the-hillock/article21571851.ece |archive-date=26 February 2021}}</ref> whereas the main territories of the Golconda Sultanate were incorporated into the Mughal empire as the province [[Hyderabad Subah]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=J. F. |date=1975 |title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/311962 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=241–260 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996 |jstor=311962 |s2cid=142989123 |issn=0026-749X |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326024944/https://www.jstor.org/stable/311962 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mughal rule in Hyderabad was administered by three main governors: [[Jan Sipar Khan]] (1688–1700), his son [[Rustam Dil Khan]] (1700–13) and [[Mubariz Khan]] (1713–24).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Michell |first=George |title=Architecture and art of the Deccan sultanates |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Mark Zebrowski |isbn=978-0-511-46884-1 |location=Cambridge |pages=210 |oclc=268771115}}</ref>

=== Modern history ===
In 1713, Mughal emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] appointed [[Mubariz Khan]] as Governor of Hyderabad. During his tenure, he [[City Wall of Hyderabad|fortified the city]] and controlled the internal and neighbouring threats.<ref name="Richards">{{cite book |title=The Mughal Empire, Part 1 |volume=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |pages=279–281 |last=Richards |first=John.F. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529043831/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1714 Farrukhsiyar appointed [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Asaf Jah I]] as [[Viceroy of the Deccan]]—(administrator of six Mughal governorates) with the title ''Nizam-ul-Mulk'' (Administrator of the Realm). In 1721, he was appointed as Prime Minister of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="Mehta&Roy">{{cite book |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707–1813 |publisher=Sterling Publishing |page=143 |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |year=2005}}
* {{cite book |title=Holy Ignorance: When Religion and Culture Part Ways |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=95 |isbn=978-0-231-80042-6 |last=Roy |first=Olivier |year=2011}}</ref> His differences with the court nobles led him to resign from all the imperial responsibilities in 1723 and leave for Deccan.<ref name="Mehta">{{cite book |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707–1813 |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |page=143 |year=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishing |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6}}</ref><ref name="Roy">{{cite book |title=Holy Ignorance: When Religion and Culture Part Ways |last=Roy |first=Olivier |page=95 |year=2011 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-80042-6}}</ref> Under the influence of Asaf Jah I's opponents, Mughal Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] issued a decree to [[Mubariz Khan]], to stop Asaf Jah I which resulted in the [[Battle of Shakar Kheda]].<ref name="Mehta" />{{rp|93–94}} In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the ''[[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]'', named the region ''[[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad Deccan]]'', and started what came to be known as the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]]. Subsequent rulers retained the title ''Nizam ul-Mulk'' and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams, or [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams of Hyderabad]].<ref name="Richards" /><ref name="columbia&TOI">{{cite book |last=Ikram |first=S. M. |title=Muslim civilization in India |publisher=Columbia University |year=1969 |orig-year=1964 |isbn=978-0-231-02580-5 |editor-last=Embree |editor-first=Ainslie T |editor-link=Ainslie Embree |chapter=A century of political decline: 1707–1803 |author-link=S. M. Ikram |access-date=8 October 2011 |chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_19.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002641/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_19.html |archive-date=6 March 2012 |url-status=live}} 
{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Sushil |date=11 December 2009 |title=Testing time again for the pearl of Deccan |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Testing-time-again-for-the-Pearl-of-Deccan/articleshow/5324913.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |access-date=22 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910232115/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Testing-time-again-for-the-Pearl-of-Deccan/articleshow/5324913.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015 }}</ref> The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons and grandson—[[Nasir Jung]] (1748–1750), [[Muzaffar Jang Hidayat|Muzaffar Jang]] (1750–1751) and [[Salabat Jung]] (1751–1762)—contended for the throne backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. The accession of [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Asaf Jah II]], who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the [[Treaty of Masulipatam]]—by which the [[East India Company]] in return for a fixed annual rent, got the right to control and collect the taxes at [[Coromandel Coast]].<ref name="Reg Sal Geo">{{cite book |title=Nizam-British relations, 1724–1857 |publisher=Concept Publishing |pages=130–150 |isbn=978-81-7022-195-1 |last=Regani |first=Sarojini |year=1988}}
* {{cite book |title=A comprehensive history of medieval India |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |page=346 |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |last=Farooqui |first=Salma Ahmed |year=2011}}
* {{cite book |title=An historical sketch of the native states of India in subsidiary alliance with the British government |publisher=Asian Education Services |pages=280–292 |isbn=978-81-206-1971-5 |last=Malleson |first=George Bruce |year=2005}}
* {{cite book |title=The annals of Indian administration, Volume 14 |publisher=BiblioBazaar |page=467 |isbn=978-1-145-42314-5 |last=Townsend |first=Meredith |year=2010}}</ref>
[[File:NSR Hyderabad doubledecker bus. AlbionCX19.jpg|thumb|right|152px|A picture of a doubledecker bus in Hyderabad in the 1940s. [[Nizam State Railways - Road Transport Division|Bus services]] were introduced in Hyderabad by 1932]]
In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Asaf Jahi Nizams.<ref name="Richards" /><ref name="columbia&TOI" /> In response to regular threats from [[Hyder Ali]] (Dalwai of [[Mysore]]), [[Baji Rao I]] ([[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]]), and Basalath Jung (Asaf Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by [[French India|French]] General the [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau]]), the Nizam signed a [[subsidiary alliance]] with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the [[British Indian Army]] to be stationed at [[Bolarum]] (modern [[Secunderabad]]) to protect the state's capital, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.<ref name="Reg Sal Geo" />

Until 1874 there were no modern industries in Hyderabad. With the introduction of railways in the 1880s, four factories were built to the south and east of [[Hussain Sagar]] lake,<ref>{{cite web |title=The mills, Hyderabad. |url=https://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/92037/_http___www_bl_uk_onlinegallery_onlineex_apac_photocoll_t_zoomify62268_html.html?start=6&query= |year=2013 |website=[[Europeana]] |last=Dayal |first=Deen |access-date=31 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224338/http://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/92037/_http___www_bl_uk_onlinegallery_onlineex_apac_photocoll_t_zoomify62268_html.html?start=6&query= |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> and during the early 20th century, Hyderabad was transformed into a modern city with the establishment of [[Nizam State Railways - Road Transport Division|transport services]], underground drainage, running water, [[Hussain Sagar Thermal Power Station|electricity]], telecommunications, universities, industries, and [[Begumpet Airport]]. The [[Nizams]] ruled the [[princely state]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] during the [[British Raj]].<ref name="Richards" /><ref name="columbia&TOI" />

==== Post-Independence ====
[[File:Hyderabad mills.jpg|thumb|A mill with a canal connecting to Hussain Sagar lake. Following the introduction of railways in the 1880s, factories were built around the lake.|alt=Sepia photograph of buildings around the water canal]]
After India [[Indian independence movement|gained independence]], the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent rather than become part of the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] or newly formed [[Dominion of Pakistan]].<ref name="Reg Sal Geo" /> The Hyderabad State Congress, with the support of the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Communist Party of India]], began agitating against [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII|Nizam VII]] in 1948. On 17 September that year, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed [[Annexation of Hyderabad|Operation Polo]]. With the defeat of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an [[Instrument of Accession]], which made him the ''[[Rajpramukh]]'' (Princely Governor) of the state until it was abolished on 31 October 1956.<ref name="columbia&TOI" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Momentous day for lovers of freedom, democracy |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/17/stories/2004091706840400.htm |last=Venkateshwarlu |first=K |date=17 September 2004 |access-date=23 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817055717/http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/17/stories/2004091706840400.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=17 August 2012}}</ref>

Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the [[Telangana Rebellion|Telangana uprising]] against the [[Indian feudalism|feudal]] lords of the [[Telangana region]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Affirming life and diversity |publisher=Pragati Offset |pages=1–10 |isbn=978-1-84369-674-2 |last1=Sathees |first1=P.V. |last2=Pimbert |first2=Michel |last3=The DDS Community Media Trust |year=2008}}</ref> The [[Constitution of India]], which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the [[part B states]] of India, with Hyderabad city continuing to be the capital.<ref>{{cite news |title=Demand for states along linguistic lines gained momentum in the '50s |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demand-for-states-along-linguistic-lines-gained-momentum-in-the-50s/articleshow/7250365.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 January 2011 |access-date=31 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910201915/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demand-for-states-along-linguistic-lines-gained-momentum-in-the-50s/articleshow/7250365.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> In his 1955 report ''Thoughts on Linguistic States'', [[B. R. Ambedkar]], then chairman of the [[Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution]], proposed designating the city of Hyderabad as the [[second capital]] of India because of its amenities and strategic central location.<ref name="Mahesh Ambedkar">{{cite book |title=The Architect of Modern India Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |pages=132–133 |isbn=978-81-288-0954-5 |last=Ambedkar |first=Mahesh |year=2005}}</ref>

On 1 November 1956 the states of India [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|were reorganised]] by language. Hyderabad state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to form [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]]. The nine [[Telugu language|Telugu]]- and [[Urdu]]-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking [[Andhra State]] to create Andhra Pradesh,<ref>{{cite book |title=Multi-sited ethnography: theory, praxis and locality in contemporary research |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |pages=165–166 |isbn=978-0-7546-9144-0 |last=Falzon |first=Mark-Anthony |year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Police in India |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |page=142 |isbn=978-81-7156-628-0 |last=Chande |first=M. B |year=1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Living together, separately |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/living-together-separately/article4358004.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |date=30 January 2013 |access-date=5 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053616/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/living-together-separately/article4358004.ece |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the [[Telangana movement]], attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Telangana movement has sparked political turf war in Andhra |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/how-telangana-movement-has-sparked-political-turf-war-in-andhra/20111005.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=5 October 2011 |access-date=19 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123122405/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/how-telangana-movement-has-sparked-political-turf-war-in-andhra/20111005.htm |archive-date=23 January 2012}}</ref> On 30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal,<ref>{{cite news |last=Naqshbandi |first=Aurangzeb |date=31 July 2013 |title=Telangana at last: India gets a new state, demand for other states gets a boost |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangana-at-last-india-gets-a-new-state-clamour-for-other-states-grow/article1-1100983.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125041752/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangana-at-last-india-gets-a-new-state-clamour-for-other-states-grow/article1-1100983.aspx |archive-date=25 January 2014 |access-date=31 July 2013 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}

* {{cite web |date=3 October 2013 |title=Creation of a new state of Telangana by bifurcating the existing State of Andhra Pradesh |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=99854 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214211/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=99854 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=3 October 2013 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}
* {{cite web |date=6 October 2013 |title=Text of Cabinet note on Telangana |url=http://epaper.thehansindia.com/PUBLICATIONS/THEHANSINDIA/THI/2013/10/06/ArticleHtmls/Text-of-Cabinet-Note-on-Telangana-06102013007003.shtml?Mode=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013165402/http://epaper.thehansindia.com/PUBLICATIONS/THEHANSINDIA/THI/2013/10/06/ArticleHtmls/Text-of-Cabinet-Note-on-Telangana-06102013007003.shtml?Mode=1 |archive-date=13 October 2013 |access-date=7 October 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> and in February 2014 both houses of [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] [[Act of Parliament|passed]] the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|Telangana Bill]]. With the final assent of the President of India, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014.

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Hyderabad}}
[[File:Hyderabad, India ESA392443.jpg|thumb|A satellite view of Hyderabad captured by [[Sentinel-2A]], the yellow and brown colours feature the city core, the light green shows [[Aridity|arid fields]] and the dark green depicts vegetation. The Musi River and its adjacent small water bodies are highlighted with a blue colour.<ref name="ESA">{{cite web |title=Hyderabad, India |url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2018/04/Hyderabad_India |work=[[European Space Agency]] |date=13 April 2018 |access-date=3 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011083016/https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2018/04/Hyderabad_India |url-status=live}}</ref>|alt=A Large colourful image representing the Hyderabad city's geographical area]]
Hyderabad is {{cvt|1566|km}} south of [[Delhi]], {{cvt|699| km}} southeast of [[Mumbai]], and {{cvt|570|km}} north of [[Bangalore]] by road.<ref>{{cite Google Maps |url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=17.366,78.476&spn=0.1,0.1&t=h&q=17.366,78.476 |access-date=6 January 2013}}</ref> It is situated in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India,<ref name="Hyderabad_tg_location">{{cite journal |title=Consecutive days maximum rainfall analysis by gumbel's extreme value distributions for southern Telangana |url=http://www.tnsroindia.org.in/JOURNAL/FULL%20TEXT%20ISSUE%207.pdf |last1=Momin |first1=Umar farooque |last2=Kulkarni |first2=Prasad.S |last3=Horaginamani |first3=Sirajuddin M |last4=M |first4=Ravichandran |last5=Patel |first5=Adamsab M |last6=Kousar |first6=Hina |volume=2 |issue=7 |page=411 |journal=Indian Journal of Natural Sciences |year=2011 |issn=0976-0997 |access-date=11 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608085835/http://www.tnsroindia.org.in/JOURNAL/FULL%20TEXT%20ISSUE%207.pdf |archive-date=8 June 2015}}</ref> along the banks of the [[Musi River (India)|Musi River]], a tributary of [[Krishna River]] located on the [[Deccan Plateau]] in the northern part of South India.<ref name=area>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/New-geographical-map-of-Hyderabad-released/articleshow/45543021.cms |title=New geographical map of Hyderabad released |date=17 December 2014 |access-date=12 April 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303140652/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/New-geographical-map-of-Hyderabad-released/articleshow/45543021.cms |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/greaterhyd.asp |website=ghmc.gov.in |access-date=23 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224338/http://www.ghmc.gov.in/greaterhyd.asp |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Hyderabad_Geo">{{cite web |title=Physical Feature |url=http://www.apind.gov.in/Library/District/hyderabad.pdf |work=AP Government |year=2002 |access-date=4 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416235458/http://www.apind.gov.in/Library/District/hyderabad.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2012}}</ref> Greater Hyderabad covers {{cvt|650|km2|sqmi}}, making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India.<ref name=":0" /> With an average altitude of {{cvt|536|m|ft|0}}, Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pink [[granite]], dotted with small hills, the highest being [[Banjara Hills]] at {{cvt|672|m|ft|0}}.<ref name="Hyderabad_Geo" /> [[Hyderabad city lakes|The city has numerous lakes]] sometime referred to as ''sagar'', meaning "sea". Examples include artificial lakes created by dams on the Musi, such as Hussain Sagar (built-in 1562 near the city centre), [[Osman Sagar]] and [[Himayat Sagar]].<ref name="Hyderabad_Geo" /><ref name="rainwaterharvesting">{{cite web |title=Water sources and water supply |url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/hussain_sagar/hussainsagar%202.pdf |work=rainwaterharvesting.org |page=2 |year=2005 |access-date=20 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111100030/http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/hussain_sagar/hussainsagar%202.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref> {{As of|1996}}, the city had 140 lakes and 834 water tanks (ponds).<ref name="Sreoshi Singh">{{cite web |title=Water security in peri-urban south Asia |url=http://saciwaters.org/periurban/Scoping_Study_Report_Hyderabad.pdf |first=Sreoshi |last=Singh |publisher=South Asia Consortium for Interdisciplinary Water Resources Studies |year=2010 |access-date=18 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235407/http://saciwaters.org/periurban/Scoping_Study_Report_Hyderabad.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2012}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Hyderabad has a [[tropical savanna climate|tropical wet and dry climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Aw'') bordering on a hot [[semi-arid climate]] (Köppen ''BSh'').<ref>{{cite book |title=Climate and food security |publisher=International Rice Research Institute |page=[https://archive.org/details/climatefoodsecur0000inte/page/348 348] |year=1987 |isbn=978-971-10-4210-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/climatefoodsecur0000inte/page/348}}
* {{cite book |title=The ecology of tropical food crops |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=249–251 |isbn=978-0-521-41062-5 |last1=Norman |first1=Michael John Thornley |first2=C.J |last2=Pearson |first3=P.G.E |last3=Searle |year=1995}}</ref> The annual mean temperature is {{cvt|26.6|C|F|1}}; monthly mean temperatures are {{cvt|21|–|33|C|F|0}}.<ref name="weatherbase hyd">{{cite web |title=Weatherbase entry for Hyderabad |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=82134&units=metric |publisher=Canty and Associates LLC |access-date=13 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030043855/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=82134&units=metric |archive-date=30 October 2013}}</ref> Summers (March–June) are hot and dry, with average highs in the mid-to-high 30s Celsius;<ref name="imd hyd">{{cite web |title=Hyderabad |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/extreme/hyderabad2.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=13 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110233943/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/extreme/hyderabad2.htm |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> maximum temperatures often exceed {{cvt|40|C|F}} between April and June.<ref name="weatherbase hyd" /> The coolest temperatures occur in December and January when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to {{cvt|10|C|F|0}}.<ref name="weatherbase hyd" /> May is the hottest month when daily temperatures range from {{cvt|26-39|C}}; December, the coldest, has temperatures varying from {{cvt|14.5-28|C}}.<ref name="imd hyd" />

Heavy rain from the [[Southwest monsoon|south-west summer monsoon]] falls between June and October, supplying Hyderabad with most of its mean annual rainfall.<ref name="imd hyd" /> Since records began in November 1891, the heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period was {{cvt|241.5|mm|in|0}} on 24 August 2000. The highest temperature ever recorded was {{cvt|45.5|C|0}} on 2 June 1966, and the lowest was {{cvt|6.1|C|0}} on 8 January 1946.<ref>{{cite web |title=Extreme weather events Overall |url=http://www.imdhyderabad.gov.in/tssite/tlngextwx.htm |publisher=Meteorological Centre, Hyderabad |date=December 2013 |access-date=6 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140911/http://www.imdhyderabad.gov.in/tssite/tlngextwx.htm |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> The city receives 2,731 hours of sunshine per year; maximum daily [[Insolation|sunlight exposure]] occurs in February.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical weather for Hyderabad, India |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=82134&refer=&units=metric |publisher=Weatherbase |access-date=3 October 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204143148/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=82134&refer=&units=metric |archive-date=4 December 2011}}</ref>

{{Hyderabad weatherbox}}Hyderabad has been ranked 21st best "National Clean Air City" (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results'<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |access-date=19 September 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914164336/https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Conservation ===
[[File:Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)- Male & female in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 7268.jpg|thumb|right|[[Blackbuck]]s grazing at [[Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park]] | alt=Three antelopes]]

Hyderabad's lakes and the sloping terrain of its low-lying hills provide habitat for an assortment of flora and fauna. {{As of|2016}}, the tree cover is 1.7% of the total city area, a decrease from 2.7% in 1996.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bats seen in the day? Experts blame habitat loss |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Bats-seen-in-the-day-Experts-blame-habitat-loss/articleshow/53732842.cms |last=Tadepalli |first=Siddharth |newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 August 2016 |access-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817172152/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Bats-seen-in-the-day-Experts-blame-habitat-loss/articleshow/53732842.cms |archive-date=17 August 2016}}</ref> The forest region in and around the city encompasses areas of ecological and biological importance, which are preserved in the form of [[national park]]s, [[zoo]]s, mini-zoos and a [[wildlife sanctuary]]. [[Nehru Zoological Park]], the city's largest zoo, is the first in India to have a lion and tiger [[safari park]]. Hyderabad has three national parks ([[Mrugavani National Park]], [[Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park]] and [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park]]), and the [[Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary]] is about {{cvt|50|km|mi|0}} from the city.

The other environmental reserves of Hyderabad are [[Hyderabad Botanical Garden|Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens]], [[Ameenpur Lake]], [[Shamirpet Lake]], [[Hussain Sagar]], [[Fox Sagar Lake]], [[Mir Alam Tank]] and [[Patancheru Lake]], which is home to regional birds and attracts seasonal [[Bird migration|migratory birds]] from different parts of the world.<ref name="hyd-wildlife">{{cite web |title=Annual administration report 2011–2012 |url=http://www.forests.ap.gov.in/pdf/AAR/AAR11-12.pdf |page=78 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh Forest Department]] |access-date=31 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224338/http://www.forests.ap.gov.in/pdf/AAR/AAR11-12.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2016}}
* {{cite web |title=Nehru Zoological Park |url=http://www.hydzoo.com/about-the-zoo.html |publisher=[[Nehru Zoological Park]] |access-date=11 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508173049/http://www.hydzoo.com/about-the-zoo.html |archive-date=8 May 2017}}
* {{cite web |title=Search Establishment |url=http://cza.nic.in/htmlreports/htmlsearchzoo.aspx |publisher=[[Central Zoo Authority of India]] |access-date=21 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909064232/http://cza.nic.in/htmlreports/htmlsearchzoo.aspx |archive-date=9 September 2013}}
* {{cite news |title=A study in green |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/11/stories/2003061100390100.htm |last=Seshan |first=K.S.S |date=11 June 2003 |access-date=21 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110234111/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/11/stories/2003061100390100.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=10 November 2013}}
* {{cite news |title=Govt mining policy destroying India's rich biodiversity:NGO |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Govt-mining-policy-destroying-Indias-rich-biodiversity-NGO/articleshow/16711337.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 October 2012 |access-date=21 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910201914/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Govt-mining-policy-destroying-Indias-rich-biodiversity-NGO/articleshow/16711337.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}
* {{cite news |title=No place for migratory birds in city |url=http://postnoon.com/2012/01/08/no-place-for-migratory-birds-in-city/17511 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126152841/http://postnoon.com/2012/01/08/no-place-for-migratory-birds-in-city/17511 |archive-date=26 November 2012 |last=Koka |first=Sudeshna |newspaper=PostNoon |date=8 January 2012 |access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> Organisations engaged in environmental and wildlife preservation include the [[Telangana Forest Department]],<ref>{{cite news |title=T'gana forest dept to develop 10 nature parks around Hy'bad |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/t-gana-forest-dept-to-develop-10-nature-parks-around-hy-bad-114100801046_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard |date=8 October 2014 |access-date=19 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219000626/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/t-gana-forest-dept-to-develop-10-nature-parks-around-hy-bad-114100801046_1.html |archive-date=19 February 2015}}</ref> [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]], the [[International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics]] (ICRISAT), the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]], the [[Blue Cross of Hyderabad]] and the [[University of Hyderabad]].<ref name="hyd-wildlife" />

== Administration ==
{{Main|Administration of Hyderabad}}

=== Common capital status ===
[[File:Hyderabad Town Hall.jpg|thumb|left|[[Telangana Legislature]] | alt=White building with multiple domes]]
According to the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014]] part 2 Section 5:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Telangana/AP%20Reorganisation%20Bill,%202014.pdf |title=AP Reorganisation Bill, 2014 |date=2014 |work=prsindia.org |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327124943/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Telangana/AP%20Reorganisation%20Bill,%202014.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2014}}</ref> "(1) On and from the appointed day, Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh, shall be the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years. (2) After the expiry of the period referred to in subsection (1), Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh."

The same sections also define that the common capital includes the existing area designated as the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] under the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955. As stipulated in sections 3 and 18(1) of the Reorganisation Act, city MLAs are members of the Telangana state assembly.

=== Local government ===
{{See also|Administrative divisions of Hyderabad}}
[[File:GHMC ZONES,CIRCLES,WARDS MAP DEC 2025.jpg|thumb|right|The GHMC is divided into six municipal zones]]
The [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] (GHMC) oversees the civic infrastructure of the city, there are six administrative zones of GHMC: South Zone–([[Charminar]]), East Zone–([[L. B. Nagar]]), West Zone–([[Serilingampally]]), North Zone–([[Kukatpally]]), Northeast Zone–([[Secunderabad]]) and Central Zone–([[Khairatabad]]); these zones consist of 30 "circles", which together encompass [[Administrative divisions of Hyderabad|150 municipal wards]]. Each ward is represented by a [[corporator]], elected by popular vote, {{as of|2020|lc=on}} the city has 7,400,000 voters of which 3,850,000 are male and 3,500,000 are female.<ref name="news18">{{cite news |title=Live Results: Greater Hyderabad Municipal Elections 2020 |url=https://www.news18.com/ghmc-election-results-2020-tally-live/ |newspaper=[[Network18 Group]] |year=2020 |access-date=13 September 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002074354/https://www.news18.com/ghmc-election-results-2020-tally-live/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The corporators elect the [[Mayor]], who is the [[Titular ruler|titular head]] of GHMC; executive powers rest with the Municipal Commissioner, appointed by the state government. The GHMC carries out the city's infrastructural work such as building and maintenance of roads and drains, town planning including construction regulation, maintenance of municipal markets and parks, solid waste management, the issuing of birth and death certificates, the issuing of trade licences, collection of property tax, and community welfare services such as mother and child healthcare, and pre-school and non-formal education.<ref name="citi charter">{{cite web |title=Citizen's charter |url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/tender%20pdfs/Citizen%20Charter-19.06.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717215758/http://www.ghmc.gov.in/tender%20pdfs/Citizen%20Charter-19.06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2013 |publisher=GHMC |access-date=31 July 2013}}</ref> The GHMC was formed in April 2007 by merging the [[Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad]] (MCH) with 12 municipalities of the [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]], [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]] and [[Medak district|Medak]] districts covering a total area of {{cvt|650|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Drinking water: issues in access and equity |url=http://jointactionforwater.org/sites/default/files/Hyderabad-Water-Briefing-paper-CR.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110235911/http://jointactionforwater.org/sites/default/files/Hyderabad-Water-Briefing-paper-CR.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |publisher=jointactionforwater.org |last=Ramachandraia |first=C |year=2009 |access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref>{{rp|3}} The [[Secunderabad Cantonment Board]] is a civic administration agency overseeing an area of {{cvt|40.1|km2|sqmi}},<ref name="Wba ci rep">{{cite web |title=Exploring urban growth management in three developing country cities |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1169585750379/Urban_Growth_June_2008.pdf |publisher=[[World Bank]] |date=15 June 2008 |access-date=6 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605133128/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1169585750379/Urban_Growth_June_2008.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref>{{rp|93}} where there are several military camps.<ref name="cgg Hyderabad 1">{{cite web |title=Survey of child labour in slums of Hyderabad: final report |url=http://cgg.gov.in/publicationdownloads/Survey%20of%20Child%20Labour%20in%20slums%20of%20Hyderabad.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629112955/http://cgg.gov.in/publicationdownloads/Survey%20of%20Child%20Labour%20in%20slums%20of%20Hyderabad.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2012 |publisher=Center for Good Governance, Hyderabad |date=17 December 2008 |access-date=16 May 2012}}</ref>{{rp|2}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Information hand book under right to information act Secunderabad cantonment board |url=http://scb.aponline.gov.in/SCBPortal/RTI-Act.pdf |publisher=[[Secunderabad Cantonment Board]] |page=6 |access-date=31 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110232944/http://scb.aponline.gov.in/SCBPortal/RTI-Act.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The [[Osmania University]] campus is administered independently by the university authority.<ref name="Wba ci rep" />{{rp|93}} Appointed in February 2021, [[Gadwal Vijayalakshmi]] of [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] (TRS) is serving as the mayor of GHMC.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mayor a highly educated and accomplished person |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/mayor-a-highly-educated-and-accomplished-person/article33814972.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222145640/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/mayor-a-highly-educated-and-accomplished-person/article33814972.ece |archive-date=22 February 2021}}</ref>

In Hyderabad [[Law enforcement agency|police]] jurisdiction is divided into three commissionerates: [[Hyderabad City Police|Hyderabad]] (established in 1847 AD, the oldest police commissionerate in India<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jafri |first=Syed Amin |date=22 September 2014 |title=Hyderabad city police poised for makeover |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-city-police-poised-for-makeover/articleshow/43109674.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=21 March 2025}}</ref>), [[Cyberabad Metropolitan Police|Cyberabad]], and [[Rachakonda Police Commissionerate|Rachakonda]], each headed by a [[Commissioner of Police (India)|commissioner of police]], who are [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officers. The Hyderabad police is a division of the [[Telangana Police]], under the state Home Ministry.<ref name="hp">{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://hyderabadpolice.gov.in/AboutUs.html |publisher=Hyderabad City Police |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609141301/https://hyderabadpolice.gov.in/AboutUs.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cp">{{cite web |title=Know your police station |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/who-will-control-law-and-order-in-hyderabad-after-formation-of-telangana/articleshow/26730958.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times |date=2 December 2013 |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525091908/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/who-will-control-law-and-order-in-hyderabad-after-formation-of-telangana/articleshow/26730958.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref>

The jurisdictions of the city's administrative agencies are, in ascending order of size: the Hyderabad Police area, Hyderabad district, the GHMC area ("Hyderabad city"), and the area under the [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]] (HMDA). The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs, extending to 54 ''[[Tehsil|mandals]]'' in five districts encircling the city. It coordinates the development activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration of bodies such as the [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board]] (HMWSSB).<ref name="HMDA1">{{cite web |title=Welcome to HMDA |url=http://www.hmda.gov.in/ |work=[[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]] |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208055156/http://www.hmda.gov.in/ |archive-date=8 February 2015}}</ref>

Hyderabad is the seat of the [[Government of Telangana]], [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] and the President of India's winter retreat [[Rashtrapati Nilayam]], as well as the [[Telangana High Court]] and various local government agencies. The Lower City Civil Court and the Metropolitan Criminal Court are under the jurisdiction of the High Court.<ref>{{cite web |title=Presidential Retreats |url=https://presidentofindia.nic.in/presidential-retreats.htm |work=[[National Informatics Centre]] |date=5 August 2019 |access-date=13 September 2021 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908052437/https://presidentofindia.nic.in/presidential-retreats.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="toi her">{{cite news |title=Advantage Telangana over immovable assets |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Advantage-Telangana-over-immovable-assets/articleshow/21521630.cms?referral=PM |last=Nagaraju |first=Jinka |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 August 2013 |access-date=11 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910235124/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Advantage-Telangana-over-immovable-assets/articleshow/21521630.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India |url=http://www.redress.org/downloads/country-reports/india.pdf |publisher=[[Redress (charitable organisation)]] |year=2002 |access-date=18 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004082512/http://www.redress.org/downloads/country-reports/india.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2012}}</ref>{{rp|1}} The GHMC area contains 24 State Legislative Assembly constituencies,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Roushan |title=24 seats at stake as titans clash for Greater Hyderabad pie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/24-seats-at-stake-as-titans-clash-for-greater-hyderabad-pie/articleshow/104514077.cms |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018223452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/24-seats-at-stake-as-titans-clash-for-greater-hyderabad-pie/articleshow/104514077.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=KCR's early election gamble gives enough ammo to TRS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/kcrs-early-election-gamble-gives-enough-ammo-to-trs/articleshow/66104449.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007181033/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/kcrs-early-election-gamble-gives-enough-ammo-to-trs/articleshow/66104449.cms |archive-date=7 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> which form five constituencies of the [[Lok Sabha]] (the [[lower house]] of the Parliament of India).<ref name="GHMC-The Hindu">{{cite news |title=GHMC polls: all set for the d-day |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/ghmc-polls-all-set-for-the-dday/article52463.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 November 2009 |access-date=18 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110235141/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/ghmc-polls-all-set-for-the-dday/article52463.ece |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

=== Municipal finance ===

According to audited financial statements published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] reported total revenue receipts of ₹38.83 billion (US$468 million) and total expenditure of ₹31.22 billion (US$376 million) for the financial year 2022–23.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad Municipal Data |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/hyderabad |publisher=Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India |access-date=1 April 2025 |archive-date=11 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011075512/https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/hyderabad |url-status=live }}</ref> The data is sourced from audited financial statements published by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.

=== Utility services ===
[[File:Street in Hyderabad, India.JPG|thumb|upright|A GHMC sweeper cleaning the [[Tank Bund Road]] | alt=Woman sweeping the road]]
The HMWSSB (Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewage Board) regulates [[rainwater harvesting]], sewerage services, and water supply. In 2005, the HMWSSB started operating a {{cvt|116|km|mi|-long|0|adj=mid}} water supply pipeline from [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]] to meet increasing demand.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile |url=https://www.hyderabadwater.gov.in/en/index.php/about/profile-us |publisher=Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board |access-date=31 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224338/https://www.hyderabadwater.gov.in/en/index.php/about/profile-us |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="CSE">{{cite journal |title=Hyderabad |publisher=[[Centre for Science and Environment]] |url=http://cseindia.org/userfiles/hyderabad_portraits.pdf |year=2011 |author=Anon |pages=331–341 |journal=Excreta Matters |access-date=20 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074515/http://cseindia.org/userfiles/hyderabad_portraits.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> The [[Telangana State Southern Power Distribution Company Limited|Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited]] (TSPDCL) manages electricity supply.<ref>{{cite web |title=About TSSPDCL |url=https://www.tssouthernpower.com/CPDCL_Home.portal;jsessionid=2sVQJntXymj13nDLBGDh5kkRjbQbcP8HGG3JjVlG3xhX9JcsmL63!-2089831870?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=CPDCL_Home_portal_page_69_page_70 |publisher=Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited |access-date=20 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220201201/https://www.tssouthernpower.com/CPDCL_Home.portal;jsessionid=2sVQJntXymj13nDLBGDh5kkRjbQbcP8HGG3JjVlG3xhX9JcsmL63!-2089831870?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=CPDCL_Home_portal_page_69_page_70 |archive-date=20 February 2015}}</ref> {{As of|2014}}, there were 15 [[fire station]]s in the city, operated by the Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department.<ref>{{cite news |title=Telangana has fewer fire stations than A.P. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/telangana-has-fewer-fire-stations-than-ap/article6517175.ece |last=Lasania |first=Yunus Y |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 October 2014 |access-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/telangana-has-fewer-fire-stations-than-ap/article6517175.ece |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> The government-owned [[India Post]] has five head post offices and many sub-post offices in Hyderabad, which are complemented by private courier services.<ref name="Hyderabad_Geo" />

=== Pollution control ===
Hyderabad produces around 4,500 [[metric tonnes|tonnes]] of solid waste daily, which is transported from collection units in [[Imlibun]], [[Yousufguda]] and Lower Tank Bund to the dumpsite in [[Jawaharnagar, Telangana|Jawaharnagar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Twin festivals pile more garbage load on GHMC |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2420707.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 September 2011 |access-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917193731/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2420707.ece |archive-date=17 September 2012}}</ref> Disposal is managed by the Integrated Solid Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Waste management project gets nod |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Waste-management-project-gets-nod/articleshow/5466250.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 January 2010 |access-date=17 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911045645/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Waste-management-project-gets-nod/articleshow/5466250.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> Rapid urbanisation and increased economic activity has led to increased [[industrial waste]], [[air pollution|air]], [[noise pollution|noise]] and [[water pollution]], which is regulated by the [[Telangana Pollution Control Board]] (TPCB).<ref>{{cite web |title=Co-benefits analysis of air pollution and GHG emissions for Hyderabad, India |url=http://environmentportal.in/files/2008-03-IES-Co-Benefits-Hyderabad.pdf |last=Guttikunda |first=Sarath |publisher=Integrated Environmental Strategies Program |date=March 2008 |access-date=20 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220203320/http://environmentportal.in/files/2008-03-IES-Co-Benefits-Hyderabad.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pollution up in Hyderabad post Pollution Control Board split |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141117/nation-current-affairs/article/pollution-hyderabad-post-pollution-control-board-split |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=17 November 2014 |access-date=20 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220220851/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141117/nation-current-affairs/article/pollution-hyderabad-post-pollution-control-board-split |archive-date=20 February 2015}}</ref> The contribution of different sources to air pollution in 2006 was: 20–50% from vehicles, 40–70% from a combination of vehicle discharge and road dust, 10–30% from industrial discharges and 3–10% from the burning of household rubbish.<ref name="Bh Gur">{{cite book |title=Air pollution:health and environmental impacts |publisher=Taylor and Francis |page=90 |editor1-first=Bhola R. |editor1-last=Gurjar |editor2-first=Luisa T. |editor2-last=Molina |editor3-first=Chandra S.P. |editor3-last=Ojha |isbn=978-1-4398-0963-1 |year=2010}}</ref> Deaths resulting from [[Particulates|atmospheric particulate matter]] are estimated at 1,700–3,000 each year.<ref>{{cite news |title=50 research scholars to study pollution |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/50-research-scholars-to-study-pollution/217031-60-121.html |work=[[IBNLive]] |date=3 January 2012 |access-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111164248/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/50-research-scholars-to-study-pollution/217031-60-121.html |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Be a Pal and stop polluting |at=Lifestyle section |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=26 October 2011 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/lifestyle/go-earthy/be-pal-and-stop-polluting-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026033232/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/lifestyle/go-earthy/be-pal-and-stop-polluting-085 |archive-date=26 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Use of multi-objective air pollution monitoring sites and online air pollution monitoring system for total health risk assessment in Hyderabad |last1=Anjaneyulu |first1=Y. |last2=Jayakumar |first2=I. |last3=Hima Bindu |first3=V. |last4=Sagareswar |first4=G. |last5=Mukunda Rao |first5=P.V. |last6=Rambabu |first6=N. |last7=Ramani |first7=K.V. |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |date=August 2005 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=343–354 |doi=10.3390/ijerph2005020021 |pmid=16705838 |pmc=3810641 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The city's "VIP areas", the Assembly building, Secretariat, and Telangana chief minister's office, have particularly low [[air quality index]] ratings, suffering from high levels of [[PM2.5]]'s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/gasping-for-breath-in-vip-areas-blame-it-on-toxic-cloud-in-the-air/articleshow/55991387.cms |title=Gasping for breath in VIP areas, blame it on toxic cloud in the air |work=The Times of India |last=Sikdar |first=Prabeerkumar |date=15 December 2016 |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616074728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/gasping-for-breath-in-vip-areas-blame-it-on-toxic-cloud-in-the-air/articleshow/55991387.cms |archive-date=16 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Groundwater|Ground water]] around Hyderabad, which has a [[Hard water|hardness]] of up to 1000 ppm, around three times higher than is desirable,<ref>{{cite news |title=Ground water in city unfit for use |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/ground-water-city-unfit-use-198 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=30 August 2011 |access-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214115551/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/ground-water-city-unfit-use-198 |archive-date=14 December 2011}}</ref> is the main source of drinking water but the increasing population and consequent increase in demand has led to a decline in not only ground water but also river and lake levels.<ref name="TOI wa sup">{{cite news |title=If Singur, Manjira dry up, there's Krishna |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/If-Singur-Manjira-dry-up-theres-Krishna/articleshow/1018913.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 February 2005 |access-date=21 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911051148/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/If-Singur-Manjira-dry-up-theres-Krishna/articleshow/1018913.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="TOI wa sca">{{cite news |title=City stares at water scarcity |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/City-stares-at-water-scarcity/articleshow/11468495.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 January 2012 |access-date=21 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910232114/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/City-stares-at-water-scarcity/articleshow/11468495.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> This shortage is further exacerbated by inadequately treated [[effluent]] discharged from industrial treatment plants polluting the water sources of the city.<ref name="TOI wa pol">{{cite news |title=Manjira faces pollution threat |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Manjira-faces-pollution-threat/articleshow/329239.cms?referral=PM |last=Chunduri |first=Mridula |newspaper=The Times of India |date=29 November 2003 |access-date=21 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911023846/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Manjira-faces-pollution-threat/articleshow/329239.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
{{See also|Healthcare in Hyderabad}}
[[File:NTR Garden, Hussain Sagar.jpg|thumb|The [[NTR Gardens]] is among the gardens in the vicinity of [[Hussain Sagar]] lake serving as a recreation park.|alt=People in a garden]]
The Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of all facilities related to health and preventive services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare |url=http://cfw.tg.nic.in/index.html |publisher=Government of Telangana state |access-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501184316/http://cfw.tg.nic.in/index.html |archive-date=1 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="Ruet and Tawa">{{cite book |title=Governing India's metropolises: case studies of four cities |publisher=Routledge |chapter=7: Assessing urban governance through the prism of healthcare services in Delhi, Hyderabad and Mumbai |last1=Kennedy |first1=Loraine |last2=Duggal |first2=Ravi |last3=Lama-Rewal |first3=Stephanie Tawa |isbn=978-0-415-55148-9 |editor1-last=Ruet |editor1-first=Joel |editor2-last=Lama-Rewal |editor2-first=Stephanie Tawa |year=2009}}</ref> {{As of|2010}}–11, the city had 50 government hospitals,<ref>{{cite web |title=Government hospitals |url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/ghmcservices/hosnur.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802015031/http://www.ghmc.gov.in/ghmcservices/hosnur.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 August 2012 |publisher=GHMC |year=2011 |access-date=9 May 2012}}</ref> 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes providing around 12,000 hospital beds, fewer than half the required 25,000.<ref name="NorthBridge Capital">{{cite web |title=Hyderabad hospital report |url=http://www.northbridgeasia.com/ResearchReports/HYDERABAD%2520HOSPITAL%2520REPORT.pdf |publisher=Northbridge Capital |page=8 |date=May 2010 |access-date=10 May 2012 |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815040646/http://www.northbridgeasia.com/default.aspx |archive-date=15 August 2010}}</ref> For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 17.6 hospital beds,<ref name="hospital_beds_ratio">{{As of|2011}}, the census city population was 6,809,970 and there were 12,000 available hospital beds, giving the derived rate.</ref> 9 specialist doctors, 14 nurses and 6 physicians.<ref name="NorthBridge Capital" /> The city has about 4,000 individual clinics.<ref name="TheHindu_Health">{{cite news |title=Healthcare sector takes a leap in city |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2809193.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Gopal |first=M.Sai |date=18 January 2012 |access-date=6 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508040709/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2809193.ece |archive-date=8 May 2012}}</ref> Private clinics are preferred by many residents because of the distance to, poor quality of care at and long waiting times in government facilities,<ref name="NFHS-3">{{cite web |title=Health and living conditions in eight Indian cities |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADQ634.pdf |work=National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), India, 2005–06 |publisher=International Institute for Population Sciences |last1=Gupta |first1=Kamla |last2=Arnold |first2=Fred |last3=Lhungdim |first3=H. |year=2009 |access-date=13 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212040205/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADQ634.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2012}} The cities surveyed were [[Delhi]], [[Meerut]], [[Kolkata]], [[Indore]], [[Mumbai]], [[Nagpur]], [[Chennai]] and Hyderabad.</ref>{{rp|60–61}} despite the high proportion of the city's residents being covered by government health insurance: 24% according to a National Family Health Survey in 2005.<ref name="NFHS-3" />{{rp|41}} {{As of|2012}}, many new private hospitals of various sizes were opened or being built.<ref name="TheHindu_Health" /> Hyderabad has outpatient and inpatient facilities that use [[Unani medicine|Unani]], [[Homeopathy|homoeopathic]] and [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] treatments.<ref>{{cite news |title=168 professors needed in Ayush department |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140805/nation-current-affairs/article/168-professors-needed-ayush-department |last=Garari |first=Kaniza |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=5 August 2014 |access-date=19 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219000201/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140805/nation-current-affairs/article/168-professors-needed-ayush-department |archive-date=19 February 2015}}</ref>

In the 2005 National Family Health Survey, it was reported that the city's [[total fertility rate]] is 1.8,<ref name="NFHS-3" />{{rp|47}} which is below the [[replacement rate]]. Only 61% of children had been provided with all basic [[vaccine]]s ([[BCG vaccine|BCG]], [[Measles vaccine|measles]] and full courses of [[Polio vaccine|polio]] and [[DPT vaccine|DPT]]), fewer than in all other surveyed cities except [[Meerut]].<ref name="NFHS-3" />{{rp|98}} The infant [[mortality rate]] was 35 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births.<ref name="NFHS-3" />{{rp|97}} The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese, 49% of children below 5 years are [[Anemia|anaemic]], and up to 20% of children are underweight,<ref name="NFHS-3" />{{rp|44, 55–56}} while more than 2% of women and 3% of men suffer from [[diabetes]].<ref name="NFHS-3" />{{rp|57}}

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Hyderabad}}
{{Historical population
| references = <ref name="Census 1951-61">{{cite book |title=Process of urban fringe development: A model |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buz5csyXFmwC |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |page=25 |last=Gopi |first=K.N |year=1978 |access-date=6 August 2013 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628083435/https://books.google.com/books?id=buz5csyXFmwC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Census Hyderabad">{{cite web |title=Economy, population and urban sprawl a comparative study of urban agglomerations of Banglore and Hyderabad, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques |url=http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Seminars/Details/Seminars/PDE2007/Papers/IYER_Neelakantan_paperNairobi2007-project.pdf |last1=Iyer |first1=Neelakantan Krishna |last2=Kulkarni |first2=Sumati |last3=Raghavaswam |first3=V. |page=21 |date=13 June 2007 |publisher=circed.org |access-date=10 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519132559/http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Seminars/Details/Seminars/PDE2007/Papers/IYER_Neelakantan_paperNairobi2007-project.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="greater Hyderabad">{{cite web |title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |page=11 |year=2011 |publisher=Government of India |access-date=10 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2012}}</ref>
| 1951 | 1085722
| 1961 | 1118553
| 1971 | 1796000
| 1981 | 2546000
| 1991 | 3059262
| 2001 | 3637483
| 2011 | 6809970
}}

When the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|GHMC]] was created in 2007, the area occupied by the municipality increased from {{cvt|175|km2|sqmi}} to {{cvt|650|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Corporation History |url=https://www.ghmc.gov.in/CorporationHistory.aspx |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=[[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] |archive-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522090129/https://www.ghmc.gov.in/CorporationHistory.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> Consequently, the population increased by 87%, from 3,637,483 {{As of|2001|lc=on}} census to 6,809,970 {{As of|2011|lc=on}} census, 24% of which are migrants from elsewhere in India,<ref name="cgg Hyderabad 1" />{{rp|2}} making Hyderabad the nation's [[List of cities in India by population|fourth most populous city]].<ref name="greater Hyderabad" /><ref name="2011UA">{{cite web |title=Urban agglomerations/cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |publisher=Government of India |access-date=17 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152754/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2011}}
* {{cite news |title=Hyderabad district records highest literacy rate |url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/hyderabad-district-records-highest-literacy-rate |newspaper=The Siasat Daily |access-date=6 April 2011 |date=1 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408210319/http://www.siasat.com/english/news/hyderabad-district-records-highest-literacy-rate |archive-date=8 April 2011}}</ref> {{As of|2011}}, the population density is {{cvt|18480|/sqkm|/sqmi}}<ref name="TOI_City Density">{{cite news |title=Sex ratio goes up in state |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Sex-ratio-goes-up-in-state-/articleshow/7840622.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 April 2011 |access-date=16 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910233621/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Sex-ratio-goes-up-in-state-/articleshow/7840622.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> and the Hyderabad urban agglomeration had a population of 7,749,334 making it the [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|sixth most populous urban agglomeration]] in the country.<ref name="2011UA" /> {{As of|2011|lc=on}} [[2011 Census of India|census]], there are 3,500,802 male and 3,309,168 female citizens—a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 945 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000.<ref name="Census">{{cite web |title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |publisher=censusindia.gov.in |page=11 |year=2011 |access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Urban sex ratio below national mark |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Urban-sex-ratio-below-national-mark-/articleshow/10061412.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 September 2011 |access-date=16 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910225106/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Urban-sex-ratio-below-national-mark-/articleshow/10061412.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> Among children aged {{nowrap|0–6}} years, 373,794 are boys and 352,022 are girls—a ratio of 942 per 1000. Literacy stands at 83% (male 86%; female 80%), higher than the national average of 74.04%.<ref name="Census" /><ref>{{cite news |title=AP slips further in national literacy ratings |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/AP-slips-further-in-national-literacy-ratings/articleshow/8521983.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |last=Henry |first=Nikhila |date=23 May 2011 |access-date=18 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910210428/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/AP-slips-further-in-national-literacy-ratings/articleshow/8521983.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> The socio-economic strata consist of 20% [[upper class]], 50% [[middle class]] and 30% [[working class]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Incidence and burden of road traffic injuries in urban India |last1=Dandona |first1=Rakhi |last2=Kumar |first2=Anil |last3=Ameer |first3=Md Abdul |last4=Ahmed |first4=G Mushtaq |last5=Dandona |first5=Lalit |date=16 November 2009 |pmc=2777413 |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=354–359 |doi=10.1136/ip.2008.019620 |journal=Injury Prevention |pmid=19074239}}</ref>

=== Ethnicity ===

Referred to as "Hyderabadi", the residents of Hyderabad are predominantly [[Telugu people|Telugu]] and [[Dakhini|Urdu speaking]] people, with minority Arab, [[Marathi people|Marathi]], [[Marwari people|Marwari]], and [[Pathan]] communities.<ref name="krank freitag">{{cite web |title=Cultural, spatial and socio-economic fragmentation in the Indian megacity Hyderabad |url=http://www.irmgard-coninx-stiftung.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/urbanplanet/identities/ws2/050%20Krank.pdf |work=Irmgard Coninx Stiftung |author=Sabrina Kran |year=2007 |access-date=6 August 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508110230/http://www.irmgard-coninx-stiftung.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/urbanplanet/identities/ws2/050%20Krank.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2013}}
* {{cite book |title=Hadhrami traders, scholars, and statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s–1960s |publisher=Brill Publishers |pages=77–81 |isbn=978-90-04-10771-7 |last1=Freitag |first1=Ulrike |last2=Clarence-Smith |first2=W. G. |year=1997}}
* {{cite news |title=Hyderabad appeal endures |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article3509617.ece |last=Ifthekhar |first=J.S. |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 June 2012 |access-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611203955/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article3509617.ece |archive-date=11 June 2012}}</ref>

[[Hyderabadi Muslims]] are a unique community who owe much of their history, language, cuisine, and culture to Hyderabad, and the various dynasties who previously ruled.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabadi Muslims hold unique identity in service to people |url=https://www.siasat.com/hyderabadi-muslims-hold-unique-identity-in-service-to-people-turkish-consul-general-2531542/ |last=Khan |first=Sameer |newspaper=The Siasat Daily |date=21 February 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817204330/https://www.siasat.com/hyderabadi-muslims-hold-unique-identity-in-service-to-people-turkish-consul-general-2531542/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Muslims of Hyderabad |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4412356 |last=Vithal |first=B.P.R |volume=37 |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |year=2002 |issue=28 |pages=2883–2886 |jstor=4412356 |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817204329/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4412356 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hadhrami people|Hadhrami Arabs]], [[Afro-Arab|African Arabs]], [[Armenians]], [[Habesha people|Abyssinians]], [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]], [[Pashtun diaspora|Pathans]] and [[Turkish people]] were present before 1948; these communities, of which the Hadhrami Arabs are the largest, declined after [[Hyderabad State]] became part of the Indian Union, as they lost the patronage of the Asaf Jahi Nizams.<ref name="krank freitag" /><ref>{{cite news |title=From Yemen to India's Hyderabad: Tracing the history of Barkas |url=https://gulfnews.com/special-reports/from-yemen-to-indias-hyderabad-tracing-the-history-of-barkas-1.1637497858155 |last=Siddique |first=Mohammad |newspaper=Gulf News |date=21 November 2021 |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817214253/https://gulfnews.com/special-reports/from-yemen-to-indias-hyderabad-tracing-the-history-of-barkas-1.1637497858155 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bennett, Coleman">{{cite book |title=The Land of the Rupee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TrWS_ELC4JQC |quote="Perhaps there is no city in India with a population so varied or so warlike as that of Hyderabad. Every man goes about armed with a weapon of some kind, while the military classes are literally armed to the teeth. Here may be seen the Arab, the Siddi, the Rohilla, the Pathan, the Mahratta, the Turk, the Sikh, Persians, Parsis, Madrasis, Negroes, and others." |publisher=Bennett, Coleman and Company and The University of Michigan |page=311 |year=1912 |access-date=3 August 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024075422/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrWS_ELC4JQC |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{bar box
| title=Religion in Greater Hyderabad (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-01 Population By Religious Community: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS |publisher=Census of India |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528173240/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live}}</ref>
| titlebar=#fcd116
| float=right
| bars=
{{bar percent|Hinduism|darkorange|64.93}}
{{bar percent|Islam|green|30.13}}
{{bar percent|Christianity|dodgerblue|2.75}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|grey|2.19}}
}}
Hindus are in the majority. Muslims form a very large minority and are present throughout the city and predominate in and around [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|the Old City of Hyderabad]]. There are also Christian, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist and Parsi communities and iconic [[List of churches in Secunderabad and Hyderabad|churches]], [[List of mosques in Hyderabad|mosques]] and [[Temples of Hyderabad|temples]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Muslim population in AP |url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/16-31Aug04-Print-Edition/163108200423.htm |last=Khan |first=Masood Ali |newspaper=[[The Milli Gazette]] |date=31 August 2004 |access-date=23 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420135424/http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/16-31Aug04-Print-Edition/163108200423.htm |archive-date=20 April 2012}}
* {{cite book |title=Hyderabad: an expat survival guide |publisher=Chillibreeze |page=21 |isbn=978-81-904055-5-3 |year=2007}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1080/19472498.2011.577568 |title=Hindu temples in Hyderabad: State patronage and politics in South Asia |journal=South Asian History and Culture |volume=2 |issue=3 |page=352 |year=2011 |last1=Leonard |first1=Karen |s2cid=132551060 |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt2vp448dg/qt2vp448dg.pdf?t=od8t1y}}</ref> {{As of|2011|alt=According to the 2011}} census, the religious make-up of Greater Hyderabad was: Hindus (64.9%), Muslims (30.1%), Christians (2.8%), Jains (0.3%), Sikhs (0.3%) and Buddhists (0.1%); 1.5% did not state any religion.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=22 February 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=13 September 2015}} ''On this page, select "Andhra Pradesh" from the download menu. Data for "GHMC (M Corp. + OG)" is at row 11 of the downloaded excel file.''</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart
| caption = Languages of Hyderabad (2011)<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh (Urban) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10254/download/13366/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622060513/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10254/download/13366/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |url-status=live}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] | value1 = 58.23 |color1 = steelblue
| label2 = [[Urdu]] | value2 = 29.47 |color2 = green
| label3 = [[Hindi]] | value3 = 4.89 |color3 = orange
| label4 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] | value4 = 1.54 |color4 = red
| label5 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] | value5 = 1.09 |color5 = royalblue
| label6 = Others |value6 = 4.78 |color6 = grey
}}

[[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]] are both official languages of the city, and most Hyderabadis are bilingual.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Urdu is now first language in Indian state of Telangana |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/national/urdu-is-now-first-language-in-indian-state-of-telangana/186887.html |newspaper=[[Greater Kashmir]] |date=20 May 2015 |access-date=24 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514164824/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/national/urdu-is-now-first-language-in-indian-state-of-telangana/186887.html |archive-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> The Telugu dialect spoken in Hyderabad is called [[Telangana Baasha|Telangana Mandalika]], and the Urdu spoken is called [[Deccani language|Deccani]].<ref name="James Minahan">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |volume=4 |isbn=978-0-313-32384-3 |last=Minahan |first=James |year=2002}}</ref>{{rp|1869–70}}<ref>{{cite book |title=1000 languages: living, endangered, and lost |publisher=University of California Press |page=120 |isbn=978-0-520-25560-9 |last=Austin |first=Peter K |year=2008}}</ref> English is a "Secondary official language" is pervasive in business and administration, and it is an important medium of instruction in education and publications.<ref name="TOI_Language">{{cite news |title=MCH plans citizens' charter in Telugu, Urdu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/MCH-plans-Citizens-Charter-in-Telugu-Urdu/articleshow/8502281.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 May 2002 |access-date=25 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911022340/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/MCH-plans-Citizens-Charter-in-Telugu-Urdu/articleshow/8502281.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Slums ===
As of 2012, in the greater metropolitan area, 13% of the population live [[Below Poverty Line|below the poverty line]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty reduction at city level: strategy development for Hyderabad |url=http://www.cgg.gov.in/workingpapers/UPRS%20for%20Hyderabad.pdf |publisher=Center for Good Governance, Hyderabad |access-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629182139/http://cgg.gov.in/workingpapers/UPRS%20for%20Hyderabad.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2012}}</ref> According to a 2012 report submitted by GHMC to the [[World Bank]], Hyderabad has 1,476 slums with a total population of 1.7 million, of whom 66% live in 985 slums in the "core" of the city (the part that formed Hyderabad before the April 2007 expansion) and the remaining 34% live in 491 suburban tenements.<ref>{{cite news |title=World bank team visits Hyderabad slums |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/World-bank-team-visits-Hyderabad-slums/articleshow/14036371.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 June 2012 |access-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911030859/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/World-bank-team-visits-Hyderabad-slums/articleshow/14036371.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> About 22% of the slum-dwelling households had migrated from different parts of India in the last decade of the 20th century, and 63% claimed to have lived in the slums for more than 10 years.<ref name="cgg Hyderabad 1" />{{rp|55}} Overall literacy in the slums is {{nowrap|60–80%}} and female literacy is {{nowrap|52–73%}}. A third of the slums have basic service connections, and the remainder depend on general public services provided by the government. There are 405 government schools, 267 government-aided schools, 175 private schools, and 528 community halls in the slum areas.<ref name="GHMC_Slums">{{cite web |title=Basic services to the urban poor |url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/cdp/chapter%205.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206043309/http://ghmc.gov.in/cdp/chapter%205.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 February 2009 |work=City development plan |publisher=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation |access-date=17 April 2012}}</ref>{{rp|70}} According to a 2008 survey by the Centre for Good Governance, 87.6% of the slum-dwelling households are [[nuclear family|nuclear families]], 18% are very poor, with an income up to {{INRConvert|20000}} per annum, 73% live below the poverty line (a standard poverty line recognised by the Andhra Pradesh Government is {{INRConvert|24000}} per annum), 27% of the [[SEC Classification|chief wage earners]] (CWE) are [[casual labour]] and 38% of the CWE are illiterate. About 3.7% of the slum children aged 5–14 do not go to school and 3.2% work as [[child labour]], of whom 64% are boys and 36% are girls. The largest employers of child labour are street shops and construction sites. Among the working children, 35% are engaged in hazardous jobs.<ref name="cgg Hyderabad 1" />{{rp|59}}

== Cityscape ==
{{Wide image| Durgam Cheruvu Panorama.jpg|1500px|A panoramic view of Hyderabad's skyline from [[Durgam Cheruvu]] lake, showing parts of the [[Gachibowli]], [[Madhapur]] and [[Jubilee Hills]] neighbourhoods}}

=== Neighbourhoods ===
{{See also|List of neighbourhoods in Hyderabad}}
[[File:Hussain sagar, sailing festival. Hyderabad India.JPG|thumb|''[[Optimist (dinghy)|Optimist]]'' and ''[[Laser (dinghy)|Laser]]'' dinghies during the [[Hussain Sagar#Sailing|Hyderabad Sailing Week]] [[regatta]] at Hussain Sagar|alt=People sailing in the lake regatta]]
The historic city established by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah on the southern side of the Musi River forms the heritage region of Hyderabad called the ''[[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Purana Shahar]]'' (Old City), while the "New City" encompasses the urbanised area on the northern banks. The two are connected by many bridges across the river, the oldest of which is [[Purana pul|Purana Pul]]—("old bridge") built in 1578 AD.<ref name="pulol">{{cite news |title=Puranapul 'rented' out to vendors by extortionist |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/puranapul-%E2%80%98rented%E2%80%99-out-vendors-extortionist-291 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=24 June 2011 |access-date=11 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809100406/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/puranapul-%E2%80%98rented%E2%80%99-out-vendors-extortionist-291 |archive-date=9 August 2011}}</ref> Hyderabad is [[Twin cities|twinned]] with neighbouring [[Secunderabad]], to which it is connected by [[Hussain Sagar]].<ref name="Alam&Reddy">{{cite book |title=Urban growth theories and settlement systems of India |publisher=Concept Publishing |pages=79–99 |isbn=978-81-8069-739-5 |last1=Alam |first1=Shah Manzoor |last2=Reddy |first2=A. Geeta |last3=Markandey |first3=Kalpana |year=2011}}</ref>

[[File:A_Tall_building_at_Financial_District_of_Hyderabad.jpg|alt=a Tall building at Financial District of Hyderabad|left|thumb|Myscape Isle of Sky building at Financial District, Nanakramguda, Hyderabad]]
Many historic and heritage sites lie in south central Hyderabad, such as the Charminar, Mecca Masjid, [[Salar Jung Museum]], [[Nizam Museum]], [[Telangana High Court]], [[Falaknuma Palace]], [[Chowmahalla Palace]] and the traditional retail corridor comprising the [[Pathargatti|Pearl Market]], [[Laad Bazaar]] and [[Madina, Hyderabad|Madina Circle]]. North of the river are hospitals, colleges, major railway stations and business areas such as [[Begum Bazaar]], [[Koti, Hyderabad|Koti]], [[Abids]], [[Sultan Bazar]] and [[Moazzam Jahi Market]], along with administrative and recreational establishments such as the [[Telangana Secretariat]], the [[India Government Mint, Hyderabad|India Government Mint]], the [[Telangana Legislature]], the [[Public Gardens, Hyderabad|Public Gardens]], [[Shahi Masjid]], the [[Nizam Club]], the [[Ravindra Bharathi]], the [[Telangana State Archaeology Museum|State Museum]], the [[Birla Mandir, Hyderabad|Birla Temple]] and the [[Birla Science Museum|Birla Planetarium]].<ref name="Alam&Reddy" /><ref name="Rao">{{cite book |title=Cities in transition |publisher=Routledge |pages=117–140 |isbn=978-0-203-39115-0 |first=Nirmala |last=Rao |year=2007}}</ref><ref name="Gop to fati">{{cite book |title=Process of urban fringe development:a model |publisher=Concept Publishing |pages=13–17 |isbn=978-81-7022-017-6 |last=Gopi |first=K.N |year=1978}}
* {{cite book |title=Urbanization, urban development, and metropolitan cities in India |publisher=Concept Publishing |pages=375–380 |isbn=978-81-8069-412-7 |last1=Nath |first1=Viswambhar |last2=Aggarwal |first2=Surinder K |year=2007}}
* {{cite book |title=Poverty in metropolitan cities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sO1yDYWxsGgC |publisher=Concept Publishing |last1=Alam |first1=Shah Manzoor |last2=Khan |first2=Fátima Ali |year=1987 |pages=139–157 |access-date=9 August 2020 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628083454/https://books.google.com/books?id=sO1yDYWxsGgC |url-status=live}}</ref>

North of central Hyderabad lies Hussain Sagar, [[Tank Bund Road]], [[Rani Gunj]] and the [[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad railway station]].<ref name="Alam&Reddy" /> Most of the city's parks and recreational centres, such as [[Sanjeevaiah Park]], [[Indira Park]], [[Lumbini Park]], [[NTR Gardens]], the [[Hussain Sagar#Buddha statue|Buddha statue]] and [[Hussain Sagar#Patton tank|Tankbund Park]] are located here.<ref name="Hussain Sagar">{{cite web |title=Implementing the ecosystem approach to preserve the ecological integrity of urban lakes: the case of lake Hussain Sagar, Hyderabad, India |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/ILBMTrainingMaterials/resources/Hussainsagar.pdf |work=Ecosystem approach for the conservation of lake Hussainsagar |page=3 |last=Kodarkar |first=Mohan |publisher=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation |access-date=11 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209123821/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/ILBMTrainingMaterials/resources/Hussainsagar.pdf |archive-date=9 December 2012}}
* {{cite news |title=Hussain sagar stink is not a bother |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hussain-sagar-stink-is-not-a-bother/articleshow/469132.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507020604/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-02-02/hyderabad/28340004_1_hussain-sagar-buddha-statue-stink |archive-date=7 May 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 February 2004 |access-date=11 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the northwest part of the city there are upscale residential and commercial areas such as [[Banjara Hills]], [[Jubilee Hills]], [[Begumpet]], [[Khairtabad]], [[Tolichowki]], [[Jagannath Temple, Hyderabad|Jagannath Temple]] and [[Miyapur]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Miyapur most 'searched' on web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/miyapur-most-searched-on-web/article4467740.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 March 2013 |access-date=2 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305103614/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/miyapur-most-searched-on-web/article4467740.ece |archive-date=5 March 2013}}</ref> The northern end contains industrial areas such as [[Kukatpally]], [[Sanathnagar]], [[Moosapet]], [[Balanagar, Medchal district|Balanagar]], [[Patancheru]] and [[Chanda Nagar]]. The northeast end is dotted with residential areas such as [[Malkajgiri]], [[Neredmet]], [[A. S. Rao Nagar]] and [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]].<ref name="Alam&Reddy" /><ref name="Rao" /><ref name="Gop to fati" /> In the eastern part of the city lie [[List of defence research centres in Hyderabad|many defence research centres]] and [[Ramoji Film City]]. The west and southwest regions of the city, dubbed "Cyberabad", have grown rapidly since the 1990s and are home to several information technology and bio-pharmaceutical companies. Numerous [[Skyscraper|skyscrapers]] and [[Tower block|high-rise buildings]] have been constructed in key economic corridors such as [[Gachibowli]], the [[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]], [[HITEC City]], and [[Kukatpally]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyderabad's Peripheral Areas to Drive Office Growth |url=https://www.rprealtyplus.com/news-views/hyderabads-peripheral-areas-to-drive-office-growth-119127.html |access-date=15 May 2025 |magazine=Realty Plus Magazine |date=12 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The rapid vertical development in these localities has propelled Hyderabad to become the city with the [[List of tallest buildings in India#Cities with the most skyscrapers|second-highest number of skyscrapers in India]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyderabad horizon billowing with 2nd highest number of skyscrapers after Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyd-horizon-billowing-with-2nd-highest-number-of-skyscrapers-after-mumbai/articleshow/101323558.cms |date=28 June 2023 |first1=Swati |last1=Bharadwaj |access-date=15 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Several landmarks such as the [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]], [[Osman Sagar]], [[Himayat Sagar|Himayath Sagar]] and [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park]] are also located in the west and southwest regions of the city.<ref name="roy aih">{{cite book |title=Worlding cities: Asian experiments and the art of being global |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |page=253 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4051-9277-4 |last1=Roy |first1=Ananya |last2=Aihwa |first2=Ong}}</ref><ref name="toi chary">{{cite news |title=An Amazon shot for city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/An-Amazon-shot-for-city/articleshow/10335301.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 October 2011 |first1=Swati Bharadwaj |last1=Chand |access-date=13 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226140847/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/An-Amazon-shot-for-city/articleshow/10335301.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=26 February 2015}}</ref>

=== Landmarks ===
[[Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India|Heritage buildings]] constructed during the [[Qutb Shahi]] and [[Asaf Jahi dynasty|Nizam]] eras showcase [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] influenced by [[Medieval architecture|Medieval]], [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and [[Art of Europe|European]] styles.<ref name="AnPet" /><ref name="Bur Mic">{{cite book |title=Indian Islamic architecture: forms and typologies, sites and monuments |pages=146–148 |year=2008 |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-16339-3 |first1=John |last1=Burton-Page |author1-link=John Burton-Page |first2=George |last2=Michell}}</ref> After the 1908 [[Great Musi Flood of 1908|flooding of the Musi River]], the city was expanded and civic monuments constructed, particularly during the rule of [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] (the VIIth Nizam), whose patronage of architecture led to him being referred to as the maker of modern Hyderabad.<ref name="Jonathan and Sheila" /><ref name="musi flood">{{cite web |title=Architecture of Hyderabad during the CIB period |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20Links/Hist-Cult/architecture_arc.html |publisher=aponline.gov.in |access-date=24 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212025600/http://aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/architecture_arc.html |archive-date=12 December 2012}}</ref> In 2012, the government of India declared Hyderabad the first "Best heritage city of India".<ref name="Best_Heritage_City">{{Cite news |title=Heritage award for Hyderabad raises many eyebrows |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Heritage-award-for-Hyderabad-raises-many-eyebrows/articleshow/12105415.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 March 2012 |access-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211173202/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Heritage-award-for-Hyderabad-raises-many-eyebrows/articleshow/12105415.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 February 2015}}</ref>

Qutb Shahi architecture of the 16th and early 17th centuries followed classical [[Iranian architecture|Persian architecture]] featuring domes and colossal arches.<ref name="George Michell and Jubilee_Hall">{{cite book |title=The new Cambridge history of India, volumes 1–7 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=218–219 |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-521-56321-5 |last=Michell |first=George}}
* {{cite news |title=Jubilee hall a masterpiece of Asaf Jahi architecture |url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/%E2%80%98jubilee-hall%E2%80%99-masterpiece-asaf-jahi-architecture |newspaper=The Siasat Daily |date=31 December 2011 |access-date=12 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512184548/http://www.siasat.com/english/news/%E2%80%98jubilee-hall%E2%80%99-masterpiece-asaf-jahi-architecture |archive-date=12 May 2012}}</ref> The oldest surviving Qutb Shahi structure in Hyderabad is the ruins of the Golconda Fort built in the 16th century. Most of the historical bazaars that still exist were constructed on the street north of [[Charminar]] towards the fort. The Charminar has become an icon of the city; located in the centre of old Hyderabad, it is a square structure with sides {{cvt|20|m|ft}} long and four grand arches each facing a road. At each corner stands a {{cvt|56|m|ft}}-high minaret. The Charminar, Golconda Fort and the [[Qutb Shahi tombs]] are considered to be [[Monuments of National Importance of India|monuments of national importance in India]]; in 2010 the Indian government proposed that the sites be listed for [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage status]].<ref name="Jonathan and Sheila" /><ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |title=The Qutb Shahi monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi tombs, Charminar |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/ |work=[[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] |year=2010 |access-date=22 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222105425/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/ |archive-date=22 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="Tourist guide">{{cite book |title=Tourist guide to Andhra Pradesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4l78qG3TkAC |year=2006 |publisher=Sura Books |isbn=978-81-7478-176-5 |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628083410/https://books.google.com/books?id=E4l78qG3TkAC |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|11–18}}<ref name="Qutb shahi style architecture">{{cite web |title=Qutb Shahi style (mainly in and around Hyderabad city) |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/architecture_qut.html |publisher=aponline.gov.in |access-date=24 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110075247/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/architecture_qut.html |archive-date=10 January 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Hyderabad, Chowmahalla Palace, edificio centrale 02.jpg|thumb|The [[Chowmahalla Palace]]—a principal palace of the Nizam's, constructed by [[Salabat Jung]] in 1750|alt=Single-story colonnaded façade with grass and trees in front]]
Among the oldest surviving examples of Nizam architecture in Hyderabad is the [[Chowmahalla Palace]], which was the [[Durbar Hall#Durbar Hall – Khilawat Mubarak, Hyderabad|seat of royal power]]. It showcases a diverse array of architectural styles, from the [[Baroque]] [[Harem]] to its [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] royal court. The other palaces include [[Falaknuma Palace]] (inspired by the style of [[Andrea Palladio]]), [[Purani Haveli]], [[King Kothi Palace]] and [[Bella Vista, Hyderabad|Bella Vista Palace]] all of which were built at the peak of Nizam rule in the 19th century. During Mir Osman Ali Khan's rule, European styles, along with Indo-Islamic, became prominent. These styles are reflected in the [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic]] style of architecture seen in many civic monuments such as the [[Telangana High Court|Hyderabad High Court]], [[Osmania General Hospital|Osmania Hospital]], [[City College Hyderabad|City College]] and the [[Kacheguda railway station]], all designed by [[Vincent Esch]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/02666030.1993.9628458 |first=G. H. R. |last=Tillotson |title=Vincent J. Esch and the Architecture of Hyderabad, 1914–36 |date=1993 |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=29–46}}</ref> Other landmark structures of the city constructed during his regin are the [[State Central Library, Hyderabad|State Central Library]], the Telangana Legislature, the [[Telangana State Archaeology Museum|State Archaeology Museum]], [[Jubilee Hall, Hyderabad|Jubilee Hall]], and [[Hyderabad Deccan railway station|Hyderabad railway station]].<ref name="Jonathan and Sheila" /><ref name="George Michell and Jubilee_Hall" /><ref name="UNESCO_Asia">{{cite web |title=UNESCO Asia-Pacific heritage awards for culture heritage conservation |url=http://www.unescobkk.org/unit-archive-folders/clt-archive-folder/heritage/world-heritage-and-immovable-heritage/asia-pacific-heritage-awards-for-culture-heritage-conservation/ |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |year=2010 |access-date=8 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403002556/http://www.unescobkk.org/unit-archive-folders/clt-archive-folder/heritage/world-heritage-and-immovable-heritage/asia-pacific-heritage-awards-for-culture-heritage-conservation/ |archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Palaces of the Nizam">{{cite web |title=Palaces of the Nizam: Asaf Jahi style (mainly in and around Hyderabad city) |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/architecture_niz.html |publisher=aponline.gov.in |date=24 February 2013 |access-date=24 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706131005/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/architecture_niz.html |archive-date=6 July 2013}}</ref> Other landmarks of note are [[Paigah Palace]], [[Asman Garh Palace]], [[Basheer Bagh Palace]], [[Errum Manzil]] and the [[Spanish Mosque]], all constructed by the [[Paigah family]].<ref name="Tourist guide" />{{rp|16–17}}<ref name="paigah palaces">{{cite news |title=Structure so pure |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/31/stories/2003123100350300.htm |date=31 December 2003 |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025183156/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/31/stories/2003123100350300.htm |archive-date=25 October 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="The Paigah Palaces">{{cite web |title=The Paigah Palaces (Hyderabad city) |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/architecture_pai.html |publisher=aponline.gov.in |access-date=24 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212025507/http://aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/architecture_pai.html |archive-date=12 December 2012}}</ref>

{{Wide image|CHARMINAR, Hyderabad 01.jpg|950px|Panoramic view of old city of Hyderabad near the [[Charminar]], showing several [[Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India|heritage structures]] (such as the [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Makkah Masjid]]) and [[List of bazaars in Hyderabad|bazaars]].}}

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Hyderabad}}
[[File:MindSpace campus in Hyderabad, India.jpg|thumb|[[HITEC City]], the hub of information technology companies|alt=City panorama showing gardens, clean roads and modern office buildings]]
[[File:Uppal aerial view.jpg|thumb|[[Middle class]] apartments in [[Uppal Kalan]]—a [[rural–urban fringe]] of Hyderabad city]]
Recent estimates of the economy of Hyderabad's metropolitan area have ranged from {{US$}}40-{{US$}}74 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]), and have ranked it either [[List of cities by GDP|fifth- or sixth- most productive metro area of India]].<ref name=gdp>{{cite web |title=Global city GDP 2014 |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |date=22 January 2015 |access-date=4 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525113815/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |archive-date=25 May 2017}}
* {{cite web |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |publisher=[[Pricewaterhouse Coopers|PwC]] |access-date=16 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |archive-date=4 May 2011}}
* {{cite web |title=Drinking water supply for urban poor: City of Hyderabad |url=http://www.safewaternetwork.org/sites/default/files/Safe%20Water%20Network_Hyderabad%20City%20Report.pdf |publisher=Safe Water Network |date=1 October 2016 |access-date=3 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303201127/http://www.safewaternetwork.org/sites/default/files/Safe%20Water%20Network_Hyderabad%20City%20Report.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2017}}</ref> Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the [[gross domestic product]] (GDP), tax and other revenues, of Telangana, and the sixth largest deposit centre and fourth largest credit centre nationwide, as ranked by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) in June 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=India's 25 most competitive cities |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indias-25-most-competitive-cities/20101209.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=10 December 2010 |access-date=10 December 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211114607/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indias-25-most-competitive-cities/20101209.htm |archive-date=11 December 2010}}
* {{cite news |title=Civic infra bodies get a raw deal in budget |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Civic-infra-bodies-get-a-raw-deal-in-Budget/articleshow/11957060.cms?referral=PM |last=Jafri |first=Syed Amin |newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 February 2012 |access-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910200408/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Civic-infra-bodies-get-a-raw-deal-in-Budget/articleshow/11957060.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> Its per capita annual income in 2011 was {{INRConvert|44300}}.<ref name="TOI_Hyd_Economy" /> {{As of|2006}}, the largest employers in the city were the state government (113,098 employees) and central government (85,155).<ref>{{cite web |title=Employee census 2006 |url=http://www.apdes.ap.gov.in/Census%20&%20Surveys%202006/emp-2006/sec_wise.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226015719/http://www.apdes.ap.gov.in/Census%20%26%20Surveys%202006/emp-2006/sec_wise.htm |archive-date=26 December 2010 |publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Andhra Pradesh Government |year=2006 |access-date=17 May 2010 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |title=Census of central government employees |url=http://www.dget.nic.in/publications/ccge/census2001.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5r4NgRobm?url=http://www.dget.nic.in/publications/ccge/census2001.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2010 |year=2003 |publisher=Ministry of Labour, Government of India |access-date=17 May 2010}}</ref> According to a 2005 survey, 77% of males and 19% of females in the city were employed.<ref name="delhi_gov">{{cite conference |title=National Seminar on N.S.S. 61st Round Results |contribution=Employment–unemployment situation in million plus cities of India |url=http://delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DES/Publication/paper61.pdf |publisher=Delhi Government |page=15 |first1=B. K. |last1=Sharma |first2=N. T. |last2=Krishna |date=October 2007 |access-date=18 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812091829/http://www.delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DES/Publication/paper61.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2011}}</ref> The [[service industry]] remains dominant in the city, and 90% of the employed workforce is engaged in this sector.<ref name="MIT">{{cite web |title=Country briefing:India–economy |url=http://globalhealth.mit.edu/india-economy/ |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=1 September 2010 |access-date=18 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517090452/http://globalhealth.mit.edu/india-economy/ |archive-date=17 May 2013}}</ref>

Hyderabad's role in the pearl trade has given it the name "[[Hyderabad pearls|City of Pearls]]" and up until the 18th century, the city was the only global trading centre for diamonds known as [[Golconda diamonds]].<ref name="Waldemar Hansen" /><ref name="Saudi-aramco">{{cite web |title=City of Pearls |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199805/city.of.pearls.htm |work=[[Saudi Aramco]] |last=Werner |first=Louis |year=1998 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510030006/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199805/city.of.pearls.htm |archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="From pearls">{{cite book |title=Frommer's India |publisher=Wiley Publishing |page=403 |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-470-55610-8 |last1=de Bruyn |first1=Pippa |last2=Bain |first2=Keith |last3=Allardice |first3=David |last4=Joshi |first4=Shonar}}
* {{cite news |title=Hyderabad in NYT 2011 list of must see places |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Hyderabad-in-NYT-2011-list-of-must-see-places/articleshow/7363573.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 January 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209082918/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Hyderabad-in-NYT-2011-list-of-must-see-places/articleshow/7363573.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=9 February 2015}}</ref> Industrialisation began under the Nizams in the late 19th century, helped by railway expansion that connected the city with major ports.<ref name="Albion CX19">{{cite web |title=Other Albion CX19 |url=http://www.albioncx19project.org.uk/other_cx19s.htm |work=Albion CX19 restoration project |access-date=18 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422220423/http://www.albioncx19project.org.uk/other_cx19s.htm |archive-date=22 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Neelakantan">{{cite conference |title=Economy, population and urban sprawl |url=http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Seminars/Details/Seminars/PDE2007/Papers/IYER_Neelakantan_paperNairobi2007-project.pdf |conference=Urban population, development and environment dynamics in developing countries |pages=7–19 |date=13 June 2007 |access-date=18 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519132559/http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Seminars/Details/Seminars/PDE2007/Papers/IYER_Neelakantan_paperNairobi2007-project.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2012}}</ref> From the 1950s to the 1970s, Indian enterprises, such as [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] (BHEL), [[Nuclear Fuel Complex]] (NFC), [[National Mineral Development Corporation]] (NMDC), [[Bharat Electronics]] (BEL), [[Electronics Corporation of India Limited]] (ECIL), [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO), [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL), [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (CCMB), [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]] (CDFD), [[State Bank of Hyderabad]] (SBH) and [[Andhra Bank]] (AB)<ref name="Rao" /> were established in the city.<ref name="TOI_EcoGrow">{{cite news |title=Brand Hyderabad loss of gloss? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Brand-Hyderabad-loss-of-gloss/articleshow/10725855.cms?referral=PM |last=Bharadwaj Chand |first=Swati |newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 November 2011 |access-date=18 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911025354/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Brand-Hyderabad-loss-of-gloss/articleshow/10725855.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> The city is home to [[Hyderabad Stock Exchange|Hyderabad Securities]] formerly known as Hyderabad Stock Exchange (HSE),<ref name="HSE-TOI">{{cite news |title=Sebi allows exit of Hyderabad stock exchange |url=http://www.livemint.com/Money/V10pI34CQWj6f6eAJDCkOL/Sebi-allows-exit-of-Hyderabad-stock-exchange.html |last=Laskar |first=Anirudh |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=28 January 2013 |access-date=26 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111044701/http://www.livemint.com/Money/V10pI34CQWj6f6eAJDCkOL/Sebi-allows-exit-of-Hyderabad-stock-exchange.html |archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> and houses the regional office of the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI).<ref name="SEBI-TOI">{{cite news |title=Sebi opens local office in the city |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Sebi-opens-local-office-in-the-city/articleshow/18689654.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 February 2013 |access-date=26 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910222059/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Sebi-opens-local-office-in-the-city/articleshow/18689654.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> In 2013, the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE) facility in Hyderabad was forecast to provide operations and transactions services to BSE-[[Mumbai]] by the end of 2014.<ref name="BSE">{{cite news |title=Hyderabad realty sector looking up |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/hyderabad-realty-sector-looking-up/article5387954.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 November 2013 |access-date=26 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127083807/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/hyderabad-realty-sector-looking-up/article5387954.ece |archive-date=27 November 2013}}</ref> The growth of the financial services sector has helped Hyderabad evolve from a traditional manufacturing city to a cosmopolitan industrial service centre.<ref name="Rao" /> Since the 1990s, the growth of information technology (IT), IT-enabled services (ITES), insurance and financial institutions has expanded the service sector, and these primary economic activities have boosted the ancillary sectors of trade and commerce, transport, storage, communication, real estate and retail.<ref name="Neelakantan" /> {{As of|2021}}, the IT exports from Hyderabad were {{Indian Rupee}} 1,45,522 crore ({{US$}}19.66 billion), the city houses 1500 IT and TES companies that provide 628,615 jobs.<ref>{{cite news |title=IT exports grew 12.98% to ₹1.45 lakh cr. last fiscal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/it-exports-grew-1298-to-145-lakh-cr-last-fiscal/article34783417.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 June 2021 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323194353/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/it-exports-grew-1298-to-145-lakh-cr-last-fiscal/article34783417.ece |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |title=Telangana IT exports grows 18% at ₹1.28 lakh crore in FY20 |date=21 May 2020 |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/infotech/telangana-it-exports-grows-18-at-rs-1-28-lakh-crore-in-fy20-11590060044912.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308101211/https://www.livemint.com/industry/infotech/telangana-it-exports-grows-18-at-rs-1-28-lakh-crore-in-fy20-11590060044912.html |archive-date=8 March 2021}}
* {{cite news |title=Hyderabad overtakes Bengaluru in IT office space occupation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-overtakes-bengaluru-in-it-office-space-occupation/article29480100.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406194142/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-overtakes-bengaluru-in-it-office-space-occupation/article29480100.ece |archive-date=6 April 2021}}
* {{cite web |title=Hyderabad IT companies told to gradually ramp up operations |work=mint |date=10 May 2020 |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/hyderabad-it-companies-told-to-gradually-ramp-up-operations-11589079377864.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308151341/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/hyderabad-it-companies-told-to-gradually-ramp-up-operations-11589079377864.html |archive-date=8 March 2021}}</ref>


Hyderabad's commercial markets are divided into four sectors: central business districts,<ref name="TOICBD&THCBD">{{cite news |title=Despite Telangana heat, city's information technology cup brimming over: report |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Despite-Telangana-heat-citys-Information-Technology-cup-brimming-over-Report/articleshow/13015756.cms?referral=PM |last=Bharadwaj-Chand |first=Swati |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 May 2012 |access-date=6 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910230610/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Despite-Telangana-heat-citys-Information-Technology-cup-brimming-over-Report/articleshow/13015756.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}
* {{cite news |title=Will the real central hub stand up? |url=http://www.hindu.com/pp/2005/07/23/stories/2005072300260100.htm |last=Mathew |first=Dennis Marcus |date=23 July 2005 |access-date=11 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110234752/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2005/07/23/stories/2005072300260100.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> sub-central business centres, neighbourhood business centres and local business centres.<ref name="Peter Scott">{{cite book |title=Geography and retailing |publisher=Rutgers University Press |pages=137–138 |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-202-30946-0 |last=Scott |first=Peter}}</ref> Many traditional and historic [[bazaar]]s are located throughout the city, Laad Bazaar being the prominent among all is popular for selling a variety of traditional and cultural antique wares, along with gems and pearls.<ref name="TheHindu_LB">{{cite news |title=Laad bazaar traders cry foul |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/22/stories/2008022257980200.htm |last=Kumar |first=Abhijit Dev |date=22 February 2008 |access-date=22 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226172413/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/22/stories/2008022257980200.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=26 February 2008}}
* {{cite book |title=The rough guide to south India |publisher=The Penguin Group |page=553 |year=1982 |isbn=978-1-84353-103-6 |last1=Abram |first1=David |last2=Edwards |first2=Nick |last3=Ford |first3=Mike}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Glory of the gates |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/10/stories/2004031000490300.htm |last=Venkateshwarlu |first=K. |date=10 March 2004 |access-date=11 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110141925/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/10/stories/2004031000490300.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Laad Bazaar bridal ware shops view.jpg|thumb|left|Bridalwear shops in [[Laad Bazaar]], near the [[Charminar]] | alt=four men in traditional bridalwear shops in the market]]
The establishment of [[Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited]] (IDPL), a public sector undertaking, in 1961 was followed over the decades by many national and global companies opening manufacturing and research facilities in the city.<ref name="Kenneth&WB">{{cite book |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |publisher=Britannica educational publishing |page=188 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-61530-202-4 |last=Pletcher |first=Kenneth}}
* {{cite journal |title=The pharmaceutical industry in India and Hungary |publisher=World Bank Publications |pages=9–10 |year=1997 |issn=0253-7494 |last1=Felker |first1=Greg |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Shekhar |last3=György |first3=Katalin |journal=World and Regional Supply and Demand Balances for Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Potash}}</ref> {{As of|2010}}, the city manufactured one third of India's bulk drugs and 16% of biotechnology products,<ref name="hyd pharma">{{cite web |title=Biotechnology and pharmaceutical opportunities in India |url=http://www.clustercollaboration.eu/documents/10147/101938/Biotechnology+and+Pharmaceutical+Opportunities+in+India.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202085111/http://www.clustercollaboration.eu/documents/10147/101938/Biotechnology%2Band%2BPharmaceutical%2BOpportunities%2Bin%2BIndia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2012 |publisher=[[UK Trade & Investment]] |year=2010 |access-date=4 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="biotech">{{cite web |title=Biotech industry India |url=http://www.ded.mo.gov/mostep/docs/main/indian-biotech-industry.pdf |publisher=Department of Information Technology, Biotechnology and Science & Technology, Government of Karnataka |year=2012 |access-date=4 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907101916/http://www.ded.mo.gov/mostep/docs/main/indian-biotech-industry.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref> contributing to its reputation as "India's pharmaceutical capital" and the "[[Genome Valley]] of India".<ref name="Gen Tgr hp">{{cite web |title=Hyderabad: India's genome valley |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/nov/30spec.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=30 November 2004 |access-date=13 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525063233/http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/nov/30spec.htm |archive-date=25 May 2011}}
* {{cite news |title=Hyderabad is a hot destination for Walsh |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/4339614/Hyderabad-is-a-hot-destination-for-Walsh.html |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |date=25 January 2009 |access-date=18 October 2011 |first=Alistair |last=Osborne |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423045405/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/4339614/Hyderabad-is-a-hot-destination-for-Walsh.html |archive-date=23 April 2012}}
* {{cite news |title=Job market booming overseas for many American companies |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/12/28/job-market-booming-overseas_n_801839.html |newspaper=[[Huffington Post]] |date=28 December 2010 |access-date=6 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825122948/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/12/28/job-market-booming-overseas_n_801839.html |archive-date=25 August 2011}}</ref> Hyderabad is a global centre of information technology, for which it is known as ''Cyberabad'' (Cyber City).<ref name="roy aih" /><ref name="toi chary" /> {{As of|2013}}, it contributed 15% of India's and 98% of Andhra Pradesh's exports in IT and ITES sectors<ref name="toi-it">{{cite news |title=Special governance for Hyderabad needed for growth |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Special-governance-for-Hyderabad-needed-for-growth/articleshow/20753414.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910200409/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Special-governance-for-Hyderabad-needed-for-growth/articleshow/20753414.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> and 22% of [[NASSCOM]]'s total membership is from the city.<ref name="TOI_Hyd_Economy" /> The development of [[HITEC City]], a township with extensive technological infrastructure, prompted multinational companies to establish facilities in Hyderabad.<ref name="roy aih" /> The city is home to more than 1300 IT and ITES firms that provide employment for 407,000 individuals; the global conglomerates include [[Microsoft]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Google]], [[IBM]], [[Yahoo!]], [[Oracle Corporation]], [[Dell]], [[Facebook]], [[CISCO]],<ref name="cgg Hyderabad 1" />{{rp|3}}<ref name="goo bus">* {{cite news |title=The top five cities |url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/the-top-five-cities/0/4265.html |newspaper=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]] |date=27 August 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=9 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402035602/http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/the-top-five-cities/0/4265.html |archive-date=2 April 2012}}
* {{cite web |title=Our office locations |url=http://careers.microsoft.com/careers/en/in/offices.aspx |year=2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902080539/http://careers.microsoft.com/careers/en/in/offices.aspx |archive-date=2 September 2011 |access-date=9 September 2011 |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}
* {{cite news |title=Presence of global IT boosts Hyderabad image |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/190117/presence-of-global-it-boosts-hyderabad-image.html |url-status=live |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |last=Suares |first=Coreena |date=19 January 2017 |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203164829/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/190117/presence-of-global-it-boosts-hyderabad-image.html |archive-date=3 February 2017}}</ref> and major Indian firms including [[Tech Mahindra]], [[Infosys]], [[Tata Consultancy Services]] (TCS), Polaris, [[Cyient]] and [[Wipro]].<ref name="cgg Hyderabad 1" />{{rp|3}} In 2009 the [[World Bank Group]] ranked the city as the [[Ease of doing business index|second best Indian city for doing business]].<ref name="Doing Business">{{cite web |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/india/sub/hyderabad |title=Ease of doing business in Hyderabad – India (2009) |publisher=World Bank Group |access-date=8 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127135011/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/india/sub/hyderabad/ |archive-date=27 January 2011}}</ref> The city and its suburbs contain the highest number of [[special economic zone]]s of any Indian city.<ref name="TOI_Hyd_Economy">{{cite news |title=Heat on Hyderabad |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Heat-on-Hyderabad/articleshow/9191298.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |last=Sivaramakrishnan |first=K.C. |newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=19 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910223603/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Heat-on-Hyderabad/articleshow/9191298.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref>

The [[Automotive industry in Hyderabad]] is also emerging and making it an automobile hub.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Telangana emerging as automobile hub |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/telangana-emerging-as-automobile-hub/article23247160.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |author= |date=14 March 2018 |access-date=27 June 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202843/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/telangana-emerging-as-automobile-hub/article23247160.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Automobile companies including as [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], [[Hyderabad Allwyn]], [[Praga Tools]], [[HMT (company)|HMT Bearings]], [[Ordnance Factory Medak]], Deccan Auto and [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] have units in the Hyderabad economic zone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Automobile |url=https://invest.telangana.gov.in/automobiles/ |work=[[Government of Telangana]] |year=2021 |access-date=28 June 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628091446/https://invest.telangana.gov.in/automobiles/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]], [[Maruti Suzuki]] and [[Triton Energy]] will invest in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fiat Chrysler setting up $150 million global digital hub in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/fiat-chrysler-setting-up-150-million-global-digital-hub-in-hyderabad/article33343983.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=N. Ravi |date=16 December 2020 |access-date=27 June 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=31 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231161912/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/fiat-chrysler-setting-up-150-million-global-digital-hub-in-hyderabad/article33343983.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

Like the rest of India, Hyderabad has a large [[informal economy]] that employs 30% of the labour force.<ref name="GHMC_Slums" />{{rp|71}} According to a survey published in 2007, it had 40–50,000 [[Hawker (trade)|street vendors]], and their numbers were increasing.<ref name="wipper&Christoph">{{cite web |title=Urban street food vendors in the food provisioning system of Hyderabad |url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/36909/2/Megacity%20Report-4.pdf |last1=Wipper |first1=Marlis |last2=Dittrich |first2=Christoph |year=2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504154643/http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/36909/2/Megacity%20Report-4.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2013 |access-date=18 June 2012 |work=Analysis and action for sustainable development of Hyderabad |publisher=[[Humboldt University of Berlin]]}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Among the street vendors, 84% are male and 16% female,<ref name="Sharit&Debdulal">{{cite web |title=Street vending in ten cities in India |url=http://nasvinet.org/upload/NASVI_FINAL%20REPORT.pdf |publisher=[[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] |year=2012 |last1=Bhowmik |first1=Sharit K. |last2=Saha |first2=Debdulal |access-date=18 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105184331/http://nasvinet.org/upload/NASVI_FINAL%20REPORT.pdf |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref>{{rp|12}} and four fifths are "stationary vendors" operating from a fixed pitch, often with their own [[Market stall|stall]].<ref name="Sharit&Debdulal" />{{rp|15–16}} Most are financed through personal savings; only 8% borrow from moneylenders.<ref name="Sharit&Debdulal" />{{rp|19}} Vendor earnings vary from {{INRConvert|50}} to {{INRConvert|800}} per day.<ref name="wipper&Christoph" />{{rp|25}} Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy, poultry farming, brick manufacturing, casual labour and domestic help. Those involved in the informal economy constitute a major portion of the urban poor.<ref name="GHMC_Slums" />{{rp|71}}<ref name="Kumar-Business Line">{{cite news |title=Hyderabad in UNESCO list for rich culinary heritage |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/hyderabad-in-unesco-list-for-rich-culinary-heritage/article29870823.ece |last=Kumar |first=V.Rishi |newspaper=Business Line |location=Chennai |date=3 November 2019 |access-date=1 March 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406023824/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/hyderabad-in-unesco-list-for-rich-culinary-heritage/article29870823.ece |archive-date=6 April 2021}}</ref>

In 2024, the [[World Economic Forum]] established a Centre for Fourth Industrial Revolution (C4IR), in the city. Which it describes as a hub to leverage the latest technology in advancing the life sciences and health sectors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 January 2024 |title=Telangana signs agreement with WEF for setting up C4IR in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/state-signs-agreement-with-wef-for-setting-up-c4ir-in-hyderabad/article67744887.ece |access-date=10 April 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410081621/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/state-signs-agreement-with-wef-for-setting-up-c4ir-in-hyderabad/article67744887.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Hyderabad}}
{{multiple images
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 450
| image1 = Banjara Artists Performance at Hyderabad Mahankali Bonalu (28.07.2018) 01.jpg
| caption1 = Crowds during [[Bonalu]] celebrations in the city
| image2 = Armenian cemetery in Hyderabad.jpg
| caption2 = [[Armenian cemetery in Hyderabad|Armenian cemetery]] in Uppuguda, dating to the [[Qutb Shahi]] period
}}

Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the [[Mughal Empire]]. After the [[Siege of Delhi|fall of Delhi in 1857]], the migration of performing artists to the city particularly from the north and west of the [[Indian subcontinent]], under the patronage of the Nizam, enriched the cultural milieu.<ref name="TOI-culture">{{cite news |title=The courtesans of Hyderabad & Mehboob Ki Mehendi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/The-courtesans-of-Hyderabad-Mehboob-Ki-Mehendi/articleshow/17724790.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 December 2012 |access-date=4 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910204924/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/The-courtesans-of-Hyderabad-Mehboob-Ki-Mehendi/articleshow/17724790.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Court">{{cite book |title=The Nocturnal Court: The Life of a Prince of Hyderabad |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=xlii |year=2004 |last1=Jaisi |first1=sadiq |last2=Luther |first2=Narendra |isbn=978-0-19-566605-2}}</ref> This migration resulted in a mingling of North and South Indian languages, cultures and religions, which has since led to a [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb|co-existence of Hindu and Muslim traditions]], for which the city has become noted.<ref name="NS&voyager">{{cite book |title=Hyderabad: an expat survival guide |publisher=Chillibreeze |page=9 |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-904055-5-3}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Syed |title=Hyderabad through the eyes of a voyager |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Hyderabad-through-the-eyes-of-a-voyager/articleshow/9340561.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=24 July 2011 |access-date=27 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910211931/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Hyderabad-through-the-eyes-of-a-voyager/articleshow/9340561.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Lynton1987">{{cite book |last=Lynton |first=Harriet Ronken |title=Days of the beloved |year=1987 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-0-86311-269-0}}</ref>{{rp|viii}} A further consequence of this north–south mix is that both [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]] are official languages of Telangana.<ref>{{cite web |title=Languages |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/languages.html |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |year=2011 |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208110254/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/languages.html |archive-date=8 February 2012}}</ref> The mixing of religions has resulted in many festivals being celebrated in Hyderabad such as [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Diwali]] and [[Bonalu]] of Hindu tradition and [[Eid ul-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]] by Muslims.<ref name="TOI_fest">{{cite news |title=Mosques in Hyderabad remain a picture of neglect |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Mosques-in-Hyderabad-remain-a-picture-of-neglect/articleshow/9561076.cms?referral=PM |last=Naseeruddin |first=Md |newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 August 2011 |access-date=10 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911023848/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Mosques-in-Hyderabad-remain-a-picture-of-neglect/articleshow/9561076.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref>

Traditional Hyderabadi garb reveals a mix of Muslim and Hindu influences with men wearing ''[[sherwani]]'' and ''[[kurta]]–[[paijama]]'' and women wearing ''[[khara dupatta]]'' and ''[[salwar kameez]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |title=Clothes make-over for men |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/03/21/stories/2002032100230100.htm |date=21 March 2002 |access-date=22 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127202917/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/03/21/stories/2002032100230100.htm |archive-date=27 November 2010 |newspaper=The Hindu |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="TOI_Culture">{{cite news |title=Changing trends in city's culture |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Changing-trends-in-citys-culture/articleshow/14738898.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 July 2012 |access-date=8 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911051150/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Changing-trends-in-citys-culture/articleshow/14738898.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Karen Leonard">{{cite book |last=Leonard |first=Karen Isaksen |title=Locating home: India's Hyderabadis abroad |publisher=Stanford University Press |pages=14 and 248–255 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8047-5442-2}}</ref> Most Muslim women wear ''[[burqa]]'' and ''[[hijab]]'' outdoors.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Untold Charminar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ww3GYpMrwysC&pg=PT187 |publisher=Penguin |page=187 |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-8475-971-6 |first=Syeda |last=Imam |access-date=9 August 2020 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628083449/https://books.google.com/books?id=ww3GYpMrwysC&pg=PT187 |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to the traditional Hindu and Muslim garments, increasing exposure to western cultures has led to a rise in the wearing of [[Casual wear|western style clothing]] among youths.<ref>{{cite news |title=Efforts should be made to preserve traditional wear |url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/03/23/stories/2009032350730400.htm |date=23 March 2009 |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110234115/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/03/23/stories/2009032350730400.htm |archive-date=10 November 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Literature ===
In the past, [[Qutb Shah]]i rulers and [[Asaf Jahi dynasty|Asaf Jahi Nizams]] attracted artists, architects, and men of letters from different parts of the world through patronage. The resulting ethnic mix popularised cultural events such as ''[[mushaira]]s'' (poetic symposia), ''[[Qawwali]]'' (devotional songs) and ''[[Dholak ke Geet]]'' (traditional folk songs).<ref name="Int Mushaira">{{cite news |title=Anjuman Muhibban-e-Urdu to hold international mushaira |url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/anjuman-muhibban-e-urdu-hold-international-mushaira |newspaper=The Siasat Daily |date=13 April 2012 |access-date=13 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111041310/http://www.siasat.com/english/news/anjuman-muhibban-e-urdu-hold-international-mushaira |archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="qawwali">{{cite news |title=Wah! This Hyderabadi family has been carrying foward [sic] the legacy of qawwali for over 900 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/wah-this-hyderabadi-family-has-been-carrying-foward-the-legacy-of-qawwali-for-over-900-years/articleshow/59239321.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |last=Paul |first=Papri |date=21 June 2021 |access-date=22 September 2021 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820123505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/wah-this-hyderabadi-family-has-been-carrying-foward-the-legacy-of-qawwali-for-over-900-years/articleshow/59239321.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Traditional Indian Forms of Deccani Poetry |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23340243 |volume=53 |pages=211–19 |year=2009 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |jstor=23340243 |access-date=13 July 2022 |last1=Panchal |first1=Parmanand |journal=Indian Literature |issue=5 (253) |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713142656/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23340243 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Qutb Shahi dynasty particularly encouraged the growth of [[Deccani literature]] leading to works such as the ''[[Deccani Masnavi]]'' and ''[[Diwan (poetry)|Diwan poetry]]'', which are among the earliest available manuscripts in Urdu.<ref name="Masud">{{cite book |title=Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |pages=50–77 |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-260-0233-7 |last=Hussain Khan |first=Masud}}</ref> ''[[Lazzat Un Nisa]]'', a book compiled in the 15th century at Qutb Shahi courts, contains erotic paintings with diagrams for secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts.<ref name="Lizzat-un-nisa">{{cite book |title=Scent in the Islamic Garden: A Study of Deccani Urdu Literary Sources |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=40 |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-579334-5 |first=Ali Alber |last=Husain}}</ref> The reign of the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty|Asaf Jahi Nizams]] saw many literary reforms and the introduction of Urdu as a language of court, administration and education.<ref name="Datta">{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature: Devraj to Jyoti, Volume 2 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |pages=1260, 1746–1748 |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |last=Datta |first=Amaresh}}</ref> In 1824, a collection of Urdu ''[[Ghazal]]'' poetry, named ''Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa'', authored by [[Mah Laqa Bai]]—the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan—was published in Hyderabad.<ref name="Mah laqa bai">{{cite book |title=Women writing in India volume 1, 600 BC to the early twentieth century |publisher=The Feminist Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/womenwritinginin00thar/page/120 120]–122 |year=1991 |isbn=978-1-55861-027-9 |first1=Susie J. |last1=Tharu |first2=K. |last2=Lalita |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/womenwritinginin00thar}}</ref> Hyderabad has continued with these traditions in its annual [[Hyderabad Literary Festival]], held since 2010, showcasing the city's literary and cultural creativity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Celebrating creativity |url=http://www.hyderabadliteraryfestival.com/ |work=Hyderabad Literary Festival 2012 |year=2012 |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419043414/http://www.hyderabadliteraryfestival.com/ |archive-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> Organisations engaged in the advancement of literature include the [[Sahitya Akademi]], the Urdu Academy, the Telugu Academy, the [[National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]], the Comparative Literature Association of India, and the Andhra Saraswata Parishad. Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library, the largest public library in the state which was established in 1891,<ref name="Asifia_library">{{cite news |last=Singh |first=T. Lalith |title=State central library to sport a grand look again |url=http://hindu.com/2005/08/06/stories/2005080615910300.htm |date=6 August 2005 |access-date=13 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409172950/http://hindu.com/2005/08/06/stories/2005080615910300.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=9 April 2012}}</ref> and other major libraries including the [[Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam]], the [[British Library, Hyderabad|British Library]] and the [[Sundarayya Vignana Kendram]].<ref name="dsal and sundarayya">{{cite web |title=The original Urdu research centre (URC) |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/bibliographic/urlc/urc.html |publisher=Digital South Asia Library |date=29 September 2009 |access-date=29 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727033037/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/bibliographic/urlc/urc.html |archive-date=27 July 2012}}
* {{cite web |title=The Urdu research centre, Hyderabad: a souvenir |url=http://www.sundarayya.org/pdf/BBC-URLC.pdf |work=[[Sundarayya Vignana Kendram]] |date=10 June 2004 |access-date=29 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110235124/http://www.sundarayya.org/pdf/BBC-URLC.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

=== Music and films ===
[[File:Ravindra Bharathi Auditorium, Lakdikapool.jpg|thumb|[[Ravindra Bharathi]], an auditorium named after [[Rabindranath Tagore]] | alt=A rectangular building]]
[[South Indian music]] and dances such as the [[Kuchipudi]] and [[Bharatanatyam]] styles are popular in the Deccan region. As a result of their cultural policies, [[North Indian music]] and dance gained popularity during the rule of the Mughals and Nizams,<ref name="Nigam&Bhatnagar">{{cite book |title=Romance of Hyderabad culture |page=44 |last1=Nigam |first1=Mohan Lal |last2=Bhatnagar |first2=Anupama |publisher=Deva Publication |year=1997 |oclc=644231278}}</ref> and it was also during their reign that it became a tradition among the nobility to associate themselves with [[tawaif]] (courtesans). These courtesans were revered as the epitome of etiquette and culture and were appointed to teach singing, poetry, and classical dance to many children of the aristocracy.<ref name="rekha">{{cite journal |title=Women in the Hyderabad State in 19th and 20th centuries |url=http://jhss.org/articleview.php?artid=143 |last=Pande |first=Rekha |editor=Tiwari, Pushpa |journal=Journal of History and Social Sciences |year=2012 |issn=2229-5798 |access-date=6 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104122459/http://jhss.org/articleview.php?artid=143 |archive-date=4 January 2013}}</ref> This gave rise to certain styles of court music, dance and poetry. Besides [[Western culture|western]] and Indian popular music genres such as [[filmi]] music, the residents of Hyderabad play city-based ''[[marfa music]]'', ''Dholak ke Geet'' (household songs based on local [[folklore]]), and [[qawwali]], especially at weddings, festivals and other celebratory events.<ref name="thehindu_marfa">{{cite news |title=It's "teen maar" for marriages, festivals |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/23/stories/2008102358610200.htm |last=Kumar |first=Abhijit Dev |date=23 October 2008 |access-date=17 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129001233/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/23/stories/2008102358610200.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=29 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="Dholak ke geet">{{cite book |title=Deccan Heritage |publisher=Universities Press |isbn=978-81-7371-285-2 |page=218 |last1=K Gupta |first1=Harsh |last2=Parasher Sen |first2=Aloka |last3=Balasubramanian |first3=Dorairajan |year=2000}}</ref> The state government organises the Golconda Music and Dance Festival, the Taramati Music Festival and the Premavathi Dance Festival to further encourage the development of music.<ref name="TOI and NYT_Culture">{{cite news |title=Doorway to culture in the name of Taramati |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Doorway-to-culture-in-the-name-of-Taramati/articleshow/387074.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 December 2003 |access-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912002257/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Doorway-to-culture-in-the-name-of-Taramati/articleshow/387074.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=12 September 2015}}
* {{cite news |title=36 hours in Hyderabad, India |last=Vora |first=Shivani |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/13/travel/36-hours-in-hyderabad-india.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=13 May 2012 |access-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515160316/http://www.nytimes.com//2012/05/13/travel/36-hours-in-hyderabad-india.html |archive-date=15 May 2012}}</ref>

Although the city is not particularly noted for theatre and drama,<ref name="TheHindu_Theatere">{{cite news |title=Theatre is catching up in Hyderabad |url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/01/19/stories/2009011950120100.htm |last=Kumar |first=S. Sandeep |date=19 January 2009 |access-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110234122/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/01/19/stories/2009011950120100.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> the state government promotes theatre with multiple programmes and festivals<ref name="The Hindu_theater2">{{cite news |title=Verse drama feast |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/04/15/stories/2011041550400300.htm |last=Srihari |first=Gudipoodi |date=15 April 2011 |access-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110235229/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/04/15/stories/2011041550400300.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh state film television and theater development corporation limited |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/departments/general%20administration/a%20p%20state%20film,%20t%20v%20and%20theatre%20development%20corporation%20limited/forms/note%20on%20film%20development%20corporation%20as%20on%2031.3.2008.pdf |publisher=aponline.gov.in |date=31 March 2008 |access-date=18 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110234232/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/departments/general%20administration/a%20p%20state%20film%2C%20t%20v%20and%20theatre%20development%20corporation%20limited/forms/note%20on%20film%20development%20corporation%20as%20on%2031.3.2008.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> in such venues as the [[Ravindra Bharathi]], [[Shilpakala Vedika]], Lalithakala Thoranam and [[Lamakaan]]. Although not a purely music-oriented event, [[Numaish]], a popular annual exhibition of local and national consumer products, does feature some musical performances.<ref name="siasat numaish">{{cite news |title=Exhibition named 'Numaish' at last |url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/exhibition-named-%E2%80%98numaish%E2%80%99-last |newspaper=The Siasat Daily |date=20 December 2009 |access-date=17 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224081127/http://www.siasat.com/english/news/exhibition-named-%E2%80%98numaish%E2%80%99-last |archive-date=24 February 2012}}</ref>

The city is home to the Telugu film industry, popularly known as [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]]—{{As of|2021|lc=on}} it is the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian film industry]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tollywood {{!}} ఆ విషయంలో బాలీవుడ్‌ను వెనక్కి నెట్టేసిన టాలీవుడ్.. |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/in-this-year-tollywood-surpassed-bollywood-with-collections-at-box-office-391576 |newspaper=Namasthe Telangana |date=5 January 2022 |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718085356/https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/in-this-year-tollywood-surpassed-bollywood-with-collections-at-box-office-391576 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1970s, [[Deccani language]] realist films by globally acclaimed [[Shyam Benegal]] started a movement of [[coming of age]] [[art film]]s in India, which came to be known as [[parallel cinema]].<ref name="cinema-in-Hyderabad">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT77 |pages=172–173 |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-315-06254-9 |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024075918/https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT77#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |title=Shyam Benegal's 'Ankur' and the beginning of a film movement |url=https://scroll.in/reel/823176/shyam-benegals-ankur-and-the-beginning-of-a-film-movement |last=Datta |first=Sangeeta |work=Scroll |date=14 December 2016 |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=15 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915114047/https://scroll.in/reel/823176/shyam-benegals-ankur-and-the-beginning-of-a-film-movement |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |title=Shyam Benegal's Ankur was written as a story for college magazine |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shyam-benegals-ankur-was-written-as-a-story-for-college-magazine-629931 |newspaper=[[New Delhi Television Ltd]] |date=23 November 2012 |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=15 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915114047/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shyam-benegals-ankur-was-written-as-a-story-for-college-magazine-629931 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |title=Ankur (1974) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ankur-1974/article3918198.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Salam |first=Zia Us |date=20 September 2012 |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001052536/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ankur-1974/article3918198.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Deccani film industry]] ("Dollywood") produces films in the local Hyderabadi dialect, which have gained regional popularity since 2005.<ref name="City_movies">{{cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |title=New breed of Hyderabadi stars |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/New-breed-of-Hyderabadi-stars/articleshow/8126745.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 May 2011 |access-date=13 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911212052/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/New-breed-of-Hyderabadi-stars/articleshow/8126745.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> The city has hosted international film festivals such as the [[International Children's Film Festival India|International Children's Film Festival]] and the [[Hyderabad International Film Festival]].<ref name="IBN&TH">{{cite news |title=17th international children's film fest starts in Hyderabad |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/17th-childrens-film-fest-starts-in-hyderabad/202515-8-66.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=26 December 2011 |access-date=13 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227010530/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/17th-childrens-film-fest-starts-in-hyderabad/202515-8-66.html |archive-date=27 February 2012}}
* {{cite news |last=K. |first=Sangeetha Devi |title=Fuelled by passion |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/03/15/stories/2007031500260100.htm |date=15 March 2007 |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107033503/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/03/15/stories/2007031500260100.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> In 2005, ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' declared [[Ramoji Film City]] to be the world's largest film studio.<ref>{{cite book |title=Largest film studio |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-film-studio/ |publisher=Guinness World Records |date=1 January 2005 |access-date=22 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218024841/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-film-studio/ |archive-date=18 December 2014}}</ref>

=== Art and handicrafts ===
[[File:Water pipe base, Bidriware, Hyderabad, India.jpg|thumb|left|An 18th century Bidriware, water pipe base of [[Hookah]], displayed at the [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] | alt=Decorated metal vase]]

The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad painting styles which are branches of [[Deccan painting]].<ref name="ccrtindia.gov.in">{{cite web |title=Miniature painting |url=http://ccrtindia.gov.in/miniaturepainting.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318231813/http://ccrtindia.gov.in/miniaturepainting.htm |archive-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=[[Centre for Cultural Resources and Training]] |access-date=9 June 2012}}</ref> Developed during the 16th century, the Golconda style is a native style blending foreign techniques and bears some similarity to the [[Mysore painting|Vijayanagara paintings]] of neighbouring Mysore. A significant use of luminous gold and white colours is generally found in the Golconda style.<ref name="1 Mark_Zebrowski and 2 Ralph and Lefèvre">{{cite book |title=Deccani painting |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |pages=40–66 |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-85667-153-1 |last=Zebrowski |first=Mark}}
* {{cite book |title=National exhibition of works of art, at Leeds, 1868: official catalogue |publisher=The Executive Committee |pages=301–313 |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-165-04393-4 |last1=James |first1=Ralph |last2=Lefèvre |first2=L}}</ref> The Hyderabad style originated in the 17th century under the Nizams. Highly influenced by [[Mughal painting]], this style makes use of bright colours and mostly depicts regional landscape, culture, costumes, and jewellery.<ref name="ccrtindia.gov.in" />

Although not a centre for handicrafts itself, the patronage of the arts by the Mughals and Nizams attracted artisans from the region to Hyderabad. Such crafts include: [[Wootz steel]], [[Silver Filigree of Karimnagar|Filigree work]], [[Bidriware]], a metalwork handicraft from neighbouring [[Karnataka]], which was popularised during the 18th century and has since been granted a [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)#Geographical Indications tags|Geographical Indication]] (GI) tag under the auspices of the [[WTO]] act;<ref name="Jonathan and Sheila">{{cite book |title=The grove encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture, volume 2 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=179 and 286 |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1 |last1=Bloom |first1=Jonathan |last2=Blair |first2=Sheila}}</ref><ref name="Bidriware">{{cite news |title=Proving their mettle in metal craft |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Proving-their-mettle-in-metal-craft/articleshow/11332582.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 January 2012 |access-date=13 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911200450/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Proving-their-mettle-in-metal-craft/articleshow/11332582.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> and [[Zari]] and [[Zardozi]], embroidery works on textile that involve making elaborate designs using gold, silver and other metal threads.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Geographical indications journal no:49 |url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_49.pdf |volume=1 |issue=49 |page=15 |journal=Government of India |year=2012 |access-date=16 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809220647/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_49.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2013}}</ref> [[Chintz]]—a glazed [[calico]] textiles was originated in Golconda in 16th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=India: Cultural Patterns And Processes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACyNDwAAQBAJ |page=1 |last=Noble |first=Allen G. |isbn=978-0-429-72463-3 |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |access-date=23 June 2020 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628083419/https://books.google.com/books?id=ACyNDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Golconda Chintz: Manufacture and Trade in The 17th Century |volume=49 |year=1988 |last=Singh |first=Seema |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |pages=301–305 |jstor=44148394}}</ref> and another example of a handicraft drawn to Hyderabad is [[Kalamkari]], a hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile that comes from cities in Andhra Pradesh. This craft is distinguished in having both a Hindu style, known as [[Srikalahasti]] and entirely done by hand, and an Islamic style, known as [[Machilipatnam]] which uses both hand and block techniques.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Syed |title=Kalamkari losing Islamic thread |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Kalamkari-losing-Islamic-thread/articleshow/11562051.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 January 2012 |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911194938/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Kalamkari-losing-Islamic-thread/articleshow/11562051.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Hyderabad state |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |page=42 |year=1991 |orig-year=1909 |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series}}</ref> Examples of Hyderabad's arts and crafts are housed in various museums including the Salar Jung Museum (housing "one of the largest one-man-collections in the world"<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnership with the Salar Jung museum, Hyderabad |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/skills-sharing/world_collections_programme/salar_jung_museum.aspx |work=World collections programme |publisher=[[British Museum]] |access-date=13 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617002126/http://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/skills-sharing/world_collections_programme/salar_jung_museum.aspx |archive-date=17 June 2012}}</ref>), the [[Telangana State Archaeology Museum]], the [[Nizam Museum]], the [[City Museum, Hyderabad|City Museum]] and the [[Birla Science Museum]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Muffakham Jah opens city museum |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2985506.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 March 2012 |access-date=13 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316101124/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2985506.ece |archive-date=16 March 2012}}
* {{cite news |title=Here's a treasure trove |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kids/article2023279.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |first=Aparna |last=Menon |date=16 May 2011 |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502041447/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kids/article2023279.ece |archive-date=2 May 2012}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Hyderabadi cuisine}}

[[File:Hyderabadi biryani (406687573).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hyderabadi biryani]] along with other [[Hyderabadi cuisine]] | alt=Hyderabadi food]]

Hyderabadi cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of [[rice]], [[wheat]] and [[Lamb and mutton|meat]] dishes and the skilled use of various spices.<ref name="Elsa Hahne">{{cite book |title=You are where you eat: stories and recipes from the neighborhoods of New Orleans |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |pages=47–49 |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-57806-941-5 |last=Hahne |first=Elsa}}</ref> Hyderabad is listed by [[UNESCO]] as a [[City of Gastronomy|creative city of gastronomy]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad figures in UNESCO list for rich culinary heritage |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-figures-in-unesco-list-for-rich-culinary-heritage/article29845839.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=1 November 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117230004/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-figures-in-unesco-list-for-rich-culinary-heritage/article29845839.ece |archive-date=17 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UNESCO designates 66 new Creative Cities |url=https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/events/unesco-designates-66-new-creative-cities |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |date=30 October 2019 |access-date=7 January 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201210257/https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/events/unesco-designates-66-new-creative-cities |archive-date=1 February 2021}}</ref> [[Hyderabadi biryani|Hyderabadi ''biryani'']] and [[Hyderabadi haleem|Hyderabadi ''haleem'']], with their blend of [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughlai]] and [[Arab cuisine]]s,<ref name="Sanjeev Kapoor" /> carry the national [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications tag]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabadi haleem now close to being patented |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/hyderabadi-haleem-now-close-to-being-patented-49064.html |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=2 September 2010 |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204151143/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/hyderabadi-haleem-now-close-to-being-patented-49064.html |archive-date=4 December 2011}}
*{{cite news |title=The original 'slow food' staple: a GI tag for the iconic Hyderabadi dish is reason to raise a toast |url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/09/10214526/The-original-8216slow-food.html?h=B |last=Roy |first=Amrita |newspaper=Mint (newspaper) |date=10 September 2010 |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628083442/https://www.livemint.com/2010/09/10214526/the-original-8216slow-food.html |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh / Hyderabad news: legendary biryani now turns 'single' |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/18/stories/2005081817520200.htm |date=18 August 2005 |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829060517/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/18/stories/2005081817520200.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=29 August 2012}}</ref> Hyderabadi cuisine is influenced to some extent by [[French cuisine|French]],<ref name="TNE">{{cite web |title=The french connection |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2020/dec/03/the-french-connection-2231070.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=3 December 2020 |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026152507/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2020/dec/03/the-french-connection-2231070.html |url-status=live}}</ref> but more by Arabic, [[Turkish cuisine|Turkish]], [[Iranian cuisine|Iranian]] and native [[Telugu cuisine|Telugu]] and [[Marathwada]] cuisines.<ref name="Karen Leonard" /><ref name="Sanjeev Kapoor">{{cite book |title=Royal Hyderabadi cooking |publisher=Popular Prakashan |page=3 |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-7991-373-4 |last=Kapoor |first=Sanjeev}}</ref> Popular native dishes include ''[[nihari]]'', ''[[chakna]]'', ''[[baghara baingan]]'' and the desserts ''[[qubani ka meetha]]'', ''[[double ka meetha]]'' and ''kaddu ki kheer'' (a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd).<ref name="Karen Leonard" /><ref>{{cite news |title=A plateful of culture |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-plateful-of-culture/article911611.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 November 2010 |access-date=31 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-plateful-of-culture/article911611.ece |archive-date=1 January 2016}}
* {{cite news |title=Times food guide 2012 reaches Hyderabad |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-reviews/Times-Food-Guide-2012-reaches-Hyderabad/articleshow/12005484.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2012 |access-date=31 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912075827/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-reviews/Times-Food-Guide-2012-reaches-Hyderabad/articleshow/12005484.cms |archive-date=12 September 2015}}</ref>

== Media ==
{{Main|Media in Hyderabad}}

One of Hyderabad's earliest newspapers, ''[[The Deccan Times]]'', was established in the 1780s.<ref>{{cite book |title=The history of Urdu press: a case study of Hyderabad |publisher=Classical Publishing |page=27 |year=1995 |oclc=246868337 |first=Khan |last=Masood Ali}}</ref> Major Telugu dailies published in Hyderabad are ''[[Eenadu]]'', ''[[Sakshi (magazine)|Sakshi]]'' and ''[[Namasthe Telangana]]'', while major English papers are ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'' and ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''. The major Urdu papers include ''[[The Siasat Daily]]'', ''[[The Munsif Daily]]'' and ''[[Etemaad Daily|Etemaad]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Magazine publishers of India |url=http://www.publishersglobal.com/directory/india/media/magazine-publishers/1/ |page=1 |publisher=Publishers Global |access-date=13 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218063342/http://www.publishersglobal.com/directory/india/media/magazine-publishers/1 |archive-date=18 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad Urdu papers launch campaign for simple weddings |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/hyderabad-urdu-papers-launch-campaign-for-simple-weddings/1043888/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=12 December 2012 |access-date=1 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/hyderabad-urdu-papers-launch-campaign-for-simple-weddings/1043888/ |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> The Secunderabad Cantonment Board established the first radio station in Hyderabad State around 1919. [[Deccan Radio (Nizam Radio 1932)|Deccan Radio]] was the first radio public broadcast station in the city starting on 3 February 1935,<ref name="Wavescan">{{cite web |title=The long and interesting story of all India Radio, Hyderabad – part 1 |url=http://www.ontheshortwaves.com/Wavescan/wavescan100815.html |work=ontheshortwaves.com |date=15 August 2010 |access-date=20 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505052736/http://www.ontheshortwaves.com/Wavescan/wavescan100815.html |archive-date=5 May 2013}}</ref> with [[FM broadcasting]] beginning in 2000.<ref name="CIA_India">{{cite web |title=South Asia: India |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |work=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |date=12 April 2012 |access-date=22 May 2012 |archive-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318202107/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india |url-status=dead}}</ref> The available channels in Hyderabad include [[All India Radio]], [[Radio Mirchi]], [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]], [[Red FM 93.5|Red FM]], [[BIG FM 92.7|Big FM]] and [[Fever 104 FM|Fever FM]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Radio stations in Andhra Pradesh, India |url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/andhra-pradesh-radio.htm#hyderabad-radio |work=asiawaves.net |access-date=18 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927015040/http://www.asiawaves.net/india/andhra-pradesh-radio.htm#hyderabad-radio |archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref>

Television broadcasting in Hyderabad began in 1974 with the launch of ''[[Doordarshan]]'', the government of India's [[Public broadcasting|public service broadcaster]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Kendra's origin |url=http://www.ddsaptagiri.tv/kendrasOrigin.html |publisher=Doordarshan Kendra Hyderabad |year=2008 |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106005016/http://www.ddsaptagiri.tv/kendrasOrigin.html |archive-date=6 November 2011}}</ref> which transmits two [[free-to-air]] terrestrial television channels and one satellite channel. Private satellite channels started in July 1992 with the launch of [[STAR (India)|Star TV]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Invasion from the skies: the impact of foreign television in India |first=Usha |last=Manchanda |journal=Australian Studies in Journalism |volume=7 |year=1998 |page=146}}</ref> Satellite TV channels are accessible via [[Cable television|cable subscription]], [[direct-broadcast satellite]] services or [[IPTV|internet-based television]].<ref name="CIA_India" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Consolidated list of channels allowed to be carried by cable operators/ multi system operators/ DTH licensees in India |url=http://mib.nic.in/writereaddata/html_en_files/tvchannels/channellist.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905131430/http://mib.nic.in/writereaddata/html_en_files/tvchannels/channellist.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2012 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]] |access-date=13 May 2012}}</ref> Hyderabad's first dial-up internet access became available in the early 1990s and was limited to software development companies.<ref name="Fortner and Fackler">{{cite book |title=The handbook of global communication and media ethics |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4051-8812-8 |last1=Fortner |first1=Robert.S |last2=Fackler |first2=P. Mark}}</ref> The first public internet access service began in 1995, with the first private sector [[internet service provider]] (ISP) starting operations in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |title=Information and communication technologies throughout the world |url=http://www.unesco.org/webworld/wcir/en/pdf_report/chap15.pdf |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |page=210 |year=1998 |access-date=26 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005120335/http://www.unesco.org/webworld/wcir/en/pdf_report/chap15.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> In 2015, high-speed public WiFi was introduced in parts of the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad begins rollout of public WiFi |url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/NrFl3eM6vrzzk9WEYcPQUN/Hyderabad-begins-rollout-of-public-WiFi.html |newspaper=Livemint |date=16 April 2015 |access-date=16 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418182728/http://www.livemint.com/Industry/NrFl3eM6vrzzk9WEYcPQUN/Hyderabad-begins-rollout-of-public-WiFi.html |archive-date=18 April 2015}}</ref>

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Hyderabad}}

[[File:Osmania College of Arts and Social.jpg|thumb|left|[[Osmania University]] College of Arts|alt=Large pink granite building]]
Public and [[Public school (India)|private schools]] in Hyderabad are governed by the [[Board of Secondary Education, Telangana]] or [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], depending on the affiliation and follow a [[Education in India#10+2+3 pattern|"10+2+3" plan]]. About two-thirds of pupils attend privately run institutions.<ref name="TNYT_School">{{cite news |title=Many of India's poor turn to private schools |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/31/world/asia/for-indias-poor-private-schools-help-fill-a-growing-demand.html |last1=Bajaj |first1=Vikas |last2=Yardley |first2=Jim |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 December 2011 |access-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401181603/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/31/world/asia/for-indias-poor-private-schools-help-fill-a-growing-demand.html |archive-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> Languages of instruction include English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Centre extends 40-cr aid to Urdu schools |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Centre-extends-40-cr-aid-to-Urdu-schools/articleshow/2211395.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 February 2002 |access-date=9 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911190425/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Centre-extends-40-cr-aid-to-Urdu-schools/articleshow/2211395.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> Depending on the institution, students are required to sit the [[Secondary School Certificate]]<ref name="ssc">{{cite news |title=SSC results: girls score higher percentage |date=22 May 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2040014.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=9 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110234109/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2040014.ece |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> or the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]]. After completing secondary education, students enrol in schools or junior colleges with higher secondary facilities. Admission to professional graduation colleges in Hyderabad, many of which are affiliated with either [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad|Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad]] (JNTUH) or Osmania University (OU), is through the [[Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test]] (EAM-CET).<ref name="ouwebsite">{{cite web |title=Vice chancellor's speech about Osmania university |url=http://www.osmania.ac.in/AboutUsVCSpeech.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112105013/http://www.osmania.ac.in/AboutUsVCSpeech.htm |archive-date=12 November 2007 |publisher=Osmania University |access-date=15 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EAMCET 2013 |url=http://www.apeamcet.org/pdfs/AMBOOKLET.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701081320/http://www.apeamcet.org/pdfs/AMBOOKLET.pdf |archive-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher Education |year=2013 |access-date=10 August 2013}}</ref>

There are 13 universities in Hyderabad: six private universities, two [[deemed universities]], six state universities, and three [[Central University, India|central universities]]. The central universities are the [[University of Hyderabad]] (Hyderabad Central University, HCU),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/pub/annualreport/annualreport_0506.pdf |title=Annual report 2005–2006 |publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]] |pages=195–217 |access-date=20 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020032352/http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/pub/annualreport/annualreport_0506.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] and the [[English and Foreign Languages University]].<ref name="central_univ">{{cite web |title=Central universities |url=http://mhrd.gov.in/central-universities |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=20 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009011555/http://www.mhrd.gov.in/central-universities |archive-date=9 October 2014}}</ref> [[Osmania University]], established in 1918, was the first university in Hyderabad and {{as of|2012|lc=y}} is India's second most popular institution for international students.<ref name="IBN_Edu">{{cite news |title=OU to hike fee for foreign students |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ou-to-hike-fee-for-foreign-students/243697-60-121.html |last=Reddy |first=T. Karnakar |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=30 March 2012 |access-date=2 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421024041/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ou-to-hike-fee-for-foreign-students/243697-60-121.html |archive-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> The [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University]], established in 1982, is the first distance-learning [[open university]] in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Distance no bar |url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2005/08/22/stories/2005082200020100.htm |last=Reddy |first=R. Ravikanth |date=22 August 2005 |access-date=3 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208001541/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2005/08/22/stories/2005082200020100.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=8 February 2012}}</ref>

Hyderabad is home to a number of centres specialising in particular fields such as biomedical sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals,<ref name="rediff">{{cite news |title=Hyderabad: India's Genome Valley |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/nov/30spec.htm |last=Iype |first=George |work=Rediff.com |date=30 November 2004 |access-date=3 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019113823/http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/nov/30spec.htm |archive-date=19 October 2012}}</ref> such as the [[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad|National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research]] (NIPER), [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (CCMB), [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]] (CDFD) and [[National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad|National Institute of Nutrition]] (NIN).<ref>{{cite news |title=A fillip to pharma sector |url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/09/21/stories/2009092151160300.htm |access-date=3 January 2011 |date=21 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060245/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/09/21/stories/2009092151160300.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=23 October 2013}}</ref> Hyderabad has five major medical schools—[[Osmania Medical College]], [[Gandhi Medical College]], [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Deccan College of Medical Sciences]] and [[Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences]]<ref>{{cite web |title=List of colleges teaching MBBS |url=http://www.mciindia.org/InformationDesk/ForStudents/ListofCollegesTeachingMBBS.aspx |publisher=[[Medical Council of India]] |year=2010 |access-date=3 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607111811/http://www.mciindia.org/InformationDesk/ForStudents/ListofCollegesTeachingMBBS.aspx |archive-date=7 June 2013}}</ref>—and many affiliated teaching hospitals. An [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] has been sanctioned in the outskirts of Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2018/dec/18/cabinet-gives-nod-for-setting-up-aiims-at-bibinagar-1913062.html |title=Cabinet gives nod for setting up AIIMS at Bibinagar in Telangana |website=The New Indian Express |date=18 December 2018 |access-date=11 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219182344/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2018/dec/18/cabinet-gives-nod-for-setting-up-aiims-at-bibinagar-1913062.html |archive-date=19 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Government Nizamia Tibbi College]] is a college of [[Unani medicine]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Blow to students as Unani PG seats slashed |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Blow-to-students-as-Unani-PG-seats-slashed/articleshow/15410989.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 August 2012 |access-date=3 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911220606/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Blow-to-students-as-Unani-PG-seats-slashed/articleshow/15410989.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> Hyderabad is also the headquarters of the [[Indian Heart Association]], a non-profit foundation for cardiovascular education.<ref>[http://indianheartassociation.org/ Indian Heart Association Webpage] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703040111/http://indianheartassociation.org/ |date=3 July 2017 }}. Retrieved 30 April 2015.</ref>

Notable central institutions in Hyderabad include the [[NALSAR University of Law]], Hyderabad (NLU), [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]] (IICT), [[National Geophysical Research Institute]], [[National Institute of Rural Development]], [[Air Force Academy (India)|Indian Air Force Academy]], [[National Industrial Security Academy]], [[Central Institute of Tool Design]], [[Institute of Public Enterprise]], [[Bella Vista, Hyderabad#Administrative Staff College of India|Administrative Staff College of India]] and the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy]]. Technical and research institutions include the [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]] (IIITH), [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad]] (BITS Pilani), [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad]] (TIFR-H) and [[Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad]] (IIT-H) as well as [[agricultural engineering]] institutes such as the [[International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics]] (ICRISAT) and the [[Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University]].Hyderabad also has schools of fashion design including [[NIFT Hyderabad]], management schools including the [[Indian School of Business]], [[ICFAI Foundation for Higher Education]], and the [[National Academy of Agricultural Research Management]] (NAARM) offering undergraduate and postgraduate courses.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fashion and Textile Design Institutes |url=http://www.designinindia.net/everywhere/disciplines/fashion-textile-design/institutions/schools-india.html |publisher=Design in India |access-date=10 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809072055/http://www.designinindia.net/everywhere/disciplines/fashion-textile-design/institutions/schools-india.html |archive-date=9 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anand Sharma lays foundation for National Institute of Design, Hyderabad |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Anand-Sharma-lays-foundation-for-National-Institute-of-Design-Hyderabad/articleshow/20264059.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 May 2011 |access-date=11 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527023718/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Anand-Sharma-lays-foundation-for-National-Institute-of-Design-Hyderabad/articleshow/20264059.cms |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{clear left}}

== Sports ==
{{See also|Sports in Hyderabad}}
[[File:Uppal stadium Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium.jpg|thumb|The [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]]]]
At the professional level, the city has hosted national and international sports events such as the 2002 [[National Games of India]], the [[2003 Afro-Asian Games]], the [[2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open]] women's tennis tournament, the [[2007 Military World Games]], the [[2009 World Badminton Championships]] and the 2009 [[IBSF World Snooker Championship]]. The city hosts several venues suitable for professional competition such as the [[Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex]] for [[field hockey]], the [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|G. M. C. Balayogi Stadium]] in [[Gachibowli]] for athletics and football,<ref>{{cite news |title=Synthetic track at GMC Balayogi stadium will be protected:SAAP |url=http://hindu.com/2005/12/15/stories/2005121505350200.htm |date=15 December 2005 |access-date=9 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005005858/http://hindu.com/2005/12/15/stories/2005121505350200.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=5 October 2012}}
* {{cite web |title=Balayogi athletic stadium |url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_pictures/asia/india/hyderabad_balayogi.shtml |work=World stadiums |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104063053/http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_pictures/asia/india/hyderabad_balayogi.shtml |archive-date=4 November 2011}}</ref> and for cricket, the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]] and [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], home ground of the [[Hyderabad Cricket Association]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Stadiums in India |url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml |publisher=World Stadium |access-date=22 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924095432/http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml |archive-date=24 September 2011}}</ref> Hyderabad has hosted many international cricket matches, including matches in the 1987 and the 1996 [[ICC Cricket World Cup]]s. The [[Hyderabad cricket team]] competes in the [[first-class cricket]] tournament [[Ranji Trophy]], [[List A cricket|List A]] [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] and [[Twenty20]] [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]. Hyderabad is home to the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) franchise [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]], champion of [[2016 Indian Premier League]]. Previous franchise [[Deccan Chargers]] was the champion of [[2009 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Last in 2008, toppers this year: Deccan script IPL fairytale |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/last-in-2008-toppers-this-year-deccan-scri/465138/ |work=The Indian Express |date=24 May 2009 |access-date=30 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/last-in-2008-toppers-this-year-deccan-scri/465138/ |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> The former professional [[Association football|football]] club of the city [[Hyderabad FC]] competed in [[Indian Super League]] (ISL) and were the champions of [[2021–22 Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The coronation of the Nizams |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/isl-2021-2022-hyderabad-fc-beats-kerala-blasters-to-win-title/article38463166.ece |magazine=[[Sportstar]] |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Neeladri |date=29 March 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713082134/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/isl-2021-2022-hyderabad-fc-beats-kerala-blasters-to-win-title/article38463166.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

During British rule, Secunderabad became a well-known sporting centre and many race courses, parade grounds and [[polo]] fields were built.<ref name="Prasad1986">{{cite book |last=Prasad |first=Dharmendra |title=Social and cultural geography of Hyderabad city: a historical perspective |year=1986 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0045-1}}</ref>{{rp|18}} Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as the [[Secunderabad Club]], the [[Nizam Club]] and the [[Hyderabad Race Club]], which is known for its horse racing<ref>{{cite news |title=Race course slows traffic in Malakpet |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Race-Course-slows-traffic-in-Malakpet/articleshow/538514.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 March 2004 |access-date=5 March 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911222113/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Race-Course-slows-traffic-in-Malakpet/articleshow/538514.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> especially the annual Deccan derby, still exist.<ref>{{cite news |title=Starsky claims The Hindu Deccan Derby |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/10/03/stories/07030879.htm |date=3 October 2001 |access-date=30 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110234318/http://www.hindu.com/2001/10/03/stories/07030879.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> In more recent times, motorsports has become popular with the Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club organising popular events such as the Deccan {{fraction|4}} Mile Drag,<ref>{{cite news |title=Excitement unlimited at drag race |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/14/stories/2009121459890400.htm |date=14 December 2009 |access-date=25 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308151417/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/14/stories/2009121459890400.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=8 March 2012}}</ref> [[Regularity rally|TSD Rallies]] and 4x4 off-road rallying.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gokak racer wins off-road rally in Mumbai |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article3652088.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 July 2012 |access-date=25 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111000251/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article3652088.ece |archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> The [[2023 Hyderabad ePrix]], at the [[Hyderabad Street Circuit]], was the first [[Formula E|FIA Formula E World Championship]] race in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sikdar |first=S |date=11 February 2023 |title=Jean-Eric Vergne wins first E-Prix held in India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/jeaneric-vergne-wins-first-e-prix-held-in-india-101676127530934.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409205114/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/jeaneric-vergne-wins-first-e-prix-held-in-india-101676127530934.html |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Transport ==
{{Main|Transport in Hyderabad}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2/1
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| align = left
| image_style = border:none;
| image1 = Stadium metro railway station, Hyderabad.jpg
| caption1 = [[Stadium metro station]], [[Hyderabad Metro]].
| image2 = Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station, Hyderabad - 1.jpg
| caption2 = An early morning scene at [[Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station]] (MGBS).
}}

{{As of|2018}}, the most commonly used forms of medium-distance transport in Hyderabad include government-owned services such as light railways and buses, as well as privately operated taxis and [[auto rickshaw]]s. These altogether serve 3.5 million passengers daily. Bus services operate from the [[Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station]] in the city centre with a fleet of 3800 buses serving 3.3 million passengers.<ref name="transport">{{cite news |title=1,200 new vehicles a day choke Hyderabad roads |url=https://telanganatoday.com/1200-new-vehicles-a-day-choke-hyderabad-roads |newspaper=Telangana Today |last=Baski |first=Sunny |date=13 January 2019 |access-date=14 January 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153418/https://telanganatoday.com/1200-new-vehicles-a-day-choke-hyderabad-roads |archive-date=14 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chaos reigns supreme at MGBS |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2562114.ece |date=22 October 2011 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=23 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023115053/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2562114.ece |archive-date=23 October 2011}}</ref>

[[Hyderabad Metro]], a light-rail [[rapid transit]] system, was inaugurated in November 2017. {{As of|2020}} it is a 3-track network spread upon {{cvt|69.2|km|0}} with 57 stations and is the third-largest metro rail network in India after [[Delhi Metro]] and [[Namma Metro]]. Hyderabad's [[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System|Multi-Modal Transport System (MMTS)]], is a three-line suburban rail service with 121 services carrying 180,000 passengers daily.<ref name="transport" /> Complementing these government services are minibus routes operated by [[Setwin]] (Society for Employment Promotion & Training in Twin Cities).<ref>{{cite news |title=SETWIN buses back on roads |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/04/stories/2006090419800300.htm |date=4 September 2006 |access-date=28 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602232830/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/04/stories/2006090419800300.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=2 June 2012}}</ref> Intercity rail services operate from Hyderabad; the main, and largest, station is [[Secunderabad Railway Station|Secunderabad railway station]], which serves as [[Indian Railways]]' [[South Central Railway zone]] headquarters and a hub for both buses and MMTS light rail services connecting Secunderabad and Hyderabad. Other major railway stations in Hyderabad are {{Stnlnk|Hyderabad Deccan}}, {{Stnlnk|Kacheguda}}, {{Stnlnk|Begumpet}}, {{Stnlnk|Malkajgiri}} and {{Stnlnk|Lingampalli}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,283 |publisher=[[Indian Railways]] |access-date=23 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223043/http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1%2C283 |archive-date=8 January 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Begumpet main road from Metro station.jpg|right|thumb| A scene from the street of Hyderabad shows—Public transport busses operated by [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation|TSRTC]], [[Auto rickshaw]], private cars and bikes, on the right—[[Traffic congestion]] over the [[Begumpet]] Flyover bridge.]]
{{As of|2018}}, there are over 5.3 million vehicles operating in the city, of which 4.3 million are two-wheelers and 1.04 million four-wheelers.<ref name="transport" /> The large number of vehicles coupled with relatively low road coverage—roads occupy only 9.5% of the total city area<ref name="Wba ci rep" />{{rp|79}}—has led to widespread traffic congestion<ref>{{cite web |title=Pre-feasibility study for bus rapid transit |url=http://www.itdp.org/documents/Hyderabad_BRT.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508075537/http://www.itdp.org/documents/Hyderabad_BRT.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2012 |publisher=[[Institute for Transportation and Development Policy]] |date=March 2005 |access-date=11 September 2012}} pp. 2–3</ref> especially since 80% of passengers and 60% of freight are transported by road.<ref>{{cite web |title=Co-benefits from transportation sector: A case study-Hyderabad, India |url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/18360745/Co-benefits-from-transportation-sector-A-case-study-Hyderabad-India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110214814/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/18360745/Co-benefits-from-transportation-sector-A-case-study-Hyderabad-India |archive-date=10 November 2013 |publisher=Institute for Global Environmental Strategies |last=Ramani |first=K.V. |date=22 April 2008 |access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref>{{rp|3}} The Inner Ring Road, the [[Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad|Outer Ring Road]], the [[Hyderabad Elevated Expressway]], the longest flyover in India,<ref>{{cite news |title=India's longest flyover opens |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/india-s-longest-flyover-opens/530789/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=20 October 2009 |access-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208155905/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/india-s-longest-flyover-opens/530789 |archive-date=8 February 2014}}</ref> and various [[Interchange (road)|interchanges]], overpasses and underpasses were built to ease congestion. Maximum speed limits within the city are {{cvt|50|km/h|mph|0}} for two-wheelers and cars, {{cvt|35|km/h|mph|0}} for auto rickshaws and {{cvt|40|km/h|mph|0}} for [[light commercial vehicle]]s and buses.<ref>{{cite news |title=Speed limits fixed for vehicles on city roads |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/10/stories/2010011058940300.htm |date=10 January 2010 |access-date=25 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918131728/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/10/stories/2010011058940300.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=18 September 2011}}</ref>

Hyderabad sits at the junction of three [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]] linking it to six other states: [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH-44]] runs {{cvt|3963|km|0}} from [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], in the north to [[Kanyakumari]], [[Tamil Nadu]], in the south; [[National Highway 65 (India)|NH-65]], runs {{cvt|841|km|0}} east-west between Machilipatnam, [[Andhra Pradesh]] connects Hyderabad and [[Suryapet]] with [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]; {{cvt|334|km|0|adj=on}} [[National Highway 163 (India)|NH-163]] links Hyderabad and [[Bhopalpatnam]], [[Chhattisgarh]]; {{cvt|270|km|0|adj=on}} [[National Highway 765 (India)|NH-765]] links Hyderabad to [[Srisailam]], Andhra Pradesh. Five state highways, {{cvt|225|km|0|adj=on}} [[State Highway 1 (Telangana)|SH-1]] links Hyderabad, to [[Ramagundam]], SH-2, SH-4, and SH-6, either start from, or pass through, Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Municipal infrastructure |url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/downloads/chapter%204.pdf |publisher=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation |access-date=6 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903112131/http://www.ghmc.gov.in/downloads/chapter%204.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2013}}</ref>{{rp|58}}

Air traffic was previously handled via [[Begumpet Airport]] established in 1930, but this was replaced by [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]] (RGIA) {{airport codes|HYD|VOHS}} in 2008,<ref>{{cite news |title=A hub beginning to take roots |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2010/03/03/stories/2010030353660400.htm |last=Kurmanath |first=K.V |newspaper=Business Line |location=Chennai |date=3 March 2010 |access-date=9 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110214905/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2010/03/03/stories/2010030353660400.htm |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> capable of handling 25 million passengers and 150,000 metric-tonnes of cargo per annum. In 2020, [[Airports Council International]], an autonomous body representing the world's airports, judged RGIA the Best Airport in Environment and Ambience and the Best Airport by Size and Region in the {{nowrap|15-25 million}} passenger category.<ref>{{cite news |title=RGIA is sixth busiest airport in country |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/rgia-is-sixth-busiest-airport-in-country/article30446704.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 January 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226033442/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/rgia-is-sixth-busiest-airport-in-country/article30446704.ece |archive-date=26 February 2021}}
* {{cite news |title=Honour for Hyderabad international airport |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/honour-for-hyderabad-international-airport/article31025242.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 March 2020 |access-date=10 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227090601/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/honour-for-hyderabad-international-airport/article31025242.ece |archive-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>

==Sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in India}}

Hyderabad is twinned with the following cities:
* {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Brisbane]], Australia<ref>{{cite web |title=Brisbane's Sister City - Hyderabad|url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-and-strategy/business-in-brisbane/growing-brisbanes-economy/international-business/brisbane-sister-cities/sister-city-hyderabad|publisher=Brisbane City Council|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Australia}} [[City of Ipswich|Ipswich]], Australia<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities|url=https://www.ipswich.qld.gov.au/about_ipswich/statistics_facts/sister_cities|publisher=Ipswich City Council|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Uberaba]], Brazil<ref name=uberaba>{{cite web|title=Câmara aprova Uberaba como Cidade Irmã de duas cidades indianas|url=http://camarauberaba.mg.gov.br/noticias/camara-aprova-uberaba-como-cidade-irma-de-duas-cidades-indianas/|publisher=Uberaba|language=pt|date=22 June 2017|access-date=18 November 2020|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913005137/http://camarauberaba.mg.gov.br/noticias/camara-aprova-uberaba-como-cidade-irma-de-duas-cidades-indianas/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Qingdao]], China<ref>{{cite web |title=A glimpse of Hyderabad, twin city of China's Qingdao|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/12/c_137174437.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811065037/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/12/c_137174437.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2020|publisher=Xinhua|date=12 May 2018|access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Indianapolis]], United States<ref>{{cite web|title=Community Partners|url=https://www.internationalcenter.org/community-partners/|publisher=The International Center|access-date=22 May 2020|archive-date=25 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525225457/https://www.internationalcenter.org/community-partners/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Montgomery County, Maryland]], United States<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Sister Cities|url=https://montgomerysistercities.org/hyderabad/|publisher=Montgomery Sister Cities|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216062745/http://montgomerysistercities.org/hyderabad/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Riverside, California]], United States<ref>{{cite web|title=RIVERSIDE: Council votes to add sister city in Vietnam|url=https://www.pe.com/2014/03/18/riverside-council-votes-to-add-sister-city-in-vietnam/|publisher=The Press-Enterprise|date=18 March 2014|access-date=18 November 2020|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121072809/https://www.pe.com/2014/03/18/riverside-council-votes-to-add-sister-city-in-vietnam/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of people from Hyderabad]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Hyderabad]]
* [[List of tourist attractions in Hyderabad]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== General and cited references ==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=50em}}
* {{Cite book |first=G. Durga |last=Prasad |title=History of the Andhras up to 1565 A.D. |publisher=P.G. Publishers |location=Guntur |year=1988 |url=http://www.katragadda.com/articles/HistoryOfTheAndhras.pdf |ref={{SfnRef|Prasad, History of the Andhras|1988}} |access-date=1 June 2016 |archive-date=5 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705212933/http://www.katragadda.com/articles/HistoryOfTheAndhras.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Sardar |first=Marika |title=Golconda through Time: A Mirror of the Evolving Deccan |type=PhD thesis |publisher=New York University |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-549-10119-2 |ref={{SfnRef|Sardar, Golconda through Time|2007}}}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Akbar S. |date=July 1985 |title=Muslim society in South India: the case of Hyderabad |journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=317–331 |doi=10.1080/13602008508715945}}
* {{Cite book |last=Austin |first=Ian |title=City of Legends: The Story of Hyderabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zY1uAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-670-84724-2 |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/https://books.google.com/books?id=zY1uAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Husain |first=M. Burhan |title=Hyderabad, 400 Years of Science & Technology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAxHAQAAIAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=Al-Kitab Publishers |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/https://books.google.com/books?id=yAxHAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Khalidi |first=Omar |title=Hyderabad, After the Fall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0ovAAAAMAAJ |year=1988 |publisher=Hyderabad Historical Society, South Asia Books |isbn=978-0-930811-02-0 |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/https://books.google.com/books?id=M0ovAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Khalidi |first=Omar |title=Romance of the Golconda Diamonds |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KCTDQgAACAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Mapin Publishing |isbn=978-1-890206-10-9 |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/https://books.google.com/books?id=KCTDQgAACAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Krishnan |first=Usha Ramamrutham Bala |title=Jewels of the Nizams |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cT_rAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Department of Culture, Government of India, India Book House |isbn=978-81-85832-15-9 |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/https://books.google.com/books?id=cT_rAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Law |first=John |title=Modern Hyderabad: Deccan (1914) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6-qcQAACAAJ |year=2010 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |isbn=978-1-164-08734-2 |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/https://books.google.com/books?id=O6-qcQAACAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Luther |first=Narendra |title=Hyderabad: A Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDluAAAAMAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-567535-1 |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/https://books.google.com/books?id=TDluAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Naidu |first=Ratna |title=Old Cities, New Predicament : A Study of Hyderabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdUPAQAAMAAJ |year=1990 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-7036-202-9 |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/https://books.google.com/books?id=BdUPAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pernau |first1=Margrit |title=The Passing of Patrimonialism: Politics and Political Culture in Hyderabad, 1911–1948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnJuAAAAMAAJ |year=2000 |publisher=Manohar Publication |isbn=978-81-7304-362-8 |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/https://books.google.com/books?id=jnJuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Prasad |first=Dharmendra |title=Social and Cultural Geography of Hyderabad City: A Historical Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dDtuAAAAMAAJ |date=1 January 1986 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0045-1 |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/https://books.google.com/books?id=dDtuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |title=A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=192 |isbn=978-0-19-560686-7 |last=Sastri |first=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta |year=1976}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==


* [http://oar.icrisat.org/866/1/RA_00105.pdf A guide to Hyderabad]

{{Adjacent communities
|Centre = Hyderabad
|North = [[Maharashtra]]
|East = [[Chhattisgarh]] [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|South = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|West = [[Karnataka]]
}}
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[[Category:Hyderabad, India| ]]
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Hyatt Regency Chennai

2026-03-21T03:20:12Z

Veronaiqr: Made new article

{{short description|Luxury hotel in Chennai, India}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox hotel
| name = Hyatt Regency Chennai

| logo_size = 200px
| image = The first Hyatt Hotel in South India.jpg
| caption = Hyatt Regency Chennai
| location = India
| address = 365, [[Anna Salai]], Teynampet Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| hotel_chain = [[Hyatt Hotels Corporation]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13.042925|80.248569|display=inline,title}}
| opening_date = 2011
| developer =
| architect = P.G. Patki Associates<ref name = "EmporisOberoi">{{cite web | title = The Oberoi | publisher = Emporis.com | url = http://www.emporis.com/building/the-oberoi-chennai-india | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140517122108/http://www.emporis.com/building/the-oberoi-chennai-india | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 17 May 2014 | access-date = 18 December 2011}}</ref>
| operator = [[Hyatt|Hyatt Hotels Corporation]]
| owner =
| number_of_rooms = 327 (including 21 suites)
| number_of_suites =
| number_of_restaurants =
| floor_area = {{convert|800000|sqft|order=flip|abbr=on}}
| floor_count = 18
| height = '''Total:''' {{convert|71|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="HotelierOfTheWeek">{{cite news
| last = Otley
| first = Tom
| title = Hotelier of the Week
| newspaper = Air & Business Travel News
| publisher = ABTN
| date = 16 August 2011
}}</ref> '''Top floor:''' {{convert|62.76|m|abbr=on}}<ref name = "EmporisOberoi"/>
| parking = 300 vehicles
| website = [http://chennai.regency.hyatt.com/hyatt/hotels/ chennai.regency.hyatt.com]
| footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/104444 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014755/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/104444 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=5 March 2016 |title=Emporis building ID 104444 |work=[[Emporis]]}}</ref>
}}

'''Hyatt Regency Chennai''' is an 18-storey [[Hotel rating|five-star]] luxury hotel located on [[Anna Salai]] at [[Teynampet]] in [[Chennai]], India. Designed in 1986, the construction of the hotel started in the 1990s. However, the completion was delayed for nearly two decades and the hotel was opened on 10 August 2011 at a cost of {{INR}}5.50 billion. Built on {{convert|199200|sqft|order=flip}} of land, it is the first [[Hyatt]] hotel in [[South India]] and has 327 rooms.<ref name="HotelierOfTheWeek"/>

==History==
[[File:Hyatt Regency Chennai.jpg|thumb|left|274x274px|Swimming pool at the hotel]]
From a map of the city in 1942, the property can be traced back to a house called "Teynampet Villa", a government property allotted to P. S. Viswanatha Iyer, ICS, in the late 1940s. The area was then occupied by a bungalow named "Abbotsbury." In the 1950s, it was replaced by C. S. Loganatha Mudaliar with the city's first purpose-built community hall, which was later sold out to J. H. Tarapore.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Muthiah
| first = S.
| title = Madras Rediscovered: A Historical Guide to Looking Around
| publisher = EastWest
| edition = 7th
| date = 2014
| location = Chennai, New Delhi
| pages = 100
| isbn = 978-93-84030-28-5
}}</ref> Soon the Tarapore property was given to the [[Sathya Sai Baba|Sai Baba]] of [[Puttaparthi]], who later sold it to Magunta Subbarami Reddy, the founder of the Balaji Group of Hotels.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Muthiah
| first = S.
| title = From Abbotsbury to Hyatt?
| location = Chennai
| date = 23 April 2007
| url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/04/23/stories/2007042300320501.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070501164243/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/04/23/stories/2007042300320501.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 1 May 2007
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 8 November 2011}}</ref> The structure was demolished to build a luxury hotel with a [[helipad]] with about 320 rooms and {{cvt|250000|sqft|order=flip}} of commercial space. With the collaboration of the [[Oberoi Hotels & Resorts|Oberoi Group of Hotels]], Balaji Group of Hotels started building the structure in 1989 at a cost of {{INR}}2.90 billion.<ref>{{cite news
|last=Madhavan
|first=N.
|title=EIH likely to pick up 30% in Balaji Hotels
|newspaper=Financial Express
|publisher=Indian Express
|date=3 February 2000
|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/20000203/fco03068.html
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130123003733/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/20000203/fco03068.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=23 January 2013
|access-date=8 November 2011
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Shastri
| first = Padmaja
| title = Balaji to spin off Chennai hotel into separate firm
| newspaper = Express India
| publisher = Indian Express
| date = 10 April 2000
| url = http://www.expressindia.com/fe/daily/20000410/fco10085.html
| access-date = 8 November 2011
| archive-date = 9 May 2001
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010509065523/http://www.expressindia.com/fe/daily/20000410/fco10085.html
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> However, after the murder of [[Magunta Subbarama Reddy|Magunta Subbarami Reddy]] in 1995,<ref>{{cite news
| title = Tributes paid to Magunta Subbarami Redddy
| location = Chennai
| date = 27 February 2006
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/27/stories/2006022703630300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060906234147/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/27/stories/2006022703630300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 6 September 2006
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 8 November 2011}}</ref> the group was caught in a financial crisis and the work on the project, initially named ''Magunta Oberoi'', ceased in 2000 when about 75 percent of the work was complete. Consequently, the Oberois withdrew from the project the same year and it could not be completed in time. In 2006, the unfinished property was to be acquired by [[Lalit Suri]], for {{INR}}3.90 billion.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Govardan
| first = D.
| title = Suri to acquire Balaji's 7-star for Rs 390{{nbsp}}crore
| newspaper = The Economic Times
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 6 June 2006
| url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/suri-to-acquire-balajis-7-star-for-rs-390-crore/articleshow/1622828.cms
| access-date = 8 November 2011}}</ref> However, after the death of Lalit Suri, Robust Hotels Private Limited, belonging to the Saraf Group, purchased the unfinished hotel development from IFCI and TFCI in mid-2007 and appointed Confluence, an international consultancy firm, to manage the completion of the project, which started remodelling the structure in 2008 and completed in February 2011.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Hyatt Regency Chennai, India
|publisher=Confluence
|url=http://www.confluencepm.com/2074/hyatt-regency-chennai/
|access-date=9 October 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321220611/http://www.confluencepm.com/2074/hyatt-regency-chennai/
|archive-date=21 March 2012
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref> The retail space was bought from [[ICICI Bank|ICICI]] by Ramee Guestline Hotels.<ref name="RameeMallReadiesToOpenDoors">{{cite news
| last = Ravikumar
| first = R.
| title = Chennai's Ramee Mall readies to open doors, finally
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 3 November 2010
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2010/11/03/stories/2010110351301100.htm
| access-date = 4 January 2012}}</ref> With the acquisition by the Saraf Group, the hotel was opened as Hyatt Regency Chennai on 8 August 2011.

[[File:Hyatt Chennai.jpg|thumb|252x252px|The hotel tower as seen from below]]

==The hotel==
The hotel is 18 floors tall and has a total of 327 rooms, including 21 suites,<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.cntraveller.in/story/chennai-s-best-business-hotels/
| title = Chennai’s best business hotels
| last = CN Traveller
| first =
| date = 8 September 2011
| website = Condé Nast Traveller
| publisher = CNTraveller.in
| access-date = 17 July 2021
| quote = }}</ref> and covers about {{cvt|600000|sqft|order=flip}},<ref name="RameeMallReadiesToOpenDoors"/> with more than {{cvt|20000|sqft|order=flip}} of versatile convention and event space and a sun-filled atrium lobby with water features and green landscaping. It also has a fitness centre; the Chic Lobby Lounge; Biscotti, the hotel's gourmet deli; Spice Haat, the 240-seat all-day-dining buffet restaurant;<ref name="BL_MarketingOfHyatt">{{cite news
| last = Ravikumar
| first = R.
| title = The marketing of Hyatt
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 29 November 2012
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/weekend-life/the-marketing-of-hyatt/article4146719.ece?homepage=true&ref=wl_home
| access-date = 30 November 2012}}</ref> and Stix, serving authentic Chinese cuisine from the [[Sichuan]] region. The Spice Haat has five interactive kitchens across a space of over {{cvt|9000|sqft|order=flip}}. Each of the five live kitchens specialises in a specific culinary genre within the Indian Comfort food landscape. The Lobby Lounge, the 24-hour lounge, is set amidst the indoor green landscaping under the hotel atrium. The hotel also has an outdoor pool, which overlooks the city, and is set amidst custom-made art installations and lush landscaping. Additional hotel services and amenities include Regency Club, the Siddh Spa, the hotel's premium suites, specialty restaurant and a bar.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Hyatt opens its doors in Chennai
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 11 August 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/article2347676.ece
| access-date = 9 November 2011}}</ref> The hotel also houses one of the largest collections of publicly displayed art installations in the country created by more than 40 national and international artists.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Hyatt Announces Opening of Hyatt Regency Chennai in South India
| newspaper = Market Watch
| publisher = Business Wire
| date = 10 August 2011
| url = http://www.marketwatch.com/story/hyatt-announces-opening-of-hyatt-regency-chennai-in-south-india-2011-08-10
| access-date = 9 November 2011}}</ref>

==The mall==
[[File:HyattTeynampet.jpg|thumb|240px|The mall-side entrance of the hotel|left]]
The first three floors, including half the ground floor and the first floor and the whole of the second floor, of the hotel building has been developed as a boutique shopping mall named as the [[Ramee Mall]] developed by Ramani Hotels Ltd at a cost of {{INR}}1.20 billion. Designed by architect P. G. Patki, the mall has a gross leasable area of {{cvt|150000|sqft|order=flip}} for 35 stores with a floor-to-floor height of {{cvt|4.2|m}} and has a parking provision for 200 four-wheelers and 350 two-wheelers. The mall has 2 pairs of escalators and 4 passenger elevators, in addition to 2 separate service elevators for retail.

The total carpet area of retail space in the mall is about {{cvt|219000|sqft|order=flip}}: {{cvt|44000|sqft|order=flip}} at the entrance, {{cvt|50000|sqft|order=flip}} on the first floor, {{cvt|75000|sqft|order=flip}} on the second floor and {{cvt|50000|sqft|order=flip}} as parking space to be spread over two floors.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Teynampet could become retail hub
| location = Chennai
| date = 5 March 2010
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-05/chennai/28143061_1_retail-hub-anchor-store-floors
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103070107/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-05/chennai/28143061_1_retail-hub-anchor-store-floors
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 5 January 2012}}</ref> A third of the retail space ({{cvt|50000|sqft|order=flip|disp=or}}) has been leased out to Shoppers Stop and another {{cvt|15000|sqft|order=flip}} has been occupied by a book store. Apart from the large-format stores, there are about 30 vanilla stores (small shops each occupying less than {{cvt|1000|sqft|order=flip|disp=or}}) and a {{cvt|15000|sqft|order=flip|adj=on}} food court in the mall,<ref name="RameeMallReadiesToOpenDoors"/> in addition to a dining restaurant, a spa and a salon.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Ramee Group set to change mall culture
|newspaper=The New Indian Express
|location=Chennai
|publisher=Indian Express
|date=1 April 2011
|url=http://m.pressmart.com/Home.aspx?event=TNewInExpress&dt=13112010&page=356_020&mdl=
|access-date=4 January 2012
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425052034/http://m.pressmart.com/Home.aspx?event=TNewInExpress&dt=13112010&page=356_020&mdl=
|archive-date=25 April 2012
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref>

==Events==
[[File:HyattRegency Chennai.jpg|thumb|The hotel building as in February 2025]]
The hotel was the venue for the [[World Chess Championship 2013]], held for the first time in India, from 9 to 28 November 2013.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Hyatt will go hi-tech for world chess title match as 20,000 are set to Watch Games On Giant Screens
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 28 May 2013
}}</ref>

The hotel conducts events such as Style Bazaar Exhibition, a lifestyle exhibition of fashion, decor, jewellery, festive edits and accessories.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sakshi |title=Get your perfect ensemble at Hyatt Regency's exhibition |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/oct/24/get-your-perfect-ensemble-at-hyatt-regencys-exhibition-1889114.html |access-date=9 August 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=24 October 2018 |ref=Chennai}}</ref>

==Awards==
* In 2012, the hotel won the "Best International Hotel Marketing" award, by International Hotel Awards in [[London]].<ref name="BL_MarketingOfHyatt"/>
* In 2013, the hotel was awarded for the category New Hotel Construction and Design for India at [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref>{{cite news
|title=Hyatt Regency Chennai wins 'Best Construction & Design' award
|newspaper=Hospitality Biz India.com
|location=Mumbai
|publisher=HospitalityBizIndia.com
|date=21 June 2013
|url=http://www.hospitalitybizindia.com/detailNews.aspx?aid=16933&sid=1
|access-date=30 June 2013
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306223749/http://www.hospitalitybizindia.com/detailNews.aspx?aid=16933&sid=1
|archive-date=6 March 2016
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Regency ballroom Pre function area.jpg|Ballroom pre-function area
File:Regency Ballroom.jpg|Ballroom in the hotel
File:Pool side - kids pool and main pool.jpg|The pool at the hotel
File:Studio - Meeting Space.jpg|Meeting room at the hotel
File:365 AS - contemporary lounge bar.jpg|Lounge Bar at the hotel
File:365 AS.jpg|Inside the hotel
File:Art Installations.jpg|Art installations at the hotel
File:Biscotti.jpg|The Biscotti
File:Focaccia - southern Italian restaurant.jpg|Focaccia, the southern Italian restaurant
File:Focaccia - authentic Italian.jpg|Another view of the Focaccia
File:Focaccia - Private Dining.jpg|Private dining at the Focaccia restaurant
File:Guest Room.jpg|A standard guest room in the hotel
File:Lobby lounge - 24 hour dining.jpg|Lobby lounge at the hotel
File:Lobby Lounge.jpg|Another view of the lobby lounge
File:Swimming Pool.jpg|Front view of the swimming pool
File:Stix.jpg|The Stix
File:Spice Haat.jpg|The Spice Haat
File:Spice Haat - Indian comfort food.jpg|Another view of the Spice Haat
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[List of hotels in Chennai]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Chennai]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hyatt Regency Chennai}}
* [http://chennai.regency.hyatt.com/ Official website of Hyatt Regency Chennai]
* [http://rameemall.com/ Official website of Ramee Mall]

{{Hotels in Chennai}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Hotels in Chennai]]
[[Category:Skyscraper hotels in Chennai]]
[[Category:Hyatt Hotels and Resorts]]
[[Category:Hotels established in 2011]]
[[Category:Hotel buildings completed in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Mohnish Bahl

2026-03-18T16:37:33Z

Veronaiqr: Content refined and expanded

{{short description|Indian film and television actor (born 1961)}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohnish Bahl
| image = Mohnish Bahl.jpg
| caption = Mohnish Bahl in 2013
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|08|14}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actor
| children = 2, including [[Pranutan Bahl]]
| parents = [[Nutan]] and Rajnish Bahl
| relatives = See [[Mukherjee-Samarth family]]
| years_active = 1982–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ekta Sohini|Aarti Bahl]]|1992}}
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=8}}
}}
'''Mohnish Bahl''' (born 14 August 1961)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/photo-gallery/these-unseen-throwback-photos-of-the-sanjivani-2-actor-mohnish-bahl-are-unmissable/469061|title=Mohnish Bahl birthday: These unseen throwback photos of the Sanjivani 2 actor are unmissable!|website=Times now news}}</ref> is an [[India]]n actor working in the [[Indian film industry]] and on [[Indian television]].

==Career==
Mohnish Bahl debuted with the film ''Bekarar''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-13 |title=Mohnish Bahl weighs in on nepotism debate, uses Kajol and Ajay Devgn as examples |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mohnish-bahl-says-he-wouldn-t-have-been-playing-negatives-and-parallel-leads-if-nepotism-worked-101628852607802.html |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> in a supporting role opposite [[Padmini Kolhapure]] and [[Sanjay Dutt]] but the film was a critical and commercial failure. His subsequent release was ''[[Teri Bahon Mein]]'', a remake of ''[[The Blue Lagoon (1980 film)|The Blue Lagoon]]'' with Ayesha Dutt, wife of [[Jackie Shroff]], which was also a failure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=DYK Mohnish Bahl Acted In THESE Movies As Lead Actor Before Becoming Bollywood's Favourite Bhaiya |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/dyk-mohnish-bahl-acted-in-these-movies-as-lead-actore-before-becoming-bollywoods-favourite-bhaiya-article-112499507 |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> His only commercial success in a leading role was ''[[Purana Mandir]]'' though it was considered a B grade film.<ref name="boll_When"/> The films [[Hum Aapke Hain Koun|''Hum Aapke Hain Koun'']] and [[Hum Saath-Saath Hain|''Hum Saath-Saath Hain'']] are considered landmark films that transformed Bahl's career.<ref name="boll_When">{{Cite web | title = When black was better than white: From heroes to hit villains | last = Vijayakar | first = Rajiv | work = [[Bollywoodhungama.com]] | date = 8 July 2015 | access-date = 2016-09-07 | url = http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/8647/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150710135514/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/8647 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 10 July 2015 }}</ref> He has starred in over 100 films, and has been nominated for two [[Filmfare Awards]].

==Early life and family==
Bahl was born in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India. He is the only son of noted actress [[Nutan]] and Lt. Cdr. Rajnish Bahl,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/aug/04bahl.htm|title=Actor Mohnish Bahl's father dies in fire|last=Salvi|first=Deepak|date=4 August 2004|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=2016-09-07}}</ref> and is a prominent member of the [[Mukherjee-Samarth family]].

He married actress [[Ekta Sohini|Aarti Bahl]] on 23 April 1992 and they have two children: actress [[Pranutan Bahl]] and Krishaa Bahl.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/photos/monish-bahl-and-family-pranutan--zaheer-iqbal-at-notebook-special-screening/41845|title=Mohnish Bahl and family, Pranuta- Zaheer Iqbal at Notebook screening in Santacruz|website=Mid Day}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Roles !! Notes and references
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Bekaraar]]''
| Pradeep
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|1984
| ''[[Teri Baahon Mein]]''
| Manu
|
|-
| ''[[Meri Adalat (1984 film)|Meri Adalat]]''
| Umesh
|
|-
| ''[[Purana Mandir]]''
| Sanjay
|
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Itihaas (1987 film)|Itihaas]]''
| Rakesh
|
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya]]''
| Jeevan
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/did-you-know/did-you-know-that-salman-khan-recommended-mohnish-bahl-name-for-maine-pyaar-kiya/articleshow/68665308.cms|title=Did you know that Salman Khan recommended Mohnish Bahl name for 'Maine Pyaar Kiya'?|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Baaghi: A Rebel for Love|Baaghi]]''
| Jaggu
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|1991
| ''[[Henna (film)|Henna]]''
| Captain Surendra
|
|-
| ''[[Dancer (1991 film)|Dancer]]''
| Manish
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|1992
|''Abhi Abhi''
|Helmet, College Student/Goon
|
|-
| ''[[Bol Radha Bol]]''
| Bhanu
|
|-
| ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]''
| Narendra
| Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Shola Aur Shabnam (1992 film)|Shola Aur Shabnam]]''
| Bali
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|1993
| ''[[Phool Aur Angaar]]''
| Inspector Arjun Singh
|
|-
|''[[Ek Hi Raasta (1993 film)|Ek Hi Raasta]]''
| Vikram Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Platform (1993 film)|Platform]]''
| Hariya
|
|-
| ''[[Aashik Awara]]''
| Vikram
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|1994
| ''[[Laadla (1994 film)|Laadla]]''
| Vicky Bajaj
|
|-
| ''[[Eena Meena Deeka]]''
| Mangal
|
|-
| ''[[Elaan (1994 film)|Elaan]]''
| Inspector Vijay Sharma
|
|-
| ''[[Prem Yog]]''
| Jimmy Narang
|
|-
| ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]''
| Rajesh
| Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/25-years-of-hum-aapke-hain-koun-mumbai-celebrates-with-special-screening-1579252-2019-08-09/5|title=25 years of Hum Aapke Hain Koun: Mumbai celebrates with special screening|website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|1995
| ''[[Kartavya (1995 film)|Kartavya]]''
| Balveer Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Sabse Bada Khiladi]]''
| Amit Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Gundaraj]]''
| Deva
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|1996
| ''[[Raja Hindustani]]''
| Jay Mitra
|
|-
| ''[[Army (1996 film)|Army]]''
| Kabir Dubey
|
|-
| ''[[Ajay (1996 film)|Ajay]]''
| Roopesh Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|1997
| ''[[Itihaas (1997 film)|Itihaas]]''
| Inspector Pandey
|
|-
| ''[[Kaun Sachcha Kaun Jhootha]]''
| Mohandas Khanna
|
|-
| ''[[Koyla]]''
| Ashok
| Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat]]''
| Ramesh
|
|-
| ''[[Udaan (1997 film)|Udaan]]''
| Inspector Manoj Sharma
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1998
|''[[Mohabbat Aur Jung]]''
|Bobby
|
|-
| ''[[Duplicate (1998 film)|Duplicate]]''
| Ravi Lamba
|
|-
| ''[[Dulhe Raja]]''
| Rahul Sinha
|
|-
| ''[[Aunty No. 1]]''
| Gaurav
|
|-
|[[Hitler 1998 film|''Hitler'']]
|Monty Bhalla
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hitler - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=2570 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Phool Bane Patthar]]''
| Baliya Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]''
| Vicky
|
|-
| ''[[Pardesi Babu]]''
| Naren
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1999
| ''Teri Mohabbat Ke Naam''
|Balwant
|
|-
| ''[[Sirf Tum]]''
| Ranjeet
|
|-
| ''[[Vaastav: The Reality|Vaastav]]''
| Vijaykanth Shivalkar
|
|-
| ''[[Hum Saath-Saath Hain]]''
| Vivek Chaturvedi
| Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/mohnish-bahl-on-his-absence-from-television-scripts-for-tv-shows-are-pathetic/story-IBvo3tvSH9aIaPElrzfAZK.html|title=Mohnish Bahl on his absence from television: Scripts for TV shows are pathetic|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jaanwar (1999 film)|Jaanwar]]''
| Aditya Oberoi
|
|-
|''Jaalsaaz''
|Sukhdev
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2000
| ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]''
| Inspector Dilip Kadam
|
|-
| ''[[Astitva]]''
| Malhaar Kamat
| Bilingual film ([[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]])
|-
| ''[[Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye (2000 film)|Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaye]]''
| Vinod Jaisingh
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2001
| ''[[Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love]]''
| Rajesh Purohit
|
|-
| ''[[Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta|Kyo Kii]]''
| Rajat Diwan
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Haan Maine Bhi Pyaar Kiya]]''
| Rohit Kashyap
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[LOC: Kargil]]''
| [[Ramakrishnan Vishwanathan]]
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Yeh Lamhe Judaai Ke]]''
| Sujit
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Vaah! Life Ho Toh Aisi!]]''
| Sunil Verma
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2006
|''[[Shaadi Karke Phas Gaya Yaar]]''
|Karan / Police Constable Harvinder Singh Harvi ||
|-
| ''[[Vivah]]''
| Dr. Rashid Khan
|
|-
|2007
| ''[[Life Mein Kabhie Kabhiee]]''
| Sanjiv Arora (Rajiv's elder brother) ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010
| ''[[Chance Pe Dance]]''
| Rajeev Sharama
|
|-
| ''[[Isi Life Mein...!]]''
| Ravimohan
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
| ''[[Force (2011 film)|Force]]''
| Atul Kalsekar
|
|-
|''[[Desi Boyz]]''
|Vikrant Mehra
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Krrish 3]]''
|Kaal’s late adoptive father
|Cameo appearance
|-
|2014
|[[Jai Ho (film)|''Jai Ho'']]
|Ashok Pradhan
|
|-
|2019
|[[Panipat (film)|''Panipat'']]
|[[Balaji Baji Rao]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/panipat-arjun-kapoor-introduces-mohnish-bahl-as-nana-saheb-peshwa/articleshow/71951544.cms|title='Panipat': Arjun Kapoor introduces Mohnish Bahl as Nana Saheb Peshwa|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

== Television ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1988–1989 || ''Isi Bahane'' || ||
|-
|2000 || ''Choodiyan'' || ||
|-
| 2002–2004 || ''[[Devi (TV series)|Devi]]'' || Vikram ||
|-
| 2002 || ''Bachke Rehna Zara Sambhalke'' || Host ||
|-
| 2002–2005 || ''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani – A Medical Boon]]'' || Dr. Shashank Gupta ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Arzoo Hai Tu]]'' || Aakash ||
|-
| 2005–2006 || ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' || Suyash Mehra ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2006/mohnish-behl-080306.html|title=Mohnish Behl walks out of Kahaani role|website=Filmi Beat}}</ref>
|-
| 2005–2007 || ''[[Ek Ladki Anjaani Si (TV series)|Ek Ladki Anjaani Si]]'' || Veer ||
|-
| 2007 ||''[[Kayamath]]'' || Inder Shah ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-yet-another-website-on-ronit-1090000|title=Yet another website on Ronit|website=Daily News Analysis}}</ref>
|-
| 2007–2010 || ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]'' || Dr. Shashank Gupta || sequel series of [[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|''Sanjivani – A Medical Boon'']]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-did-you-know-karan-singh-grover-drank-boiled-cold-drinks-on-the-sets-of-dill-mill-gayye/photostory/70895053.cms|title=Exclusive: Did you know Karan Singh Grover drank boiled cold drinks on the sets of Dill Mill Gayye?|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2007–2009 || ''[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]]'' || Kabir Dhanrajgir ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Star Vivaah]]'' || Host ||
|-
| 2011–2012 || ''[[Kuch Toh Log Kahenge]]'' || Dr. Ashutosh ||
|-
| 2012–2014 || ''[[Savdhaan India]]'' || rowspan="2"|Host/presenter ||
|-
| 2016–2017 || ''[[Hoshiyar… Sahi Waqt, Sahi Kadam]]'' || Host<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/tv/151216/mohnish-bahl-makes-a-comeback-on-tv.html|title=Mohnish Bahl makes a comeback on TV|website=The Asian Age}}</ref>
|-
| 2019–2020 || ''[[Sanjivani (2019 TV series)|Sanjivani]]'' || Dr. Shashank Gupta || reboot series of [[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani – A Medical Boon]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/mohnish-bahl-nervous-about-making-tv-comeback-with-sanjivani-2-1576345-2019-08-02|title=Mohnish Bahl nervous about making TV comeback with Sanjivani 2|website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
* 1995: Nominated, [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award|Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]''
* 2000: Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for ''[[Hum Saath-Saath Hain: We Stand United]]''
* 2002: [[Indian Television Academy Awards|Indian Television Academy Award for Best Actor]] for ''Sanjivani – A Medical Boon'' on [[Star Plus]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2002|title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2002|publisher=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529222232/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2002|archive-date=29 May 2012|access-date=6 February 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2002: [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role]] for ''[[Devi (TV series)|Devi]]'' on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]]
* 2003: [[Indian Television Academy Awards|Best Actor Indian Television Academy]] for ''Sanjivani – A Medical Boon'' on [[Star Plus]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2003|title=The Indian Television Academy Awards 2003|publisher=IndianTelevisionAcademy.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504215542/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2003|archive-date=4 May 2012|access-date=6 February 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0046894}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|mohnish-bahl}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Mohnish Bahl
| list =
{{Indian Telly Award Best Negative Actor}}
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Lead Actor}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahl, Mohnish}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]

Nizamabad Urban Development Authority

2026-03-17T12:44:45Z

Veronaiqr: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{Short description|Government agency in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = Nizamabad Urban Development Authority (NUDA)
|nativename ='''నిజామాబాదు నగర అభివృద్ధి సంస్థ (నుడా)'''
|logo =
|logo_width =
|logo_caption =
|seal =
|seal_width =
|seal_caption =
|picture =
|picture_width =
|picture_caption =
|formed = {{start date and years ago|2017|7|10|df=y|p=y|br=y}}
|preceding1 =[[Nizamabad Municipal Corporation]]
|preceding2 =
|dissolved =
|superseding =
|jurisdiction = [[Government of Telangana]]
|headquarters = [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]
|coordinates = {{coord|18.672|N|78.094|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline}}
|employees =
|budget =
|minister1_name =
|minister1_pfo = Minister of Municipal Administration and Urban Development of Telangana
|chief1_name = Mr Kesha Venu
|chief1_position = Chairman
|agency_type = Urban Planning Agency
|parent_agency =
|child1_agency =
|keydocument1 =
|website =
|footnotes =
|chief2_name=
|chief2_position=
|parent_department=[[Government of Telangana]]
| founder = }}

The '''Nizamabad Urban Development Authority (NUDA)''' is an [[urban planning]] agency in [[Nizamabad district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. It was set up on 10 May 2017 by the Telangana state government and has its headquarters at [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Nizamabad, Nizamabad, Nizamabad to get urban devp authorities|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Nizamabad-nizamabad-Nizamabad-to-get-urban-devp-authorities/1/995150.html%7D|accessdate=10 July 2017|work=India Today}}{{dead link|date=November 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

The urban development agency with a geographical area of {{convert|169.37|km2}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/240118/merger-of-13-nizamabad-villages-on-the-cards.html|title = Merger of 13 Nizamabad villages on the cards|date = 24 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/go-released-set-nizamabad-urban-development-authority |title=GO released to set up Nizamabad Urban Development Authority |website=telanganatoday.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126221630/https://telanganatoday.com/go-released-set-nizamabad-urban-development-authority |archive-date=2018-11-26}} </ref> spreading across Nizamabad [[Nizamabad Urban (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|North]], [[Nizamabad Urban (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|South]] and [[Nizamabad (Rural) (Assembly constituency)|Rural]] mandals of the city sees over the infrastructure development and planning for 3,14,035 urban<ref>{{cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/nizamabad-urban-assembly-constituency-profile |title=Nizamabad (Urban) Assembly constituency profile |website=telanganatoday.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126221603/https://telanganatoday.com/nizamabad-urban-assembly-constituency-profile |archive-date=2018-11-26}} </ref> and 3,22,781 rural<ref>{{cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/nizamabad-rural-assembly-constituency-profile |title=Nizamabad Rural Assembly constituency profile |website=telanganatoday.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125175717/https://telanganatoday.com/nizamabad-rural-assembly-constituency-profile |archive-date=2018-11-25}} </ref> residents, tallying the overall population to about 6,33,933 under the urban agglomeration.

== Bounds ==
Telangana Municipal Administration Minister [[K. T. Rama Rao|K Taraka Rama Rao]] released GO MS No 271<ref>{{cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/go-released-set-nizamabad-urban-development-authority |title=GO released to set up Nizamabad Urban Development Authority |website=telanganatoday.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126221630/https://telanganatoday.com/go-released-set-nizamabad-urban-development-authority |archive-date=2018-11-26}} </ref> setting up Nizamabad Urban Development Authority (NUDA) to merge Nizamabad Municipal Corporation and surrounding 72 gram panchayats & villages<ref>{{cite news|title=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department - Telangana Regularization of Unapproved and Illegal Layout Rules, 2019 for the Grampanchayat areas falling in 4 newly constituted UDAs|url=http://www.suda.org.in/GOS/G.O.No.265.pdf|accessdate=13 May 2021|work=Government of Telangana}}</ref> situated in six mandals of Nizamabad district.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl.No !! Village/Panchayat !! Population 2011
|-
| 1 || Amruthapur ||3149
|-
|2 ||Devnagar Camp||1686
|-
| 3||Arepally||1232
|-
| 4 ||Bardipoor||8433
|-
| 5 ||Dharmaram (B)||1738
|-
| 6 ||Mentrajpally||5942
|-
| 7 ||Naka Thanda||5442
|-
| 8 ||Westly Nagar Thanda||2357
|-
| 9 ||Mullangi (I)||1816
|-
| 10 ||Amrad||4844
|-
| 11 || Amrad Thanda||2677
|-
|12 ||Bonkanpally||2947
|-
| 13||Chinnapoor||1624
|-
| 14 ||Madanpally||2752
|-
| 15 ||Satlapoor Thanda||2715
|-
| 16 ||Makloor||8867
|-
| 17 ||KindiThanda||4376
|-
| 18 ||Singampally Thanda||2147
|-
| 19 ||Mamidipally||2487
|-
| 20 ||Mullangi (B)||1185
|-
| 21 || Oddiatpally||2174
|-
|22 ||Singampally||8630
|-
| 23||Kanjar||4829
|-
| 24 ||Oddera Colony||4598
|-
| 25 ||Kulaspoor||4653
|-
| 26 ||Kulaspoor Thanda||4229
|-
| 27 || Mudakpally||6359
|-
| 28 || GudiThanda||6359
|-
| 29 ||Sriram Nagar (T)||4304
|-
| 30 ||Mugpal||3469
|-
| 31 || Nyalkal||3909
|-
|32 || Sirpoor||2648
|-
| 33||Thanakurd||1053
|-
| 34 ||Abbapoor (M)||1295
|-
| 35 ||Abhangapatnam||3336
|-
| 36 ||Station Area (Nizamabad Rural) ||87658
|-
| 37 ||Ananthagiri||1008
|-
| 38 ||Dharmaram [A]||698
|-
| 39 ||Mahantham||1039
|-
| 40 ||Mokanpally||2166
|-
| 41 || Narayanapoor||1201
|-
|42 ||Dharmaram (M)||1538
|-
| 43||Dharmaram (T)||998
|-
| 44 ||Gundaram||6179
|-
| 45 ||Ram Nagar||5892
|-
| 46 ||Shastri Nagar||5892
|-
| 47 ||Sri Nagar||11457
|-
| 48 ||Jalalpoor||1262
|-
| 49 ||Keshapoor||739
|-
| 50 ||Kondoor||2628
|-
| 51 || Laxmapoor||666
|-
|52 ||Malkapoor [A]||1160
|-
| 53||Malkapoor (M&J)||3871
|-
| 54 ||Mallaram||4539
|-
| 55 ||Chakradar Nagar (T)||3647
|-
| 56 ||Gandhi Nagar||4433
|-
| 57 ||Muthakunta||1131
|-
| 58 ||Lingi Thanda||1151
|-
| 59 ||Palda||2141
|-
| 60 ||Thirmanpally||1351
|-
| 61 || Dhupally||3685
|-
|62 ||Moulalipoor (Mosra GP)||992
|-
| 63||Jaithapoor||1527
|-
| 64 ||Jamlam||1648
|-
| 65 ||MSC Farm||1651
|-
| 66 ||Jankampet||10086
|-
| 67 ||Kurnapally||7502
|-
| 68 ||Mallapahad (Mangalpahad GP)||1356
|-
| 69 ||Mangalpahad||2319
|-
| 70||Pocharam||1195
|-
| 71 || Thanakalan||4058
|-
|72 ||Bapunagar||1651
|-
| ||''Adjoining Merged Population''||''318747''
|-
| ||''[[Nizamabad Municipal Corporation|Total MCN Population]]''||''314035''
|-
| ||'''Total NUDA Population'''||'''6,32,782'''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}https://www.ntnews.com/telangana-news/prabhakar-reddy-chairman-of-nizamabad-urban-development-authority-1-1-576928.html

[[Category:Nizamabad district]]
[[Category:Urban development authorities of Telangana]]

{{india-gov-stub}}

Ronny (2024 film)

2026-03-17T00:31:08Z

Veronaiqr: Starting Pg.

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language action drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Gurutej Shetty
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Chandrakanth Poojary Umesh Hegde
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Kiran Raj]]
*Samiksha
*Apurva
*Raadhya
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Raghavendra B Kolar
| editing = Umesh RB
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Manikanth Kadri]] '''Score:''' Sachin Basrur
| studio = Star Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|9|12|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ronny: The Ruler''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by Gurutej Shetty and starring [[Kiran Raj]], Samiksha, Apurva, and Raadhya.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Kiran Raj]] as Raghava / Ronny
*Samiksha as Supreetha
*Apurva as Jhanvi
*Raadhya as Anjali
*[[P. Ravishankar]] as Kaali
*[[B. Suresha]]
*Ugramm Manju
*Ugramm Ravi
*Yash Shetty as Gowli
*Dharmanna
*Girish Hegde
*Surya Kundapur
*Kari Subbu
*Mico Nagaraj
*Pruthvi
*Arjun Palegar
}}

==Reception==
Sridevi S of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "if gangster films with a bit of drama are your jam, you can give ''Ronny'' a try".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ronny-the-ruler/amp_movie_review/113278526.cms|title=Ronny: The Ruler Movie Review: Ronny review: Yet another gangster drama|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> A Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote, "''Ronny'' is a whirlwind of intense action and deeply personal drama, steering through the complex terrain of redemption and self-realisation amidst a backdrop of cinematic excess. Its success lies in balancing these elements, even if the overall execution falters on occasion".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Sep/12/ronny-movie-review-kiran-rajs-dual-portrayal-elevates-ronny-despite-a-familiar-plot|title='Ronny' Movie Review: Kiran Raj’s dual portrayal elevates Ronny, despite a familiar plot|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=12 September 2024|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Jagadish Angadi of the ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "Despite some narrative missteps, the film’s technical merits and performances make it an average watch".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/ronny-movie-review-solid-performances-let-down-by-illogical-plot-3190446|title='Ronny' movie review: Solid performances let down by illogical plot|newspaper=Deccan Herald|first=Jagadish|last=Angadi|date=14 September 2024|accessdate=16 March 2026}}</ref> Shashiprasad SM of the ''[[Times Now News]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "The film's familiar gangster drama, while featuring some earnest performances, ultimately delivers a predictable storyline".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/ronny-movie-review-another-rehash-of-the-same-old-accidental-gangster-tale-review-113237258|title=Ronny Movie Review: Another Rehash Of The Same Old 'Accidental' Gangster Tale|website=Times Now}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|27960755}}

[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

Tomaras of Delhi

2026-03-16T12:40:26Z

Veronaiqr: New.

{{short description|Northern Indian dynasty (736–1152)}}
{{for|the 14th–16th century dynasty|Tomaras of Gwalior}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Tomara dynasty
| common_name = Tomara dynasty
| capital = {{plainlist|
*[[Anangpur]] ({{circa|736}}–{{circa|1052}})
*[[Qila Rai Pithora|Lal Kot]], [[Delhi]] ({{circa|1052}}–{{circa|1152}})}}
|common_languages = {{plainlist|
*[[Apabhraṃśa]] }}
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| year_start = {{circa|736}}
| year_end = {{circa|1152}}
|status = *[[Vassal state]] of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty]] (8th–10th century)
*[[Sovereign state|Sovereign]] [[monarchy]] (10th–12th century)
| p1 = Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty
| s1 = Chahamanas of Shakambhari
| today = [[India]]
| image_map =
{{South Asia in 1000|center||{{Annotation|106|72|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|33px]]}}||none}}
| image_map_caption = Location of the Tomaras and neighbouring South Asian polities in 1000 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=31, 32|isbn=0226742210 |url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=068}}</ref>
| area_km2 =
}}
[[File:Outer Wall of Lal kot and Rai Pithora.jpg|thumb|Lal Kot, the fort built by [[Anangpal Tomar]].]]

The '''Tomaras of Delhi''' (also called '''Tomar dynasty''' in modern vernaculars due to [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|schwa deletion]]) ruled parts of present-day [[Delhi]] and [[Haryana]] in India during 8th–12th century. Their rule over this region is attested to by multiple inscriptions and coins. In addition, much of the information about them comes from medieval [[Bhats|bardic legends]]. They belonged to the [[Tomar (Rajput clan)|Tomar clan]] of the [[Rajput]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Upinder Singh|author-link=Upinder Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DRuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Discovery of Ancient India: Early Archaeologists and the Beginnings of Archaeology |date=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-088-6|page=73|quote=Discussion of the histories of various Rajput clans, such as the Chauhans, Kachhvahas, Chandelas, Pratiharas and Tomaras on the basis of a wide range of sources-literary, epigraphic, numismatic, bardic accounts and local traditions|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|author-link1=Hermann Kulke|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar |author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C|title=A History of India|date=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4|language=en|page=117|quote="When Gurjara Pratiharas power declined after the sacking of Kannauj by the Rashtrakutas in the early tenth century many Rajput princes declared their independence and founded their own kingdoms, some of which grew to importance in the subsequent two centuries. The better known among those dynasties were the Chaulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Kathiawar, the Chahamanas (i.e. Chauhans) of eastern Rajasthan (Ajmer and Jodhpur) and the Tomaras who had founded Delhi (Dhillika) in 736 but had been displaced by the Chauhans in the twelfth century."}}</ref>

They were displaced by the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] in the 12th century, who took over their capital in Delhi, but who were themselves soon displaced by the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]] ruler [[Muhammad of Ghor]] in 1192 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Himanshu Prabha |title=Decolonising Heritage in South Asia: The Global, the National and the Transnational |date=5 September 2018 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-80285-0 |page=142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_rFqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT142 |language=en}}</ref>

== Territory ==
The Tomara territory included parts of the present-day [[Delhi]] and [[Haryana]]. A 13th century inscription states that the Tomaras ruled the Hariyanaka (Haryana) country before the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamanas]] and the Shakas ([[Delhi Sultanate|Turks]] in this context). A 14th century inscription states that they built Dhillika (modern day Delhi) a city in the Haryana region. Around that city is a fortified wall called [[Qila Rai Pithora|Lal Kot]] built by [[Anangpal Tomar]]. It is also known that the Tomara kingdom stretched to [[Asigarh Fort|Hansi]] and areas at [[Thanesar]].{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|pp=93-94}} The Tomara's rule was followed by that of the Chahamanas and the [[mlechchha]] Sahavadina ([[Muhammad of Ghor|Shihab ad-Din]]).{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1981|p=704}}

== History ==

The Tomaras are known from some inscriptions and coins. However, much of the information about the dynasty comes from medieval bardic legends, which are not historically reliable. Because of this, the reconstruction of Tomara history is difficult.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1981|p=704}}

=== As feudatories ===

The earliest extant historical reference to the Tomaras occurs in the [[Pehowa]] inscription issued during the reign of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]] king [[Mahendrapala I]] (r. c. 885-910 CE).{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=339}} This undated inscription states that Jaula of the Tomara family became prosperous by serving an unnamed king. His descendants included Vajrata, Jajjuka, and Gogga. The inscription suggests that Gogga was a vassal of Mahendrapala I. It records the construction of three [[Vishnu]] temples by Gogga and his step-brothers Purna-raja and Deva-raja. The temples were located at Prithudaka ([[IAST]]: Pṛthūdaka; [[Pehowa]]), on the banks of the [[Sarasvati river]].{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1984|pp=116-117}}

No information is available about the immediate successors of Gogga.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1981|p=705}} The Pehowa inscription suggests that this particular Tomara family was settled around the [[Karnal district|Karnal area]]. However, [[Lorenz Franz Kielhorn|F. Kielhorn]] suggested that this Tomara family actually resided in Delhi: they may have visited Pehowa on pilgrimage, and built a temple there.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1984|p=117}}

=== As sovereigns ===

As the Pratihara power declined, the Tomaras established a sovereign principality around Delhi by the 10th century.{{sfn|Swati Datta|1989|p=102}} According to the bardic tradition, the king Anangapal Tuar (that is Anangapala II Tomara; not to be confused with the founder of the Tomara dynasty Anangpal I) founded Delhi in 1052 CE.{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1981|p=704}} A 1526 CE source names the successors of Anangapala as Tejapala, Madanapala, Kritapala, Lakhanapala and Prithvipala. The ''Dravya-Pariksha'' (1318 CE) of [[Thakkar Pheru|Thakkura Pheru]] mentions the coins of Madanapala, Prithvipala and another ruler, Chahadapala.{{sfn|Buddha Prakash|1965|p=182}}

[[File:Vishnu, 10-11th century, Punjab, India.jpg|thumb|left|[[Vishnu]], 10-11th century, Punjab, India. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]
Soon after gaining independence, the Tomaras became involved in conflicts with their neighbours, the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] and later on the [[Gahadavala dynasty]].{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=51-52}} According to a 973 CE inscription of the Chahamana king [[Vigraharaja II]], his ancestor [[Chandanaraja|Chandana]] (c. 900 CE) killed the Tomara chief Rudrena (or Rudra) in a battle.{{sfn|Swati Datta|1989|p=102}} The [[Harsh, Sikar|Harsha]] stone inscription states that Chandana's descendant [[Simharaja]] (c. 944-971 CE) defeated a Tomara leader called Lavana or Salavana. Historian R. B. Singh identifies the defeated ruler as Tejapala.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=100-102}} Another fragmentary Chahamana ''[[prashasti]]'' (eulogistic inscription), now at the [[Ajmer]] museum, mentions that the Chahamana king [[Arnoraja]] (c. 1135-1150 CE) invaded the [[Haryana|Haritanaka]] country. This country is identified with the Tomara territory. According to the inscription, Arnoraja's army rendered the waters of the Kalindi river ([[Yamuna river|Yamuna]]) muddy and the women of Hartinaka tearful, but Arnoraja's victory over the Tomaras was not decisive, as his son [[Vigraharaja IV]] had to fight the Tomaras. This may have been because Anoraja was unsuccessful of getting through the fort [[Qila Rai Pithora|Lal Kot]] which had been built by the Tomara rulers.{{sfn|H. A. Phadke|1990|p=87}}{{sfn| Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=45}}
[[File:Round Bations of Rai Pithora.jpg|thumb
|Fortified walls of one of the first fortresses in [[Delhi]], [[Qila Rai Pithora|Lal Kot]], was built by Raja [[Anangpal Tomar]] II in 1052]]

The writings of the medieval Muslim historians suggest that a king named Mahipala was ruling Delhi in the 11th century. Although these medieval historians do not mention the dynasty of this king, he is identified as a Tomara ruler by some modern historians. Some coins featuring crude depictions of a horseman and a bull, and bearing the name "Mahipala", have been attributed to this king. These coins are similar to those of [[Mawdud of Ghazni]] (r. 1041-50 CE), confirming that Mahipala must have ruled in the 11th century. The horseman-and-bull were a characteristic of the [[Hindu Shahi|Kabul Shahi]] coinage; Mawdud probably adopted this style after capturing the Shahi territories. Mahipala probably imitated the same style after capturing [[Asigarh Fort]] in [[Hansi]] and [[Thanesar|Thaneshvara]] regions from Mawdud. Some fragmentary Tomara inscriptions have been discovered from Mahipalpur near Delhi. Historian Y. D. Sharma theorizes that Mahipala established a new capital at Mahipalapura (now Mahipialpur).{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|pp=93-94}}

[[File:Suraj Kund.jpg|thumb|The construction of the [[Suraj Kund]] is attributed to a Tomara king]]
[[File:Carving at Quwwat ul-Islam Mosque.jpg|thumb|Ancient Hindu and Jain temple pillars reused in the [[Qutb Minar complex]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Himanshu Prabha |title=Decolonising Heritage in South Asia: The Global, the National and the Transnational |date=5 September 2018 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-80285-0 |page=142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_rFqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT142 |language=en}}</ref>]]
[[File:Iron Pillar, Delhi, May 2008.jpg|thumb|right|The [[iron pillar of Delhi]], raised by [[Chandragupta II]] c.400 CE, was moved to its present location in Delhi by [[Anangpal Tomar]].<ref name="WI">{{Cite book
|author1=Arnold Silcock |author2=[[Maxwell Ayrton]]
|title=Wrought iron and its decorative use: with 241 illustrations
|publisher=Dover
|location=Mineola, N.Y
|year=2003|edition=reprint
|pages=4
|isbn=0-486-42326-3
}}</ref>]]

Three Tomara kings seem to have shared the name "Anangapala" ([[IAST]]: Anaṅgapāla). One of these is said to have established the [[Lal Kot]] citadel in the [[Mehrauli]] area. The construction of the Anang Tal tank and the [[Anangpur Dam]] is also attributed to him.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} His coins also feature the horseman-and-bull figure, and bear the title "Shri Samanta-deva". These coins are very similar to those of the Shakambhari Chahamana kings [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]] and [[Prithviraj Chauhan|Prithviraja III]], indicating that Anangapala was a contemporary of these 12th century kings.{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|p=95}} One of the several inscriptions on the [[Iron Pillar of Delhi]] mentions Anangapala. A medieval legend mentioned in a copy of ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' mentions a legend about the pillar: a [[Brahmin]] once told Anangapala (alias Bilan Deo) that the base of the pillar rested on the head of the [[Vasuki (snake)|Vasuki]] serpent, and that his rule would last as long as the pillar stood upright. Out of curiosity, Anangapala dug out the pillar, only to find it smeared with the blood of Vasuki. Realizing his mistake, the king ordered it to be re-instated, but it remained loose ("dhili"). Because of this, the area came to be known as "Dhilli" (modern [[Delhi]]). This legend is obviously a myth.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=570}}

=== Decline ===

The bardic legends state that the last Tomar Rajput king, [[Anangpal Tomar]] (also known as Anangapala), handed over the throne of Delhi to his son-in-law [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] (Prithviraja III of the Chahamana dynasty of Shakambhari; r. c. 1179-1192 CE). However, this claim is not correct: the historical evidence shows that Prithviraj inherited Delhi from his father [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]].{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1981|p=704}} According to the [[Bijolia]] inscription of Someshvara, his brother [[Vigraharaja IV]] had captured Dhillika (Delhi) and [[Asigarh Fort|Ashika]] (Hansi). He probably defeated the Tomara ruler Anangapala III.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1984|p=117}}

== See also ==
* [[History of Delhi]]
* [[History of Haryana]]
* [[Tomar (Rajput clan)]]
* [[Tomaras of Gwalior]]
* [[Nurpur kingdom|Tomaras of Nurpur]]
* [[Beja State|Tomaras of Beja]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Buddha Prakash |title=Aspects of Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKg5AQAAIAAJ |year=1965 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |isbn=9780842616812 |oclc=6388337 }}
* {{cite book |author=D. C. Ganguly |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive History of India (A. D. 300–985) |volume=3, Part 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXtDAAAAYAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Indian History Congress / Orient Longmans }}
* {{cite book |author=Dilip Kumar Ganguly |title=History and Historians in Ancient India |url=https://archive.org/details/historyhistorian00gang |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyhistorian00gang/page/117 117] |year=1984 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-0-391-03250-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=H. A. Phadke |title=Haryana, Ancient and Medieval |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxlIAAAAIAAJ |year=1990 |publisher=Harman |isbn=978-81-85151-34-2 }}
* {{cite book |author=Jagbir Singh |title=The Jat Rulers of Upper Doab: Three Centuries of Aligarh Jat Nobility |publisher=Aavishkar |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9H9uAAAAMAAJ |isbn=9788179100165 }}
* {{cite book |author=P. C. Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA69 |title=The Coinage of Northern India |publisher=Abhinav |year=1980 |isbn=9788170171225 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 }}
* {{cite book |author=Swati Datta |title=Migrant Brāhmaṇas in Northern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKAb9DPUCCcC&pg=PA28 |year=1989 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-0067-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=Roma Niyogi |title=The History of the Gāhaḍavāla Dynasty |publisher=Oriental |year=1959 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJQBAAAAMAAJ |oclc=5386449 }}
* {{cite book |author=Upinder Singh |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA505 |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:History of Delhi]]
[[Category:Rajput dynasties]]
[[Category:Medieval history of India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1150s]]

Manesh Kumar

2026-03-14T22:19:23Z

Veronaiqr: New Initial Bio V1!

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manesh Kumar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/maneesh-kumar-malayalam-actor/biography.html|title=Manish Kumar (Manu Lal) Biography | Manish Kumar Girlfriend, Wife, Family & Net Worth - FilmiBeat|website=www.filmibeat.com}}</ref>
| image = File:Manesh_kumar_actor.jpg
| alma_mater = Amity College
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2007–present
}}

'''Manesh Kumar''', better known by his stage name Manu Lal, is an Indian actor who works primarily in Malayalam films.

==Early life==

Manesh Kumar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/buzz/article/actor-manu-m-lal-navigating-the-identity-shuffle-in-the-entertainment-industry-5149|title=Actor Manu M Lal: Navigating the Identity Shuffle in the Entertainment Industry|date=12 March 2025|website=Mid-day}}</ref> was born in Thrissur, Kerala, India. He attended his school in Perumbavoor, graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from Amity College and acquired further Diploma from Ernakulam.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

==Career==

Manu made his acting debut in the Malayalam music album Kunkumam in 2007, where he appeared in the song "Puthilanji Thazhvarayil." He further gained popularity with his role as Krishna in the song "Ambadikanna," featured in the 2009 album Sree Nandanam, sung by Shweta Mohan.

In 2010, Manu<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-10-10 |title=Friday was indeed my lucky break: Manu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/friday-was-indeed-my-lucky-break-manu/articleshow/16750228.cms |access-date=2025-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> made his film debut in the lead role as Bobby Varghese in the Malayalam film Tournament directed by Lal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2024/11/05/exclusive-chat-with-actor-manu-m-lal.html|title=ലാൽ ക്രിയേഷനിൽ അരങ്ങേറ്റം, നല്ല സിനിമകൾ തേടി 18 വർഷം; ദേവൻ കുപ്ലേരിയായി തിരിച്ചുവരവ്|website=ലാൽ ക്രിയേഷനിൽ അരങ്ങേറ്റം, നല്ല സിനിമകൾ തേടി 18 വർഷം; ദേവൻ കുപ്ലേരിയായി തിരിച്ചുവരവ്}}</ref>

Following his debut, Manu continued to establish himself as an actor in Malayalam cinema, taking on diverse roles in films such as Friday (2012 film) Double Barrel (2015 film), and Oru Mexican Aparatha (2017). He also starred in films like Thrissur Pooram (film) and Munthiri Monchan (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/actor-manesh-krishnan-talks-about-struggle-period-in-his-life/articleshow/78535602.cms|title='വീടുവിട്ടിറങ്ങി വന്നത് തിരുവനന്തപുരത്തേക്ക്, വഴിയരികിൽ മുണ്ട് വിരിച്ച് കിടന്നുറങ്ങി'; സിനിമയിലെത്തുന്നതിന് മുൻപ് അനുഭവിച്ച കഷ്ടപ്പാടുകളെ പറ്റി യുവനടൻ മനേഷ് കൃഷ്ണൻ|website=Samayam Malayalam}}</ref>

In 2024, he ventured into the world of web series with his role as Deven Kupleri in 1000 Babies,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/interview-with-actor-manu-lal-1000-babies-web-series-1.10076874|title='സിനിമയുടെ പിറകേ നടന്നപ്പോൾ ഉപേക്ഷിച്ച് പോയവരുണ്ട്, കോൾ എടുക്കാത്തവർ പോലും ഇപ്പോൾ അഭിനന്ദിക്കുന്നു'|date=14 November 2024|website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> a thriller released on Disney+ Hotstar. He has spoken about this latest role as his comeback work after having looked at a strong role for over 18 years.

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Tournament (film)|Tournament]]'' || Bobby Varghese ||<ref>https://www.indiaglitz.com/tourna%20ment-review-malayalam-movie-12717</ref>
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Friday (2012 film)|Friday]]'' || Muneer || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kerala9.com/news/review/friday-malayalam-movie-review/|title=Friday Malayalam Movie Review|date=20 August 2012|website=Kerala9.com Malayalam}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Rose Guitarinaal]]'' || Joe ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Double Barrel (2015 film)|Double Barrel]]'' || Ummer ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Oru Mexican Aparatha]]'' || Krishnan ||
|-
|rowspan=2| 2018 || ''[[Suvarna Purushan]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Ottakoru Kaamukan]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan=2| 2019 || ''[[Thrissur Pooram (film)|Thrissur Pooram]]'' || Kannan ||
|-
| ''[[Munthiri Monchan]]'' || Vivek Viswanath ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Anweshippin Kandethum]]'' || Sudeep Nair ||
|-
|}

== Web Series ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2024 || ''[[1000 Babies]]'' || Devan Kupleri || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/1000-babies-web-series-actor-manu-lal-talk-about-bad-experience-in-malayalam-film-sm9w4d|title='ചാൻസ് ചോദിച്ചു, സംവിധായകരുടെ ചീത്ത വിളികേട്ടു, കുറച്ച് കരുണ കാണിക്കാം'; മനു ലാൽ പറയുന്നു|website=Asianet News Malayalam}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|4270963}}
*{{Instagram|manu_mlal}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University

2026-03-13T12:23:32Z

Veronaiqr:

{{Short description|State university in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University
|former_name = Rajasthan Agricultural University
|image = [[File:Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University logo.webp|200px]]
|motto =
|established = {{start date and age|1987}}
|chancellor = [[Governor of Rajasthan]]
|vice_chancellor= Rajendra Babu Dubey
|city = [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
|country = India
|students =
|type = [[Public university|Public]]
|campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
|affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]]
|website= {{url|https://www.raubikaner.org/}}
}}

'''Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University''' ('''SKRAU'''), formerly '''Rajasthan Agricultural University''', is a [[State university (India)|state]]<ref name=State>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/State%20University/State%20University%20as%20on%2029-06-2017.pdf|title=List of State Universities as on 29.06.2017|date=29 June 2017|access-date=1 July 2017|format=PDF|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]}}</ref> [[Agricultural Universities (India)|agricultural university]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Universities|url=http://www.icar.org.in/en/universities.htm|publisher=[[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]|access-date=10 July 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818145202/http://www.icar.org.in/en/universities.htm|archive-date=18 August 2011}}</ref> located in [[Bikaner]] in the [[India]]n state [[Rajasthan]]. The university, formerly a part of the [[Mohanlal Sukhadia University]], [[Udaipur]]{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} became a separate entity in 1987 through ''Rajasthan Agriculture University, Bikaner Act, 1987''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajasthan Agriculture University, Bikaner Act, 1987 with amendments|url=http://raubikaner.org/University_Act_&_Statutes_with_amendments.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Rajasthan]]|access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref> It was renamed after [[Freedom fighters of India|freedom fighter]] and [[social reformer]] [[Swami Keshwanand]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://raubikaner.org/swami_keshvanand.asp |title= About Swami Keshwanand |website=raubikaner.org |access-date=2017-07-23}}</ref> Raksha Pal Singh was appointed [[vice chancellor]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raj guv appoints new vice chancellors in 8 universities |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/raj-guv-appoints-new-vice-chancellors-in-8-universities/1601501 |access-date=17 October 2021 |work=[[Outlook India]] |date=21 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Campuses and colleges==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2017}}
The University consists of three colleges. College of Agriculture, Home Science and Agriculture Business Management. College of agriculture, Jobner was separated from it and was made a University in 2013.
The constitute colleges include:
*College of Agriculture, Bikaner
*[[College of Community Science]], Bikaner<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icar.org.in/files/FifthDeansCommiteeReport-22022017.pdf|title=Fifth Dean's Committee Report|date=2017-02-22|website=Indian Council of Agricultural Research|access-date=2017-08-07}}</ref>
*Institute of [[Agribusiness]] Management, Bikaner
*Academic Staff College cum Distance Education Centre, Bikaner
The university is authorized to provide instruction in Agriculture and Allied Sciences which include Horticulture, Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Home Science and Agri-Business Management. It has also been authorized in other fields of agricultural learning, which the University may deem fit. It is empowered to maintain academic institutions, dealing with agriculture, veterinary and animal sciences, home science, agri-business management, etc., to carry out instruction in these faculties, hold examinations, and confer degrees, diplomas, pertaining to professional qualifications.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
*[https://www.iabmbikaner.org Official website, Institute of Agribusiness Management]

{{Universities in Rajasthan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Agricultural universities and colleges in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bikaner]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-university-stub}}

Sikh diaspora

2026-03-08T13:13:52Z

Veronaiqr: reworked content based on references and fixed typos for consistency

{{short description|Sikh migration from historical homeland}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=June 2023}}
{{Original research|reason=The paragraphs about the Khalistan movement and Sikh identity make a lot of unsourced and unverified claims, many of which may be incorrect.|date=May 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
[[File:World Sikh Pop. Map 2004-02.png|thumb|right|300px|Map showing world Sikh population areas and historical migration patterns (est. 2004).<ref>Johnson and Barrett (2004) used in map construction. Research Paper: Quantifying alternate futures of religion and religions by Todd M. Johnson and David B. Barrett (2004). Refer to Table 1. Global adherents of the world's 18 major distinct religions, AD 1900–2025. Published by Elsevier Ltd, Available online 15 July 2004 [http://www.sciencedirect.com.]</ref>]]
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

The '''Sikh diaspora''' is the modern [[Sikh]] migration from the traditional area of the [[Punjab region]] of [[South Asia]]. [[Sikhism]] is a religion native to this region. The Sikh diaspora is largely a subset of the [[Punjabi diaspora]].<ref>''[[Encarta]]'' {{cite web |url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566784/sikhism.html |title=Sikhism – MSN Encarta |access-date=25 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002063119/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566784/Sikhism.html |archive-date=2 October 2009}}</ref>

The diaspora is commonly accepted to have begun after the fall of the [[Sikh Empire]] in 1849 and the empire's subsequent annexation into [[British Raj|British India]]. The onset of the Sikh diaspora is represented by [[Duleep Singh]], the last emperor of the Sikhs, who was forced into exile by the British. Starting with this event, the rate of Sikh migration from Punjab has remained high and included a number of international destinations.

Emigration out of Punjab abroad was historically mostly confined to the [[Doaba]] region and parts of [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]] and [[Moga district|Moga]] districts of the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]] region but has since become a pan-Punjabi phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Harjeshwar Pal |date=11 January 2021 |title=NRIs in the Farmers' Agitation, Pan Punjab: Internationalising the issue keeps the government on the defensive |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/19860/NRIs-in-the-Farmers-Agitation-Pan-Punjab-- |access-date=12 December 2025 |website=The Citizen}}</ref>

==Religion==
With more than 25 million worldwide,<ref name="Britannica1">{{cite encyclopedia |url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism |title=Sikhism |encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=7 August 2018 }}</ref> Sikhs are adherents of the fifth-largest religion in the world.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003300/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html CIA Factbook]</ref> The 2011 Indian census reported approximately 20 million Sikhs living in India.<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web|title=Sikh Religion Census 2011|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/4-sikhism.html|publisher=census2011|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> Of these, 16 million, or 76% of all Indian Sikhs, live in the northern state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], where they form 58% of the population.<ref name="Census2011"/> Substantial communities of Sikhs also live in the Indian states and union territories of [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttarakhand]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The states of Maharastra and Bihar are home to the two important Sikh [[Panj Takht|Takht]] of [[Hazur Sahib]] and [[Patna Sahib]], respectively.<ref name="Census2011" /> The Canadian province of [[British Columbia]] was home to close to 300,000 Sikhs as of 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=59&Data=Count&SearchText=british%20columbia&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Religion&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1|title=NHS Profile, British Columbia, 2011|date=8 May 2013|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=8 September 2019}}</ref>

==Historical migration patterns==
The Sikhs as a political entity, distinct from other Indian traditions, can be said to have begun with the martyrdom of the fifth Sikh Guru, [[Arjan Dev]], in 1606. Sikh distinction was further enhanced by the 1699 establishment of the Sikh brotherhood, or [[Khalsa]] (ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ), by [[Gobind Singh]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/history/history_1.shtml BBC History of Sikhiam - The Khalsa]</ref> This gives the Sikhs, as an organized political grouping, a relatively recent history of around 400 years. Migrations during the era of the gurus were limited to the boundaries of modern-day India and [[Pakistan]], and in particular, restricted to the Sikh tribal heartland of the [[Punjab region]].The development of the [[Sikh Confederacy]] and the rise of the [[Sikh Empire]] (1716–1849) led to Sikhs migrating to conquered parts of their empire, such as [[Ladakh]] and [[Peshawar]]. However, these migrations were limited, transitory, and unsustained, depending on the empire's fluctuating boundaries. During the reign of the Sikh Empire, there was a net cultural immigration, with [[Napoleonic]] and British influences vying for the 'ear' of the then-Sikh maharajah [[Ranjit Singh]].<ref>Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers (French Sources of Indian History Series) by Jean-Marie Lafont. Pub. by Oxford University Press (2002). pp. 23–29. {{ISBN|0-19-566111-7}}</ref>

==Annexation of the Punjab==
[[File:Dalip singh winterhalter.jpg|thumb|left|Maharajah [[Duleep Singh]], the first and most famous member of the Sikh diaspora]]

Sikh migration from Punjab began in earnest in the second half of the 19th century, when the [[British Raj]] had successfully completed its annexation of the [[Punjab region|region]]. The pivotal action in the British annexation was the lifetime exile of the then-eleven-year-old maharaja, [[Duleep Singh]], making him the first (albeit unwilling) member of the Sikh diaspora.

Although a largely secular figure who did little for the Sikh body politic, Axel (2001)<ref name="The Nation's Tortured Body 2001">''A review of The Nation's Tortured Body: Violence, Representation, and the Formation of the Sikh "Diaspora"'' by Brian Keith Axel . Pub. by Duke University Press (2001).</ref> argues that Singh's exile has had a major impact on the Sikh diaspora psyche. Axel<ref>''A review of The Nation's Tortured Body: Violence, Representation, and the Formation of the Sikh "Diaspora"'' by Brian Keith Axel . Pub. by Duke University Press (2001). pp. 48–65</ref> says that Singh is the archetypal "tragic hero" figure in Sikh culture, "a King without a Kingdom, a Sikh separated from his people".

Having annexed the [[Sikh Empire]], the British preferentially recruited Sikhs in the [[Indian Civil Service]] and, in particular, the [[British Indian Army]], which led to the migration of Sikhs to different parts of British India and the [[British Empire]].<ref>Diffusion of Sikhism and recent migration patterns of Sikhs in India by A. K. Dutt1 and S. Devgun. Pub. GeoJournal Volume 1, Number 5 / September,1977.Pp 81-89. Available online [http://www.springerlink.com/content/p726g4t656018333/]{{dead link|date=February 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Semiskilled artisans were transported from the Punjab to British [[East Africa]] to help in the building of railways, while many Sikhs found themselves in [[Sikhism in Australia|Australia]], working as [[ghans]], or cameleers, and as labourers on cane plantations.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

==20th century==
Sikhs made tremendous contributions to Punjab from 1857 to 1947, including founding the city of [[Rawalpindi]]. Sikh agricultural and entrepreneurial skills brought prosperity to [[Sheikhupura]], [[Sialkot]], [[Jhelum (city)|Jhelum]], [[Multan]], [[Sargodha]], [[Gujrat city|Gujrat]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Amritsar]], and [[Jullundar]]. [[Lahore]], the capital of undivided Punjab, had thriving Sikh neighborhoods.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

The era of peace and prosperity ended in 1947, with the partition of Punjab between India and Pakistan. Sikh communities were practically wiped out from Lahore, Rawalpindi, Multan, Sialkot, [[Faisalabad|Lyallpur]], Jhelum, Gujrat, Sargodha, Sheikhupura, and other districts of [[West Punjab]]. The birthplace of Sikhism, Nankana Sahib, was split away in West Punjab. Millions of Sikhs fled to freedom and safety in [[East Punjab]]; smaller numbers also fled to Afghanistan.<ref name=Conversation>{{cite web|title=Explainer: who are the Afghan Sikhs? |publisher=The Conversation|date=20 August 2014|url=https://theconversation.com/explainer-who-are-the-afghan-sikhs-30699}}</ref>

In the 1960s and beyond, many Sikhs migrated to the [[Sikhism in United Kingdom|UK]] and North America in search of economic opportunities. Some of the Sikhs who had settled in eastern Africa were expelled by Ugandan leader [[Idi Amin]] in 1972.<ref>Sikhism. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 September 2007 [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-253167]</ref> Sikhs are traditionally an agrarian community, and with the pressures of having only a limited amount of land, high birth rates, and the desire to make a better living, male offspring of Sikh farmers were encouraged to migrate to foreign countries, with significant Sikh communities becoming established in the Philippines, Canada, the UK, US, Malaysia, East Africa, Australia, and Thailand.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

==Khalistan movement==
{{Further|Khalistan movement}}
[[File:Punjab flag.svg|thumb|Sikh Flag—The [[Nishan Sahib]]]]

Axel (2001)<ref name="The Nation's Tortured Body 2001"/> argues that the Sikh diaspora community, having established themselves in foreign countries, began to fetishize the past and nurture idealized designs for their 'lost and imaginary' Sikh empire. This came to fruition to a certain degree with the establishment of [[Punjab (India)|Indian Punjab]] in 1966 as a Sikh-majority state. However, Tatla (1998)<ref>The Sikh Diaspora Search for Statehood by Darshan Singh Tatla (1998). pp. 16–33. Pub. by University of Washington Press. 10-295-97715-9</ref> argues that the marginalization and sense of grievance that Indian Sikhs were facing due to [[Indira Gandhi]]'s heavy-handed tactics were amplified in the Sikh diaspora. Subsequently, the Sikh diaspora, especially in south Vancouver, Canada,<ref>''[[The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three Generations Amid Tradition, Modernity, and Multiculturalism]]'' by Kamala Elizabeth Nayar. Pub. by [[University of Toronto Press]] (8 April 2004) Pp.[https://archive.org/details/sikhdiasporainva00naya/page/34 34]-[https://archive.org/details/sikhdiasporainva00naya/page/57 57]. {{ISBN|0-8020-8631-4}}</ref> and the UK, became willing suppliers of logistical and financial support when the organic agitation for a separate Sikh nation, [[Khalistan]], began in the late 1970s. The actions taken by the Indian government to counter the Sikh separatist movement, via 1984's [[Operation Blue Star]], had a seismic effect on the Sikh diaspora. Axel (2001)<ref>''A review of The Nation's Tortured Body: Violence, Representation, and the Formation of the Sikh "Diaspora"'' by Brian Keith Axel . pp. 68–72. Pub. by Duke University Press (2001).</ref> argues that the desecration of the Sikhs' holiest shrine, [[Harimandir Sahib]], and the following Sikh pogrom in which thousands of Sikhs were massacred, led to a resurgence in Sikh religiosity and a strengthening of ties with their Sikh brethren in Punjab. Diaspora Sikhs felt betrayed by India, and the events of 1984 defined their Sikhism and underlined a distinct commonality shared with other diaspora Sikhs. Mark Tully<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/171_afterbluestar/ BBC Archives: After Blue Star]</ref> describes Operation Blue Star as the Sikhs' [[9/11]]. This was certainly the case for diaspora Sikhs, who in the main could only watch on in horror as the events of 1984 played out on TV.

In 1971, Jagit Singh Chohan, an ex-minister in a short-lived government of [[Akali Movement|Akali]] dissidents, saw an alignment of like-minded Sikhs. Chohan placed a half-page advertisement in ''The New York Times'' on 12 October 1971, making several claims about Punjab as a Sikh homeland. However, Chohan won little sympathy from ordinary Sikhs.<ref name="Sikh Religion">
{{cite book| last =Shackle| first =Christopher|author2=Gurharpal Singh |author3=Arvind-Pal Mandair| title =Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity| publisher =Curzon Press| year =2001| location =Richmond, Surrey| pages =142–161| isbn = 0-7007-1389-1}}</ref>
[[File:Thousands-Sikhs-protest-in-London.jpg|thumb|Sikhs in London protest against Indian government actions]]

Tatla summarises the change in Sikh diaspora community leaders post-1984 a being a "painful transition from a self-confident community with haughty discourse, to the self-defensive strategies of a vulnerable minority".<ref name ="Sikh Religion"/> Organisations such as the [[International Sikh Youth Federation]], the [[Babbar Khalsa]], and the Council of Khalistan emerged within the diaspora, and these agencies rallied against "Hindu imperialism" or "Indian nationalism" and lobbied to join the [[UNPO|Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]], aligning the Sikh cause with other ethnic groups seeking freedom, citing cases of Jews, Palestinians, [[Kurds]], [[Baloch people|Balochis]], Kashmiris, and Sri Lankan Tamils. Another organization, by the name of Sikhs for Justice, headquartered in New York, which surfaced roughly in 2014, has campaigned for the cause using activities like #BurnTheTricolour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1111242|title=Sikhs living abroad to hold 'referendum' for separate homeland|last=Haider|first=Masood|date=8 June 2014|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/jwQeeXUKauiMcyiIfOcN8M/US-judge-reserves-ruling-on-1984-antisikh-riots.html|title=US judge reserves ruling on 1984 anti-Sikh riots|last=Singh|first=Yoshita|date=20 March 2014|website=Mint|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sikh-groups-launch-signature-campaign-in-support-of-un-genocide-petition/article5368162.ece|title=Sikh groups launch signature campaign in support of UN 'genocide petition'|date=19 November 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=26 April 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="ndtv.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/over-20-000-people-sign-white-house-petition-for-jagtar-hawaras-release-1243033|title=Over 20,000 People Sign White House Petition for Jagtar Hawara's Release|website=NDTV.com|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/uk-takes-cautious-line-on-pro-khalistan-sfj-meet/618856.html|title=UK takes cautious line on pro-Khalistan SFJ meet|date=11 July 2018|work=The Tribune India}}</ref>

Axel (2001)<ref name="The Nation's Tortured Body 2001"/> argues that the history of the Sikh diaspora, its psyche of grievance, and the violence inflicted on it, means that the notion of the Sikh diaspora as a community today inevitably converges on the notion of Khalistan. In addition to this, Axel points out the "nightmare" scenario facing the Sikh diaspora: the Indian state "demands" the "Unity-in-Diversity" model of ''rashtriya ekta'' (national integration), which Axel contends is signified by "the denial of difference through surrender, assimilation and integration".

==Sikh identity today==


Whilst the rate of Sikh migration from Indian Punjab has remained high, traditional patterns of Sikh migration that favored English-speaking countries, particularly the United Kingdom, have changed in the past decade due to factors such as stricter immigration procedures. Moliner (2006)<ref>Sikh Migration Patterns – 'Workshop on Indian Migration' at Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Urbaine/CNRS (14/15 November 2006) Abstract 'Sikhs in France' by Christine MOLINER (PhD Student, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS)){{cite web |url=http://www.ivry.cnrs.fr/lau/IMG/rtf/Abstracts.rtf |title=Archived copy |access-date=4 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117150414/http://www.ivry.cnrs.fr/lau/IMG/rtf/Abstracts.rtf |archive-date=17 November 2006}}</ref> states that as a consequence of the "fact" that Sikh migration to the UK had "become virtually impossible since the late 1970s", Sikh migration patterns altered to continental Europe. Italy has now emerged as a fast-growing area for Sikh migration,<ref>Sikh Storia e immigrazione – The Sikhs: History and Immigration by R. Cipriani (2006). Pub. in International Sociology.2006; 21: 474-476 Available on {{cite journal |url=http://iss.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/21/3/474 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060529031541/http://iss.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/21/3/474 |access-date=4 April 2008 |archive-date=29 May 2006 |title=I Sikh Storia e immigrazione [The Sikhs: History and Immigration] -- Cipriani 21 (3): 474 -- International Sociology |journal=International Sociology |date=May 2006 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=474–476 |doi=10.1177/026858090602100331 |last1=Cipriani |first1=Roberto |url-access=subscription }}</ref> with [[Reggio Emilia]] and the [[province of Vicenza]] being areas of significant Sikh population clusters.<ref>[http://www.nriinternet.com/EUROPE/ITALY/2004/111604Gurdwara.htm Now, Sikhs do a Canada in Italy]</ref> Italian Sikhs are generally involved in the areas of agriculture, agro-processing, machine tools, and [[horticulture]].<ref>[http://www.nriinternet.com/EUROPE/ITALY/2007/0701_Visa_office_in_Chandigarh.htm Report of 'NRI' News in ITALY]</ref> Canada has maintained a liberal immigration policy, and the Sikh community there is the largest in proportion to the country's population, even above India (2.1% of Canada's population versus 1.7% of India's). The largest North American Sikh community is thought to be located in south [[Vancouver]], British Columbia, and nearby [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

In the post-9/11 era, the Sikh diaspora in Europe and North America stood out as a visible minority often confused with radical Islamic groups because of their turbans. This has included numerous hate crimes targeting Sikhs.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} France banned turban-wearing Sikh students from publicly funded schools as part of a broader policy originally intended to restrict Muslim headscarves.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Western security think tanks have quoted the [[Air India Flight 182|Air India bombing]] to justify profiling of Sikh travellers at airports.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Countering this train of thought, on 1 October 2017, Canadian politician [[Jagmeet Singh]], a Sikh, was elected leader of the federal [[New Democratic Party]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Jagmeet Singh makes history with NDP leadership victory on first ballot |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/jagmeet-singh-chosen-as-new-federal-ndp-leader/article36451452/ |website=theglobeandmail.com |date=1 October 2017 |access-date=18 June 2023}}</ref> and on 16 January 2018, [[Gurbir Grewal]] became attorney general of [[New Jersey]]—the first practicing Sikh in the US to become a state attorney general.<ref>[http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2018/01/nj_gets_first_sikh_attorney_general_in_us_history.html N.J. gets first Sikh attorney general in U.S. history]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sikhism by country]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* "Twice Versus Direct Migrants: East African Sikh Settlers in Britain" by Parminder Bhachu. Pub. by Clark University (7 April 1990).
* "The Sikh Diaspora Search for Statehood" by Darshan Singh Tatla (1998) University of Washington Press. {{ISBN|0-295-97715-9}}
* "Contesting Khalistan, the Sikh diaspora, and the politics of separatism" /Gunawardena, Therese Suhashini. Jan 2001 Thesis (PhD). Pub. by University of Texas at Austin, 2001. Available at: http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/6181
* "Relational Embodiments of a Sikh Diaspora" by Anjali Gera Roy Pub. by Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India (2001). Available at https://web.archive.org/web/20070701185828/http://social.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v7is1/gera.htm.
* "Sikhs at Large: Religion, Culture, and Politics in Global Perspective" by Verne A. Dusenbery (2008) Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-568598-5}}; {{ISBN|0-19-568598-9}}
* "Sikh Diaspora Philanthropy in Punjab: Global Giving for Local Good" by Verne A. Dusenbery and Darshan S. Tatla, eds. (2009) Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-806102-1}}; {{ISBN|0-19-806102-1}}
* "Sikhs in Latin America: Travels Among the Sikh Diaspora" by Swarn Singh Kahlon (2012) Manohar Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, India. {{ISBN|978-81-7304-938-5}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100815081659/http://www.indiandiaspora.nic.in/ The Indian Diaspora], official Government of India website (archived)
* [https://archive.today/20130130085722/http://www.nri-online.com/tag/ Sikh NRI Online], information pertaining to Sikh non-resident Indians worldwide (archived)
* [http://www.sikhphilosophy.net/history-of-sikhism/5753-history-of-sikh-diaspora-canada-usa.html History of Sikh diaspora in Canada and USA]
* [http://www.sikhglobalvillage.com/ Sikh Global Village – Latin America]

{{Sikhism}}
{{Indian diaspora}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sikh Diaspora}}
[[Category:Indian diaspora by ethnic group]]
[[Category:Sikhs|Diaspora]]
[[Category:Sikhism by country|Diaspora]]
[[Category:Punjabi diaspora]]

Thirumbi Paar (1953 film)

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{{Short description|1953 film by T. R. Sundaram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thirumbi Paar 1953 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. R. Sundaram]]
| writer = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| producer = T. R. Sundaram
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Pandari Bai]]
| cinematography = W. R. Subba Rao
| editing = L. Balu
| music = [[G. Ramanathan]]
| studio = [[Modern Theatres]]
| released = {{Film date|1953|07|10|df=yes}}
| runtime = 15616 ft
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thirumbi Paar''''' ({{Translation|Look Back!}}) is a 1953 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film starring [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[P. V. Narasimha Bharathi]], [[Pandari Bai]], [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] and [[Girija (actress)|Girija]]. Produced and directed by [[T. R. Sundaram]] of [[Modern Theatres]], the film was written by [[M. Karunanidhi]], who would later become the chief minister of Tamil Nadu. ''Thirumbi Paar'' was one of the earliest Tamil films whose dialogues were known to be a political satire on the [[Indian National Congress]], the ruling party then. Sivaji Ganesan played a negative role in the film and received wide acclaim.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=November 2022}}
Parandhaman is a womaniser. A mute girl is married to the much older Punyakodi. Parandhaman seduces the mute girl in the absence of her husband and continues this act with other women. Poomalai is Parandhaman's sister.

== Cast ==

{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast<ref name="song book">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.ThirumbiPaar_T.R.Sundaram_1953/41.%20ThirumbiPaar_T.R.Sundaram_1953.pdf |title=திரும்பிப்பார்! |publisher=[[Modern Theatres]] |year=1953 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=3 November 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Paranthaman
* [[P. V. Narasimha Bharathi|Narsimhabharathi]] as Pandiyan
* [[T. S. Durairaj]] as Karudan
* [[K. A. Thangavelu|Thangavelu]] as Punyakodi
* [[A. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]] as Kundumani
* Thirupathisami as Mill Proprietor
* Krishnan as Office Boy
* Singam Krishnamoorthi as Bhagavathar
* Chellamuthu as Disciple
* Muthukoothan as Disciple
* Krishnan as Lawyer
* [[K. K. Soundar|Soundar]] as Inspector
* Srinivasagopalan as Judge
* Ganapathi as Watchman
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast<ref name="song book" />
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Poomalai
* [[Girija (actress)|Girija]] as Kumudha
* [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] as Bama
* [[C. K. Saraswathi|Saraswathi]] as Usha
* [[T. P. Muthulakshmi|Muthulakshmi]] as Dumb Girl
* Dhanalakshmi as Thangammal
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
''Thirumbi Paar'' was produced and directed by [[T. R. Sundaram]].<ref name="hindu1">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=13 March 2009 |title=Thirumbi Paar 1953 |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/03/13/stories/2009031350291600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318235641/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/03/13/stories/2009031350291600.htm |archive-date=18 March 2009 |access-date=10 May 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[M. Karunanidhi]], the screenwriter,{{Sfn|Rathinagiri|2007|p=65}} was then a prominent member of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK). The story of the film was inspired from the story of ''[[Ahalya]]''.<ref name="hindu1" /> [[Sivaji Ganesan]], who made his debut through ''[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]]'' (1952) played [[antihero]] roles in most of the films during this period.<ref name="Maalaimalar">{{Cite news |date=7 January 2010 |title=சிவாஜி, பத்மினி ஜோடியாக நடித்த முதல் படம் ''பணம்'' |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2010/01/07104254/sivaji.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131215073522/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2010/01/07104254/sivaji.html |archive-date=15 December 2013 |access-date=15 December 2013 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hoiberg|Ramchandani|2000|p=152}} He continued to act in such roles in films such as ''[[Rangoon Radha]]'' and ''[[Andha Naal]]'', both in 1954.<ref name="hindu1" />{{Sfn|Hoiberg|Ramchandani|2000|p=152}} ''Thirumbi Paar'' was one of the earliest films written by M. Karunanidhi who belonged to the DMK. The film's dialogues were perceived as a political satire on [[Indian National Congress]], the ruling party then.{{Sfn|The Illustrated Weekly of India|1975|p=36}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[G. Ramanathan]].<ref name="song book" />

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Aavanna Doonaa Aadu" || [[Jikki]] || rowspan=10|[[Kannadasan]] || 02:13
|-
| "Kanniyargal Vellai Manam Pol" || [[A. M. Rajah]] & Swarnalatha || 03:17
|-
| "Kalappadam Kalappadam" || [[S. C. Krishnan]] || 01:28
|-
| "Kaadhalar Vaazhndha Ullaasa Vaazhvil" || Jikki || 02:48
|-
| "Kannaale Panpaadum" || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]] & [[P. Leela]] || 02:55
|-
| "Nallavaraam Oru Aanodu Pennum" || T. S. Bagavathi || 02:50
|-
| "Kannalla Thoongamma" || [[P. Leela]] || 02:57
|-
| "Vaazhkai Vaazhvadharkke" || S. C. Krishnan || 02:18
|-
| "Pozhudhu Vidindhaal Thirumamam" || A. M. Rajah & T. S. Bagavathi || 02:37
|-
| "Kaanagatthil Kaadhaliyai" || D. B. Ramachandra || 00:43
|-
| "Paandiyan En Sollai" || P. Leela || [[Bharathidasan]] || 02:19
|-
| "Ponndutthu Padaitthaano" || A. M. Rajah, [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] & T. S. Bagavathi || || 02:58
|}

== Reception ==
The film was a success at the box office.<ref name="Maalaimalar_1">{{Cite news |date=28 October 2009 |title=மாடர்ன் தியேட்டர்ஸ் தயாரிப்பில் சிவாஜி கணேசன் நடித்த ''திரும்பிப்பார்'' |url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/2009/10/28110712/morden.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131215080532/http://www.maalaimalar.com/2009/10/28110712/morden.html |archive-date=15 December 2013 |access-date=15 December 2013 |work=[[Maalai Malar]]}}</ref> It was lauded mainly for its witty dialogues and political satire. It had a 100-day run in theatres.<ref name="Maalaimalar" /> Sivaji Ganesan's character in—negative role—the film was well received.<ref name="hindu1" /><ref name="Maalaimalar" /> Years later, in an interview he mentioned ''Thirumbi Paar'' was one of the best films that he had acted in his career.<ref name="hindu1" /> S. Viswanathan in his ''Industrial Economist'' described the film as "one of the powerful movies M Karunanidhi [MK] scripted".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Viswanathan |first=S. |year=1998 |title=? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jI7tAAAAMAAJ&q=%22one+of+the+powerful+movies+M+Karunanidhi%22 |access-date=3 September 2024 |magazine=Industrial Economist |page=16 |volume=31}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book |last=Hoiberg |first=Dale |url=https://archive.org/details/studentsbritanni02hoib |title=Students' Britannica India: D to H (Dadra and Nagar Haveli to Hyena) |last2=Ramchandani |first2=Indu |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica (India) |year=2000 |url-access=registration}}
*{{Cite book |last=Rathinagiri |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64kMAQAAMAAJ |title=Time capsule of Kalaignar |publisher=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] |year=2007 |oclc=680676772}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qmc6AQAAIAAJ |title=The Illustrated Weekly of India |date=January 1975 |publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press |ref={{harvid|The Illustrated Weekly of India|1975}}}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Modern Theatres}}
{{T. R. Sundaram}}

{{improve cats|date=September 2024}}

[[Category:1953 Indian films]]
[[Category:1953 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1953 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. R. Sundaram]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by M. Karunanidhi]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bimla Bissell

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{{Short description|Indian businesswoman (1932–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}

[[File:Bimla Bissell.png|thumb]]

'''Bimla Bissell''' (12 October 1932 – 9 January 2025) was an Indian businesswoman. She was the social secretary to four [[List of ambassadors of the United States to India|American ambassadors to India]]. In 1960, she and her husband John Bissell founded the company [[FabIndia]], a home furnishing export company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/21/world/asia/bimla-bissell-dead.html|title=Bimla Bissell, Ambassadors' Aide and a Social Hub in India, Dies at 92|first=Penelope|last=Green|work=The New York Times |date=21 January 2025|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/remembering-bim-bissell-tireless-promoter-and-patron-of-fabindia/article69085047.ece|title=Remembering Bim Bissell, 'tireless promoter and patron' of FabIndia|work=The Hindu |date=10 January 2025|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Bissell was born in [[Balochistan]], [[British India]] on 12 October 1932, and died from complications of diabetes on 9 January 2025, at the age of 92.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/bim-bissell-dies-a-visionary-who-played-a-significant-role-in-shaping-fabindia-101736484663637.html|title=Bim Bissell, a visionary who played a significant role in shaping FabIndia, dies at 93| date=10 January 2025|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bim Bissell obituary: Indian hostess and philanthropist |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/obituaries/article/bim-bissell-obituary-indian-hostess-and-philanthropist-z7q8t5dkn |access-date=7 February 2025 |publisher=The Times |date=7 February 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bissell, Bimla}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]

Jack N' Jill

2026-03-03T09:41:42Z

Veronaiqr: Made new article

{{short description|2022 film directed by Santhosh Sivan}}{{Distinguish|Universal Robina|text=the Filipino snack brand Jack n' Jill owned by [[Universal Robina]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jack N' Jill
| image = Jack N Jill poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Santosh Sivan]]
| producer = {{Unbulleted_list|Santosh Sivan Productions|M. Prashanth Das}}
| writer = Santosh Sivan Ajil Sim Vijesy Thottingal Amith Mohan Rajeshwari Suresh Kumar Raveendran
| screenplay =
| cinematography = Santosh Sivan
| starring = {{Unbulleted list|[[Manju Warrier]]|[[Kalidas Jayaram]]|Shaylee Krishen|[[Soubin Shahir]]|[[Aju Varghese]]}}
| editing = Renjith Touchriver
| music = {{Unbulleted list|[[Jakes Bejoy]]|[[Gopi Sundar]]|Ram Surendar}}
| studio = Santosh Sivan Productions SEWAS Films
| distributor = Joy Movie Productions Sree Gokulam Gopalan
| released = {{Film date|2022|05|20|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| gross = 
}}

'''''Jack N' Jill''''' (pronounced as '''''Jack and Jill''''') is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[science fiction comedy]] film directed by [[Santosh Sivan]]. It stars [[Manju Warrier]], [[Kalidas Jayaram]], [[Soubin Shahir]], Shaylee Krishen, and [[Esther Anil]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/santhosh-sivan-shares-a-still-from-the-set-of-jack-and-jill/articleshow/66694919.cms|title=Santhosh Sivan shares a still from the set of 'Jack and Jill' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=19 November 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref> The film marks cinematographer Santosh Sivan's directorial comeback in Malayalam cinema after nearly seven years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mangalam.com/en-news/detail/248842-entertainment-kalidas-santhosh-sivan-movie-titled-as-jack-and-jill.html|title=Kalidas-Santhosh Sivan movie titled as Jack and Jill|website=www.mangalam.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref> It was released in theatres on 20 May 2022. The film is partially reshot in Tamil under the title ''Centimeter'' with [[Yogi Babu]] replacing [[Soubin Shahir]] and was also released on the same day. It received negative reviews from critics and was a [[box office bomb]]. This film marked the final film of veteran actor [[Nedumudi Venu]] following his death in October 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manju Warrier: Jack N Jill is a fun, quirky movie that I enjoyed working in |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manju-warrier-jack-n-jill-is-a-fun-quirky-movie-that-i-enjoyed-working-in/articleshow/79458519.cms |access-date=2023-04-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Kesh is a young scientist who returned from abroad to his grandfather's ancestral home in Kerala after winning an award in AI Robotics. He, along with his colleague, a [[miniature robot]] named Kuttaps, and childhood friends, plans to complete his deceased father's dream project named 'Jack N' Jill' which would boost the human brain to its maximum level. They search for a test object who is suffering from a brain-related disease, like dementia/amnesia, and eventually abduct an elderly person. However, phase 1 of the project fails due to a mistake made by Kesh's friend. Afterward, they find Parvathy, another potential test subject, as she is mentally unstable due to post-traumatic amnesia. Kesh makes her their next test subject. They successfully complete phase 1 and 2 of the project. After phase 2, Parvathy regains her memories (but she pretends to be abnormal) and develops some combat skills. The antagonists of the story are Stephen Tharakan and his son who want to establish a chemical factory, even though it would be detrimental to the environment. Stephen and his henchmen slaughter the entire family of Parvathy when her family tries to protect Aarthy, the daughter of Stephen Tharakan's deceased partner. Parvathy is injured badly during the incident and loses all her memories. Whether she avenges the death of her loved one forms the remainder of the story.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Manju Warrier]] as Parvathy<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manju-warrier-turns-action-heroine-for-santosh-sivans-jack-n-jill-teaser-to-be-out-soon/articleshow/88685017.cms|title=Manju Warrier turns action heroine for Santosh Sivan's 'Jack N Jill'; teaser to be out soon|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 January 2022}}</ref>
*[[Kalidas Jayaram]] as Kesh<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalidas-jayaram-working-with-manju-chechi-is-a-blessing/articleshow/66426599.cms|title=Kalidas Jayaram: Working with Manju chechi is a blessing|newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 October 2018}}</ref>
*[[Soubin Shahir]] as Kuttaaps<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/soubin-shahir-plays-the-character-named-kuttaaps-in-jack-and-jill/articleshow/69397921.cms|title=Soubin Shahir plays the character named Kuttaaps, in 'Jack and Jill'|newspaper=The Times of India |date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
*[[Yogi Babu]] as Centimeter (Tamil version)
* Shaylee Krishen as Tara<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shaylee-krishen-i-wish-to-be-a-filmmaker-someday/articleshow/82630470.cms|title=Shaylee Krishen: I wish to be a filmmaker someday|newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 May 2021}}</ref>
*[[Esther Anil]] as Arathy<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-need-more-time-to-be-ready-for-heroine-roles-in-films-esther-anil/articleshow/71504541.cms|title=I need more time to be ready for heroine roles in films: Esther Anil|newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 October 2019}}</ref>
*[[Aju Varghese]] as Dr. Subramaniam
*[[Indrans]] as Anthrappan
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Colonel Ramachandran Nair
*[[Basil Joseph]] as Ravi
*[[Ramesh Pisharody]]
*Ida Sofie Straume as Cheorlett
*Vineetha as Jalgi
*[[Gokul Anand]] as Joseph
*Sunil Varghese as Stephan Tharakan
*M Prashanth Das as Bhasker
*[[Sethu Lakshmi]] as Ammini Amma, Parvathy's grandmother
}}

==Soundtrack==
The songs are composed by [[Jakes Bejoy]], [[Gopi Sundar]] and Ram Surendar.
*"Kim Kim" - [[Manju Warrier]]
*"Angane" - [[Sithara (singer)|Sithara]]
*"Jack And Jill" - Jithin Raj
*"Enganokke Enganokke" - Ram Surendar, Sree Nanda
*"Annatha Pokki" - Kavya Ajit, Ram Surendar

==Release==
===Theatrical===
The film was released theatrically on 20 May 2022.

===Home media===
The digital rights of the film is acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] and started streaming on 17 June 2022.

==Reception==

=== Critical reception ===
The film received highly negative reviews from critics as well as the audience. S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "A bad advertisement for AI and cinema".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2022-05-21 |title='Jack N Jill' movie review: A bad advertisement for AI and cinema |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jack-n-jill-movie-review-a-bad-advertisement-for-ai-and-cinema/article65442557.ece |access-date=2023-04-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5 and wrote "If Jack N' Jill was Santosh Sivan's attempt at making a quirky sci-fi film set against a village backdrop, it falls way off the mark with the screenplay all over the place. The actors look equally confused in this experimental film that fails to hold interest and gets bizarre as the story progresses.".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jack N' Jill movie review: Manju Warrier, Soubin Shahir can't save Santosh Sivan's bizarre sci-fi experiment |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/jack-n-jill-movie-review-manju-warrier-and-soubin-shahir-cant-save-this-bizarre-sci-fi-experiment/8886106c75609 |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Anjana George of ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted "There is violence, drugs and women assault, if not, this could have been a good children's film for the summer vacation." and gave 2.5 ratings out of 5.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jack N' Jill Movie Review : A sci-fi lacking intelligence |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/jack-n-jill/movie-review/91689508.cms |access-date=2023-04-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|9275006}}

{{Santosh Sivan}}
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Santosh Sivan]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction comedy films]]
[[Category:Films based on nursery rhymes]]
[[Category:Films about robots]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]

Vanamagan

2026-03-03T03:14:28Z

Veronaiqr: started first data basic info

{{short description|2017 film by A. L. Vijay}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vanamagan
| image = Vanamagan poster.JPG
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. L. Vijay|Vijay]]
| writer = Vijay
| producer = [[A. L. Azhagappan]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Ravi Mohan]]
* [[Sayyeshaa]]
}}
| music = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| cinematography = [[Tirru]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| studio = [[A. L. Azhagappan|Think Big Studio]]
| distributor = [[Kona Venkat|Kona Film Corporation]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|06|23}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''''Vanamagan''''' ({{translation|[[Tarzan|Son of the Forest]]}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action adventure film]] written and directed by [[A. L. Vijay|Vijay]]. The film stars [[Ravi Mohan]] and [[Sayyeshaa]], with [[Prakash Raj]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]], and [[Varun (actor)|Varun]] in supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 June 2017 |title=Sayyeshaa upbeat about Vanamagan |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/180617/sayyeshaa-upbeat-about-vanamagan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619113116/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/180617/sayyeshaa-upbeat-about-vanamagan.html |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=20 June 2017 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> with cinematography by [[Tirru]] and editing by [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]. The venture began production in September 2016, and the film was released on 23 June 2017.

== Plot ==
{{long plot|date=January 2021}} 
Kavya, an orphan who inherited her late parents’ company, Kavya Industries, lives under the guardianship of her father’s trusted associate, Rajasekhar. Though he manages the company on her behalf, Rajasekhar harbors ulterior motives and covets her wealth. When Kavya’s New Year trip to Bora Bora is canceled due to passport issues, Rajasekhar suggests that she and her friends visit the [[Andaman Islands]] instead—a decision that sets off a chain of life-changing events.

During their reckless escapades in the Andamans, Kavya and her friends accidentally hit a tribal man with their car while fleeing the police. No local hospital agrees to treat him, so Kavya takes him to Chennai, disguising him as a local named “K. Vaasi.” After he recovers, Vaasi’s primitive behavior shocks everyone, and Kavya, along with her cook Pandian, attempts to teach him human manners.

On Kavya’s birthday, tensions arise between her and Vicky, her boyfriend and Rajasekhar's son. When Vicky tries to assault her during an argument, Vaasi intervenes and violently attacks him. Though Vaasi later regains his composure, the incident enrages Rajasekhar, who calls the police. Vaasi is captured and taken away, while Vicky is left paralyzed with a neck fracture.

Ordered to eliminate the “dangerous” Vaasi, the police takes him into the forest. Kavya and Pandian arrive just as Vaasi breaks free, killing the corrupt officers. Pursued by the authorities, the trio flees into the jungle, where they encounter forest officer Shanmugam, who reveals that Vaasi’s real name is Jara and that he is part of a native tribe resisting corporate encroachment.

Jara reunites with his people and soon saves a young girl (Shanmugam’s daughter) from a tiger attack. Despite his heroism, the tribe faces eviction by a foreign corporation connected to Rajasekhar’s industrial project. When the tribe refuses to relocate, police forces, under pressure from the German investors, launch a violent assault. Jara defends his people in a bloody battle, but he is ultimately captured and beaten unconscious.

The story flashes back, revealing that the tribal massacre occurred before Kavya’s initial encounter with Jara. During that chaos, Jara escaped into the wilderness, where Kavya’s car later struck him. Meanwhile, Rajasekhar returns from abroad and pressures authorities to capture Kavya, who has fled with Jara and Pandian.

At the forest operations center, commando Suryaprakash initiates Project Zero, a plan to encircle and eliminate the fugitives using surveillance drones and armed forces. The group is tracked through spy cameras but survives an ambush when a tiger suddenly attacks and kills several commandos, allowing them to escape.

The next morning, Rajasekhar confronts Kavya, accusing her of betraying him. She defends Jara, insisting that his people are victims of corporate greed. Rajasekhar reveals that she unwittingly authorized the land grab herself by signing an asset (at the beginning of the film). He abducts Kavya but is confronted by Jara, whom he runs over and shoots. Despite his injuries, Jara rises again and defeats the police and Rajasekhar.

When Kavya pleads for peace, Jara stops short of killing Rajasekhar. Kavya renounces her inheritance, declaring she wants nothing more to do with Kavya Industries. Realizing the futility of his greed, Rajasekhar spares them and departs.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ravi Mohan]] as Jara (K. Vaasi)
* [[Sayyeshaa]] as Kavya, Jara's lover
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Rajashekar
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Puli Pandian
* [[Varun (actor)|Varun]] as Vignesh (Vicky)
* [[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan]] as Arjun
* [[Vela Ramamoorthy]] as Jara's father
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Kavya's uncle
* [[Ramya Subramanian]] as Ramya
* [[Shanmugarajan]] as Shanmugam
* [[R. S. Shivaji]] as Airways Ticket Seller
* Sanjay Bharathi as Assistant Director
* Sam Paul as Michael Raj
* N. L. Srinivasan as Suryaprakash
* Milton Raju as Tama
* Ravi Venkatraman
}}

==Production==
After the success of ''[[Madarasapattinam]]'', [[A. L. Vijay]] planned to cast [[Suriya]] in the lead role. Suriya liked the script, but the role did not materialise due to budget constraints.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-turned-down-vanamagan/articleshow/58494285.cms Suriya: Suriya turned down 'Vanamagan'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331004358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-turned-down-vanamagan/articleshow/58494285.cms |date=31 March 2018 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (3 May 2017). Retrieved on 2018-08-17.</ref><ref>[http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/apr/23/i-havent-watched-the-tarzan-films-1596945--1.html ‘I haven't watched the Tarzan films’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211544/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/apr/23/i-havent-watched-the-tarzan-films-1596945--1.html |date=30 March 2018 }}. The New Indian Express. Retrieved on 17 August 2018.</ref>
Later in November 2015, it was reported that [[A. L. Vijay]] would direct a film starring [[Ravi Mohan]] in the lead role. The actor confirmed that the duo would begin work on the project in the middle of 2016, following the completion of his other films.<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=24 December 2015 |title=Jayam Ravi opens up on film career after Thani Oruvan — The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/after-thani-oruvan/article8025392.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125093110/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/after-thani-oruvan/article8025392.ece |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=8 September 2016 |work=The Hindu |publisher=thehindu.com}}</ref> The film was reported to be about a man who escapes from the lost kingdom of [[Kumari Kandam]].<ref name="indiaglitz">{{Cite web |date=2 November 2015 |title=Jayam Ravi Vijay new period film about Lemuria continent — Tamil Movie News — IndiaGlitz.com |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/jayam-ravi-vijay-new-period-film-about-lemuria-continent-tamil-news-146012.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209182116/http://www.indiaglitz.com/jayam-ravi-vijay-new-period-film-about-lemuria-continent-tamil-news-146012.html |archive-date=9 February 2017 |access-date=8 September 2016 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> In May 2016, Vijay confirmed that the project would begin later in the year and revealed that the film would be shot extensively in the [[Andaman Islands]]. Music composer [[Harris Jayaraj]] and cinematographer [[Tirru]] were also brought in for the project.<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite web |title=Jayam Ravi, Vijay to shoot an action-romance in Andaman — Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Jayam-Ravi-Vijay-to-shoot-an-action-romance-in-Andaman/articleshow/52400865.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528144229/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Jayam-Ravi-Vijay-to-shoot-an-action-romance-in-Andaman/articleshow/52400865.cms |archive-date=28 May 2016 |access-date=8 September 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes2">{{Cite web |title=Jayam Ravi- Vijay project to begin on September 5 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Jayam-Ravi-Vijay-project-to-begin-on-September-5/articleshow/54005677.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909101818/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Jayam-Ravi-Vijay-project-to-begin-on-September-5/articleshow/54005677.cms |archive-date=9 September 2016 |access-date=8 September 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

The film was subsequently launched in September 2016 with production beginning thereafter in Chennai. [[Sayyeshaa]] was signed on to portray the leading female role in the film, marking her debut in Tamil films.<ref name="indiatimes3">{{Cite web |title=Sayyeshaa roped in for Jayam Ravi- AL Vijay film — Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sayesha-roped-in-for-Jayam-Ravi-AL-Vijay-film/articleshow/54014138.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407194402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sayesha-roped-in-for-Jayam-Ravi-AL-Vijay-film/articleshow/54014138.cms |archive-date=7 April 2019 |access-date=8 September 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Sanjay Bharathi and [[Varun (actor)|Varun]] also signed on to work on the film, with the latter revealing that he would play the heroine's love interest and that Ravi would portray a tribal man who finds himself in the city.<ref name="behindwoods">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2016 |title=Varun on his next film with director Vijay and Jayam Ravi |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/varun-on-his-next-film-with-director-vijay-and-jayam-ravi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308062849/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/varun-on-his-next-film-with-director-vijay-and-jayam-ravi.html |archive-date=8 March 2017 |access-date=8 September 2016 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film teaser was officially released on 6 February 2017.<ref>[http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/jayam-ravis-next-with-al-vijay-titled-as-vanamagan.html Jayam Ravi's next with AL Vijay titled as Vanamagan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210230842/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/jayam-ravis-next-with-al-vijay-titled-as-vanamagan.html |date=10 December 2016 }}. Behindwoods.com (9 December 2016). Retrieved on 2018-08-17.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170207112816/http://boxofficereporter.com/kollywood/vanamagan-teaser-released-491 Watch: Vanamagan Teaser Released]. Boxofficereporter.com (6 February 2017). Retrieved on 17 August 2018.</ref>

===Release===
Initially, the film had its release date fixed on 19 May 2017. Due to the announcement of the film industry strike on 30 May 2017, the producer has postponed the theatrical release to 23 June 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2017 |title=Vanamagan release postponed due to Kollywood strike |url=https://www.top10cinema.com/article/42463/vanamagan-release-postponed-due-to-kollywood-strike |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821085015/https://www.top10cinema.com/article/42463/vanamagan-release-postponed-due-to-kollywood-strike |archive-date=21 August 2017 |access-date=13 May 2017 |work=Top 10 Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref> The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2018 |title="VANAMAGAN" பொங்கல் தின சிறப்பு திரைப்படம் ஜனவரி 15, மாலை 4 மணிக்கு. |url=https://www.facebook.com/ZeeTamizh/videos/vanamagan/2270962879596155/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426042026/https://www.facebook.com/ZeeTamizh/videos/vanamagan/2270962879596155/ |archive-date=26 April 2019 |access-date=12 April 2019 |website=facebook.com/ZeeTamizh}}</ref> Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion wrote "Vanamagan gradually becomes terribly serious, and a comic adventure turns into a tiresomely earnest drama
."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanamagan Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/vanamagan-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111065523/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/vanamagan-movie-review |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vanamagan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|2017|04|21|df=y}}
| recorded =2017
| venue =
| studio = Studio H
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:55
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| producer = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| prev_title = [[Singam 3|S3]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Spyder (soundtrack)|Spyder]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

The film's original soundtrack is scored by [[Harris Jayaraj]], his first collaboration with director A. L. Vijay and third film with actor Ravi after ''[[Dhaam Dhoom]]'' and ''[[Engeyum Kaadhal]]''. This is Jayaraj's 50th film as a composer. The complete album was released on 22 April 2017.

{{track listing
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:55
| all_lyrics = [[Madhan Karky]], except where noted
| title2 = Damn Damn
| extra2 = [[M. M. Manasi]], Sherin Shahana
| length2 = 3:57
| note2 = Lyrics by [[A. L. Vijay|Vijay]]
| title1 = Yemma Yea Azhagamma
| extra1 = [[Bombay Jayashree]], [[Haricharan]]
| length1 = 5:27
| title3 = Silu Silu
| extra3 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length3 = 5:19
| title4 = Morada Morada
| extra4 = [[Benny Dayal]] and [[Krish (singer)|Krish]]
| length4 = 4:10
| title5 = Pachchai Uduthiya Kaadu
| extra5 = [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length5 = 5:35
| title6 = Vanam (Theme)
| note6 = [[Instrumental]]
| extra6 = [[Maria Roe Vincent]] and Flute Kamalakar
| length6 = 2:27
}}

== Reception ==

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=6735754}}
{{A. L. Vijay}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 action adventure films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. L. Vijay]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harris Jayaraj]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]
[[Category:Tarzan films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]
[[Category:Films set in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Shurasena

2026-03-01T16:21:48Z

Veronaiqr: adjust references and improved wording based on references

{{Short description|King in Hindu mythology}}
{{Infobox character
| info-hdr = Personal Information
| image =
| caption =
| weapon =
| affiliation =
| spouse = [[Characters in the Mahabharata#Marisha|Marisha]]
| family = '''Parents'''{{bulleted list|Devamida (father)<ref name="Cakravartī2004">{{cite book|author=Viśvanātha Cakravartī|title=Sārārtha Darśini: Tenth Canto Commnetaries [of] Srimad Bhagavatam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2vXAAAAMAAJ&q=parjanya+yadava|year=2004|publisher=Mahanidhi Swami}}</ref>}}''' Siblings'''{{bulleted list|[[Parjanya Maharaja|Parjanya]] (brother)}}
| children = ''' Children''' 15 Children, including:{{bulleted list|[[Samudravijaya]] (son)|[[Vasudeva]] (son)|[[Kunti|Pritha]] (daughter)}}
| relatives = '''Cousins'''{{bulleted list|[[Kuntibhoja]] (cousin)}}
}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

'''Shurasena''' or Shursen/Shursaini ({{langx|sa|शूरसेन}}, {{IAST3|Śūrasena}}) was a ruler of [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] or Sursena Mahajanpada. He was married to a [[nāga]] community woman named Marisha. She bore all of his children and was the cause for [[Vasuki]]'s boon to Bhima.<ref>Tales From the Mahabharat, pp31, By B.K. Chaturvedi, Published by Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. {{ISBN|81-288-1228-9}}, {{ISBN|978-81-288-1228-6}}</ref> He is stated to be the king after whom the [[Surasena|Surasena Kingdom]] was named and founded.

Shurasena was the father of [[Samudravijaya]] (himself father of [[Neminatha|Arishtanemi]]), [[Vasudeva]] (himself father of [[Vāsudeva]]-[[Krishna]] & Balrama ) and [[Kunti]] (mother of [[Karna]] and the [[Pandava]]s)<ref>{{cite book|last=Swami Vijnanananda|title=The S'rimad Devi Bhagawatam|publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|year=2008|volume=I|page=334|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBEkOqvqSMkC&pg=PA334 |orig-year = 1921|isbn=978-1-4375-3059-9}}</ref> He is extensively mentioned in both the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Puranas]] as the father of [[Vasudeva]] (father of [[Krishna]]) and [[Kunti]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mahābhārata}}
{{HinduMythology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shurasena, King}}
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:People related to Krishna]]

Advocate-on-Record

2026-02-28T09:18:53Z

Veronaiqr: started initial info and citations - done

{{Short description|Role in the Supreme Court of India}}
'''Advocates-on-Record''' is an [[advocate]] who is entitled under the Order IV of the Supreme Court Rules, 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/Supreme%20Court%20Rules,%202013.pdf|title=Supreme Court Rules, 2013|website=Supreme Court of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130152529/https://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/Supreme%20Court%20Rules,%202013.pdf|archive-date=2016-11-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> (previously Order IV of the [[Supreme Court of India]] Rules, 1966), framed by the [[Supreme Court of India]] under Article 145 of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]],<ref>Central Government Act - Article 145 in The Constitution Of India - 1949 [https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1537130/]</ref> to act as well as to plead for a party in the Supreme Court of India.<ref name=SCRules>{{cite web|title=Supreme Court of India Rules, 1966 |url=http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/handbook/scirulespdf.pdf |publisher=Supreme Court of India |accessdate=25 April 2014 |quote=Rule 2(1)(b) of the Rules }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As per the rules, no advocate other than an advocate on record shall be entitled to file an appearance or act for a party in the Supreme Court of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Supreme Court of India Rules, 1966 |url=http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/handbook/scirulespdf.pdf |publisher=Supreme Court of India |accessdate=25 April 2014 |quote=Rule 6(b) of the Rules }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> No advocate other than an advocate on record can appear and plead in any matter unless he is instructed by an advocate-on-record.<ref>{{cite web|title=Supreme Court of India Rules, 1966 |url=http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/handbook/scirulespdf.pdf |publisher=Supreme Court of India |accessdate=25 April 2014 |quote=Rule 10 of the Rules }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Delhi HC">{{cite web|last1=Venkatesan|first1=J|title=Delhi High Court upholds ‘Advocate on Record' rule|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-high-court-upholds-advocate-on-record-rule/article2908053.ece|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=4 June 2014|date=19 February 2012}}</ref>

==Qualification==
An advocate can be registered as an advocate-on-record if they qualify the requirements as laid down in the Supreme Court of India Rules, 2013 and 'Regulations regarding Advocates-on-Record Examination'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Supreme Court of India Rules, 1966 |url=http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/handbook/scirulespdf.pdf |publisher=Supreme Court of India |accessdate=25 April 2014 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> If an advocate wants to practice as an advocate-on-record in the Supreme Court, they need an additional qualification. The advocate has to practice for four years as an advocate and thereafter has to demonstrate to the Supreme Court that they have started taking training with a Senior Advocate on record because they intend to become an Advocate-on-record. After the expiry of one year's training, the advocate has to appear for an examination conducted by the Supreme Court itself. The examination is one of the toughest examination with pass percentage of 20%. After an advocate passes this examination they must have a registered office within a radius of 10 miles from the Supreme Court building and a registered [[Law clerk|clerk]]. It is after this that the Chamber Judge of the Supreme Court accepts them as an advocate-on-record.<ref name=scaoura-aboutus /><ref name="Delhi HC" />

A solicitor on the rolls of the Bombay Incorporated Law Society whose name has been borne on the roll of State Bar Council for the period of not less than seven years on the date of making the application for registration as an advocate-on-record is exempted from taking the above test.<ref>{{cite web|title=Supreme Court of India Rules, 1966 |url=http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/handbook/scirulespdf.pdf |publisher=Supreme Court of India |accessdate=25 April 2014 |quote=Rule 5(ii)(aa) of the Rules }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Association==
Supreme Court Advocates-On-Record Association (SCAORA) is the official association of the Advocates-on-Record.<ref name=scaoura-aboutus>{{cite web|title=About Us - Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association|url=http://www.scaora.in/about-us/|publisher=Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association|accessdate=25 April 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140425201051/http://www.scaora.in/about-us/|archive-date=2014-04-25|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* Supreme Court of India Rules, 1966.[https://web.archive.org/web/20140816090224/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/scrules1966.pdf][https://web.archive.org/web/20161130152529/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/Supreme%20Court%20Rules,%202013.pdf][https://web.archive.org/web/20161119014101/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/handbook3rdedition.pdf]
* Supreme Court of India - List of Advocate on Record code [https://api.sci.gov.in/pdf/other/aor_list_14062022.pdf]

[[Category:Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Advocates]]
[[Category:Senior advocates in India]]
[[Category:Indian barristers]]
[[Category:Indian Senior Counsel]]

Anup Revanna

2026-02-27T02:50:08Z

Veronaiqr: started initial info needs work - done

{{short description|Indian film Actor (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anup Revanna
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|2|08|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| other_names =
| education =
| alma_mater =[[Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering]], [[Bangalore]]
| occupation =
<div>
* actor
</div>
| years_active = 2015 - present
| parents = [[H M Revanna]] Vatsala Revanna
}}

'''Anup Revanna''' is an Indian actor who works in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]]. The son of former Karnataka minister [[H M Revanna]],<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/exclusive/11814-politician-revanna-s-son-to-turn-actor-exclusive.html |title=Politician Revanna's Son to Turn Actor - Exclusive - chitraloka.com | Kannada Movie News, Reviews | Image |website=Chitraloka.com |date=2015-04-11 |accessdate=2017-01-28}}</ref> Anup entered the film industry as an actor through the 2016 action film [[Lakshmana (film)|Lakshmana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/sensational-news/11994-r-chandru-s-new-film-titled-lakshmana-exclusive.html |title=R Chandru's New Film Titled Lakshmana - Exclusive - chitraloka.com | Kannada Movie News, Reviews | Image |website=Chitraloka.com |date=2015-06-05 |accessdate=2017-01-28}}</ref>

==Early life==
Anup Revanna was born on 8 February 1994 in [[Bangalore]] as the son of Politician [[H M Revanna]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/long-list-star-kids-karnataka-politicians-movies |title=The long list of star kids of Karnataka politicians in movies |publisher=The News Minute |date=2015-06-20 |accessdate=2017-01-28}}</ref> and Vatsala Revanna. He attended [[Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering]], [[Bangalore]].

== Career ==
Anup learned acting in [[Koothu-P-Pattarai]]. In 2016, Anup debuted as a lead actor in [[R. Chandru]]'s action film [[Lakshmana (film)|Lakshmana]]. His second film was ''Na Panta Kano'', directed by [[S. Narayan]], and was released in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Anup-was-never-interested-in-politics/articleshow/52881940.cms |title=sandalwood: Politics never interested me: Revanna's son |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= |accessdate=2017-01-28}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''All films are in Kannada, otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Lakshmana (film)|Lakshmana]]'' || Lakshmana ||Nominated{{Emdash}}[[SIIMA|SIIMA Award]] for Best Debutant - Male
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Naa Panta Kano]]'' || Arjun ||
|-
|2023 ||''[[Kabzaa (2023 film)|Kabzaa]]''
| Fayaaz
|
|-
|2024
|[[Hide and Seek (2024 film)|''Hide and Seek'']]
|{{TBA}}
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|8052444}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Revanna, Anup}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]

Puri–Sainagar Shirdi Express

2026-02-25T14:42:15Z

Veronaiqr: Starting A Article

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Puri Sainagar Shirdi SF Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2013|08|16}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Puri}}
| stops = 24
| end = {{stnlnk|Sainagar Shirdi}}
| distance = {{convert|1689|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 29 hours 30 mins
| frequency = Leaves Puri Every Friday & Leaves Shirdi Every Sunday
| class = AC 1st, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class & General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Pantry car is attached
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = 3 [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 20857 / 20858
| speed = {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}

20857/58 '''Puri–Sainagar Shirdi SF Express''' is a [[Superfast trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[East Coast Railway zone]] that run between {{stnlnk|Puri}} and {{stnlnk|Sainagar Shirdi }} in India.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/trains-to-have-additional-coaches/article7047639.ece | title=Trains to have additional coaches | newspaper=The Hindu | date=30 March 2015}}</ref>

== Service ==
Earlier this train was operated as Express havin train number- 18407/18408. Now it operates as train number 20857 from Puri to Sainagar Shirdi and as train number 20858 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Chhattisgarh]] & [[Odisha]] . The train covers the distance of {{cvt|1689|km}} in 29 hours 30 mins approximately at a speed of ({{cvt|55|km/h}}).

==Coaches==

The 20857 / 20858 Puri–Sainagar Shirdi SF Express has One AC-1 Tier, Two AC 2-Tier, Seven AC 3-Tier, Six Sleeper Class, Four General Unreserved & Two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches . It carries a [[pantry car]].

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Routing==
The 20587 / 58 Puri–Sainagar Shirdi Express runs from Puri via {{stnlnk|Khurda Road Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}}, {{stnlnk|Sambalpur Junction}}, and takes reversal at {{stnlnk|Titlagarh Junction}}, and runs via {{stnlnk|Raipur Junction}}, {{rws|Durg Junction}}, {{rws|Gondia Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}} to {{stnlnk|Sainagar Shirdi}}.

==Traction==
earlier was Golden Rock-based [[WDG-3A]] or [[WDM-3A]] and [[WDM-3D]]. As this route is electrified, a [[Electric Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] electric locomotive pulls the train to {{stnlnk|Titlagarh Junction}}. Later a [[Electric Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi Loco Shed]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] electric locomotive pulls the train to its destination.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/puri-sai-nagar-shirdi-weekly-express-18407/22104/217/6721 18407 Puri–Sainagar Shirdi Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/sai-nagar-shirdi-puri-weekly-express-18408/22103/6721/217 18408 Sainagar Shirdi–Puri Express] at India Rail Info

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puri-Sainagar Shirdi Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Puri]]
[[Category:Transport in Shirdi]]

Sittanavasal Cave

2026-02-23T06:11:01Z

Veronaiqr: started basic entry v1!

{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Sittanavasal Cave
| native_language = Tamil
| image = சித்தன்னவாசல்.jpg
| image_size = 275px
| caption = Sittanavasal Cave
| designation1 =
| designation1_date =
| designation1_number =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_free1name = State Party
| designation1_free1value = {{IND}}
| designation1_free2name = Region
| designation1_free2value =
| location = [[Sittanavasal|Sittanavasal village]], [[Pudukottai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| elevation =
| built = [[Śramaṇa]] Period (2nd century BCE - 900 CE)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/sittannavasal-relics-from-the-2nd-century-bc/article29509900.ece/photo/1/|title=Sittannavasal: relics from the 2nd century B.C.|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| architect =
| architecture = [[Pandya]]n
| coordinates = {{coord|10.4544|78.7247|display=inline}}
| locmapin = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Sittanavasal in Tamil Nadu, India
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Sittanavasal Cave''' (also, '''Arivar Koil''') is a 2nd-century Tamil [[Śramaṇa]] complex of caves in [[Sittanavasal]] village in [[Pudukottai]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name="Rocky">{{cite news|title=Rocky retreat |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/10/22/stories/2004102200450100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041126152037/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/10/22/stories/2004102200450100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 November 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="Sudharshan">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/swaminathan/sittannavasal/Sittannavasal%20-%20a%20booklet.pdf|title=Sudharsanam: A centre for Arts and Culture|access-date=26 October 2012|publisher=Indian Heritage Organization}}</ref> Its name is a distorted form of ''Sit-tan-na-va-yil'', a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word which means "the abode of great saints" (Tamil: சித்தன்னவாசல்).

The monument is a rock-cut [[monastery]] or temple. Created by Tamil [[Śramaṇa]], it is called the Arivar Koil, and is a rock cut cave temple of the [[Arihant (Jainism)|Arihants]]. It contains remnants of notable [[fresco]]es from the 7th century. The murals have been painted with vegetable and mineral dyes in black, green, yellow, orange, blue, and white. Paintings have been created by applying colours over a thin wet surface of lime plaster.<ref name="Sudharshan" /><ref name="Tatva">{{Cite web|url=http://puratattva.in/2011/05/02/sittanavasal-the-legacy-of-chitrasutra-13.html|title=Sittanavasal – A passage to the Indian History and Monuments|access-date=26 October 2012|publisher=Puratattva: The Legacy of Chitrasutra, Indian History and Architecture|archive-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814174527/http://puratattva.in/2011/05/02/sittanavasal-the-legacy-of-chitrasutra-13.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Tamil">{{cite news|title=The Ajanta of TamilNadu|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051127/spectrum/main3.htm|newspaper=The Tribune|date=27 November 2005|publisher=Tribune, India}}</ref>

Ancient structures such as [[Gol Gumbaz]], [[Talagirisvara temple]] and this one are claimed to be relatively unappreciated.<ref name="Behl">{{cite news|last=Behl|first=Benoy K.|title=Appreciate the ancient|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/appreciate-the-ancient/article5756967.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=15 March 2014|date=7 March 2014}}</ref> [[Archaeological Survey of India]] has listed Sittanavasal Cave in the list of "Must See" Indian Heritage.{{Sfn|ASI must see|Sittanavasal Cave}}

The Sittanavasal Cave are listed as one of the ''Adarsh Smarak Monument'' by Archaeological Survey of India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://asi.nic.in/adarsh-smarak/ | title=Adarsh Smarak Monument | publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] | access-date=2 May 2022 }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Sitannavàsal 02.jpg|left|thumb|Sittanvasal Cave temple]]
While the Sittanavasal village is dated from 1st century BC to 10th century AD when Jainism flourished here, the Temple-cave was initially dated to [[Pallava]] King [[Mahendravarman I]] (580–630 AD) prior to his conversion from [[Jainism]] to [[Hinduism]] as a [[Shaivite]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Mahabalipuram|publisher=The Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|year=2004|isbn=|location=New Delhi|last=C.|first=Sivaramamurthi|ref=Malla|pages=3, 5}}</ref> However, an inscription attributes its renovation to a [[Pandya]]n king probably Maran Sendan (654–670 AD) or [[Arikesari Maravarman]] (670–700 AD).<ref name="Tatva" /><ref name="ASI">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_tn_rockjaintemple.asp|title=Rock-cut Jaina temple, Sittannavasal|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref> The [[Śramaṇa]] beds on the hill top is attributed to the Jain era pilgrimage centre which lasted till the 9th century AD. However, in the Pudukkottai region, where the monuments are located, there are many archaeological finds of the [[megalithic]] burial sites from much earlier.<ref name="Tatva" />
[[File:அரிய சித்தன்னவாசல் ஒவியம் (Rare Siththanna Vaasal Painting).jpg|thumb|Seventh-century painting in Sittanavasal Cave]]

There are two publications in the 20th century which brought to light these monuments in particular: one in 1916, in the book "General History of the [[Pudukkottai State]]" by S. Radhakrishna Iyer, a historian, but only known regionally; and the other by Jouveau-Dubreuil and Gopinatha Rao, iconographers who worked together and brought out a "Monograph on Sittannavasal", in 1920, which brought it to limelight among archaeologists worldwide. The cleaning of the painting was undertaken in 1942 by Dr. [[S. Paramasivan]] and K. R. Srinivasan when they observed a patch of old painting of conventional carpet design superimposed by a new layer of painting. The superimposed layer of painting has been surmised as that done Ilan-Gautaman, whose name is also inscribed.<ref name="Sudharshan" /> The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] as a ticketed monument.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments – Tamil Nadu|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_tamilnadu.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=9 September 2013|year=2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of ticketed monuments – Tamil Nadu|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_tn.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=9 September 2013|year=2011}}</ref>

==Architectural features==
[[File:N-TN-C166 Rock cut Jain Temple Sittannavasal Pudukkottai.jpg|thumb|Tirthanakar image on wall]]

Sittanavasal is a rock-cut cave, situated on the western side of central part of a hill, which runs in a north–south direction. The hill measures approximately {{Convert|70|m}} in height, and sits above the surrounding plain which has some archaeological monuments. The Jain natural caverns, called Ezhadippattam are approached from the foothills. The cave is approached by climbing a few 100 steps.<ref name="Sudharshan" />

The architectural features of the Sittanvasal Cave include the painting and sculptures found within its precincts.<ref name="Sudharshan" /><ref name="Tatva" /><ref name="Poetry">{{Cite web|url=http://poetryinstone.in/lang/en/2010/11/01/sittanavasal-the-zenith-of-painting-part-2.html|title=Poetry in Stone|access-date=26 October 2012|publisher=Poetry in Stone}}</ref> Archaeological Survey of India is responsible for the maintenance of the cave and the Jain beds.<ref name="Sudharshan" />

The paintings have been painted in [[fresco-secco]] technique with many mineral colours. The painting depict beautiful lotus pond with lotus flowers, people collecting lotuses from the pond, two dancing figures, lilies, fish, geese, buffaloes and elephants.<ref name="Trove">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/places/citiestowns/Pudukkottai10.aspx?catid=010110P03|title=Pudukottai: Treasure trove of archaeology |access-date=26 October 2012|publisher=Official web site of Tamilnadu Tourism}}</ref> Mulk Raj Anand said of the paintings, "Pallava craftsmen used greens and browns and puqiles, with a genuine ability and a lyrical flow of line. Lotuses spring up from imaginary ponds amid variegated greenery, under a bluish sheen."<ref name="Anand1973">{{cite book|last=Anand|first=Mulk Raj|title=Album of Indian paintings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtLqAAAAMAAJ|access-date=30 October 2012|year=1973|publisher=National Book Trust, India; [sole distributors: Thomson Press (India), Delhi|page=45}}</ref> In addition, inscriptions of the 9th and 10th century are also seen. The ceiling of the Ardhamandapam is decorated with murals from the 7th century.<ref name="Culture">{{Cite web|url=http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/cave.html|title=Cave Paintings in India|access-date=26 October 2012|publisher=CulturalIndia.net}}</ref> The cave temple has simple pillars and sculptures of Jain [[Tirthankaras]]. However, most of the frescoes which were covered fully in plaster have been severely defaced or not clearly visible due to inadequate security and maintenance resulting in vandalism in the past five or six decades. Originally, the entire cave temple, including the sculptures, was covered with plaster and painted. The paintings are with theme of Jain [[Samavasarana]], the "most attractive heavenly pavilion" (it means the attainment of [[nirvana]]), and ''Khatika bhumi''.<ref name="Sudharshan" /><ref name="Tatva" />

The layout of the west facing cave is the same as adopted in other rock-cut cave temples in the country during the 7th Century. As originally built, it had only a ''[[garbha-griha]]'' (sanctum sanctorum) and an ardhamandapam (semi hall). However, the ''mukha-[[mandapa]]'' (front hall) was an addition made in the frontage built during the Pandya Rule, which collapsed. Subsequently, a pillared veranda with a facade was added in front of the cave during the 20th century; the [[Pudukkottai state|Maharaja of Pudukkottai]] added this part of structure at the suggestion of Tottenham, the British administrator.<ref name="Sudharshan" /> It has two pillars and two pilasters and a square base entrance to a hexagonal portico, which were brought from the ruins of mantapas at Kudimiyanmalai.<ref name="Sudharshan" />

The Ardhamantapam, after the front entrance, is rectangular in plan of {{convert|20.5|m}} long, {{convert|2.28|m}} wide and {{convert|2.5|m}} high, and the cubical cell of{{convert|2.89|m}} width,<ref name="Tatva" /> (a little higher than the ''garbha-griha'') with a facade which has two pillars and two pilasters at both ends. The pillars as well as pilasters are hexagonal in shape in the middle section while the top and bottom sections are square. Rock beam is sculpted above them as if supporting them; provided with large corbels (''potikai'' in Tamil) with ornamentation or fluting, with an intervening plain band. The pillars which support this mandapam are typical of ''Mahendra-order''.<ref name="Sudharshan" /><ref name="Tatva" /> The entry into the ''garbha-griha'' is flanked by two niches, which also have smaller size pilasters, similar to the pillar design, with bold relief of lotus medallions carved on them. In the southern and northern sides of the ardhamantapam, niches are provided where the 23rd tirthankara [[Parsvanatha]] and a Jain [[acharya]] (teacher) are respectively carved in bas-relief. Parsvanatha is shown seated in "the dhyana (meditative) pose, cross-legged, with the hands placed one over the other, palms upwards, resting on the folded legs", a five-hooded serpent sheltering his head. An inscription on a pillar to the niche reads ''[Ulo]kaditan'' ("ruler of the world"), indicating Parsvanatha's divinity. The acharya is in a similar posture as Parsvanatha but with an umbrella over his head. The inscription below this niche reads ''Tiruvasiriyan'' ("great teacher").<ref name="Sudharshan" /><ref name="Tatva" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Legends across panels|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/06/13/stories/2004061300370200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040615073503/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/06/13/stories/2004061300370200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2004|date=13 June 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=India}}</ref>

A door way of {{convert|5.5|ft}} height and {{convert|2.5|ft}} width from the ardhamantapa leads to the sanctum sanctorum (through a flight of steps), which has three bas-relief sculptures. The entrance has ''surul-vyalis'' (balustrades sculptured with the mythical form of vyalis with twisted trunks). The sanctum sanctorum has a square plan of {{convert|2.89|ft}} wide and height of {{convert|7.5|ft}}, and at the back wall there are three bas-reliefs, two are of Jain Tirthankaras (as evidenced by the triple umbrellas (chatris) over them) and the third relief is of an acharya (teacher). The ceiling of the garbha-griha which is painted shows a carved wheel with hub and axle that denotes the [[Dharma-chakra]] ("Wheel-of-the-Law"). Above the three images in [[Lotus position]] (seated posture), paintings are also seen which are surmised to represent a canopy which is carved with carpet designs with striped borders and squares and circles of different sizes with louts flower designs inscribed within the squares. The circles depict crosses with bulbous ends; the horizontal arm of the cross has depictions of human and lion figures. In the other areas, the ceiling has similar paintings as the lotus pond in the ardhamantapam.<ref name="Sudharshan" /><ref name="Plaque">{{Cite web |title=Plaque at the site showing details of rock-cut Jaina Temple (Aravirkovil |url=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/A_ASI_announcement_in_Sittanavasal_2.JPG |access-date=26 October 2012 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)}}</ref> Plastered walls of the Sittanavasal Cave have varying thickness of {{convert|1|-|8|mm}}. The pigmentation used for the paintings is over 1000 years old. Echo effect is clearly heard, if "om" is recited, only if inaudibly, in the small shrine.<ref name="Sudharshan" /><ref name="Tatva" />

==Paintings==
{{multiple image
|direction = vertical
|align = right
|width = 250
|footer =
|image1 = Südindischer Meister um 850 001.jpg
|alt1 =
|caption1 = Painting on the roof of the Sittanvasal Cave
|image2 = Südindischer Meister um 850 002.jpg
|alt2 =
|caption2 = Painting on the roof of the Sittanvasal Cave
}}

The decorative paintings in the ceiling of the sanctum and ardha-mandapam of Aravirkovil though compared to the classical cave painting styles used in the [[Ajanta Caves]] but have minor variations in use of the materials for creating the paintings and also reported to provide a link between the Ajanta paintings (4th–6th century AD) and the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] paintings of 11th century at [[Thanjavur]].<ref name="Sudharshan" /> The ceilings have depiction of a lotus tank with natural looking images of men, animals, flowers, birds and fishes representing the Samavasarana faith of Jainism. The pillars are also carved with dancing girl and the king and the queen.<ref name="Plaque" />

Paintings in the roof of the Ardhamnatapa are the mural paintings with Samavasarana theme. The mural exhibits a water tank or ''khatika-bhumi'' which is shown with the tank made of tiles filled with lotus flowers and surrounded by ''bhavyas'' ("the faithful"), elephants, fishes, one fish shown as jumping out of water, pillars with figurines of Pandya king Srimara Srivallabha (9th century AD) and his queen offering reverence to Ilam Gautaman, an acharya of [[Madura]] who created these paintings. While cleaning the paintings, one more layer of Samavasarana themed painting was revealed in the ceiling of the Garbha-griha, but in a carpet-design.<ref name="Tatva" /><ref name="ASI" />

The study done by an artist on the depictions of the roof painting panel reveals: 3 birds, a man in loin cloth plucking flowers and the man is shown with a lily on right hand and lotuses on left hand, an elephant and fishes swimming, bird's eye on the top left corner.<ref name="Poetry" />

Though severely damaged due to vandalism, remaining [[Fresco]]es have been preserved on the top parts of columns and ceilings inside the temple. Many of them are typical of the 9th century Pandyan period and include detailed pictures of elephants, buffaloes, fish, geese, Jains gathering lotuses from a pond and dancing girls.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_tn_rockjaintemple.asp|title=Rock-cut Jaina temple, Sittannavasal|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=15 November 2011}}</ref> These frescoes are considered to be some of the best frescoes of medieval India next to frescoes of Ajanta Caves and [[Bagh Caves]].<ref name="Sudharshan" /><ref name="Tatva" /><ref name="ASI" /> Not so well planned is the arrangement of panels of the Sittanvassal cave temple; the idea of an ensemble has not been adopted but arranged in a haphazard way.<ref name="Pereira 1977">{{cite book|last= Pereira |first= José |title= Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road Monolithic Jinas The Iconography of the Jain Temples of Ellora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMTgiygj4-oC&q=Sittanavasal+Cave+Temple&pg=PA14|access-date=26 October 2012|year=1977|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=9788120823976|page=14}}</ref>

Painting of the Sittanvasal Caves were analysed to establish the technique and the material used to make the. Analysing a painting of a lotus pond in the ardhamantpam, it has been inferred that they are made with [[Fresco-secco]], techniques made over rough stone using rough plaster of {{Convert|2.5|mm}} thickness made of [[lime mortar]] and [[sand]] with minor impurities, applying {{Convert|0.5|mm}} thick lime wash of fine [[lime water]] when the rough [[lime plaster]] is still rough. The pigments used are composed of white made from [[lime (material)|lime]], black made from [[Terra preta|wood charcoal]] or [[lamp black]], yellow from [[yellow ochre]], red from [[red ochre]], blue from [[ultramarine]]\[[lapis lazuli]], and green from [[Green earth|terre verte]]. [[Pigments]] of permanent mineral colours (not vegetable colours as reported on the display plaque at the site by [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]]) were applied over dry plaster surfaces without any adhesive grove; the process involved a chemical reaction of lime water which absorbed [[oxygen]] in the air and getting converted by a [[Carbonization|carbonisation process]] into insoluble [[calcium carbonate]], which enabled the pigments to adhere to the surface.<ref name="Sudharshan" /><ref name="Agnew 2010">{{cite book|last= Agnew |first= Neville |title= Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n8YAyXzJE2IC&q=Sittanavasal+Cave+Temple&pg=PA338|access-date=26 October 2012|year=2010|publisher= Getty Publications |isbn=9781606060131|pages=338–339}}</ref> At the initiative of [[Pudukkottai State]], during 1937–39, the paintings were cleaned, and then given a preservative coating. Also, the damaged portions of the plastering were injected with cementing material and the paintings were also retouched.<ref name="Sudharshan" />

The condition of paintings are deteriorating.<ref name="Krupa 2014">{{cite web | last=Krupa | first=Lakshmi | title=Saving Sittanavasal | website=The Hindu | date=24 March 2014 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/saving-sittanavasal/article5826049.ece | access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Sittanavasal Jain Statue.jpg|[[Parshva]]
File:Sittanavasal Jain Statue 1.jpg|A Jain image
File:Jain Sculpture close to Sittanavasal,India.jpg|Tirthankar sculpture
File:Sittanavasal Passage to the Rock Bed Cave.jpg|Passage leading to Rock Beds
File:Sittanavasal Rock Bed.jpg|One of 17 rock beds
File:Sittanavasal Rock Bed Inscription.jpg|Rock Bed Inscriptions
</gallery>

== In popular culture ==

=== Mentions in film songs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Film
! colspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Character(s)
[Actor(s)]
! rowspan="2" |Singer(s) of the line
! rowspan="2" |Lyricist
! rowspan="2" |Composer
! rowspan="2" |Director
|-
!Opening line
(Meaning)
!Allusion line
(Meaning)
|-
|1990
|''[[Unnai Solli Kutramillai]]''
|"Sorgathin vaasarpadi..."<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07AFKCvnFzI |title=Sorkathin Vasapadi - Unnai Solli Kutramillai Tamil Song {{!}} K J Yesudas & K S Chitra |date=2018-06-06 |last=Ultra Cinema |access-date=2025-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
("Heaven's Doorway...")
|"'''Sitranna vaasal'''in oviyamae..."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-25 |title=Sorgathin Vasapadi Song Lyrics |url=https://www.tamil2lyrics.com/lyrics/sorgathin-vasapadi/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=www.tamil2lyrics.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
(O painting of Sittanavasal...)
|Balu

([[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]])
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Ameerjan]]
|-
|1999
|''[[Kadhalar Dhinam]]''
|"Enna Vilaiyazhagae..."<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-Up6x4v8c0 |title=Enna Vilai Azhage Song {{!}} Kadhalar Dhinam Tamil Movie Songs {{!}} Kunal {{!}} Sonali Bendre {{!}} AR Rahman |date=2017-12-04 |last=API Tamil Songs |access-date=2025-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
("What's your price, O Beauty?")
|"Un pugazh vaiyamum solla
'''Sitrana vaasal'''il ulla
Chithiram vetkudhu mella..."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-27 |title=Enna Vilai Azhagae Song Lyrics |url=https://www.tamil2lyrics.com/lyrics/enna-vilai-azhagae-song-lyrics/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=www.tamil2lyrics.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

("As the world tells your fame, the painting in Sittanavasal slowly blushes...")
|
Raja

([[Kunal Singh]])

|[[Unni Menon]]
| rowspan="2" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Kathir]]
|-
|2000
|''[[Thenali]]''
|"Alangatti Mazhai..."<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJpt1woP5vU |title=Thenali Movie Songs {{!}} Alangatti Mazhai Song {{!}} Kamal Haasan {{!}} Jyothika {{!}} Jayaram {{!}} A.R.Rahman |date=2022-06-11 |last=API Tamil Songs |access-date=2025-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
("[[Hail]]storm...")
|"'''Sithanna vaasal''' sirppangal pakkam Verum paarai eno..."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-13 |title=Alangatti Mazhai Song Lyrics |url=https://www.tamil2lyrics.com/lyrics/alangatti-mazhai-song-lyrics/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=www.tamil2lyrics.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
("Why just a rock near the Sittanavasal sculptures...")
|Dr. Kailash
([[Jayaram]])
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|Kalaikumar
|[[K. S. Ravikumar]]
|-
|2013
|''[[Udhayam NH4]]''
|"Indrodu thadaigal ellaamae Thagaranthathu" <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DE2osY6GN2o |title=Udhayam NH4 - Indrodu Thadaigal Video {{!}} Siddharth, Ashrita |date=2015-01-09 |last=SonyMusicSouthVEVO |access-date=2025-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
("From Today, All the Barriers Have Been Broken....")
|"'''Sitranna vaasal''' vittu
Sirpangal vanthu nindru
Vattangal ittathendru Vaazhthattum ilakiyam" <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-26 |title=Indrodu Thadaigal Song Lyrics |url=https://www.tamil2lyrics.com/lyrics/indrodu-thadaigal-song-lyrics/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=www.tamil2lyrics.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

("Let literature praise, that sculptures left Sittanavasal to come and [[Circumambulation|circumambulate]]")
|
* Prabhu ([[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]])
* Rithika ([[Ashrita Shetty]])
|
* [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
* [[Ramya NSK]]
|Vaali
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|[[Manimaran]]
|}

== See also ==
*[[Śramaṇa]]
*[[Tamil Jain]]
{{commons category|Sittanavasal Cave}}

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{Cite web| url=http://asimustsee.nic.in/rock_cut_jain_temple_sittanasal.php | title=Rock cut Jain temple, Sittanavasal | website=Archaeological Survey of India | ref={{SfnRef|ASI must see|Sittanavasal Cave}} }}

==External links==
*[http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/As/India/TamilNadu/Sittanav.htm Sittanavasal Cave and Eladipattam] by Wondermondo
*[http://www.trichy.com/places/sittanavasal/ Sittanavasal profile]
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20070717230023/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2121/stories/20041022000406400.htm Article on Indian Murals]}}
*[http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/appreciate-the-ancient/article5756967.ece Appreciation of the Ancient] The Hindu

{{Pudukkottai district}}
{{Jain Caves in India}}

[[Category:Jainism in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2nd-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:Jain rock-cut architecture]]
[[Category:Pandyan architecture]]
[[Category:Pallava architecture]]
[[Category:Tamil art]]
[[Category:Jain caves in India]]

1949–50 Ranji Trophy

2026-02-22T13:39:44Z

Veronaiqr:

{{Short description|Indian cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1949–50 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 350px
| caption = The Ranji Trophy
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| fromdate =
| todate =
| champions = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| count = 3
| participants = 19
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Vijay Hazare]] (Baroda) (609)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1949/50 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1949-50/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Hiralal Gaekwad]] (Holkar) (29)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1949/50 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1949-50/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1948–49
| previous_tournament = 1948–49 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1950–51
| next_tournament = 1950–51 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1949–50 Ranji Trophy''' was the 16th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] won the title defeating [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]] in the final.

==Highlights==
* [[Vijay Hazare]] scored 130 and 101 in the final, following his 98 and 115 in the [[1948–49 Ranji Trophy|1948–49]] final.

==Zonal Matches==
=== West Zone ===
{{Round8|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px

|18 Nov 1949 – Baroda|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''333'''|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]|114 & 201
|||||
|||||
|||||

|2 Dec 1949 – Baroda|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''382'''|[[Kathiawar cricket team|Kathiawar]]|180 & 145
|3 Dec 1949 – Ahmedabad|'''[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]'''|'''360 & 70/4'''|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]|172 & 253

|8 Jan 1950 – Baroda|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''357 & 348/4d'''|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]|284 & 211/4

|skipmatch01=no|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=yes
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2|RD3 = Round 3}}

=== North Zone ===
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px

|2 Dec 1949 – Delhi|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''343 & 225'''|[[Rajputana cricket team|Rajputana]]|215 & 235
|11 Dec 1949 – Patiala|'''[[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]]'''|'''152 & 121/4'''|[[Services cricket team|Services]]|62 & 208

|9 Jan 1950 – Delhi|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''544 & 140/4'''|[[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]]|456 & 34/3
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

===East Zone===
{{Round8|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px

|6 Dec 1949 – Jorhat|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]|50 & 52|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''157'''
|||||
|10 Dec 1949 – Jamshedpur|'''[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]'''|'''163 & 326'''|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]|89 & 44
|||||

|27 Jan 1950 – Indore|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''92 & 429'''|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|141 & 251
|4 Feb 1950 – Jamshedpur|'''[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]'''|'''207 & 287'''|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]|258 & 189

|26 Feb 1950 – Indore|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''262 & 222/5'''|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]|226 & 254

|skipmatch01=no|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=no|skipmatch04=yes
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2|RD3 = Round 3}}

=== South Zone ===
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 180px
| score-width = 80px

|24 Dec 1949 – Madras|'''[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]'''|'''328 & 236/7'''|[[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]]|215 & 347
|9 Dec 1949 – Secunderabad|'''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''|'''327 & 62/2'''|[[Central Provinces and Berar cricket team|Central Provinces and Berar]]|136 & 251

|26 Jan 1950 – Madras|'''[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]'''|'''264 & 124'''|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]|125 & 136
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

==Inter-Zonal Knockout matches==
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px

|24 Feb 1950 – Madras|[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]|103 & 69|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''297'''
|4 Mar 1950 – Delhi|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]|335 & 253/7|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''615 & 315'''

|17 Mar 1950 – Baroda|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''437 & 258/6'''|[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]|419 & 272
}}

==Final==
Baroda entered the final for the third successive season, following a win against Holkar in the [[1947–48 Ranji Trophy|1947–48]] season and a loss to [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]] in [[1948–49 Ranji Trophy|1948–49 edition]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ranji Trophy Final |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TMc-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=lUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3234%2C8371415 |access-date=29 June 2019 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=18 March 1950 |page=8}}</ref>

{{Test match
| date = 17–21 March 1950
| team2 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] (H)
| team1 = [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 419 (154.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Mushtaq Ali]] 140
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Vijay Hazare]] 3/99 (40 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 437 (165.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Vijay Hazare]] 130
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[C. S. Nayudu]] 5/182 (56 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 272 (107.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Chandu Sarwate]] 66
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Amir Elahi]] 4/66 (20.4 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 258/6 (99 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Vijay Hazare]] 101
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[C. S. Nayudu]] 4/90 (30 overs)
| result = Baroda won by 4 wickets
| venue = Maharaja Pratapsingh Coronation Gymkhana Ground, [[Vadodara|Baroda]]
| umpires = [[D. B. Deodhar]] and [[Jamshed Patel]]
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1940S/1949-50/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/BARODA_HOLKAR_RJI_17-20MAR1950.html Scorecard]
| toss = Holkar won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Hiralal Gaekwad]] (Holkar) claimed his 50th wicket in first-class cricket.<ref>{{cite web |title=Baroda v Holkar, Ranji Trophy 1949/50 (Final) |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/19/19201.html |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=30 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719020117/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/19/19201.html |archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1940S/1949-50/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/ Ranji Trophy, 1949-50] at [[ESPNcricinfo]]
* {{CricketArchive|ref=Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1949-50|name=Ranji Trophy 1949/50}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1949-50 Ranji Trophy}}
[[Category:1949 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1950 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1949–50]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Macky Ali

2026-02-19T02:41:18Z

Veronaiqr: New Some Bio Needs Work!

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Macky Ali
| birth_name = Maqdoom Ali
| birth_date = 1967
| death_date = 31 August 2002
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| othername = Maikki
| occupation = Actor
| father = [[Mehmood Ali]]
| relatives = {{ubl
| [[Lucky Ali]] (brother)
| [[Meena Kumari]] (maternal aunt)
| [[Minoo Mumtaz]] (paternal aunt)
}}
| family = [[List of Hindi film clans#Ali-Amrohi family|Ali-Amrohi family]]
}}

'''Macky Ali''' (born '''Maqdoom Ali''') was an Indian actor. He was the third son of India's ace comedian [[Mehmood Ali]] and the younger brother of singer [[Lucky Ali]].

==Early and personal life==
Ali was the third of eight children of the popular [[Bollywood]] actor, [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]]. His mother Mahliqa, was part [[Bengali people|Bengali]] and part [[Pathan]], the younger sister of the popular Indian actress of the 1960s, [[Meena Kumari]]. The Bollywood actress and dancer, [[Minoo Mumtaz]], was his paternal aunt.<ref>{{cite web |title= Remembering Mehmood |url= https://www.filmfare.com/features/remembering-mehmood-10677-3.html |website= Filmfare |publisher= Worldwide Media, The Times of India |accessdate= 17 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A star in his own right |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/sep/02macky.htm |website= Rediff.com |publisher= Rediff.com India Limited |accessdate= 17 March 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
Macky Ali made his debut as a child artiste in ''[[Kunwara Baap (1974 film)|Kunwara Baap]]'' (1974 film). Macky, who was afflicted with [[polio]] since birth, had starred in the film directed by his father, who drew a lot from Macky's life story and struggle during the making of the film. Mehmood made the film for awareness of the disease. The film had special appearances from actors [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Dara Singh]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Yogeeta Bali|Yogita Bali]] and [[Mukri]]. Music composer [[Rajesh Roshan]] was introduced with this film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mehmood and Kunwara Baap: A father's fight|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2016/jul/23/1466/mehmood-and-kunwara-baap-a-father-s-fight|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317234551/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2016/jul/23/1466/mehmood-and-kunwara-baap-a-father-s-fight|url-status=live|archive-date=17 March 2018|website=Cinestaan|publisher=Cinestaan Digital Pvt. Ltd.|access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=Mehmood's son Macky Ali passes away|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mehmoods-son-Macky-Ali-passes-away/articleshow/20755327.cms|website=The Times of India|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|accessdate=17 March 2018}}</ref>

Macky Ali also acted in the 1978 movie ''[[Ek Baap Chhe Bete]]'', starring his father along with all his brothers. He also made an appearance in the music video album "Yaro sab dua karo" and subsequently came out with his own album "Shayad".

Macky left with his bags and ran away from his home between 1984 and 1989. His whereabouts were unknown to his father for 5 years.

==Death==
Macky died on the way to the Mumbai Airport from a cardiac arrest on 31 August 2002 at the of age 35

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1974|| ''[[Kunwara Baap (1974 film)|Kunwara Baap]]'' || Hindustan || Uncredited
|-
|1978|| ''[[Ek Baap Chhe Bete]]'' || Macky ||
|-
|1998|| ''[[Tirchhi Topiwale]]'' || In Altaf Raja Song || (final film role)
|}

== See also ==
* [[Mehmood Ali Family]]
* [[Minoo Mumtaz]]
* [[List of Hindi film clans]]

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|name=Macky Ali|id=5934356}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Macky}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]

Sriram Dalton

2026-02-12T02:53:28Z

Veronaiqr: started initial post basic info!

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=April 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sriram Dalton
| image = Sriram Dalton during Free India Water Movement.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Sriram Dalton during Free India Water Movement
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|08|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Bihar, India
| othername =
| occupation = Director, producer, editor-in-chief, writer
| years_active = 2012 – Present
| spouse = [[Megha Sriram Dalton]]
| parents = Rajeshwar Singh Indra Devi
}}

'''Sriram Dalton''' (born 25 August 1979) is an Indian film producer and director who works in [[Bollywood]]. He won the [[Rajat Kamal]] award at the [[61st National Film Awards]].

==Filmography==
* ''OP Stop Smelling your Socks'' (2010)
* ''[[The Lost Behrupiya]]'' (Won the [[National Film Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film|Best Film Award in Art and Culture]] at [[61st National Film Awards]])
* ''Spring Thunder''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/global-platform-for-state-film-maker/cid/1664691|title=Global platform for state film-maker|website=The Telegraph|location=India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vEe0A36ZuzE | title=Spring Thunder | World Premiere | Sriram Dalton | Shashi Singh – YouTube | via=YouTube }}</ref>

== Non film work ==
In 2018, Sriram started an initiative "Jal Jungle Zamin Humara Hain" for spreading awareness about dying rivers of India with the idea of "Free India Water" Dalton started a walk from Mumbai on 15 May along with supporters. Walks 82 days from Mumbai to Jharkhand, highlighting the issue of commercialization of water and people's rights on land, water and forest.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20140522061512/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140421/jsp/frontpage/story_18261325.jsp#.U38DzKm24lI ShortFilms Stands tall]
* [https://www.bbc.com/hindi/entertainment/2014/05/140505_national_award_best_art_film_rns Sriram won National Award – BBC]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalton, Sriram}}
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Baba Gurdit Singh

2026-02-06T05:53:43Z

Veronaiqr: expand formatting and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|Indian revolutionary}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Baba Gurdit Singh
| image = Baba Gurdit Singh.jpg
| caption = Painting of Gurdit Singh
| other_names =
| birth_date = 1877
| birth_place = [[Sarhali, Tarn Taran|Sarhali]], Punjab, British India
| death_date = 1954
| death_place = [[Amritsar]], Punjab, India
| occupation = Entrepreneur, nationalist, community leader
| known_for = Organising the [[Komagata Maru incident]] (1914)
| movement = Indian independence movement
}}

'''Baba Gurdit Singh''' (1877 – 1954)<ref name="l834">{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Rajiv |date=4 August 2005 |title=A peep into a glorious chapter of Indian history |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050811/aplus.htm |access-date=10 September 2025 |website=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India}}</ref> was an Indian Sikh entrepreneur and nationalist best known for organising the [[Komagata Maru incident|1914 Komagata Maru voyage]], a landmark episode in the history of anti-colonial resistance and struggles against [[racial discrimination]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tragic Journey of the Komagata Maru |url=https://www.iwm.at/publication/iwmpost-article/the-tragic-journey-of-the-komagata-maru |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=IWM WEBSITE |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurdit Singh |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/node/2820658 |website=indianculture.gov.in}}</ref>

Born in [[Sarhali, Tarn Taran|Sarhali]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], he chartered the Japanese steamship [[Komagata Maru]] to transport 376 Indian passengers to [[Canada]], directly challenging the country’s exclusionary immigration laws. The incident drew international attention to the injustices of colonial policies and inspired nationalist movements in India. After years in exile, Singh surrendered to [[British authorities]] in 1922 and was imprisoned, later becoming a respected figure in the [[Sikhs|Sikh]] community. He spent his final years in [[Amritsar]], where he died in 1954.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Komagata Maru {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/komagata-maru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405043204/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/komagata-maru |archive-date=2021-04-05 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |language=en}}</ref><ref name="duggal" />

==Early years==
His grandfather, [[Sardar]] Rattan Singh was a high-ranking military officer in the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] and had fought against the British during the [[First Anglo-Sikh War|First]] and [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]]s. He declined the British offer of a [[jagir]] after the annexation of the Punjab. Later on, his father Sardar Hukam Singh went to [[British Malaya|Malaya]] where he settled down as a contractor.

===Education===
Gurdit Singh received little education in his childhood, partly due to the harsh treatment of his teacher which caused him to leave school. However, at the age of 13, he privately acquired elementary education so as to be able to correspond with his father in Malaya.

===British Malaya===
Gurdit Singh visited Malaya in about 1885 and conducted business in Singapore and Malaya as a contractor. He returned from there in 1909. In 1911 he raised his voice against ''[[begar]]'' (a form of forced labour). He wrote to the government complaining against officials who forced poor villagers to work for them without remuneration, and when he received no response, he exhorted the people of his village to refuse to be subjected to ''begar''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/personalities/baba_gurdit.html |title=Baba Gurdit Singh Kamagata Maru |access-date=28 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914072121/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/personalities/baba_gurdit.html |archive-date=14 September 2010 |website=www.sikh-history.com |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Legacy==
A well-to-do fisherman in Singapore, Gurdit Singh chartered a Japanese ship, the ''[[Komagata Maru]]'', in 1914 to go to Canada, with the aim of helping his compatriots whose journeys to Canada were being blocked. The government of Canada had put restrictions on the entry of Indians.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Siṅgha |first=Guradita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ebvEDAAAQBAJ |title=Voyage of Komagata Maru, Or, India's Slavery Abroad |date=2014 |publisher=Unistar Books |isbn=978-93-5113-412-1 |language=en}}</ref>

The ship had a total of 376 passengers out of whom 351 were [[Sikh]]s and 21 Punjabi Muslims. The ship sailed from Hong Kong to Vancouver on 3 April 1914. The obstructions put up by the alien authorities and the hardships faced by its passengers turned them into staunch nationalists.<ref name="duggal">{{cite book|last=Singh Duggal|first=Kartar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtuOZBTkHAMC&q=Baba+Gurdit+Singh&pg=PA62|title=Philosophy and Faith of Sikhism|publisher=Himalayan Institute Press|year=1998|isbn=0-89389-109-6|location=Honesdale, Pennsylvania|pages=61–62}}</ref> The ship reached Vancouver on 22 May 1914, it was not allowed to anchor and was attacked by the police at night. The attack was repulsed by the passengers and it created a great stir among the Indians in Canada.<ref name=duggal/> This is known as the [[Komagata Maru incident]].

An agreement was reached and the ship sailed back to India. It reached [[Calcutta]] on 29 September 1914. However, the passengers were not allowed to enter Calcutta; they were rather ordered to board a Punjab-bound train especially arranged for the purpose. They refused to do so and many of the passengers were killed, though a great many escaped.<ref name=":0" />

Gurdit Singh was aware of the problems that Punjabis were facing in getting to Canada due to exclusion laws. He was apparently also aware of the January 1914 regulations when he chartered the Komagata Maru, with the purported goal of challenging the [[continuous journey regulation]] and opening the door for immigration from India to Canada.<ref>Johnston, H., op. cit., p. 26.</ref> He believed he could circumvent this law by hiring a boat to sail from Calcutta to Vancouver.

At the same time, in January 1914, he publicly espoused the [[Ghadar Party|Ghadarite]] cause while in [[Hong Kong independence|Hong Kong]].<ref>Johnston, H., op. cit., pp. 24 and 25.</ref> The Ghadar Party was an organisation founded by Indians of the United States and Canada in June 1913 with the aim of liberating India from British rule. It was also known as the Hindi Association of the Pacific Coast.

==Later years==
Singh escaped{{Clarify|date=October 2024}} and remained underground for many years until 1920 when, on the advice of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], he made a voluntary surrender at [[Nankana Sahib]]<ref name=duggal/> and was imprisoned for five years. Later, he settled in Calcutta.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In 1937 [[Pratap Singh Kairon]], the future Chief Minister Punjab and then an [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akali]] nominee, entered the Punjab [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]], defeating the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] candidate, Baba Gurdit Singh of Sarhali.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Singh died on 24 July 1954, in Amritsar and was cremated at his native village Sarhali Kalan, Tarn taran. Baba Gurdit Singh left behind one son, Baba Balwant Singh.

==Films==
A movie named as [[Guru Nanak Jahaz]] on his life was made with [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]] in lead role of Baba Gurdit Singh. The film was released on 1 May 2025 on life of Mewa Singh Lopoke and his role in Ghaderite movement and whole incidents surrounding the [[Komagata Maru]] ship as well as incidents that happened surrounding Baba Gurdit Singh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Guru Nanak Jahaz: First Look Of Tarsem Jassar Unveiled From Much-Awaited Historic Journey |url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/448225-Guru-Nanak-Jahaz-First-Look-Of-Tarsem-Jassar-Unveiled-From-Much-Awaited-Historic-Journey |work=5 Dariya News |date=8 January 2025 |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://descendantskomagatamaru.ca/ Descendants of the ''Komagata Maru'' Society Website, a site dedicated to educating people about the ''Komagata Maru'' Incident ]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1860 births]]
[[Category:1954 deaths]]
[[Category:History of human rights in Canada]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:International maritime incidents]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:People from British Malaya]]

Ramlal Siyag

2026-02-06T01:19:09Z

Veronaiqr: added info

{{Short description|Indian contemporary saint}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Ramlal Siyag
| image = Gurudev_Ramlal_Ji_Siyag.jpg
| caption = Ramlal Siyag
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1926|11|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Palana, Bikaner|Palana]], [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|6|5|1926|11|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| guru = Gangainath
| founder = Adhyatma Vigyan Satsang Kendra, [[Jodhpur]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| website = {{URL|the-comforter.org}}
}}

'''Ramlal Siyag ('''24 November 1926 – 5 June 2017), was an Indian contemporary saint who is known for spreading [[Siddha Yoga]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Siddha Yoga Philosophy|work=The Indian telegraph|url=https://theindiantelegraph.com.au/siddha-yoga-philosophy/|access-date=}}</ref> a chanting and [[meditation]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Siddha can cure AIDS says AVSK Ram Lal Siyag|work=DNA India|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-siddha-can-cure-aids-says-avsk-ram-lal-siyag-1150149|access-date=}}</ref> based spiritual practice, based on the [[yoga]] as codified by sage [[Patanjali]] in a treatise called '[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sutra]]'.

== Early life and education ==
Ramlal Siyag<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Learning focus|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Learning-focus/articleshow/7700678.cms|access-date=}}</ref> was born on 24 November 1926 in [[Palana, Bikaner|Palana]] village of [[Bikaner]] district, [[Rajasthan]], India. He was about three years old when he lost his father. His mother brought him up. After completing his high school studies, he took up the job of a clerk with the [[Indian Railways]]. He had five children- four sons and a daughter from his marriage.

== Beginning of Spiritual Life ==
In 1968, Ramlal Siyag developed an unknown fear of death. On the recommendation of a friend, he chanted the [[Gayatri Mantra|Gayatri mantra]] 125,000<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Who is the guru behind Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie?|work=The Telegraph UK|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/8206899/Who-is-the-guru-behind-Brad-Pitt-and-Angelina-Jolie.html|access-date=}}</ref> times along with the fire sacrifice ([[Homa (ritual)|havan]]), starting from the [[Navaratri|Navratri]] that comes in the month of October in the year 1968. After completing the chants, in deep meditation he realized that his body had transformed into divine light. He attained the Gayatri [[Siddhi]] by this. He accepted saint Gangainath as his spiritual master and later attained the Krishna Siddhi in 1984. Ramlal has explained these spiritual experiences in detail in the book, Religious Revolution in the World.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Religious Revolution in the World|publisher=Adhyatma Vigyan Satsang Kendra|year=1997|isbn=81-900594-2-4|location=Jodhpur|pages=}}</ref> His disciples experience spontaneous yogic movements on practicing this yoga and transformation of tendencies. A great Indian philosopher and Yogi, [[Sri Aurobindo]], has explained about the trans-formative effect of yoga on mankind in his books, The life Divine and The Synthesis of Yoga.<ref>Aurobindo, Sri. ''The Synthesis of Yoga.'' Lotus Press, 1996. P. 7-8</ref>

== Spreading Siddha Yoga ==
At the behest of his Guru, he took premature retirement from Railways, and started initiating disciples into Siddha Yoga<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Siddha Yoga Philosophy|work=The Indian Telegraph|url=https://theindiantelegraph.com.au/siddha-yoga-philosophy/|access-date=}}</ref> by [[Shaktipat]] [[Diksha]]. It involves chanting and meditation and is based on the philosophy of Patanjali Yoga Sutra. He visited [[Israel]] and the [[United States|US]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Angelina Jolie, Bradd Pitt to marry in Hindu style|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/angelina-jolie-bradd-pitt-to-marry-in-hindu-style/articleshow/7103235.cms?from=mdr|access-date=}}</ref> a few times to spread the Siddha Yoga philosophy. He is also the spiritual master of celebrities<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Angelina and Brad may wed in Rajasthan|work=CNN Travel|url=http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/life/pitt-jolie-pheras-rajasthan-203614/|access-date=}}</ref> like [[Elizabeth Kucinich]], [[Brad Pitt]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Is A Desi Guru Behind Brangelina's Shaadi?|work=Mid Day|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/is-a-desi-guru-behind-brangelinas-shaadi/105998|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt to have a Hindu wedding next year?|work=Zee News|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/angelina-jolie-and-brad-pitt-to-have-a-hindu-wedding-next-year_77565.html|access-date=}}</ref> and [[Angelina Jolie]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Angelina Jolie, Brad Pitt to marry as per Hindu style in Jodhpur|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Angelina-Jolie-Brad-Pitt-to-marry-as-per-Hindu-style-in-Jodhpur/articleshow/7102608.cms|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Angelina Jolie, Brad Pitt to get married in Jodhpur|work=Bhaskar|url=https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/angelina-jolie-brad-pitt-to-get-married-again-in-jodhpur-1654322.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116203357/https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/angelina-jolie-brad-pitt-to-get-married-again-in-jodhpur-1654322.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 16, 2020|access-date=}}</ref> and has given spiritual initiation to them during his visit to the US in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Brangelina to tie the knot in Rajasthan?|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/brangelina-to-tie-the-knot-in-rajasthan/story-E3MeDI3fNcw467ozYpJ3SJ.html|access-date=}}</ref>

He is the founder of Adhyatma Vigyan Satsang Kendra,<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=सिद्धयोग करेगा भारत को एड्स मुक्त: गुरु सियाग|language=hi|work=Hindi Lok|url=https://hindilok.com/content.asp?ContentId=19501|access-date=}}</ref> located in Jodhpur. The book, ‘Religious Revolution in the World’, first published in July 1997, was authored by him.

Ramlal Siyag died on 5 June 2017, at an age of 92.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=संत रामलाल सियाग नहीं रहे, जोधपुर के मेडिपल्स अस्पताल में ली अंतिम सांस|language=hi|work=Bhaskar|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-OTH-MAT-latest-shahjanpur-news-062514-2752990-NOR.html|access-date=}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siyag, Ramlal}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]

Jabalpur Airport

2026-01-31T05:48:46Z

Veronaiqr: small expanded details for clarity and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Airport in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Jabalpur Airport
| nativename-a =
| nativename-r =
| image = Jabalpur Airport New Terminal.jpg
| image-width = 350px
| image_alt =
| IATA = JLR
| ICAO = VAJB
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| pushpin_label = '''JLR'''
| type = Public
| owner = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| operator = Airports Authority of India
| city-served = [[Jabalpur]]
| location = Dumna, Jabalpur, [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| elevation-f = 1,624
| elevation-m = 495
| coordinates = {{coord|23|11|05|N|080|03|31.5|E|type:airport_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/Jabalpur.jsp|Jabalpur Airport}}
| metric-rwy =
| r1-number = 06/24
| r1-length-f = 9,022
| r1-length-m = 2,750
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 392,869 ({{increase}} 19.8%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 5,000 ({{increase}} 9.5%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = —
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Jabalpur Airport''' {{Airport codes|JLR|VAJB}}, also known as '''Dumna Airport''', is a [[domestic airport]] serving the city of [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is located at Dumna, {{cvt|25|km}} east of the city. It is the third busiest airport in Madhya Pradesh after [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar International Airport]] in [[Indore]] and [[Raja Bhoj Airport]] in [[Bhopal]] in terms of both passenger and aircraft movements. The [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) has upgraded the airport to provide better services to the air travellers of the region.

The airport serves the whole of eastern [[Madhya Pradesh]], especially the [[Mahakaushal]] region. The tourists visiting [[Kanha National Park]], [[Bandhavgarh National Park]], [[Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Pench National Park]] can conveniently approach multiple National Parks of Madhya Pradesh keeping it as the centre point. The recently notified [[Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve]], the 7th tiger reserve in Madhya Pradesh also lies in close vicinity to Jabalpur and can be easily visited. [[Bhedaghat]], [[Dhuandhar Falls]], [[Amarkantak]], [[Panchmarhi]], and [[Khajuraho]] are easily accessible through Jabalpur. The airport is spread over an area of {{convert|960|acre}}. [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]], and [[IndiGo]] operate scheduled flight services to and from Jabalpur Airport.

==History==
The airport was constructed during the British era. The airport was opened in the 1930s and used periodically by the [[Royal Air Force]] and [[Royal Flying Corps]] before and during [[World War II]]. It was commonly known as Jubbulpore Aerodrome, and had a dirt runway until the 1960s. The new paved runway was built atop the original dirt runway, in the same alignment. Before the aerodrome at Dumna was opened, planes had been landing, even in the 1920s, within a racecourse inside the city limits of Jabalpur.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

In 2015, the State government handed over {{Convert|468.43|acre}} of land to the AAI for expansion of the airport.<ref name="PIB">{{Cite web |date=29 September 2020 |title=Jabalpur Airport upgradation |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1660043 |access-date=7 October 2020 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> The new terminal building was commissioned on 10 March 2024, being built at a cost of Rs 412 crore.

== Facilities ==
=== Communication, navigation and surveillance ===
Airport has {{Clarify|reason=expand or explain acronyms|date=September 2024|text=CNS/ATM}} facility like [[VHF]], [[Automatic terminal information service|ATIS]], [[Digital video recorder|DVR]], [[AFTN]], [[DVOR]]/[[Distance Measuring Equipment|DME]], [[Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast|ADS-B]], RCAG. [[Instrument landing system|ILS]] and [[Automation]] is going to be installed after completion of RWY expansion. Airport have also airport system and security facilities for APSUs like [[CCTV]], [[X-ray machines]], [[Explosives trace detector|ETD]], [[Flight information display system|FIDS]], [[Public address system|PA SYSTEMS]], [[Metal detector|DFMD]], [[Metal detector|HHMD]]. The facilities are installed, operated, managed by [[Communication, navigation and surveillance|CNS]] team of [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]].

=== Runway ===
The runway is capable of serving narrow body aircraft including Airbus 320 family/Boeing 737-800 and is equipped with night landing facilities, [[DVOR]]/[[Distance Measuring Equipment|DME]], [[Non-Directional Beacon|NDB]] and [[precision approach path indicator]]. It has a parking for 4 [[A-320]]/[[B-737]] or 4 [[ATR-72]] aircraft. [[Instrument landing system|ILS]] is under process after completion of runway expansion, by CNS team and [[ADS-B]] and [[RCAG]] is going to commissioned soon.

The newly expanded runway, {{Convert|2,750|m|4=0|abbr=on}} long, was successfully trialed by a Delhi–Jabalpur [[IndiGo|IndiGo Airlines]] flight on Saturday, 27 May 2023, and came under regular operation the next week. With the runway expansion, Jabalpur Airport is now home to the second longest runway in [[Madhya Pradesh]], next only to that of [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Indore Airport]] ({{Convert|2,754|m|4=0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and ahead of the runways at [[Raja Bhoj Airport|Bhopal Airport]] ({{Convert|2,744|m|4=0|abbr=on|disp=or}}), [[Gwalior Airport]] ({{Convert|2,743|m|4=0|abbr=on|disp=or}}), and [[Khajuraho Airport]] ({{Convert|2,274|m|4=0|abbr=on|disp=or}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-24 |title=Jabalpur News: दिल्ली से आने वाली उड़ान करेगी नए रनवे का 2750 मीटर का सफर शनिवार को होगा ट्रायल |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/jabalpur-flight-coming-from-delhi-will-travel-2750-meters-of-new-runway-trial-will-be-held-on-saturday-8135157 |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref>

===Terminal===
The new terminal building has been designed to accommodate 800 passengers at the peak hours. It has 14 check-in desks apart from CCTV's and an X-ray machine for security. The airport is equipped with runway lighting, car-calling, night landing facilities, a food stall and an ATM. The [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] had provided with Tourism Information Center and medical facilities like first-aid, MIR, and doctors and nurse will be provided soon.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==Expansion==
The new terminal building, spread over an area of 115,180 sq.ft. (10,701 m2), with a capacity to handle 800 passengers during peak hours is constructed and inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] through video conferencing on 10 March 2024. The terminal has three [[aerobridges]], an advanced baggage screening system and a car parking for more than 250 cars and buses.
The new terminal also includes the extension of runway to {{Convert|2,750|m|4=0}} from the current {{Convert|1,988|m|4=0}} with one end with ILS facility, a {{cvt|14|km|adj=on}} long boundary wall, a {{cvt|5|km|adj=on}} long approach road connecting airport to the city, a {{convert|32|m|adj=on}} high new Air Traffic Control (ATC) tower cum technical block, apron, taxiway, isolation bay and a fire station at a cost of Rs. 412 crores. Hence, the foundation stone was laid on 13 August 2018, by [[Suresh Prabhu]], [[Jayant Sinha]], [[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]] amongst others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/foundation-stone-laid-for-upgradation-of-jabalpur-airport201808132120090001/|title=Foundation stone laid for upgradation of Jabalpur Airport|website=www.aninews.in|language=en|access-date=2019-08-08|archive-date=8 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808093459/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/foundation-stone-laid-for-upgradation-of-jabalpur-airport201808132120090001/|url-status=dead}}</ref> These upgrades were expected to be completed by December 2021, but due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], which faced delays in work, it got delayed, and was finally completed and inaugurated on 10 March 2024.

==Airlines and destinations==
{{Airport-dest-list|{{nowrap|[[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]}}|[[Bilasa Devi Kevat Airport|Bilaspur]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Jagdalpur Airport|Jagdalpur]]

|[[IndiGo]]|[[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Indore]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]}}

==Statistics==
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=JLR}}

==Accidents and incidents==
*On 4 December 2015, a [[Spicejet]] [[Bombardier Dash 8|Bombardier Dash 8 Q400]] registration VT-SUC, operating as Spicejet Flight 2458, was landing at Jabalpur when the aircraft collided with a herd of 30-40 wild [[boar]]s. Three boars were killed and the aircraft skidded off the runway coming to a stop with the left gear collapsed, left engine damage, and other unknown damage caused by the impact. Despite the damage, no serious passenger injuries were reported<ref>{{cite web|url=http://avherald.com/h?article=49052366&opt=0 |title=Accident: Spicejet DH8D at Jabalpur on Dec 4th 2015, boar strike, runway excursion, left main and nose gear collapsed |publisher=Avherald.com |access-date=2017-03-29}}
</ref>
*On 12 March 2022, an [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] [[ATR 72|ATR-72-600]] with the registration VT-AIW operating Alliance Air flight 617, was landing on runway 06 when it overshot the runway and came to rest on the [[Runway safety area|RESA]]. All 55 passengers and 5 crew were evacuated from the aircraft unharmed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/mar/13/alliance-air-flight-skids-off-runway-at-jabalpur-airport-passengers-safe-2429437.html|title=Alliance Air flight skids off runway at Jabalpur airport, passengers safe|publisher=indianexpress.com|access-date=2022-03-13}}
</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of airports in Madhya Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Jabalpur]]
[[Category:1930s establishments in India]]
[[Category:Airports established in the 1930s]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Kamrup region

2026-01-29T21:36:29Z

Veronaiqr: Expanded content with additional details

{{about|the modern region|the historic kingdom|Kamarupa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kamrup
| native_name =
| other_name = Kamarupa
| settlement_type = [[Regions of India|Region]]

| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
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| image_map1 = Kamrup-1931-gazateerofindia.png
| motto =
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| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = Ancient capital
| subdivision_name1 = [[Pragjyotishpura]], [[Durjaya]]
| subdivision_type2 = City
| subdivision_name2 = [[Barpeta]], [[Guwahati]], [[Nalbari]], [[Palashbari]], [[Rangiya]]
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| image_map =
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| coordinates = {{coord|26.25|N|91.5|E|display=inline,title}}
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| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 6000000
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi=
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| timezone1 = UTC+05:30 (IST)
| utc_offset1 = +5.30
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| postal_code_type = 781xxx
| postal_code =
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| blank_name = Area codes
| blank_info = 0361

| website = {{URL|www.barpeta.nic.in}} {{URL|www.kamrupmetro.nic.in}} {{URL|www.kamrup.nic.in}} {{URL|www.nalbari.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Kamakhya1.JPG|right|thumb|250px|{{center|[[Kamakhya Temple|Ancient Kamakhya temple]]}}]]
[[File:Madan Kamdev 1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|{{center|[[Madan Kamdev]], [[Baihata]]}}]]
'''Kamrup''' is the modern region situated between two rivers, the [[Manas River|Manas]] and the [[Barnadi River|Barnadi]] in [[Western Assam]], with the same territorial extent as the Colonial and post-Colonial "[[Undivided Kamrup district]]".<ref>Pratap Chandra Choudhury, ''The history of civilisation of the people of Assam to the twelfth century'', Page 448, 1959 The Kamapitha of the Tantras was no other than Kamarupa and Kamakhya.</ref><ref>"These theoretical divisions are not known from the early epigraphic records and may have been fabricated in the late medieval period." {{harv|Sircar|1990|p=68}}</ref> It was the capital region of two of the three dynasties of [[Kamarupa]] and Guwahati, the current political center of Assam, is situated here. It is characterized by its [[Kamrupi culture|cultural artifacts]].<ref>Upendranath Goswami (1970), ''A Study on Kāmrūpī: A Dialect of Assamese''</ref>

==Etymology==
The origin of name, its original form being Kamarupa, is attributed to a legend in the [[Kalika Purana]] which mentions that it is in this region that [[Kamadeva]] regained his form.<ref>Hemanta Kumar Sarma (1992), ''Socio-Religious Life of the Assamese Hindus: A Study of the Fasts and Festivals of Kamrup District'', p.4, p.p.262, Daya Publishing House</ref>

==Ancient Kamrup (350–1140)==
{{Main|Kamarupa}}
The history of the Kamrup region dates back to the 4th century under [[Kamarupa Kingdom]]. The kingdom was successively ruled by three dynasties - the [[Varman dynasty|Varman]], the [[Mlechchha dynasty|Mlechchha]] (Salasthambha dynasty) and the [[Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)|Pala]] dynasties. Among these, the capitals of the Varman Dynasty and the Pala Dynasty, called [[Pragjyotishpura]] and [[Durjaya]] respectively, were in Kamrup, whereas the capital of the Mlechchha dynasty was in Tezpur outside the Kamrup region.

[[Samudragupta]]'s 4th-century [[Allahabad Stone Pillar Inscription of Samudra Gupta|Allahabad prasasti]] mention Kamarupa as well as [[Davaka]] ([[Nagaon district]] in central Assam) and it is presumed that a later Kamarupa king absorbed Davaka.<ref>"It is presumed that (Kalyana Varman) conquered Davaka, incorporating it within the kingdom of Kamarupa" {{harv|Puri|1968|p=11}}</ref> Though the kingdom came to be known as Kamarupa, the kings called themselves the rulers of Pragjyotisha (''Pragjyotishadhipati''), and not Kamarupa.<ref>"The name Kamarupa does not appear in local grants where Pragjyotisha alone figures with the local rulers called Pragjyotishadhipati." {{harv|Puri|1968|p=3}}</ref> Vaidydeva, an 11th-century ruler, named Kamarupa as a ''mandala'' within the Pragjyotisha ''bhukti''.<ref>{{harv|Puri|1968|p=3}}</ref> According to Sircar, the Kamarupa mandala is congruent to undivided Kamrup of the modern times.<ref>{{harv|Sircar|1990|p=70}}</ref>
[[File:Silsako Bridge, Kamrup in 1851.jpg|right|thumb|250px|{{center|[[Silsako|Historic Silsako bridge]]}}]]

==Medieval Kamrup==

===Kamata (1250-1581)===
{{main|Kamata kingdom|Baro-Bhuyan}}
The Kamarupa region soon lost a unified political rule. [[Sandhya (ruler of Kamarupa)|Sandhya]], a 13th-century ruler in the Kamarupanagara ([[North Guwahati]]), moved his capital to present-day [[North Bengal]] and his new kingdom came to be called Kamata;<ref>"Hema Saraswati in his ''Prahrada-carit'' says that Durlabhanarayan was the unequaled king of Kamata-mandala" {{harv|Neog|1980|p=40}}</ref> or sometimes as Kamata-Kamrup.<ref>{{harv|Gogoi|2002|p=17}}</ref> Though Kamata included [[Cooch Behar district|Koch Bihar]], [[Darrang district|Darrang]], [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]] districts, and northern [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]] in general,<ref>{{harv|Sarkar|1992|p=44}}</ref> its control over the Kamrup region was lax.<ref>"The invasion of Mughisuddin, though abortive, had shaken the Kamarupa kingdom. It was reorganized as a new state. 'Kamata' by name with Kamatapur as capital. The exact time when the change was made is uncertain. But possibly it had been made by Sandhya (c1250-1270) as a safeguard against mounting dangers from the east and the west. Its control over the eastern regions beyond the Manah (Manas river) was lax." {{harv|Sarkar|1992|pp=40–41}}</ref> In the extreme east of the erstwhile Kamarupa kingdom the [[Chutiya kingdom|Chutiya]], [[Kachari kingdom|Kachari]] and the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] kingdoms emerged, with the [[Baro-Bhuyan]]s in Kamrup, Nagaon, Lakhimpur and Darrang providing the buffer between these kingdoms in the east and the Kamata kingdom in the west.<ref>{{harv|Sircar|1990|p=171}}</ref><ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2002|p=23}}</ref>

===Koch Hajo (1581-1612)===
{{main|Koch Hajo}}
In the beginning of the 16th century [[Viswa Singha]] filled the vacuum left by the destruction of the [[Khen dynasty]] of Kamata and consolidated his rule over the Baro-Bhuyan chieftains ruling over the Kamrup region, and by the time of [[Nara Narayan|Naranarayana]], the kingdom extended a firm rule between the [[Karatoya River|Karatoya]] and the [[Kameng River|Bhareli]] rivers. Even though the Koch kings called themselves Kamateshwars (lords of Kamata),<ref>{{harv|Nath|1989|p=}}</ref> their kingdom came to be called the Koch kingdom and not as Kamrup.

In 1581 the Koch kingdom was bifurcated with Raghudev gaining control over the portion to the east of the [[Sankosh River]] up to the Bharali River<ref>Though [[Chilarai]] and Naranarayana established control up to [[Subansiri River]] via the [[Treaty of Majuli]], the [[Sukhaamphaa]] recovered control between [[Bhareli River|Bhareli]] and Subansiri soon after.</ref> in the north bank; and east of the Brahmaputra in present-day Bangladesh. Raghudev's kingdom came to be called [[Koch Hajo]] in Muslim chronicles, and Kamrup in [[Ekasarana Dharma|Ekasarana]] documents.<ref>"The eastern division (of the Koch kingdom) was known as 'Kamrup' in the local sources and as 'Koch Hajo' in the Persian chronicles." {{harv|Nath|1989|p=86}}</ref> As the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] established the rule of the [[Bengal Subah]] in [[Dhaka]], Koch Bihar entered into an alliance with them against Parikshitnarayana, the son and successor of Raghudev. The Mughals pushed eastward, removed Parikshit from power and consolidated power right up to the eastern border of Kamrup by 1615 (up to the Barnadi River). Though the Mughals pushed further east they came into direct military conflict with the [[Ahom kingdom]] and finally settled the boundary at Barnadi River following the [[Treaty of Asurar Ali]] in 1639.

===Sarkar Kamrup (1612-1682)===
[[File:Hajo Powa Mecca.jpg|thumb|Ahom King Rudra Singha, is said to have continued to pay great attention to Powa Makkah Mosque in Hajo even after the expulsion of the Mughals from Assam in 1682.]]
The Mughals established four [[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]]s in the newly acquired land---among which were Dhekeri (between Sankosh and Manas) and Kamrup (between Manas and Barnadi).<ref>{{harv|Gogoi|2002|p=99}}</ref> Kamrup was also renamed as Shujabad, after [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]], the [[Subahdar]] of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tripurachronicle.in/ArticleDetails.aspx?WhatId=60|last=Balakrishnan|first=Srinivasan|title=The Masjid atop the mountain|publisher=Tripura Chronicle|archive-date=5 September 2020|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905200258/https://tripurachronicle.in/ArticleDetails.aspx?WhatId=60|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Mughal governors were called ''Faujdars of Shujabad''.<ref name=back>{{cite book|first=Rajmohan|last=Nath|title=The back-ground of Assamese culture|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126984/page/n16 3]|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126984|year=1948|publisher=A. K. Nath|chapter=Appendix}}</ref> The sixth faujdar, [[Lutfullah Shirazi]], built a hilltop [[mosque]] in [[Koch Hajo]] in 1657. The mosque contained the [[mazar (mausoleum)]] of Prince Ghiyath ad-Din Awliya of [[Iraq]], who is commonly credited for introducing Islam to the region.<ref>{{cite book|title=An Unfinished Autobiography|last=Goswami|first=Māmaṇi Raẏachama|page=67|year=2002|chapter=Down Memory Lane}}</ref> The Mughals lost Kamrup forever in 1682 after the [[Battle of Itakhuli]].
Incomplete list of Faujdars of Guahati:
#Makram Khan (1612-1614)
#Mir Sufi (1614-1616)
#Shaykh Kamal (1616-1632)
#Abd as-Salam (1632-1638)
#Noorullah (1638-1656)
#[[Lutfullah Shirazi]] (1656-1658)

===Borphukan's domain (1682-1820)===
After the [[Battle of Itakhuli]] (1682), the [[Ahom kingdom]] established control over Sarkar Kamrup, and it became the domain of the [[Borphukan]], based in Guwahati. The region continued to be called Kamrup and its eastern and western boundaries were identical to the later British district.<ref>"Camroop (Kamrup), on the west, or towards Bengal, is bounded by the Manaha river (Manas river); on the north by Raotan, on the east by Bushnudeee (Barnadi river) which separates it from Dehrungh (Darrang) and on the south by Berhampooter (Brahmaputra river)", Wade, Dr John Peter, (1805) "[https://books.google.com/books?id=WItJAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA119 A Geographical Sketch of Assam]" in Asiatic Annual Register, reprinted {{harv|Sharma|1972}}</ref> In addition to the Kamrup region, the Borphukan's domain included the additional region to the east up to [[Kaliabor]]. The Koch prince that oversaw [[Darrang district|Darrang]], too, reported to the Borphukan. The Ahoms did not impose their administrative system fully over Kamrup, and the resultant ''pargana''-based system was a mixed Mughal-Ahom system, in contrast to the [[Paik system]] in the rest of the kingdom in the east.<ref>{{harv|Gogoi|2002|p=98}}</ref>

===Burmese empire (1821-1824)===
The region became part of the [[Konbaung dynasty|Burmese empire]] between 1821 and 1824.

==Colonial Kamrup (1833–1947)==
{{main|Undivided Kamrup district}}
The region came under Burmese control in 1822. The British, in control over the region to the west of the Manas river since the transfer of Bengal in 1765, marched into Guwahati on 28 March 1824 at the beginning of the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]] and established administrative control by October.<ref>{{harv|Bannerje|1992|pp=5–6}}</ref> The [[Undivided Kamrup district|Kamrup district]] that the British constituted in 1833/1836 was largely congruous to the Mughal Sarkar Kamrup of 1639.<ref>{{harv|Bannerje|1992|pp=53–54}}</ref>

[[File:IIT Guwahati guesthouse as viewed from hill top.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Indian Institute of Technology]] in [[North Guwahati]]]]

==Modern Kamrup==
After Indian Independence in 1947, the Kamrup district maintained its form. The district was divided, beginning in 1983,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Law |first=Gwillim |date=September 25, 2011 |title=Districts of India |url=http://www.statoids.com/yin.html |access-date=September 23, 2024 |website=Statoids}}</ref> and the original district is occasionally called "[[Undivided Kamrup district]]". The Kamapitha, Sarkar Kamrup of 1639 and the Undivided Kamrup district from the Colonial as well as the Independent periods is today defined as the Kamrup.

==See also==
* [[Kamrupi (disambiguation)|Kamrupi]]
* [[Dewangiri]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Bannerje |first=A C |editor-first=H K |editor-last=Barpujari |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam: Modern Period |publisher=Publication Board, Assam |place=Guwahati |year=1992 |pages=1–43 |chapter=Chapter 1: The New Regime, 1826-31 |volume=IV}}
*{{Citation |last=Gogoi |first=Jahnabi |year=2002 |title=Agrarian System Of Medieval Assam |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |place=New Delhi}}
*{{Citation| last = Nath| first = D| title = History of the Koch Kingdom: 1515-1615| publisher=Mittal Publications| place=Delhi| year=1989}}
*{{cite book| last = Neog| first = Maheshwar|author-link=Maheswar Neog| title = Early History of the Vaishnava Faith and Movement in Assam| publisher = Motilal Banarasidass| year = 1980| location = Delhi}}
*{{cite book| last = Puri| first = Baij Nath | title = Studies in Early History and Administration in Assam| publisher = Gauhati University| year = 1968}}
*{{Citation |last=Sarkar |first=J. N. |contribution=Chapter II The Turko-Afghan Invasions |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=2 |pages=35–48 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992}}
*{{Citation| last = Sircar| first = D C| contribution = Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa| year = 1990| title = The Comprehensive History of Assam| editor-last = Barpujari| editor-first = H K| volume = I| pages = 59–78| place = Guwahati| publisher = Publication Board, Assam}}
*{{cite book | editor-last=Sharma | editor-first=Benudhar | title=An Account of Assam | publisher=Assam Jyoti | place=Gauhati | year=1972}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Kamrup region}}

{{Western Assam}}

[[Category:Kamrup region| ]]
[[Category:Cultural regions]]
[[Category:Regions of Assam]]
[[Category:Regions of India]]

Rajam Krishnan

2026-01-21T03:14:22Z

Veronaiqr: General improvements to article content

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
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'''Rajam Krishnan''' (1924<ref name="thehindu_20141022">{{cite news|title=Writer Rajam Krishnan dead|date=22 October 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/writer-rajam-krishnan-dead/article6524537.ece|first=B.|last=Kolappan|work=The Hindu}}</ref> or 1925 – 20 October 2014), was a [[feminist]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]] writer from [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

==Biography==
Rajam Krishnan was born in [[Musiri]], [[Tiruchirapalli district]]. She had very little formal education and appears to have been largely an autodidact.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Women Writing in India: The Twentieth Century|last = Tharu|first = Susie|publisher = Feminist Press at CUNY|year = 1993|isbn = 9781558610293|pages = 205–207}}</ref>

She started publishing in her twenties. She is known for writing well researched social novels on the lives of people usually not depicted in modern Tamil literature - poor farmers, salt pan workers, small-time criminals, jungle dacoits, under-trial prisoners and female labourers. She has written more than 80 books.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lr/2004/01/04/stories/2004010400350600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040311195600/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lr/2004/01/04/stories/2004010400350600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 March 2004|title=Open to life and art|date=4 January 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=23 May 2010|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Her works include forty novels, twenty plays, two biographies and several short stories. In addition to her own writing, she was a translator of literature from Malayalam to Tamil.<ref name="K Lalita, 1993">Susie Tharu and K Lalita, ''Women Writing In India'' Feminist Press at CUNY, 1993) 203-206</ref> In their anthology of Women's Writing in India in the 19th and 20th Century, Susie J Tharu and K Lalita credit Krishnan with "having set a new trend in Tamil literature," referring to the extensive research that Krishnan did in evaluating social conditions as background for her writing.<ref name="K Lalita, 1993"/>

In 1973, she was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Tamil language|Tamil]] for her novel ''Verukku Neer''.<ref name="sahitya">[http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10320.htm#tamil Tamil Sahitya Akademi Awards 1955-2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124032426/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10320.htm |date=2010-01-24 }} [[Sahitya Akademi]] Official website.</ref> In 2009, her works were nationalised by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], for a compensation of Rs. 300,000. It was a rare occurrence as only works of dead writers are usually nationalised in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Works-of-writer-Rajam-Krishnan-to-be-nationalised/articleshow/4598664.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811065936/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-31/chennai/28183081_1_sahitya-akademi-award-nationalisation-works|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Works of writer Rajam Krishnan to be nationalised|date=31 March 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lr/2004/01/04/stories/2004010400380600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107204849/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lr/2004/01/04/stories/2004010400380600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2012|title=Metaphor for a generation|last=C. S. Lakshmi|author-link=C. S. Lakshmi|date=4 January 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=23 May 2010|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3071747.stm|title=India rights campaign for infanticide mothers|date=17 July 2003|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=23 May 2010|first=Sampath|last=Kumar}}</ref>

== Death ==

Rajam was left poor and destitute in her later years and had to be admitted to an old age home.<ref name="thehindu_20141022" /> She died on 20 October 2014.<ref name="thehindu_20141022" />

==Bibliography==

*''Uthara Kaandam - (உத்தர காண்டம்)''
*''Kurinji Then - (குறிஞ்சித்தேன்)''Kannada & Malayalam Translations are published
*''Valaikaram - (வளைக்கரம்)''
*''Verukku Neer - (வேருக்கு நீர்)''Kannada Translation available
*''Malargal - (மலர்கள்)'' <ref>{{cite web |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=q8UwHAAACAAJ |title= Malargal |author= |date= 1993|website= Google Books |publisher= |access-date= July 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>
*''Mullum Malarndhadhu - (முள்ளும் மலர்ந்தது)''
*''Paadaiyil Padinda Adigal - (பாதையில் பதிந்த அடிகள்)''
*''Alaivaai Karayile - (அலைவாய் கரையிலே)'' <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.amazon.in/ALAIVAAI-KARAIYIL-Novel-அலைவாய்க்-கரையில்/dp/B09VCB5M16 |title= Alaivaai Karayile |author= |date= |website= Amazon |publisher= |access-date= July 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>
*''Karippu Manigal - (கரிப்பு மணிகள்)'' <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.chennailibrary.com/rajamkrishnan/karippumanigal/km.html#google_vignette |title= Rajam Krishnan |author= |date= |website= Chennai Library |publisher= |access-date= July 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>
*''Mannakattu puntulikal - (மண்ணகத்துப் பூந்துளிகள்)''
*''Sathiya Velvi - (சத்திய வேள்வி)''
*''Suzhalil Mithakkum Deepangal'' (Lamps in the Whirlpool) (1987)

==Awards and recognitions==
*[[New York Herald Tribune]] International Award for a short story (1950) <ref name=NIE>{{cite web |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2014/Oct/22/acclaimed-feminist-writer-passes-away-674264.html |title= Acclaimed Feminist Writer Passes Away |author= |date= 22 October 2014 |website= New Indian Express |publisher= |access-date= July 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>
*Kalaimagal award (1953)(நாவல் 'பெண் குரல்') <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cambridgescholars.com/resources/pdfs/978-1-4438-2995-3-sample.pdf |title= Rajam Krishnan and Indian Feminist Hermeneutics |author= |date= |website= Cambridge Scholars |publisher= |access-date= July 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>
*'Malargal' (Flowers) Ananda Vikatan Novel Prize Winner(1958)('மலர்கள்' ஆனந்த விகடன் பரிசு நாவல் 1958){{citation needed|date= September 2022}}
*[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Tamil language|Tamil]] for ''Verukku Neer'' (Water for the Roots) (1973) <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/writer-rajam-krishnan-dead/article6524537.ece |title= Writer Rajam Krishnan Dead |author= |date= 22 October 2014 |website= The Hindu |publisher= |access-date= July 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>
*Soviet Land Nehru Award (1975) for ''Vailaikkaram'' (Wrist with Bangles) <ref name=NIE /><ref>Susie Tharu and K Lalita, ''Women Writing In India'' (Feminist Press at CUNY, 1993) 203-206</ref>
*Thiru. Vi. Ka award (1991) <ref name=NIE />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/rajamkrishnan.html Library of Congress page for Rajam Krishnan]
*[http://www.tamilvu.org/library/nationalized/html/naauthor-78.htm Nationalized books of Rajam Krishnan]

{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Tamil}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnan, Rajam}}
[[Category:1920s births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Tamil]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil writers]]
[[Category:People from Tiruchirappalli district]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Women writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Tamil Nadu]]

K.S. Varaprasad

2026-01-01T08:00:42Z

Veronaiqr: Made entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K.S.Varaprasad
| image =Dr K.S. Varaprasad.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 1 July 1954
| birth_place = [[Krishna District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Sr. Consultant, Retired Director, Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research Agricultural Scientist Nematologist
| children =
| parents =
| awards = Late Sri P.P. Singhal Memorial Award, 2015 Dodla Raghava Reddy Memorial Award for outstanding contribution in plant protection Dr K L Mehra Memorial Award
| website =http://www.icar-iior.org.in/
| imagesize =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| yearsactive = Since 1979
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
}}
'''Kodeboyina Sivannarayana Varaprasad''' is an Indian agricultural scientist, Nematologist and the Director of Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research (Formerly Directorate of Oilseeds Research, DOR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad.<ref name=iior>{{cite web|title=Appointments in Research Management Positions| url = http://www.icar.org.in/en/node/4383}}</ref> He was former Head of NBPGR, Regional Station at Hyderabad for about a period of 26 years. and was associated in the development of 11 genetic stocks in tomato, linseed, jatropha, [[cowpea]], chilli and sorghum. Dr.K.S.Varaprasad is recipient of Late Sri P.P. Singhal Memorial Award, 2015.<ref name=icarnbpgr>{{cite web|title=Awards, ICAR-NBPGR| url = http://www.nbpgr.ernet.in/About_NBPGR/Awards.aspx}}</ref>

== Biography ==
K S Varaprasad was born on 1 July 1954 in Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh. Having completed the master's degree and Doctorate in Nematology from [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]], New Delhi, served the same Institute as Scientist for a period of six years and then moved to National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), Regional Station, Hyderabad as Senior Scientist and served for a period of 12 years. During this period he contributed in the areas of collection, evaluation, conservation and utilization of plant [[genetic resources]] as Head, NBPGR Regional Station, Hyderabad for about 26 years and associated in the registration of 11 genetic stocks in tomato, linseed, Jatropha, cowpea, chilli and sorghum; developed world-class laboratories, experimental farm and a quarantine greenhouse complex by acquiring a barren and partly abandoned mango orchard land in addition to six years teaching experience at IARI, New Delhi.,.

Presently, as the Director of Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Facilitated production of nucleus seed of parental lines castor and sunflower hybrids and initiated production of farmer participatory hybrid seed production in large scale. Exchange of over 0.8 million seed accessions facilitated by conducting seed health tests and implement global protocols serving 48 organisations including ICRISAT, private industry and public institutions as designated Phytosanitory Authority representing [[Government of India]] during 1986-2011. Conducted seed research and published several research papers in the fields of quarantine, seed pathology, seed behaviour and conservation.

Facilitated to receive over Rs. 777.89 lakhs to IIOR from the external funding agencies; initiated the establishment of multi-disciplinary network programme. through taskforce to address the serious research issues of mandated crops of IIOR; organised several national, international seminars / conferences / symposia, training programmes, brainstorming sessions, ''kisan melas'', winter/summer schools and refresher courses. Effectively implemented the Tribal-Sub-Plan with an amount of Rs. 268.70 lakhs in about 192 villages of 15 districts spread over in seven states to benefit 2546 farmers in the last three years. Presently looking after the planning, coordination, evaluation and monitoring of the research work on oilseeds at national level spread across all the states through 64 AICRP centres working on sunflower, [[safflower]], castor, sesame, nyjer and linseed.

Facilitated collection, evaluation and conservation of germplasm of agricultural crops and horticultural crops viz., Castor, Sunflower, Linseed, other cereals and pulses, Pongamia, Jatropha and other vegetable crops from South East Coastal India. Dr.Prasad has collected 225 accessions of Jatropha and 193 accessions of Pongamia and shared with 3 organizations (CRIDA, ICRISAT, ANGRAU). Eighty plus trees of Pongamia identified and shared with forestry department for planting material. Also Facilitated production of nucleus seed of parental lines castor and sunflower hybrids. Encouraged production of farmer participatory hybrid seed production in castor to the tune of 200 quintals. Facilitated import and evaluation of 40 Mexican varieties of safflower with high seed oil content. Diverse sunflower hybrid parental lines with high oil and high seed yield and high oleic content were identified and imported from Serbia.

Prasad is serving as the President for two scientific societies viz., Indian Society of Oilseeds Research and Plant Protection Association of India. Organised two international conferences on safflower and plant health management in which representatives from 10 countries have participated. These conferences have helped for the inflow of germplasm/exotic material to India and also to establish international linkages in the field of agriculture. Served as member of AP Biodiversity Board. Presently serving as RAC Member of CSGRC, Hosur and as Member of Board of Management, UAS, Raichur contributed for the development and formulation of academic policies and research strategies

{{botanist|Varapr.|inline=yes}}

== Awards and honours ==
Dr.K.S.Varaprasad is recipient of Late Sri P.P. Singhal Memorial Award, 2015, Dodla Raghava Reddy Memorial Gold Medal Awardfor his outstanding contribution in plant protection, Dr K.L. Mehra Memorial Award, Talented Scientist Award and Prof. D.J. Raski Merit Award; guided four M.Sc./Ph.D. Students; visited Canada, Syria, United States of America, United Kingdom and Australia on different assignments and to deliver lead/invited lectures. He was felicitated by Honorable Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh AP State Biodiversity Board[2]. He is Fellow of Indian Society of Plant Genetic Resources, and President, Plant Protection Association of India . He was an Expert member - International Consultation on [[Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems]], Zonal Coordinator- FAO project (Recognition), Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, New Delhi, Chief Editor,- Indian Journal of Plant Protection, (Recognition), Plant Protection Association of India Hyderabad, Member of Institute Management Committee - National Research Centre on Sorghum, Hyderabad, Directorate of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad and National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi. He is also a member, Andhra Pradesh State Biodiversity Board, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Hyderabad, National Organising Committee, Indian Science Congress, ANGRAU, Hyderabad.

Authored and edited seven books[4] and 134 research papers[9] including book chapters and technical bulletins in the fields of Plant Genetic Resources and oilseeds research were published in national and international reputed journals.

== See also ==
* [[Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University]]
* [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]
{{portal|India|Agriculture}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority Control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Varaprasad, K. S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:People from Krishna district]]
[[Category:1954 births]]

Asia (1815 ship)

2025-12-12T18:19:09Z

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{{Short description|East Indiaman, convict transport, and migrant ship (1815–1860)}}
{{other uses|Asia (ship)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|country=United Kingdom
|flag= [[File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|60px|Red Ensign]]
|name=''Asia''
|namesake=
|owner={{unbulleted list|
Charles A Hackett (1815-1827){{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=62}}|William Pope (1827-1837)|
Oldfield & Co (1837-1847){{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=62}}|
Ingram & Co (1847-1850){{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=62}}|
Hall & Co 1850-1860{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=62}}}}
|builder=Matthew Smith,<ref name=SA/> [[Calcutta]],{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=62}} or [[Mumbai|Bombay]]{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|p=296}}
|laid_down=
|yard_number=
|launched=1815
|fate=Hulked or broken up in 1860
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|type=
|tons_burthen=492,{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|p=296}}{{efn|Bateson may have conflated ''Asia'' with {{ship||Royal Charlotte|1819 ship|2}}, which Phipps may have conflated with ''Asia''.{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=107}}}} or 523,{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=62}} ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
|length={{cvt|122|ft|3|in|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=SA>[http://passengersinhistory.sa.gov.au/node/920302 South Australian Maritime Museum –Ships: ''Asia''.]</ref>
|beam={{cvt|30|ft|10|in|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=SA/>
|draught=
|propulsion=Sail
|speed=
|complement=
|armament=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''''Asia''''' was a merchant ship launched at [[Calcutta]] in 1815 for Charles Hackett. She made four voyages transporting convicts from Great Britain to Australia, and between 1826 and 1830, two voyages under charter to the British [[East India Company]] (EIC). She was hulked or broken up c.1860.

==Career==
Between 1815 and 1826, ''Asia'' was a "country ship", sailing along India's coasts. She also traded with England as a "licensed ship", i.e., a vessel that traded with England with the permission of the EIC.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=62}}

''Asia'' was sheathed in copper in 1822. Repairs were undertaken to the [[copper sheathing]] in 1824. Under the command of William Pope and surgeon Thomas Davies, she left [[Portsmouth]], England on 6 January 1825, and arrived in [[Sydney]] on 29 April;{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|pp=296–297}} She had embarked 200 male convicts; one convict died during the voyage.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|p=330}} From Sydney ''Asia'' sailed to Batavia via the [[Torres Islands]]. She sailed in company with {{ship||Hercules|1822 ship|2}} and {{ship||Hugh Crawford|1813 ship|2}}.

On her first voyage under charter to the EIC, Captain William Adamson sailed ''Asia'' to China. She left [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|the Downs]] on 1 July 1826 and arrived at Whampoa on 19 December. She left Whampoa on 13 April 1827, stopped at [[Saint Helena|St Helena]], and arrived at East India Dock on 5 June.<ref name=NA>National Archives: ''Asia'' (10),[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/7359ebb5-38fd-4612-a1f8-8200972e4a7c] - accessed 25 May 2015.</ref>

''Asia'' was resheathed in copper in 1826 and her owner changed to William Pope in 1827.

On her second convict voyage, under the command of Henry Ager and surgeon George Fairfowl, she left Portsmouth on 17 August 1827 and arrived in [[Hobart]] on 7 December 1827.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|pp=308-9}} She carried 200 male convicts and had two deaths en route.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|p=331}}

She was doubled and sheathed in copper in 1829, rated at 513 tons (bm).

For her second voyage for the EIC, Captain Henry Ager left the Downs 6 June 1829. ''Asia'' arrived at Whampoa on 9 February 1830. She then reached Halifax on 29 August, before arriving back at the River Thames on 12 November.<ref name=NA/>

Between 1830 and 1860 she traded to the Far East and Australia.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=62}} Further repairs were undertaken in 1831 and she was recoppered in 1833.

On her third convict voyage, she was under the command of Captain Henry Ager and her surgeon was George Birnie. She left [[Cork (city)|Cork]], Ireland, on 6 August 1831, arrived in Sydney on 2 December 1831.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|pp=300–1}} She carried 217 male convicts and had eleven convict deaths en route.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|p=333}}

On her fourth convict voyage she under the command of Captain Benjamin Freeman, and her surgeon was John Gannon. She left [[Torbay]], England, on 4 August 1837 and arrived in Sydney on 2 December.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|pp=304–5}} She carried 280 male convicts, of whom three died during the voyage.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|p=336}}

===Voyages to South Australia===
*Captain Freeman sailed from London on 5 March 1839 and arrived at Holdfast Bay on 15 July.<ref name=SA/> Ships surgeon was [[George Mayo|Dr George Mayo]] who kept a diary of this journey.<ref name="Mayo">{{cite archive |last=Mayo |first=George |item=Papers of Dr George Mayo |collection=State Library of South Australia archival collection |item-url=https://encore.slsa.sa.gov.au/iii/encore/record/C__Rb2186801__SGeorge%20Mayo__P0%2C5__Orightresult__U__X6?lang=eng&suite=cobalt |type=correspondence, commissions, memoranda and diary |repository=[[State Library of South Australia#Mortlock Wing|Mortlock Wing]] |institution=State Library of South Australia |location=Adelaide SA, AU |oclc=925131934 |box=PRG 69 PART OUTSIZE 6}}</ref>
*Captain John Roskell sailed from Plymouth on 23 October 1810. ''Asia'' arrived at Port Adelaide on 17 February 1850. On this voyage rescued the crew from ''Pandora'' when she was sinking in the Bay of Biscay ({{coord|48|31|N|6|19|W}}), and took then into Madeira.{{efn|The database from the South Australian Maritime Museum identifies ''Pandora'' as being a [[P&O (company)|P&O]] ship.<ref name=SA/> However, the P&O company's database of vessels that once belonged to the company does not have a ''Pandora''.<ref>[http://www.poheritage.com/our-archive P&O Archive ship search.]</ref>}} ''Asia'' was at Madeira between 7 and 13 November.<ref name=SA/>
*Captain Roskell sailed from London on 11 May 1851 and arrived at Port Adelaide on 31 August.<ref name=SA/>
*Captain Roskell also made two voyages from Melbourne to Adelaide in January and February 1852.<ref name=SA/>

==Fate==
''Asia'' was last listed in ''LR'' in 1858. She was removed from ''LR'' in 1860 for having been either hulked or broken up.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=62}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book |title =The Convict Ships | first =Charles | last =Bateson | author-link=Charles Bateson | year =1959 | publisher =Brown, Son & Ferguson | oclc =3778075}}
* {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Rowan |date=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Phipps |first=John |title=A collection of papers relative to ship building in India ... : also a register comprehending all the ships ... built in India to the present time |location=Calcutta |publisher=Printed by Scott |year=1840 |oclc=892334836 |url={{Google books |id=SpleAAAAcAAJ |plainurl=yes}} |via=Google books }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asia (1815)}}
[[Category:1815 ships]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:Convict ships to New South Wales]]
[[Category:Convict ships to Tasmania]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Migrant ships to Australia]]

Santragachi–Paradeep Express

2025-12-07T04:12:31Z

Veronaiqr:

{{short description|Passenger train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Paradeep–Santragachi Junction Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Paradeep}}
| stops = 15
| end = {{stnlnk|Santragachi Junction}}
| distance = {{convert|485|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 8 hours 2 mins
| frequency = Weekly
| class = General unreserved, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, sleeper class
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation = Rake sharing with 22801/02 [[Visakhapatnam–Chennai Central Express]] & 22809/10 [[Paradeep–Visakhapatnam Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] coaches
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22814 / 22813
| speed = {{convert|61|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 22814 / 13 '''Paradeep–Santragachi Junction Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[East Coast Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Paradeep}} and {{stnlnk|Santragachi Junction}} in India.<ref>[http://odishachannel.com/index.php/3328/three-more-new-trains-from-ecor/], ''odishachannel.com'', 8 February 2015</ref>

It operates as train number 22814 from Paradeep to Santragachi Junction and as train number 22813 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Odisha]] & [[West Bengal]].

==Coaches==
The 22814 / 13 Paradeep–Santragachi Junction Express has one AC 2 tier, three AC 3 tier, seven sleeper coaches, six general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches . It does not carry a [[pantry car]].<ref>[http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/03/28/ecor-to-add-extra-coaches-in-four-express-trains/]{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, ''odishasuntimes.com'', 8 March 2015</ref>

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==
The 22814 Paradeep–Santragachi Junction Express covers the distance of {{convert|485|km|0|abbr=on}} in 7 hours 15 mins (67 km/h) and in 8 hours 50 mins as the 22813 Santragachi Junction–Paradeep Express (55 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is higher than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Timetable==

22814 – Paradeep to Santragachi every Monday

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Station name !! Arrival time !! Distance (km) !! Day
|-
| {{stnlnk|Paradeep}} || 23:55 (Source)|| 0 || Day 1
|-
| Rahama || 00:14 || 24 || Day 2
|-
| Raghunathpur (RCTC)|| 00:38 || 52 || Day 2
|-
| {{stnlnk|Cuttack Junction}} || 1:37 AM|| 83 ||Day 2
|-
| [[Jajpur Keonjhar Road railway station|Jajpur K Road]] || 2:35 AM || 155 || Day 2
|-
| Baitarani Road (BTV) || 2:47 AM || 167 || Day 2
|-
| {{stnlnk|Bhadrak}} || 3:48 AM || 199 || Day 2
|-
| Soro (SORO)|| 4:11 AM || 228 || Day 2
|-
| {{stnlnk|Balasore}} || 4:36 AM || 261 || Day 2
|-
| [[Jaleswar]] || 5:09 AM || 308 || Day 2
|-
| {{stnlnk|Kharagpur Junction}} || 6:10 AM || 379 || Day 2
|-
| {{stnlnk|Santragachi Junction}} || 8:45 AM || 487 || Day 2
|}

22813 – Santragachi to Paradeep every Tuesday
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Station name !! Arrival time !! Distance (km) !! Day
|-
| {{stnlnk|Santragachi Junction}} || 20:25 (Source) || 0 || Day 1
|-
| {{stnlnk|Kharagpur Junction}} || 21:51 || 108 || Day 1
|-
| [[Jaleswar]] || 22:55 || 179 || Day 1
|-
| {{stnlnk|Balasore}} || 22:42 || 227 || Day 1
|-
| Soro (SORO)|| 00:06 || 260 || Day 2
|-
| {{stnlnk|Bhadrak}} || 00:45 || 289 || Day 2
|-
| Baitarani Road (BTV) || 1:11 AM || 321 || Day 2
|-
| [[Jajpur Keonjhar Road railway station|Jajpur K Road]] || 1:23 AM || 332|| Day 2
|-
| {{stnlnk|Cuttack Junction}} || 2:30 AM || 404 ||Day 2
|-
| Raghunathpur (RCTC)|| 3:04 || 436 || Day 2
|-
| Rahama (RHMA) || 3:17|| 464 || Day 2
|-
| {{stnlnk|Paradeep}} || 4:30 AM|| 487 || Day 2
|}

==Traction==
As the route is electrified, a {{stnlnk|Santragachi Junction}}-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] electric locomotive pulls the train to its destination.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/paradeep-santragachi-weekly-sf-express-22814/29867/3783/1724 22814 Paradeep–Santragachi Junction Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/santragachi-paradeep-sf-weekly-express-22813/29798/1724/3783 22813 Santragachi Junction–Paradeep Express] at India Rail Info

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santragachi-Paradeep Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Paradeep]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]

Naga Phasa

2025-11-23T18:18:59Z

Veronaiqr:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naga Phasa
| image = nagaphasa.jpg
| caption = Movie poster for ''Naga Phasa''
| starring = [[Shriram Panda]] [[Prashanta Nanda]] [[Malvika Roy]] [[Banaja Mohanty]] [[Bijay Mohanty]] [[Mohammad Mohsin]] [[Gumansingh]]
| director = [[Basant Nayak]]
| producer = [[Brajaraj Movies]]
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|1977|11|5|df=y}}
| runtime = 169 minutes
| distributor = [[Brajaraj Movies]]
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| music = [[Akshya Mohanty]]
}}

'''''Naga Phasa''''' is a 1977 Indian [[Cinema of Odisha|Odia film]] directed by Basant Nayak. The movie stars [[Shriram Panda]], [[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Malvika Roy]],[[Mohammad Mohsin]], [[Banaja Mohanty]] and [[Bijay Mohanty]] in the leading roles,[[Jairam Samal]], [[Gumansingh]] and [[Nari (actor)|Nari]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AckHAQAAIAAJ&q=NAGAPHASA | title=Indian Films| year=1978}}</ref>

==Music==

Mo Kola To Jhulana To Aakhi Mo Aeena Singer(s) : Akshaya Mohanty & Trupti Das
Lyricist : Music Director : Akshaya Mohanty

Bada Bedaradi Mo Naali Paan Raja ( Year : 1977 )
Singer(s) : Trupti Das & Geeta Patnaik
Lyricist : Rajanikanta Nayak Music Director : Akshaya Mohanty

E Raati Pahiba Kebe E Pathara Kanhi Shesha ( Year : 1977 )
Singer(s) : Trupti Das
Lyricist : Akshaya Mohanty Music Director : Akshaya Mohanty

Gaadi Chale Pachhei Debi ( Year : 1977 )
Singer(s) : Akshaya Mohanty & Trupti Das
Lyricist : Akshaya Mohanty Music Director : Akshaya Mohanty

Je Dinu Paichhi Mo Priya ( Year : 1977 )
Singer(s) : Akshaya Mohanty & Trupti Das
Lyricist : Debadas Chhotaray Music Director : Akshaya Mohanty

Nadi Phere Sagaraku Pakshi Phere Nide ( Year : 1977 )
Singer(s) : Akshaya Mohanty
Lyricist : Akshaya Mohanty Music Director : Akshaya Mohanty

Tik Tik Tik Ghanta Chale ( Year : )
Film : Nagaphasa Singer(s) : Akshaya Mohanty
Lyricist : Akshaya Mohanty Music Director : Akshaya Mohanty

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=1399057|title="Naga Phasa"}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Akshaya Mohanty]]
[[Category:1970s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{Odia-film-stub}}

Mauni Amavasya

2025-11-02T16:33:43Z

Veronaiqr:

{{Short description|Hindu festival in the lunar month of Magha}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=November 2024}}
{{Tone|date=April 2025}}
}}

'''Mauni Amavasya''' is a [[Divinity|divine]] occasion in [[Hinduism|Hindu religious]] practice followed for honouring [[ancestor]]s or forefathers. The term Mauni in [[Sanskrit]] means silence, hence the day is spent in silence and many religious rites are performed on this day. As the moon plays a significant role in the [[Hindu calendar]] for performing religious rituals for ancestors soul, it is also called as Magha Amavasya or New moon day. The word "Mauni" also closely resembles word "Muni" meaning saint. Amavasya is a combination of "ama" meaning together and "vasya" means to live and hence living together.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauni Amavasya 2025: अगले साल कब है मौनी अमावस्या? अभी नोट करें सही डेट और शुभ मुहूर्त - Kab Hai Mauni Amavasya 2025 when is Mauni Amavasya Shubh Muhurat Puja Vidhi |url=https://www.jagran.com/spiritual/religion-kab-hai-mauni-amavasya-2025-when-is-mauni-amavasya-shubh-muhurat-puja-vidhi-23849171.html |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Significance ==

Mauni Amavasya, as per the Hindu calendar, is followed on the new moon day of the Magha month.<ref name="ma1">{{cite news |title=Mauni Amavasya 2024: Date, Tithi, Significance and Things to Avoid |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/mauni-amavasya-2024-date-tithi-significance-and-things-to-avoid/articleshow/106863638.cms?from=mdr |access-date=20 November 2024 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=15 January 2024}}</ref> As the name "Mauni" is symbolic of silence,the day is spent in silence.<ref name="ma3">{{cite news |title=Mauni Amavasya 2024: Date, significance, puja timings, rituals and all you want to know |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/mauni-amavasya-2024-date-significance-puja-timings-rituals-and-all-you-want-to-know-101707373231196.html |access-date=20 November 2024 |publisher=hindustantimes.com |date=9 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="ma7">{{cite news |title=Mauni Amavasya: A sacred opportunity for inner cleansing and reflection |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/others/mauni-amavasya-significance-rituals-and-spiritual-cleansing/articleshow/107497185.cms |access-date=24 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=7 February 2024}}</ref>

== Things to avoid ==

On Mauni Amavasya day, it is suggested to avoid below things-<ref name="ma4">{{cite news |title=Mauni Amavasya 2023: Check Tithi and important things to do on this day |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/mauni-amavasya-2023-check-tithi-and-important-things-to-do-on-this-day/articleshow/97197174.cms?from=mdr |access-date=20 November 2024 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=21 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="ma6">{{cite news |title=What is Mauni Amavasya? Date, time, and significance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/what-is-mauni-amavasya-date-time-and-significance/articleshow/107486219.cms |access-date=24 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=8 February 2024}}</ref>

* Avoid lying and remain in silence as much as possible during the day.
* Avoid arguments, quarrels or personal grudges.
* Avoid visiting crematorium.

== Rituals ==

Mauni Amavasya puja rituals are as follows<ref name="ma2">{{cite news |title=Mauni Amavasya 2024: Date, Puja Time, Rituals and Significance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/mauni-amavasya-2024-date-and-time-know-puja-rituals-and-significance/articleshow/107475085.cms |access-date=20 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=9 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="ma5">{{cite news |title=Mauni Amavasya 2023 tomorrow! Why is this considered the most auspicious of all 12 amavasyas |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/mauni-amavasya-2023-tomorrow-why-is-this-considered-the-most-auspicious-of-all-12-amavasyas-article-97166328 |access-date=20 November 2024 |publisher=Times Now |date=20 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

* Early morning wake up and having holy bath which is believed will remove sins.
* Fasting and remaining silent which helps in restraining thoughts and hence the name Mauni meaning silent.
* Lighting a diya with [[ghee]] in remembrance of ancestors and forefathers.
* Performing pitru tarpan or pitru puja if possible.
* Make offering of Arghya to Sun God after holy bath.
* Auspicious for performing Hawan, Gayatri jap or reading ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''.
* As meritorious service feeding Brahmins.

== See also ==

* [[Amavasya|Amavas]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Amavasya]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Kumbh Mela|M]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]

2010 in Kerala

2025-10-28T11:27:57Z

Veronaiqr: started the info initial version - done

{{Year in Kerala}}

Events in the year '''2010''' in '''Kerala'''.

== Incumbents ==
[[List of governors of Kerala|Governor of Kerala]] - [[R. S. Gavai]]

[[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief minister of Kerala]] - [[V. S. Achuthanandan]]

== Events ==

* January 2 - Taluk hospital at [[Manjeri]] upgraded as [[District Hospital, Manjeri]].
* February 24 - [[Mohan Bhagwat]] adresses Pranta Sanghik (state assembly) of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] at the [[Asramam Maidan]] in [[Kollam]] on his maiden visit to state after becoming RSS chief and the event was attended by over 1,00,000 uniformed [[Swayamsevak]] from across the state. The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] mayor of [[Kollam Municipal Corporation]] N Padmalochanan attends the event.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-02-24 |title=No clear stand to counter ‘attacks from Pakistan’: RSS chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/No-clear-stand-to-counter-lsquoattacks-from-Pakistanrsquo-RSS-chief/article16816708.ece |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-02-26 |title=CPM suspends Kerala leader for attending RSS meet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cpm-suspends-kerala-leader-for-attending-rss-meet/articleshow/5617700.cms |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* April 4 - [[Institute of Fashion Technology Kerala]] opened at [[Vellimon]], [[Kollam district]].
* April 30 - [[Kerala Congress (Joseph)]] leaves [[Left Democratic Front]] and merges with [[Kerala Congress (M)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Congress factions of Joseph, Mani merge - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/May/27/kerala-congress-factions-of-joseph-mani-merge-156768.html |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>
* May 4 - [[Kerala Maritime Institute]] established at [[Neendakara]].
* May 12 - [[Kollam–Sengottai Chord Line|Kollam–Punalur broadgauge rail]] inaugurated by [[E. Ahamed]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sengottai-Kollam railway line reopens after eight years|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/apr/01/sengottai-kollam-railway-line-reopens-after-eight-years-1795456.html|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* July 4 - [[Assault on T. J. Joseph]] by [[Popular Front of India]] activists in the name of [[Blasphemy]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-01|title=13 guilty of chopping Kerala professor’s hand|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/13-guilty-of-chopping-kerala-professors-hand/|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* July 8 - [[Railway brake|Brake wires]] of [[Nilambur–Shoranur line|Nilambur–Shoranur Passenger Train]] found snapped in [[Nilambur Road railway station]] as part of an alleged sabotage attempt.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-08 |title=Sabotage suspected on passenger train in Kerala |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sabotage-suspected-on-passenger-train-in-kerala/story-WUgdgwmEojFQuDxccsJRaL.html |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* August 8 - [[Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary]] created as 16th wildlife sanctuary in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2010-08-06|title=Malabar wildlife sanctuary to be opened on Sunday|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Malabar-wildlife-sanctuary-to-be-opened-on-Sunday/article16121969.ece|access-date=2022-01-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* August 15 - [[Nilakal Orthodox Diocese]] created.
* September 10 - A policeman from [[Kalikavu]] station got killed using a country made gun while executing a warrant. The perpetrator Mujeeb and wife found dead in nearby estate two days afterwards.<ref>https://www.police.gov.in/martyr-indian-police/vijaya-krishnan</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-16 |title=SI killer Mujeeb Rahman, wife found dead |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/Sep/14/si-killer-mujeeb-rahman-wife-found-dead-186797.html |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* November 8 - In [[Shoranur]], [[Ottapalam]] municipalities and [[Kannadi]] panchayath, [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] regains power with help of ''Janakeeya Vikasana Samithi,'' a party floated by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] rebels under the leadership of M.R. Murali, chairman of [[Shoranur]] municipality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=M R Murali elected chairman |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/nov/09/m-r-murali-elected-chairman-201308.html |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* December 9 - [[Fire]] accident in [[S. M. Street]] destroys eight shops in [[Kozhikode]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fire engulfs SM Street, eight shops gutted |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/dec/10/fire-engulfs-sm-street-eight-shops-gutted-209668.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]] founded as an [[Indian Premier League]] team.

== Deaths ==

* 10 February - [[K. N. Raj]], 86, economist.
* 13 April - [[Santhosh Jogi]], 34, actor.
* 23 December - [[K. Karunakaran]], 92, politician.

== See also ==

* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[2010 in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:2010s in Kerala]]

Magane Mahisha

2025-10-06T13:09:29Z

Veronaiqr: New The Article From Scratch!

{{Short description|2022 Indian Tulu-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Magane Mahisha
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Veerendra Shetty Kavoor]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cinema |first=Tulu |date=2022-04-20 |title=Veerendra Shetty directional second Tulu film ‘Magane Mahisha’s official trailer release over social media. |url=https://www.tulucinema.com/tulu-film-magane-mahisha-official-trailer-is-out/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=TuluCinema.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
| writer = Veerendra Shetty Kavoor
| producer = Veerendra Shetty Kavoor
| starring = [[Jyothi Rai]] [[Devadas Kapikad]] [[Naveen D. Padil|Naveen D Padil]] [[Bhojaraj Vamanjoor]] [[Aravind Bolar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangaluru: Tulu movie 'Magane Mahisha' successfully completes 25 days |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=961301 |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>
| cinematography = Mahi B Reddy
| music = [[Mano Murthy]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|04|29}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
}}

'''''Magane Mahisha''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Tulu language]] film written and directed by Veerendra Shetty Kavoor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cinema |first=Tulu |date=2020-10-31 |title=Tulu film ‘Magane Mahisha’ Muhurat held. |url=https://www.tulucinema.com/tulu-film-magane-mahisha-muhurat-held/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=TuluCinema.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Veerendra Shetty’s Magane Mahisha turns out to be laugh riot for the audiences |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=953177 |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> The cast of the movie includes [[Devadas Kapikad]], [[Jyothi Rai]], [[Naveen D. Padil|Naveen D Padil]], [[Aravind Bolar|Arvind Bolar]] and [[Bhojaraj Vamanjoor|Bhojaraj Vamnjoor]] in lead roles. Magane Mahisha was produced by Veerendra Shetty Kavoor under the banner of Veeru Talkies. The movie was released on 29 April 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Magane Mahisha | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tulu/movie-details/magane-mahisha/movieshow/91094437.cms | access-date=2022-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cinema |first=Tulu |date=2020-09-22 |title=Tulu film ‘Magane Mahisha’ title announced. |url=https://www.tulucinema.com/tulu-film-magane-mahisha-title-announced/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=TuluCinema.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The music of the film was released worldwide by Movietone Digital Entertainment Pvt Ltd under its flagship music label “OnClick Music” in Tulu & Kannada language both.

== Plot ==
The film is about the three Convicted thieves, Shambhu, Shankara and Razak, turn over a new leaf after being released from jail and seek to become good Samartians. An unforeseen incident puts them in a precarious life or death situation between dangerous gangsters and the police.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magane Mahisha on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/magane-mahisha |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Devadas Kapikad|Devdas Kapikad]]
*[[Naveen D. Padil|Naveen D Padil]]
*[[Bhojaraj Vamanjoor]]
*[[Aravind Bolar|Arvind Bolar]]
*[[Jyothi Rai]]
*Shivadhwaj
*Shobharaj Pahoor
*Shiva Alike

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtracks of the film were composed by [[Mano Murthy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangaluru: Music maestro Mano Murthy releases Magane Mahisha Tulu movie audio |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=937718 |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> and the promotional song 'Magane Magane' was composed by Loy Valentine Saldanha.The songs of the film in both versions Kannada & Tulu were worldwide released by Movietone Digital Entertainment Pvt Ltd under its flagship label “OnClick Music” .

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chandana Siri
| length1 = 4:18
| lyrics1 = Veerendra Shetty
| extra1 = [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| title2 = Kanana Niajana <ref>{{Cite web |last=UserEditr123 |date=2022-03-27 |title=`ಮಗನೇ ಮಹಿಷ' ತುಳು ಚಿತ್ರದ ಪಾರ್ಟಿ ಸಾಂಗ್ ರಿಲೀಸ್ |url=https://newsbhandara.com/tulu-party-song-released-from-the-tulu-movie-magane-mahisha/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=News Bhandara |language=en-US}}</ref>
| length2 = 6:59
| lyrics2 = Vijaykumar Kodailbail
| extra2 = Prashanth Kankanady, Akanksha Badami
| title3 = Olla Olla Mahishasa
| length3 = 4:04
| lyrics3 = Rakshan Madoor
| extra3 = Rakshan Madoor
| title4 = Ayagiri Nandini
| length4 = 3:32
| lyrics4 = Devotional
| extra4 = B Jayashree
| title5 = Magane Magene
| length5 = 4:15
| lyrics5 = Rakshan Madoor
| extra5 = Rakshan Madoor, Sandesh Neermarga
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Tulu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]

T. R. Subramaniam

2025-09-22T16:51:01Z

Veronaiqr: started new entry added tags

{{Short description|Vocalist in the Carnatic tradition}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

'''Professor T. R. Subramaniam''' (20 September 1929 – 4 October 2013), popularly known as TRS, was a vocalist in the [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] tradition. He was popular for infusing unconventional and populistic techniques in his renditions, especially of the [[pallavi]], without compromising on the classicism of the rendition. Famous for his willingness to explore new avenues regardless of whether they would be accepted or not, TRS' concerts were much sought after. He was also much loved as a teacher. He received a double doctorate in music.

==Early days and education==
TRS was born into a large middle-class family. He had seven sisters and two brothers. His father, Rajagopala Iyer, was employed with Indian Mutual Life Insurance Ltd. and was often transferred. Being someone who had a deep affection for Carnatic music, he often hosted musicians at his residence. Stalwarts like Madurai Mani, Semmangudi and Ariyakudi graced their residence and benefitted from their warm and affectionate hospitality. Owing to their father's transferable job, the children received their schooling in several towns like [[Mayavaram]], [[Kumbakonam]] and [[Tirunelveli]]. At Mayavaram TRS learnt from Sivarama Iyer, a disciple of [[Poochi Srinivasa Iyengar]]. At Tirunelveli, his teachers were A.D. Rajagopala Iyer and Perungulam 'Gavai' Seetarama Bhagavatar. His elder sister Radha also studied at home. <ref name=sruti_profile>{{cite web|last1=R|first1=Swaminathan|title=An adventurer and a reformer|url=http://www.sruti.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=350|website=Sruti Magazine}}</ref>

When he was about 19 years old, TRS won the first place in a singing competition at the [[Madras Music Academy]] with an unusual style. He presented a pallavi to the judges, and said that he could sing it in any [[raga]] and [[tala ()|tala]]. The judges asked him to sing it in the raga [[Mukhari]] set to the very complex [[Sankeerna nadai]] tala. He sang it flawlessly, and was awarded the first place.<ref name=hindu_trs_passes_away>{{cite news|title=Carnatic TRS passes away|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review//carnatic--trs-passes-away/article5201759.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 October 2013|accessdate=26 July 2020}}</ref>

TRS was a [[polyglot]]. His proficiency in Telugu was useful while singing ''[[Kriti (music)|kritis]]'' composed by [[Tyagaraja]]. He died of a [[heart attack]] on 4 October 2013, aged 84.

==Awards==
Sangita Kala Acharya, from the [[Madras Music Academy]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Experts Advisory Committee, Madras Music Academy|url=http://musicacademymadras.in/fotemplate03.php?temp=956c8247-da71-11e2-b2c0-00167688e545&tc=aec40f80-f5c3-11e2-8d59-00304891133e&hid=aec40f80-f5c3-11e2-8d59-00304891133e|website=Madras Music Academy|access-date=7 June 2015|archive-date=1 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001171135/http://www.musicacademymadras.in/fotemplate03.php?temp=956c8247-da71-11e2-b2c0-00167688e545&tc=aec40f80-f5c3-11e2-8d59-00304891133e&hid=aec40f80-f5c3-11e2-8d59-00304891133e|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramaniam, T. R.}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Baishnaba Pani

2025-09-20T18:27:17Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''Baishnaba Pani''' (1882–1956) was an Indian writer and arranger of [[Jatra (Odisha)|jatras]], a type of folk-theatre in the state of [[Odisha]].

==Early life==
He was born at Kothapada, [[Mahanga]], [[Cuttack]], Odisha.{{fact|date=July 2025}}

==Career==
Pani introduced "gitinatya" ([[Performance|musical performance]]) for the first time in [[Odia language|Odia-language]] jatra.<ref name="Dāsa1994">{{cite book|author=Hemanta Kumāra Dāsa|title=Baishnab Pani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AgswAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 February 2013|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-719-4}}</ref> Some of his popular jatra stories include "''Saudagara Farce''", "''Abu Hussain Farce''", and "'''Natua Mohanty Farce''".<ref name="Datta1988">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1261|accessdate=2 May 2013|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|pages=1261–}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
[[Gītināṭẏa]], [[Gītābhinaẏa]] and [[Suāṅga]]
* ''Raṅgasabhā gītināṭẏa''
* ''Naḷadamaẏantī gītināṭẏa''
* ''Rābaṇa badha gītināṭẏa''
* ''Bakāsura badha gītināṭẏa''
* ''Bakāsura badha gītināṭẏa''
* ''Duryẏōdhana badha gītināṭẏa''
* ''Brajalīḷā suāṅga''
* ''Dhruba charita suāṅga''
* ''Kīcakabadha suāṅga''
* ''Dānabīra hariścandra suāṅga''
* ''Sābitrī satẏabāna suāṅga''
* ''Nikuñca miḷana suāṅga''
* ''Pārbatī bibāha suāṅga''
* ''Raghu arakṣita nābakēḷi suāṅga''
* ''Muktācōri suāṅga''
* ''Harapārbatī bibhā suāṅga''
* ''Prahallāda carita gītābhinaẏa''
* ''Dāṇḍiparba gītābhinaẏa''
* ''Lakṣmī pūjā gītābhinaẏa''
* ''Mahiṣāsura badha''
* ''Sahasrā rābaṇa badha''
* ''Bālẏalīḷā-''
* ''Subhadrā haraṇa''
* ''Mādhaba sulōcanā''
* ''Srībatsa rājā bā śani lakṣmī kaḷi''
* ''Jarāsandha badha''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Odia literature}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pani, Baishnaba}}
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Date of death missing]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian theatre people]]
[[Category:Culture of Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]

Donald Mackay, 11th Lord Reay

2025-09-19T21:28:08Z

Veronaiqr: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|British colonial governor (1839–1921)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lord Reay
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KT|GCSI|GCIE|PC|FBA|JP|DL}}
| image = Donald_James_Mackay_Lord_Reay.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = 1919 portrait by [[Anton van Anrooy]]
| order1 = [[Governor of Bombay]]
| term_start1 = 1885
| term_end1 = 1890
| monarch1 = [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]
| predecessor1 = [[Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet|Sir James Fergusson, Bt]]
| successor1 = [[George Harris, 4th Baron Harris|The Lord Harris]]
| order2 = [[Under-Secretary of State for India]]
| term_start2 = 11 March 1894
| term_end2 = 21 June 1895
| monarch2 = [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]
| primeminister2 = [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery|The Earl of Rosebery]]
| predecessor2 = [[George W. E. Russell]]
| successor2 = [[William Onslow, 4th Earl of Onslow|The Earl of Onslow]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1839|12|22}}
| birth_place = [[The Hague]], Netherlands
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1921|08|1|1839|12|22}}
| death_place = [[Carolside, Scottish Borders|Carolside]], Berwickshire, Scotland
| nationality = [[British subject|British]]
| party = [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
| alma_mater =
| spouse = Fanny Hasler
}}
[[File:Coat of Arms of Donald James Mackay, 1st Baron Reay, 11th Lord Reay, KT, GCSI, GCIE, PC, FBA, JP, DL.png|thumb|200px|Shield of Arms of Donald James Mackay, 1st Baron Reay, 11th Lord Reay, KT, GCSI, GCIE, PC, FBA, JP, DL]]
'''Donald James Mackay, 1st Baron Reay, 11th Lord Reay''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KT|GCSI|GCIE|PC|FBA|JP|DL}} (22 December 1839 – 1 August 1921), in the Netherlands known as '''Donald Jacob, Baron Mackay, Lord of Ophemert and Zennewijnen''', was a Dutch-born British administrator and [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] politician.

==Background==
Mackay was born ''Donald Jacob baron Mackay'' in [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]],<ref name="ref195">[https://archive.today/20121128195736/http://195.242.171.17/hga/virtuelestudiezaal/WebsitePubliek/SelectieBron.aspx Birth certificate, The Hague Municipal Archive]</ref> the son of [[Aeneas Mackay, 10th Lord Reay]], a Dutch member of Parliament, and [[jonkvrouw]] Maria Catharina Anna Jacoba Fagel,<ref name="ref195" /> daughter of mr. Jacob baron Fagel and jkvr. Maria Boreel, relative of the [[Boreel baronets]].<ref name="Nederland's Adelsboek' 1999 p. 28">''Nederland's Adelsboek'' 88 (1999), p. 28.</ref>

==Political career==
Lord Reay succeeded his father in 1876 and was naturalised as a [[British subject]] in 1877.<ref name="Nederland's Adelsboek' 1999 p. 28"/> He was created '''Baron Reay''', of Durness in the County of Sutherland, in the [[Peerage of the United Kingdom]], in 1881.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=25021 |date=30 September 1881 |page=4891 }}</ref> In 1885 he was appointed [[Governor of Bombay]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=25448 |date=3 March 1885 |page=920 }}</ref> a post he held until 1890. He was appointed a [[Knight Grand Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1887 and a [[Knight Grand Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India]] in 1890.<ref name="Nederland's Adelsboek' 1999 p. 28"/> After his return to Britain he served as [[Under-Secretary of State for India]] between 1894 and 1895 in [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery|Lord Rosebery]] [[Liberal Government 1892–1895|Liberal administration]]. He was also a British delegate at the [[Second Peace Conference]] which led to the signing of the [[Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)|Hague Convention 1907]]. Other British delegates included [[Ernest Satow]] and [[Eyre Crowe]]. {{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

Perhaps his most memorable contribution to politics was during the crisis over the [[People's Budget]] of 1909–10, where the [[House of Lords]], violating a convention going back more than 200 years, rejected the Budget. Reay strongly opposed this act, and gave the memorable warning: "Oligarchies are seldom destroyed and more frequently commit suicide".<ref>[[Roy Jenkins]] ''Churchill'' Macmillans 2001 p.165</ref>

==Other public appointments==
Apart from his political and administrative career Lord Reay was [[Rector of St Andrews University]] from 1884 to 1886,<ref>[http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/court_former_rectors.pdf Lord Rectors of St Andrews 1858-to date] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605225945/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/court_former_rectors.pdf |date=5 June 2011 }}</ref> Chairman of the [[London School Board]] (1897–1904), President of the [[Royal Asiatic Society]] (1893–1921) and [[University College, London]], and the first President of the [[British Academy]] from 1902 to 1907.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title= The British Academy |date=28 November 1902 |page=8 |issue=36937}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100427193425/http://www.britac.ac.uk/misc/guide/marks.cfm britac.ac.uk Donald James Mackay, KT, FBA, 11th Baron Reay (1839–1921)]</ref> He was also [[Lord Lieutenant of Roxburghshire]] from 1892 to 1918 and served as [[List of Presidents of Co-operative Congress|President]] of the first day of the 1882 [[Co-operative Congress]].<ref name=PDF>{{Citation|title=Congress Presidents 1869-2002 |url=http://archive.co-op.ac.uk/downloadFiles/congressPresidentstable.pdf |date=February 2002 |access-date=10 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528100558/http://archive.co-op.ac.uk/downloadFiles/congressPresidentstable.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2008}}</ref> He was sworn of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]] in 1906<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27886 |date=16 February 1906 |page=1133 }}</ref> and made a [[Order of the Thistle|Knight of the Thistle]] in 1911.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080607022445/http://www.leighrayment.com/orders/thistle.htm leighrayment.com Knights of the Thistle]}}</ref>

He received an honorary doctorate ([[Legum Doctor|LL.D]]) from the [[University of Glasgow]] during their 450th jubilee celebrations in June 1901.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-glasgow-university-jubilee/131294008/ |date=14 June 1901 |title=Glasgow University Jubilee |page=10 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |publication-place=London |issue=36481 |access-date=2024-01-05 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

He remained in contact with the Dutch community and attended the reception and spoke with the famous Dutch writer [[Louis Couperus]] (1863–1923) on the occasion of his visit to London in June 1921, being invited by the Dutch ambassador in London, [[René de Marees van Swinderen]] (1860–1955), and which visit was mainly organised by his translator [[Alexander Teixeira de Mattos]] (1865–1921).<ref>Ronald Breugelmans, ''Louis Couperus. Lion of the season''. Raamsdonk, De Roofpers, 1982</ref>

==Family==
[[File:Donald Jacob Mackay.jpg|thumb]]
Lord Reay married Fanny Georgiana Jane, daughter of Richard Hasler, of [[Aldingbourne]], [[Sussex]], in 1877. They had no children. He died in August 1921, aged 81. On his death the barony of 1881 became extinct while he was succeeded in the Scottish title by his cousin Eric baron Mackay (1870–1921) who was succeeded only three months later by his son Sir Aeneas Alexander baron Mackay (1905–1963), 13th Lord Reay, member of the House of Lords (1955–1959).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp75974/donald-james-mackay-11th-baron-reay Photograph of Lord Reay at the National Portrait Gallery]
* Papers of Lord Reay from his time as Governor of Bombay [Mumbai] are held at https://www.soas.ac.uk/library/archives/collections/a-z/r/.

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box | title=[[Under-Secretary of State for India]] | before=[[George W. E. Russell]] | after=[[William Onslow, 4th Earl of Onslow|The Earl of Onslow]] | years=1894–1895}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet|Sir James Fergusson]] |
after=[[George Harris, 4th Baron Harris|The Lord Harris]] |
title=[[Governor of Bombay]] |
years=1885–1890
}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry|The Marquess of Londonderry]]}}
{{s-ttl
| title=Chairman of the [[London School Board]]
| years=1897–1904
}}
{{s-non | reason=Board abolished}}
{{s-hon}}
{{succession box | title=[[Lord Lieutenant of Roxburghshire]] | before=[[James Innes-Ker, 7th Duke of Roxburghe|The Duke of Roxburghe]] | after=[[Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe|The Duke of Roxburghe]] | years=1892–1918}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box|title=[[Rector of the University of St Andrews]]|years=1884–1886|before=[[Theodore Martin|Sir Theodore Martin]]|after=[[Arthur Balfour]]}}
{{s-reg|sct}}
{{succession box|title=[[Lord Reay]]|before=[[Aeneas Mackay, 10th Lord Reay|Aeneas Mackay]]|after=Eric Mackay|years=1876–1921}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Lord Reay|Baron Reay]]
| years = 1881–1921 }}
{{s-non| reason = Extinct}}
{{s-reg|nl}}
{{succession box |after=Eric Mackay| before=[[Aeneas Mackay, 10th Lord Reay|Aeneas Mackay]] | title=Baron Mackay| years=1839–1921}}
{{s-end}}
{{FBA 1902}}
{{Rectors of the University of St Andrews}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reay, Donald Mackay, 11th Lord}}
[[Category:1839 births]]
[[Category:1921 deaths]]
[[Category:Academics of University College London]]
[[Category:Politicians from The Hague|Mackay, Donald]]
[[Category:Clan Mackay|Donald]]
[[Category:Dutch nobility|Mackay, Donald]]
[[Category:Dutch people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Governors of Bombay]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights of the Thistle]]
[[Category:Lord-lieutenants of Roxburghshire]]
[[Category:Members of the London School Board]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Delegates to the Hague Peace Conferences]]
[[Category:Presidents of Co-operative Congress]]
[[Category:Presidents of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Rectors of the University of St Andrews]]
[[Category:Administrators in British India]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Asiatic Society]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Scottish justices of the peace]]
[[Category:Lords Reay|11]]
[[Category:Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria]]
[[Category:Deputy lieutenants]]
[[Category:Scottish clan chiefs]]

Pahrali River

2025-09-02T11:45:14Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2011}}
[[File:View from Mathur Bridge.JPG|thumb|240px|right|Pahrali river viewed from [[Mathur Aqueduct|Mathur Hanging Trough]] bridge.]]
'''Pahrali River''' (also called Parazhiyar) flows through the [[Kanyakumari District]] in southern [[India]]. It originates in the [[Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu|Mahendragiri hills]]. The [[Mathur Aqueduct|Mathur Hanging Trough]], the highest and longest [[Aqueduct (bridge)|aqueduct]] in [[Asia]], was built over it near the hamlet of Mathur.<ref>{{cite book | title=Madras District Gazetteers: Kanniyakumari District| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWNDAAAAYAAJ&q=Paraliyar| author=B. S. Baliga|year = 1957| pages=6}}</ref> [[perunchani Dam|Perunchani dam]] is constructed across Pahrali river.<ref>{{cite book | title=Economic and Political Weekly| year=1982| volume=17| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbKwAAAAIAAJ&q=Paraliyar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=City Corporate cum Business Plan for Kuzhithurai|url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/kuzhithurai/wp-content/uploads/sites/52/2021/03/City_Corp_plan-kuzhithurai.pdf|website=Directorate of Municipal Administration}}</ref>

==References==
{{commons category|Pahrali River}}
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Rivers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Thiruvattar]]

{{Kanniyakumari-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}

Amrakarddava

2025-08-16T11:32:02Z

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{{Infobox royalty
| name = Amrakarddava
| title = Minister of the Gupta Empire
| reign = c. 4th–5th century CE
| birth_place = Sukuli-desa, [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| religion = [[Buddhism]]
| dynasty = Karddava (possibly Naga lineage)
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| battles = [[Gupta–Saka Wars]]
}}
}}
'''Amrakarddava''' was a general from Sukuli-desa (present day [[Madhya Pradesh]]) in the service of Emperor [[Chandragupta II]] of the [[Gupta Empire]]. He was known for his military skill and fought and won many of the major battles, including campaigns over the [[Gupta–Saka Wars|Saka war]].{{sfn|Sharma|1978|p=47}}

== Etymology ==
The first part possibly referring to [[mango tree]], "Amra" is his name of becoming personal. The second part, "Karddava," comes from "[[Kadru]]," the mythological Indian mother of serpents. By way of metathesis, "Kadrava" becomes "Karddava," "born of Kadru." This indicates a relationship with the Nagas, serpent-demons who inhabit the netherworld.{{sfn|Sharma|1978|p=47}}

== Military achievements ==
{{Main|Gupta–Saka Wars}}
Amrakarddava's military career is emphasized in inscriptions that speak of him as having won "banners of victory and fame in many battles." This warrior, who became one of his important & notable achievements where he participated in the [[Gupta–Saka Wars]] along with Emperor [[Chandragupta II]].{{sfn|Goyal|1967|p=247}}
[[File:ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg|thumb|An 8 gram gold coin featuring Chandragupta II astride a caparisoned horse with a bow in his left hand.<ref>* {{British-Museum-db|1910,0403.26|C_1910-0403-26}}</ref> The name ''Cha-gu-pta'' appears in the upper left [[Quadrant (circle)|quadrant]].]]
An inscription from one of the caves at Udayagiri Hill, about two miles northwest of [[Bhilsa]], notes the dedication of a cave to [[Shiva|Sambhu]] by a minister named [[Virasena Saba|Virasena]] who was in the service of [[Chandragupta II]]. This undecorated inscription is believed to refer to the Saka war.{{sfn|Goyal|1967|p=248}}

A second inscription, dated to Gupta Year 93 (the date gives the Gregorian equivalent of 412–413 CE), records donations made by Amrakarddava to a major Buddhist [[Vihāra|Vihara]] on the site. Historians have connected this note to the Saka war, and they have argued that this conflict lasted for a long time.{{sfn|Goyal|1967|p=248}}

== Patronage of Buddhism ==
Apart from his military achievements, Amrakarddava is also known to have patronized [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monasteries. Furthermore, such patronage is proof of his economic patronage to temple grounds and places of worship during his time.{{sfn|Cotterell|1998|p=77}} A donation mentioned in an inscription indicates that Amrakarddava gave a village and 25 dinars so that ten Buddhist monks and two lamps would be maintained in the monastery at [[Sanchi]].{{sfn|Ingalls|1976|p=15–26}}

== Legacy ==
[[File:Sanchi,_Inscription_of_Candragupta_II..JPG|thumb|The victorious [[Sanchi inscription of Chandragupta II]] (412-413 CE).]]
Amrakarddava is an important figure in the context of [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] history, as he is both a military man and a patron.{{sfn|Goyal|1967|p=248}} His contribution to the Saka war, as well as his patronage of Buddhism, serves to emphasize his multifaceted contributions to the Gupta Empire.{{sfn|Ingalls|1976|p=15–26}}

== See also ==

* [[Chandragupta II]]
* [[Virasena Saba]]

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:4th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:5th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People from the Gupta Empire]]
[[Category:4th-century births]]
[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]
[[Category:Indian maharajas]]
[[Category:Vassal rulers of the Gupta Empire]]
[[Category:Buddhist monarchs]]
===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Tej Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcnnB-Lx2MAC |title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions |date=1978 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cotterell |first=Arthur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_ZlAAAAMAAJ |title=The Pimlico Dictionary of Classical Civilizations: Greece, Rome, Persia, India and China |date=1998 |publisher=Pimlico |isbn=978-0-7126-7496-6 |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ingalls |first=Daniel H. H. |date=1976 |title=Kālidāsa and the Attitudes of the Golden Age |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/599886 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=15–26 |doi=10.2307/599886 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=S. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/goyal-1967_202412 |title=A history of the Imperial Guptas. With a Foreword by R. C. Majumdar. |date=1967}}
{{refend}}

Surendra Kumar Yadav (judge)

2025-08-09T11:01:36Z

Veronaiqr:

Justice '''Surendra Kumar Yadav''' is currently the Deputy [[Lokayukta]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], and a former special [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] judge in the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid]] case.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-30 |title=Babri demolition verdict: कौन हैं वे जज जिन्होंने सुनाया बाबरी मस्जिद पर ऐतिहासिक फैसला |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/knowledge/verdict-on-babri-masjid-demolition-by-judge-surendra-kumar-yadav-mrj-3274171.html |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> The Babri Masjid was demolished in [[Ayodhya]] on 6 December 1992, after which proceedings went on under a lengthy filing process. As a judge in the special CBI court,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-26 |title=Babri demolition case judge’s wait for promotion finally ends |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/babri-demolition-case-judge-s-wait-for-promotion-finally-ends/story-8asq6rhkOpYsUTyklydOoN.html |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> he gave the verdict in the demolition of the Babri Masjid case on 30 September 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-11 |title=Babri Masjid trial has stalled my promotion: Sessions Judge to Supreme Court |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/babri-masjid-trial-has-stalled-my-promotion-sessions-judge-to-supreme-court-5349339/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-13 |title=सुरेंद्र कुमार यादव: बाबरी पर फ़ैसले से यूपी के उप लोकायुक्त तक |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-56727216 |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=BBC News हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== Life ==
Yadav was born on September 10, 1959, in Pakhanpur village of [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] to Ram Krishna Yadav. After receiving the degree in Master of Law, he was selected for the Higher Judicial Service in 1990. He worked as Munsif, CJM, District Judge in many districts of Uttar Pradesh, he also gave the verdict in [[Babri Masjid demolition]] case as special [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] judge. He was appointed as the Deputy [[Lokayukta]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Judge Surendra Kumar Yadav who gave Babri case verdict is appointed Up-Lokayukta |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/apr/12/judge-surendra-kumar-yadavwho-gave-babri-case-verdict-is-appointed-up-lokayukta-2289162.html |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> of Uttar Pradesh after his retirement in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=जानिए कौन हैं जस्टिस सुरेंद्र यादव जिनकी कलम से लिखा जाएगा ऐतिहासिक फैसला |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttar-pradesh/state/lucknow/know-about-special-judge-surendra-kumar-yadav-who-will-deliver-the-judgement-in-babri-case/up20200929191636821 |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Surendra Kumar}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:People from Jaunpur district]]

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Kingfisher (beer)

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{{Short description|Indian beer brand}}
{{Primary sources|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox beverage
| name = Kingfisher
| image = Kingfisher beer logo.png
| type = [[Lager]]
| abv = 4.12%
| proof =
| manufacturer = [[United Breweries Group]]
| distributor =
| origin = [[India|Indian]]
| introduced = {{Start date|1769}}
| discontinued =
| colour =
| flavour =
| variants = Kingfisher Premium Kingfisher Zero Kingfisher Strong Kingfisher Magnum Strong Kingfisher Strong Fresh Kingfisher Draught Kingfisher Ultra Kingfisher Blue Kingfisher Red Kingfisher Lager Kingfisher Storm
| related = {{ubl|Kingfisher Bohemia|Zingaro|UB Export|London Pilsner|Kalyani Black Label|Bullet|Peacock Cider|Bintang Beer|Pearl River Beer|}}
| website = {{hlist|[http://www.kingfisherworld.com Kingfisher (global)]|[http://www.kingfisherbeer.co.uk Kingfisher (Europe)]}}
}}

'''Kingfisher''' is an Indian beer brewed by [[United Breweries Group]], [[Bangalore]], [[India]]. The brand was first introduced in 1857 and then relaunched in 1978 by [[Vijay Mallya]]. With a market share of over 36% in India, it is also available in 52 other countries as of 2013.<ref name="kingfisherworld1">{{cite web|title=Our Brands |url=http://uat.kingfisherworld.com/corporate/ubl_brand.aspx |access-date=20 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712200123/http://uat.kingfisherworld.com/corporate/ubl_brand.aspx |archive-date=12 July 2013 }}</ref>

==History==
In 1978, Vijay Mallya launched Kingfisher Premium beer, inspired by the defunct brand from United Breweries Group which was introduced in 1857.<ref>{{cite news |title=The fall of Vijay Mallya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/85252402-1249-11e6-839f-2922947098f0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211191226/https://www.ft.com/content/85252402-1249-11e6-839f-2922947098f0 |archive-date=11 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=16 June 2022 |work=Financial Times |date=5 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Danish |last2=Khan |first2=Ruhi |title=Escaped: True Stories of Indian Fugitives in London |date=22 March 2021 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-90914-73-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHEhEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> As the [[Advertising Standards Council of India]] banned alcohol advertisements in India, the UB Group began to promote the brand through [[Surrogate advertising|surrogate advertisements]] of Kingfisher mineral water. After the group began operating [[Kingfisher Airlines]] in 2005, advertisements made their way into airplane cabins.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prystay |first1=Cris |title=India's Brewers Cleverly Dodge Alcohol-Ad Ban |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB111877994219959436 |access-date=16 June 2022 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=15 June 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka comes down on surrogate advertisements |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/Karnataka-comes-down-on-surrogate-advertisements/article20593908.ece |access-date=16 June 2022 |work=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=22 March 2013 |language=en}}</ref> In the United States, the company promoted the Kingfisher beer by de-ethnicizing the brand.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chen |first1=Steven |title=The Design Imperative: The Art and Science of Design Management |date=26 May 2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-78568-4 |pages=180 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cnFdDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==Kingfisher Beer Europe==
[[File:Kingfisher beer bottle.jpg|thumb|left|A bottle of Kingfisher lager beer]]
Kingfisher Beer Europe Ltd. (KBE) is the European arm of [[United Breweries Group|United Breweries]] with a head office in [[Maidstone]], Kent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kingfisherbeer.co.uk/|title=Kingfisher Beer UK|website=kingfisherbeer.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-03-29}}</ref> In the UK, Kingfisher is brewed under licence by [[Heineken]] but to the same recipe as used in India. The company runs independently of Kingfisher World and has its own assets such as website, social media, POS suite & marketing objectives such as the tagline, 'The Real Taste of India' which highlights the brand's genuine heritage and sets it apart from other similar products in the UK & Europe.

KBE sells Premium, which is available in four formats; 330 mL (24 x 330 mL cases), 650 mL (12 x 650 mL case), pint or half pint draught and kegs (30 or 50 L).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kingfisherbeer.co.uk/trade|title=Kingfisher Beer UK|website=kingfisherbeer.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-03-29}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In November 2016, KBE launched<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodbev.com/news/indian-beer-brand-kingfisher-eyes-untapped-opportunity-with-new-cider/|title=Indian beer brand Kingfisher eyes 'untapped' opportunity in cider - FoodBev Media|website=foodbev.com|date=8 November 2016 |language=en-GB|access-date=2017-03-29}}</ref> Peacock Cider: a 'quality apple cider' created to 'elegantly complement Asian flavours, providing a burst of apple refreshment to balance aromatic spices.'<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.instagram.com/PeacockCider|title=Peacock Cider (@peacockcider) • Instagram photos and videos|website=instagram.com|language=en|access-date=2017-03-29}}</ref>

In 2017, KBE added two more products to its portfolio - [[Bintang Beer]], 'Indonesia's No.1 Beer' and [[Guangzhou Zhujiang Brewery Group#Zhujiang beer|Pearl River Beer]], an 'Iconic Cantonese Beer'.

In 2023, Kingfisher Zero was launched as a 0% variant of Kingfisher Premium.<ref>https://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Article/2024/01/03/Kingfisher-introduces-new-zero-alcohol-variant</ref>

==Recognition==
Kingfisher is ranked 74th among India's most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report 2012, a study conducted by Trust Research Advisory. In the Brand Trust Report 2013, Kingfisher was ranked 102nd among India's most trusted brands and subsequently, according to the Brand Trust Report 2014, Kingfisher was ranked 198th among India's most trusted brands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html |title=India's Most Trusted Brands 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502221904/http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html |archive-date= 2 May 2015 }}</ref>

==See also==
* {{portal-inline|Beer}}
*[[Kingfisher Airlines]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kingfisher (beer)}}
* {{official website|url=https://www.kingfisherworld.com/}} Global
* {{official website|url=http://www.kingfisherbeer.co.uk}} Europe
{{Heineken International}}
[[Category:Heineken brands]]
[[Category:United Breweries Group]]
[[Category:Indian beer brands]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1978]]