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Westlake Square

2026-05-20T21:06:05Z

Veronaidw: Starting Some Data W/ Sources

{{Short description|Park in Seattle, Washington, United States}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Westlake Square
| image = South Lake Union Streetcar approaches Stewart Street.jpg
| image_caption = Pedestrian in Westlake Square watching [[South Lake Union Streetcar]] in 2010
| location = [[Seattle]], [[Washington state|Washington]] Bounded by Westlake, 6th and Stewart
| coordinates = {{coord|47.6136|-122.3373|type:landmark_region:US|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|0.01|acre|m2|adj=on}}
| created = 1917 (as streetcar stop)
| operator = [[Seattle Parks and Recreation]]
| status =
}}
[[File:Comfort station at Westlake and Stewart, 1917.gif|thumb|Ground-level view of Westlake Square streetcar stop as it appeared when built in 1917]]
[[File:Westlake comfort station, 1917.gif|thumb|Underground comfort station interior in 1917]]
'''Westlake Square''' is a {{convert|0.01|acre|adj=on}} [[park]] in [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]],<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.seattle.gov/parks/park_detail.asp?id=334|title=Westlake Square|publisher=Seattle Parks and Recreation|access-date=2013-12-29}}</ref> adjacent to [[Westin Seattle]]. It was formerly a combination [[streetcar]] stop and underground [[Public toilet|comfort station]].<ref name=archives>{{citation|publisher=Seattle Office of the City Clerk|work=Municipal archives photo collection—Don Sherwood Parks History Collection|title=Item 30694: Westlake Square, underground men's restroom demolished and filled in 1964|url=http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~scripts/nph-brs.exe?s1=30694&S2=&S3=&l=100&Sect7=THUMBON&Sect6=HITOFF&Sect5=PHOT1&Sect4=AND&Sect3=PLURON&d=PHO2&p=1&u=%2F%7Epublic%2Fphot1.htm&r=1&f=G|access-date=2017-10-04}}. Annotated photo from September 18, 1917.</ref> The former comfort station was demolished and filled in 1964.<ref name=archives/><ref>{{citation|publisher=Seattle Office of the City Clerk|title=Item 1447: Comfort Station Westlake and Stewart|work=Municipal archives photo collection—Engineering Department Photographic Negatives|date=Sep 18, 1917}}</ref>

In 2010, Seattle Department of Transportation redeveloped Westlake Square and adjacent [[McGraw Square]] into a new plaza for the [[South Lake Union Streetcar]].<ref>{{citation|title=Westlake Transportation Hub Strategy draft recommendations|publisher=Seattle Department of Transportation|url=http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/docs/WestlakeHubStrategyDraftRecommendations.pdf|access-date=2013-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Westlake Streetcar Plaza/McGraw Square: City Opens New McGraw Square |publisher=Seattle Department of Transportation|date=February 9, 2011|url=http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/westlakehub_streetcarplaza.htm|access-date=2013-12-30}}</ref> A bronze statue of [[Swami Vivekananda]] by Indian artist [[Naresh Kumar Kumawat]] was installed at Westlake Square in April 2026. Mayor [[Katie Wilson]] and representatives of the Indian Consulate attended the dedication ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pfeffinger |first=Ramsey |date=2026-04-11 |title=Mayor Wilson, Indian Consulate unveil Seattle statue of Swami Vivekananda downtown |url=https://www.fox13seattle.com/news/seattle-mayor-swami-vivekananda-statue |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=FOX 13 Seattle |language=en-US}}</ref> It is the first life-size statue of Vivekananda in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2026-04-12 |title=First-ever life-size Swami Vivekananda statue in U.S. unveiled in Seattle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/first-ever-life-size-vivekananda-statue-in-us-unveiled-in-seattle/article70853444.ece |access-date=2026-04-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Westlake Park (Seattle)|Westlake Park]], a larger park nearby
*[[Westlake (Link station)|Westlake Station]], in the nearby underground transit tunnel
*[[McGraw Square]], a plaza located one block south on Westlake Avenue

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.seattle.gov/parks/park_detail.asp?id=334 Westlake Square] at Seattle Parks and Recreation

{{Denny Triangle, Seattle}}
{{Streets in Seattle}}
{{Protected areas of Seattle}}

[[Category:Parks in Seattle]]
[[Category:Squares in Seattle]]
[[Category:Denny Triangle, Seattle]]

{{KingCountyWA-geo-stub}}

Mangal Lakshmi

2026-05-08T15:42:15Z

Veronaidw:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mangal Lakshmi.png
| genre = [[Family]] [[Drama]]
| creator =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Faheim Ahmad
| creative_director = Garima Dimri
| starring = {{plainlist |
* [[Deepika Singh]]
* [[Naman Shaw]]
* Sanika Amit
* Shubham Dipta
* [[Manan Joshi]]
}}
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 729 
| producer = {{plainlist |
* Suzana Ghai
* Hemant Ruprell
* Ranjeet Thakur
}}
| cinematography = Ravi K Yadav
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20 minutes (currently) / 45 minutes (previously)
| company = Panorama Entertainment
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|02|27|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| related = ''[[Bhagyalakshmi (2022 TV series)|Bhagyalakshmi]]''
}}

'''''Mangal Lakshmi''''' is an Indian [[Hindi-language]] television family drama series that began airing from 27 February 2024 on [[Colors TV]] and streams digitally on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. It is produced by Panorama Entertainment and is an official adaptation of Kannada TV series ''[[Bhagyalakshmi (2022 TV series)|Bhagyalakshmi]]''. The series stars [[Deepika Singh]] and [[Naman Shaw]], and previously also starred Sanika Amit, Shubham Dipta and [[Manan Joshi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-26 |title=Respect Above All! Discover How These Sisters Are Redefining Society's Perspective In- 'Mangal Lakshmi' |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/respect-above-all-discover-how-these-sisters-are-redefining-societys-perspective-in-mangal-lakshmi-628382.html |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=India Times}}</ref>

==Plot==
Mangal, a 35-year-old uneducated woman but a dedicated homemaker, lives with her husband, their two children, and her in-laws. Her husband, Adit, is a highly educated, 40-year-old, handsome yet irascible man who works as a senior manager in a company. He detests Mangal and often belittles her for being orthodox, uneducated, and for her simple dress sense. Although Mangal is unhappy with the way Adit treats her, she does not protest and still tries to impress him. Unlike Adit, his parents and their son, Akshat, appreciate Mangal for her efforts and contributions. Adit's level-headed father, Sudesh, and his austere mother, Kusum, defend Mangal whenever Adit berates her. Mangal has taken Lakshmi under her wing, cared for her, and mentored her like a daughter after Lakshmi's parents died. She rejects Nitin, a billionaire, as a potential suitor for Lakshmi because of his two failed marriages. Adit snaps at Mangal over the incident with Nitin and expresses how difficult it has been to live with her for the past 15 years. He cruelly remarks that Lakshmi might ruin the life of the man she marries, just as Mangal ruined his—since Lakshmi is much like Mangal. Kusum reprimands him and assures him that she and Mangal will find a respectful suitor for Lakshmi.

Lakshmi, her cousin, a 22-year-old orphan, lives with Mangal's parents and works as a tailor to support the family. Lakshmi is described as kind, hardworking, and cheerful. She is a gifted singer and songwriter but has never had the chance to showcase her talent. Lakshmi is socially smart, knows the English language, and is good with technology, unlike Mangal, who neither understands English nor is proficient with technology, which often leads Adit to insult her. Lakshmi is mistreated by Mangal's cunning and greedy mother, Shanti, and her spoiled sister, Lipika, but she is loved by Mangal and her father, Bhushan. Lakshmi discontinued her studies after the 10th grade to assist Bhushan in running the shop, supporting her family in their pursuit of a better life. Kusum's stern younger sister, Gayatri belongs to a wealthy family that includes her husband Umesh, their children Kartik and Nidhi, and her sister-in-law Sanjana. Kartik is a handsome, cheerful, and wealthy singer, known not only for his success but also for his good nature, kindness and respectful demeanor unlike Adit. Much like Mangal and Lakshmi, Kusum and Gayatri share a close, sisterly bond. Kartik respects and admires Mangal, just as Kusum and Akshat do. Gayatri's husband, Umesh, and their daughter, Nidhi, have gone to America for Nidhi's studies. Gayatri feels insecure and possessive of her son because of a curse given to her by her mother-in-law, who said that one day Kartik would be separated from her and she would die alone, yearning for him. Sanjana hates Gayatri for deliberately separating her mother and Umesh, which led Sanjana's mother to curse Gayatri. Sanjana constantly schemes against Gayatri, taunting her as a means of avenging her mother. Kartik has been in a relationship with Jiya, a dancer, for the past two years, but he has never disclosed it to anyone. However, Gayatri is aware of their relationship, unbeknownst to Kartik. Kusum and Gayatri harbor a deep disdain for Jiya due to her manipulative and undesirable nature, believing her to be unfit for Kartik.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Deepika Singh]] as Mangal Srivastava Saxena: Bhushan and Shanti's elder daughter; Lipika's sister; Lakshmi's cousin; Adit's wife; Neil and Akshat's mother; Ishana and Shubhi's adoptive mother. (2024–present)
* [[Naman Shaw]] as Adit Saxena: Sudesh and Kusum's son; Kartik and Nidhi's cousin; Mangal's husband; Soumya's ex-husband; Neil and Akshat's father; Ishana and Shubhi's adoptive father. (2024–present)
* Sanika Amit as
** Lakshmi Srivastava Kapoor: Shankar and Uma's daughter; Mangal and Lipika's cousin; Kartik's widow; Karan's wife; Sanvi's mother (2024–2026)
** Antara Dalal: Raghuveer's wife; Vedaa's mother. (2025)
* Shubham Dipta as Kartik Nigam: Umesh and Gayatri's son; Nidhi's brother; Adit's cousin; Lakshmi's first husband; Sanvi's father. (2024–2025)
* [[Manan Joshi]] as Karan Kapoor: Barkha and Vyom's half-brother; Krish's step-brother; Laskhmi's second husband; Sanvi's step-father. (2025–2026)
* Vanshika Bachwani as Ishana Saxena Kumar: Sunita's daughter; Mangal and Adit's adopted daughter; Neil, Shubhi and Akshat's adopted sister; Aarav's wife. (2026–present)
** Arshiya Sharma as teenage Ishana Saxena. (2024–2026)
* Altamash Faraz as Aarav Kumar: Ishana's husband. (2026–present)
* Saumya Shetye as Shubhi Saxena: Mangal and Adit's adopted daughter; Neil, Ishana and Akshat's adopted sister. (2026–present)
* [[Avinash Sachdev]] as Jairaj Raizada: Yashvardhan's son. (2026–present)

===Recurring===
;Srivastava family
* Neeraj Khetarpal as Bhushan Srivastava: Shankar's brother; Shanti's husband; Mangal and Lipika's father; Neil and Akshat's grandfather; Ishana and Shubhi's adoptive grandfather. (2024–2025)
* [[Sangeeta Panwar]] as Shanti Srivastava: Bhushan's wife; Mangal and Lipika's mother; Neil and Akshat's grandmother; Ishana and Shubhi's adoptive grandmother. (2024–present)
* Sania Mistry as Lipika Srivastava: Bhushan and Shanti's younger daughter; Mangal's sister; Lakshmi's cousin. (2024–2025)

;Saxena family
* Babul Bhavsar as Sudesh Saxena: Kusum's husband; Adit's father; Neil and Akshat's grandfather; Ishana and Shubhi's adoptive grandfather. (2024–present)
* Urvashi Upadhyay as Kusum Saxena: Sudesh's wife; Adit's mother; Neil and Akshat's grandmother; Ishana and Shubhi's adoptive grandmother. (2024–present)
* Mohammed Saud Mansuri as Neil Saxena: Mangal and Adit's elder son; Sunita's adopted son; Akshat's brother; Ishana and Shubhi's adopted brother. (2025–2026)
* Pratyaksh Panwar as Akshat Saxena: Mangal and Adit's younger son; Neil's brother; Ishana and Shubhi's adopted brother. (2026–present)
**Ruhan Kapoor as child Akshat Saxena (2024–2026)

;Nigam family
* Bhuvan Chopra as Umesh Nigam: Sanjana's brother; Gayatri's husband; Kartik and Nidhi's father; Sanvi's grandfather. (2024–2025)
* Gayatri Soham / [[Jyoti Gauba]] as Gayatri Nigam: Kusum's sister; Umesh's wife; Kartik and Nidhi's mother; Sanvi's grandmother. (2024–2025; 2026–present) / (2025–2026)
* Riya Doshi as Nidhi Nigam: Umesh and Gayatri's daughter; Kartik's sister; Adit's cousin. (2024–2025)
* Sangeeta Adhikari as Sanjana Nigam: Umesh's sister. (2024–2025)

;Tandon family
* Jia Mustafa as Saumya Tandon: Mr. Tandon and Shalini's daughter; Adit's ex-wife. (2024–2026)
* Preeti Khatri as Shalini Tandon: Mr. Tandon's wife; Saumya's mother. (2024)
* [[Raman Khatri]] as Mr. Tandon: Shalini's husband; Saumya's father. (2024)

;Dalal family
* [[Sarwar Ahuja]] as Raghuveer Dalal: Antara's husband; Vedaa's father. (2024–2025)
* Siyona Joisar as Vedaa Dalal: Raghuveer and Antara's daughter. (2025)

;Bhatnagar family
* [[Kapil Nirmal]] as Kapil Bhatnagar: Pratima's son; Mangal's ex-fiancé. (2025)
* Rudrakshi Gupta as Pratima Bhatnagar: Kapil's mother. (2025)
* [[Neena Cheema]] as Kapil's Bua Dadi (2025)

;Kapoor family
* [[Mrinal Navell]] as Barkha Kapoor: Vyom's sister; Karan and Krish's half-sister. (2025)
* Saurabh Gumber as Vyom Kapoor: Barkha's brother; Karan and Krish's half-brother. (2025–2026)

;Khanna family
*Rutuja Sawant / [[Priyanka Purohit]] as Jiya Kapoor Khanna: Prema's daughter; Kartik's obsessive lover; Krish's widow (2024) / (2024–2026)
* [[Shrey Mittal]] as Krish Khanna: Barkha and Vyom's half-brother; Karan's step-brother; Jiya's husband (2025–2026)

===Others===
* Unknown as Vrinda: Sameer's mother. (2024)
* Verr Bhati as Sameer: Vrinda's son. (2024)
* Vipul Tyagi as Sonu: Lakshmi's shop helper. (2024)
* [[Khushwant Walia]] as Manan: Adit's friend. (2024)
* Kimmy Kaur as Prema Kapoor: Jiya's mother. (2024)
** Ekta Sharma replaced Kaur as Prema Kapoor. (2024–2025)
* Prerna Daware as Nysa: Startup Sultan Constestant. (2025)
* Akshay Sharma as Host Kunal (Startup Sultan 2025)
* [[Neelu Vaghela]] as Bhabhiji (2025)
* [[Shritama Mukherjee]] as Vishkanya (2025)
* [[Farah Khan]] as Judge (2025)
* Dilip Mukhija as Judge (2025)
* Sahil Arora as Jigar (2025)
* Ekta Tiwari as Sunita: Ishana's mother; Neil's adoptive mother. (2025)
* Sanjay Bhatia as Yashvardhan Raizada: Jairaj's father. (2026–present)
* V S Prince Ratan as Chandu: Adit's Mystery Man (2026–present)

==Production==
===Development===
The series is an official adaptation of the [[Kannada-language]] TV series [[Bhagyalakshmi (2022 TV series)|Bhagyalakshmi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-28 |title=Daily soap Bhagyalakshmi completes 100 episodes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-bhagyalakshmi-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/98307851.cms |access-date=2023-04-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It follows the life and struggle of an elder sister (Mangal) who wants a perfect husband for her younger sister (Lakshmi).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=Mangal Lakshmi PROMO: Mangal bravely supports sister Lakshmi in her journey to get a perfect match |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/mangal-lakshmi-promo-mangal-bravely-supports-sister-lakshmi-in-her-journey-to-get-a-perfect-match-1283007 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Pinkvilla |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303101735/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/mangal-lakshmi-promo-mangal-bravely-supports-sister-lakshmi-in-her-journey-to-get-a-perfect-match-1283007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In October 2024, the show aired its much awaited Adit and Saumya affair expose drama on the occasion of [[Karwa Chauth]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-19 |title=Karwa Chauth drama on 'Mangal Lakshmi': Mangal uncovers Adit's shocking affair |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/karwa-chauth-drama-on-mangal-lakshmi-mangal-uncovers-adits-shocking-affair/articleshow/114378638.cms |access-date=2024-11-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In December 2024, Mangal Lakshmi began airing one hour episodes, with the first 30 minutes focusing on Mangal's story and the remaining 30 minutes on Lakshmi's story, which was separately titled as ''Mangal Lakshmi – Lakshmi Ka Safar''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-11 |title=Salman Khan hosted 'Bigg Boss 18' and two other shows move to new slots starting December 16th |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/salman-khan-hosted-bigg-boss-18-and-two-other-shows-move-to-new-slots-starting-december-16th/articleshow/116214482.cms |access-date=2025-11-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Lakshmi Ka Safar ended on 6 March 2026; consequently, Lakshmi's character was phased out as well.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-13 |title=Most watched TV shows of the Week: Udne Ki Aasha drops to third position; Mangal Lakshmi - Lakshmi Ka Safar enters Top 10 list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/most-watched-tv-shows-of-the-week-udne-ki-aasha-drops-to-third-position-taarak-mehra-enters-top-5-list/articleshow/118987886.cms |access-date=2025-04-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Deepika Singh]] was cast as Mangal, and [[Naman Shaw]] as Adit, marking their return to television after a four-year absence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-25 |title=Deepika Singh on new show 'Mangal Lakshmi': I am thrilled to step into the shoes of Mangal, a desi and yet relatable character from Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/deepika-singh-on-new-show-mangal-lakshmi-i-am-thrilled-to-step-into-the-shoes-of-mangal-a-desi-and-yet-relatable-character-from-delhi/articleshow/107123987.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-26 |title=Mangal Lakshmi's Naman Shaw On Playing Grey Character For 1st Time: 'Was Bored Of Sweet Boy Roles' - Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/mangal-lakshmis-naman-shaw-on-playing-grey-character-for-1st-time-was-bored-of-sweet-boy-roles-exclusive-article-108012751 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Times Now News}}</ref> Sanika Amit was cast as Lakshmi and Shubham Dipta was cast as a singer, Kartik.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-04 |title=Mangal Lakshmi's Sanika Amit Reveals She Wasn't The Only Choice: 'Had Lots Of Competition' - Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/mangal-lakshmis-sanika-amit-reveals-she-wasnt-the-only-choice-had-lots-of-competition-exclusive-article-108204733 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Times Now News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Shubham Dipta: I hope I get an opportunity to sing in my new TV show Mangal Lakshmi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shubham-dipta-singing-opportunity-in-new-tv-show-mangal-lakshmi/articleshow/106904479.cms |access-date=2024-03-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Later, Jia Mustafa was cast as Saumya and Rutuja Sawant as Jiya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jia Mustafa on Mangal Lakshmi: I have always picked shows that have given me scope to add layers to my character |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-jia-mustafa-on-mangal-lakshmi-this-was-a-perfect-show-for-me-because-i-was-looking-at-doing-a-powerful-negative-and-impactful-role/articleshow/108399247.cms |access-date=2024-03-11 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Mehndi Hai Rachne Wali fame Rutuja Sawant joins Deepika Singh in Mangal Lakshmi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-mehndi-hai-rachne-wali-fame-rutuja-sawant-joins-deepika-singh-in-mangal-lakshmi-1273734 |access-date=2024-01-25 |work=Pinkvilla}}</ref> Sawant was later replaced by [[Priyanka Purohit]]. Kapil Nirmal was cast as Kapil Bhatnagar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-05 |title=Mangal Lakshmi: 'अनुपमा' के नक्शे कदम पर चल पैरेलल लीड ले आए मेकर्स, इस TV एक्टर के साथ संवारेंगे मंगल की जिंदगी |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/mangal-lakshmi-this-tv-actor-enter-in-deepika-singh-show-as-parallel-lead-like-gaurav-khanna-in-anupamaa-article-151351983 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Times Now |language=hi}}</ref>

===Reception===
Lakshmi's story ''Mangal Lakshmi – Lakshmi Ka Safar'' received positive response from the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindi TV serial TRP 14th Week 17 April: Udne Ki Aasha tops list Lakshmi Ka Safar defeats Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/tv/top-10-hindi-tv-serial-trp-14th-week-17-april-udne-ki-aasha-tops-list-lakshmi-ka-safar-defeat-ye-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-201744870836950.html |website=Live Hindustan}}</ref> In Week 14, 15 and 16 2025, the show entered Top 3 defeating [[StarPlus]]' ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' at the same slot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-17 |title=TRP Race Week 14: Udne Ki Aasha Dominates Anupamaa, Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Loses Slot Leader - Check Top 10 Shows |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/trp-race-week-14-udne-ki-aasha-dominates-anupamaa-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-drops-check-top-10-shows-article-151442370 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Times Now News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-24 |title=TRP Race Week 15: Udne Ki Aasha, Anupamaa See Slight Dip Amid IPL 2025 But Still Retain Top Spots |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/trp-race-week-15-udne-ki-aasha-anupamaa-see-slight-dip-amid-ipl-2025-but-still-retain-top-spots-article-151486006 |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Times Now News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-02 |title=TRP Race Week 16: Udne Ki Aasha, Anupamaa's Viewership Slips As IPL Eclipse Continues |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/trp-race-week-16-udne-ki-aasha-anupamaas-viewership-slips-as-ipl-eclipse-continues-article-151551950 |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=Times Now News}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Bhagyalakshmi (2022 TV series)|Bhagyalakshmi]]'' ಭಾಗ್ಯಲಕ್ಷ್ಮಿ
| 10 October 2022
| [[Colors Kannada]]
| Ongoing
| Original
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Kavyanjali - Sakhi Savali]]'' काव्यांजली - सखी सावली
| 29 May 2023
| [[Colors Marathi]]
| 26 May 2024
| rowspan="2"| Remake
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''Mangal Lakshmi'' मंगल लक्ष्मी
| 27 February 2024
| [[Colors TV]]
| Ongoing
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt30978053}}
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/mangal-lakshmi/3910878 ''Mangal Lakshmi''] at [[JioCinema]]

{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Naayaka

2026-05-05T22:25:43Z

Veronaidw: created new post nd citations

{{Short description|2010 Indian Kannada language romantic action film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naayaka
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[PC Shekhar]]
| producer = Ramesh Kumar P Pradeep Kumar G
| writer = PC Shekhar
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = Naveen [[Ragini Dwivedi]] [[Rajendran]]
| music = Praveen Duth
| cinematography = Murrali Krish
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|12|17}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Naayaka''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] [[romance film|romantic]] [[action film]] written and directed by [[PC Shekhar]] and starring Naveen, [[Ragini Dwivedi]], and [[Rajendran]]. The film was released to negative reviews by critics with the dubbing particularly criticised.

== Plot ==
''Naayaka'' revolves around Arjun and Madhu, who are deep in love with each other. Like most other love stories, they too have to overcome multiple obstacles that try to weaken their relationship. The difference was their strong love and one unfortunate event. This event puts the two of them into the ultimate test of commitment, love, and the promise that binds them together.

== Cast ==
*Naveen as Arjun
*[[Ragini Dwivedi]] as Madhu
*[[Rajendran]] as Nagappa
*Meesai Rajendranath

== Production ==
This film marks the second collaboration between [[PC Shekhar]] and Naveen after ''[[Kadhale En Kadhale]]'' (2006).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/kannada-break-for-naveen/articleshow/5835651.cms|title=Kannada break for Naveen|date=21 April 2010|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> The film began production in May 2009 was completed by October 2009. Post-production work almost took a year with dubbing taking 75 days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/Dec/07/screenplay-is-the-usp-of-nayaka-209053.html|title=Screenplay is the USP of Nayaka|date=16 May 2012|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 1.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Nayaka'' would have been a good effort if supported by a strong script and characters. This Nayaka (hero) fails to carry the film on his tough shoulders".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-nayaka/20101217.htm|title=''Nayaka'': Not good enough|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=17 December 2010|first=Shruti Indira|last=Lakshminarayana|access-date=29 July 2025}}</ref> GS Kumar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "Though the script is good and the movie opens with somelively sequences, the narrative is quite amateurish in the second half".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/nayaka/movie-review/11989523.cms|title=Nayaka Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Nayaka by Times of India|date=14 May 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=GS|last=Kumar|access-date=29 July 2025}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote, "<nowiki>'</nowiki>''Naayaka''<nowiki>'</nowiki> could have been a better film with a neater script and dubbing. Nevertheless, it makes for a one time watch".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/naayaka-good-but-plagued-by-weak-narrative-kannada-film-review_22777|title='Naayaka' good but plagued by weak narrative (Kannada Film Review)|date=18 December 2010|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=India Forums|access-date=29 July 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]

Beypore Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T06:36:37Z

Veronaidw: page

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Beypore
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 29
| map_image = Uru.jpg
| map_caption = ''[[Uru (boat)|Uru]]'', a large [[Dhow]]-type wooden ship made by Carpenters in [[Beypore]]
| established = 1965
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,08,059 (2021)
| mla = [[P. A. Mohammed Riyas]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#ED1C24|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
}}
'''Beypore State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Kozhikode district, Kerala.
|access-date = 7 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908212832/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|archive-date = 8 September 2019
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly election]], the current MLA is [[P. A. Mohammed Riyas]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Beypore Assembly constituency is composed of the following 14 wards of the [[Kozhikode Municipal Corporation]] ([[Beypore]] zone and [[Cheruvannur Nallalam]] zone) in [[Kozhikode]] [[Tehsil|Taluk]], and two [[Municipalities of Kerala|Municipalities]] and one [[Gram Panchayat]] in the same [[Tehsil|Taluk]]:<ref name="kkd">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kozhikode District
|access-date = 7 September 2019
|archive-date = 8 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908212832/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ '''Wards of [[Kozhikode Municipal Corporation]]'''
!Ward no.
!Name
|-
|40
|Areekad North
|-
|41
|Areekad
|-
|42
|[[Cheruvannur Nallalam|Nallalam]]
|-
|43
|Kolathara
|-
|44
|Kundayithodu
|-
|45
|[[Cheruvannur Nallalam|Cheruvannur]] East
|-
|46
|[[Cheruvannur Nallalam|Cheruvannur]] West
|-
|47
|[[Beypore]] Port
|-
|48
|[[Beypore]]
|-
|49
|Marad
|-
|50
|Naduvattam
|-
|51
|Punjappadam
|-
|52
|Arakkinar
|-
|53
|Mathottam
|}
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
|+Other local bodies
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Local body type
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
| [[Feroke]]
| [[Municipalities of Kerala|Municipality]]
| [[Kozhikode]]
|-
| [[Ramanattukara]]
| [[Municipalities of Kerala|Municipality]]
| [[Kozhikode]]
|-
| [[Kadalundi]]
| [[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]
| [[Kozhikode]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} {{Party index link|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama
Sabha
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
| rowspan="2" |K. Chathunni
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|1967 – 1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|1970 – 1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
| rowspan="2" |N. P. Moideen
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
|K. Moosakutty
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=9}}
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
| rowspan="3" |[[T. K. Hamza]]
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|1996 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
|[[V. K. C. Mammed Koya]]
|2001 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
| rowspan="2" |[[Elamaram Kareem]]
|2006 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|V. K. C. Mammed Koya
|2016-2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
| rowspan="2" |[[P. A. Mohammed Riyas]]
|Incumbent
|}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Beypore}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[P. A. Mohammed Riyas]]|votes=81,849|percentage=44.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party= UDF|candidate=[[P. V. Anvar]]|votes=74,362|percentage=40.16|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. P. Prakash Babu|votes=26,543|percentage=14.34|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=583|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =7487
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,85,150|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 2,08,059 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kerala election Results 2021 official|first=Kerala election Results 2021 official|title=Kerala election results 2021|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/partywiseresult-S11.htm?st=S11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502034330/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/partywiseresult-S11.htm?st=S11 |archive-date=2 May 2021 }}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Beypore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[P. A. Mohammed Riyas]]|votes=82,165|percentage=49.73|change={{Increase }}5.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=PM Niyas|votes=53,418|percentage=32.33|change={{decrease}}2.83}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=KP Prakash Babu|votes=26,267|percentage=15.9|change={{Decrease}}2.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Jamal Chaliyam |votes=2,029|percentage=1.23|change={{increase}}0.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=621|percentage=0.38|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party= Bahujan Samaj Party |candidate=Abdul Gafoor K. K|votes=272|percentage=0.16%|change={{increase}}0.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=PP Mohammed Riyas|votes=165|percentage=0.1|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=EM Niyas|votes=162|percentage=0.1|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Niyas K|votes=111|percentage=0.06|change={{increase}}0.06}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=28,747|percentage=17.4|change={{increase}}8.17}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,65,210|percentage=79.40|change={{decrease}}2.06}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{increase}}5.34}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,91,152 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Beypore}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[V. K. C. Mammed Koya]]|votes=69,114|percentage=44.39|change={{decrease}}2.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Adam Mulsi M. P.|votes=51751|percentage=35.16|change={{decrease}}7.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate= KP Prakash Babu|votes=27,958|percentage=17.96|change={{increase}}9.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=P. C. Muhammedkutty|votes=1,387|percentage=0.89%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Muhammed Musthafa P. P.|votes=1,126|percentage=0.72|change={{decrease}}0.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=605|percentage=0.39|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Mammed koya
|votes=355|percentage=0.23|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Adam Malique E.|votes=199|percentage=0.13|change={{decrease}}0.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Adam|votes=109|percentage=0.07|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Ajeesh Kumar Erakkathil|votes=105|percentage=0.07|change=-}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=14,363|percentage=9.23|change={{increase}}5.12}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,55,709|percentage=81.46|change={{increase}}2.59}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{decrease}}2.41}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,64,045 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Beypore}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Elamaram Kareem|votes=60,550|percentage=46.80|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Adam Mulsi M. P.|votes=55,234|percentage=42.69|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. P. Sreesan|votes=11,040|percentage=8.53|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Muhammed Musthafa|votes=954|percentage=0.74|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. S. Hariharan|votes=564|percentage=0.44|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=K. T. Latha|votes=469|percentage=0.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Adam Malique E.|votes=396|percentage=0.31|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Abdul Kareem|votes=183|percentage=0.14|change=-}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=5,316|percentage=4.11|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,29,390|percentage=78.87|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Beypore]]
* [[Kozhikode district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}
{{coords|11.17|75.80|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1965]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Kerala]]

Max von Oppenheim

2026-05-05T02:04:50Z

Veronaidw: created some article first draft

{{Short description|German lawyer, diplomat, ancient historian, and archaeologist (1860–1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Max von Oppenheim
| image = Oppenheim Circa1917.jpg
| image_size = 230
| caption = circa 1917
| signature = Signature MaxVonOppenheim LetterToMaxVanBerchem BibliothequeDeGeneve19071902.jpg
| birth_name = Max von Oppenheim
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1860|07|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Cologne]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1946|11|17|1860|07|15|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Landshut]], [[Allied-occupied Germany]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Strasbourg]], [[University of Göttingen]]
}}
'''Baron Max von Oppenheim''' (15 July 1860 – 17 November 1946) was a [[German people|German]] lawyer, diplomat, [[ancient historian]], [[Panislamism|pan-Islamist]] and [[archaeologist]]. He was a member of the [[Oppenheim family|Oppenheim banking dynasty]]. Abandoning his career in diplomacy, he discovered the site of [[Tell Halaf]] in 1899 and conducted excavations there in 1911–13 and again in 1927–29.<ref name=":0">Kim Benzel, ''[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Rayyane_Tabet_Alien_Property Rayyane Tabet / Alien Property: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin]'', v. 77, no. 2 (2019) 10.</ref> Bringing many of his finds to Berlin, he exhibited them in a private museum (The Tell Halaf Museum) in 1931.<ref name=":0" /> This was destroyed by Allied bombing in [[World War II]]; however, most of the findings were recently restored and have been exhibited again at Berlin and Bonn.

Oppenheim was a controversial figure before and during [[World War I]] because he was considered a spy by the French and British. In fact, he engaged in anti-Allied propaganda, which was aimed at stirring up the Muslim populations of the Allied-controlled territories against their colonial masters.

==Early life==
Max Oppenheim was born on 15 July 1860 in [[Cologne]] as the son of Albert Oppenheim and Pauline Engels. Albert Oppenheim, a member of the [[Jews|Jewish]] [[Oppenheim family]] of bankers, had converted to Catholicism in 1858 to marry Catholic Pauline Engels, from an established Cologne merchant family. In 1867, Max's grandfather, Simon, was awarded the title of ''[[Freiherr]]'' (Baron) in [[Austria-Hungary]]. As the title was also valid in [[Prussia]], the family now styled itself "von Oppenheim".<ref name="katalog">{{cite book|last=Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (ed.)|title=Abenteuer Orient - Max von Oppenheim und seine Entdeckung des Tell Halaf (German)|publisher=Wasmuth|year=2014|isbn=978-3-8030-3365-9}}</ref>{{rp|16,21}}

Max grew up as one of five siblings and from an early age he was exposed to art, as his father was an avid collector and patron of the arts. Although his father wanted him to work in the banking house of [[Sal. Oppenheim]], Max had other ideas. According to his unpublished memoirs, it was a Christmas gift of ''[[The Thousand and One Nights]]'' that first gave rise to his interest in the East. Max attended school at Cologne from 1866 to 1879, finishing with the ''[[Abitur]]'' at the {{ill|Apostelgymnasium|de|Apostelgymnasium}}. He then followed the wish of his father and began to study law at the University of Strasbourg. However, rather than study, he spent most of time at the ''[[Studentenverbindung]]'' "{{Interlanguage link multi|Corps Palatia-Guestphalia Freiburg|de|3=Corps Palatia-Guestphalia Freiburg|lt=Palatia}}". He then transferred to Berlin University but his lack of academic progress caused his father to recall him to Cologne where he finished his ''1. Staatsexamen'' and the doctoral exam in 1883. During his time as ''Referendar'' he learned Arabic and began to collect Oriental art.<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|16,22}} At that time, Max also did his military service in the 15th [[Uhlan]] regiment (lancers).<ref name="McMeekin">{{cite book|last=McMeekin|first=Sean|title=The Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany's Bid for World Power|url=https://archive.org/details/berlinbaghdadexp00sean|url-access=registration|publisher=Belknap Press|year=2010|isbn=9780674057395 }}</ref>{{rp|17}} He finished his ''Referendariat'' in 1891 by passing the exam as ''Assessor''.<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|22}}

==Travel in the East and diplomatic service==

In 1892, Oppenheim travelled to Spain, the [[Maghreb]] and on to [[Cairo]] where he stayed for seven months, studying Arabic and Islam. Unusually, he moved out of a European-style hotel to live in a quarter inhabited by locals. In 1893–94, Oppenheim then travelled from Cairo through the Syrian desert, Mesopotamia to Basra. He passed through areas not visited by any European explorer before him and developed a keen interest in the [[Bedouins]].<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|16,23}} Returning by way of India and ''Deutsch Ostafrika'' to Germany, in 1895 Max von Oppenheim wrote his two volume travelogue ''Vom Mittelmeer zum Persischen Golf'', which made him famous on publication in 1899/1900.<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|23}} [[T. E. Lawrence]], whom Oppenheim later met at [[Carchemish]] in 1912, called Oppenheim's work "the best book on the area I know".<ref name="McMeekin"/>{{rp|20}} In 1895, Oppenheim visited [[Constantinople]] and was received for an audience by Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]], discussing [[Panislamism]].<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|23}}

Interested in politics and diplomacy, Oppenheim tried to join the diplomatic corps but he was first rejected by Herbert von Bismarck and then ''Auswärtiges Amt'' (Foreign Office)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gossman |first1=Lionel |title=The passion of Max von Oppenheim: Archaeology and Intrigue in the Middle East from Wilhelm II to Hitler |date=2013 |publisher=Open Book Publishers |location=Cambridge |page=33 |edition=1st }}</ref> due to the Jewish background of his father.<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|23}} Using well-connected friends — including [[Paul von Hatzfeldt|Paul Graf von Hatzfeldt]]<ref name="McMeekin"/>{{rp|21}} — Oppenheim succeeded in being accepted as an attaché (which did not bestow diplomatic status) at the German General Consulate in Cairo.<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|23}} In June 1896, he arrived in Cairo which was to be his home for the next thirteen years. Not issued with any specific instructions, he made use of his freedom to engage in freelance activities, sending reports of his impressions to his superiors in Berlin (over the years totaling around 500). However, most of his messages were simply filed without comment, only rarely distributed more widely within the diplomatic service. Oppenheim was more successful in establishing a network of upper class acquaintances in Cairo, both European and local.<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|23}}

This activity and his views in support of the German government's colonial ambitions caused considerable mistrust among the British in Egypt, worried about German designs on the country (which had become a de facto protectorate in 1882), the [[Suez Canal]] and the lifeline to their possessions in India. The British press repeatedly agitated against him, even styling him a "master spy of the Kaiser".<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|23–24}} For example, when tensions were later heightened by the [[Aqaba]] border crisis,1906, British and French papers accused Oppenheim of acting in ways to incite pan-Islamic jihadi massacres of Europeans and of plotting with anti-French Algerian, and anti-Italian Tripolitan, rebels.<ref name="McMeekin"/>{{rp|26}}<ref name="Owen">{{cite book|last=Owen|first=Roger|title=Lord Cromer - Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul|publisher=OUP|year=2004|isbn=978-0-19-925338-8}}</ref>{{rp|333–341}}

On one of several trips he made while stationed at Cairo, in 1899 Oppenheim travelled via [[Aleppo]] to [[Damascus]] and northern Mesopotamia on behalf of [[Deutsche Bank]], working on establishing a route for the [[Bagdad Railway|Baghdad Railway]]. On 19 November, he discovered the archaeological site of [[Tell Halaf]], following up on tales told to him by local villagers of stone idols buried beneath the sand. Within three days, several significant pieces of statuary were uncovered, including the so-called "Sitting Goddess". A test pit uncovered the entrance to the "Western Palace". Since he had no legal permit to excavate, Oppenheim had the statues he found reburied and moved on. Deutsche Bank was not satisfied with his work on the railway and he was subsequently dismissed as an advisor. He continued to work in Cairo as a diplomat until 1910 when he was dismissed from the diplomatic service with the rank of ''Ministerresident'' on 1 November.<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|16,24,63}}

==Excavations at Tell-Halaf==
[[File:Tell Halaf Raubvogel Seitenansicht.jpg|left|thumb|Reconstructed bird statue found at Tell Halaf (184 by 70 by 70 cm)]]
[[File:AdanaMuseumTellHalaf.jpg|thumb|Statue of a male from the cult room at Tell Halaf, today at the [[Adana Archaeology Museum|Adana Museum, Turkey]]]]
[[File:Syrian - Slab with Six-Winged Goddess - Walters 2116.jpg|thumb|Relief of a six-winged [[Genius (mythology)|genius]] from the palace at Tell Halaf, confiscated by the US government in 1943, today at the [[Walters Art Museum]], Baltimore]]
[[File:Tell Halaf Skorpionvogelmann.jpg|thumb|Scorpion-birdman from the Scorpion Gate at the Western Palace of Tell Halaf, damaged by fire in 1943 and restored]]
[[File:Tell Halaf Zierbesatz Kleidung.jpg|thumb|Replica of a gold clothing ornament found at Tell Halaf]]

According to noted archaeologist [[Ernst Herzfeld]], he had urged Oppenheim in 1907 to excavate Tell Halaf and they made some initial plans towards this goal at that time. In August 1910, Herzfeld wrote a letter calling on Oppenheim to explore the site and had it circulated to several leading archaeologists like [[Theodor Noldeke]] or [[Ignaz Goldziher]] to sign. Armed with this letter, Max von Oppenheim was now able to ask for his dismissal from the service (which he did on 24 October 1910) while being able to call on financing from his father for the excavation.<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|48–49}}

With a team of five archaeologists, and additionally recruiting more than 500 residents to assist with the excavations,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Benzel |first1=Kim |title=Rayyane Tabet / Alien Property |last2=Tabet |first2=Rayyane |last3=Davies |first3=Clare |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=2019 |isbn= |location= |pages=6 |author-link2=Rayyane Tabet}}</ref> Oppenheim planned a digging campaign that began on 5 August 1911. Substantial equipment was imported, including a small steam train. The costs totaled around 750,000 Mark and were covered by von Oppenheim's father. On arrival, the archaeologists discovered that since 1899 locals had uncovered some of the findings and heavily damaged them - in part out of superstition, in part to gain valuable building material.

During the excavations Oppenheim found the ruins of the [[Aramaean]] town of Guzana (or Gozan), which flourished at the turn of the 2nd/1st millennium BC. Significant finds included the large statues and reliefs of the so-called "Western Palace" built by King [[Kapara]], as well as a cult room and tombs. After a revolt, the Aramaean palace had been destroyed and Guzana became an [[Assyria]]n province. Some of the statuary was found reused in buildings from the [[Hellenistic period]]. In addition, they discovered [[Neolithic]] pottery from around 6,000 to 5,000 BC of a type which became known as ''[[Halaf culture]]'' after the site where it was first found. At the time, this was the oldest painted pottery ever found (together with those discovered at [[Samarra]] by Herzfeld).<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|25,48–49,64–66}} A statue of a seated figure referred to as "Venus" as well as [[Megalithic architectural elements|orthostats]] which decorated the exterior of the palace were also found, they were made out of [[basalt]] and dated back to the [[Neo-Hittite states|Neo-Hittite]] period.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/827295?&exhibitionId=%7B10143e6e-be5f-4a0a-81cc-d423be312244%7D&oid=827295&pkgids=597&pg=0&rpp=20&pos=21&ft=*&offset=20|access-date=2021-02-08|website=www.metmuseum.org |title=Seated figure | Neo-Hittite }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/objects?exhibitionId=%7B10143e6e-be5f-4a0a-81cc-d423be312244%7D#!?offset=0&perPage=20|access-date=2021-02-08|website=www.metmuseum.org |title=Selected Artworks }}</ref>

In 1913, Oppenheim also discovered the reliefs at the Djebelet el-Beda before deciding to return temporarily to Germany.<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|16}} The finds of Tell Halaf were left at the building he and his team had inhabited during the dig. Most of them were securely packaged and stored.<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|66–67}}

==First World War==
The outbreak of [[World War I]] prevented him from returning, however. As an expert on the East, the Foreign Office asked him to summarise the many different strategic ideas floating around in the ministry. The result was his ''Denkschrift betreffend die Revolutionierung der islamischen Gebiete unserer Feinde'' ("Memorandum on revolutionizing the Islamic territories of our enemies") of October 1914. The memo argued for enlisting the Sultan to call on the world's Muslims to engage in a [[Holy War]] against the colonial powers, France and Great Britain. To develop the necessary propaganda, the ''Nachrichtenstelle für den Orient'' ([[Intelligence Bureau for the East]]) was established in Berlin. Oppenheim became its head.<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|16,25}}

In November 1914, Sultan [[Mehmed V]] indeed called for a jihad against the enemies of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In 1915, Oppenheim was sent to the German embassy at Constantinople to disseminate propaganda material in the Ottoman Empire. On one of several trips he made at the time, he met [[Faisal I of Iraq|Prince Faisal]] in early 1915, trying to win him for the German side, unaware that Faisal's father, [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|Hussein]] was negotiating with the British almost simultaneously. Whilst their attempt to incite an Arab rebellion was eventually successful, Oppenheim failed.<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|16,25}}

In late 1915, British High Commissioner in Cairo [[Henry McMahon (diplomat)|Henry McMahon]] claimed in a report that Oppenheim had been making speeches in [[mosques]] approving of the [[Armenian genocide|massacre of Armenians]] initiated by the [[Young Turks|Young Turk government]] earlier that year.<ref>{{cite book|last=McMahon|first=Henry|title=The War: German attempts to fan Islamic feeling|year=1915|publisher=British Library|location=London|url=http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=IOR/L/PS/11/99_P_4180/1915}}</ref>

Oppenheim was credited with being the one who came up with the dual approach to fighting the British and French: through regular troops and by encouraging uprisings by the masses.<ref name="Schwanitz">{{Citation | last =Schwanitz | first =Wolfgang G. | title =Djihad 'made in Germany'. Der Streit um den Heiligen Krieg 1914–1915 | journal =Sozial. Geschichte. Zeitschrift für historische Analyse des 20. Und 21. Jahrhunderts | volume =18 | issue = H. 2 | pages = 7–34 | year = 2003}}</ref> Some among the Arabs reportedly referred to Oppenheim as ''Abu Jihad'' ("Father of Holy War").<ref name="Bremm">{{cite book|last=Bremm|first=Klaus Jürgen|title=Propaganda im Ersten Weltkrieg (German)|publisher=Theiss|year=2014|isbn=978-3806227543}}</ref>

In 1917, Oppenheim returned to Berlin and began to work on the publication of his excavation results.<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|16}}

==Weimar Republic and second excavation at Tell Halaf==
With Germany initially not a member of the [[League of Nations]], there was no way for Oppenheim to resume his excavations. He decided to become a private scholar. In 1922, Oppenheim founded the ''Orient-Forschungsinstitut'' in Berlin. At the institute young scholars from various disciplines worked together to advance the study of Middle Eastern culture and history. In the [[Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic|inflation of 1923]] Oppenheim lost most of his financial wealth. From then on, he was forced to rely on loans and support from friends and relatives.<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|25–26}}

In 1926, Germany joined the League of Nations. Preparing for new excavations, in 1927 Oppenheim again travelled to Tell Halaf. Artillery fire exchanged between Ottoman and French troops in the final days of the war had severely damaged the building and the archaeological findings had to be dug out of the rubble. Once again, it was found that the locals had damaged some of the stone workings. Since he had made plaster casts during the original excavation, Oppenheim was able to repair most of the damage done to the statues and [[orthostat]] reliefs. He managed to achieve a generous division of his previous finds with the authorities of the [[French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|French Mandate]]. His share (about two-thirds of the total) was transported to Berlin, the rest was brought to Aleppo, where Oppenheim installed a museum that became the nucleus of today's [[National Museum of Aleppo|National Museum]].<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|26}}

In 1929, he resumed excavations and the new findings were divided. That year, Oppenheim also founded the ''Max-von-Oppenheim-Stiftung'' to ensure work on his findings continued after his death.<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|16}}

==Foundation of the Tell Halaf Museum and later life==
Attempts to have his findings exhibited at the newly constructed [[Pergamon Museum]] failed, as the museum refused to agree to Oppenheim's financial demands. He thus opened his own private "Tell Halaf Museum" in an industrial complex in Berlin-Charlottenburg in July 1930. The museum's concept of presenting the exhibits is considered quite modern even by today's standards. It was subsequently visited and remarked upon by archaeologist [[Max Mallowan]], his wife [[Agatha Christie]] and [[Samuel Beckett]]. The 1936 Baedeker guidebook on Berlin recommended a visit.<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|26}}
[[File:Max von Oppenheim grave.jpg|200px|thumb|Max von Oppenheim grave in Landshut, Landshuter Stadtkreis Bavaria (Bayern), Germany]]
After the [[Nazis]] took power in 1933, Oppenheim's Jewish background became a potential threat. Probably protected by old acquaintances in the scientific community, he was able to continue with his scholarly work.<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|26}} Apparently, this involved some efforts to fit into the intellectual climate of the time. According to historian Sean McMeekin: "In a speech before Nazi dignitaries, he went so far as to flatly ascribe his statues to the 'Aryan' culture, and he even received support from the Nazi government."<ref name="McMeekin"/>{{rp|18}} Oppenheim once again wrote a memorandum on Middle Eastern strategic policies. In 1939, he once more travelled to Syria for excavations, coming within sight of Tell Halaf. However, the French authorities refused to award him a permit to dig and he had to depart. With debts of 2 million [[Reichsmark]], Oppenheim was in dire financial trouble. He unsuccessfully tried to sell some of his finds in New York and again negotiated with the German government about the purchase of the Tell Halaf artefacts. While these negotiations continued, the museum was hit by an [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[phosphorus bomb]] in November 1943. It burnt down completely, all wooden and [[limestone]] exhibits were destroyed. Those made from [[basalt]] were exposed to a [[thermal shock]] during attempts to fight the fire and severely damaged. Many statues and reliefs burst into dozens of pieces. Although the [[Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin]] took care of the remains, months passed before all of the pieces had been recovered and they were further damaged by frost and summer heat.<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|26,67}}

Artefacts which Oppenheim had left in storage in New York (including orthostats from Tell Halaf) after unsuccessful attempts to sell them were managed under the Office of Alien Property Custodian, which in 1943 mandated that Oppenheim's property be treated as under the control of the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tabet|first=Rayyanne|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SYnCuPtQbRP03_mQ352nrXKRQnjh79B9/view|title=Alien Property|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin|year=2019|isbn=|location=|pages=15}}</ref>

A bombing raid in 1943 also destroyed Oppenheim's apartment in Berlin and with it much of his library and art collection. He then moved to Dresden, where he lived through the [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II|firebombing of February 1945]]. Having lost virtually all his possessions, Oppenheim moved to {{Interlanguage link multi|Schloss Ammerland|de}} in Bavaria, where he stayed with his sister. He died on 15 November 1946 at the age of 86, in [[Landshut]], and is buried there.<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|16,26}}

Oppenheim's grave is a [[basalt]] replica of the bottom half of the seated woman statue which he adored. It is evident he admired this statue, as [[Agatha Christie]] in her memoirs recalls Oppenheim looking up at this statue whilst on a tour of The [[Tell Halaf|Tell Halaf Museum]] in [[Berlin]] and exclaiming, "Ah my beautiful Venus."<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Benzel|first1=Kim|title=Rayyane Tabet / Alien Property|last2=Tabet|first2=Rayyane|last3=Davies|first3=Clare|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin|year=2019|isbn=|location=New York|pages=22}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Carved stucco wall from Kharab Sayyar in northern Syria. 9th-10th century CE. Obviously influenced by Samarra art. Islamic Art Museum (Museum für Islamische Kunst), Berlin.jpg|thumb|Carved stucco wall from Kharab Sayyar in northern Syria. Excavated by Oppenheim in 1913, 9th-10th century CE. Museum für Islamische Kunst, Berlin]]
Stored in the cellars of the Pergamon Museum during the period of communist rule under the [[GDR]], the remains were left untouched. After reunification, the ''Masterplan Museumsinsel'' of 1999 brought up the idea of having the Western Palace front from Tell Halaf restored. With financial support from Sal. Oppenheim and the [[Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft]] the Vorderasiatisches Museum engaged in its largest-scale restoration project since the reconstruction of the [[Ishtar Gate]]. From 2001 to 2010, more than 30 sculptures were reconstructed out of around 27,000 fragments. They were exhibited at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin in 2011 and at the [[Bundeskunsthalle]] Bonn in 2014. The latter exhibition focused not just on the archaeological finds but also on the person of Max von Oppenheim, who has been called "the last of the great amateur archaeological explorers of the Near East".<ref name="katalog"/>{{rp|67–68}}<ref>Gary Beckman, reviewing Nadia Cholidis and Lutz Martin, ''Der Tell Halaf und sein Ausgräber Max Freiherr von Guy Oppenheim: Kopf hoch! Mut hoch! und Humor hoch!'' (Mainz) 2002, in ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' '''123'''.1 (January 2003), p. 253.</ref><ref name="TS">{{cite web|url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/tell-halaf-museum-eine-goettin-kehrt-zurueck/1972812.html|title=Eine Göttin kehrt zurück (German)|publisher=Tagesspiegel| date= 26 January 2011 |first= Rolf|last=Brockschmidt|access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref> When the reconstruction of the Museumsinsel is completed around 2025, the Western Palace façade will be the entrance to the new Vorderasiatisches Museum.<ref name="WA">{{cite web|url= http://www.wa.de/nachrichten/kultur/nrw/ausstellung-geretteten-goetter-tell-halaf-berlin-1099385.html|title=Ausstellung der "geretteten Götter von Tell Halaf" in Berlin (German)|publisher=Westdeutsche Allgemeine| date= 27 January 2011 |first= Klaus|last=Grimberg |access-date=22 July 2014}}</ref>

== Publications ==
* ''Vom Mittelmeer zum persischen Golf durch den Haurän, die syrische Wüste und Mesopotamien'', 2 vols., 1899/1900
* ''Rabeh und Tschadseegebiet'', 1902
* ''Der Tell Halaf und die verschleierte Göttin.'' Leipzig: Hinrichs 1908.
* ''Die Revolutionierung der islamischen Gebiete unserer Feinde.'' 1914.
* ''Der Tell Halaf: Eine neue Kultur im ältesten Mesopotamien.'' [[F. A. Brockhaus]], Leipzig 1931.
* ''Tell Halaf I'', 1943 (with Hubert Schmidt)
* ''Tell Halaf II'', 1950 (with R. Naumann)
* Die Beduinen vols I - IV (1939 - 1967)

==See also==
* [[Neo-Hittite states|Syro-Hittite states]]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Nadja Cholidis, Lutz Martin: ''Kopf hoch! Mut hoch! und Humor hoch! Der Tell Halaf und sein Ausgräber Max Freiherr von Oppenheim.'' (German) Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2002, {{ISBN|3-8053-2853-2}}.
* Nadja Cholidis, Lutz Martin: ''Tell Halaf. Im Krieg zerstörte Denkmäler und ihre Restaurierung.'' (German)[[De Gruyter]], Berlin 2010, {{ISBN|978-3-11-022935-6}}.
* Nadja Cholidis, Lutz Martin (ed.): ''Die geretteten Götter aus dem Palast von Tell Halaf.'' (German) Catalogue, Verlag Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2011, {{ISBN|978-3-7954-2449-7}}
* Heike Liebau: "[https://www.projekt-mida.de/reflexicon/unternehmungen-und-aufwiegelungen-das-berliner-indische-unabhaengigkeitskomitee-in-den-akten-des-politischen-archivs-des-auswaertigen-amts-1914-1920/ „Unternehmungen und Aufwiegelungen“: Das Berliner Indische Unabhängigkeitskomitee in den Akten des Politischen Archivs des Auswärtigen Amts (1914–1920)]." In: ''[https://www.projekt-mida.de/rechercheportal/reflexicon/ MIDA Archival Reflexicon]'' (2019), ISSN 2628-5029, 1–11
*[[Winfried Orthmann]]: ''Die aramäisch-assyrische Stadt Guzana. Ein Rückblick auf die Ausgrabungen Max von Oppenheims in Tell Halaf.'' (German) Schriften der Max Freiherr von Oppenheim-Stiftung. H. 15. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2005, {{ISBN|3-447-05106-X}}.

==External links==
* [http://arachne.uni-koeln.de/drupal/?q=en/node/197 The Max von Oppenheim photo collection]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051025132252/http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/orient/htm/library/oppenheim.htm Bibliothek der Max Freiherr von Guy Oppenheim Stiftung] at www.uni-koeln.de
* [http://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/163/the-passion-of-max-von-oppenheim--archaeology-and-intrigue-in-the-middle-east-from-wilhelm-ii-to-hitler Lionel Gossman: ''The Passion of Max von Oppenheim: Archaeology and Intrigue in the Middle East from Wilhelm II to Hitler'']
* {{DNB portal|118736418|TYP=}}
* [http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz73642.html Biography at NDB (German)]
* [http://www.bundeskunsthalle.de/en/exhibitions/an-oriental-adventure.html Exhibition at Bundeskunsthalle]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171010103852/http://ww2.smb.museum/smb/gerettete-goetter/index.php?node_id=1&lang=en Past exhibition in 2011 at the Pergamon Museum]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oppenheim Max}}
[[Category:1860 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Christians]]
[[Category:20th-century Christians]]
[[Category:Archaeologists from the Kingdom of Prussia]]
[[Category:19th-century German archaeologists]]
[[Category:German people of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:20th-century German politicians]]
[[Category:Jurists from Cologne]]
[[Category:People from the Rhine Province]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Ottoman Empire in World War I]]
[[Category:German orientalists]]
[[Category:Explorers of West Asia]]
[[Category:Oppenheim family (Cologne)]]
[[Category:Archaeologists from North Rhine-Westphalia]]
[[Category:19th-century German male writers]]

Gandhian, Punjab

2026-04-30T00:42:24Z

Veronaidw: new

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{orphan|date=January 2023}}
{{One source|date=January 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
'''Gandhian village''' is located in [[Gurdaspur]] tehsil in Gurdaspur [[district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandhian Village in Gurdaspur, Gurdaspur, Punjab – Info & Details: |url=https://villageatlas.com/punjab/gurdaspur/gurdaspur/gandhian |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=villageatlas.com}}</ref> This village is 6 km from the district headquarters in Gurdaspur.

Gandhian village is also a [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]]. Its population is 2,696, of which males are 1,386 and females are 1,310. Its literacy rate is 68.51%. Its [[Postal Index Number]] is 143531.{{citation needed|date= January 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Gurdaspur district]]

Santa Khurai

2026-04-26T22:27:50Z

Veronaidw: Put up initial data more to come - done

{{Short description|Indian activist}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Santa Khurai
| image = File:Santa Khurai (Thangjam Santa Singh).jpg|thumb|Santa Khurai
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India
| occupation = Artist, writer, activist
| known_for = [[Transgender rights movement|Transgender rights activism]], writing, filmmaking
| notable_works = ''The Yellow Sparrow'', ''Men Shaman of Manipur – Nupa Amaibi'', ''Nawa – The Spirit of Atey''
| style = Documentary, activist art
| movement = Trans rights, [[indigenous feminism]], [[Meitei people|Meitei]] cultural revival
| organizations = All Manipur Nupi Maanbi Association (AMANA)
| website =
}}
'''Santa Khurai''' is a [[Meitei language|Meitei]]: {{transliteration|mni|Nupi Maanbi}} (transgender woman) gender-rights [[activist]], writer, and artist from [[Manipur]], India. She is a member of the [[Indigenous peoples|Indigenous]] community of Manipur, the [[Meitei people]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rescuing traditional queerness: An interview with Santa Khurai |url=https://in.boell.org/en/2020/08/31/rescuing-traditional-queerness-interview-santa-khurai |date=4 September 2020|first1=Alessandra|last1=Monticelli |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung: India Office |language=en}}</ref> She is the secretary of the All Manipur Nupi Maanbi Association (AMANA).<ref name=":0" />

She filed a [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigation]] (PIL) in the [[Supreme Court of India]],challenging the constitutional validity of Clauses 12 and 51 of the Guidelines on Blood Donor Selection and Blood Donor Referral, 2017, issued by the National Transfusion Council and the National AIDS Control Organization under the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]].<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2021-03-06 |title=Why trans, gay and female sex workers can't be blood donors: PIL |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pil-why-cant-gays-transgenders-be-blood-donors/articleshow/81358671.cms |access-date=2023-02-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Khurai has also presented a statement at the 48th session of the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]], held in September 2021 in [[Geneva]]. The statement was made on behalf of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons from 14 countries from the Global East and the [[Global South]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-18 |title=Santa Khurai Presents Statement on LGBTIQ in the 48th Human Rights Council Session Held in Geneva |work=Ukhrul Times |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/santa-khurai-presents-statement-on-lgbtiq-in-the-48th-human-rights-council-session-held-in-geneva/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Khurai has led trainings of trainers on [[international human rights law]]. She has also created films ''Men Shaman of Manipur - Nupa Amaibi'' supported by [[Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung]], released in 2021 and ''Nawa – The Spirit of Atey'', which won the best film award in the non-fiction film competition section at the Nagaland Film Festival 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title=2nd Nagaland Film Fest concludes |work=Nagaland Post |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2nd-nagaland-film-fest-concludes/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

⁠Santa Khurai was invited by the University of California, Berkeley to give a book talk on The Yellow Sparrow: Memoir of a Transgender on March 12, 2025.
<ref> https://events.berkeley.edu/csas/event/285760-santa-khurai-the-yellow-sparrow-memoir-of-a-transgend </ref>

== Activism ==

=== Public Interest Litigation: Constitutionality of Blood Donation Guidelines ===
Santa Khurai filed a [[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) ''Thangjam Santa Singh @ Santa Khurai vs Union of India & Ors.'' in the [[Supreme Court of India]] in March 2021. The PIL challenges Clauses 12 and 51 of the Guidelines on Blood Donor Selection and Blood Donor Referral issued by the National Blood Transfusion Council (NBTC) and the [[National AIDS Control Organisation]] (NACO) in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Debayan |title=Supreme Court agrees to examine Centre's Blood Donor guidelines that prohibit donations from gay men and transgender persons |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/supreme-court-blood-donor-guidelines-prohibit-donations-gay-men-transgender-persons |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India"/> These clauses permanently banned [[transgender]] persons, [[men who have sex with men]], and female [[sex worker]]s from donating blood. The guidelines considered this group of persons as "at risk" for [[HIV]], [[Hepatitis B]] and [[Hepatitis C]] infections. Khurai pointed out that the effect of these guidelines was felt the most during the pandemic, when transgender persons were unable to donate blood to other members of their community during emergencies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-05 |title=Bar on transgender persons, others from donating blood: SC seeks govt's response |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-seeks-centre-response-on-barring-transgenders-gay-people-from-donating-blood-101614936356466.html |access-date=2023-02-03 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Khurai sought to strike down Clauses 12 and 51 of the Guidelines as unconstitutional and in violation of Articles 14, 15 and 21 of the [[Constitution of India]], 1950. She argued that the grounds for the permanent ban were arbitrary, discriminatory and unscientific.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Palak |date=2021-03-23 |title='Why Question Our Character, Sexual Orientation for Donating Blood?' Manipur Trans Woman Activist Challenges Donation Guidelines |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/lgbtq/sc-guidelines-ban-transgender-persons-blood-donation-27496 |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=thelogicalindian.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203073133/https://thelogicalindian.com/lgbtq/sc-guidelines-ban-transgender-persons-blood-donation-27496 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Imposition of a life-long ban on certain marginalized sections, instead of a three-month or 45-day deferral from the last high-risk sexual contact, or just screening their blood as per the usual norms — ends up in stigmatizing the said communities as they are not based on how HIV-transmission actually works, nor are they based on the actual risks involved in specific activities and lets the individuals who may still engage in high-risk behavior donate.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rakshit |first=Devrupa |date=2021-03-08 |title=It's Discriminatory to Ban Blood Donation Based on Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation: PIL Before SC |url=https://theswaddle.com/its-discriminatory-to-ban-blood-donation-based-on-gender-identity-sexual-orientation-pil-before-sc/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=The Swaddle |language=en-US}}</ref>

The permanent ban violates Article 14 and 15, which ensure Equality of All Persons and prohibit discrimination as it:

a) Deprives [[transgender]] persons, [[gay]] and bisexual men, and female sex workers of the right to donate blood and considers them ‘at risk’ is based on gender identity and sexual orientation

b)There is no correlation between the goal to make blood donation safe, and the exclusion of said group of persons, and

c) Basis for exclusion is negative stereotypes in society against this group of persons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thangjam Santa Singh @Santa Khurai vs Union of India & Ors. |url=https://clpr.org.in/litigation/thangjam-santa-singh-santa-khurai-vs-union-of-india-ors/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Centre for Law & Policy Research |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Supreme Court has issued notice to the Respondents and the case is currently pending.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutionality of Blood Donation Guidelines |url=https://www.scobserver.in/cases/santa-khurai-v-union-of-india-constitutionality-of-blood-donation-guidelines-case-background/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

Hearing Santa Khurai's petition, the Supreme Court of India asked, 'Are We Going To Brand Them All Risky?' as reported by Live Laws.14 May 2025.<ref> https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-pil-against-ban-on-blood-donations-by-transgenders-gay-people-sex-workers-branding-stigmatizing-as-risky-292156 </ref>

=== The All Manipur Nupi Maanbi Association (AMANA) ===
In 2010, Khurai was invited to be part of a [[Universal Periodic Review]] (UPR) working session, a [[United Nations|UN]] human rights initiative, in [[Delhi]]. Upon her return to [[Manipur]], she became the Secretary of the All Manipur Nupi Maanbi Association (AMANA), a coalition working towards raising awareness of [[Transgender rights movement|trans rights]] in Manipur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2017-08-06 |title=Manipur's foremost transgender activist, Santa Khurai, looks back at the movement she helped shape |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/the-beauty-of-it-all-manipurs-foremost-transgender-activist-santa-khurai-looks-back-at-the-movement-she-helped-shape-4783869/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Soon after Khurai joined, AMANA organised the Trans Queen Contest North East, to use fashion and beauty to bring the trans community forward and help expand the AMANA network in the region.<ref name=":0" />

AMANA also organised the distribution of ''phaneks'' worn by mothers, which were collected by allies for trans women as a symbol of encouragement and acceptance.<ref>{{Cite news |author1=Vangamla Salle K S|date=2022-03-31 |title=Gifting of Emagi Phanek a shot in the arm for Manipur's Nupi Maanbi |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/news/2022/03/31/gifting-of-emagi-phanek-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-manipurs-nupi-maanbi/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |work=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref>

Along with Solidarity and Action Against [[HIV/AIDS|HIV Infection]] in [[India]] (SAATHII), AMANA co-implemented a short-term research-based project titled "Pheida - Gender at the Periphery" that sought to study elements in the history of gender inclusivity in Manipuri society.

As an [[Meitei people|Indigenous Manipuri]] {{transliteration|mni|Nupi Maanbi}}, Khurai has objected to the use of the term "[[Bahujan]]" in describing a {{transliteration|mni|Nupi Maanbi}} ('[[transgender]] women' in English), highlighting how indigenous people understand their world and how different it is from Indian mainland narratives that attempt to assimilate them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Arnapal |first1=Maisnam |last2=DasGupta |first2=Debanuj |date=2023-05-04 |title=Between 'Cheeni' and 'Nupi Maanbi': Transgender politics in Manipur at the intersection of nation and Indigeneity |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14746689.2023.2232174 |journal=South Asian Popular Culture |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=223–234 |doi=10.1080/14746689.2023.2232174 |issn=1474-6689|url-access=subscription }}</ref> She has spoken about how the [[Caste system in India|caste system]] comprising identities such as Savarna, [[Vaishya]] and [[Shudra]], is detached from Meitei realities.<ref>{{Cite web |author=anoubameerol |date=2020-06-24 |title=I am an Indigenous Nupi Maanbi, I am not a Bahujan: Santa Khurai |url=http://anoubameerol.com/i-am-an-indigenous-nupi-maanbi-i-am-not-a-bahujan-santa-khurai/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Anouba Meerol |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Manipur's First Transgender Women's Grievance Cell===
Under the aegis of the [[Manipur State Commission for Women]], Khurai played an instrumental role in setting up Manipur's first Transgender Women's Grievance Cell, which works to eradicate structural and institutionalised discrimination against trans women and help them access and navigate the judicial and law enforcement systems in Manipur. Cases reported to the Cell are directed to the State Women's Commission, who can then escalate them to the Social Welfare Department or a relevant body for intervention.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Trans-identity passports a must urges this young trans-woman from Imphal. |url=https://bookofachievers.com/articles/its-time-we-got-our-trans-identity-passports-urges-imphals-trans-woman |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=BookOfAchievers |language=en-IN}}</ref> Santa Khurai heads the Cell, along with Bonita Pebam, Roro Khumanthem, and Zen Pui.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Akshita |date=2021-04-12 |title=Manipur Inaugurated Its First Transgender Women's Grievance Cell |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2021/04/12/manipur-first-transgender-women-grievance-cell/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Other Advocacy Efforts ===
Growing up in a home with no support from her parents, Khurai set up the first [[beauty salon]] run by a trans person in Manipur in the 1990s in order to support herself. The salon's success inspired others in the trans community to open their own salons and provide livelihood opportunities for others.<ref name=":0" /> In the 90s, she also led a {{transliteration|mni|Nupi Maanbi}} dance team called the "Seven Sisters".

Khurai has been working on gender and sexual minorities rights issues for the last twenty years. She is also associated with Solidarity and Action Against HIV Infection in India (SAATHII), and was a fellow at the Asia Pacific Trans Network (APTN) and RFSL Sweden.<ref name="orfaleacenter.ucsb.edu">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-07 |title=Santa Khurai-All Manipur Nupi Maanbi Association – Global Genders and Sexualities |url=https://orfaleacenter.ucsb.edu/santa-khurai-all-manipur-nupi-maanbi-association-global-genders-and-sexualities/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Orfalea Center for Global & International Studies |language=en-US}}</ref>

At the 48th [[United Nations Human Rights Council|Human Rights Council]] Session held in [[Geneva]] in September 2021, Khurai presented a statement to the [[United Nations special rapporteur|Special Rapporteur]] on Water and Sanitation on behalf of LGBTI persons from 14 countries from the Global East and [[Global South]]. Her statement highlighted issues faced by the LGBTIQ+ community related to democratic access to safe water and [[sanitation]], including violations of [[Human right to water and sanitation|rights to safe water and sanitation]], due to a range of harmful norms and stereotypes. She also highlighted the adverse effects of [[water privatization]] and [[climate change]], water crises and [[contamination]], and how these disproportionately impact indigenous trans persons. Her statement sought the Special Rapporteur to engage and consult with LGBTI persons from underrepresented regions on these issues.

Khurai also advocated for separate toilets for transgender persons during the Sangai Film Festival. The State Tourism Department accepted the proposal to provide such toilets in order to alleviate the difficulties that the community faces in addressing public toilets. This was the first time that separate toilets for trans persons were assured during a festival in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-19 |title=Manipur Sangai Festival to have separate toilets for transgenders |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manipur-sangai-festival-to-have-separate-toilets-for-transgenders/articleshow/61709101.cms |access-date=2023-02-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Khurai has also helped many trans persons in Manipur get their [[gender identity]] legally updated through the necessary documentation, enabling them to obtain [[passport]]s with trans identification.<ref name=":1" />

=== Covid-19 efforts ===
She filed a PIL seeking inclusion of the trans community into the COVID-19 relief scheme that aimed to uplift lives of residents during the pandemic. The Manipur High Court (HC) directed the state government to include transgender communities within the COVID-19 Affected Livelihood Support Scheme, after her PIL.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=North East |date=2021-09-23 |title=Manipur High Court Bats For Inclusion, Asks Govt To Include Transgenders In Covid Relief Schemes |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2021/09/23/manipur-high-court-bats-for-inclusion-asks-govt-to-include-transgenders-in-covid-relief-schemes/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

They also set up dedicated quarantine centres for stranded members of the transgender community who are returning to the state amid a nationwide lockdown. Two separate quarantine spaces, including a dedicated centre for the trans community, were set up in Imphal. This happened only after Khurai's PIL and is possibly a first of such steps taken for the trans community there.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-21 |title=Manipur to set up dedicated quarantine centre for transgender community |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-first-to-set-up-dedicated-quarantine-centre-for-transgender-community-6421425/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Khurai's other efforts for COVID include organising a crowdfunding campaign for children to raise funds for gadgets to help them study online during the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-21 |title=This Santa empowers kids with online education |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/this-santa-empowers-kids-with-online-education/articleshow/77083811.cms |access-date=2023-02-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Supreme Court Intervention and Arrest Stay===

Santa Khurai has initiated legal proceedings by filing a petition with the Supreme Court against the State of Manipur. The petition pertained to a case filed against her for a social media post in which she raised concerns about the alleged mishandling of transgender welfare funds by the Manipur State Welfare Department. The Supreme Court intervened on her behalf, issuing a stay on her potential arrest and stipulating her full cooperation with the ongoing investigation. This development holds a significant moment in her activism and the broader context of transgender rights in India.<ref>SC prevents Manipur police from arresting transgender activist over FB post [https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-prevents-manipur-police-from-arresting-transgender-activist-over-fb-post-101697639232432.html]
</ref>

== Media and Publications ==

=== Writings ===
Khurai is the author of several articles<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neglected history of a dwindling identity {{!}} Heinrich Böll Stiftung {{!}} India Office |url=https://in.boell.org/en/2021/02/19/neglected-history-dwindling-identity |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="The forbidden prophecies" {{!}} Heinrich Böll Stiftung {{!}} India Office |url=https://in.boell.org/en/podcast-santa-khurai |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung |language=en}}</ref> documenting the experiences of [[Manipur]]'s {{transliteration|mni|Nupa Amaibi}} and their tradition. She is also one of the authors of ''Pheida – Gender at Periphery'',<ref>{{Cite web |title='Pheida: Gender at Periphery' released in Imphal |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/3885/pheida-gender-at-periphery-released-in-imphal |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref> highlighting the history of [[gender diversity]] and inclusivity in the Manipuri society. The book was released by traditional scholar Chanam Hemchandra Khaba in November 2020.

Khurai is a [[poet]], contributing two poems, "My Father" and "{{transliteration|mni|Nupi Maanbi Thabal}}"<ref name="orfaleacenter.ucsb.edu"/> to the [[queer]] anthology, ''The World That Belongs to Us'', presenting heterogeneous and plural South Asian voices talking about the world and their experiences of queerness.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Abhinav |date=2020-10-20 |title=Book Review: The World That Belongs To Us Edited By Aditi Angiras And Akhil Katyal |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2020/10/21/the-world-that-belongs-to-us-aditi-angiras-akhil-katyal/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In November 2022, Khurai published a book titled ''Gaining Full Citizenship of Manipuri Indigenous {{transliteration|mni|Nupi Maanbi}} and {{transliteration|mni|Nupa Maanba}}'', which explores how the transgender law and policy shape the lives of ''Nupi Maanbi'' and ''Nupa Maanba'' (transgender women and transgender men) indigenous to Manipur, their identity and community.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Gaining Full Citizenship of Manipuri Indigenous Nupi Maanbi and Nupa Maanba" released : 26th nov22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=12..261122.nov22 |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Khurai has also contributed to the book ''COVID-19 Assemblages: Queer and Feminist Ethnographies from South Asia (2022)'', published by [[Routledge]] India, with a poem titled "Looming".<ref>{{Cite web |title=COVID-19 Assemblages: Queer and Feminist Ethnographies from South Asia |url=https://www.routledge.com/COVID-19-Assemblages-Queer-and-Feminist-Ethnographies-from-South-Asia/Banerjea-Boyce-Dasgupta/p/book/9781032201108 |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Khurai |first=Santa |title=Looming |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003262251-4/looming-santa-khurai |work=COVID-19 Assemblages |doi=10.4324/9781003262251-4 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref>

In 2023, [[Speaking Tiger Books]] published The Yellow Sparrow by Santa Khurai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-16 |title=The Yellow Sparrow {{!}} Speaking Tiger Books |url=https://speakingtigerbooks.com/product/the-yellow-sparrow/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Santa Khurai has published numerous articles exploring the experiences of transgender people in various domains, such as the education of transgender children,<ref>Khurai, S. (2020). For those in lockdown – with or without coronavirus. Vartha Trust. [https://vartagensex.org/2020/06/23/for-those-in-lockdown-with-or-without-coronavirus/]</ref> dispelling misconceptions around blood donation(collaboration)<ref> Kumar, J., & Singh, A. (2023). India’s donor rules exclude trans people and gay and bisexual men, even as other nations scrap bans dating from the AIDS crisis. Openly.</ref> and promoting menstrual hygiene among transgender men.<ref>Khurai, S. (2021). ‘Mangba’ in Women did get Attention, but Transmen Still not Included in Menstrual Hygiene Awareness Program. Imphal Review of Arts and Politics. [https://imphalreviews.in/mangba-in-women-did-get-attention-but-transmen-still-not-included-in-menstrual-hygiene-awareness-program]</ref>

Khurai is a significant contributor to the zine titled ''Covid Chronicles from Manipur: Hope and Despair'',<ref>Covid Chronicles from Manipur: Hope and Despair. (2023).</ref> published on June 2, 2023, documenting the hardships experienced by the local transgender community during the COVID-19 pandemic and highlighting the support initiated by AMANA to ensure their survival.

Additionally, Santa Khurai’s insights have been featured in an interview published by the Orfalea Center for Global and International Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara.<ref>Arnapal, M. (2023, March 16). Orfalea Center Thematic Research Cluster Global Genders and Sexualities Indigenous Queer and Trans Activism on Indo-Myanmar Borderlands - Part 3 By Maisnam Arnapal. Orfalea Center for Global and International Studies. [https://orfaleacenter.ucsb.edu/santa-khurai-activist-oral-history-interview-part-3-global-genders-and-sexualities/]</ref>

''The Yellow Sparrow'' has been shortlisted for the [[Rainbow Awards|Rainbow Award]] 2024 by [https://rainbowliteraturefestival.com/ Rainbow Lit Fest], South Asia's largest queer and inclusive literary festival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-05 |title=Manipuri transgender author's memoir makes Rainbow Literature shortlist |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipuri-transgender-authors-memoir-makes-rainbow-literature-shortlist-1116222-2024-11-05 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref> It was also earlier shortlisted for the Ramnath Goenka Sahithya Samman in the non-fiction category along with Neerja Chowdhury's ''How Prime Ministers Decide'', ''The Day I Became A Runner'' by Sohini Chattopadhyay, and ''H-Pop: The Secretive World of Hindutva Pop Stars'' by Kunal Purohit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indian Express |first=Online |date=2024-11-15 |title=Ruskin Bond receives Ramnath Goenka Sahithya Samman for Lifetime Achievement |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2024/Nov/15/ruskin-bond-receives-ramnath-goenka-sahithya-samman-for-lifetime-achievement |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Films and Podcasts ===
Khurai and Amar Maibam made a [[documentary film]] titled ''Nawa – The Spirit of Atey'' <ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Khumukcham |first=Rinku |title=Nawa: Spirit of Atey - Documentary film on Trans Nupamacha screened |work=Imphal Times |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/guest-column/item/15496-nawa-spirit-of-atey-documentary-film-on-trans-nupamacha-screened |access-date=2023-02-03 |language=en-gb}}</ref> that won the best film award in the non-fiction film competition section at the Nagaland Film Festival 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title=2nd Nagaland Film Fest concludes |work=Nagaland Post |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2nd-nagaland-film-fest-concludes/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The film traces the realities of Atey, a transgender boy belonging to the Meitei community, explores his home-life and adolescent conversations, the challenges and support he receives towards his gender preference and expression. The film also talks about how the communities negotiate with their own biases to give a better life to their trans children.<ref name=":3" />

In 2022, Khurai produced a podcast titled ''The Forbidden Prophecies: Life account of Manipuri indigenous transgender Shamans'' and a film titled ''Men Shaman of Manipur - Nupa Amaibi''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Visibilizing the Invisible|url=https://in.boell.org/en/visibilizing-invisible |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung: India Office |language=en}}</ref> supported by Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, exploring the life stories of {{transliteration|mni|Nupa Amaibis}}. {{transliteration|mni|Amaibi}} is a shaman-like indigenous community in Manipur. Within {{transliteration|mni|Amaibi}}, there are men, women, and transgender shamans. However, the {{transliteration|mni|Nupa Amaibis}}, the transgender shamans, are completely invisibilized in the shaman community, facing constant rejection and denial from all parts of society in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Amaibis of Manipur: Gender-fluid Priestesses of the Sanamahi Religion |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/amaibis-manipur-gender-fluid-priestesses-sanamahi-religion |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref> With only limited literature and works referencing their historical identity, Khurai's film and podcast are an effort towards amplifying the narratives of {{transliteration|mni|Nupa Amaibis}} and resisting the erasure of their existence from the consciousness of society.<ref name=":2" />

Santa Khurai’s valuable insights and experiences have been featured in numerous podcasts where she shares her personal struggles as an activist and her resolute stance against colonialism and racism, shedding light on their profound impact on the treatment of individuals from North East India by those from Mainland India<ref>Queerness and Storytelling in India. Episode 23 with writer and gender activist Santa Khurai. (2022, November). Spotify. [https://open.spotify.com/episode/0DgEDHip7P8UL1F6ssOaX9?si=G1z-W7n_RFiNbqXBNaSjbA&nd=1&_branch_match_id=960810739486190259&_branch_referrer=H4sIAAAAAAAAA8soKSkottLXLy7IL8lMq9TLyczL1s%2BLMsn3CgkqcHVJAgBazgJcIAAAAA%3D%3D]</ref>
An episode on the ''Indian Organising Podcast'', ''Trans Right Activism with Santa Khurai'' where she engages in a comprehensive discussion about how trans rights intersect with critical issues like citizenship, documentation, access to resources, public health, water and sanitation. This illuminating conversation is hosted by Abhishek Desai and Anannya Parekh, with a production led by Suchanda Banerjee spanning two episodes.<ref>Trans Right Activism with Santa Khurai Episode 1. (2023, May 11). Indian Organising Podcast. [https://open.spotify.com/episode/1HdoxoSjuCzCxt8VukG4ho?si=vXaUaCFtTNmlUn3h-7cJRw&nd=1&_branch_match_id=960810739486190259&_branch_referrer=H4sIAAAAAAAAA8soKSkottLXLy7IL8lMq9TLyczL1g82M4uITDMocHVJAgCFWq8pIAAAAA%3D%3D]</ref><ref>Trans Rights Activism with Santa Khurai, Episode 2. (2023, May 25). Indian Organising Podcast. [https://open.spotify.com/episode/2spSD5xcieJH2i0zRn0oFI?si=2vtecsqxQmOJqGg_8tBmEg&nd=1&_branch_match_id=960810739486190259&_branch_referrer=H4sIAAAAAAAAA8soKSkottLXLy7IL8lMq9TLyczL1g8PLolwTosscHVJAgAOG1AJIAAAAA%3D%3D]</ref>
Additionally, in the podcast series ''Queering Perspective'', one episode delves into the ''Trans community in Manipur'', India. In this episode, Khurai not only explores the unique challenges faced by the trans community in Manipur but also delves into their distinctive experiences in comparison to the rest of India. Furthermore, it delves into the marginalisation of the ''Amaibi'' community, traditionally regarded as the spiritual leaders of the queer community in the region.<ref>Queering Perspective; Trans Community in Manipur. (2023, August 9). Queering Perspective. [https://kh.boell.org/en/media/audio/trans-community-manipur-india]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news |last1=Haobijam |first1=Siddharth |title=Nupi Maanbi: The Transgender of Manipur |url=https://www.advocate.com/print-issue/current-issue/2014/07/16/nupi-maanbi-transgender-manipur |work=The Advocate |date=16 July 2014 |language=en}} Photo essay
* {{cite journal |last1=Yumkhaibam |first1=Rubani |title=The Emergence of a Transgender Community in Manipur: The Case of the Nupi Maanbis |journal=Indian Journal of Gender Studies |date=June 2020 |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=205–225 |doi=10.1177/0971521520910949}}
* {{cite news |author1={{not a typo|Vangamla Salle K S}} |title=Meiteis & Nagas are only indigenous communities of Manipur: NSCN |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2020/04/09/meiteis-nagas-are-only-indigenous-communities-of-manipur-nscn/ |work=EastMojo |date=9 April 2020}} News article on views of the National Socialist Council of Nagaland

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian artists]]
[[Category:People from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian transgender rights activists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian transgender people]]
[[Category:Transgender women writers]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ artists]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ writers]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]

Manoharbua Shirgaonkar

2026-04-25T13:39:21Z

Veronaidw:

{{Draft article|nomove=yes}}
{{Short description|Indian singer (c. 1909–1914 – 1978)}}
{{One source|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manoharbua Shirgaonkar
| image = Manoharbua Shirgaonkar.jpg
| birth_name = Ganesh Mukund Shirgaonkar
| birth_date = c. 1909–1914
| birth_place = Pissurlem, [[Sattari taluka]], [[Portuguese Goa]]
| death_date = 5 August 1978
| death_place = [[Dodamarg taluka]], [[Sawantwadi]], India
| occupation = [[Bhajan]] singer, musician, theatre actor
| known_for = Creating the "Manohari bhajan" style
| spouse = Saraswati
| children = 6
}}
'''Manoharbua Mukund Shirgaonkar''' ({{circa}} 1909–1914 – 5 August 1978), also known as '''Bhajan Samrat''', was an Indian [[Bhajan]] singer and musician from [[Goa]]. Originally a theatre actor and instrumentalist, he is credited with developing a distinct style of devotional music known as "Manohari bhajan", which blends the [[Warkari]] tradition with [[Indian classical music|classical vocal music]].

==Early life==
Shirgaonkar was born in [[Pissurlem]], [[Sattari taluka]], [[Portuguese Goa]]. While his exact birth date is unrecorded, it is estimated to be between 1909 and 1914. His birth name was Ganesh, and he was affectionately known by the nickname "Sukdo". He was later given the name "Manohar" by the vocalist [[Dinanath Mangeshkar]], who was impressed by his singing style.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |last1=Kelkar |first1=Anant |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Vishwakosh - Volume 4 Released.pdf/746 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=746 |volume=4 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref>

He was born to Mukunda and Rukmini Shirgaonkar. His family's traditional occupation involved service at the Lairai temple in Shirgaon, where they played the [[Shehnai|shenai]] and accompanied dances on the [[mridangam]]. Shirgaonkar received [[Marathi language|Marathi]] education up to the fifth standard. At the age of 20, he married Saraswati. The couple had three sons, Narayan, Shashikant, and Gurudas, and three daughters, Vinabai, Vaijayanti, and Latika.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Career==
===Music and theatre===
Shirgaonkar was trained in music from a young age within his household. He was proficient in five instruments: the [[Shehnai|shenai]], surt, kansale, tasso, and [[dhol]]. He received formal training in the [[tabla]] from Bhivamama and studied classical music under Sakharam of Verem.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

Early in his career, Shirgaonkar was active in Marathi theatre. In 1935, he joined a drama company formed by residents of Shirgaon. He performed various roles in several plays, including:<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* ''Menaka''
* ''Nandakumar'' (playing the role of [[Radha]])
* ''Ugramangal'' (playing Padnavati)
* ''Naradachi Nardi'' (playing [[Narada]])
* ''Pranayi Kantak'' (playing Shantaram)
* ''Pant's Daughter'' (playing both a Doctor and Prabhakar)
* ''Sant Sakhu'' (playing Sakhu)

===Bhajan singing===
Shirgaonkar's transition to devotional music began during his involvement with the play ''Sant Sakhu'', where he performed [[Abhang|abhangs]] (devotional poetry) dedicated to the deity [[Vithoba|Vitthal]]. He further developed his knowledge of the genre by observing scholars and [[Kirtan|kirtankars]] (musical storytellers) while accompanying them on the tabla and [[harmonium]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
He developed a unique style of performance termed "Manohari bhajan." This style synthesized the traditional [[Warkari]] bhajan format with elements of classical concert music. He taught this method extensively throughout Goa. A compilation of his performances with his associates was released on cassette under the title ''Manohari Bhajane''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Death==
Shirgaonkar died on 5 August 1978 in [[Dodamarg taluka]], [[Sawantwadi]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

== Legacy ==
In 1962, he was felicitated by Sakharambuva Barve at Vaygini village in [[Bicholim]]. He was honored by Shishir Kumar Banerjee at an All India [[Gandharva Mahavidyalaya]] Conference held in November. In 1973, he was felicitated in his native village of Shirgaon upon turning sixty.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> Since 1980, the [[Kala Academy]] of Goa has organized an annual state-level Bhajan competition in August to commemorate his memory.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Keepers of the Bhajan tradition |url=https://www.thegoan.net//keepers-of-the-bhajan-tradition/53750.html |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shirgaonkar, Manoharbua}}
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Singers from Goa]]

Talaash (Indian TV series)

2026-04-24T05:01:24Z

Veronaidw: Put up first data needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Unreferenced|date=January 2021}}{{Infobox television
| caption =
| runtime = approximately 23 minutes
| creator = [[Geetanjali Minidub]]
| director = Hrishikesh Mukherjee
| based_on = {{based on|''Sonar Kathi Rupor Kathi''|[[Ashutosh Mukherjee (writer)|Ashutosh Mukherjee]]}}
| producer = Jayanta Mukherjee
| editor = Deepak Kapoor
| starring = ''[[#Cast|see below]]''
| open_theme = "Jeevan Ek Pyaas Hain"
| music = Hemant Kumar Mukherjee
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{start date|1992}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 26
| image =
}}

'''''Talaash''''' (English: "The Search") is an Indian drama series that aired in 1992 on [[Doordarshan]]. It is based on the novel ''Sonar Kathi Rupor Kathi'' by [[Ashutosh Mukherjee (writer)|Ashutosh Mukherjee]]. The title song sung by [[Suresh Wadkar|Suresh Wadekar]] and lyrics by [[Yogesh (lyricist)|Yogesh]] was a cover of the song "Tum Pukar Lo". Episode 9 has a song sung by Sonu Nigam with music by Usha Khanna.

==Plot ==
As the name suggests this is a story of search of old lost family friend of the lead character. Shankarlal Shrivastava [[Alok Nath]] is an author who is returning from a function by train. On the way back he is passing from a village "Sarsavan", the name of which strikes him prominently but he cannot remember the relation. Once he gets down the train and goes in that village he realizes the link. The last letter from Sudhir (Vijayendra Ghatge), Shankarlal's close family friend was sent from this village. Sudhir is the son of Shankarlal's mother's closest friend who consider themselves as sisters. The two families are very close to each other. On insistence of his mother Sudhir takes a job and leaves the family. Shankarlal takes care of Sudhir's mother in her last days. However, after some days there is no contact from Sudhir and all ties are lost. The last and very faint tie is the place from where Sudhir had sent his last letter which is from village 'Sarsavan'. It is then the story of Shankarlal's quest to find his long lost friend and to know the reason and consequences why he disappeared.

==Cast==

* [[Alok Nath]] as Shankarlal Shrivastava the author and lead character.
* Beena as Shankarlal's wife.
* [[Vijayendra Ghatge]] as Sudhir the long lost friend of Shankarlal.
* [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] as Urmila/Behenaji.
* [[Dina Pathak]] as Sudhir's mother.
* [[Avtar Gill]] as Mukhiya Veeru
*[[Pallavi Joshi]] as Junglee, Mukhiya's daughter
*[[Rajendra Gupta]] as Fardu
*[[Sushmita Mukherjee]] as Janaki
*Asha Sharma as Rani Ma/Ahilya
*[[Goga Kapoor]] as Raja
*[[Neelima Azeem]] as Pramila
*Manoj Verma as Kanhaiya
*Chandrakant Gokhale as Mishra ji

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0244366}}

[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:1992 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay]]

Muskan Malik (kabaddi)

2026-04-21T02:30:45Z

Veronaidw: created first bio basic info

{{Short description|Indian kabaddi player}}
{{About|the Indian kabaddi player born in 2000|the Indian cricketer with the same name|Muskan Malik (cricketer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Muskan Malik
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|12|8|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| height =
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport|Women's [[Kabaddi]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Kabaddi at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Kabaddi at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Kabaddi at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament|Team]]}}
}}

'''Muskan Malik''' (ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱞᱤᱠ, born 8 December 2000) is an Indian [[kabaddi]] player.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/en/results/kabaddi/athlete-profile-n2010567-malik-muskan.htm |title=MALIK Muskan |publisher=Asian Games, Hangzhou 2022 |access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009203155mp_/https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/en/results/kabaddi/athlete-profile-n2010567-malik-muskan.htm |archive-date=9 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Asian Games 2023: Pawan Sehrawat, Naveen Kumar headline Indian men's kabaddi team - full squad |website=Olympics.com |date=25 August 2023 |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-national-kabaddi-team-asian-games-2023-squad-list |access-date=7 October 2023 |quote=Indian women’s kabaddi team for Asian Games: [[Akshima Singh|Akshima]], [[Jyoti Thakur|Jyoti]], [[Pooja Hathwala|Pooja]], [[Pooja Narwal|Pooja]], [[Priyanka Pilaniya|Priyanka]], [[Pushpa Rana|Pushpa]], [[Sakshi Kumari]], [[Ritu Negi]], [[Nidhi Sharma]], [[Sushma Sharma (kabaddi)|Sushma Sharma]], [[Snehal Shinde|Snehal Pradeep Shinde]], ''[[Sonali Shingate|Sonali Vishnu Shingat]]''}}</ref> She was a part of the team that won the gold medal in the [[Kabaddi at the 2022 Asian Games – Women|2022 Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite report |url=https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/resAG2022-/pdf/AG2022-/KAB/AG2022-_KAB_C73_KABWTEAM7-------------FNL-000100--.pdf |title=Kabaddi - Women's Team - Gold Medal Match - Result |publisher=Asian Games, Hangzhou 2022 |date=2 October 2023 |access-date=2 October 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007034405/https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/resAG2022-/pdf/AG2022-/KAB/AG2022-_KAB_C73_KABWTEAM7-------------FNL-000100--.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2023 |quote=IND - India: 02 [[Sakshi Kumari|KUMARI Sakshi]], 03 [[Pushpa Rana|Pushpa]], 04 [[Nidhi Sharma|SHARMA Nidhi]], 06 [[Priyanka Pilaniya|Priyanka]], 07 [[Ritu Negi|NEGI Ritu]] (C), 09 [[Pooja Hathwala|Pooja]], 12 [[Jyoti Thakur|Jyoti]], 01 [[Sushma Sharma (kabaddi)|SHARMA Sushma]], 05 ''[[Muskan Malik (kabaddi)|MALIK Muskan]]'', 10 [[Pooja Narwal|Pooja]], 15 [[Akshima Singh|Akshima]], 19 [[Snehal Shinde|SHINDE Snehal Pradeep]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India vs Chinese Taipei, Kabaddi Highlights, Asian Games 2023: IND Women beat TPE to win gold; 100th medal secured |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/asian-games/india-chinese-taipei-live-score-kabaddi-final-asian-games-2023-ind-vs-tpe-match-updates-highlights-hangzhou-2022/article67391669.ece |website=thehindu.com |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{InterSportStats|3000577660}}
* {{2022 Asian Games profile|kabaddi/athlete-profile-n2010567-malik-muskan}}
* {{Instagram}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik, Muskan}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female kabaddi players]]
[[Category:Asian Games kabaddi players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in kabaddi]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-kabaddi-bio-stub}}

Gool Arnas Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:16:11Z

Veronaidw: new

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Gool Arnas
|type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|district = [[Reasi district|Reasi]]
|established = 1995
| abolished = 2018
|electors = 
|reservation =
}}
'''Gool Arnas''' was a legislative constituency in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. Gool Arnas was also part of [[Udhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Gool Arnas was not a constituency until 1995 when it was created by way of delimitation. In fact the Arnas constituency was bifurcated into two parts- Gool Arnas and Gulabgarh.<ref>[http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/uri.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Uri Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceojammukashmir.nic.in/Constituencies.html |title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir |accessdate=2019-06-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231174529/http://ceojammukashmir.nic.in/Constituencies.html |archivedate=2008-12-31 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Abdul Wahid Shan || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || rowspan=3 | [[Ajaz Ahmed Khan]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Gool Arnas<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ajaz Ahmed Khan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,966 |percentage=45.24% |change={{increase}}8.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldeep Raj Dubey |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,088 |percentage=31.69% |change={{increase}}12.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imtiyaz Ahmed Shan |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=7,132 |percentage=14.05% |change={{increase}}7.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamshad Bano |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=2,203 |percentage=4.34% |change={{decrease}}24.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=627 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulzar Ahmed Wani |party=Independent politician |votes=452 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rehman |party=Independent politician |votes=412 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=393 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,878 |percentage=13.55% |change= {{increase}}5.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,766 |percentage=82.58% |change= {{increase}}5.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,476 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.19 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Gool Arnas<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ajaz Ahmed Khan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,594 |percentage=37.05% |change={{increase}}22.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Qadir Mughal |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=12,142 |percentage=28.85% |change={{increase}}14.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kabla Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,204 |percentage=19.49% |change={{increase}}1.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamshad Bano |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=2,937 |percentage=6.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Faqir Mohammed |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=1,137 |percentage=2.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=773 |percentage=1.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sultan Malik |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=657 |percentage=1.56% |change={{decrease}}1.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shakeel Ahmed |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=386 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Majid |party=Ambedkar National Congress |votes=256 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,452 |percentage=8.20% |change= {{decrease}}7.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,086 |percentage=76.70% |change= {{increase}}16.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,872 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}3.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Gool Arnas<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ajaz Ahmed Khan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=10,881 |percentage=33.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kabala Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,895 |percentage=18.08% |change={{decrease}}4.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulzar Ahmed Wani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,816 |percentage=14.77% |change={{decrease}}11.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Wahid Shan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=4,736 |percentage=14.52% |change={{decrease}}30.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Abdullah Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=1,674 |percentage=5.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,552 |percentage=4.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tanveer Ahmad |party=Independent politician |votes=1,464 |percentage=4.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Noor Ahmad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=975 |percentage=2.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lachman Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=345 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Hamid |party=Independent politician |votes=276 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,986 |percentage=15.29% |change= {{decrease}}3.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,614 |percentage=60.08% |change= {{increase}}2.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,286 |ref = |change= {{increase}}43.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}11.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Gool Arnas<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Wahid Shan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=9,783 |percentage=44.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ayub Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,669 |percentage=26.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Keshib Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,819 |percentage=22.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Rasool Nishat |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,524 |percentage=6.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,114 |percentage=18.88% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,795 |percentage=58.29% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,959 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Reasi district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|33.19|74.83|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Reasi district]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1995]]

R. Radhakrishnan (politician, born 1971)

2026-04-18T15:46:09Z

Veronaidw: Creating some info initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1971)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. Radhakrishnan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|6|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = Poudouthottame, [[Kancheepuram District|Kancheepuram]], ([[Tamil Nadu]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 16 May 2014
| term_end = 23 May 2019
| predecessor =
| successor = V. Vaithilingam
| constituency = [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]]
| office1 = [[Speaker of Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2006
| term_end1 = 2011
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 =
| office2 = Member of [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2001
| term_end2 = 2011
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency2 =
| party = [[All India NR Congress]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| relatives = [[R. Senthilkumar]]
| spouse = R Subhashini
| children = 2
| profession =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''R. Radhakrishnan''' (born 9 June 1971) is an Indian member of parliament (MP) and former speaker of the [[Union Territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] assembly from 2006 to 2011. He is a member of the [[All India NR Congress|All India N R Congress]] (AINRC) and represents [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry constituency]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] from 2014 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/ainrc-names-candidate-for-puducherry-constituency/article5777429.ece|title=AINRC names candidate for Puducherry constituency|date=2014-03-12|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-04}}</ref>

==Family and education==

R. Radhakrishnan hails from a family with political lineage. He is the elder son of politician [[R. Ramanathan]] (former member of [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry legislative assembly]]).

R. Radhakrishnan completed his High school at ARLM Matriculation school, Cuddalore & Higher secondary Education at Campion Anglo-Indian Higher Secondary school. Under graduation in Commerce from Vivekananda College, Chennai. He completed his post-graduation in Master of Business Administration (MBA) from PSG Institute of Management in Coimbatore, which counts him as one of its distinguished alumni.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://psgim.ac.in/alumni/distinguished-alumni/|title=PSG Institute of Management|website=psgim.ac.in|access-date=2016-08-04|archive-date=24 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724102759/http://psgim.ac.in/alumni/distinguished-alumni/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Political career==

R Radhakrishnan was elected member of Puducherry Assembly twice following his election from the erstwhile Kuruvinatham constituency in 2001 and successively in 2006.

R Radhakrishnan was the Chairman of Puducherry [[Slum clearance in India|Slum clearance]] Board from 2001-2006.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/rs-25crore-housing-scheme-for-the-poor/article3242552.ece|title=Rs 25-crore housing scheme for the poor|date=2006-01-21|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-04}}</ref> He served as speaker of the Puducherry assembly from 2006 until 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/article3113785.ece|title=Radhakrishnan elected Speaker of Pondy Assembly|date=2006-06-02|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-04}}</ref>

R Radhakrishnan was candidate for [[All India N.R Congress|All India NR Congress]] (AINRC) from [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]] in the Indian general election. He won with a margin of 60,854 defeating union minister of state V Narayanasamy of Indian National Congress in the 2014 Indian election.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/ainrc-names-candidate-for-puducherry-constituency/article5777429.ece|title=AINRC names candidate for Puducherry constituency|date=2014-03-12|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-08-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{16th Lok Sabha members from Union territories |state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radhakrishnan, R.}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Puducherry]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:All India NR Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Speakers of Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]

Sumant Sinha

2026-04-18T13:22:54Z

Veronaidw: Put up initial post v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Promotional|date=April 2026}}
{{COI|date=April 2026}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=April 2026}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Sumant Sinha
| image = Portrait_of_Sumant_Sinha.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|12 February 1965}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Businessman]]
| title = Founder, Chairman & CEO, [[ReNew Energy Global]]
| spouse = Vaishali Nigam Sinha
| children = 2
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]]|[[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]]|[[Columbia University]]}}
| parents = [[Yashwant Sinha]], Nilima Sinha
}}

'''Sumant Sinha''' (born 12 February 1965) is an [[India]]n [[businessman]] and [[entrepreneur]]. He is the founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of [[ReNew Energy Global]], an Indian [[renewable energy]] company.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=ReNew lists on Nasdaq at $4.5 billion valuation |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/renew-lists-on-nasdaq-at-4-5-b-valuation/articleshow/85636866.cms |publisher=The Economic Times |date=26 August 2021}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=ReNew Energy Global investment case study |url=https://www.aberdeeninvestments.com/en-gb/anii/about-us/investment-case-studies/renew-energy-global |publisher=Aberdeen Investments}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India’s leading renewable companies in 2023 |url=https://www.spglobal.com/energy/en/research-analytics/indias-leading-renewable-companies-in-2023 |publisher=S&P Global}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sumant Sinha was born in [[New Delhi]] as the son of [[Yashwant Sinha]], a former [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]], and Nilima Sinha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2002/may/27sumant.htm|title=rediff.com: Meet Sinha Jr: Managing finance runs in the blood|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2018-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Srishty |title=Meet ex-employee of Ratan Tata firm, IIT-IIM grad, who founded Rs 19500 crore giant, first Indian company... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-ex-employee-of-ratan-tata-firm-sumant-sinha-iit-iim-grad-who-founded-rs-19500-crore-renew-3077057 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="politics">{{Cite news|title=Why Sumant Sinha chose clean energy over politics|work=Rediff|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/report/why-sumant-sinha-chose-clean-energy-over-politics/20170222.htm|access-date=2018-03-17}}</ref>

Sinha completed his undergraduate education in [[engineering]] from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]]. He later obtained a postgraduate diploma in management from the [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]] and earned a master's degree from [[Columbia University]]’s [[School of International and Public Affairs]].<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Sumant Sinha profile |url=https://www.climateandcapitalmedia.com/people-directory/sumant-sinha/ |publisher=Climate & Capital Media}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Early career ===
Sinha began his career with [[Tata Administrative Services]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sumant Sinha – Speaker profile |url=https://www.siew.gov.sg/siew-2026/speakers/2021/sumant-sinha.html |publisher=Singapore International Energy Week}}</ref> He subsequently worked in [[investment banking]] roles with Citicorp Securities and [[ING Barings]] in the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name=":3" /> He returned to India in 2002 and joined the [[Aditya Birla Group]], where he served as [[Chief Financial Officer]]. During his tenure, the group expanded across sectors including [[cement]], [[aluminium]], and [[telecommunications]].<ref name=":0" /> He later served as chief executive officer of Aditya Birla Retail from 2007 to 2008.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=A former Wall Street banker is building India's largest clean energy company |url=https://scroll.in/article/839736/a-former-wall-street-banker-is-building-indias-largest-clean-energy-company |publisher=Scroll.in|last=Ghoshal|first=Devjyot|date=2017-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sumant Sinha |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/corporate-excellence-award/jury/sumant-sinha/articleshow/66811286.cms |publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In 2008, he joined [[Suzlon Energy]] in a senior leadership role.<ref name="politics" /> He is a board member at [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]]. He has also served on the boards of the [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]] and [[Columbia University]]'s [[School of International and Public Affairs]] (SIPA).<ref name=":0" />

=== ReNew ===
In 2011, Sinha founded [[ReNew Power]] (now ReNew Energy Global Ltd), an independent renewable energy producer headquartered in [[Gurugram]].{{citation needed|date=March 2026}} The company has produced [[wind power]], [[solar power]], and hybrid energy.<ref name=":2" /> He set up ReNew Power in 2011 with a road-map to have at least 1000 MW of capacity by 2015.<ref name="e666">{{cite web | last=Banerjee | first=Jasodhara | title=ReNew Power Ventures: Impressing investors with outstanding performance | website=Forbes India | date=2017-11-21 | url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership-awards-2017/renew-power-ventures-impressing-investors-with-outstanding-performance/48697/1 | access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> Its first project, a 25 MW [[wind farm]] in [[Jasdan]], [[Gujarat]], was commissioned in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=State government desires to maximize usage of non-conventional energy sources |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/state-government-desires-to-maximize-the-usage-of-all-means-of-non-conventional-energy-sources-cm-4470 |publisher=narendramodi.in}}</ref>

Sumant led ReNew Power from front, going from zero to 5,800 MW of commissioned capacity in six years,<ref name=":0" /> to make it one of India's largest independent renewable energy producers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-post-suzlon-sumant-sinha-gets-goldman-cash-to-reap-the-wind-1591996|title=Post Suzlon, Sumant Sinha gets Goldman cash to reap the wind {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2011-09-27|work=dna|access-date=2018-03-17|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-sumant-sinha-111122000075_1.html|title=Lunch with BS: Sumant Sinha|last=Barman|first=Arijit|date=2011-12-20|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-03-17}}</ref> In 2017, the company had an equity valuation of US$2 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/renew-power-files-for-ipo-could-raise-over-1-billion-1849192|title=ReNew Power Files For IPO, Could Raise Over $1 Billion|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-10-24}}</ref>

In 2014, the company secured its first [[solar power]] project in [[Madhya Pradesh]].{{citation needed|date=March 2026}} In 2021, ReNew became one of the first Indian renewable energy companies to be listed on the [[NASDAQ]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ReNew Power is the first renewable energy firm from India to be listed on Nasdaq |url=https://www.angelone.in/news/market-updates/renew-power-is-the-first-renewable-energy-firm-from-india-to-be-listed-on-nasdaq |publisher=Angel One}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
== Public and media appearances ==
Some of the public appearances are as below:
* Sumant Sinha at Forbes India Leadership Summit<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership-awards-2017/forbes-india-leadership-awards-2017-india-inc-talks-about-innovation-skilling-and-prudent-decision-making/48669/1|title=Forbes India Leadership Awards 2017: India Inc talks about innovation, skilling and prudent decision making {{!}} Forbes India|website=Forbes India|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-24}}</ref>
*Sumant Sinha in India Conference<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiaconference.com/2018/?speaker=sumant-sinha|title=Sumant Sinha « India Conference|website=indiaconference.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-17}}</ref>
* Sumant Sinha opines about inflation control<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/budget-2018/maintain-fiscal-discipline-control-inflation-sumant-sinha/49229/1|title=Maintain fiscal discipline, control inflation: Sumant Sinha {{!}} Forbes India|website=Forbes India|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-17}}</ref>
* Sumant Sinha states – Small players may exit green energy<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/small-players-may-exit-green-energy-renew-ceo-sumant-sinha/articleshow/62685778.cms|title=Small players may exit green energy: ReNew CEO Sumant Sinha|last=Saluja|first=Nishtha|date=2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-03-17}}</ref>
== Leadership and affiliations ==
He has been associated with global climate and energy initiatives and has participated in activities of the [[World Economic Forum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sumant Sinha – World Economic Forum Profile |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/authors/sumant-sinha/ |publisher=World Economic Forum}}</ref> In 2024, he was appointed co-chair of the Alliance of CEO Climate Leaders.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alliance of CEO Climate Leaders co-chair announcement |url=https://initiatives.weforum.org/alliance-of-ceo-climate-leaders/new-co-chair-announcement |publisher=World Economic Forum}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sumant Sinha appointed co-chair of global CEO climate alliance |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/sumant-sinha-appointed-co-chair-of-global-ceo-climate-alliance-pledge/ |publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref>

He has also held leadership roles in [[ASSOCHAM]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sumant Sinha takes over as ASSOCHAM President |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/sumant-sinha-takes-over-as-assocham-president-ajay-singh-as-senior-v-p-122032801003_1.html |publisher=Business Standard}}</ref>

== Publications ==
Sinha is the author of ''Fossil Free: Reimagining Clean Energy in a Carbon-Constrained World''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Book review: Fossil Free |url=https://www.business-standard.com/books/fossil-free-review-sumant-sinha-clean-energy-123041200789_1.html |publisher=Business Standard}}</ref>

== Recognition ==

* In 2017, he won the [[Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=EOY 2017 winners |url=https://www.ey.com/en_in/entrepreneur-of-the-year/builders-of-better-india/2017 |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=www.ey.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* In 2018, he received the Economic Times Entrepreneur of the Year Award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-08 |title=Sumant Sinha gets ET Awards 2018 for Entrepreneur of the Year {{!}} Electrical India Magazine |url=https://www.electricalindia.in/sumant-sinha-gets-et-awards-2018-for-entrepreneur-of-the-year/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-18 |title=ET Awards 2018 for Entrepreneur of the Year: Sumant Sinha, Chairman & MD, ReNew Power Ventures |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/et-awards-2018-for-entrepreneur-of-the-year-sumant-sinha-chairman-md-renew-power-ventures/articleshow/65714224.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-03-31 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sinha is married to Vaishali Nigam Sinha, who is associated with sustainability initiatives and serves as President of the UN Global Compact Network India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vaishali Nigam Sinha – Profile |url=https://www.renew.com/resources/profile/Vaishali_Nigam_Sinha.pdf |publisher=ReNew}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vaishali Nigam Sinha becomes president of UN Global Compact Network India |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/india/vaishali-nigam-sinha-becomes-president-of-the-un-global-compact-network-india/125206 |publisher=Fortune India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UN Global Compact Network India leadership |url=https://unglobalcompact.in/about/leadership/ |publisher=UN Global Compact Network India}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Sumant}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]

Cyclones Mandous and ARB 03

2026-04-17T07:22:18Z

Veronaidw:

{{Short description|North Indian Ocean cyclones in 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Severe Cyclonic Storm Mandous Deep Depression ARB 03
| image = Mandous 2022-12-09 0810Z.jpg
| caption = Cyclone Mandous at peak intensity prior to landfall on December 09
| as = Severe Cyclonic Storm Mandous
| formed = 6 December 2022
| dissipated = 10 December 2022
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 50
| pressure = 990
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 55
| pressure = 990
}}{{Infobox weather event/History
| as = Deep Depression ARB 03
| formed = 14 December 2022
| dissipated = 17 December 2022
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 30
| pressure = 1000
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 50
| pressure = 994
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2022
| damage = 27400000
| fatalities = 9
| areas = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Sri Lanka]]
| refs = <ref name="IMD BT">{{cite report |title=Tracks of Cyclones and Depressions for the period of Jan-Dec 2022 |url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/download.php?path=uploads/report/33/33_d79c2f_Best%20track%202022.pdf |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=August 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Trackfile of 06B.MANDOUS |url=https://science.nrlmry.navy.mil/geoips/tcdat/tc2022/IO/IO062022/txt/trackfile.txt |publisher=U.S. Naval Research Laboratory |access-date=August 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Trackfile of 07A.SEVEN |url=https://science.nrlmry.navy.mil/geoips/tcdat/tc2022/IO/IO072022/txt/trackfile.txt |publisher=U.S. Naval Research Laboratory |access-date=August 5, 2023}}</ref>
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2022 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}
'''Severe Cyclonic Storm Mandous'''{{efn|The name ''Mandous'' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: مندوس, [[Help:IPA/Arabic|[manduːs]]]) was contributed by the [[United Arab Emirates]] and refers to wooden chests used to hold valuables in [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who named cyclonic storm Mandous and what it means {{!}} Details |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/who-named-cyclonic-storm-mandous-meaning-details-tamil-nadu-andhra-pradesh-puducherry-alert-weather-updates-2306664-2022-12-08 |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>}} was the third cyclonic storm, as well as the third most intense [[tropical cyclone]] of the [[2022 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]. The remnants of the system later regenerated into '''Deep Depression ARB 03''' in the [[Arabian Sea]]. The system struck the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], as well as [[South India]].

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Mandous 2022 track.png}}
{{Expand section|date=December 2022}}
{{storm path|ARB03 2022 track.png}}
The Indian Meteorological Department issued a bulletin stating that a tropical depression had formed in the Bay of Bengal and was designated ''BOB 09''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/cyclone.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20221207004712/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/cyclone.php|title=Tropical weather outlook of the bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea 06 December 2022 |website=Indian Meteorological Department|date=6 December 2022|access-date=7 December 2022|archive-date=7 December 2022|language=en}}</ref> The JTWC, released a TCFA on the system, stating that it could intensify further, because of very warm waters and low to moderate wind shear, designating it ''Invest 96B''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io9622web.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207010446/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io9622web.txt|title=Current Northwest Pacific/North Indian Ocean Tropical Systems Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert WTIO21 Issued at 06/0800Z|website=JTWC|date=6 December 2022|access-date=7 December 2022|archive-date=7 December 2022|language=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> A day later, both the JTWC and IMD classified this low pressure as a "cyclonic storm" and it was named ''Mandous''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0622web.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208031825/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0622web.txt|title=Tropical cyclone 05B (Mandous) #Warning 01 Issued 07/2100Z|website=JTWC|date=7 December 2022|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/cyclone.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20221208030647/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/cyclone.php|website=Indian Meteorological Department|date=8 December 2022|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|language=en|title=Tropical weather outlook of the bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea 08 December 2022}}</ref> Mandous continued tracking westward, and later, attaining wind speeds of {{cvt|65|mph|km/h knot}}, strengthened into a Severe Cyclonic Storm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/cyclone.php#.|website=Indian Meteorological Department|archive-url=https://archive.today/20221209001621/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/cyclone.php%23.|title=Tropical weather outlook Warning 09 of the bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea severe cyclonic storm Mandous 08 December 2022 18:00 UTC|date=8 December 2022|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-date=9 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/jtwc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208001129/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/jtwc.html|archive-date=8 December 2022|access-date=8 December 2022|date=8 December 2022|website=JTWC|title=Tropical Cyclone 06B (Mandous) Prognostic resoaning Warning #05 Issued at 08/2100Z|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> As it continued tracking westward, land interaction caused in to fall to Cyclonic Storm intensity. It later made landfall around Chennai, India as a Deep Depression. It fell to Depression intensity, and later degenerated into a remnant low.<ref>https://mausam.imd.gov.in/backend/assets/cyclone_pdf/28__National_Bulletin_20221210_1200.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref>

===Regeneration===
On December 14, the remnants of Cyclone Mandous regenerated into a depression in the Arabian Sea, and it was called ARB 03.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/backend/assets/cyclone_pdf/1__Special_Tropical_Weather_Outlook_based_on_0900_UTC_of_4_12_2022.pdf|title=ARB 03 2022- Special tropical weather outlook 1|date=14 December 2022}}</ref> The [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] dubbed it as ''Invest 97A''. Although forecasted to quickly degenerate into a remnant low, ARB 03 intensified into a Deep Depression, according to the [[India Meteorological Department|Indian Meteorological Department]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/backend/assets/cyclone_pdf/4__Special_Tropical_Weather_Outlook_based_on_0000_UTC_of_15_12_2022.pdf|title=ARB 03 2022- Special tropical weather outlook 2|date=15 December 2022}}</ref> and the JTWC dubbed it as ''Cyclone 07A''. After reaching peak intensity, the Low-Level Circulation detached from the associated convection, and wind shear increased, starting a weakening trend. It weakened into a low pressure area at 12:00 UTC on December 17.

==Preparations==
{{Expand section|date=December 2022}}

In Puducherry and Karikal, colleges and schools were closed in anticipation of the storm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyclone Mandous Live updates: Schools and colleges to be closed on Friday in Puducherry and Karaikal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/live-news-from-cities-weather-pollution-covid-dengue-measles-cases-rain-news-08-december-2022/liveblog/96070767.cms |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Oil rigs and offshore installations have been asked to ensure the safety of personnel, as per a defence release. Tamil Nadu government chief secretary V Irai Anbu asked officials to ensure announcement prior to releasing surplus water from reservoirs and shifting people in vulnerable areas to shelter areas. The state government has also advised people to avoid travelling on Friday. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Cyclone Mandous updates: How did the cyclonic storm get its name? - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/cyclone-mandous-updates-how-did-the-cyclonic-storm-get-its-name-355803-2022-12-09 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Impact==
{{Expand section|date=December 2022}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
Cyclone Mandous had a notable impact on several regions, particularly in southern India and Sri Lanka. In [[Chennai]], approximately 200 trees were uprooted due to strong winds and heavy rainfall, causing disruptions to transportation and daily activities.<ref>{{cite web |title=4 Dead, Blackouts, Waterlogging in Tamil Nadu Hit by Cyclone: 10 Facts |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/at-least-10-flights-cancelled-in-chennai-due-to-cyclone-mandous-3592896#News_Trending}}</ref> Power outages were reported in some areas, and local authorities worked to clear the debris and restore services.

In [[Tirupati district]], Andhra Pradesh, the cyclone resulted in loss amounting to [[Indian rupee|Rs]] 226 crore (US$27.4 million).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-16 |title=Officials neck-deep in damage estimation post-Mandous |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/neck-deep-in-damage-estimation-post-mandous/article66259111.ece |access-date=2022-12-19 |work=The Hindu |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The storm caused damage to infrastructure, crops, and property, affecting the local economy.

In [[Tamil Nadu]], four fatalities were reported due to heavy rains and flooding. Several districts experienced widespread rainfall, leading to flooding and property damage. Emergency services were deployed to provide relief and assistance.

Off the coast of [[Sri Lanka]], five fishermen went missing during the cyclone, prompting search and rescue operations. The storm also caused disruptions to fishing activities and damage to boats along the coastal areas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-11 |title=At least four killed as Cyclone Mandous hits southern Indian state |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/least-four-killed-cyclone-mandous-hits-southern-indian-state-2022-12-10/ |access-date=2022-12-19 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |title=5 SL fishermen missing after cyclone Mandous |url=https://www.dtnext.in/world/2022/12/13/5-sl-fishermen-missing-after-cyclone-mandous |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=DT next |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones|Sri Lanka|India}}
* [[Weather of 2022]]
* [[Tropical cyclones in 2022]]
* [[Cyclone Nivar|Cyclone Nivar (2020)]]
* [[Cyclones Vardah and ARB 02|Cyclone Vardah (2016)]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category multi|Cyclone Mandous|Deep Depression ARB 03 (2022)}}
* [https://science.nrlmry.navy.mil/geoips/tcdat/tc2022/IO/IO062022/txt/trackfile.txt JTWC Best Track Data] of Tropical Cyclone 06B (Mandous)
* [https://science.nrlmry.navy.mil/geoips/tcdat/tc2022/IO/IO072022/txt/trackfile.txt JTWC Best Track Data] of Tropical Cyclone 07A (Seven)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20221218221643/https://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc22/IO/06B.MANDOUS/ 06B.MANDOUS] from the United States Naval Research Laboratory
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20221219203639/https://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc22/IO/07A.SEVEN/ 07A.SEVEN] from the United States Naval Research Laboratory

{{2022 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}
{{Disasters in India in 2022}}

[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2022|Mandous]]
[[Category:2022 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:Severe cyclonic storms]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:2022 disasters in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Meteorological events in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 disasters in India]]
[[Category:December 2022 in India]]

Kulai Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:58Z

Veronaidw: New new details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Tripura legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kulai
| type= SLA
| state = [[Tripura]]
| established = 1977
| abolished = 2008
| electors = 35,209
| mla = Bijoy Kumar Harngkhawl
| party = {{Party index link|Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Kulai Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Kamini Debbarma || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Diba Chandra Harangkhal || {{Full party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || Diba Chandra Hrangkhowl
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Hasmai Reang || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=2 | Bijoy Kumar Hrangkhawl || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || {{Full party name with color|Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Bijoy Kumar Harngkhawl
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Kulai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bijoy Kumar Harngkhawl |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=14,944 |percentage=46.87% |change={{decrease}}8.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sabitri Debbarma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=14,829 |percentage=46.51% |change={{increase}}8.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalpa Mohan Tripura |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=877 |percentage=2.75% |change={{decrease}}2.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajyaram Tripura |party=Independent politician |votes=761 |percentage=2.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padhya Kumar Debbarma |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=472 |percentage=1.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=115 |percentage=0.36% |change= {{decrease}}16.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,883 |percentage=90.72% |change= {{increase}}19.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,209 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |loser=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |swing= {{decrease}}8.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Kulai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bijoy Kumar Hrangkhawl |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=12,772 |percentage=55.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bijoy Kumar Debbarma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,792 |percentage=37.91% |change={{decrease}}2.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jogendra Debbarma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,132 |percentage=4.88% |change={{decrease}}3.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basistha Debbarma |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=495 |percentage=2.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,980 |percentage=17.16% |change= {{increase}}6.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,191 |percentage=71.53% |change= {{decrease}}0.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,456 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.31 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}4.89 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Kulai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bijoy Kumar Hrangkhawl |party=Independent politician |votes=10,377 |percentage=50.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gitya Kumar Reang |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,255 |percentage=39.92% |change={{decrease}}17.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chenjakdhan Tripura |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,760 |percentage=8.51% |change={{increase}}6.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandramani Debbarma |party=Amra Bangali |votes=288 |percentage=1.39% |change={{increase}}0.11 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,122 |percentage=10.26% |change= {{decrease}}14.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,680 |percentage=74.72% |change= {{decrease}}4.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,643 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}7.44 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Kulai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hasmai Reang |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=13,010 |percentage=57.61% |change={{increase}}9.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Diba Chandra Hiangkhwal |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=7,319 |percentage=32.41% |change={{decrease}}17.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kartik Kumar Kalai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,347 |percentage=5.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamana Tripura |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=393 |percentage=1.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandramani Debbarma |party=Amra Bangali |votes=289 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santan Malsom |party=Independent politician |votes=223 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,691 |percentage=25.20% |change= {{increase}}22.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,581 |percentage=78.17% |change= {{decrease}}4.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,384 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |swing= {{increase}}7.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Kulai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Diba Chandra Hrangkhowl |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=10,047 |percentage=50.34% |change={{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subindra Debbarma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,584 |percentage=48.02% |change={{increase}}2.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parimal Chowdhury |party=Independent politician |votes=231 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=463 |percentage=2.32% |change= {{decrease}}3.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,957 |percentage=82.98% |change= {{increase}}3.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,458 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |loser=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Kulai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Diba Chandra Harangkhal |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=8,419 |percentage=50.78% |change={{increase}}32.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamini Debbarma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,480 |percentage=45.12% |change={{decrease}}1.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ratna Prava Das |party=Independent politician |votes=680 |percentage=4.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=939 |percentage=5.66% |change= {{decrease}}20.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,579 |percentage=78.96% |change= {{increase}}2.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,349 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.87 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Kulai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamini Debbarma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,050 |percentage=46.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prafulla Roaja |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,664 |percentage=20.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bijoy Kumar Hrangkhal |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=2,336 |percentage=17.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopinath Tripura |party=Janata Party |votes=1,277 |percentage=9.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padma Kumar Rankhal |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=728 |percentage=5.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,386 |percentage=25.94% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,055 |percentage=76.70% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,375 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord missing|Tripura}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Tripura-geo-stub}}

Paromita Vohra

2026-04-16T04:39:18Z

Veronaidw: Creating a entry from scratch

{{short description|Indian filmmaker and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Paromita Vohra
| image = Paromita.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Filmmaker and writer
| years_active =
| known_for = Making documentaries
| notable_works = ''[[Khamosh Pani]]'', Unlimited Girls, Q2P
| relatives = [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] (grandfather) [[Parul Ghosh]] (great-aunt)
}}
'''Paromita Vohra''' is an Indian filmmaker and writer. She is known for her documentaries on subjects such as urban life, desire, pop culture and gender.<ref name="Aitken2011">{{cite book|last=Aitken|first=Ian|title=The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of the Documentary Film|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4r8cRrzOavEC&pg=PA405|access-date=18 January 2013|date=31 October 2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-59642-8|page=405}}</ref> She has also written the screenplay of the award-winning feature film ''[[Khamosh Pani]]''.<ref name=Kamath>{{cite news|last=Kamath|first=Sudhish|title=Khamosh Pani|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/02/11/stories/2005021100380201.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050529161005/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/02/11/stories/2005021100380201.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 May 2005|access-date=18 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 February 2005}}</ref> Her film production company Parodevi Pictures<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parodevipictures.com/about-our-company/|title=Parodevi Pictures {{!}} About|website=www.parodevipictures.com|access-date=2016-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325171427/http://www.parodevipictures.com/about-our-company/|archive-date=25 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> is based in Mumbai. She writes a column ''Paro-normal Activity'' for the [[Mid-day|Sunday Mid-day]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-28|title=The 'Women In Labour' Podcast: Filmmaker Paromita Vohra on adopting narratives free of patriarchy |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/the-women-in-labour-podcast-filmmaker-paromita-vohra-on-adopting-narratives-free-of-patriarchy-8307511.html|access-date=2020-06-27|website=Firstpost}}</ref> and also wrote a weekly column for [[Mumbai Mirror]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Articles by Paromita Vohra|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/author/author-paromita-vohra-479246015.cms|access-date=October 13, 2019}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Vohra lives in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-03|title=Filmmaker-artist Paromita Vohra's new installation urges to not shy away from pleasures aural and oral|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/sexual-culture-the-birds-and-the-bees-6147691/|access-date=2020-06-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> She is the daughter of Shikha Vohra,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashalata Biswas|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/ashalata-biswas|access-date=2020-06-27|website=Cinemaazi|language=en}}</ref> who in turn was the daughter of the music composer [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] by his first wife [[Ashalata Biswas]], an actress who worked in Hindi cinema during the 1930s and 1940.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2016/oct/17/2520| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014033321/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2016/oct/17/2520| url-status=live| archive-date=14 October 2019| title=Down memory lane: Ashalata Biswas| publisher=Cinestan| date=October 17, 2016| first=Sonal| last=Pandya| access-date=October 14, 2019}}</ref> Vohra studied mass communication in [[Miranda House]] at the [[University of Delhi]] (1986 – 1989).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/and-i-make-documentaries-paromita-vohra/article7061461.ece | title=And I make documentaries | first=Archana | last=Nathan | date=2 April 2015 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=24 August 2018 }}</ref>

Vohra co-founded ''[[Agents of Ishq]]'', an online platform for [[sex-positive|positively representing sex]] in India through various media forms.<ref name="Goethe-Institut AOI">{{cite web| url=https://www.goethe.de/ins/in/en/kul/sup/fup/21443419.html| title=How 'Agents of Ishq' is Helping India Talk About Sex| first=Rhea| last=Almeida| publisher=[[Goethe-Institut|Goethe-Institut/Max Mueller Bhavan]]| date=December 2018| access-date=October 15, 2019}}</ref> She is also its current creative director.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://agentsofishq.com/team| title=The Team - Agents of Ishq| publisher=Agents of Ishq| access-date=October 15, 2019}}</ref> ''Agents of Ishq'' has multimedia content in [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="Goethe-Institut AOI"/> and helps readers access [[comprehensive sex education|comprehensive sexuality education]], focusing on the three aspects of [[sex education]], [[sexual experience]] and sexual etiquette.<ref name="News Minute AOI">{{cite web| url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/singing-condoms-podcasts-and-memes-agents-ishq-mission-make-sex-ed-fun-50671| title=Singing condoms, podcasts and memes: 'Agents of Ishq' is on a mission to make sex ed fun| first=Geetika| last=Mantri| publisher=[[The News Minute]]| date=September 30, 2016| access-date=October 15, 2019}}</ref> Vohra has indicated that the platform should talk about "desire, freedom, gender, equality, and choice".<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.epw.in/engage/article/online-gods-ep-4-rumours-and-agents-ishq| title=Online Gods Ep 4: Rumours and the Agents of Ishq| first1=Ian M |last1=Cook| first2=Sahana| last2=Udupa| publisher=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]| date=September 6, 2019| access-date=October 15, 2019}}</ref> and a place where young Indians can access the right information about sex.<ref name="News Minute AOI"/>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|+ List of films directed by Paromita Vohra
<ref group=filmography name="Paromita Vohra filmography director">Paromita Vohra filmography-director
*{{cite web |url=http://magiclanternmovies.in/film/goddess-food |title=Goddess of Food - Magic Lanterns Movies |publisher=Magic Lantern Movies |access-date=October 13, 2019}}
*{{cite web |url=http://magiclanternmovies.in/film/womans-place |title=A Woman's Place - Magic Lanterns Movies |publisher=Magic Lantern Movies |access-date=October 13, 2019}}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b88f73db4 |title=A Short Film About Time - BFI |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=October 13, 2019}}
*{{cite web |url=http://magiclanternmovies.in/film/unlimited-girls |title=Unlimited Girls - Magic Lanterns Movies |publisher=Magic Lantern Movies |access-date=October 13, 2019}}
*{{cite web |url=http://magiclanternmovies.in/film/work-progress |title=Work in Progress - Magic Lanterns Movies |publisher=Magic Lantern Movies |access-date=October 13, 2019}}
*{{cite web |url=http://magiclanternmovies.in/film/cosmopolis |title=Cosmopolis - Magic Lanterns Movies |publisher=Magic Lantern Movies |access-date=October 13, 2019}}
*{{cite web |url=http://magiclanternmovies.in/film/wheres-sandra |title=Where's Sandra? - Magic Lanterns Movies |publisher=Magic Lantern Movies |access-date=October 13, 2019}}
*{{cite web |url=http://magiclanternmovies.in/film/q2p |title=Q2P - Magic Lanterns Movies |publisher=Magic Lantern Movies |access-date=October 13, 2019}}
*{{cite web |url=https://psbt.org/films/morality-tv-and-the-loving-jehad |title=Morality TV and the Loving Jehad - PSBT |publisher=[[Public Service Broadcasting Trust]] |access-date=October 13, 2019}}
*{{cite web |url=http://magiclanternmovies.in/film/partners-crime |title=Partners in Crime - Magic Lanterns Movies |publisher=Magic Lantern Movies |access-date=October 13, 2019}}
</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language(s)
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Producer
! scope="col" | Screenplay
! scope="col" | Other
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1995
! scope="row" | Annapurna: Goddess of Food
| English
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1999
! scope="row" | A Woman's Place
| English
| {{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2000
! scope="row" | A Short Film about Time
| English
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2002
! scope="row" | Unlimited Girls
| English
| {{Yes}}
|
|
| Actor {{citation needed|date=October 2019}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2004
! scope="row" | Work In Progress
| English
| {{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2004
! scope="row" | Cosmopolis: Two Tales of a City
| English
| {{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2005
! scope="row" | Where's Sandra?
| English
| {{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
|2006
|Q2P
|English
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2008
! scope="row" | Morality TV and the Loving Jehad - Ek Manohar Kahani
| Hindi, English
| {{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2012
! scope="row" | Partners in Crime
| English
| {{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
|2013
|Connected Hum Tum, Season 1
|Hindi, English
|
|
|
|Series Director
|}
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:100%;"
|+ List of films contributed to by Paromita Vohra
<ref group=filmography name="Paromita Vohra filmography contributor">Paromita Vohra filmography-contributor
*{{cite web |url=http://majlislaw.com/en/top/resource-centre/films/skin-deep |title=Skin Deep |publisher=Majlis |access-date=October 13, 2019}}
*{{cite book |title=A few things I know about her (DVD Video, 2002) |publisher=[[WorldCat]] |oclc=773789002 }}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0357283/fullcredits |title=Khaamosh Pani:Silent Waters |publisher=[[IMDb]] |access-date=October 13, 2019}}
*{{cite web |url=http://onlinelibrary.iihs.co.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=4403 |title=IIHS Library Catalog - If you Pause - Details for in a Museum of Craft |publisher=Indian Institute for Human Settlements |access-date=October 13, 2019}}
*{{cite book |title=The House on Gulmohar Avenue (DVD Video, 2005) |publisher=[[WorldCat]] |oclc=85785293 }}
</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language(s)
! scope="col" | Producer
! scope="col" | Screenplay
! scope="col" | Dialogues
! scope="col" | Other
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1998
! scope="row" | Skin Deep
| Multilingual
|
|
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2002
! scope="row" | A Few Things I Know About Her
| English, Hindi, Rajasthani
|
|
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2003
! scope="row" | [[Khamosh Pani|Khamosh Pani/Silent Waters]]
| Punjabi
|
| {{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2004
! scope="row" | If You Pause - in a Museum of Craft
| English, Hindi, Rajasthani
|
|
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2005
! scope="row" | The House on Gulmohar avenue
| English, Hindi
|
|
|
| Script Consultant
|}

== Filmography ==
{{reflist|group=filmography}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.phalanx.in/pages/article_i003_the_schisms_and_schemas_of_media_advocacy.html Separation Anxiety: The Schisms and Schemas of Media Advocacy; An Indian Filmmaker Working in the World] (Paper by Paromita Vohra published by The University of Chicago Press, 2008)
* [https://www.brandeis.edu/south-asian/sorabjee/vohra.html An evening with Indian filmmaker/writer Paromita Vohra] (Lecture - Brandeis University, 2010)
* [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204026804577099942438374720 Dancing to His Own Bollywood Tune] By Paromita Vohra for WSJ opinion, 2011)
* [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097492761100300102 On the Aesthetics and Ideology of the Indian Documentary Film: A Conversation] (By Arvind Rajagopalan & Paromita Vohra, for BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies, 2012)
* [https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-queue-to-pee-raises-a-stink-about-toilets-1056392 'Queue to Pee' raises a stink about toilets] (Article for DNA India on Q2P, 2013)
* [https://www.vogue.in/content/new-wine-old-bottles-filmmaker-paromita-vohra-sex] (Vogue India, August 2014)
*[https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/and-i-make-documentaries-paromita-vohra/article7061461.ece And I make Documentaries] (April 2, 2015 Interview)
*[https://read.dukeupress.edu/camera-obscura/article-abstract/32/1%20(94)/167/58575/Interview-with-Paromita-Vohra-Remaking-the Remaking the “Political” in Social Documentary] (Interview Paromita Vohra - Camera Obscura 1 May 2017)
*[http://tns.thenews.com.pk/films-work-form-interview-paromita-vohra Films work by form] (March 19, 2017 Interview)
*[https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/each-journey-is-different-and-valid-as-long-as-there-is-consent-paromita-vohra/300379 Each Journey Is Different And Valid, As Long As There Is Consent: Paromita Vohra] (July 12, 2018 Interview)
*[http://www.tarshi.net/inplainspeak/interview-paromita-vohra Interview: Paromita Vohra - TARSHI] (August 1, 2018 Interview)
* [https://feminisminindia.com/2020/09/25/paromita-vohra-unlimited-girls-review/] (Review-Unlimited Girls, 2020)
* [https://www.sunoindia.in/the-seen-and-the-unseen-hosted-by-amit-varma/films-feminism-paromita Films, Feminism, Paromita] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720095043/https://sunoindia.in/the-seen-and-the-unseen-hosted-by-amit-varma/films-feminism-paromita |date=20 July 2024 }} (Podcast Interview - Paromita Vohra, Jan 2020)
* [https://www.audacy.com/podcast/women-in-labour-bb761/episodes/episode-13-the-stories-we-tell-f0cf6 The Stories We Tell] (Podcast by Women in Labour, Apr 2020)
* [https://soundcloud.com/user-899747925/public-displays-of-affection-with-paromita-vohra Public Displays of Affection with Paromita Vohra] (Podcast Interview - Marine Lines with Raghu Karnad, 2021)
*[https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/without-pleasure-politics-there-can-be-no-meaningful-consent-paromita-vohra-7570386/ Without-pleasure-politics-there-can-be-no-meaningful] (Interview for Indian Express, October 2021)
*[https://www.goethe.de/ins/in/en/kul/soc/ldl/22450455.html Is distance learning an equaliser in an unequal education system?] (Article for Goethe-Institut, October 2021)
* [https://socialtextjournal.org/periscope_article/how-dare-you/ How Dare You?] (Article by Paromita Vohra for socialtextjournal.org, April 2023)
*[https://thethirdeyeportal.in/pedagogy/can-you-teach-sex-ed-through-beauty-rather-than-information/ Interview Paromita Vohra - The Third Eye] (May 4, 2023)
*[https://doingsociology.org/2023/07/30/vasantasenas-lychpin-memory-games-and-re-membering-in-pathaan-a-reading-in-three-scenes-paromita-vohra/ Vasantasena’s Lychpin, Memory Games and Re-Membering in Pathaan: A Reading in Three Scenes – Paromita Vohra] (July 3, 2023)

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vohra, Paromita}}
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian women columnists]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Indian women documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Miranda House alumni]]

Kodur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:21:28Z

Veronaidw: New entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kodur
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (127-Kodur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Kodur Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]
| reservation = SC
| established = 1962
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 127
| mla = [[Arava Sreedhar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janasena Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 204,491
}}
'''Kodur''' is a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] reserved constituency in [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]<ref name="k927">{{cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kodur Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kodur-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917022.html |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=News18}}</ref> that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Arava Sreedhar]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Janasena Party]]. As of 2024, there are a total of 204,491 electors in the constituency.{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1962, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1962)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Penagalur mandal|Penagalur]]
|-
| [[Chitvel mandal|Chitvel]]
|-
| [[Pullampeta mandal|Pullampeta]]
|-
| [[Obulavaripalle mandal,Tirupati district|Obulavaripalle]]
|-
| [[Koduru mandal,Tirupati district|Railway Koduru]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=4| [[United Andhra Pradesh|United Andhra]]
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan=2 |N. Penchalaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Sriramulu Gunti
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Nidiganti Venkatasubbaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Srinivasulu Settipalli
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=2 |Thoomati Penchalaiah
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| Chennaiah Vaddi
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Somineni Saraswathi
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Gunti Venkateswara Prasad
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Koramutla Srinivasulu]]
|-
| [[2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election|2012]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=2 |Koramutla Srinivasulu
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Arava Sreedhar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kodur Assembly Election Results 2024: Kodur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/kodur-constituency-result-1127 |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kodur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Nidiganti Venkatasubbaiah
|votes = 19,079
|percentage = 30.78
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Yerrathota Venkatasubbaiah
|votes = 17,391
|percentage = 28.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
|candidate = Penubala Peachalaiah
|votes = 15,610
|percentage = 25.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gunti Sreeramulu
|votes = 9,205
|percentage = 14.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,688
|percentage = 2.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 61,980
|percentage = 64.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}
=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kodur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Srinivasulu Settipalli]]
|votes = 45,889
|percentage = 63.98
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sriramulu Gunti]]
|votes = 21,650
|percentage = 30.18
|change = {{increase}}15.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Karnati Subbanna]]
|votes = 3,130
|percentage = 4.36
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,239
|percentage = 33.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 71,723
|percentage = 69
|change = {{increase}}4.3
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kodur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Thoomati Penchalaiah]]
|votes = 40,311
|percentage = 60.55
|change = {{decrease}}3.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Nediganti Venkatasubbaiah]]
|votes = 24,806
|percentage = 37.26
|change = {{increase}}7.08
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,505
|percentage = 23.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 66,566
|percentage = 59.7
|change = {{decrease}}9.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kodur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Thoomati Penchalaiah]]
|votes = 50,239
|percentage = 50.06
|change = {{decrease}}10.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kotapati Dhananjaya]]
|votes = 49,173
|percentage = 49.0
|change = {{increase}}11.74
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,066
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 100,338
|percentage = 70.7
|change = {{increase}}11.0
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kodur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Chennaiah Vaddi]]
|votes = 52,335
|percentage = 56.52
|change = {{increase}}6.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kotapati Dhanunjaya]]
|votes = 37,573
|percentage = 40.58
|change = {{decrease}}8.42
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,762
|percentage = 15.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 92,582
|percentage = 69.3
|change = {{decrease}}1.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kodur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Somineni Saraswathi]]
|votes = 38,228
|percentage = 44.47
|change = {{decrease}}12.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dr. Gunti Venkateswara Prasad]]
|votes = 27,986
|percentage = 32.56
|change = {{decrease}} 8.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Eswaraiah Kanuparthi]]
|votes = 16,336
|percentage = 19.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,242
|percentage = 11.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 85,948
|percentage = 70.2
|change = {{increase}}0.9
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kodur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dr. Gunti Venkateswara Prasad]]
|votes = 55,135
|percentage = 57.73
|change = {{increase}}25.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Smt. Jayamma Yerrathota]]
|votes = 38,713
|percentage = 40.54
|change = {{decrease}} 3.93
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,422
|percentage = 17.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 95,503
|percentage = 71.92
|change = {{increase}}4.19
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kodur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Koramutla Srinivasulu]]
|votes = 51,747
|percentage = 43.98
|change = {{decrease}}13.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Ajay Babu Nandavaram Benjimin]]
|votes = 39,359
|percentage = 33.45
|change = {{decrease}} 7.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Samineni Saraswathi]]
|votes = 22,122
|percentage = 18.80
|change = new
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,388
|percentage = 10.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 117,663
|percentage = 74.40
|change = {{increase}}2.48
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Kodur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSRCP
|candidate = [[Koramutla Srinivasulu]]
|votes = 66,456
|percentage = 53.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[E. Kanuparthi]]
|votes = 34,465
|percentage = 27.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Ajay Babu Nandavaram Benjimin]]
|votes = 17,594
|percentage = 14.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 31,991
|percentage = 25.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 123,530
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSRCP
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kodur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Koramutla Srinivasulu]]
|votes = 66,820
|percentage = 48.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Obili Subbaramaiah
|votes = 64,848
|percentage = 47.29
|change = {{increase}}13.84
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,972
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 137,138
|percentage = 77.67
|change = {{increase}}3.27
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kodur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Koramutla Srinivasulu]]
|votes = 78,312
|percentage = 57.26
|change = {{increase}}8.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Panthagani Narasimha Prasad
|votes = 43,433
|percentage = 31.76
|change = {{decrease}} 15.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = Bonasi Venkata Subbaiah
|votes = 9,964
|percentage = 7.29
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1,570
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 34,879
|percentage = 25.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 136,770
|percentage = 75.29
|change = {{decrease}}2.38
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kodur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = Arava Sreedhar
|votes = 78,594
|percentage = 51.58
|change = {{increase}}44.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Koramutla Srinivasulu]]
|votes = 67,493
|percentage = 44.29
|change = {{decrease}}12.97
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gosala Devi
|votes = 2,132
|percentage = 1.39
|change = {{increase}}0.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1,112
|percentage = 0.72
|change = {{decrease}}0.42
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,101
|percentage = 7.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,52,366
|percentage = 74.51
|change = {{decrease}}0.78
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janasena Party
|loser = YSRCP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Tirupati district}}
{{coord|13.96|79.35|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Gurdwara Naulakha Sahib

2026-04-14T11:26:27Z

Veronaidw: entry

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gurudwara Naulakha Sahib
| other_name = Gurudwara Sahib Naulakha
| settlement_type = Religion Place
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|30.53|N|76.40|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Punjab
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Fatehgarh Sahib
| subdivision_type3 = Village
| subdivision_name3 = Naulakha
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1830
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 262
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 147104
| area_code_type = Telephone
| area_code = 01763 260574
| iso_code = IN-PB
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 =
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| blank4_name_sec1 =
| blank4_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes = https://www.facebook.com/GurdwaraNaulakhaSahib
}}

'''Gurudwara Naulakha Sahib''' is situated in the village of [[Naulakha punjab|Naulakha]], [[Fatehgarh Sahib district]] in [[Punjab, India]]. This village is situated on [[Patiala]]-Sirhind Road. Almost 19 km from [[Patiala]] and 13 km from Sirhind.

==History==

The villages name is said to come from an event when [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] and [[Mata Gujri]] stayed there for a day and night on a tour of the [[Malwa]] region. While he was there Lakhi Shah Wanjara lost his ox, and pledged he would offer several [[takka]]s to the guru if he regained his ox. He found his ox in the jungle, and came to the guru offering him nine takas, which the guru forwarded on to the [[Sangat (term)|Sangat]] without even touching. Wanjara thought the guru was dissatisfied with the offering, so said that he did not have enough money for a large offering, but would give more of the same amount. The guru responded that Wanjara's nine takkas were equivalent to nine [[lakh]]s of takka (''nau lakh''). Later people came to catch a glimpse of the guru, and he blessed them and asked them to name the village Naulakha ("nine lakh").<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.historicalgurudwaras.com/India/Punjab/FatehgarhSahib/GurudwaraShriNaulakhaSahibNaulakha/gallery.php|title=Gurdwara Naulakha Sahib|access-date=9 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002100727/http://www.historicalgurudwaras.com/India/Punjab/FatehgarhSahib/GurudwaraShriNaulakhaSahibNaulakha/gallery.php|archive-date=2 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Fatehgarh Sahib district}}

[[Category:Gurdwaras in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Fatehgarh Sahib district]]
[[Category:Villages in Fatehgarh Sahib district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

P. V. Kunhikrishnan

2026-04-11T12:42:53Z

Veronaidw: Creating basic entry initial version

{{short description|Indian judge of Kerala High Court}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. V. Kunhikrishnan
| honorific_prefix = '''Justice'''
| image = Justice PV Kunhikrishnan.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Kerala High Court|Judge of Kerala High Court]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2020|02|13|df=yes}}
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| office4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| office5 =
| term_start5 =
| term_end5 =
| office6 =
| term_start6 =
| term_end6 =
| office7 =
| term_start7 =
| term_end7 =
| office8 =
| term_start8 =
| term_end8 =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Kerala Law Academy|The Kerala Law Academy Law College, Thiruvananthapuram]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|05|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Payyanur]], [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]],
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Unnikrishnan Namboothiri]]|Leela Antharjanam}}
| relatives = [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] (Brother-in-law)
| website = {{URL|http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/pvkk.html|High Court of Kerala}}
}}
'''Pulleri Vadhyarillathu Kunhikrishnan''' (born 22 May 1967) is a judge of [[Kerala High Court]].<ref name="HC">{{cite web|url=http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/pvkk.html|title=Official website if Kerala High Court|via=High Court of Kerala|accessdate=13 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="DOJ">{{cite web|url=https://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/Orders%20of%20appointment%20of%20Shri%20P%20V%20Kunhikrishnan%20to%20be%20an%20Addl.%20Judge%20of%20the%20Kerala%20HC%20%2810.02.2020%29.pdf|title=Appointment Order|via=Department of Justice - Government of India|date=10 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="SCC">{{cite web|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2020/02/10/pulleri-vadhyarillath-kunhikrishnan-appointed-as-addl-judge-of-kerala-hc/|title=Pulleri Vadhyarillath Kunhikrishnan — Appointed as Addl. Judge of Kerala HC|via=SCC Online|date=10 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="BAR">{{cite web|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/waiting-period-is-really-painful-kerala-hcs-justice-pv-kunhikrishnan-two-years-after-he-was-recommended-for-elevation|title=Waiting period is really painful: Kerala HC's Justice PV Kunhikrishnan two years after he was recommended for elevation|via=Bar and Bench|date=13 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/p-v-kunhikrishnan-appointed-kerala-high-court-judge/articleshow/74070568.cms|title=P V Kunhikrishnan appointed Kerala high court judge|via=Times of India|date=10 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="IE">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/feb/11/p-v-kunhikrishnan-posted-as-hc-judge-2101697.html|title=PV Kunhikrishnan posted as HC judge|via=The New Indian Express|date=11 February 2020}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Kunhikrishnan is the younger son of [[Malayalam]] actor [[Unnikrishnan Namboothiri]] and Leela Antharjanam.<ref name="IE"/> His siblings are Devi (Wife of the noted lyricist and musician [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]), Bhavadasan and Yamuna. Kunhikrishnan completed his schooling from Korom Devisahayam U.P. School and Government High School, Korom, [[Payyannur]] and obtained a law degree from [[Kerala Law Academy|The Kerala Law Academy Law College, Thiruvananthapuram]] in 1989.

==Career==
Kunhikrishnan enrolled as an Advocate in 1989, started his practice at District and Sessions Court, [[Kozhikode]] in 1990 and shifted his practice to [[Kerala High Court]], [[Ernakulam]] in 1993. During his practice, he served as standing counsel for [[Kerala State Electricity Board]], [[Travancore Devaswom Board]], [[Kozhikode Corporation]] etc.

==Appointment==
[[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court collegium]] recommended his name as Judge in 2018, however the [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]] returned the recommendation for reconsideration and thereafter in 2019 [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court collegium]] reiterated its recommendation.

On 10 February 2020, he was appointed as additional judge of [[Kerala High Court]] by the [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]] and he sworn-in as the Additional Judge of the High Court of Kerala on 13 February 2020.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in High Court of Kerala]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kunhikrishnan, P. V.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

Patsho Range

2026-04-08T18:17:02Z

Veronaidw:

{{Short description|Villages in Nagaland, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = [[Khiamniungan people|Khiamniungan]]
| population = 7,000 approx
| image =
| image_caption = Patsho Range
| languages =[[Patsho Khiamniungan]]
| religions = Christianity
| related = [[Patsho|Patsho people]]
| footnotes =
}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Patsho Range
| native_name = Patsho Shingtap
| native_name_lang = kix
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Group of villages
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.117565|94.931249|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Noklak district|Noklak]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Administrative circle]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Patsho|Panso]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Autonomous council
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 1st
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1422.43
| population_total = 7000 approx
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Patsho Khiamniungan]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Pincode
| postal_code = 798612
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = NL
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Patsho range''' or [[Patsho shingtap]]<ref name="Khunou S Longshie">{{cite web|url=https://nagalandtribune.in/pathso-shingtap-celebrates-khautshauhsie-festival-minister-metsubo-says-fnt-dream-will-come-true/|title=Pathso shingtap celebrates khautshauhsie festival minister Metsubo says FNT dream will come true|date= 8 April 2026|website=nagalandtribune.in}}</ref> consists of numerous villages in the western part of Noklak district [[Nagaland]], India. It is endowed with distinct culture and abundance of natural resources inherited by the [[Khiamniungan people|people of Khiamniungan]].<ref name="Khunou S">{{cite web|url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2024/02/17/prsu-asks-govt-employees-to-be-in-station/|title=PRSU asks govt-employees to be in station|date= 8 April 2026|website=nagalandpost.com}}</ref>

== Culture ==

=== Language ===
People of this range speaks pure [[Patsho Khiamniungan]] overarchingly introduced the language based on oral tradition to written script.<ref name="Khunou-S">{{cite web|url=https://glocal.soas.ac.uk/cala2019-353/|title=From oral tradition to written language: The Patsho Khiamniungan and Mongsen Ao dictionary projects|date= 8 April 2026|website=glocal.soas.ac.uk}}</ref>

=== Festivals ===
[[Tsoukum]], [[Khautsausie]] and Miu are the important festivals celebrated annually that involves significant culinary items and folk dances.<ref name="Khunou-S&">{{cite web|url=https://nagalandtribune.in/marking-the-beginning-of-harvest-tsokum-festival/#:~:text=Tsokum%2C%20a%20festival%20specific%20to,rites%20and%20rituals%20are%20performed|title=Marking the beginning of harvest tsokum festival|date= 8 April 2026|website=nagalandtribune.in}}</ref><ref name="Khunou-S&S">{{cite web|url=https://noklak.nic.in/festival/miu/#:~:text=Miu%20is%20observed%20on%20the,for%20the%20protection%20of%20crops.|title=Noklak: Miu festival|date= 8 April 2026|website=noklak.nic.in}}</ref>

=== Folk dances ===
The [[Khiamniungan folk dances|folk dances]] of these villages are identical and they are performed to fulfill bravery and determination.

== Villages ==
The range is composed of multiple villages dwelling around [[Patsho]] village. They are as follows:-
* [[Patsho]]
* [[Patsho Nokking]]
* [[Patsho Town]]
* [[Iekhau]]
* [[Tsangkui]]
* [[Lümuoking]]
* [[Yokau]]
* [[Tshüvau]]
* [[Lingnyu]]
* [[Kingnyu]]<ref name="Khunou-S&s">{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/pathso-area-gbs-union-directs-parties-to-follow-election-mcc|title=Pathso Area GB's Union directs parties to follow Election MCC|date= 8 April 2026|website=morungexpress.com}}</ref><ref>nagalandpage.com|PRSU visits Govt institutions within its jurisdiction</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Wiktionary-inline|Patsho range}}
*[https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/nagaland/districts/noklak.html Maps Maps of India-Indis's no1 map site] ''Maps of India''.(District Map of Noklak)

[[Category:Villages in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Villages in Noklak district]]

Mala Honnatti

2026-04-04T09:30:10Z

Veronaidw: created initial info nd citations

{{Short description|Indian mountaineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026|cs1-dates=ly}}

'''Mala Honnatti''' is an Indian mountain climber, trekker, and former bank employee.

== Biography ==
She insisted that she was a studious girl during her childhood and she paid firm attention on her studies to gain good grades at college entrance examinations.<ref name="Travel and Leisure Asia 2024">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Meet Mala Honnatti: The Marathoner, Mountaineer & Karate Practitioner Going Strong at 71 |url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/in/people/interview-with-mala-honnatti-mountaineer-aged-71/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Travel and Leisure Asia {{!}} India |language=en-IN}}</ref> She pursued both [[Bachelor of Science]] and [[Bachelor of Laws]]. She hails from Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Dr U. |date=29 May 2016 |title=Scale it-step by step |url=https://www.asianage.com/people/scale-it-step-step-852 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=asianage.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
She developed an ardent interest and passion towards adventure sports during her 30s.<ref name="Travel and Leisure Asia 2024" /> After making a career-defining move by venturing into adventure sports, she broke the stereotypes about the patriarchal mindset that has been incorporated within the typical traditional South Indian family backdrop, where girls are generally groomed only for education and marriage.<ref name="Travel and Leisure Asia 2024" /> In 1984, she had applied to enroll in a trekking program in [[Chanderkhani|Chandrakhani]], [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name="Travel and Leisure Asia 2024" /> She then agreed for a low-altitude programme organised by the [[Youth Hostels Association of India]].<ref name="Rao 2022">{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Yoshita |date=2 September 2022 |title=Unstoppable at 69: She Quit Banking to Scale 12 Mountains, Run Marathons in Antarctica |url=https://thebetterindia.com/296248/senior-citizen-mountaineer-marathoner-mala-honnati-climbs-summits-everest-antarctica/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref> Her decision to join the trekking program at that time marked a significant milestone in her career aspirations towards fulfilling her goals of exploring the adventure.<ref name="Travel and Leisure Asia 2024" />

She then joined the [[Himalayan Mountaineering Institute]], Darjeeling, in 1986. She successfully climbed 12 mountain ranges in India including [[Stok Kangri]], and [[Mount Kilimanjaro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mani |first=Sowmya |date=30 November 2023 |title='Life Starts at 60': 5 Senior Citizens Travelling The World After Retirement |url=https://thebetterindia.com/335137/senior-citizens-travel-life-after-retirement-trekking-riding-travelling-biking-road-trips/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref> She also engaged in running marathons to enhance her fitness levels and she also began practicising karate as part of her physical training activities. As of 2024, she had established a significant track record of having completed a record tally of 26 full marathons and two ultra-marathons across the world in her lifetime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2024 |title=Meet the Woman Who Conquered Marathons and Mountains at 71 |url=https://thebetterindia.com/video/meet-the-woman-who-conquered-marathons-and-mountains-at-71/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>

She set a new record by becoming the first Indian woman to complete the [[Antarctic Ice Marathon & 100k ultra race|Antarctica Ice Marathon & 100k ultra race]]. She also successfully competed in the 2011 edition of the Everest Base Camp Marathon.<ref name="Travel and Leisure Asia 2024" /> At the age of 62, in April 2015, she made ambitious efforts to realize the dream of conquering [[Mount Everest]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2015 |title=Oldest Indian to attempt Everest safe at base camp |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/oldest-indian-to-attempt-everest-safe-at-base-camp/articleshow/47055944.cms |access-date=2024-11-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, due to a [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|deadly fatal earthquake which rocked the entirety of Nepal, claiming the lives of over 8000 people]], her planned expedition was called off, thereby putting an end to her goal of reaching the summit of Mount Everest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudhakar |first=Samuel |date=5 September 2016 |title=Runversation: Life's an adventure or nothing |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/in-other-news/050916/runversation-lifes-an-adventure-or-nothing.html |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> She nearly missed out on setting a new record of being the oldest male or female Indian to successfully climb Mount Everest.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 April 2015 |title=Former banker from Gurgaon, 62, sets a new target: Mt Everest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/former-banker-from-gurgaon-62-sets-a-new-target-mt-everest/articleshow/46777792.cms |access-date=2024-11-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In an exclusive to ''The Better India'', she recalled the memories of her gearing up for Mount Everest summit in April 2015 and she insisted that she was reading a book inside the dining tent, at the time when tremors struck the area.<ref name="Rao 2022" /> The earthquake was a vital blow for her in terms of finance, as she spent INR 23 lakhs for the preparation.<ref name="Rao 2022" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Honnatti, Mala}}
[[Category:Indian female mountain climbers]]
[[Category:Indian mountain climbers]]
[[Category:Indian women bankers]]
[[Category:Indian women long-distance runners]]
[[Category:Indian women marathon runners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Indian Idol Academy

2026-04-03T22:11:49Z

Veronaidw: New new entry.

{{Short description|Music learning program}}

{{multiple issues|
{{advert|date=January 2016}}
{{no footnotes|date=January 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2016}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
'''Indian Idol Academy''' is a music learning program that was launched during the Grand Finale of Indian Idol Junior Season 1 in September 2013. It is a joint venture of KarmYog Education Network and FreemantleMedia. Indian Idol Academy has programs which offer a variety of musical courses for both beginners and experts in the field of music, which are delivered through the [[OmniDEL]] Campus.

Indian Idol Academy has been launched in 25 cities.

==History==
[[FreemantleMedia]], the owners of the Idol brand behind the [[Indian Idol]] show, developed the platform for talent development together with KarmYog Education Network, a [[Kolkata]] based E-learning company.

==Courses==
Indian Idol Academy offers courses at different levels.

===Introductory Workshop: JAAAGO!===
JAAAGO! is a musical workshop for children and their parents. It is followed by a digital audition.

===Introductory Course: Music Discovery Program===
Music Discovery Program is a music education course for beginners, which aims at helping learners to get to know their core area of interest in music.

It is a 1-year program which is divided into 4 levels of certification with main lessons and "Taleem lessons" (practice sessions). Each main lesson has 4 distinct sections: Gyaan, Swarleela, Palta Time and Song Time. Every main lesson is followed by Taleem lessons.

===Choir Camp for the City Idols===
Choir Camp – For the City Idols, is a musical camp conducted by certified music mentors of the Academy.

===Music Mentor Certification Program===
Music Mentor Certification program is a course designed especially for the music trainers.

===Talent Development Program===
Talent Development program is an advanced course designed especially for talented learners.

===Learning from the Legends===
Learning from the legends is a course designed by the Academy to provide direct tutoring for the learners by previous Indian Idol participants.

===Pre-Audition Intensive Course===
Pre-Audition Intensive Course is designed for grooming and training Indian Idol show aspirants by the certified mentors of the Indian Idol Academy.

==Campus==
===OmniDEL Campus===
The OmniDEL campus is a combination of real and virtual spaces for learning.

===Web Campus===
Web Campus is an internet-based learning environment which provides individual learners with an archive of their lessons. The web campus is also used by the music mentors of Indian Idol Academy to schedule sessions, evaluate performance and assign tasks.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211204160844/https://www.indianidolacadmy.in/]
* http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/indian-idol-academy-to-be-set-up-in-50-cities/article6369550.ece
* http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Indian-Idol-Academy-Officially-Launched-on-the-finale/articleshow/22457260.cms

[[Category:Indian Idol]]
[[Category:Indian music television series]]
[[Category:Indian singing talent shows]]

Administrative divisions of the Madras Presidency

2026-04-01T07:24:14Z

Veronaidw: new

{{Short description|Province of former British India}}
[[File:Pope1880MadrasPres2.jpg|thumb|Map of "Madras Presidency" from Pope, G. U. (1880)]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}

The [[Madras Presidency]] was a province of [[British India]] comprising most of the present day [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] along with a few districts and taluks of [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] and [[Odisha, India|Odisha]]. A few princely states, notably [[Ramnad estate|Ramnad]] and [[Pudukkottai state|Pudukkottai]] also merged into the Presidency at some or the other time. The Presidency lasted till 1950, when it became the [[Madras State]] after India became a [[Republic of India|republic]]. In 1953, Telugu-speaking regions of the state split to form [[Andhra State]]. Subsequently, in 1956, [[Kannada]]- and [[Malayalam]]-speaking areas were merged with [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] and [[Travancore-Cochin]] respectively.

==Administrative Zones of the Presidency==

The Districts of Madras Presidency were divided into five zones:<ref name="Thurston1">{{Harvnb|Thurston|1913| pp=8–9}}</ref>

===The West Coast===
The districts of the Presidency along the Arabian Sea constituted the West Coast. They were mainly the coastal districts of present-day [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]] states.<ref name="Thurston1"/>

===The Deccan===
These were also known as the "[[Ceded Districts]]" since they were ceded to the British after the [[Anglo-Mysore War]]. The present day district of [[Bellary]] in Karnataka and [[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh|Anantpur]], [[Kadapa]] and [[Kurnool]] districts of [[Andhra Pradesh]] came under this zone.<ref name="Thurston2">{{Harvnb|Thurston|1913| pp=10–11}}</ref>

===The Agencies===
The mountainous regions of the [[Eastern Ghats]], in present-day [[Coastal Andhra]] and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], more specifically the present day [[Ganjam District]] and some districts of Andhra like [[Vizag]], were called as Agencies. They were administered as "Tribal Belt" by British [[District Collector|(District) Collector]]s, who were agents to the Governor.<ref name="Thurston2"/>

===Northern Circars===
This zone included the coastal areas of districts of present-day [[Coastal Andhra]] and [[Ganjam]] of Orissa.<ref name="Thurston2"/>

===The Coramandel===
The Southern Division of the Presidency comprising much of modern [[Tamil Nadu]] and present-day [[Chittoor District|Chittoor]] district of [[Andhra Pradesh]] was called the Coramandel.<ref name="Thurston2"/>

==Districts of the Presidency==

===Madras===
The modern district of Chennai in Tamil Nadu constituted the Madras District. This was one of the earliest areas to be colonized by the British. The present day city of [[Chennai]], then Madras was given as a grant by the [[Nayaks of Kalahasti|Kalahasti Nayak]] on Francis Day in 1640.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/chndistprof.htm#hist |title=District Profile - CHENNAI |publisher=Chennai.tn.nic.in |access-date=2009-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409220657/http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/chndistprof.htm#hist |archive-date=9 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Madraspresidency2"/> Madras was an important battle site during the [[Carnatic Wars]] between the English and the French.<ref name="Madraspresidency1"/> For a long time, Madras was the administrative capital of the Presidency.

===Chingleput===
[[Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)|Chingleput]] consisted of the modern districts of [[Chengalpattu district|Chinglepet]], [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]] and [[Kanchipuram district|Conjeevaram]]. The town of [[Chengalpet|Chinglepet]] went into British possession in 1763, when the [[Nawab of Arcot]] handed it over to solve his debt.<ref name="Madraspresidency1">{{Harvnb|A Short Account of the Madras Presidency|1862| pp=7–9}}</ref> The town of Sardas was a Dutch possession till 1819, before it was handed over to the British.<ref name="Madraspresidency1"/> The capital of the district was [[Karunguzhi]] before it was shifted to [[Kanchipuram|Conjeevaram]] in 1825 to 1835. Again, the capital became [[Karunguzhi]] between 1835 and 1859. Later in 1859, the capital was shifted to [[Saidapet]].

===North Arcot===
{{See also|North Arcot}}

The modern districts of [[Chittoor District|Chittoor]] in Andhra Pradesh, [[Vellore District|Vellore]], [[Tirupattur district|Tirupattur]], [[Ranipet district|Ranipet]], [[Thiruvannamalai District|Thiruvannamalai]], [[Arani, Tiruvannamalai|Arani]] and few talukas off [[Thiruvallur District|Thiruvallur]] ([[Thiruttani]], [[pallipattu]]) in Tamil Nadu constituted the North Arcot District. [[Chittoor]] was the administrative headquarters city for the district.<ref name="Madraspresidency2">{{Harvnb|A Short Account of the Madras Presidency|1862| pp=12–13}}</ref>

===South Arcot===
{{See also|South Arcot}}

The modern districts of [[Villupuram District|Villupuram]], [[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]] and [[Cuddalore District|Cuddalore]] in Tamil Nadu constituted the South Arcot District. Before its possession by the British, it was part of the Carnatic along with North Arcot, Chengalpet and Nellore.<ref name="Madraspresidency3">{{Harvnb|A Short Account of the Madras Presidency|1862| pp=14–15}}</ref>

===Salem===
{{Main|Salem District (Madras Presidency)}}

The modern districts of [[Salem District|Salem]], [[Dharmapuri District|Dharmapuri]], [[Krishnagiri District|Krishnagiri]] and [[Namakkal District|Namakkal]] constituted the Salem District.<ref name="Madraspresidency4">{{Harvnb|A Short Account of the Madras Presidency|1862| pp=33–34}}</ref> Salem was one of the important districts where industrial development took place, most notably Steel Industries and the [[TVS Group]] established in [[Hosur]] by [[T. V. Sundaram Iyengar]].Salem is the Administrative headquarters of The District<ref name=TVS>[http://www.tvsiyengar.com/aboutus.htm TVS Iyengar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308005005/http://www.tvsiyengar.com/aboutus.htm |date=8 March 2009 }}</ref>

===Coimbatore===
The modern districts of [[Coimbatore District|Coimbatore]], [[Erode District|Erode]], [[Tirupur District|Tirupur]] and a few taluks of [[Kollegal|Kollegal Taluk]] of [[Karnataka]] constituted the Coimbatore District.<ref name="Madraspresidency5">{{Harvnb|A Short Account of the Madras Presidency|1862| pp=35–36}}</ref> Along Salem, Coimbatore was one of the important industrial areas with noted figures like [[GD Naidu]], [[G. Kuppuswami Naidu]] and [[Sri SP Narasimhulu Naidu]] contributing to the development of the region. Salem and Coimbatore were acquired from the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] by the British after the defeat of [[Dheeran chinnamalai]], [[Tipu Sultan]] in 1792 and 1799 respectively.<ref>{{cite news|title=The city that is Coimbatore|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005043001980300.htm&date=2005/04/30/&prd=mp&|access-date=9 June 2010|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 April 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726120742/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005043001980300.htm&date=2005%2F04%2F30%2F&prd=mp&|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Markovits|first= Claude |title=A history of modern India, 1480–1950 |year=2004|publisher=Anthem Press|pages=253|isbn= 9781843310044 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&q=coimbatore+1799&pg=PA253}}</ref>

===Madura===
The modern districts of [[Madurai District|Madurai]], [[Theni District|Theni]], [[Dindigul District|Dindigul]], [[Sivaganga District|Sivaganga]], [[Ramanathapuram District|Ramnathapuram]], and few taluk of [[Virudhunagar District|Virudhunagar]] and formed the Madura district.<ref name="Madraspresidency6">{{Harvnb|A Short Account of the Madras Presidency|1862| pp=21–22}}</ref> Along with Tinnively, Madura was acquired after the bloody [[Polygar Wars]] between the British and some of the erstwhile chieftains of the [[Madurai Nayak|Madurai royal family]]. Most of the Polygars who surrendered or helped the British were appointed as Zamindars in a few villages. The kingdoms of [[Ramnad estate|Ramnad]] and [[Sivaganga estate|Sivaganga]] were merged into Madura as Zamindaris in 1803.<ref name="sethupathi_tondaimans">{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnadu.ind.in/tamilnadu_history/sethupathis_thondaimans/sethupathis.php|title=Sethupathi Tondaimans|work=The History of Tamil Nadu|access-date=23 August 2010|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712110239/https://www.tamilnadu.ind.in/tamilnadu_history/sethupathis_thondaimans/sethupathis.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="holdersofhistory">{{cite web|title=Holder of History:The Ramnad Sethupathis|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1518390491.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023031602/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1518390491.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-10-23|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="bridgeofram">{{cite web|title=Sethupathi Dynasty of Ramnad - Guardians of Rama Sethu|url=http://www.bridgeofram.com/2008/02/sethupathi-dynasty-of-ramnad-guardians.html|publisher=Bridge of Ram|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006003201/http://www.bridgeofram.com/2008/02/sethupathi-dynasty-of-ramnad-guardians.html|archive-date=6 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Nilgiris===
{{empty section|date=May 2022}}

===Tinnively===
The modern districts of [[Tirunelveli District|Tirunelveli]], [[Tuticorin District|Tuticorin]] [[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]] along with a few taluks of [[Virudhunagar District|Virudhunagar]] formed the Tinnively district.<ref name="Madraspresidency8">{{Harvnb|A Short Account of the Madras Presidency|1862| pp=24–25}}</ref> Many battles between [[Polygars]] and the British were fought in Tinnively which came to an end in 1801. Among the Prominent Polygars who fought the British was [[Veerapandiya Kattabomman]]. The port of [[Tuticorin]] was acquired from the Dutch.<ref name="Madraspresidency8"/>

===Trichinopoly===
{{Main|Trichinopoly District}}
The modern districts of [[Tiruchirapalli District|Tiruchirapalli]], [[Pudukottai District|Pudukottai]], [[Karur District|Karur]], [[Perambalur District|Perambalur]] and [[Ariyalur District|Ariyalur]] formed the Trichinopoly District. The Great Southern Railway Company was established in as Trichinopoly. According to the 1871 census, Trichinoply was the second largest city in the Madras Presidency, after its capital Madras. In 1928 Golden Rock Railway workshop was established in Ponmalai. During [[World War II]] [[Tiruchirapalli International Airport|Trichinopoly Airport]] was established as the second airport in Tamil Nadu. In 1938, Tata Airlines carried its first service. Trichinopoly is famous for its branded cigars. The fort of Trichy built by the Nayak kings served as an important garrison in the battle against the French.

===Tanjore===
{{See also|Thanjavur Maratha kingdom}}

The modern districts of [[Thanjavur District|Thanjavur]], [[Nagapattinam District|Nagapattinam]], [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]], [[Tiruvarur District|Tiruvarur]] and the [[Aranthangi taluk]], [[Mimisal]] [[Karambakudi]] and someparts of present day [[Pudukkottai district]] formed the Tanjore District.<ref name="Madraspresidency1617">{{Harvnb|A Short Account of the Madras Presidency|1862| pp=16–17}}</ref> After the fall of the Cholas, the Tanjore country came under the Pandyan rule and subsequently the Delhi Sultanate before coming under Vijayanagara. Eventually a Vijayanagara Commander named Sevappa Nayadu was appointed as governor in 1532 and established the [[Thanjavur Nayaks|Tanjore Nayakar]] Kingdom which ruled till 1673. In 1674, the area came under the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Marathas]] who ruled till 1855. After the death of the last king, Tanjore came under the British and became a part of the Presidency.

===Malabar===
{{See also|Malabar District}}
The Malabar district included the present-day districts of [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] (excluding Chittur-Thathamangalam in Chittur taluk), and Chavakad Taluk of [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] District (former part of Ponnani Taluk) in the northern part of Kerala state.

===South Canara===
{{See also|South Canara}}
The South Canara district covered the areas of the present-day districts of [[Dakshina Kannada district|Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi district|Udupi]] of Karnataka and the [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] District of Kerala. The district was one of the most heterogeneous of Madras Presidency with Kannada, Tulu, Konkani and Malayalam being the principal languages spoken.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|title=Provincial Geographies of India:The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and Associated States|url=https://archive.org/details/provincialgeogra03holluoft|last=Thurston|first=Edgar|author-link=Edgar Thurston|publisher=Cambridge University|year=1913}}
* {{cite book|title=A Short Account of the Madras Presidency, for the Use of Schools|publisher=Oxford University|year=1862|ref={{sfnRef|A Short Account of the Madras Presidency|1862}} }}

== Bibliography ==
* ''The Maratha Rajas of Tanjore'' by K.R. Subramanian, 1928.

{{Divisions of British India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madras Presidency districts}}
[[Category:Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:History of South India]]

List of longest-running Indian television series

2026-03-29T11:36:32Z

Veronaidw: minor cleanup

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Dynamic list}}

This is a '''list of the longest-running Indian [[Television show|television programs]]''', ordered by number of years the show has been aired and that are still aired. This list includes only series broadcast in [[India]] with either 1,000 episodes or approximately ten-year run completed series.

{| style="border: 1px solid grey; background: #CFECEC"
|Series shaded in light blue are currently in production.
|}

== Hindi ==
=== Non-fiction ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" text-align:center;
! Length (years)
! Title
! Network
! Genre
! Start date
! End date
! No. of episodes
! Notes
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|{{age|1967|01|26}}
|''[[Krishi Darshan]]''
|[[DD National]] [[DD Kisan]]
|[[Agriculture]]
|26 January 1967
|
|16,780
|
|- style="background:#cfecec
|{{age|1982|08|15}}
|''[[Chitrahaar]]''
|[[DD National]]
|[[Music television|Music]]
|15 August 1982
|
|12,000
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|36
|''[[Rangoli (TV series)|Rangoli]]''
|[[DD National]]
|[[Music television|Music]]
|1989
|
|11,500
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|{{age|1995|05|01}}
|''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]''
|[[Zee TV]]
|[[Reality television|Reality]], [[Music television|Music]]
|1 May 1995
|
|1,568
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|{{age|2000|07|03}}
|''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]''
|[[StarPlus]] [[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]
|[[Game show]]
|3 July 2000
|
|1,454
|
|-
|21
|''[[Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan (TV series)|Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan]]''
|[[DD National]]
|[[Talk show]]
|8 October 1972
|1993
|
|
|-
|19
|''[[Khana Khazana]]''
|[[Zee TV]]
|[[Cooking show]]
|1993
|8 September 2012
|649
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|{{age|2004|10|30}}
|''[[Indian Idol]]''
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]
|[[Reality television|Reality]] [[Music television|music]]
|30 October 2004
|
|317
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|{{age|2006|09|07}}
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]''
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]] [[Colors TV]]
|[[Reality television|Reality]], [[Dance]]
|7 September 2006
|
|303
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|{{age|2006|11|03}}
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]''
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]] [[Colors TV]]
|[[Reality show]]
|3 November 2006
|
|1,864
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|{{age|2008|07|21}}
|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''
|[[Colors TV]]
|[[Stunt]] based [[Reality Show|Reality show]]
|21 July 2008
|
|262
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|{{age|2009|06|27}}
|''[[India's Got Talent]]''
|[[Colors TV]] [[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]
|[[Reality television|Reality]], [[Talent Show]]
|27 June 2009
|
|217
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|{{age|2010|10|16}}
|''[[MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)|MasterChef India]]''
|[[StarPlus]] [[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]
|[[Cookery show]]
|16 October 2010
|
|426
|
|-
|14
|''[[Antakshari (TV series)|Antakshari]]''
|[[Zee TV]]
|[[Music television|Music]]
|10 September 1993
|6 July 2007
|720
|
|-
|11
|''[[Surabhi (TV series)|Surabhi]]''
|[[DD National]] [[StarPlus]]
|Cultural
|1990
|2001
|415
|
|}

=== Fiction ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" text-align:center;
! Length (Years)
! Title
! Network
! Genre
! Start date
! End date
! No. of episodes
! Notes
|-
|27
|''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]
|rowspan=2|[[Procedural drama]]
|21 January 1998
|14 December 2025
|1,651
|
|-
|22
|''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]''
|9 May 2003
|13 July 2025
|2,000+
|
|-style="background:#cfecec"
|17
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|[[StarPlus]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|12 January 2009
|
|5,113
|
|-style="background:#cfecec"
|17
|''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
|[[Sony SAB]]
|[[Sitcom]]
|28 July 2008
|
|4,670
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-01-26|title=17 years of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah: Things that should finally happen |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/photo/ahead-of-17-years-of-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-a-look-at-tracks-fans-have-been-waiting-for-106540}}</ref>
|-
|12
|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|[[Life OK]] [[Star Bharat]]
|[[Procedural drama]]
|23 April 2012
|25 May 2024
|3,374
|
|-
|11
|''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
|[[Zee TV]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|15 April 2014
|21 September 2025
|3,208
|
|-
|10
|''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!]]''
|[[And TV]]
|[[Sitcom]]
|2 March 2015
|19 December 2025
|2,749
|
|-
|8
|''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
|[[Colors TV]]
|rowspan=3|[[Soap opera]]
|21 July 2008
|31 July 2016
|2,248
|
|-
|8
|''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
|rowspan=2|[[StarPlus]]
|3 July 2000
|6 November 2008
|1,833
|
|-
|8
|''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''
|16 October 2000
|9 October 2008
|1,661
|
|-
|8
|''[[F.I.R. (TV series)|F.I.R.]]''
|[[Sony SAB]]
|[[Sitcom]]
|31 July 2006
|23 January 2015
|1,323
|
|-
|7
|''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''
|[[StarPlus]]
|rowspan=2|[[Soap opera]]
|3 May 2010
|23 July 2017
|2,181
|
|-
|7
|''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
|[[Zee TV]]
|12 July 2017
|6 December 2024
|2,048
|
|-
|7
|''[[Happu Ki Ultan Paltan]]''
|[[And TV]]
|[[Sitcom]]
|4 March 2019
|13 March 2026
|1,760
|
|-
|6
|''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
|[[Colors TV]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|25 April 2011
|2 March 2018
|2,063
|
|-style="background:#cfecec"
|6
|''[[Anupamaa]]''
|[[StarPlus]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|13 July 2020
|
|1,971
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-06-06 |title=Exclusive - Zalak Desai on Anupamaa completing five years: Not too many shows even make it to a year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-zalak-desai-on-anupamaa-completing-five-years-not-too-many-shows-even-make-it-to-a-year/articleshow/121662569.cms}}</ref>
|-
|6
|''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
|[[StarPlus]]
|rowspan=2|[[Soap opera]]
|3 December 2013
|18 December 2019
|1,894
|
|-
|6
|''[[Uttaran]]''
|[[Colors TV]]
|1 December 2008
|16 January 2015
|1,549
|
|-
|6
|''[[Chidiya Ghar]]''
|[[Sony SAB]]
|[[Sitcom]]
|28 November 2011
|2 October 2017
|1,522
|
|-
|6
|''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]''
|[[StarPlus]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|15 July 2002
|13 March 2009
|1,449
|
|-
|6
|''[[Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi]]''
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]
|[[Mythology]]
|25 September 2017
|7 July 2023
|1,432
|
|-
|6
|''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''
|rowspan=5|[[StarPlus]]
|rowspan=8|[[Soap opera]]
|29 October 2001
|28 February 2008
|1,423
|
|-
|6
|''[[Bhabhi (TV series)|Bhabhi]]''
|18 March 2002
|23 May 2008
|1,328
|
|-
|5
|''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''
|5 October 2020
|4 July 2025
|1,625
|
|-
|5
|''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
|29 August 2011
|10 September 2016
|1,487
|
|-
|5
|''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''
|19 December 2019
|18 September 2024
|1,485
|
|-
|5
|''[[Pavitra Rishta]]''
|[[Zee TV]]
|1 June 2009
|25 October 2014
|1,424
|
|-
|5
|''[[Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki]]''
|[[Sahara One]]
|30 May 2005
|20 January 2011
|1,387
|
|-
|5
|''[[Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''
|[[Colors TV]]
|30 May 2016
|1 October 2021
|1,360
|
|-
|4
|''[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey]]''
|[[Sony SAB]]
|[[Sitcom]]
|8 February 2021
|9 August 2025
|1,362
|
|-
|4
|''[[Bhagya Lakshmi]]''
|[[Zee TV]]
|rowspan=2|[[Soap opera]]
|3 August 2021
|29 June 2025
|1,358
|
|-
|4
|''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]''
|[[Colors TV]]
|18 August 2014
|28 June 2019
|1,352
|
|-
|4
|''[[RadhaKrishn]]''
|[[Star Bharat]]
|[[Mythology]]
|1 October 2018
|21 January 2023
|1,145
|
|-
|4
|''[[Ek Mahanayak – Dr. B. R. Ambedkar]]''
|[[And TV]]
|[[Historical drama]]
|17 December 2019
|5 August 2024
|1,135
|
|-
|4
|''[[Baalveer]]''
|[[Sony SAB]]
|[[Fantasy]]
|8 October 2012
|4 November 2016
|1,111
|
|-
|4
|''[[Jai Jai Jai Bajrang Bali]]''
|[[Sahara One]]
|rowspan=2|[[Mythology]]
|6 June 2011
|31 July 2015
|1,085
|
|-
|4
|''[[Vighnaharta Ganesha]]''
|rowspan=3|[[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]
|22 August 2017
|12 November 2021
|1,026
|
|-
|4
|''[[Kkusum]]''
|rowspan=3|[[Soap opera]]
|14 May 2001
|30 November 2005
|1,001
|
|-
|4
|''[[Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka (TV series)|Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka]]''
|25 January 1999
|29 November 2002
|1,000
|
|-
|3
|''[[Parineetii (TV series)|Parineetii]]''
|[[Colors TV]]
|14 February 2022
|24 August 2025
|1,216
|
|-style="background:#cfecec"
|3
|''[[Pushpa Impossible]]''
|[[Sony SAB]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|6 June 2022
|
|1,192
|
|-
|3
|''[[Imlie]]''
|[[StarPlus]]
|rowspan=4|[[Soap opera]]
|16 November 2020
|12 May 2024
|1,176
|
|-
|3
|''[[Pandya Store]]''
|[[StarPlus]]
|25 January 2021
|26 May 2024
|1,137
|
|-
|3
|''[[Udaariyaan]]''
|[[Colors TV]]
|15 March 2021
|24 July 2024
|1,121
|
|-
|3
|''[[Suhani Si Ek Ladki]]''
|[[StarPlus]]
|9 June 2014
|21 May 2017
|1,013
|
|}

== Telugu ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" text-align:center;
! Length (years)
! Title
! Network
! Genre
! Start date
! End date
! No. of episodes
! Notes
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|30
|''Aaradhana''
|rowspan=4|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|[[Reality television|Reality]], devotional
|rowspan=2|28 August 1995
|
|5000+
|Longest running devotional show in India
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|30
|''Annadata''
|[[Reality television|Reality]], agricultural
|
|5000+
|Longest running Telugu agricultural based show
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|30
|''[[Padutha Theeyaga]]''
|[[Reality television|Reality]], music
|12 January 1996
|
|1100+
|Longest running Telugu music-reality show
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|16
|''[[Dhee (TV show)|Dhee]]''
|Reality, dance
|2009
|
|580
|
|-
|13
|''Bhakti Samacharam''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Spiritual show
|
|
|4,060
|Longest running Telugu spiritual show
|-
|13
|''[[Abhishekam (TV series)|Abhishekam]]''
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|22 December 2008
|1 February 2022
|4,000
|Longest ran Telugu soap opera<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/telugu-daily-soap-abhishekam-to-conclude-today-after-a-4000-episode-run/articleshow/89269153.cms|title=Telugu daily soap 'Abhishekam' to conclude today after a 4000-episode run|access-date=2022-06-26|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|13
|''[[Jabardasth (TV series)|Jabardasth]]''
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|Comedy
|7 February 2013
|
|632
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|12
|''Srikaram Subhakaram''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Astrology show
|13 May 2013
|
|4,615+
|Longest running Telugu astrological show
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|12
|''Omkaram''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Astrology show
|9 December 2013
|
|3,630+
|
|-
|12
|''[[Star Mahila]]''
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|[[Game show]]
|9 August 2008
|3 April 2021
|3,319
|Longest ran Telugu game show
|-
|11
|''[[Aadade Aadharam]]''
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|26 January 2009
|14 March 2020
|3,329
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|11
|''[[Extra Jabardasth]]''
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|Comedy
|10 October 2014
|
|400
|
|-
|10
|''[[Manasu Mamata]]''
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|31 January 2011
|17 November 2021
|3,305
|
|-
|10
|''Mee Inti Vanta''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Cooking show
|
|
|3,016
|Longest running Telugu cooking show
|-
|8
|''Gadasari Atta Sogasari Kodalu''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Game show
|
|
|1,012
|
|-
|7
|''Attarintiki Daredi''
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|10 November 2014
|30 July 2022
|2,344
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|8
|''Cash 2.0''
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|Game show
|3 March 2018
|
|241+
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|7
|''Gundamma Katha''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|9 April 2018
|
|2,323+
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/gundamma-katha-to-complete-1000-episodes-soon-heres-what-actress-pooja-moorthy-and-others-have-to-say/articleshow/87487749.cms|title='Gundamma Katha' to complete 1000 episodes soon; here's what actress Pooja Moorthy and others have to say|access-date=2022-06-26|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|7
|''[[Kumkuma Puvvu]]''
|[[Star Maa]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|18 July 2016
|26 April 2024
|2,300
|
|-
|7
|''Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu''
|rowspan=2|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|rowspan=2|[[Soap opera]]
|21 September 2015
|15 October 2022
|2,152
|
|-
|7
|''[[Swathi Chinukulu (TV series)|Swathi Chinukulu]]''
|9 September 2013
|19 September 2020
|2,126
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/swathi-chinukulu-to-complete-1500-episodes-soon/articleshow/64369489.cms|title='Swathi Chinukulu' to complete 1500 episodes soon|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|7
|''Gopuram''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Mythological show
|
|
|1,908
|
|-
|6
|''Naa Peru Meenakshi''
|rowspan=2|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|rowspan=2|[[Soap opera]]
|26 January 2015
|18 January 2022
|1,997
|
|-
|6
|''Chandra Mukhi''
|21 May 2007
|7 September 2013
|1,850
|
|-
|6
|''Bathuku Jataka Bandi''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Talk show
|6 July 2015
|24 July 2021
|1,580
|
|-
|5
|''Anthahpuram''
|rowspan=2|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|rowspan=2|[[Soap opera]]
|2 March 2009
|8 November 2014
|1,755
|
|-
|5
|''Bharyamani''
|30 March 2009
|15 November 2014
|1,741
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|5
|''Aarogyame Mahayogam''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Astrology show
|7 September 2020
|
|1,601+
|
|-
|5
|''[[Prema Entha Madhuram]]''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|10 February 2020
|5 July 2025
|1,601
|
|-
|5
|''[[Muddha Mandaram]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Zee Telugu]]
|rowspan=7|Soap opera
|17 November 2014
|28 December 2019
|1,585
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=1000 episodes of 'Muddha Mandaram' will be celebrated on the first episode of Pradeep Machiraju's 'Super Serial Championship' on Saturday|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/1000-episodes-of-muddha-mandaram-will-be-celebrated-on-the-first-episode-of-pradeep-machirajus-super-serial-championship-on-saturday/articleshow/62382424.cms|access-date=2022-06-26|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|5
|''Kalyana Vaibhogam''
|1 May 2017
|21 January 2023
|1,572
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/kalyana-vaibhogam-completes-1000-episodes-actor-vj-sunny-shares-an-emotional-note/articleshow/81688996.cms|title=Kalyana Vaibhogam completes 1000 episodes|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|5
|''[[Karthika Deepam (Telugu TV series)|Karthika Deepam]]''
|[[Star Maa]]
|16 October 2017
|23 January 2023
|1,569
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/karthika-deepam-to-complete-1000-episodes-a-major-shock-awaits-karthik/articleshow/81755798.cms|title=Karthika Deepam to complete 1000 episodes|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|5
|''[[Suryakantam (TV series)|Suryakantham]]''
||[[Zee Telugu]]
|22 July 2019
|9 November 2024
|1,559
|
|-
|5
|''Muddu Bidda''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|29 June 2009
|23 August 2014
|1,398
|
|-
|5
|''[[Mogali Rekulu]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Gemini TV]]
|18 February 2008
|24 May 2013
|1,368
|
|-
|5
|''Agni Poolu''
|13 August 2012
|25 August 2017
|1,326
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|4
|''[[Paape Maa Jeevanajyothi]]''
|[[Star Maa]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|26 April 2021
|
|1,477+
|
|-
|4
|''[[Radhamma Kuthuru]]''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|26 August 2019
|3 August 2024
|1,477
|
|-
|4
|''[[Trinayani (Telugu TV series)|Trinayani]]''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Soap opera
|2 March 2020
|25 January 2025
|1,463
|
|-
|4
|''Telugu Ruchi''
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|Cookery show
|30 September 2017
|30 July 2022
|1,397
|
|-
|4
|''Puttadi Bomma''
|rowspan=2|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|rowspan=3|Soap opera
|22 February 2010
|28 June 2014
|1,356
|
|-
|4
|''Savithri''
|6 April 2015
|13 July 2019
|1,333
|
|-
|4
|''Ashta Chemma''
|[[Star Maa]]
|25 February 2013
|16 December 2017
|1,321
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|4
|''Rangula Ratnam''
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|[[Soap Opera]]
|17 November 2021
|
|1,314+
|
|-
|4
|''Shathamanam Bhavathi''
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|Soap opera
|5 April 2021
|27 June 2025
|1,308
|
|-
|4
|''Abhishekam''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Spiritual show
|
|
|1,288
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|4
|''Manasantha Nuvve''
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|19 January 2022
|
|1,260+
|
|-
|4
|''Vah Re Vah''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Cooking show
|
|
|1,196
|
|-
|4
|''Kalyanee''
|rowspan=2|[[Gemini TV]]
|rowspan=7|[[Soap opera]]
|4 July 2005
|29 January 2010
|1,195
|
|-
|4
|''[[Chi La Sow Sravanthi]]''
|13 November 2006
|13 May 2011
|1,162
|
|-
|4
|''Koilamma''
|[[Star Maa]]
|5 September 2016
|18 September 2020
|1,153
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/koilamma-completes-1000-episodes-actress-tejaswini-gowda-shares-a-special-video/articleshow/72145802.cms|title=Koilamma completes 1000 episodes; actress Tejaswini Gowda shares a special video|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|4
|''Devatha''
|rowspan=2|[[Gemini TV]]
|12 January 2009
|31 May 2013
|1,142
|
|-
|4
|''[[Chakravakam (TV series)|Chakravakam]]''
|3 November 2003
|15 February 2008
|1,111
|
|-
|4
|''Kalavari Kodallu''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|9 May 2011
|13 December 2014
|1,072
|
|-
|4
|''Padmavyuham''
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|17 February 2003
|27 December 2007
|1,048
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|4
|''Malli Nindu Jabili''
|[[Star Maa]]
|Soap opera
|28 February 2022
|
|1,175+
|
|-
|3
|''Ravoyi Chandamama''
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|Soap opera
|26 April 2021
|18 January 2025
|1,170
|
|-
|3
|''[[Guppedantha Manasu]]''
|[[Star Maa]]
|Soap opera
|7 December 2020
|31 August 2024
|1,168
|
|-
|3
|''[[Intinti Gruhalakshmi]]''
|[[Star Maa]]
|Soap opera
|3 February 2020
|20 January 2024
|1,158
|
|-
|3
|''Lakshmi Kalyanam''
|[[Star Maa]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|7 November 2016
|10 October 2020
|1,128
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|3
|''Mukkupudaka''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|11 July 2022
|
|1,112+
|
|-
|3
|''Pasupu Kumkuma''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Soap opera
|22 November 2010
|15 November 2014
|1,094
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|3
|''Padamati Sandhya Ragam''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Soap opera
|19 September 2022
|
|1,078+
|
|-
|3
|''[[Thaali (TV series)|Thaali]]''
|rowspan=3|[[Gemini TV]]
|rowspan=5|[[Soap opera]]
|31 August 2020
|20 January 2024
|1,055
|
|-
|3
|''Mattigaajulu''
|1 July 2019
|25 February 2023
|1,043
|
|-
|3
|''Kalavari Kodalu''
|23 July 2001
|1 July 2005
|1,024
|
|-
|3
|''Rama Seetha Ekkada''
|rowspan=2|[[Zee Telugu]]
|25 August 2014
|9 December 2017
|1,021
|
|-
|3
|''Mangamma Gari Manavaralu''
|3 June 2013
|29 April 2017
|1,018
|
|}

== Tamil ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" text-align:center;
! Length (years)
! Title
! Network
! Genre
! Start date
! End date
! No. of episodes
! Notes
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|25
|''Kalyana Malai''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Marriage Talk Show
|2000
|
|1,200+
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|25
|''Arul Neeram''
|[[Jaya TV]]
|Astrological show
|11 February 2001
|
|8,522
|Longest running astrological show
|-
|25
|''[[Chinna Papa Periya Papa]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Soap opera]], [[Sitcom]]
|2000
|
|455
|
|-
|20
|''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]''
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Reality Show
|2005
|
|
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|19
|''[[Super Singer (Tamil reality show)|Super Singer]]''
|[[Star Vijay]]
|[[Music]]
|28 April 2006
|
|
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|19
|''Neeya Naana''
|[[Star Vijay]]
|[[Talk show]]
|7 May 2006
|
|900+
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=நீயா நானா தொடங்கி இத்தனை வருஷம் ஆச்சா? கோபிநாத் விஜய் விருதால் நெகிழ்ச்சி |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/neeya-naana-gopinath-emotional-post-after-neeya-naana-completes-15-years/articleshow/81890431.cms |language=Ta}}</ref>
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|19
|''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One]]''
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Dancing Show
|16 October 2006
|
|400+
|
|-
|13
|''[[Solvathellam Unmai (TV series)|Solvathellam Unmai]]''
|[[Zee Tamil]] [[Kalaignar TV]]
|Talk show
|2 October 2009
|2022
|2,915
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='Sollvathellam Unmai' completes 1500 episodes |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sollvathellam-unmai-completes-1500-episodes/articleshow/61942657.cms}}</ref>
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|16
|''Olimayamana Ethirkaalam''
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|Astrological show
|2 December 2009
|
|5,657+
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|14
|''Deiva Dharisanam''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Astrological Show
|2011
|
|1,031
|
|-
|13
|''Sapthashwarangal''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Reality Show]]
|1 January 1993
|1 January 2006
|646
|Longest ran Tamil musical show
|-
|12
|''Anjarai Petti''
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|[[Cooking show]]
|13 October 2008
|1 November 2020
|2,761
|Longest ran Tamil cooking show
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|11
|''Kitchen Killadigal''
|[[Vasanth TV]]
|Cooking Show
|2 October 2014
|
|2,500+
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|11
|''Arputham Tharum Aalayangal''
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|Astrological show
|23 December 2014
|
|1,544
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|9
|''Aanmeega Kathaigal''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Astrological Show
|1 March 2017
|
|1,996
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|8
|''Rusikkala Vanga''
|[[Puthuyugam TV]]
|Cooking Show
|24 April 2017
|
|1,500+
|
|-
|8
|''[[Koppiyam]]''
|[[Raj TV]]
|[[Procedural drama]]
|2 October 2012
|28 March 2021
|2,200+
|
|-
|8
|''Chandralekha''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap Opera
|6 October 2014
|8 October 2022
|2,315
|Longest ran Tamil Soap Opera
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|8
|''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Talk Show
|4 December 2017
|
|1,900+
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|7
|''Nalla Kalam Piraguthu''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Astrological Show
|30 April 2018
|
|2,768+
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|7
|''[[Pandian Stores]]''
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Soap opera
|1 October 2018
|
|2,058+
|
|-
|7
|''[[Saravanan Meenatchi]]''
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Soap Opera
|7 March 2011
|17 August 2018
|1,901
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=After 7 years Saravanan Meenatchi coming to an end |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/after-7-years-saravanan-meenatchi-coming-to-an-end/articleshow/65307541.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|6
|''[[Valli (TV series)|Valli]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|17 December 2012
|14 September 2019
|1,961
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=I'm glad to have been part of the longest running serial in Tamil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/im-glad-to-have-been-part-of-the-longest-running-serial-in-tamil/articleshow/71219847.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|6
|''[[Kalyana Parisu (TV series)|Kalyana Parisu]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|10 February 2014
|27 March 2020
|1,840
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kalyana Parisu 2 goes off-air; Actress Srithika Sri thanks fans for the love |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kalyana-parisu-2-goes-off-air-actress-srithika-sri-thanks-fans-for-the-love/articleshow/74873543.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|6
|''[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|24 November 2003
|4 December 2009
|1,533
|
|-
|6
|''[[Kasthuri (TV series)|Kasthuri]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|21 August 2006
|31 August 2012
|1,532
|
|-
|6
|''[[Mouna Raagam (Tamil TV series)|Mouna Raagam]]''
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Soap opera
|24 January 2017
|17 March 2023
|1,380
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|5
|''Kelvi Kalam''
|[[Sun News (Indian TV channel)|Sun News]]
|Talk Show
|31 December 2020
|
|1,771+
|
|-
|5
|''[[Vani Rani (TV series)|Vani Rani]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|21 January 2013
|8 December 2018
|1,743
|
|-
|5
|''Sooriya Vanakkam''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Morning show
|2 January 2012
|17 November 2017
|1,578
|
|-
|5
|''[[Baakiyalakshmi]]''
|[[Star Vijay]]
|[[Soap Opera]]
|27 July 2020
|8 August 2025
|1,469
|
|-
|5
|''[[Thirumathi Selvam]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|5 November 2007
|22 March 2013
|1,360
|
|-
|5
|''[[Nadhaswaram (TV series)|Nadhaswaram]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|19 April 2010
|9 May 2015
|1,356
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=After 1,350 episodes, Nadhaswaram has finally come to an end, but the director is already working on his next venture |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/of-the-end-of-a-family-saga-and-a-fresh-start/article7189387.ece}}</ref>
|-
|5
|''[[Thendral]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|7 December 2009
|17 January 2015
|1,340
|
|-
|5
|''[[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave]]''
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Soap opera
|9 July 2018
|2 December 2023
|1,309
|
|-
|5
|''[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani]]''
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Soap opera
|29 May 2017
|21 March 2023
|1,307
|
|-
|5
|''[[Anandham (TV series)|Anandham]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|24 November 2003
|27 February 2009
|1,297
|
|-
|5
|''[[Bhairavi Aavigalukku Priyamanaval]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|29 January 2012
|10 September 2017
|1,289
|
|-
|5
|''[[Athipookal]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|3 December 2007
|14 December 2012
|1,272
|
|-
|4
|''[[Deivamagal]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|25 March 2013
|17 February 2018
|1,466
|
|-
|4
|''[[Sembaruthi]]''
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|Soap opera
|16 October 2017
|31 July 2022
|1,432
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sembaruthi completes 1000 episodes; actress Shabana thanks fans for the love |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sembaruthi-completes-1000-episodes-actress-shabana-thanks-fans-for-the-love/articleshow/81966490.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|4
|''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (2021 TV series)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]''
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|[[Soap Opera]]
|23 August 2021
|25 October 2025
|1,417
|
|-
|4
|''Tharkappu Kalai''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Morning show
|4 January 2003
|6 April 2007
|1,412
|
|-
|4
|''[[Vamsam (TV series)|Vamsam]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|10 June 2013
|18 November 2017
|1,338
|
|- Style="background:#cfecec"
|4
|[[Kayal (TV series)|Kayal]]
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|25 October 2021
|
|1,327
|
|-
|4
|''[[Mundhanai Mudichu (TV series)|Mundhanai Mudichu]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|26 April 2010
|4 April 2015
|1,325
|
|-
|4
|''[[Roja (2018 TV series)|Roja]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|9 April 2018
|3 December 2022
|1,316
|
|-
|4
|''[[Priyamanaval]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|19 January 2015
|11 May 2019
|1,315
|
|-
|4
|''Intro Blooper''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Comedy Show
|3 January 2011
|5 September 2015
|1,286
|
|-
|4
|''[[Ilavarasi (TV series)|Ilavarasi]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|18 January 2010
|1 November 2014
|1,263
|
|-
|4
|''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini (TV series)|Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]''
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|Supernatural
|24 April 2017
|29 August 2021
|1,253
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yaaradi Nee Mohini completes 1200 episodes; Surjith Ansary and other cast thank fans |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/yaaradi-nee-mohini-completes-1200-episodes-surjith-ansary-and-other-cast-thank-fans/articleshow/83913595.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|4
|''Nijam''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Crime Show
|27 November 2006
|7 October 2011
|1,230
|
|-
|4
|''[[Pandavar Illam]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|15 July 2019
|28 October 2023
|1,216
|
|-
|4
|''Selvi''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap Opera
|24 January 2005
|11 September 2009
|1,184
|
|-
|4
|''[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]''
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Soap opera
|25 February 2019
|6 August 2023
|1,169
|
|-
|4
|''[[Bommalattam (TV series)|Bommalattam]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|15 October 2012
|22 October 2016
|1,150
|
|-
|4
|''[[Poove Poochudava (TV series)|Poove Poochudava]]''
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|Soap opera
|24 April 2017
|4 September 2021
|1,149
|
|-
|4
|''Vasantham''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|3 September 2007
|27 January 2012
|1,109
|
|-
|4
|''[[Azhagi (TV series)|Azhagi]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|10 October 2011
|4 March 2016
|1,101
|
|-
|4
|''[[Magal (TV series)|Magal]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|8 October 2007
|14 October 2011
|1,115
|
|-
|4
|''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar]]''
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Soap opera
|26 March 2018
|10 June 2022
|1,055
|
|-
|3
|''[[Sundari (Tamil TV series)|Sundari]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap Opera
|22 February 2021
|1 December 2024
|1,144
|
|- Style="background:#cfecec"
|4
|''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|7 February 2022
|
|1,135+
|
|-
|3
|''[[Vanathai Pola (TV series)|Vanathai Pola]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Drama
|7 December 2020
|17 August 2024
|1,134
|
|-
|3
|''Thamarai''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|3 November 2014
|4 August 2018
|1,129
|
|- Style="background:#cfecec"
|3
|''[[Karthigai Deepam (TV series)|Karthigai Deepam]]''
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|Soap opera
|5 December 2022
|
|1,109
|
|-
|3
|''[[Anbe Vaa (2020 TV series)|Anbe Vaa]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|2 November 2020
|28 April 2024
|1,102
|
|-
|3
|''[[Maragatha Veenai (TV series)|Maragatha Veenai]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|27 January 2014
|28 September 2017
|1,102
|
|-
|3
|''[[Nandini (TV series)|Nandini]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Super Natural Soap opera
|23 January 2017
|31 July 2020
|1,077
|
|-
|3
|''[[Sathya (TV series)|Sathya]]''
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|Soap opera
|4 March 2019
|6 October 2022
|1,070
|
|-
|3
|''[[Maari (TV series)|Maari]]''
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|[[Drama]]
|4 July 2022
|1 November 2025
|1,068
|
|-
|3
|''[[Aarthi (TV series)|Aarthi]]''
|[[Raj TV]]
|Soap opera
|3 January 2005
|26 December 2008
|1,054
|
|-
|3
|''[[Anandha Ragam (TV series)|Anandha Ragam]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|29 August 2022
|14 January 2026
|1,043
|
|-
|3
|''[[Magarasi]]''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap opera
|21 October 2019
|1 July 2023
|1,036
|
|-
|3
|''[[Oru Oorla Oru Rajakumari (TV series)|Oru Oorla Oru Rajakumari]]''
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|Soap opera
|23 April 2018
|24 October 2021
|1,017
|
|-
|3
|''Roja''
|[[Jaya TV]]
|Soap opera
|January 2003
|21 December 2006
|1,014
|
|-
|3
|''[[Rettai Roja]]''
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|Soap opera
|12 August 2019
|17 March 2023
|1,013
|
|-
|2
|''[[Amman (TV series)|Amman]]''
|[[Colors Tamil]]
|[[Drama]]
|27 January 2020
|1 July 2022
|1,150
|
|-
|2
|''[[Idhayathai Thirudathe]]''
|[[Colors Tamil]]
|[[Drama]]
|14 February 2020
|3 June 2022
|1,097
|
|-
|2
|''Sorgam''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Soap Opera
|3 March 2003
|2 March 2007
|1,000
|
|}

== Kannada ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" text-align:center;
! Length (years)
! Title
! Network
! Genre
! Start date
! End date
! No. of episodes
! Notes
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|24
|''[[Thatt Antha Heli]]''
|[[DD Chandana]]
|Quiz show
|4 January 2002
|
|5,000
|Longest running Quiz show in India
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|11
|''Maharishi Vaani''
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|Astrology show
|16 June 2014
|
|3,937+
|Longest running Kannada astrological show
|-
|11
|''Baduku''
|[[ETV Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|3 February 2003
|28 September 2014
|3,118
|Longest ran Kannada soap opera
|-
|9
|''[[Mangala Gowri Maduve]]''
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|12 December 2012
|9 October 2022
|3,026
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/mangala-gowri-maduve-completes-3000-episodes/articleshow/94049107.cms|access-date=2022-11-02|title=Mangala Gowri Maduve completes 3000 episodes|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|8
|''Mangalya''
|[[Udaya TV]]
|Soap opera
|12 April 2004
|2 November 2012
|2,220
|
|-
|6
|''[[Lakshmi Baramma]]''
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|4 March 2013
|25 January 2020
|2,150
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-lakshmi-baramma-crosses-2000-episodes/articleshow/70326680.cms|title='Lakshmi Baramma' crosses 2000 episodes; the cast celebrates by cutting a cake|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|7
|''[[Sevanthi (TV series)|Sevanthi]]''
|[[Udaya TV]]
|Soap opera
|25 February 2019
|
|2,079+
|
|-
|6
|''Mane Ondu Mooru Bagilu''
|[[ETV Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|2006
|2012
|2,000+
|
|-
|6
|''Oggarane Dabbi''
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|Cookery show
|2 January 2012
|13 April 2018
|1,823
|
|-
|6
|''[[Agnisakshi (TV series)|Agnisakshi]]''
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|2 December 2013
|3 January 2020
|1,588
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/agnisakshi-completes-1400-episodes-a-quick-look-at-the-popular-twists-of-the-show/articleshow/68905565.cms|title=Agnisakshi completes 1400 episodes; a quick look at the popular twists of the show|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|6
|''[[Majaa Talkies]]''
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|Comedy show
|7 February 2015
|8 May 2021
|498
|
|-
|5
|''[[Muddulakshmi]]''
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|Soap opera
|22 January 2018
|26 August 2023
|1,725
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-muddulakshmi-completes-1000-episodes/articleshow/82289696.cms|title=Daily soap Muddulakshmi completes 1000 episodes|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|5
|''Amruthavarshini''
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|Soap opera
|19 March 2012
|24 November 2017
|1,724
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/amruthavarshini-5-years-and-counting/articleshow/58326564.cms|title=Amruthavarshini: 5 years and counting |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|5
|''Parvathi Parmeshwara''
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|27 July 2009
|27 June 2015
|1,619
|
|-
|5
|''Kulavadhu''
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|28 July 2014
|31 August 2019
|1,590
|
|-
|5
|''[[Paaru (Kannada TV series)|Paaru]]''
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|3 December 2018
|16 March 2024
|1,393
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-paaru-completes-1000-episodes-heres-what-the-lead-actors-mokshitha-pai-and-sharath-padmanabhan-have-to-say/articleshow/94644261.cms|title=Daily soap 'Paaru' completes 1000 episodes; here's what the lead actors Mokshitha Pai and Sharath Padmanabhan have to say|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|5
|''Silli Lalli''
|[[ETV Kannada]]
|Sitcom
|2003
|2008
|1200+
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|5
|''Bombat Bhojena''
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|Cookery Show
|19 October 2020
|
|1,500+
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|5
|''Suvarna Superstar''
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|Game Show
|23 November 2020
|
|1,500+
|
|-
|4
|''Panduranga Vittala''
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|4 January 2010
|13 December 2014
|1,338
|
|-
|4
|''Yediyur Sri Siddhalingeshwara''
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|Soap Opera Mythological
|21 December 2020
|3 May 2025
|1,320
|
|-
|4
|''Gupta Gamini''
|[[ETV Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|7 July 2003
|4 July 2008
|1,300
|
|-
|4
|''Kadambari''
|[[Udaya TV]]
|Soap opera
|13 December 2004
|6 November 2009
|1,275
|
|-
|4
|''[[Gattimela]]''
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|11 March 2019
|5 January 2024
|1,245
|
|-style="background:#cfecec"
|4
|''[[Puttakkana Makkalu]]''
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|13 December 2021
|
|1,204
|
|-
|4
|''Chi Sow Savithri''
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|26 July 2010
|15 November 2014
|1,204
|
|-
|4
|''[[Kamali (TV series)|Kamali]]''
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|28 May 2018
|7 October 2022
|1,178
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-daily-soap-kamali-completes-1000-episodes/articleshow/89296454.cms|title=Kannada daily soap Kamali completes 1000 episodes|access-date=2022-06-25|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|4
|''[[Geetha (TV series)|Geetha]]''
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|6 January 2020
|9 March 2024
|1,107
|
|-
|4
|''[[Brahmagantu]]''
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|8 May 2017
|9 July 2021
|1,072
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-tv-show-brahmagantu-completes-four-successful-years/articleshow/82515922.cms|title=Kannada TV show Brahmagantu completes four successful years|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2022-06-25}}</ref>
|-
|4
|''Jokali''
|[[Udaya TV]]
|Soap opera
|22 June 2009
|26 July 2013
|1,062
|
|-
|3
|''Kinnari''
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|2 November 2015
|24 August 2019
|1,193
|
|-
|3
|''[[Anna Thangi (TV series)|Anna Thangi]]''
|[[Udaya TV]]
|Soap opera
|22 November 2021
|23 August 2025
|1,174
|
|-
|3
|''Gowripurada Gayyaligalu''
|[[Udaya TV]]
|Soap opera
|15 March 2021
|8 September 2024
|1,145
|
|-
|3
|''[[Nammane Yuvarani]]''
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|14 January 2019
|24 September 2022
|1,085
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/heres-how-team-nammane-yuvarani-celebrated-the-100o-episodes-milestone/articleshow/92332500.cms|access-date=2022-06-25|title=Here's how Team Nammane Yuvarani celebrated the '1000 episodes' milestone|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|3
|''Radha Kalyana''
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|29 August 2011
|6 June 2015
|1,076
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Radha Kalyana completes 1,000 episodes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/radha-kalyana-completes-1000-episodes/articleshow/46632617.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|3
|''[[Naagini]]''
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|8 February 2016
|7 February 2020
|1,054
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-tv-show-naagini-completes-1000-episodes-actor-deekshith-thanks-the-viewers/articleshow/72237038.cms|title=Kannada TV show Naagini completes 1000 episodes; actor Deekshith thanks the viewers|access-date=2022-06-25|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|3
|''Mahadevi''
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|14 September 2015
|30 August 2019
|1,043
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/mahadevi-completes-1000-episodes/articleshow/69852867.cms|title=Mahadevi completes 1,000 episodes|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|3
|''Kumkuma Bhagya''
|[[Udaya TV]]
|Soap opera
|12 May 2003
|4 May 2007
|1,040
|
|-style="background:#cfecec"
|3
|''[[Bhagyalakshmi (2022 TV series)|Bhagyalakshmi]]''
||[[Colors Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|10 October 2022
|
|1,022
|
|-
|3
|''Akka''
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|2 December 2013
|20 October 2017
|1,012
|
|-
|3
|''Ramachari''
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|Soap opera
|31 January 2022
|28 December 2025
|1000+
|
|-
|-style="background:#cfecec"
|2
|''Sri Renuka Yellamma''
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|Soap opera
|23 January 2023
|
|1117
|
|-
|}

== Malayalam ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" text-align:center;
! Length (years)
! Title
! Network
! Genre
! Start date
! End date
! No. of episodes
! Notes
|-
|26
|''Nammal Thammil''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Talk show
|18 September 1994
|13 December 2020
|944
|Longest ran talk show in India
|-
|25
|''Anantham Ajnaatham''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Astrology show
|19 February 1995
|19 April 2020
|1310
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|25
|''[[Munshi (TV series)|Munshi]]''
|[[Asianet News]]
|Satire
|11 September 2000
|
|8,450+
|Longest running satire show in India
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|24
|''[[Sancharam (TV series)|Sancharam]]''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] (2001-2013)
[[Safari TV]] (2013 - Present)
|[[Travel show]]
|2001
|
|1,923
|Longest running travel show in India
|-
|22
|''Kannadi''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|News-based
|30 August 1993
|10 July 2016
|1,000
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|22
|''Kisan Krishideepam''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Reality show
|1 November 2003
|
|1042
|
|- style="background:#cfecec""
|20
|''Amruthavarsham''
|[[Amrita TV]]
|Devotional
|16 April 2005
|
|1,837
|
|-
|20
|''[[Cinemala]]''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Satire
|31 August 1993
|23 September 2013
|1,004
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Cinemala-in-Limca-Book-of-Records/articleshow/35713522.cms|title=Cinemala in Limca Book of Records|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|- style="background:#cfecec""
|20
|''Sandhya Deepam''
|[[Amrita TV]]
|Devotional
|2 January 2006
|
|5,868
|
|- style="background:#cfecec""
|19
|''[[Star Singer]]''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Reality show
|22 April 2006
|
|1,638
|
|- style="background:#cfecec""
|19
|''Super Star''
|[[Amrita TV]]
|Reality show
|12 June 2006
|
|700
|
|-
|19
|''Valkkannadi''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Women centric Game Show
|29 April 2002
|31 December 2021
|2,542
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|19
|''Nere Chovve''
|[[Manorama News]]
|Talk show
|26 August 2006
|
|815
|
|-
|14
|''Sreeramante Veritta Kaazchakal''
|[[Kairali TV]]
|Reality show
|6 March 2003
|23 September 2017
|755
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|13
|''[[Marimayam]]''
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|Sitcom
|5 November 2011
|
|836+
|
|-
|13
|''Gandharva Sangeetham''
|[[Kairali TV]]
|Reality show
|2000
|2013
|1100+
|
|-
|12
|''Comedy Stars''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|[[Reality show]]
|19 December 2009
|12 November 2022
|1,618
|
|-
|12
|''Udayamritham''
|[[Amrita TV]]
|Spiritual
|15 April 2005
|29 December 2017
|4,641
|
|-
|11
|''[[Thatteem Mutteem]]''
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|Sitcom
|1 July 2012
|2 July 2023
|881
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|10
|''[[Charithram Enniloode]]''
|[[Safari TV]]
|Autobiography
|25 May 2015
|
|2,590
|
|-
|10
|''[[Kadhayallithu Jeevitham]]''
|[[Amrita TV]]
|Family court show
|4 October 2010
|14 April 2020
|1,000
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|10
|''[[Uppum Mulakum]]''
|[[Flowers TV]]
|Sitcom
|14 December 2015
|
|2,191+
|Longest running Malayalam sitcom
|-
|8
|''Sthree''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Soap opera
|21 December 1998
|12 January 2007
|1,493
|
|-
|7
|''Taste Time''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Cookery show
|8 April 2013
|27 March 2021
|1,700+
|Longest ran cookery show
|-
|7
|''[[Udan Panam]]''
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|Game show
|11 May 2017
|9 November 2024
|1,000
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|6
|''[[Mounaragam (Malayalam TV series)|Mounaragam]]''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Soap opera
|16 December 2019
|
|1,604
|Longest running Malayalam soap opera
|-
|5
|''[[Manjil Virinja Poovu]]''
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|Soap opera
|4 March 2019
|21 July 2024
|1,525
|
|-
|5
|''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Soap opera
|22 July 2013
|31 August 2018
|1,524
|
|-style="background:#cfecec"
|5
|''[[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]]''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Soap opera
|21 September 2020
|
|1,528
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|6
|''[[Aliyans]]''
|[[Kaumudy TV]]
|Sitcom
|24 February 2020
|
|1,264+
|
|-
|4
|''[[Karuthamuthu]]''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Soap opera
|20 October 2014
|9 August 2019
|1,450
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|4
|''[[Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri]]''
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|Sketch Comedy show
|19 April 2021
|
|1,300+
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|4
|''[[Kanyadanam (Malayalam TV series)|Kanyadanam]]''
|[[Surya TV]]
|Soap Opera
|23 August 2021
|
|1,563+
|
|-
|4
|''[[Kudumbavilakku]]''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Soap opera
|27 January 2020
|3 August 2024
|1,204
|
|-
|4
|''[[Minnukettu]]''
|[[Surya TV]]
|Soap opera
|16 August 2004
|2 January 2009
|1,129
|First Malayalam Soap opera crossing 1000 Episodes
|-
|4
|''[[Karyam Nissaram (TV series)|Karyam Nissaram]]''
|[[Kairali TV]]
|Sitcom
|1 October 2012
|2 June 2017
|1,104
|
|-
|4
|''Devimahathyamam''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Mythology
|2008
|2012
|1,000
|Longest ran Malayalam mythological soap opera
|-style="background:#cfecec"
|3
|''[[Kudumbashree Sharada]]''
|[[Zee Keralam]]
|Soap opera
|11 April 2022
|
|1381+
|
|-
|3
|''Chandanamazha''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Soap opera
|3 February 2014
|9 December 2017
|1,173
|
|-
|3
|''[[Sthreedhanam]]''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Soap opera
|2 July 2012
|14 May 2016
|1,143
|
|-
|3
|''[[Bhavana (TV series)|Bhavana]]''
|[[Surya TV]]
|Soap opera
|26 June 2022
|29 June 2025
|1,078
|
|-
|3
|''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Soap opera
|30 January 2017
|18 September 2020
|1,015
|
|-
|3
|''Amma''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Soap opera
|2 January 2012
|4 July 2015
|1,009
|
|-
|3
|''Nilavilakku''
|[[Surya TV]]
|Soap opera
|15 June 2009
|10 May 2013
|1,006
|
|-
|2
|''[[Kaliveedu (TV series)|Kaliveedu]]''
|[[Surya TV]]
|Soap Opera
|15 November 2021
|22 September 2024
|1,000
|
|}

== Marathi ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" text-align:center
! Length (years)
! Title
! Network
! Genre
! Start date
! End date
! No. of episodes
! Notes
|-
|20
|''[[Home Minister (TV series)|Home Minister]]''
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|Game show
|13 September 2004
|15 September 2024
|6,225
|Longest running Marathi game show
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|18
|''[[Aamhi Saare Khavayye]]''
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|Cooking show
|1 May 2007
|
|3,603
|Longest ran Marathi cooking show<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-11-02|title=Sankarshan Karhade and Ashok Patki croon for the title track of Vaadalvat|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sankarshan-karhade-and-ashok-patki-croon-for-the-title-track-of-vaadalvat/articleshow/66472880.cms|access-date=2021-02-19|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|11
|''[[Char Divas Sasuche]]''
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|Soap opera
|26 November 2001
|5 January 2013
|3,147
|Longest ran Marathi soap opera
|-
|11
|''Mejwani Paripoorna Kitchen''
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|Cooking show
|2007
|26 August 2017
|2,435
|
|-
|11
|''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]]''
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|Comedy show
|18 August 2014
|14 December 2025
|1,177
|Longest ran Marathi comedy reality show
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|9
|''Gajar Kirtanacha Sohla Anandacha''
|[[Zee Talkies]]
|Mythology show
|6 February 2017
|
|5,000+
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zee Talkies becomes slot leader with its show 'Gajar Kirtanacha Sohla Anandacha'|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/zee-talkies-becomes-slot-leader-with-its-show-gajar-kirtanacha-sohla-anandacha-2225157.html|access-date=2021-03-10|website=[[Zee News]]|date=2019-08-06}}</ref>
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|8
|''Man Mandira Gajar Bhakticha''
|[[Zee Talkies]]
|Mythology show
|25 June 2018
|
|2,856
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|6
|''[[Vedh Bhavishyacha]]''
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|Astrology show
|8 June 2020
|
|2,062
|
|-
|6
|''[[Pudhcha Paaul]]''
|[[Star Pravah]]
|Soap opera
|2 May 2011
|1 July 2017
|1,944
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=अक्कासाहेबांच्या 'पुढचं पाऊल'ला पूर्णविराम|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/akkasaheb-aka-harshada-khanvilkars-pudhcha-paaul-serial-going-to-off-air-1502023/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210218121247/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/akkasaheb-aka-harshada-khanvilkars-pudhcha-paaul-serial-going-to-off-air-1502023/|archive-date=18 February 2021|website=[[Loksatta]]|access-date=11 April 2019|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|5
|''[[Balumamachya Navan Changbhala]]''
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|Mytho drama
|13 August 2018
|28 July 2024
|1,848
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/balumamachya-navana-changbhala-completes-1000-episodes-sumeet-pusavale-shares-a-heart-felt-gratitude-note/articleshow/89110400.cms|title='Balumamachya Navana Changbhala' completes 1000 episodes; Sumeet Pusavale shares a heart-felt gratitude note|access-date=2022-06-25|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|5
|''[[Jai Jai Swami Samarth]]''
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|Mytho drama
|28 December 2020
|
|1,7126
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|5
|''Damini''
|[[DD Sahyadri]]
|Soap opera
|3 October 1996
|
|1,500+
|
|-
|5
|''[[Lakshya (TV series)|Lakshya]]''
|[[Star Pravah]]
|Crime show
|25 August 2011
|17 September 2016
|1,226
|
|-
|4
|''[[Aai Kuthe Kay Karte!]]''
|[[Star Pravah]]
|Soap Opera
|23 December 2019
|30 November 2024
|1,491
|
|-
|4
|''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]''
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|Soap opera
|22 August 2016
|7 March 2021
|1,354
|
|-
|4
|''[[Devyani (TV series)|Devyani]]''
|[[Star Pravah]]
|Soap opera
|19 March 2012
|28 May 2016
|1,314
|
|-
|4
|''[[Tu Majha Saangaati]]''
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|Mytho drama
|11 July 2014
|11 August 2018
|1,299
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|4
|''[[Muramba (TV series)|Muramba]]''
|[[Star Pravah]]
|Soap opera
|14 February 2022
|
|1,268
|
|-
|4
|''[[Aboli (TV series)|Aboli]]''
|[[Star Pravah]]
|[[Drama]]
|23 November 2021
|26 October 2025
|1,267
|
|-
|4
|''[[Tujhyat Jeev Rangala]]''
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|Soap opera
|3 October 2016
|2 January 2021
|1,262
|<ref>{{cite news|title='तुझ्यात जीव रंगला'चे १००० भाग पूर्ण; सेटवर पूजा करून केलं सेलिब्रेशन|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/entertainment-gossips/tuzyat-jiv-rangala-1000-episode-complete-celebration-with-pooja/articleshow/72327888.cms|access-date=2022-06-25|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|4
|''[[Sukh Mhanje Nakki Kay Asta!]]''
|[[Star pravah]]
|Soap Opera
|17 August 2020
|22 December 2024
|1,261
|
|-
|3
|''[[Swapnanchya Palikadle]]''
|[[Star Pravah]]
|Soap opera
|16 August 2010
|14 June 2014
|1,216
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/swapnanchya-palikadle-chinmay-udgirkar-gauri-nalawade-madhavi-kulkarni-ashok-shinde/articleshow/28624754.cms|title=Swapnanchya Palikadle to go off air|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|3
|''[[Avaghachi Sansar]]''
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|Soap opera
|22 May 2006
|24 April 2010
|1,169
|
|-
|3
|''[[Durva (TV series)|Durva]]''
|[[Star Pravah]]
|Soap opera
|18 March 2013
|12 November 2016
|1,164
|
|-
|3
|''[[Gatha Navnathanchi]]''
|[[Sony Marathi]]
|Mytho drama
|21 June 2021
|5 January 2025
|1,156
|
|-
|3
|''[[Rang Majha Vegla]]''
|[[Star Pravah]]
|Soap opera
|30 October 2019
|3 September 2023
|1,129
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|3
|''[[Tharala Tar Mag!]]''
|[[Star Pravah]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|5 December 2022
|
|1,051
|
|-
|3
|''[[Shubhvivah]]''
|[[Star Pravah]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|16 January 2023
|1 March 2026
|1,005
|
|-
|3
|''[[Sahkutumb Sahparivar]]''
|[[Star Pravah]]
|Soap Opera
|24 February 2020
|3 August 2023
|1,000
|
|-
|3
|''[[Asava Sundar Swapnancha Bangla]]''
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|Soap Opera
|7 January 2013
|19 March 2016
|1,000
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='असावा सुंदर स्वप्नांचा बंगला'चे झाले हजार भाग पूर्ण, लवकरच संपणार मालिका |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-daily-soap-asava-sunder-swanancha-bungla-completes-1000-episodes-5271263-pho.html |website=Divya Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Bengali ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" text-align:center;
! Length (years)
! Title
! Network
! Genre
! Start date
! End date
! No. of episodes
! Notes
|-style="background:#cfecec"
|21
|''Police Files''
|[[Aakash Aath]]
|Crime show
|16 May 2004
|
|5000+
|Longest running Bengali crime show
|-style="background:#cfecec"
|20
|''[[Rannaghor]]''
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|Cooking show
|9 May 2005
|
|5,416
|Longest running Bengali cooking show<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/cookery-show-rannaghar-achieves-a-new-milestone/articleshow/92434159.cms|title=Cookery show 'Rannaghar' achieves a new milestone|access-date=2022-06-26|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-style="background:#cfecec"
|18
|''[[Dance Bangla Dance]]''
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|Reality show
|6 April 2007
|
|5000+
|
|-style="background:#cfecec"
|17
|''Good Morning Aakash''
|[[Aakash Aath]]
|Morning show
|2008
|
|4000+
|Longest running Bengali game show
|-style="background:#cfecec"
|15
|''[[Didi No. 1]]''
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|Game show
|2010
|
|3,679
|
|-
|14
|''[[Dadagiri Unlimited]]''
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|Reality show
|27 July 2009
|2 May 2024
|6,970
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|10
|''Gopal Bhar''
|[[Aakash Aath]] [[Sony Aath]]
|Animation series
|15 April 2015
|
|1100+
|
|-
|9
|''Shadhak Bamakhaypa''
|[[Colors Bangla]]
|Historical drama
|15 January 2007
|1 October 2016
|2,996
|Longest ran Bengali historical drama
|-style="background:#cfecec"
|8
|''Radhuni''
|[[Aakash Aath]]
|Cooking show
|3 February 2018
|
|1300+
|
|-
|6
|''Tithir Athithi''
|[[Colors Bangla]]
|Soap opera
|2003
|2009
|1,800+
|
|-
|5
|''Erao Shatru''
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|Crime show
|2006
|3 November 2011
|1,650
|
|-
|4
|''[[Karunamoyee Rani Rashmoni]]''
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|Historical drama
|24 July 2017
|13 February 2022
|1,549
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/team-rani-rashmoni-in-a-celebratory-mood-show-to-complete-1000-episodes/articleshow/77121319.cms|title=Team 'Rani Rashmoni' in a celebratory mood, show to complete 1000 episodes|access-date=2022-06-26|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|4
|''[[Agnipariksha (2009 TV series)|Agnipariksha]]''
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|Soap opera
|18 May 2009
|5 April 2014
|1,533
|
|-
|4
|''[[Maa....Tomay Chara Ghum Ashena]]''
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|Soap opera
|19 October 2009
|3 August 2014
|1,508
|
|-
|4
|''[[Ke Apon Ke Por]]''
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|Soap opera
|25 July 2016
|27 December 2020
|1,507
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/ke-apon-ke-por-successfully-completes-1000-episodes/articleshow/69230211.cms|title='Ke Apon Ke Por' successfully completes 1000 episodes|access-date=2022-06-26|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|4
|''Raashi''
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|Soap opera
|31 January 2011
|11 July 2015
|1,395
|
|-
|4
|''[[Ishti Kutum]]''
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|Soap opera
|24 October 2011
|13 December 2015
|1,332
|
|-
|4
|''[[Ek Akasher Niche]]''
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|Soap opera
|24 July 2000
|28 January 2005
|1,178
|
|-
|3
|''[[Anurager Chhowa]]''
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|Soap opera
|7 February 2022
|30 November 2025
|1,245
|
|-
|3
|''Sholoana''
|[[Colors Bangla]]
|Soap opera
|10 August 2009
|15 June 2013
|1,205
|
|-
|3
|''[[Krishnakoli]]''
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|Soap opera
|18 June 2018
|9 January 2022
|1,202
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/krishnakoli-completes-1000-episodes-team-enjoys-a-cosy-celebration/articleshow/83707801.cms|title='Krishnakoli' completes 1000 episodes; team enjoys a cosy celebration|access-date=2022-06-26|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|3
|''@Bhalobasha.com''
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|Soap opera
|31 May 2010
|22 March 2014
|1,201
|
|-
|3
|''[[Jagaddhatri (TV series)|Jagaddhatri]]''
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|29 August 2022
|14 December 2025
|1,201
|
|-
|3
|''[[Bodhuboron]]''
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|Soap opera
|19 August 2013
|29 January 2017
|1,163
|
|-
|3
|''[[Binni Dhaner Khoi]]''
|[[Colors Bangla]]
|Soap opera
|31 August 2009
|16 March 2013
|1,108
|
|-

|3
|''Rani Kahini''
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|Soap opera
|29 May 2006
|26 September 2009
|1,044
|
|}

== Odia ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" text-align:center;
! Length (years)
! Title
! Network
! Genre
! Start date
! End date
! No. of episodes
! Notes
|-style="background:#cfecec"
|13
|''Rajo Queen''
|Zee Sarthak
|[[Reality show]]
|2012
|
|500+
|Longest running Odia Reality show
|-
|6
|''Tu Mo Akhira Tara''
|[[Tarang TV]]
|rowspan=2|[[Soap opera]]
|6 November 2017
|4 August 2024
|2,006
|Longest running Odia soap opera
|-
|6
|''[[To Aganara Tulasi Mun]]''
|Zee Sarthak
|15 October 2012
|16 March 2019
|1,863
|
|-style="background:#cfecec"
|{{age|2020|02|25}}
|''Mo Sindurara Adhikara''
|[[Tarang TV]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|25 February 2020
|
|1,808+
|
|-
|5
|''Jhia Amara Nua Bohu''
|[[Tarang TV]]
|rowspan=7|[[Soap opera]]
|17 July 2017
|27 May 2023
|1,734
|
|-
|5
|''Durga''
|[[Tarang TV]]
|1 December 2014
|22 February 2020
|1,624
|
|-
|5
|''Sindura Bindu''
|rowspan=5|Zee Sarthak
|17 November 2014
|15 February 2020
|1,532
|
|-
|4
|''Jibana Saathi''
|20 March 2017
|21 August 2021
|1,284
|<ref>{{Cite news|title='Jibana Saathi' the new mega serial of Sarthak TV|url=https://www.odishanewstimes.com/2017/04/03/jibana-saathi-the-new-mega-serial-of-sarthak-tv/|access-date=2021-02-03|website=Odisha News Times}}</ref>
|-
|4
|''Pari''
|24 June 2013
|7 October 2017
|1,253
|
|-
|4
|''To Pain Mu Mo Pain Tu''
|26 February 2018
|28 May 2022
|1,218
|
|-
|4
|''Badhu''
|11 March 2013
|11 March 2017
|1,071
|
|-style="background:#cfecec
|{{age|2022|05|30}}
|''Suna Jhia''
|Zee Sarthak
|[[Soap opera]]
|30 May 2022
|
|1,219+
|
|-
|3
|''Manini''
|Zee Sarthak
|[[Soap opera]]
|25 August 2014
|7 July 2018
|1,175
|
|-
|3
|''Rani''
|[[Tarang TV]]
|[[Soap opera]]
|15 June 2015
|6 October 2018
|1,037
|
|-style="background:#cfecec
|{{age|2023|01|02}}
|''Tu Khada Mun Chaai''
|Zee Sarthak
|[[Soap opera]]
|2 January 2023
|
|1,027+
|
|}

== Gujarati ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" text-align:center;
! Length (years)
! Title
! Network
! Genre
! Start date
! End date
! No. of episodes
! Notes
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|21
|''[[Rasoi Show]]''
|[[Colors Gujarati]]
|Cooking show
|25 October 2004
|
|6,787
|Longest running Gujarati cooking show<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/gujarati/rasoi-show-completes-4000-episodes/articleshow/52008009.cms|title=Rasoi Show completes 4000 episodes|access-date=2022-06-26|website=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|7
|''Ek Dal Na Pankhi''
|[[DD Girnar]]
|Soap opera
|12 September 2005
|2 May 2013
|1,580
|Longest ran Gujarati soap opera<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/gujarati/gujarati-daily-soaps-on-a-marathon-mode/articleshow/58410736.cms|title=Gujarati daily soaps on a marathon mode|website=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|5
|''Flavours of Gujarat''
|Colors Gujarati
|Cooking show
|2 January 2012
|30 December 2017
|1,729
|
|-
|5
|''Rashi Rikshawwali''
|Colors Gujarati
|Soap opera
|24 August 2020
|12 August 2025
|1,586
|
|-
|5
|''Daily Bonus''
|Colors Gujarati
|Reality show
|1 December 2014
|1 February 2020
|1,577
|
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|4
|''Moti Baa Ni Nani Vahu''
|Colors Gujarati
|Soap opera
|15 November 2021
|
|1,345
|
|-
|4
|''Saavaj''
|Colors Gujarati
|Soap opera
|5 December 2016
|21 August 2020
|1,056
|
|}

== Assamese ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" text-align:center;
! Length (years)
! Title
! Network
! Genre
! Start date
! End date
! No. of episodes
! Notes
|- style="background:#cfecec"
|{{age|2013|10|07}}
|''[[Beharbari Outpost]]''
|[[Rengoni]]
|Sitcom
|7 October 2013
|
|3,488+
|Longest running Assamese daily sitcom
|-
|7
|''[[Bharaghar]]''
|Rang
|Sitcom
|26 November 2012
|16 November 2019
|1,446
|
|-
|5
|''Borola Kai''
|Rang
|Sitcom
|23 March 2015
|28 November 2020
|1,612
|
|-
|4
|''Oi Khapla''
|Rang
|Sitcom
|20 July 2015
|2 February 2019
|1,094
|
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Television|Lists|India}}

* [[List of longest-running television shows by category]]
* [[List of television programs by episode count]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Longest-running Indian television series}}
[[Category:Lists of longest-running television shows|Indian]]

Ner Mugam

2026-03-28T01:45:45Z

Veronaidw: Creating basic pg first draft

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Murali Krishna}}
{{No plot|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ner Mugam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Murali Krishna (director)|Murali Krishna]]
| producer = Rafee
| writer = Murali Krishna
| starring = Rafee [[Meenakshi (actress)|Meenakshi Sarkar]] [[Meera Nandan]]
| music = Murali Krishna
| cinematography = Jagadeesh V Viswam
| editing = Suresh Merlin
| studio = Hi-tecH Pictures
| distributor = G Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|12|23}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ner Mugam''''' ({{translation|Straight Face}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film written, directed and scored by [[Murali Krishna (director)|Murali Krishna]]. Produced by Rafee, the film stars himself, [[Meenakshi (actress)|Meenakshi Sarkar]], [[Meera Nandan]], [[Pandiarajan]] [[Adithya Menon]]. editing by Suresh Merlin and cinematography by Jagadeesh V Viswam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Nov 23, 2015 |title=Actress Meenakshi slaps an AD on the set |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actress-meenakshi-slaps-an-ad-on-the-set/articleshow/49881749.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/BkWly |archive-date=2026-03-28 |access-date=2026-03-28 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on 23 December 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ner Mugam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/ner-mugam/movieshow/61300113.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/39CmX |archive-date=28 March 2026 |access-date=28 March 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Rafee
* [[Meenakshi (actress)|Meenakshi]]
* [[Meera Nandan]]
* [[Pandiarajan]]
* [[Adithya Menon]]
* [[Madhan Bob]]
* [[Cool Suresh]]
* [[Scissor Manohar]]
* [[Nellai Siva]]

== Soundtrack ==
{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 13:34
| all_lyrics = Murali Krishna
| title1 = Kannukku Mai
| extra1 = Vikram, [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]]
| length1 = 4:45
| title2 = Poravale
| extra2 = Vikram, Girish, Shiva
| length2 = 5:11
| title3 = Un Kangalil Minnale
| extra3 = Erode Shiva
| length3 = 3:38
| all_writing =
}}

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]'' wrote "Murali Krishna, who was behind love films such as Parvai Ondre Pothume and Pesatha Kannum Pesuma has directed this film too. With twist after twist, the director has scripted a film that's well suited for the current generation. But the director has failed in directing, casting and sqeezing the work from them. Jagadeesh Viswam could've been better, so is Murali Krishna's music. Overall, Nermugam could've been straighter".<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2016 |title=Nermugam |url=http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2016/12/28155245/Nermugam-Review.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904080259/http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2016/12/28155245/Nermugam-Review.vpf |archive-date=4 September 2018 |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' panned the acting of lead pair, antagonist, cinematography and humour. The critic praised Murali Krishna's lyrics but criticised his music and felt he had something in mind for visualisation and direction but messed it up by doing something else which became a huge drawback.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நேர்முகம் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1916/Nermugam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523071951/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1916/Nermugam/ |archive-date=23 May 2024 |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' wrote that the director tried to add too many twists and gave a thriller for today's trend but felt he could have concentrated on direction and acting choices.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2016 |title=நேர்முகம் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/cinema/review/2016/12/27144554/1058586/Nermugam-movie-review.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114172105/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/cinema/review/2016/12/27144554/1058586/Nermugam-movie-review.vpf |archive-date=14 November 2023 |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Murali Krishna (director)]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]

Koirala family

2026-03-26T12:33:26Z

Veronaidw: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Nepalese political family}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox family
| name = Koirala family कोईराला परिवार
|image =
|image_caption = Koirala family in the mid-70s
| crest =
| caption =
|type = [[Political family]]
| region = [[Nepal]]
| early_forms =
| founded = 19th century
| founder = [[Krishna Prasad Koirala]]
| origin = [[Kusheshwar Dumja|Dumja]], [[Sindhuli district|Sindhuli]]
| members =[[Krishna Prasad Koirala]] [[Pramila Prasad Koirala]] [[Matrika Prasad Koiraala]] 
[[Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala]] [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] [[Tarini Prasad Koirala]] [[Sujata Koirala]] [[Shashanka Koirala]] [[Shankar Koirala]] [[Manisha Koirala]] [[Niraj Koirala]]
|connected_members = [[Amod Prasad Upadhyay]] [[Sailaja Acharya]] [[Sushil Koirala]] [[Mahesh Acharya]] [[Puru Koirala]] [[Dhadiram Koirala]]
| otherfamilies =
| distinctions = Political prominence
| traditions = [[Brahmin-Hill]]
| heirlooms =
| estate =
| meaning =
| footnotes = [[Krishna Prasad Koirala]] was the first prominent member of this family.
}}

'''Koirala family''' ([[Nepali language|Nepali]]: कोइराला परिवार) is one of the most prominent [[List of Nepali political clans|political families of Nepal]]. The [[Koirala]] family are Hill Brahmins.<ref>{{cite news|title=Girija Prasad Koirala: The architect of democracy in Nepal|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/822354|accessdate=2019-11-05|newspaper=Dawn|date=2010-03-23}}</ref> and were inhabitants of [[Kusheshwar Dumja|Dumja]] village in the [[Sindhuli district]] of the [[Bagmati Province]] of [[Nepal]].Most of them also live in [[Jhapa District|Jhapa]].The [[Koirala family|Koiralas]] are also known for their charismatic nature, which helped them succeed in their [[political]] careers and influence people to join their [[revolution]] against the system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nepaliheadlines.com/nc-measure-bp-jail-route-foot/|title=NC to measure 'BP jail route' on foot - Nepali Headlines|website=nepaliheadlines.com|accessdate=10 September 2017}}</ref>

[[Krishna Prasad Koirala]], a [[Rana dynasty|Rana-era]] socio-political activist, was exiled to [[Bihar]], India by then Prime Minister Maharaja [[Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana|Chandra Sumsher]].<ref name="dawn.com">{{cite news|title= Girija Prasad Koirala: The architect of democracy in Nepal|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/822354|accessdate=13 December 2017|newspaper= Dawn|date=23 March 2010}}</ref> Four members of the family, including three brothers ([[Matrika Prasad Koirala]], [[B. P. Koirala]] and [[Girija Prasad Koirala]]) and their maternal cousin [[Sushil Koirala]], have been [[Prime Minister of Nepal|Prime Ministers of Nepal]].

==Family members==
Father: [[Krishna Prasad Koirala]]

Sons:

# [[Matrika Prasad Koirala]] (1912–1997) ex-prime minister
# [[Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala]] (1914–1982) ex-prime minister
# Keshav Prasad Koirala (1922–1974)
# [[Tarini Prasad Koirala]] (1923–1973) politician, journalist, writer
# [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] (1925–2010) ex-prime minister

Daughters:
# Sauri Koirala (Arjel)
# Nalini Koirala (Upadhaya)
# Indira Koirala (Acharya)
# Vijaya Laxmi Koirala (Zaki)
==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="170">
File:Matrika Prasad Koirala2.jpg|[[Matrika Prasad Koirala]], then [[Prime Minister of Nepal]] (1951)
File:BP Koirala.jpg|[[Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala]], then Prime Minister (1959)
File:Sushil Koirala.jpg|[[Sushil Koirala]], then [[Prime Minister of Nepal]] (2014)
File:Sujata Koirala.jpg|[[Sujata Koirala]], Former Minister
File:Manisha Koirala at IFFI 2024.jpg|[[Manisha Koirala]], Film actress
File:Girija P koirala.jpg|Girija Prasad Koirala as Acting Head of state of Nepal (2008)
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Bahun communities}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Koirala Family}}
[[Category:Koirala family| ]]
[[Category:Bahun]]
[[Category:Nepalese families]]
[[Category:Political families of Nepal]]

1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-21T17:01:43Z

Veronaidw:

{{Short description|Indian union territory election}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1980
| election_date = 3 May 1985
| next_election = 1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1990
| seats_for_election = 30 seats in the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 16
| registered = {{formatnum:388472}}
| turnout = 78.39%
| image_size = 100px
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| image1 = File:M. O. H. Farook.jpg
| leader1 = [[M. O. H. Farook]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Lawspet Assembly constituency|Lawspet]]
| leader_since1 =
| seats1 = 15
| seats_before1 = 10
| popular_vote1 = 98,601
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}5
| party2 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=80|oLeft=07|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[M. D. R. Ramachandran]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Mannadipet]]
| leader_since2 =
| seats2 = 6
| seats_before2 = 14
| popular_vote2 = 87,754
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 9
| title = [[Chief Minister of Puducherry|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[President's rule]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[M. O. H. Farook]]
| percentage1 = 32.68%
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=80|oLeft=07|oTop=0}}
| percentage2 = 29.08%
| popular_vote3 = 47,521
| percentage3 = 15.75%
| last_election1 = 23.92%, 10
| last_election2 = 27.73, 14
| seats_before3 = 0
| seat_change3 = {{increase}} 6
| party3 = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| last_election3 = 18.6%, 0
| seats3 = 6
| swing2 = {{increase}} 1.35%
| swing1 = {{increase}} 8.76%
| swing3 = {{decrease}} 2.85%
}}
Elections to the '''[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]''' were held in May 1985, to elect members of the 30 constituencies in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (then known as Pondicherry), in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/03/26/explained-puducherry-the-territory-of-coalitions-and-presidents-rule.html |title=Explained: Puducherry, the territory of coalitions and President's Rule |magazine=[[The Week (Indian magazine)]] |date=26 March 2021 |quote=6th election: 1985 - In the 1985 Puducherry Assembly election, the Congress became the single-largest party in the Union territory after two decades. |access-date= 4 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/PDF/Se1985.PDF |title=Union Territory of Pondicherry Assembly - General Elections - 1985 |access-date= 4 September 2022}}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]] won the popular vote and the most seats, and [[M. O. H. Farook]] was appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Puducherry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=121|title=Thirteenth Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile - M. O. H. Farook|publisher=Lok Sabha website|accessdate=20 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703132641/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=121|archive-date=3 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Seat allotments==
===[[Indian National Congress|Congress Alliance]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;" colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || style="text-align:center;"|
[[File:Hand INC.svg|50x50px]]
|| [[M. O. H. Farook]] || style="text-align:center;"|20
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|2. || {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|50x50px]] || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || style="text-align:center;"|10
|}

===[[DMK-led Alliance]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;" colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|50x50px]] || [[M. Karunanidhi]] || style="text-align:center;"|22
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|2. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}|| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50x50px]] || [[C. Rajeswara Rao]] || style="text-align:center;"|4
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|3. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50x50px]] || [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]|| style="text-align:center;"|2
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|4. || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}} || style="text-align:center;"| || || style="text-align:center;"|2
|}

==Results==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Pondicherry Legislative Assembly 1985.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=98601|seats1=15|sc1={{increase}}5
|party2=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes2=87754|seats2=5|sc2={{decrease}}9
|party4=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes4=47521|seats4=6|sc4={{increase}}6
|party5=[[Janata Party]]|votes5=25966|seats5=2|sc5={{decrease}}1
|party20=Others|votes20=22609|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=19273|seats21=2|sc21=0
|total_sc=0
|invalid=2808
|electorate=388472
|source=ECI<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Pondicherry |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Elected members==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
| 1 || [[Muthialpet Assembly constituency|Muthialpet]] || 76.33% || G. Palani Raja || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 7,820 || 53.93% || A. Kasilingam || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,281 || 43.32% || 1,539
|-
| 2 || [[Cassicade Assembly constituency|Cassicade]] || 68.84% || P. Kannan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,273 || 62.76% || Saraswati Subbiah || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 1,521 || 18.10% || 3,752
|-
| 3 || [[Raj Bhavan Assembly constituency|Raj Bhavan]] || 65.95% || L. Joseph Mariadoss || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,419 || 54.77% || Louie Pragassa Kannaiya || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 1,578 || 35.73% || 841
|-
| 4 || [[Bussy Assembly constituency|Bussy]] || 63.57% || C. M. Achraff || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,213 || 53.17% || S. Babu Ansardeen || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 1,516 || 36.42% || 697
|-
| 5 || [[Oupalam Assembly constituency|Oupalam]] || 75.51% || P. K. Loganathan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,898 || 38.99% || Sitha Vedanayagam || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,040 || 30.41% || 858
|-
| 6 || [[Orleampeth Assembly constituency|Orleampeth]] || 93.89% || M. A. S. Subramanian || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,635 || 55.70% || Na. Marimuthu || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,079 || 42.64% || 1,556
|-
| 7 || [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]] || 71.31% || [[R. V. Janakiraman]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,526 || 51.78% || B. Manimaran || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,490 || 42.07% || 1,036
|-
| 8 || [[Mudaliarpet Assembly constituency|Mudaliarpet]] || 77.39% || V. Sababady Kothandraman || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,260 || 47.06% || M. Manjini || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 5,874 || 44.16% || 386
|-
| 9 || [[Ariankuppam Assembly constituency|Ariankuppam]] || 81.12% || [[P. Purushothaman]] || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,505 || 43.46% || [[P. Subbarayan]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,127 || 40.47% || 378
|-
| 10 || [[Embalam Assembly constituency|Embalam]] || 80.79% || K. Anbalagan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,509 || 51.03% || K. Siva Loganathan || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,327 || 48.97% || 182
|-
| 11 || [[Nettapakkam Assembly constituency|Nettapakkam]] || 82.73% || [[V. Vaithilingam]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,946 || 72.94% || P. Ramamurthy || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,577 || 27.06% || 4,369
|-
| 12 || [[Kuruvinatham Assembly constituency|Kuruvinatham]] || 85.84% || R. Ramansthan || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,207 || 40.67% || K. Parasuraman || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,361 || 32.49% || 846
|-
| 13 || [[Bahour Assembly constituency|Bahour]] || 85.20% || P. Uthiravelu || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 4,911 || 47.50% || S. Narayanasamy || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,201 || 40.63% || 710
|-
| 14 || [[Thirubuvanai Assembly constituency|Thirubuvanai]] || 78.85% || S. Komala || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,745 || 54.39% || P. Cattavarayane || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,751 || 44.98% || 994
|-
| 15 || [[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Mannadipet]] || 86.26% || [[M. D. R. Ramachandran]]|| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|| 6,383 || 56.48% || A. Krishnasamy || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,918 || 43.52% || 1,465
|-
| 16 || [[Ossudu Assembly constituency|Ossudu]] || 77.31% || V. Nagarathinam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,176 || 69.24% || R. Thangavelu Clemanso || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 2,251 || 25.24% || 3,925
|-
| 17 || [[Villianur Assembly constituency|Villianur]] || 80.15% || R. Subbaraya Gounder || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,696 || 52.34% || M. Venugopal || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,187 || 47.66% || 509
|-
| 18 || [[Ozhukarai Assembly constituency|Ozhukarai]] || 82.87% || R. Somasundaram || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,729 || 53.78% || G. Perumal Raja || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,428 || 41.57% || 1,301
|-
| 19 || [[Thattanchavady Assembly constituency|Thattanchavady]] || 74.96% || V. Pethaperumal || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 6,228 || 44.66% || T. Murugesan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,926 || 28.16% || 2,302
|-
| 20 || [[Reddiarpalayam Assembly constituency|Reddiarpalayam]] || 70.04% || V. Balaji || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 7,852 || 56.58% || N. Ranganathan || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 4,647 || 33.48% || 3,205
|-
| 21 || [[Lawspet Assembly constituency|Lawspet]] || 78.33% || [[M. O. H. Farook]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 8,804 || 60.36% || S. Muthu || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,157 || 35.36% || 3,647
|-
| 22 || [[Cotchery Assembly constituency|Cotchery]] || 81.94% || N. Vengadasalam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,774 || 55.94% || G. Panjavarnam || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,441 || 43.02% || 1,333
|-
| 23 || [[Karaikal North Assembly constituency|Karaikal North]] || 66.51% || V. Govindarajan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,784 || 49.54% || V. M. Salih Maricar || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 3,671 || 38.02% || 1,113
|-
| 24 || [[Karaikal South Assembly constituency|Karaikal South]] || 73.55% || [[S. Ramassamy]] || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 3,808 || 46.73% || A. M. Kassim || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,393 || 29.37% || 1,415
|-
| 25 || [[Neravy T R Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy T R Pattinam]] || 83.30% || V. M. C. Varada Pillai || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,788 || 53.46% || [[V. M. C. Sivakumar]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,038 || 46.54% || 750
|-
| 26 || [[Thirunallar Assembly constituency|Thirunallar]] || 81.77% || A. Sonudararengan || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 4,246 || 45.19% || R. Kamalakkannan || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,475 || 36.99% || 771
|-
| 27 || [[Nedungadu Assembly constituency|Nedungadu]] || 79.40% || M. Chandirakasu || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,870 || 67.60% || M. Kaliaperumal || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} || 2,674 || 30.80% || 3,196
|-
| 28 || [[Mahe Assembly constituency|Mahe]] || 82.14% || P. K. Sathyanandan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,695 || 53.04% || K. V. Raghavan || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} || 2,719 || 39.03% || 976
|-
| 29 || [[Palloor Assembly constituency|Palloor]] || 81.57% || A. V. Sreedharan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,766 || 54.05% || T. K. Chandrashekaran || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 1,943 || 27.88% || 1,823
|-
| 30 || [[Yanam Assembly constituency|Yanam]] || 87.27% || [[Kamisetty Parasuram Naidu]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,884 || 41.45% || Raksha Harikrishna || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,498 || 35.91% || 386
|}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
*[[1985 elections in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Puducherry Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/87-puducherry/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=19 May 2022}}

{{Puducherry elections}}

[[Category:1985 State Assembly elections in India|p]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Puducherry]]
[[Category:1980s in Pondicherry]]

Inflation

2026-03-10T16:03:08Z

Veronaidw: updated page

{{Short description|Devaluation of money's purchasing power}}
{{other uses}}{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Macroeconomics sidebar}}
[[File:World inflation rate October 2025.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Global rates of inflation in October 2025 among [[International Monetary Fund]] members]]
[[File:UK and US 1989-present monthly CPI.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|UK and US monthly inflation rates from January 1989<ref>{{cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. city average, by expenditure category, March 2022 |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fcpi%2Ftables%2Fsupplemental-files%2Fnews-release-table1-202203.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=[[Bureau of Labor Statistics]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 April 2022 |title=CPIH Annual Rate 00: All Items 2015=100 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/timeseries/l55o/mm23 |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=[[Office for National Statistics]] |archive-date=April 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424051728/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/timeseries/l55o/mm23 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

In [[economics]], '''inflation''' is an increase in the average price of goods and services in terms of [[money]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter= s.v. inflation |title= The Oxford English Dictionary: Being a Corrected Re-Issue of with An Introduction, Supplement and Bibliography of a New English Dictionary on Historical Principles |volume= 5 H-K |year= 1913 |place= Oxford |publisher= Clarendon Press |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99995/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater |page= [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99995/page/n791/mode/2up?view=theater 267] |via= [[Internet Archive]] |access-date= 6 August 2025}}</ref><ref name=Romer>{{Harvnb|Romer|2019}}</ref>{{rp|579}} This increase is measured using a price index, typically a [[consumer price index]] (CPI).<ref>{{citation |title=What Is Inflation? |date=June 8, 2023 |url=https://www.clevelandfed.org/center-for-inflation-research/inflation-101/what-is-inflation-start |access-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330131140/https://www.clevelandfed.org/our-research/center-for-inflation-research/inflation-101/what-is-inflation-get-started |publisher=Cleveland Federal Reserve |archive-date=March 30, 2021}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/bls/inflation.htm|title=Overview of BLS Statistics on Inflation and Prices: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics|date=June 5, 2019|access-date=November 3, 2021|archive-date=December 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210164020/https://www.bls.gov/bls/inflation.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Salwati |first1=Nasiha |last2=Wessel |first2=David |date=June 28, 2021 |title=How does the government measure inflation? |publisher=Brookings Institution |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/28/how-does-the-government-measure-inflation/ |url-status=live |access-date=November 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115162420/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/28/how-does-the-government-measure-inflation/ |archive-date=November 15, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/economy_14419.htm|title=The Fed – What is inflation and how does the Federal Reserve evaluate changes in the rate of inflation?|website=Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System|date=September 9, 2016|access-date=November 3, 2021|archive-date=July 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717231718/https://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/economy_14419.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> When the general price level rises, each unit of [[currency]] buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation corresponds to a reduction in the [[purchasing power]] of money.<ref>[http://www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=195 Why price stability?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014031836/http://www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=195 |date=October 14, 2008}}, Central Bank of Iceland, Accessed on September 11, 2008.</ref><ref>Paul H. Walgenbach, Norman E. Dittrich and Ernest I. Hanson, (1973), Financial Accounting, New York: Harcourt Brace Javonovich, Incorporated. P. 429. "The Measuring Unit principle: The unit of measure in accounting shall be the base money unit of the most relevant currency. This principle also assumes that the unit of measure is stable; that is, changes in its general purchasing power are not considered sufficiently important to require adjustments to the basic financial statements."</ref> The opposite of inflation is [[deflation]], a decrease in the general price level of goods and services. The common measure of inflation is the '''inflation rate''', the annualized percentage change in a general [[price index]].<ref name=Mankiw2002>{{Harvnb|Mankiw|2002}}</ref>{{rp|22–32}}

Changes in inflation are widely attributed to increases in the [[money supply]], fluctuations in [[Real versus nominal value (economics)|real]] [[demand]] for goods and services (also known as [[demand shock]]s, including changes in [[fiscal policy|fiscal]] or [[monetary policy]]), changes in available supplies such as during [[energy crisis|energy crises]] (also known as [[supply shock]]s), significant decreases in [[Interest rate|interest rates]] set by the [[central bank]], or changes in inflation expectations, which may be self-fulfilling.<ref name="Romer" /><ref name="Blanchard">{{Harvnb|Blanchard|2021}}</ref> Moderate inflation affects economies in both positive and negative ways. The negative effects would include an increase in the [[opportunity cost]] of holding money; uncertainty over future inflation, which may discourage investment and savings; and, if inflation were rapid enough, shortages of [[Good (economics)|goods]] as consumers begin [[Hoarding (economics)|hoarding]] out of concern that prices will increase in the future. Positive effects include reducing unemployment due to [[Nominal rigidity|nominal wage rigidity]],<ref name=Mankiw2002/>{{rp|238–255}} allowing the central bank greater freedom in carrying out [[monetary policy]], encouraging loans and investment instead of money hoarding, and avoiding the inefficiencies associated with deflation.

Today, most economists favour a low and steady rate of inflation. Low (as opposed to zero or [[Deflation|negative]]) inflation reduces the likelihood of economic [[recessions]] by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly and reduces the risk that a [[liquidity trap]] prevents [[monetary policy]] from stabilizing the economy, while also avoiding the costs associated with high inflation.<ref name="aeaweb.org">{{Cite journal |last=Svensson |first=Lars E. O. |date=December 2003 |title=Escaping from a Liquidity Trap and Deflation: The Foolproof Way and Others |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |language=en |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=145–166 |doi=10.1257/089533003772034934 |s2cid=17420811 |issn=0895-3309|doi-access=free }}</ref> The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to central banks that control monetary policy, normally through the setting of interest rates and by carrying out [[open market operation]]s.<ref name=Blanchard/>

== Terminology ==
The term originates from the Latin ''inflare'' (to blow into or inflate). Conceptually, inflation refers to the general trend of prices, not changes in any specific price. For example, if people choose to buy more cucumbers than tomatoes, cucumbers consequently become more expensive and tomatoes less expensive. These changes are not related to inflation; they reflect a shift in tastes. Inflation is related to the value of currency itself. When currency was linked with gold, if new gold deposits were found, the price of gold and the value of currency would fall, and consequently, the prices of all other goods would become higher.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/cards/inflation-definition-and-explanation/inflation-explanation|title=What is inflation? – Inflation, explained |date=July 25, 2014|work=Vox|access-date=September 13, 2014|archive-date=August 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804103626/http://www.vox.com/cards/inflation-definition-and-explanation/inflation-explanation|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Classical economics===
By the nineteenth century, economists categorised three separate factors that cause a rise or fall in the price of goods: a change in the ''[[Value (economics)|value]]'' or production costs of the good, a change in the ''price of money'' which then was usually a fluctuation in the [[commodity]] price of the metallic content in the currency, and ''[[currency depreciation]]'' resulting from an increased supply of currency relative to the quantity of redeemable metal backing the currency. Following the proliferation of private [[banknote]] currency printed during the [[American Civil War]], the term "inflation" started to appear as a direct reference to the ''currency depreciation'' that occurred as the quantity of redeemable banknotes outstripped the quantity of metal available for their redemption. At that time, the term inflation referred to the [[devaluation]] of the currency, and not to a rise in the price of goods.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Michael F.|last=Bryan|url=https://www.clevelandfed.org/newsroom-and-events/publications/economic-commentary/economic-commentary-archives/1997-economic-commentaries/ec-19971015-on-the-origin-and-evolution-of-the-word-inflation.aspx|publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Economic Commentary|date=October 15, 1997|title=On the Origin and Evolution of the Word 'Inflation'|journal=Economic Commentary|issue=October 15, 1997|access-date=May 22, 2017|archive-date=October 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028064428/https://www.clevelandfed.org/newsroom-and-events/publications/economic-commentary/economic-commentary-archives/1997-economic-commentaries/ec-19971015-on-the-origin-and-evolution-of-the-word-inflation.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> This relationship between the over-supply of banknotes and a resulting [[depreciation]] in their value was noted by earlier classical economists such as [[David Hume]] and [[David Ricardo]], who would go on to examine and debate what effect a currency devaluation has on the price of goods.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blaug |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4nd6alor2goC&dq=bullionist+inflation&pg=PA128 |title=Economic Theory in Retrospect |date=1997-03-27 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-57701-4 |page=129 |language=en |quote=...this was the cause of inflation, or, to use the language of the day, 'the depreciation of banknotes.'}}</ref>

=== Related concepts ===
Other economic concepts related to inflation include: [[deflation]]{{snd}}a fall in the general price level;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashford |first=Kate |date=2023-11-16 |title=What Is Deflation? Why Is It Bad For The Economy? |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/what-is-deflation/#:~:text=Deflation%20Definition,in%20prices%20across%20the%20economy.https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/what-is-deflation/#:~:text=Deflation%20Definition,in%20prices%20across%20the%20economy. |access-date=2024-01-30 |work=Forbes Advisor |language=en-US}}</ref> [[disinflation]]{{snd}}a decrease in the rate of inflation;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disinflation: Definition, How It Works, Triggers, and Example |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/disinflation.asp |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref> [[hyperinflation]]{{snd}}an out-of-control inflationary spiral;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyperinflation |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/economics/hyperinflation/ |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Corporate Finance Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> [[stagflation]]{{snd}}a combination of inflation, slow economic growth and high unemployment;<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Stagflation, What Causes It, and Why Is It Bad? |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/stagflation.asp |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref> [[reflation]]{{snd}}an attempt to raise the general level of prices to counteract deflationary pressures;<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Reflation? |url=https://www.thebalancemoney.com/what-is-reflation-5210962 |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=The Balance |language=en}}</ref> [[asset price inflation]]{{snd}}a general rise in the prices of financial assets without a corresponding increase in the prices of goods or services;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asset-Price Inflation vs. Economic Growth |url=https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/032715/what-difference-between-assetprice-inflation-and-economic-growth.asp |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref> and [[agflation]]{{snd}}an advanced increase in the [[Food inflation|price for food]] and industrial agricultural crops when compared with the general rise in prices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agflation: What It Means, How It Works, Impact |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/agflation.asp |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref>

More specific forms of inflation refer to sectors whose prices vary semi-independently from the general trend. "House price inflation" applies to changes in the [[house price index]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK House Price Index: November 2021 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-house-price-index-november-2021 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> while "energy inflation" is dominated by the costs of oil and gas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rubene |first1=Ieva |last2=Koester |first2=Gerrit |date=2021-05-06 |title=Recent dynamics in energy inflation: the role of base effects and taxes|journal=ECB Economic Bulletin |issue=3 |url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/economic-bulletin/focus/2021/html/ecb.ebbox202103_04~0a0c8f0814.en.html |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:US Historical Inflation Ancient.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|US historical inflation (in blue) and deflation (in green) from the mid-17th century to the beginning of the 21st]]

===Overview===

Inflation has been a feature of history during the entire period when money has been used as a means of payment. One of the earliest documented inflations occurred in [[Alexander the Great]]'s empire 330 BC.<ref name=parkin>{{cite journal |last1=Parkin |first1=Michael |title=Inflation |journal=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics |date=2008 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_888-2|isbn=978-1-349-95121-5 }}</ref> Historically, when [[commodity money]] was used, periods of inflation and deflation would alternate depending on the condition of the economy. However, when large, prolonged infusions of gold or silver into an economy occurred, this could lead to long periods of inflation.

The adoption of [[fiat currency]] by many countries, from the 18th century onwards, made much larger variations in the supply of money possible.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiat Money: What It Is, How It Works, Example, Pros & Cons |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fiatmoney.asp |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref> Rapid increases in the [[money supply]] have taken place a number of times in countries experiencing political crises, producing [[hyperinflation]]s{{snd}}episodes of extreme inflation rates much higher than those observed in earlier periods of [[commodity money]]. The [[hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic]] of Germany is a notable example. The [[hyperinflation]] in Venezuela is the highest in the world, with an annual inflation rate of 833,997% as of October 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Corina |first1=Pons |last2=Luc |first2=Cohen |last3=O'Brien |first3=Rosalba |title=Venezuela's annual inflation hit 833,997 percent in October: Congress |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy/venezuelas-annual-inflation-hit-833997-percent-in-october-congress-idUSKCN1NC2F9 |access-date=9 November 2018 |work=Reuters |date=7 November 2018 |archive-date=December 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212194638/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy/venezuelas-annual-inflation-hit-833997-percent-in-october-congress-idUSKCN1NC2F9 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Historically, inflations of varying magnitudes have occurred, interspersed with corresponding deflationary periods,<ref name=parkin/> from the [[price revolution]] of the 16th century, which was driven by the flood of gold and particularly silver seized and mined by the Spaniards in Latin America, to the largest paper money inflation of all time in Hungary after World War II.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bernholz |first=Peter |url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/9781784717629.00007.xml |title=Introduction |year=2015 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-78471-763-6 |language=en-US |access-date=June 9, 2022 |archive-date=June 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618191304/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/9781784717629.00007.xml |url-status=live }}</ref>

However, since the 1980s, inflation has been held low and stable in countries with independent [[central bank]]s. This has led to a moderation of the [[business cycle]] and a reduction in variation in most macroeconomic indicators{{snd}}an event known as the [[Great Moderation]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/article1294376.ece |title=Welcome to 'the Great Moderation' |first=Gerard |last=Baker |work=The Times |date=2007-01-19 |publisher=Times Newspapers |location=London |issn=0140-0460 |access-date=15 April 2011 |archive-date=December 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214175030/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ }}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 350
| header =
| image1 =
Fineness_of_early_Roman_Imperial_silver_coins.png
| caption1 = Silver purity through time in early Roman imperial silver coins. To increase the number of silver coins in circulation while short on silver, the Roman imperial government repeatedly [[debasement|debased]] the coins. They melted relatively pure silver coins and then struck new silver coins of lower purity but of nominally equal value. Silver coins were relatively pure before Nero (AD 54–68), but by the 270s had hardly any silver left.
| image2 = Decline_of_the_antoninianus.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = The silver content of Roman silver coins rapidly declined during the [[Crisis of the Third Century]].
}}

===Ancient Europe===

Alexander the Great's conquest of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Empire]] in 330 BC was followed by one of the earliest documented inflation periods in the ancient world.<ref name=parkin/> Rapid increases in the quantity of money or in the overall [[money supply]] have occurred in many different societies throughout history, changing with different forms of money used.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dobson |first=Roger |title=How Alexander caused a great Babylon inflation |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=January 27, 2002 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/how-alexander-caused-a-great-babylon-inflation-671072.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515070120/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/how-alexander-caused-a-great-babylon-inflation-671072.html |archive-date=May 15, 2011 |access-date=April 12, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Harl | first = Kenneth W. | author-link = Kenneth W. Harl | title = Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700 | place = [[Baltimore]] | publisher = [[The Johns Hopkins University Press]] | year=1996 | isbn = 0-8018-5291-9 }}</ref> For instance, when silver was used as currency, the government could collect silver coins, melt them down, mix them with other, less valuable metals such as copper or lead and reissue them at the same [[Real versus nominal value (economics)|nominal value]], a process known as [[debasement]]. At the ascent of [[Nero]] as Roman emperor in AD 54, the [[denarius]] contained more than 90% silver, but by the 270s hardly any silver was left. By diluting the silver with other metals, the government could issue more coins without increasing the amount of silver used to make them. When the cost of each coin is lowered in this way, the government profits from an increase in [[seigniorage]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mint.ca/royalcanadianmintpublic/RcmImageLibrary.aspx?filename=RCM_AR06_E.pdf |title=Annual Report (2006), Royal Canadian Mint, p. 4 |publisher=Mint.ca |access-date=May 21, 2011 |archive-date=December 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217200449/http://www.mint.ca/royalcanadianmintpublic/RcmImageLibrary.aspx?filename=RCM_AR06_E.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This practice would increase the money supply but at the same time the relative value of each coin would be lowered. As the relative value of the coins becomes lower, consumers would need to give more coins in exchange for the same goods and services as before. These goods and services would experience a price increase as the value of each coin is reduced.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shostak |first=Frank |date=2008-06-16 |title=Commodity Prices and Inflation: What's the Connection? |url=https://mises.org/library/commodity-prices-and-inflation-whats-connection |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Mises Institute |language=en}}</ref> Again at the end of the third century AD during the reign of [[Diocletian]], the [[Roman Empire]] experienced rapid inflation.<ref name=parkin/>

===Ancient China===
[[Song dynasty]] China introduced the practice of printing paper money to create [[fiat currency]].<ref>{{cite book |author=von Glahn |first=Richard |title=Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700 |publisher=University of California Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-520-20408-9 |page=48}}</ref> During the Mongol [[Yuan dynasty]], the government spent a great deal of money fighting [[Mongol conquests|costly wars]], and reacted by printing more money, leading to inflation.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ropp |first=Paul S. |title=China in World History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-517073-3 |page=82}}</ref> Fearing the inflation that plagued the Yuan dynasty, the [[Ming dynasty]] initially rejected the use of paper money, and reverted to using copper coins.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bernholz |first=Peter |title=Monetary Regimes and Inflation: History, Economic and Political Relationships |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-84376-155-6 |pages=53–55}}</ref>

===Medieval Egypt===
During the [[Mali Empire|Malian]] king [[Mansa Musa]]'s [[hajj]] to [[Mecca]] in 1324, he was reportedly accompanied by a [[camel train]] that included thousands of people and nearly a hundred camels. When he passed through [[Cairo]], he spent or gave away so much gold that it depressed its price in Egypt for over a decade,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-05-24 |title=Mansa Musa |url=http://www.blackhistorypages.net/pages/mansamusa.php |access-date=2023-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524015912/http://www.blackhistorypages.net/pages/mansamusa.php |archive-date=May 24, 2006 }}</ref> reducing its purchasing power. A contemporary Arab historian remarked about Mansa Musa's visit:

{{blockquote|Gold was at a high price in Egypt until they came in that year. The [[mithqal]] did not go below 25 [[dirham]]s and was generally above, but from that time its value fell and it cheapened in price and has remained cheap till now. The mithqal does not exceed 22 dirhams or less. This has been the state of affairs for about twelve years until this day by reason of the large amount of gold which they brought into Egypt and spent there [...].|sign=[[Chihab Al-Umari]]|source=Kingdom of Mali<ref>{{cite web |title=Kingdom of Mali – Primary Source Documents |url=http://www.bu.edu/africa/outreach/resources/k_o_mali/ |website=African studies Center |publisher=[[Boston University]] |access-date=30 January 2012 |archive-date=November 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124051633/http://www.bu.edu/africa/outreach/resources/k_o_mali/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

=== Medieval age and "price revolution" in Western Europe===

There is no reliable evidence of inflation in Europe for the thousand years that followed the fall of the Roman Empire, but from the [[Middle Ages]] onwards reliable data do exist. Mostly, the medieval inflation episodes were modest, and there was a tendency for inflationary periods to be followed by deflationary periods.<ref name=parkin/>

From the second half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th, Western Europe experienced a major inflationary cycle referred to as the "[[price revolution]]",<ref>[[Earl J. Hamilton]], ''American Treasure and the Price Revolution in Spain, 1501–1650'' Harvard Economic Studies, p. 43 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 1934).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/ecipa/archive/UT-ECIPA-MUNRO-99-02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306002320/http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/ecipa/archive/UT-ECIPA-MUNRO-99-02.pdf |title=John Munro: ''The Monetary Origins of the 'Price Revolution':South Germany Silver Mining, Merchant Banking, and Venetian Commerce, 1470–1540'', Toronto 2003|archive-date=March 6, 2009}}</ref> with prices on average rising perhaps sixfold over 150 years. This is often attributed to the influx of gold and silver from the [[New World]] into [[Habsburg Spain]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Walton |first=Timothy R. |title=The Spanish Treasure Fleets |publisher=Pineapple Press |year=1994 |isbn=1-56164-049-2 |location=Florida, US |page=85 |language=en-us}}</ref> with wider availability of [[Silver coin|silver]] in previously [[Great Bullion Famine|cash-starved Europe]] causing widespread inflation.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/bsl/wpaper/2007-12.html|title=The Price Revolution in the 16th Century: Empirical Results from a Structural Vectorautoregression Model|first1=Peter|last1=Bernholz|first2=Peter|last2=Kugler|journal=Working Papers|date=August 1, 2007|via=ideas.repec.org|access-date=March 31, 2015|archive-date=April 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425223334/https://ideas.repec.org/p/bsl/wpaper/2007-12.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Tracy, James D. |title=Handbook of European History 1400–1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |location=Boston |year= 1994|page=655 |isbn=90-04-09762-7}}</ref> European population rebound from the [[Black Death]] began before the arrival of New World metal, and may have begun a process of inflation that New World silver compounded later in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book |author=Fischer |first=David Hackett |title=The Great Wave |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-19-512121-X |page=81 |language=en-uk}}</ref>

===After 1700===

[[File:Federal Funds Rate (effective).svg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|The U.S. effective [[federal funds rate]] charted over fifty years]]
A pattern of intermittent inflation and deflation periods persisted for centuries until the [[Great Depression]] in the 1930s, which was characterized by major deflation. Since the Great Depression, however, there has been a general tendency for prices to rise every year. In the 1970s and early 1980s, annual inflation in most industrialized countries reached two digits (ten percent or more). The double-digit inflation era was of short duration, however, inflation by the mid-1980s returned to more modest levels. Amid this, general trends there have been spectacular high-inflation episodes in individual countries in [[Interwar period|interwar Europe]], towards the end of the [[Nationalist government|Nationalist Chinese government]] in 1948–1949, and later in some Latin American countries, in Israel, and in Zimbabwe. Some of these episodes are considered [[hyperinflation]] periods, normally designating inflation rates that surpass 50 percent monthly.<ref name=parkin/>

== Measures ==
{{see also|List of countries by inflation rate|Consumer price index}}
[[File:Inflation data.webp|thumb|upright=1.6|right|[[producer price index|PPI]] is a [[leading indicator]], CPI and PCE [[Latency (engineering)|lag]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/does-producer-price-index-tell-190327824.html | title=What Does the Producer Price Index Tell You? | date=June 3, 2021 | access-date=October 1, 2022 | archive-date=December 25, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225183858/https://www.yahoo.com/now/does-producer-price-index-tell-190327824.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
{{legend-line|#00A2FF solid 3px|[[producer price index|PPI]]}}
{{legend-line|#61D836 solid 3px|Core PPI}}
{{legend-line|#929292 solid 3px|[[Consumer price index|CPI]]}}
{{legend-line|#F8BA00 solid 3px|[[Core inflation|Core]] CPI}}
{{legend-line|#FF2600 solid 3px|[[Personal consumption expenditures price index|PCE]]}}
{{legend-line|#D41876 solid 3px|Core PCE}}]]
Given that there are many possible measures of the price level, there are many possible measures of price inflation. Most frequently, the term "inflation" refers to a rise in a broad price index representing the overall price level for goods and services in the economy. The [[consumer price index]] (CPI), the [[personal consumption expenditures price index]] (PCEPI) and the [[GDP deflator]] are some examples of broad price indices. However, "inflation" may also be used to describe a rising price level within a narrower set of assets, goods or services within the economy, such as [[commodity|commodities]] (including food, fuel, metals), [[tangible asset]]s (such as real estate), services (such as entertainment and health care), or [[Labour (economics)|labor]]. Although the values of capital assets are often casually said to "inflate," this should not be confused with inflation as a defined term; a more accurate description for an increase in the value of a capital asset is appreciation. The FBI (CCI), the [[producer price index]], and [[employment cost index]] (ECI) are examples of narrow price indices used to measure price inflation in particular sectors of the economy. [[Core inflation]] is a measure of inflation for a subset of consumer prices that excludes food and energy prices, which rise and fall more than other prices in the short term. The [[Federal Reserve Board]] pays particular attention to the core inflation rate to get a better estimate of long-term future inflation trends overall.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kiley |first=Michael J. |title=Estimating the common trend rate of inflation for consumer prices and consumer prices excluding food and energy prices |series=Finance and Economic Discussion Series |publisher=Federal Reserve Board |date=July 2008|url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/2008/200838/200838pap.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/2008/200838/200838pap.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date= May 13, 2015 }}</ref>

The inflation rate is most widely calculated by determining the movement or change in a price index, typically the [[consumer price index]].<ref>''See:''
* {{harvnb|Hall|Taylor|1993}};
* {{harvnb|Blanchard|2021}};
The consumer price index measures movements in prices of a fixed basket of goods and services purchased by a "typical consumer".</ref>

The inflation rate is the percentage change of a price index over time. The [[Retail Prices Index]] is also a measure of inflation that is commonly used in the United Kingdom. It is broader than the CPI and contains a larger basket of goods and services. Inflation is politically driven, and policy can directly influence the trend of inflation.

The RPI is indicative of the experiences of a wide range of household types, particularly low-income households.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carruthers |first1=A. G. |last2=Sellwood |first2=D. J. |last3=Ward |first3=P. W. |date=1980 |title=Recent Developments in the Retail Prices Index |journal=Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series D (The Statistician) |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |doi=10.2307/2987492 |jstor=2987492 |issn=0039-0526 }}</ref>

To illustrate the method of calculation, in January 2007, the U.S. Consumer Price Index was 202.416, and in January 2008 it was 211.080. The formula for calculating the annual percentage rate inflation in the CPI over the course of the year is: <math>\left(\frac{211.080-202.416}{202.416}\right)\times100\%=4.28\%</math>

The resulting inflation rate for the CPI in this one-year period is 4.28%, meaning the general level of prices for typical U.S. consumers rose by approximately four percent in 2007.<ref>The numbers reported here refer to the US Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers, All Items, series CPIAUCNS, from base level 100 in base year 1982. They were downloaded from the FRED database at the [[Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis]] on August 8, 2008.</ref>

Other widely used price indices for calculating price inflation include the following:
* '''[[Producer price index|Producer price indices]]''' (PPIs) which measures average changes in prices received by domestic producers for their output. This differs from the CPI in that price subsidization, profits, and taxes may cause the amount received by the producer to differ from what the consumer paid. There is also typically a delay between an increase in the PPI and any eventual increase in the CPI. Producer price index measures the pressure being put on producers by the costs of their raw materials. This could be "passed on" to consumers, or it could be absorbed by profits, or offset by increasing productivity. In India and the United States, an earlier version of the PPI was called the [[Wholesale price index]].
* '''[[Commodity price index|Commodity price indices]]''', which measure the price of a selection of commodities. In the present commodity price indices are weighted by the relative importance of the components to the "all in" cost of an employee.
* '''[[Core inflation|Core price indices]]''': because food and oil prices can change quickly due to changes in [[supply and demand]] conditions in the food and oil markets, it can be difficult to detect the long run trend in price levels when those prices are included. Therefore, most [[List of national and international statistical services|statistical agencies]] also report a measure of 'core inflation', which removes the most volatile components (such as food and oil) from a broad price index like the CPI. Because core inflation is less affected by short run supply and demand conditions in specific markets, [[central bank]]s rely on it to better measure the inflationary effect of current [[monetary policy]].

Other common measures of inflation are:
* '''[[GDP deflator]]''' is a measure of the price of all the goods and services included in gross domestic product (GDP). The [[US Commerce Department]] publishes a deflator series for US GDP, defined as its nominal GDP measure divided by its real GDP measure.

∴ <math>\mbox{GDP Deflator} = \frac{\mbox{Nominal GDP}}{\mbox{Real GDP}}</math>
* '''Regional inflation''' The Bureau of Labor Statistics breaks down CPI-U calculations down to different regions of the US.
* '''Historical inflation''' Before collecting consistent econometric data became standard for governments, and for the purpose of comparing absolute, rather than relative standards of living, various economists have calculated imputed inflation figures. Most inflation data before the early 20th century is imputed based on the known costs of goods, rather than compiled at the time. It is also used to adjust for the differences in real standard of living for the presence of technology.
* '''[[Asset price inflation]]''' is an undue increase in the prices of real assets, such as real estate.
In some cases, the measures are meant to be more humorous or to reflect a single place. This includes:

* The [[Christmas Price Index]], which calculates the cost of the items mentioned in a song, "[[The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)|The Twelve Days of Christmas"]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Olson |first=Elizabeth |date=December 20, 2007 |title=The '12 Days' Index Shows a Record Increase |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/25/business/the-12-days-index-shows-a-record-increase-704075.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes+Topics%2FSubjects%2FG%2FGifts |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
* The [[Big Mac Index]], which compares prices across countries.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 April 1998 |title=Big MacCurrencies |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/1998/04/09/big-maccurrencies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227100228/http://www.economist.com/node/159859 |archive-date=27 December 2017 |access-date=27 November 2013 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>
* The [[Jollof index]], which calculates the price of food needed to make a [[Jollof rice]], a popular African dish.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erezi |first=Dennis |date=2022-04-28 |title=Jollof Index, Chicken Republic, inflation and changing food consumption patterns |url=https://guardian.ng/features/jollof-index-chicken-republic-inflation-and-changing-food-consumption-patterns/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2024-05-15 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
* The [[Two Dishes One Soup Index]], which calculates the price of food needed to cook one soup and two other dishes for a small family in Hong Kong.
* The [[Herengracht index]], which calculates the price of housing in a fashionable neighborhood of [[Amsterdam]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eichholtz |first=Piet M. A. |date=1996 |title=A Long Run House Price Index: The Herengracht Index, 1628-1973 |url=http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=598 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |language=en |doi=10.2139/ssrn.598 |issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* The [[Lipstick index]], which claimed that when the economy got worse, small luxury sales, such as [[lipstick]], would go up.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2009 |title=Lip service: What lipstick sales tell you about the economy |url=https://www.economist.com/unknown/2009/01/23/lip-service |access-date=2024-06-10 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

=== Issues in measuring ===
Measuring inflation in an economy requires objective means of differentiating changes in nominal prices on a common set of goods and services, and distinguishing them from those price shifts resulting from changes in value such as volume, quality, or performance. For example, if the price of a can of corn changes from $0.90 to $1.00 over the course of a year, with no change in quality, then this price difference represents inflation. This single price change would not, however, represent general inflation in an overall economy. Overall inflation is measured as the price change of a large "basket" of representative goods and services. This is the purpose of a [[price index]], which is the combined price of a "basket" of many goods and services. The combined price is the sum of the weighted prices of items in the "basket". A weighted price is calculated by multiplying the [[unit price]] of an item by the number of that item the average consumer purchases. Weighted pricing is necessary to measure the effect of individual unit price changes on the economy's overall inflation. The [[consumer price index]], for example, uses data collected by surveying households to determine what proportion of the typical consumer's overall spending is spent on specific goods and services, and weights the average prices of those items accordingly. Those weighted average prices are combined to calculate the overall price. To better relate price changes over time, indexes typically choose a "base year" price and assign it a value of 100. Index prices in subsequent years are then expressed in relation to the base year price.<ref name=Taylor>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Timothy |title=Principles of Economics |publisher=Freeload Press |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-930789-05-0}}</ref> While comparing inflation measures for various periods one has to take into consideration the [[Base effect (inflation)|base effect]] as well.

Inflation measures are often modified over time, either for the relative weight of goods in the basket, or in the way in which goods and services from the present are compared with goods and services from the past. Basket weights are updated regularly, usually every year, to adapt to changes in consumer behavior. Sudden changes in consumer behavior can still introduce a weighting bias in inflation measurement. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic it has been shown that the basket of goods and services was no longer representative of consumption during the crisis, as numerous goods and services could no longer be consumed due to government containment measures ("lock-downs").<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Benchimol |first1=Jonathan |last2=Caspi |first2=Itamar |last3=Levin |first3=Yuval |date=2022 |title=The COVID-19 Inflation Weighting in Israel |journal=The Economists' Voice |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=5–14 |doi=10.1515/ev-2021-0023 |s2cid=245497122 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2506.09875 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Seiler|first=Pascal|date=2020-09-16|title=Weighting bias and inflation in the time of COVID-19: evidence from Swiss transaction data|journal=[[Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics]]|volume=156|issue=1|article-number=13|doi=10.1186/s41937-020-00057-7|issn=2235-6282|pmc=7493696|pmid=32959014 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Over time, adjustments are also made to the type of goods and services selected to reflect changes in the sorts of goods and services purchased by 'typical consumers'. New products may be introduced, older products disappear, the quality of existing products may change, and consumer preferences can shift. Different segments of the population may naturally consume different "baskets" of goods and services and may even experience different inflation rates. It is argued that companies have put more innovation into bringing down prices for wealthy families than for poor families.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Botella |first1=Elena |title=That "Inflation Inequality" Report Has a Major Problem |url=https://slate.com/business/2019/11/inflation-inequality-not-about-beer-lettuce.html |access-date=11 November 2019 |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=8 November 2019 |archive-date=November 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130071656/https://slate.com/business/2019/11/inflation-inequality-not-about-beer-lettuce.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Inflation numbers are often [[seasonally adjusted]] to differentiate expected cyclical cost shifts. For example, home heating costs are expected to rise in colder months, and seasonal adjustments are often used when measuring inflation to compensate for cyclical energy or fuel demand spikes. Inflation numbers may be averaged or otherwise subjected to statistical techniques to remove [[statistical noise]] and [[Volatility (finance)|volatility]] of individual prices.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vavra |first1=Joseph |date=2014 |title=Inflation Dynamics and Time-Varying Volatility: New Evidence and an SS Interpretation |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/129/1/215/1897034 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=215–258 |doi=10.1093/qje/qjt027 |access-date=2023-03-22|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arlt |first=Josef |date=11 March 2021 |title=The problem of annual inflation rate indicator |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ijfe.2563 |journal=International Journal of Finance & Economics |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=2772–2788|doi=10.1002/ijfe.2563 |s2cid=233675877 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

When looking at inflation, economic institutions may focus only on certain kinds of prices, or ''special indices'', such as the [[core inflation]] index which is used by central banks to formulate [[monetary policy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/coreinflation.asp|title=Why Core Inflation is Important|last=Kenton|first=Will|website=Investopedia|language=en|access-date=2020-01-17|archive-date=December 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214063705/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/coreinflation.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

Most inflation indices are calculated from weighted averages of selected price changes. This necessarily introduces distortion, and can lead to legitimate disputes about what the true inflation rate is. This problem can be overcome by including all available price changes in the calculation, and then choosing the [[median]] value.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clevelandfed.org/Research/commentary/1991/1201.pdf |title=Median Price Changes: An Alternative Approach to Measuring Current Monetary Inflation |access-date=May 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515145028/http://www.clevelandfed.org/Research/commentary/1991/1201.pdf |archive-date=May 15, 2011 }}</ref> In some other cases, governments may intentionally report false inflation rates; for instance, during the presidency of [[Cristina Kirchner]] (2007–2015) the [[government of Argentina]] was criticised for manipulating economic data, such as inflation and GDP figures, for political gain and to reduce payments on its inflation-indexed debt.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-imf-argentina-idUSBRE91019920130202 |title=IMF reprimands Argentina for inaccurate economic data |newspaper=Reuters |date=February 2, 2013 |access-date=February 2, 2013 |last1=Wroughton |first1=Lesley |archive-date=August 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804134926/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-imf-argentina-idUSBRE91019920130202 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-01/argentina-becomes-first-nation-censured-by-imf-on-inflation-data.html |title=Argentina Becomes First Nation Censured by IMF on Economic Data |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=February 2, 2013 |access-date=February 2, 2013 |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310235820/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-01/argentina-becomes-first-nation-censured-by-imf-on-inflation-data.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Official vs. true vs. perceived inflation===
The true inflation is one percentage point lower than the official one, according to research. Therefore, the 2% inflation target is needed to prevent the true inflation being close to zero or even deflation. The reasons are the following:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cals.ncsu.edu/news/you-decide-why-stop-at-an-inflation-rate-of-2/|title=You Decide: Why Stop at an Inflation Rate Target of 2%?|date=January 29, 2023|website=CALS News|publisher=NC State University}}</ref>
* '''Substitution effect''': People buy fewer products with the highest price rises and more of those whose prices have risen less. Therefore, the price of their non-fixed shopping basket rises less than that of a fixed shopping basket.
* '''Unobserved quality improvements''': Even though statisticians try to take quality improvements into account, they are not able to do it fully. This is why people rather buy current products at the higher prices than old products at their old prices.
* '''New goods''': The current shopping basket is much better, because it has goods that you previously could not even dream of.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dummies.com/article/business-careers-money/business/economics/inflation-usually-overestimated-228118/|title=Why Inflation Is Usually Overestimated|author=Dan Richards|author2=Manzur Rashid|author3=Peter Antonioni|date=November 1, 2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons}}</ref>

Nevertheless, people overestimate the inflation even vs. the measured inflation. This is because they focus more on commonly-bought items than on durable goods, and more on price increases than on price decreases.<ref name=StatisticsCanada>{{cite web|date=January 19, 2022 |publisher=Statistics Canada |title=The naked eye versus the CPI: How does our perception of inflation stack up against the data? |url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/o1/en/plus/256-naked-eye-versus-cpi-how-does-our-perception-inflation-stack-against-data}}</ref> On the other hand, different people have different shopping baskets and hence face different inflation rates.<ref name=StatisticsCanada/>

[[File:Consumer price index 2024 relative to 2010.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Consumer price index by country]] in % (2024, relative to 2010)<ref name="World Bank CPI">{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL?end=2024&name_desc=false&start=1960&view=chart&year=2024|title=Consumer price index (2010=100), World Bank Group, accessed July 2025}}</ref>
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[[Cumulative process|Cumulative]] inflation due to the [[compound interest|compound effect]] can impact the perception of inflation.<ref name="n873">{{cite journal | last1=McGranahan | first1=Leslie | last2=Paulson | first2=Anna L. | title=The Incidence of Inflation: Inflation Experiences by Demographic Group: 1981-2004 | journal=FRB of Chicago Working Paper | date=2005 | ssrn=3887185 | url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3887185 | access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref>

===Inflation expectations===
Inflation expectations or expected inflation is the rate of inflation that is anticipated for some time in the foreseeable future. There are two major approaches to modeling the formation of inflation expectations. [[Adaptive expectations]] models them as a weighted average of what was expected one period earlier and the actual rate of inflation that most recently occurred. [[Rational expectations]] models them as unbiased, in the sense that the expected inflation rate is not systematically above or systematically below the inflation rate that actually occurs.

A long-standing survey of inflation expectations is the University of Michigan survey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MICH|title=University of Michigan: Inflation Expectation|date=January 1978|publisher=Economic Research, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis|access-date=March 9, 2017|archive-date=November 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107075130/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MICH|url-status=live}}</ref>

Inflation expectations affect the economy in several ways. They are more or less built into [[nominal interest rate]]s, so that a rise (or fall) in the expected inflation rate will typically result in a rise (or fall) in nominal interest rates, giving a smaller effect if any on [[real interest rate]]s. In addition, higher expected inflation tends to be built into the rate of wage increases, giving a smaller effect if any on the changes in [[real wages]]. Moreover, the response of inflationary expectations to monetary policy can influence the division of the effects of policy between inflation and unemployment (see [[monetary policy credibility]]).

==Causes==
{{Organize section|date=February 2024}}
===Historical approaches===
Theories of the origin and causes of inflation have existed since at least the 16th century. Two competing theories, the [[quantity theory of money]] and the [[real bills doctrine]], appeared in various guises during century-long debates on recommended central bank behaviour. In the 20th century, [[Keynesian]], [[monetarist]] and [[New classical macroeconomics|new classical]] (also known as [[rational expectations]]) views on inflation dominated post-World War II [[macroeconomics]] discussions, which were often heated intellectual debates, until some kind of synthesis of the various theories was reached by the end of the century.

====Before 1936====
{{main|Real bills doctrine}}
The [[price revolution]] from ca. 1550–1700 caused several thinkers to present what is now considered to be early formulations of the [[quantity theory of money]] (QTM). Other contemporary authors attributed rising price levels to the debasement of national coinages. Later research has shown that also growing output of [[Central Europe]]an silver mines and an increase in the [[velocity of money]] because of innovations in the payment technology, in particular the increased use of [[bill of exchange|bills of exchange]], contributed to the price revolution.<ref name=Dimand>{{cite book|last1=Dimand |first1=Robert W. |chapter=Monetary Economics, History of |title=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics |date=2016 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2721-1 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2721-1 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-349-95121-5 |language=en}}</ref>

An alternative theory, the [[real bills doctrine]] (RBD), originated in the 17th and 18th century, receiving its first authoritative exposition in [[Adam Smith]]'s ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Green |first1=Roy |title=Real Bills Doctrine |journal=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics |date=2018 |pages=11328–11330 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_1614|isbn=978-1-349-95188-8 }}</ref> It asserts that banks should issue their money in exchange for short-term real bills of adequate value. As long as banks only issue a dollar in exchange for assets worth at least a dollar, the issuing bank's assets will naturally move in step with its issuance of money, and the money will hold its value. Should the bank fail to get or maintain assets of adequate value, then the bank's money will lose value, just as any financial security will lose value if its asset backing diminishes. The real bills doctrine (also known as the backing theory) thus asserts that inflation results when money outruns its issuer's assets. The quantity theory of money, in contrast, claims that inflation results when money outruns the economy's production of goods.

During the 19th century, three different schools debated these questions: The [[British Currency School]] upheld a quantity theory view, believing that the [[Bank of England]]'s issues of bank notes should vary one-for-one with the bank's gold reserves. In contrast to this, the [[British Banking School]] followed the real bills doctrine, recommending that the bank's operations should be governed by the needs of trade: Banks should be able to issue currency against bills of trading, i.e. "real bills" that they buy from merchants. A third group, the Free Banking School, held that competitive private banks would not overissue, even though a monopolist central bank could be believed to do it.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schwartz |first1=Anna J. |title=Banking School, Currency School, Free Banking School |journal=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics |date=2018 |pages=694–700 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_263|isbn=978-1-349-95188-8 }}</ref>

The debate between currency, or quantity theory, and banking schools during the 19th century prefigures current questions about the credibility of money in the present. In the 19th century, the banking schools had greater influence in policy in the United States and Great Britain, while the [[British Currency School|currency schools]] had more influence "on the continent", that is in non-British countries, particularly in the [[Latin Monetary Union]] and the [[Scandinavian Monetary Union]].

During the Bullionist Controversy during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], [[David Ricardo]] argued that the Bank of England had engaged in over-issue of bank notes, leading to commodity price increases. In the late 19th century, supporters of the quantity theory of money led by [[Irving Fisher]] debated with supporters of [[bimetallism]]. Later, [[Knut Wicksell]] sought to explain price movements as the result of real shocks rather than movements in money supply, resounding statements from the real bills doctrine.<ref name=Dimand/>

In 2019, monetary historians [[Thomas M. Humphrey]] and [[Richard Timberlake]] published "Gold, the Real Bills Doctrine, and the Fed: Sources of Monetary Disorder 1922–1938".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Humphrey |first1=Thomas M. |last2=Timberlake |first2=Richard H. |title=Gold, the Real Bills Doctrine, and the Fed: sources of monetary disorder 1922–1938 |date=2019 |publisher=Cato Institute |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-948647-13-7 |edition=First}}</ref>

====Keynes and the early Keynesians====
{{further|Keynesian Revolution}}
{{further|Keynes's theory of wages and prices}}
John Maynard Keynes in his 1936 main work ''[[The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money]]'' emphasized that wages and prices were [[Nominal rigidity|sticky]] in the short run, but gradually responded to [[aggregate demand]] shocks. These could arise from many different sources, e.g. autonomous movements in investment or fluctuations in private wealth or interest rates.<ref name=parkin/> Economic policy could also affect demand, [[monetary policy]] by affecting interest rates and [[fiscal policy]] either directly through the level of [[government final consumption expenditure]] or indirectly by changing [[Disposable and discretionary income|disposable income]] via tax changes.

The various sources of variations in aggregate demand will cause cycles in both output and price levels. Initially, a demand change will primarily affect output because of the price stickiness, but eventually prices and wages will adjust to reflect the change in demand. Consequently, movements in real output and prices will be positively, but not strongly, correlated.<ref name=parkin/>

Keynes' propositions formed the basis of [[Keynesian economics]] which came to dominate macroeconomic research and economic policy in the first decades after World War II.<ref name=Blanchard/>{{rp|526}} Other Keynesian economists developed and reformed several of Keynes' ideas. Importantly, [[William Phillips (economist)|Alban William Phillips]] in 1958 published indirect evidence of a negative relation between inflation and unemployment, confirming the Keynesian emphasis on a positive correlation between increases in real output (normally accompanied by a fall in unemployment) and rising prices, i.e. inflation. Phillips' findings were confirmed by other empirical analyses and became known as a [[Phillips curve]]. It quickly became central to macroeconomic thinking, apparently offering a stable trade-off between [[price stability]] and employment. The curve was interpreted to imply that a country could achieve low unemployment if it were willing to tolerate a higher inflation rate or vice versa.<ref name=Blanchard/>{{rp|173}}

The Phillips curve model described the U.S. experience well in the 1960s but failed to describe the [[1973–75 recession|stagflation experienced in the 1970s]].

==== Monetarism ====
[[File:CPI 1914-2022.webp|thumb|alt=CPI 1914–2022|upright=1.6|
{{legend|#0076BA |Inflation}}
{{legend|#EE220C |[[Deflation]]}}
{{legend-line|#1DB100 solid 3px|[[Money supply|M2 money supply]] increases Year/Year}}
]]
[[File:M2 and Inflation USA.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|Inflation and the growth of money supply (M2)]]
{{Further|Monetarism}}

During the 1960s the Keynesian view of inflation and macroeconomic policy altogether were challenged by [[Monetarism|monetarist]] theories, led by [[Milton Friedman]].<ref name=Blanchard/>{{rp|528–529}} Friedman famously stated that:<blockquote>''Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon.''<ref>{{cite book|first1=Milton|last1= Friedman|first2=Anna Jacobson |last2=Schwartz|title=A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960|url=https://archive.org/details/monetaryhistoryo00frie|url-access=registration|year=1963|publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref></blockquote>He revived the [[quantity theory of money]] by [[Irving Fisher]] and others, making it into a central tenet of monetarist thinking, arguing that the most significant factor influencing inflation or deflation is how fast the [[money supply]] grows or shrinks.<ref name="Lagassé2000">{{cite book |author=Lagassé, Paul |title=The Columbia Encyclopedia |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |year=2000 |chapter=Monetarism |isbn=0-7876-5015-3 |edition=6th |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/columbiaencyclop00laga }}</ref>

The quantity theory of money, simply stated, says that any change in the amount of money in a system will change the price level. This theory begins with the [[equation of exchange]]:

:<math>MV = PQ,</math>
where
:<math>M</math> is the nominal quantity of money;
:<math>V</math> is the [[velocity of money]] in final expenditures;
:<math>P</math> is the general price level;
:<math>Q</math> is an index of the [[real versus nominal value (economics)|real value]] of final expenditures.

In this formula, the general price level is related to the level of real economic activity (''Q''), the quantity of money (''M'') and the velocity of money (''V''). The formula itself is simply an uncontroversial [[accounting identity]] because the velocity of money (''V'') is defined residually from the equation to be the ratio of final nominal expenditure (<math> PQ </math>) to the quantity of money (''M'').<ref name=Mankiw2002/>{{rp|81–107}}

Monetarists assumed additionally that the velocity of money is unaffected by monetary policy (at least in the long run), that the real value of output is also [[exogenous]] in the long run, its long-run value being determined independently by the productive capacity of the economy, and that money supply is exogenous and can be controlled by the monetary authorities. Under these assumptions, the primary driver of the change in the general price level is changes in the quantity of money.<ref name=Mankiw2002/>{{rp|81–107}} Consequently, monetarists contended that monetary policy, not fiscal policy, was the most potent instrument to influence aggregate demand, real output and eventually inflation. This was contrary to Keynesian thinking which in principle recognized a role for monetary policy, but in practice believed that the effect from interest rate changes to the real economy was slight, making monetary policy an ineffective instrument, preferring fiscal policy.<ref name=Blanchard/>{{rp|528}} Conversely, monetarists considered fiscal policy, or government spending and taxation, as ineffective in controlling inflation.<ref name="Lagassé2000"/>

Friedman also took issue with the traditional Keynesian view concerning the Phillips curve. He, together with [[Edmund Phelps]], contended that the trade-off between inflation and unemployment implied by the Phillips curve was only temporary, but not permanent. If politicians tried to exploit it, it would eventually disappear because higher inflation would over time be built into the economic expectations of households and firms.<ref name=Blanchard/>{{rp|528–529}} This line of thinking led to the concept of [[potential output]] (sometimes called the "natural gross domestic product"), a level of GDP where the economy is stable in the sense that inflation will neither decrease nor increase. This level may itself change over time when institutional or natural constraints change. It corresponds to the Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment, [[NAIRU]], or the "natural" rate of unemployment (sometimes called the "structural" level of unemployment).<ref name=Blanchard/> If GDP exceeds its potential (and unemployment consequently is below the NAIRU), the theory says that inflation will ''accelerate'' as suppliers increase their prices. If GDP falls below its potential level (and unemployment is above the NAIRU), inflation will ''decelerate'' as suppliers attempt to fill excess capacity, cutting prices and undermining inflation.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Coe | first = David T. | title = Nominal Wages. The NAIRU and Wage Flexibility | publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) | url = http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/59/19/33917832.pdf | year=1985 | id = MPRA Paper 114295 | journal = OECD Economic Studies | issue = 5 | pages=87–126 | s2cid=18879396 | access-date=February 24, 2010 | archive-date = February 26, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211933/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/59/19/33917832.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>

====Rational expectations theory====
{{Further|Rational expectations}}

In the early 1970s, [[rational expectations theory]] led by economists like [[Robert Lucas Jr.|Robert Lucas]], [[Thomas J. Sargent|Thomas Sargent]] and [[Robert Barro]] transformed macroeconomic thinking radically. They held that economic actors look rationally into the future when trying to maximize their well-being, and do not respond solely to immediate [[opportunity cost]]s and pressures.<ref name=Blanchard/>{{rp|529–530}} In this view, future expectations and strategies are important for inflation as well. One implication was that agents would anticipate the likely behaviour of central banks and base their own actions on these expectations. A central bank having a reputation of being "soft" on inflation will generate high inflation expectations, which again will be self-fulfilling when all agents build expectations of future high inflation into their nominal contracts like wage agreements. On the other hand, if the central bank has a reputation of being "tough" on inflation, then such a policy announcement will be believed and inflationary expectations will come down rapidly, thus allowing inflation itself to come down rapidly with minimal economic disruption. The implication is that [[credibility]] becomes very important for central banks in fighting inflation.<ref name=Blanchard/>{{rp|467–469}}

==== New Keynesians ====
Events during the 1970s proved Milton Friedman and other critics of the traditional Phillips curve right: The relation between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate broke down. Eventually, a consensus was established that the break-down was due to agents changing their inflation expectations, confirming Friedman's theory. As a consequence, the notion of a [[natural rate of unemployment]] (alternatively called the structural rate of unemployment) was accepted by most economists, meaning that there is a specific level of unemployment that is compatible with stable inflation. [[Stabilization policy]] must therefore try to steer economic activity so that the actual unemployment rate converges towards that level.<ref name=Blanchard/>{{rp|176–189}} The trade-off between the [[unemployment rate]] and inflation implied by Phillips thus holds in the short term, but not in the long term.<ref>Chang, R. (1997) [https://www.frbatlanta.org/filelegacydocs/ACFC7.pdf "Is Low Unemployment Inflationary?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113212953/https://www.frbatlanta.org/filelegacydocs/ACFC7.pdf|date=November 13, 2013}} ''Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review'' 1Q97: 4–13.</ref> Also the [[1970s energy crisis|oil crises of the 1970s]] causing at the same time rising unemployment and rising inflation (i.e. [[stagflation]]) led to a broad recognition by economists that [[supply shock]]s could independently affect inflation.<ref name=parkin/><ref name=Blanchard/>{{rp|529}}

During the 1980s a group of researchers named [[New Keynesian economics|new Keynesians]] emerged who accepted many originally non-Keynesian concepts like the importance of monetary policy, the existence of a natural level of unemployment and the incorporation of rational expectations formation as a reasonable benchmark. At the same time they believed, like Keynes did, that various [[market imperfection]]s in different markets like labour markets and financial markets were also important to study to understand both inflation generation and [[business cycle]]s.<ref name=Blanchard/>{{rp|533–534}} During the 1980s and 1990s, there were often heated intellectual debates between new Keynesians and new classicals, but by the 2000s, a synthesis gradually emerged. The result has been called the ''new Keynesian model'',<ref name=Blanchard/>{{rp|535}} the "[[new neoclassical synthesis]]"<ref name=Goodfriend>{{cite journal |last1=Goodfriend |first1=Marvin |title=How the World Achieved Consensus on Monetary Policy |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |date=1 November 2007 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=47–68 |doi=10.1257/jep.21.4.47|s2cid=56338417 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Woodford |first1=Michael |title=Convergence in Macroeconomics: Elements of the New Synthesis |journal=American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics |date=1 January 2009 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=267–279 |doi=10.1257/mac.1.1.267}}</ref> or simply the "new consensus" model.<ref name=Goodfriend/>

=== View post-2000 to present ===
A common view beginning around the year 2000 and holding through to the present time on inflation and its causes can be illustrated by a modern Phillips curve including a role for supply shocks and inflation expectations beside the original role of aggregate demand (determining employment and unemployment fluctuations) in influencing the inflation rate.<ref name=Blanchard/> Consequently, demand shocks, supply shocks and inflation expectations are all potentially important determinants of inflation,<ref name=congress/> confirming the basis of the older [[triangle model]] by [[Robert J. Gordon]]:<ref>Robert J. Gordon (1988), ''Macroeconomics: Theory and Policy'', 2nd ed., Chap. 22.4, 'Modern theories of inflation'. McGraw-Hill.</ref>

* ''Demand shocks'' may both decrease and increase inflation. So-called [[demand-pull inflation]] may be caused by increases in aggregate demand due to increased private and government spending,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gillespie |first1=Nick |last2=Taylor |first2=Regan |title=Biden Is Clueless About Inflation |url=https://reason.com/video/2022/04/01/biden-is-clueless-about-inflation/ |website=reason.com |date=April 2022 |publisher=Reason |access-date=4 April 2022 |archive-date=April 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427225435/https://reason.com/video/2022/04/01/biden-is-clueless-about-inflation/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=De Rugy |first1=Veronique |title=Blame Insane Government Spending for Inflation |url=https://reason.com/2022/03/31/blame-insane-government-spending-for-inflation/ |website=reason.com |date=March 31, 2022 |publisher=Reason |access-date=4 April 2022 |archive-date=May 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511170305/https://reason.com/2022/03/31/blame-insane-government-spending-for-inflation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> etc. Conversely, negative demand shocks may be caused by [[contractionary]] economic policy.
* ''Supply shocks'' may also lead to both higher or lower inflation, depending on the character of the shock. [[Cost-push inflation]] is caused by a drop in aggregate supply (potential output). This may be due to natural disasters, war or increased prices of inputs. For example, a sudden decrease in the supply of oil, leading to increased oil prices, can cause cost-push inflation. Producers for whom oil is a part of their costs could then pass this on to consumers in the form of increased prices.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/287700/inflation/3512/The-cost-push-theory|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=September 13, 2014|archive-date=September 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907030214/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/287700/inflation/3512/The-cost-push-theory/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Inflation expectations'' play a major role in forming actual inflation. High inflation can prompt employees to demand rapid wage increases to keep up with consumer prices. In this way, rising wages in turn can help fuel inflation as firms pass these higher labor costs on to their customers as higher prices, leading to a feedback loop. In the case of collective bargaining, wage growth may be set as a function of inflationary expectations, which will be higher when inflation is high. This can cause a [[wage-price spiral]]. In a sense, inflation begets further inflationary expectations, which beget further [[built-in inflation|(built-in) inflation]].<ref name=Britannica/>

The important role of [[rational expectations]] is recognized by the emphasis on credibility on the part of central banks and other [[policy-makers]].<ref name=Goodfriend/> The monetarist assertion that monetary policy alone could successfully control inflation formed part of the new consensus which recognized that both monetary and fiscal policy are important tools for influencing aggregate demand.<ref name=Goodfriend/><ref name=Blanchard/>{{rp|528}} Indeed, monetary policy is under normal circumstances considered to be the preferable instrument to contain inflation.<ref name=congress>{{cite web |title=Inflation in the U.S. Economy: Causes and Policy Options |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47273/2 |website=crsreports.congress.gov |publisher=Congressional Research Service |access-date=15 October 2023 |date=October 6, 2022}}</ref><ref name=Blanchard/> At the same time, most central banks have abandoned trying to target money growth as originally advocated by the monetarists. Instead, most central banks in developed countries focus on adjusting interest rates to achieve an explicit inflation target.<ref name=Romer/><ref name=Blanchard/>{{rp|505–509}} The reason for central bank reluctance in following money growth targets is that the money stock measures that central banks can control tightly, e.g. the [[monetary base]], are not very closely linked to aggregate demand, whereas conversely money supply measures like [[M2 (economics)|M2]], which are in some cases more closely correlated with aggregate demand, are difficult to control for the central bank. Also, in many countries the relationship between aggregate demand and all money stock measures have broken down in recent decades, weakening further the case for monetary policy rules focusing on the money supply.<ref name=Romer/>{{rp|608}}

However, while more disputed in the 1970s, surveys of members of the [[American Economic Association]] (AEA) since the 1990s have shown that most professional American economists generally agree with the statement "Inflation is caused primarily by too much growth in the money supply", while the same surveys have shown a lack of consensus by AEA members since the 1990s that "In the short run, a reduction in unemployment causes the rate of inflation to increase" has developed despite more agreement with the statement in the 1970s.{{refn|name=EconomistsConsensus|<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kearl|first1=J. R.|last2=Pope|first2=Clayne L.|last3=Whiting|first3=Gordon C.|last4=Wimmer|first4=Larry T.|year=1979|title=A Confusion of Economists?|journal=American Economic Review|publisher=American Economic Association|volume=69|issue=2|pages=28–37|jstor=1801612}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alston |first1=Richard M. |last2=Kearl |first2=J.R. |author-link2=James R. Kearl |last3=Vaughan |first3=Michael B. |title=Is There a Consensus Among Economists in the 1990's? |date=May 1992 |journal=[[The American Economic Review]] |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |jstor=2117401 |url=http://www.weber.edu/wsuimages/AcademicAffairs/ProvostItems/global.pdf |archive-date=April 8, 2017 |access-date=October 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408191354/http://www.weber.edu/wsuimages/AcademicAffairs/ProvostItems/global.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fuller |first1=Dan |last2=Geide-Stevenson |first2=Doris |title=Consensus Among Economists: Revisited |date=Fall 2003 |journal=[[Journal of Economic Education|The Journal of Economic Education]] |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=369–387 |jstor=30042564 |doi=10.1080/00220480309595230|s2cid=143617926 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fuller|first1=Dan|last2=Geide-Stevenson|first2=Doris|title=Consensus Among Economists – An Update|year=2014|journal=[[Journal of Economic Education|The Journal of Economic Education]]|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=45|issue=2|page=138|doi=10.1080/00220485.2014.889963|s2cid=143794347|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261884738}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Geide-Stevenson|first1=Doris|last2=La Parra-Perez|first2=Alvaro|year=2024|title=Consensus among economists 2020—A sharpening of the picture|journal=[[Journal of Economic Education]]|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=55|issue=4|pages=461–478|doi=10.1080/00220485.2024.2386328}}</ref>}}

[[2021–2023 inflation surge#Housing shortage|Housing shortages]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Derby |first=Michael S. |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Fed's Harker says housing shortage a key inflation driver |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/feds-harker-says-housing-shortage-key-inflation-driver-2022-09-27/ |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=O'Donnell |first1=Katy |last2=Guida |first2=Victoria |date=November 10, 2021 |title=Biden's next inflation threat: The rent is too damn high |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/11/10/rent-inflation-biden-520642 |work=Politico |quote=Housing costs just posted one of their largest monthly gains in decades, and many economists expect them to loom large in inflation figures over the next year heading into the 2022 midterm elections. It's not just economists — the Federal Reserve Bank of New York said in research released Monday that Americans on average expect rents to rise 10.1 percent over the next year, the highest reading in the survey's history.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boak |first=Josh |date=2024-03-15 |title=Why are so many voters frustrated by the US economy? It's home prices |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-inflation-housing-trump-home-price-rent-248ef02e197c3a7ffb801e370c529d33 |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=AP News |language=en |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=O'Donnell |first=Katy |date=March 18, 2022 |title=The main driver of inflation isn't what you think it is |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/03/18/housing-costs-inflation-00015808 |work=Politico |quote=But when it comes to the single biggest driver of runaway prices, Washington's hands are mostly tied. Skyrocketing housing costs may create even bigger problems for the administration going forward than oil and food price spikes, which are the result of sudden and unforeseen — but probably temporary — events. That's because there's no clear end in sight for shelter inflation.}}</ref> [[immigration]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Condie |first=Stuart |date=2023-07-15 |title=Global Migration Boom Keeps Housing Costs High |url=https://www.wsj.com/economy/global-migration-boom-keeps-housing-costs-high-5fc84b7f |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[2021–2023 inflation surge#Climate change|climate change]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |date=2024-03-21 |title=Higher temperatures mean higher food and other prices. A new study links climate shocks to inflation |url=https://apnews.com/article/inflation-climate-change-food-prices-heat-6e5297e12868aaf797529bb755268818 |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 23, 2024 |title=Home insurance rates are rising due to climate change. What could break that cycle? |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/07/18/1198912918/home-insurance-rates-are-rising-due-to-climate-change-what-could-break-that-cycl |work=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Becker |first=William S. |date=2024-07-22 |title=Opinion: Climate inflation is eating your paycheck — and it's only going to get worse |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/4782252-climate-inflation-economic-impact/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2024 |title=How is climate change affecting food prices and inflation? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/inside-story/2024/7/11/how-is-climate-change-affecting-food-prices-and-inflation |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> have been cited as significant drivers of inflation in the 21st century.

====2021–2023 inflation surge====
{{main|2021–2023 inflation surge}}

Most countries experienced the [[2021–2023 inflation surge]], peaking in 2022 and declining in 2023. The causes are believed to be a mixture of demand and supply shocks, whereas inflation expectations generally remained anchored.<ref name="Brookings">{{cite web |last1=Bernanke |first1=Ben |last2=Blanchard |first2=Olivier |title=What Caused the U.S. Pandemic-Era Inflation? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Bernanke-Blanchard-conference-draft_5.23.23.pdf |website=www.brookings.edu |publisher=Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy at the Brookings Institution |access-date=15 October 2023 |date=May 23, 2023}}</ref> Possible causes on the [[Demand shock|demand side]] include [[Stimulus (economics)|expansionary fiscal and monetary policy]] after the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], whereas [[supply shock]]s include the [[2021–2023 global supply chain crisis]] caused by the [[COVID-19 lockdowns]]<ref name="Brookings" /> and the [[Global energy crisis (2021–2023)|global energy crisis]] that was exacerbated by the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].

The term [[sellers' inflation]] was coined during this period to describe the effect of corporate profits as a possible cause of inflation: Price inelasticity can contribute to inflation when [[Consolidation (business)|firms consolidate]], tending to support monopoly or [[monopsony]] conditions anywhere along the [[supply chain]] for goods or services. When this occurs, firms can provide greater [[shareholder value]] by taking a larger proportion of [[Profit (accounting)|profits]] than by investing in providing greater volumes of their outputs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mankiw |first1=N. Gregory |title=Principles of economics |date=2015 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |isbn=978-1-285-16587-5 |edition=Seventh |location=Stamford, Connecticut |pages=257–367 |language=en-us |chapter=Part V, chapters 13–17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bivins |first1=Josh |title=Corporate profits have contributed disproportionately to inflation. How should policymakers respond? |url=https://www.epi.org/blog/corporate-profits-have-contributed-disproportionately-to-inflation-how-should-policymakers-respond/ |website=Economic Policy Institute |access-date=25 May 2022 |date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525111507/https://www.epi.org/blog/corporate-profits-have-contributed-disproportionately-to-inflation-how-should-policymakers-respond/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Shortly after initial energy price shocks caused by the Russian invasion of Ukraine had subsided, oil companies found that supply chain constrictions, already exacerbated by the ongoing global pandemic, supported price inelasticity, i.e., they began lowering prices to match the [[price of oil]] when it fell much more slowly than they had increased their prices when costs rose.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cronin |first1=Brittany |date=7 May 2022 |title=The good times are rolling for Big Oil. 3 things to know about their surging profits |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/05/07/1097177459/big-oil-exxon-earnings-gasoline-prices-crude |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521123900/https://www.npr.org/2022/05/07/1097177459/big-oil-exxon-earnings-gasoline-prices-crude |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |access-date=25 May 2022 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref>

The [[quantity theory of money]] has long been popular with [[libertarian-conservative]] critics of the [[Federal Reserve]]. During the COVID pandemic and its immediate aftermath, the M2 money supply increased at the fastest rate in decades, leading some to link the growth to the 2021-2023 inflation surge. Fed chairman [[Jerome Powell]] said in December 2021 that the once-strong link between the money supply and inflation "ended about 40 years ago," due to financial innovations and deregulation. Previous Fed chairs [[Ben Bernanke]] and [[Alan Greenspan]], had previously concurred with this position. The broadest measure of [[money supply]], M2, increased about 45% from 2010 through 2015, far faster than GDP growth, yet the inflation rate declined during that period — the opposite of what monetarism would have predicted. A lower [[velocity of money]] than was historically the case<ref>{{cite news |title=Velocity of M2 Money Stock |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/M2V |publisher=[[Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis]]}}</ref> was also cited for a diminished effect of growth in the money supply on inflation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hanke |first1=Steve H. |last2=John Greenwood |title=Inflation Was Always a Monetary Phenomenon, Never Transitory |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2024/01/inflation-was-always-a-monetary-phenomenon-never-transitory/ |work=[[National Review]] |date=January 15, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lynch |first1=David J. |title=Inflation has Fed critics pointing to spike in money supply |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/02/06/federal-reserve-inflation-money-supply/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 6, 2022}}</ref>

Surveys of economists conducted by the [[University of Chicago Booth School of Business]] in November 2021 and January 2022 showed that more economists agreed than disagreed (with many expressing uncertainty) that while contributing to rising prices in the United States, the global supply chain crisis would not contribute to a higher long-term inflation rate above the Federal Reserve's [[Inflation targeting|inflation target]] and was not the main driver of the inflation surge, but that the combined effect of the stimulative fiscal and monetary policies being implemented in the United States posed a risk of prolonged higher inflation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Inflation|date=November 23, 2021|publisher=University of Chicago Booth School of Business|url=https://kentclarkcenter.org/surveys/inflation/|access-date=February 5, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Global Supply Chains|date=January 25, 2022|publisher=University of Chicago Booth School of Business|url=https://kentclarkcenter.org/surveys/global-supply-chains/|access-date=February 5, 2026}}</ref>

===Heterodox views===
Additionally, there are theories about inflation accepted by economists outside of the [[mainstream economics|mainstream]]. The [[Austrian School]] stresses that inflation is not uniform over all assets, goods, and services. Inflation depends on differences in markets and on where newly created money and credit enter the economy. [[Ludwig von Mises]] said that inflation should refer to an increase in the quantity of money, that is not offset by a corresponding increase in the need for money, and that price inflation will necessarily follow, always leaving a poorer nation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mises |first1=Ludwig von |title=Human Action |url=https://oll.libertyfund.org/quote/ludwig-von-mises-lays-out-five-fundamental-truths-of-monetary-expansion-1949 |website=OLL |access-date=July 17, 2021 |archive-date=September 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925084337/https://oll.libertyfund.org/quote/ludwig-von-mises-lays-out-five-fundamental-truths-of-monetary-expansion-1949 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Von Mises|first=Ludwig|title=The Theory of Money and Credit|year=1912|publisher=Yale University Press|page=240|url=https://mises.org/books/tmc.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://mises.org/books/tmc.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|edition=1953|access-date=January 23, 2014|quote=In theoretical investigation there is only one meaning that can rationally be attached to the expression Inflation: an increase in the quantity of money (in the broader sense of the term, so as to include fiduciary media as well), that is not offset by a corresponding increase in the demand for money (again in the broader sense of the term), so that a fall in the objective exchange-value of money must occur.}}</ref><ref>The Theory of Money and Credit, Mises (1912, [1981]), p. 272.</ref>

=== Government debt ===
[[Government debt]] obligates the government to increase taxes, reduce spending or the government may resort to inflationary finance of the deficit.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Aimola |first=Akingbade U. |last2=Odhiambo |first2=Nicholas M. |date=2020-06-01 |title=Public Debt and Inflation: A Review of International Literature |url=https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/foli-2020-0001 |journal=Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=9–24 |doi=10.2478/foli-2020-0001 |issn=1898-0198|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Inflationary Risks of Rising Federal Deficits and Debt {{!}} The Budget Lab at Yale |url=https://budgetlab.yale.edu/research/inflationary-risks-rising-federal-deficits-and-debt |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=budgetlab.yale.edu |language=en}}</ref> Another direction which translates [[government debt]] to inflation is the motivation of governments to erode nominal debts by increasing inflation.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> As a result, elevated debt heightens the risk of inflationary pressures in both the short and long run by boosting [[aggregate demand]], shaping inflation expectations, crowding out private investment, and raising concerns about [[fiscal dominance]].<ref name=":1" /> It was found that in the short run, a permanent 1 percent of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] increase in the primary deficit leads, after five years, to inflationary pressures equivalent to a $300–$1,250 loss in household purchasing power per household (in 2024 dollars).<ref name=":1" />

==Effects of inflation==
===General effect===
[[File:Restaurant increasing prices by $1.00 due to inflation.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Restaurant increasing prices by $1.00 due to inflation]]
Inflation is the decrease in the purchasing power of a currency. That is, when the general level of prices rise, each monetary unit can buy fewer goods and services in aggregate. The effect of inflation differs on different sectors of the economy, with some sectors being adversely affected while others benefitting. For example, with inflation, those segments in society which own physical assets, such as property, stock etc., benefit from the price/value of their holdings going up, when those who seek to acquire them will need to pay more for them. Their ability to do so will depend on the degree to which their income is fixed. For example, increases in payments to workers and pensioners often lag behind inflation, and for some people income is fixed. Also, individuals or institutions with cash assets will experience a decline in the purchasing power of the cash. Increases in the price level (inflation) erode the real value of money (the functional currency) and other items with an underlying monetary nature.

Debtors who have debts with a fixed nominal rate of interest will see a reduction in the "real" interest rate as the inflation rate rises. The real interest on a loan is the nominal rate minus the inflation rate. The formula ''R = N-I'' approximates the correct answer as long as both the nominal interest rate and the inflation rate are small. The correct equation is ''r = n/i'' where ''r'', ''n'' and ''i'' are expressed as [[ratio]]s (e.g. 1.2 for +20%, 0.8 for −20%). As an example, when the inflation rate is 3%, a loan with a nominal interest rate of 5% would have a real interest rate of approximately 2% (in fact, it's 1.94%). Any unexpected increase in the inflation rate would decrease the real interest rate. Banks and other lenders adjust for this inflation risk either by including an inflation risk premium to fixed interest rate loans or lending at an adjustable rate.

=== Negative ===
[[File:30.04.2022-Lula com Mulheres pelo Direito à Alimentação (52302798877).jpg|thumb|Inflation is illustrated by the contrast between what [[Brazilian real|R$]]100 could buy in 2010 and in 2022, observed by [[Lula]] during a meeting with women in Brasilândia.]]
High or unpredictable inflation rates are regarded as harmful to an overall economy. They add inefficiencies in the market and make it difficult for companies to budget or plan long-term. Inflation can act as a drag on productivity as companies are forced to shift resources away from products and services to focus on profit and losses from currency inflation.<ref name="Taylor" /> Uncertainty about the future purchasing power of money discourages investment and saving.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Personal Savings and Anticipated Inflation | journal=The Economic Journal | last=Bulkley | first=George | volume=91 | issue=361 |date=March 1981| pages=124–135 | doi=10.2307/2231702 | jstor=2231702}}</ref> Inflation hurts asset prices such as stock performance in the short-run, as it erodes non-energy corporates' profit margins and leads to [[central bank]]s' policy tightening measures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stock Returns and Inflation Redux: An Explanation from Monetary Policy in Advanced and Emerging Markets |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2021/08/20/Stock-Returns-and-Inflation-Redux-An-Explanation-from-Monetary-Policy-in-Advanced-and-463391 |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=IMF |language=en |archive-date=January 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108213505/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2021/08/20/Stock-Returns-and-Inflation-Redux-An-Explanation-from-Monetary-Policy-in-Advanced-and-463391 |url-status=live }}</ref> Inflation can also impose hidden tax increases. For instance, inflated earnings push taxpayers into higher income tax rates unless the [[Tax bracket|tax brackets]] are indexed to inflation.

With high inflation, purchasing power is redistributed from those on fixed nominal incomes, such as some pensioners whose pensions are not indexed to the price level, towards those with variable incomes whose earnings may better keep pace with the inflation.<ref name=Taylor/> This redistribution of purchasing power will also occur between international trading partners. Where fixed [[exchange rate]]s are imposed, higher inflation in one economy than another will cause the first economy's exports to become more expensive and affect the [[balance of trade]]. There can also be negative effects to trade from an increased instability in currency exchange prices caused by unpredictable inflation.

;[[Hoarding]]: People buy durable and/or non-perishable commodities and other goods as stores of wealth, to avoid the losses expected from the declining purchasing power of money, creating shortages of the hoarded goods.

;Social unrest and revolts: Inflation can lead to massive demonstrations and revolutions. [[Thomas J. Sargent|Thomas Sargent]], showed how the huge public debt hoarded by [[Louis XVI]] stimulated the [[French Revolution|French revolution]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sargent |first=Thomas J. |last2=Velde |first2=François R. |date=June 1995 |title=Macroeconomic Features of the French Revolution |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/261992 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=474–518 |doi=10.1086/261992 |issn=0022-3808|url-access=subscription }}</ref> After the revolution, inflation replaced debt as a tool for financing the debt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What the French Revolution Can Teach Us About Inflation |url=https://www.utep.edu/newsfeed/2023/what-the-french-revolution-can-teach-us-about-inflation.html |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=www.utep.edu |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cutsinger |first=Bryan P. |last2=Rouanet |first2=Louis |last3=Ingber |first3=Joshua S. |date=2023-08-01 |title=Assignats or death: The politics and dynamics of hyperinflation in revolutionary France |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014292123001393 |journal=European Economic Review |volume=157 |article-number=104510 |doi=10.1016/j.euroecorev.2023.104510 |issn=0014-2921|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The post-revolution hyperinflation is considered as one of the reason for the rise of [[Napoleon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Napoleon Rises to Power in France {{!}} History {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Linton |first=Marisa |title=How Did Napoleon Bonaparte Come To Power? {{!}} HistoryExtra |url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/napoleon-gain-power-french-revolution/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=www.historyextra.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Napoleon III confronted with the Economic crisis of 1857-1858 |url=https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/articles/napoleon-iii-confronted-with-the-economic-crisis-of-1857-1858/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=napoleon.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Likewise, the [[Germany|German]] [[Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic|hyperinflation]] is considered to be one of the reason for the rise of the [[Nazi Party|Nazi party]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |last2=Granville |first2=Brigitte |date=2000 |title="Weimar on the Volga": Causes and Consequences of Inflation in 1990s Russia Compared with 1920s Germany |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2698087 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=1061–1087 |issn=0022-0507}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Acemoglu |first=Daron |title=Economics: third edition, global edition |last2=Laibson |first2=David I. |last3=List |first3=John A. |date=2022 |publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-1-292-41101-9 |edition=3rd |location=Harlow}}</ref> Inflation and in particular [[food inflation]] is considered one of the main reasons that caused the 2010–2011 [[Tunisian revolution]]<ref>"Les Egyptiens souffrent aussi de l'accélération de l'inflation", Céline Jeancourt-Galignani{{snd}}La Tribune, February 10, 2011.</ref> and the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]],<ref name="tna">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewage.co.za/8894-1007-53-Egypt_protests_a_ticking_time_bomb_Analysts|title=Egypt protests a ticking time bomb: Analysts|author=AFP|publisher=The New Age|date=January 27, 2011|access-date=January 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209104208/http://www.thenewage.co.za/8894-1007-53-Egypt_protests_a_ticking_time_bomb_Analysts|archive-date=February 9, 2011}}</ref> according to many observers including [[Robert Zoellick]],<ref>"Les prix alimentaires proches de 'la cote d'alerte'" – Le Figaro, with AFP, February 20, 2011.</ref> president of the [[World Bank]]. [[Tunisia|Tunisian]] president [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]] was ousted, [[Egypt|Egyptian]] President [[Hosni Mubarak]] was also ousted after only 18 days of demonstrations, and protests soon spread in many countries of North Africa and [[Middle East]]. The high [[inflation in Iran]], especially of [[Food inflation in Iran|food]] is considered as one of the main reasons for the [[2025–2026 Iranian protests|2025-2026 mass protests in Iran]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-29 |title=How economic collapse set the stage for Iran's deadly protests |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2026/01/29/how-economic-collapse-set-stage-iran-deadly-protests |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=www.thenewhumanitarian.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran starts 2026 facing protests, inflation and sanctions |url=https://www.dw.com/en/iran-starts-2026-facing-protests-inflation-and-sanctions/a-75360572 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=2026 Iranian Protests {{!}} Cause, Events, Leaders, 12-Day War, Trump, Islamic Revolution, Reza Pahlavi, Shah, & Israel {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/2026-Iranian-Protests |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260117172716/https://www.britannica.com/event/2026-Iranian-Protests |archive-date=2026-01-17 |access-date=2026-02-03 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>

;[[Hyperinflation]]: If inflation becomes too high, it can cause people to severely curtail their use of the currency, leading to an acceleration in the inflation rate. High and accelerating inflation grossly interferes with the normal workings of the economy, hurting its ability to supply goods. Hyperinflation can lead people to abandon the use of the country's currency in favour of external currencies ([[dollarization]]), as has been reported to have occurred in [[North Korea]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Hanke |first=Steve H. |date=July 2013 |title=North Korea: From Hyperinflation to Dollarization? |url=http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/north-korea-hyperinflation-dollarization |website=Cato Institute |url-status=live |access-date=August 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226020043/https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/north-korea-hyperinflation-dollarization |archive-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref>

;[[Allocative efficiency]]: A change in the supply or demand for a good will normally cause its [[relative price]] to change, signaling the buyers and sellers that they should re-allocate resources in response to the new market conditions. But when prices are constantly changing due to inflation, price changes due to genuine relative [[price signal]]s are difficult to distinguish from price changes due to general inflation, so agents are slow to respond to them. The result is a loss of [[economic efficiency|allocative efficiency]].

;[[Shoe leather cost]]: High inflation increases the opportunity cost of holding cash balances and can induce people to hold a greater portion of their assets in interest paying accounts. However, since cash is still needed to carry out transactions this means that more "trips to the bank" are necessary to make withdrawals, proverbially wearing out the "shoe leather" with each trip.

;[[Menu cost]]

: With high inflation, firms must change their prices often to keep up with economy-wide changes. But often changing prices is itself a costly activity whether explicitly, as with the need to print new menus, or implicitly, as with the extra time and effort needed to change prices constantly.

;[[Inflation tax|Tax]]: Inflation serves as a hidden tax on currency holdings.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cooley|first1=Thomas F.|last2=Hansen|first2=Gary D.|date=1989|title=The Inflation Tax in a Real Business Cycle Model|journal=The American Economic Review|volume=79|issue=4|pages=733–748|jstor=1827929|issn=0002-8282}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Inflation: A Tax on Money Holdings|url=https://www.economics.utoronto.ca/jfloyd/modules/inft.html|access-date=2021-10-07|website=www.economics.utoronto.ca|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111215101/https://www.economics.utoronto.ca/jfloyd/modules/inft.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Positive ===
;Labour-market adjustments: Nominal wages are [[Sticky (economics)|slow to adjust downward]]. This can lead to prolonged disequilibrium and high unemployment in the labor market. Since inflation allows real wages to fall even if nominal wages are kept constant, moderate inflation enables labor markets to reach equilibrium faster.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tobin |first1=James |date=1972 |title=Inflation and Unemployment |journal=American Economic Review |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |jstor=1821468 }}</ref>

;Room to maneuver: The primary tools for controlling the money supply are the ability to set the [[discount window|discount rate]], the rate at which banks can borrow from the central bank, and [[open market operations]], which are the central bank's interventions into the bonds market with the aim of affecting the nominal interest rate. If an economy finds itself in a recession with already low, or even zero, nominal interest rates, then the bank cannot cut these rates further (since negative nominal interest rates are impossible) to stimulate the economy{{snd}}this situation is known as a [[liquidity trap]].

;Mundell–Tobin effect: According to the Mundell–Tobin effect, an increase in inflation leads to an increase in capital investment, which leads to an increase in growth.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Jeffrey A. |date=2006 |title=Politics, Inflation, and the Mundell–Tobin Effect |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/36443/ |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de |language=en |archive-date=November 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101141711/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/36443/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel]] laureate [[Robert Mundell]] noted that moderate inflation would induce savers to substitute lending for some money holding as a means to finance future spending. That substitution would cause market clearing real interest rates to fall.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mundell|first=James|journal=Journal of Political Economy|volume=LXXI|year=1963|pages=280–283 |title=Inflation and Real Interest|issue=3|doi=10.1086/258771|s2cid=153733633}}</ref> The lower real rate of interest would induce more borrowing to finance investment. In a similar vein, Nobel laureate [[James Tobin]] noted that such inflation would cause businesses to substitute investment in [[physical capital]] (plant, equipment, and inventories) for money balances in their asset portfolios. That substitution would mean choosing the making of investments with lower rates of real return. (The rates of return are lower because the investments with higher rates of return were already being made before.)<ref>Tobin, J. ''Econometrica'', Vol. 33, (1965), pp. 671–684 "Money and Economic Growth"</ref> The two related effects are known as the [[Mundell–Tobin effect]]. Unless the economy is already overinvesting according to models of [[Economic growth|economic growth theory]], that extra investment resulting from the effect would be seen as positive.

;Instability with deflation: Economist [[Sho-Chieh Tsiang|S.C. Tsiang]] noted that once substantial deflation is expected, two important effects will appear; both a result of money holding substituting for lending as a vehicle for saving.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tsiang |first1=S. C. |title=A Critical Note on the Optimum Supply of Money |journal=Journal of Money, Credit and Banking |date=1969 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=266–280 |doi=10.2307/1991274 |jstor=1991274 |url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/mcb/jmoncb/v1y1969i2p266-80.html |language=en |access-date=October 20, 2020 |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425223335/https://ideas.repec.org/a/mcb/jmoncb/v1y1969i2p266-80.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The first was that continually falling prices and the resulting incentive to hoard money will cause instability resulting from the likely increasing fear, while money hoards grow in value, that the value of those hoards are at risk, as people realize that a movement to trade those money hoards for real goods and assets will quickly drive those prices up. Any movement to spend those hoards "once started would become a tremendous avalanche, which could rampage for a long time before it would spend itself."<ref>Tsiang, 1969 (p. 272).</ref> Thus, a regime of long-term deflation is likely to be interrupted by periodic spikes of rapid inflation and consequent real economic disruptions. The second effect noted by Tsiang is that when savers have substituted money holding for lending on financial markets, the role of those markets in channeling savings into investment is undermined. With nominal interest rates driven to zero, or near zero, from the competition with a high return money asset, there would be no price mechanism in whatever is left of those markets. With financial markets effectively euthanized, the remaining goods and physical asset prices would move in perverse directions. For example, an increased desire to save could not push interest rates further down (and thereby stimulate investment) but would instead cause additional money hoarding, driving consumer prices further down and making investment in consumer goods production thereby less attractive. Moderate inflation, once its expectation is incorporated into nominal interest rates, would give those interest rates room to go both up and down in response to shifting investment opportunities, or savers' preferences, and thus allow financial markets to function in a more normal fashion.

===Cost-of-living allowance===
{{See also|Cost of living}}

The real purchasing power of fixed payments is eroded by inflation unless they are inflation-adjusted to keep their real values constant. In many countries, employment contracts, pension benefits, and government entitlements (such as [[social security]]) are tied to a cost-of-living index, typically to the [[consumer price index]].<ref name="cola wars">{{cite web |url=http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0906/090806rp.htm |title=COLA Wars |date=September 8, 2006 |work=Government Executive |publisher=[[National Journal Group]] |access-date=September 23, 2008 |last=Flanagan |first=Tammy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005120234/http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0906/090806rp.htm |archive-date=October 5, 2008 }}</ref> A ''cost-of-living adjustment'' (COLA) adjusts salaries based on changes in a cost-of-living index.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kunkel |first=Sue |title=Cost-Of-Living Adjustment (COLA) |url=https://www.ssa.gov/oact/cola/colasummary.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127155725/https://www.ssa.gov/OACT/COLA/colasummary.html |archive-date=November 27, 2021 |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=www.ssa.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> It does not control inflation, but rather seeks to mitigate the consequences of inflation for those on fixed incomes. Salaries are typically adjusted annually in low inflation economies. During hyperinflation they are adjusted more often.<ref name="cola wars" /> They may also be tied to a cost-of-living index that varies by geographic location if the employee moves.

Annual escalation clauses in employment contracts can specify retroactive or future percentage increases in worker pay which are not tied to any index. These negotiated increases in pay are colloquially referred to as cost-of-living adjustments ("COLAs") or cost-of-living increases because of their similarity to increases tied to externally determined indexes.

== Control of inflation ==
[[Monetary policy]] is the policy enacted by the monetary authorities (most frequently the [[central bank]] of a nation) to accomplish their objectives.<ref name="palgrave">Lindsey, D. E.; Wallich, H. C. (2018). "Monetary Policy". In: ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics''. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved September 17, 2023.</ref> Among these, keeping inflation at a low and stable level is often a prominent objective, either directly via [[inflation targeting]] or indirectly, e.g. via a [[fixed exchange rate]] against a low-inflation currency area.

=== Historical approaches to inflation control ===
Historically, central banks and governments have followed various policies to achieve low inflation, employing various nominal anchors. Before [[World War I]], the [[gold standard]] was prevalent, but was eventually found to be detrimental to [[economic stability]] and employment, not least during the [[Great Depression]] in the 1930s.<ref name="Historical"/> For the first decades after [[World War II]], the [[Bretton Woods system]] initiated a [[fixed exchange rate system]] for most developed countries, tying their currencies to the US dollar, which again was directly convertible to gold.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the IMF: History: Cooperation and reconstruction (1944–1971) |url=https://www.imf.org/external/about/histcoop.htm |access-date=17 September 2023 |website=www.imf.org}}</ref> The system disintegrated in the 1970s, however, after which the major currencies started floating against each other.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the IMF: History: The end of the Bretton Woods System (1972–1981) |url=https://www.imf.org/external/about/histend.htm |access-date=17 September 2023 |website=www.imf.org}}</ref> During the 1970s many central banks turned to a [[money supply]] target recommended by [[Milton Friedman]] and other [[monetarist]]s, aiming for a stable growth rate of money to control inflation. However, it was found to be impractical because of the unstable relationship between monetary aggregates and other macroeconomic variables, and was eventually abandoned by all major economies.<ref name="Historical">{{cite web |title=Federal Reserve Board – Historical Approaches to Monetary Policy |url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/historical-approaches-to-monetary-policy.htm |website=Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System |access-date=17 September 2023 |language=en |date=8 March 2018}}</ref> In 1990, New Zealand as the first country ever adopted an official [[inflation target]] as the basis of its monetary policy, continually adjusting interest rates to steer the country's inflation rate towards its official target. The strategy was generally considered to work well, and central banks in most [[developed countries]] have over the years adapted a similar strategy.<ref name=Holdingline>{{cite web |title=Inflation Targeting: Holding the Line |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/72-inflation-targeting.htm |website=www.imf.org |access-date=17 September 2023}}</ref> As of 2023, the central banks of all [[G7]] member countries can be said to follow an inflation target, including the [[European Central Bank]] and the [[Federal Reserve]], who have adopted the main elements of inflation targeting without officially calling themselves inflation targeters.<ref name=Holdingline/> In emerging countries fixed exchange rate regimes are still the most common monetary policy.<ref name=IMF>{{cite book |last1=Department |first1=International Monetary Fund Monetary and Capital Markets |title=Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions 2022 |date=2023 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |isbn=979-8-4002-3526-9 |url=https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9798400235269/9798400235269.xml?code=imf.org |access-date=12 August 2023 |language=en }}</ref>

=== Fixed exchange rates ===
{{Main|Fixed exchange rate system}}

Under a fixed exchange rate currency regime, a country's currency is tied in value to another single currency or to a basket of other currencies. A fixed exchange rate is usually used to stabilize the value of a currency, vis-a-vis the currency it is pegged to. It can also be used as a means to control inflation if the currency area tied to itself maintains low and stable inflation. However, as the value of the reference currency rises and falls, so does the currency pegged to it. This essentially means that the inflation rate in the fixed exchange rate country is determined by the inflation rate of the country the currency is pegged to. In addition, a fixed exchange rate prevents a government from using domestic monetary policy to achieve macroeconomic stability.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blanchard |first1=Olivier |title=Macroeconomics: a European perspective |last2=Amighini |first2=Alessia |last3=Giavazzi |first3=Francesco |date=2017 |publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-1-292-08567-8 |edition=3rd |location=Harlow, London, New York, Boston, San Francisco, Toronto, Sydney, Dubai, Singapore, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Seoul, Taipei, New Delhi, Cape Town, Sao Paulo, Mexico City, Madrid, Amsterdam, Munich, Paris, Milan |chapter=Output, the interest rate and the exchange rate}}</ref>

As of 2023, [[Denmark]] is the only [[OECD]] country which maintains a fixed exchange rate (against the [[euro]]), but it is frequently used as a monetary policy strategy in developing countries.<ref name=IMF/>

===Gold standard===
{{Main|Gold standard}}

[[File:Two 20kr gold coins.png|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Two 20 [[Swedish krona|krona]] gold coins from the [[Scandinavian Monetary Union]], a historical example of an international gold standard]]

The gold standard is a monetary system in which a region's common medium of exchange is paper notes (or other monetary token) that are normally freely convertible into pre-set, fixed quantities of gold. The standard specifies how the gold backing would be implemented, including the amount of [[Bullion coin|specie]] per currency unit. The currency itself has no ''innate value'' but is accepted by traders because it can be redeemed for the equivalent value of the commodity (specie). A [[Silver certificate (United States)|U.S. silver certificate]], for example, could be redeemed for an actual piece of silver.

Under a gold standard, the long term rate of inflation (or deflation) would be determined by the growth rate of the supply of gold relative to total output.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last =Bordo|first =Michael D.|date =2002|url =http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/GoldStandard.html|title =Gold Standard|encyclopedia =The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics|publisher =Library of Economics and Liberty|access-date =September 23, 2008|archive-date =October 5, 2010|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20101005063134/http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/GoldStandard.html|url-status =live}}</ref> Critics argue that this will cause arbitrary fluctuations in the inflation rate, and that monetary policy would essentially be determined by an intersection of however much new gold was produced by mining and changing demand for gold for practical uses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barsky |first1=Robert B. |last2=DeLong |first2=J. Bradford |year=1991 |title=Forecasting Pre-World War I Inflation: The Fisher Effect and the Gold Standard |url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/qjecon/v106y1991i3p815-36.html |url-status=live |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=815–836 |doi=10.2307/2937928 |jstor=2937928 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620163911/https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/qjecon/v106y1991i3p815-36.html |archive-date=June 20, 2015 |access-date=September 27, 2008|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.j-bradford-delong.net/Politics/whynotthegoldstandard.html |title=Why Not the Gold Standard? |last=DeLong |first=Brad |access-date=September 25, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018035441/http://www.j-bradford-delong.net/politics/whynotthegoldstandard.html |archive-date=October 18, 2010 }}</ref> The gold standard was historically found to make it more difficult to stabilize employment levels and avoid recessions and was eventually abandoned everywhere.<ref name="Historical"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Abdel-Monem |first=Tarik |title=What is The Gold Standard? |url=http://www.uiowa.edu/ifdebook/faq/faq_docs/gold_standard.shtml |publisher=University of Iowa Center for The Center for International Finance and Development |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121143147/http://www.uiowa.edu/ifdebook/faq/faq_docs/gold_standard.shtml |archive-date=2009-11-21 }}</ref>

===Demurrage currency===
[[Freiwirtschaft]] economists theorize that [[demurrage currency]] could eliminate both inflation and deflation. There tends to be some interest cost that is built into the goods and services that consumers tend to purchase,<ref name="lietaer-1990">{{cite journal |last=Lietaer |first=Bernard A. |date=July 1990 |title=A Strategy for a Convertible Currency |url=https://folk.ntnu.no/tronda/finans/others/interest-free-money-formatted.pdf |journal=ICIS Forum |volume=20 |issue=3 |publisher=International Center for Integrative Studies |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref>{{rp|p=4}} so if demurrage currency eliminates interest rates, then prices are less likely to increase. Demurrage would also naturally cause the money supply to decrease, thus causing deflation. If a central bank issues and monitors demurrage currency as Gesell originally proposed, then it could replace all the money that disappears due to demurrage by printing money at a similar rate.<ref name="baynham-2023">{{cite journal |url=https://www.noemamag.com/what-if-money-expired/ |title=What If Money Expired? |last=Baynham |first=Jacob |date=14 November 2023 |website=Noema Magazine |publisher=Berggruen Institute |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref> The money printing could create just enough inflation to cancel out the natural deflation of demurrage, thus achieving an [[inflation target]] of 0%.<ref name="sidman-lecture-6-inflation">{{cite AV media |last=Sidman |first=Josh |date=3 April 2024 |title="Silvio Gesell: Beyond Capitalism vs Socialism" Class #6 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GjX4PCcTlU?t=918 |time=15:18 |type=Video |language=English |publisher=Henry George School of Economics |access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref>

===Wage and price controls===
{{See also|Incomes policy}}
Another method attempted in the past have been wage and [[price controls]] ("incomes policies"). Temporary price controls may be used as a complement to other policies to fight inflation; price controls may make disinflation faster, while reducing the need for unemployment to reduce inflation. If price controls are used during a recession, the kinds of distortions that price controls cause may be lessened. However, economists generally advise against the imposition of price controls.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-24 |title=Why Price Controls Should Stay in the History Books |url=https://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/regional-economist/2022/mar/why-price-controls-should-stay-history-books |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=www.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=n.a. |date=2022-09-27 |title=The Economics of Price Controls |url=https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/republicans/2022/9/the-economics-of-price-controls |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=United States Joint Economic Committee |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-20 |title=Price Controls: Still A Bad Idea |url=https://www.hoover.org/research/price-controls-still-bad-idea |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Hoover Institution |language=en}}</ref>

Wage and price controls, in combination with rationing, have been used successfully in wartime environments. However, their use in other contexts is far more mixed. Notable failures of their use include [[Nixon shock|the 1972 imposition of wage and price controls]] by [[Richard Nixon]]. More successful examples include the [[The Accord|Prices and Incomes Accord]] in Australia and the [[Wassenaar Agreement]] in the [[Netherlands]].

In general, wage and price controls are regarded as a temporary and exceptional measures, only effective when coupled with policies designed to reduce the underlying causes of inflation during the [[Wage and price controls|wage and price]] control regime, for example, winning the war being fought.

=== Inflation targeting ===
{{Main|Inflation targeting}}

From its first inception in New Zealand in 1990, direct inflation targeting as a monetary policy strategy has spread to become prevalent among developed countries. The basic idea is that the central bank perpetually adjusts the [[bank rate]] to influence the country's inflation rate towards its official target. Changes in [[interest rate]]s affect [[aggregate demand]], [[aggregate supply]] and inflation in various ways, also called the [[monetary transmission mechanism]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Federal Reserve Board – Monetary Policy: What Are Its Goals? How Does It Work? |url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/monetary-policy-what-are-its-goals-how-does-it-work.htm |website=Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System |access-date=17 September 2023 |language=en |date=July 29, 2021}}</ref> The relation between [[unemployment]] and inflation is known as the [[Phillips curve]].

In most [[OECD|OECD countries]], the inflation target is about 2%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inflation Reports |url=https://www.cba.am/en/SitePages/mppubl.aspx |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.cba.am |archive-date=December 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206004614/https://www.cba.am/en/SitePages/mppubl.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Citizens show generally a high aversion to inflation.<ref name="z877">{{cite journal | last1=Binetti | first1=Alberto | last2=Nuzzi | first2=Francesco | last3=Stantcheva | first3=Stefanie | title=People's understanding of inflation | journal=Journal of Monetary Economics | volume=148 | date=2024 | doi=10.1016/j.jmoneco.2024.103652 | doi-access=free | article-number=103652}}</ref> On average voters prefer an inflation rate around 0%.<ref>{{Citation|title=Inflation Preferences|url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w32379|publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research|date=2024|access-date=2026-01-31|id=32379|series=Working Paper Series|type=Working Paper|doi=10.3386/w32379|first=Hassan|last=Afrouzi|first2=Alexander|last2=Dietrich|first3=Kristian|last3=Myrseth|first4=Romanos|last4=Priftis|first5=Raphael|last5=Schoenle|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==See also==
{{cols|colwidth=21em}}
* [[Artificial scarcity]]
* [[Core inflation]]
* [[Cost of living]]
* [[Cumulative process]]
* [[Fisher equation]]
* [[Food prices]]
* [[Hyperinflation]]
* [[Indexed unit of account]]
* [[Inflationism]]
* [[Inflation accounting]]
* [[Inflation beta]]
* [[Inflation derivative]]
* [[Inflation hedge]]
* [[Headline inflation]]
* [[Measuring economic worth over time]]
* [[Overconsumption]]
* [[Real versus nominal value (economics)]]
* [[Shrinkflation]] and [[Skimpflation]]
* [[Secular inflation]]
* [[Steady-state economy]]
* [[Stealth inflation]]
* [[Supply shock]]
* [[Welfare cost of inflation]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Abel |first1=Andrew B. |last2=Bernanke |first2=Ben S. |last3=Croushore |first3=Dean |author-link1=Andrew Abel|author-link2=Ben Bernanke |title=Macroeconomics |publisher=Pearson |year=2005 |edition=5th |isbn=978-0-32119963-8}} Measurement of inflation is discussed in Ch. 2, pp. 45–50; Money growth & Inflation in Ch. 7, pp. 266–269; Keynesian business cycles and inflation in Ch. 9, pp. 308–348.
* {{Cite book |last=Barro |first=Robert J. |author-link=Robert Barro |title=Macroeconomics |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |year=1997 |page=895 |language=en-us |isbn=0-262-02436-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Blanchard |first=Olivier |author-link=Olivier Blanchard |title=Macroeconomics |date=2021 |publisher=Pearson |location=Harlow, England |isbn=978-0-134-89789-9 |edition=Eighth, global}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Burda |first1=Michael C. |author-link=Michael C. Burda |last2=Wyplosz |first2=Charles |title=Macroeconomics: a European text |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1997 |isbn=0-19-877468-0 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Robert E. |author-link=Robert Hall (economist) |last2=Taylor |first2=John B. |author-link2=John B. Taylor |title=Macroeconomics |publisher=W.W. Norton |location=New York |year=1993 |page=[https://archive.org/details/macroeconomics00hall/page/637 637] |isbn=0-393-96307-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/macroeconomics00hall/page/637 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mankiw |first=N. Gregory |author-link=Greg Mankiw |title=Macroeconomics |publisher=Worth |year=2002 |edition=5th |isbn=978-0-71675237-0}} Measurement of inflation is discussed in Ch. 2, pp. 22–32; Money growth & Inflation in Ch. 4, pp. 81–107; Keynesian business cycles and inflation in Ch. 9, pp. 238–255.
* {{cite book |last1=Romer |first1=David |author-link=David Romer |title=Advanced macroeconomics |date=2019 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-1-260-18521-8 |edition=Fifth}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Leonardo Auernheimer|Auernheimer, Leonardo]], "The Honest Government's Guide to the Revenue From the Creation of Money", Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 82, No. 3, May/June 1974, pp. 598–606.
* [[William Baumol|Baumol, William J.]] and [[Alan S. Blinder]], ''Macroeconomics: Principles and Policy'', Tenth edition. Thomson South-Western, 2006. {{ISBN|0-324-22114-2}}.
* [[Federal Reserve Bank of Boston]], [http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/conf/conf53/index.htm "Understanding Inflation and the Implications for Monetary Policy: A Phillips Curve Retrospective"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826003309/http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/conf/conf53/index.htm |date=August 26, 2013 }}, Conference Series 53, June 9–11, 2008, Chatham, Massachusetts. (Also cf. [[Phillips curve]] article).
* [[Milton Friedman|Friedman, Milton]], Nobel lecture: [https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1976/friedman-lecture.pdf Inflation and unemployment] 1977.
* [[Frederic Mishkin|Mishkin, Frederic S.]], ''The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets'', New York, HarperCollins, 1995.
* [[World Bank]], 2018. [https://www.worldbank.org/en/research/publication/inflation-in-emerging-and-developing-economies ''Inflation in Emerging and Developing Economies: Evolution, Drivers and Policies'']. Edited by Jongrim Ha, M. Ayhan Kose, and Franziska Ohnsorge.

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Library resources box
|by=no
|onlinebooks=no
|others=no
|about=yes
|label=Inflation}}
* [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG World Bank annual inflation rates for all countries]
* [https://calcinflation.com/ Inflation Calculator]
* [http://dailytools.in/FinanceInvestment/InflationCalculator General purpose compounded inflation calculator]
* [[Consumer price index|Consumer Price Indexes]]
** [https://data.oecd.org/price/inflation-cpi.htm OECD]
** [http://www.bls.gov/cpi/ United States] ([[Bureau of Labor Statistics]])
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20080422012228/http://www.riksbank.com/templates/Page.aspx?id=27404 World Inflation (1290–2006)] ([[Swedish Riksbank]])
* US-specific
** [http://www.aier.org/cost-living-calculator Cost of Living Calculator (1913–present)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905192854/http://www.aier.org/cost-living-calculator |date=September 5, 2019 }} ([[American Institute for Economic Research|AIER]])
** [http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm Inflation Calculator (1913–present)] ([[US Bureau of Labor Statistics|US BLS]])
** [https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/theme/59 Inflation (historical documents)] ([[Federal Reserve Economic Data#Other Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis data services|FRASER]])

{{Economics}}
{{United States – Commonwealth of Nations recessions}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Inflation| ]]
[[Category:Financial economics]]
[[Category:Macroeconomic aggregates]]
[[Category:Macroeconomic problems]]

Ministry of General Administration (Maharashtra)

2026-03-07T14:55:56Z

Veronaidw: created first article basic info

{{Short description|Maharashtra government ministry responsible for General Administration}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a = '''मंत्रालय सामान्य प्रशासन विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of General Administration [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = {{URL|https://General Administration.maharashtra.gov.in/default.aspx}}
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = Chief Secretary
| chief1_position = '''Mr. ManuKumar Srivastava''', ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| chief2_name = Additional Chief Secretary
| chief2_position = '''Smt. Sujata Saunik''', ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
|chief3_name =Deputy secretary
|chief3_position = '''Shri. Hemant Sudhakar Dange''', Maharashtra Civil service|
| parent_department = '''[[Government of Maharashtra]]'''
}}

The '''Ministry of General Administration''' सामान्य प्रशासन विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन is a ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. It is responsible for preparing annual plans for the development of [[Maharashtra]] state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Directorate of Economics and Statistics|url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/home.do?lang=|website=General Administration Department, Government of Maharashtra, India}}</ref>

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] Minister. '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' is Current Minister of General Administration and [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]].

==Office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = Ministry of General Administration
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of General Administration}} मंत्री सामान्य प्रशासन
| image = File: Eknath_Shinde_and_Devendra_Fadnavis_with_PM_Narendra_Modi_Cropped(2).jpg
| incumbent = [[Devendra Fadnavis]] {{small|[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]}}
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]], 
[[Maharashtra Legislature]]
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = [[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]] on the advice of the [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = '''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' 
(1960-1962)
| precursor = '''[[Uddhav Thackeray]]''' 
(2019-2022)
| deputy = '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 14 August 2022
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of General Administration
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North Constituency No. 259]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North Constituency No. 259]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]''' {{small|[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]}} {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant I''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|80px]]
| rowspan="01"|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]}} {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|17 May}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|05|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 20 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|17 May}} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|05|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (U)]]
| bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}"|
|[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|17 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]]
|'''[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nehrunagar Assembly constituency|Nehrunagar Constituency No. 172]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|12 March 1985}} 1960
|{{small|03 June 1985}} 1962
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 08 - [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|04 March }} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|04|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Manohar Joshi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Dadar Assembly constituency|Dadar Constituency No. 181]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} Chief Minister)
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|31 January}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|01|31}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Narayan Rane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kudal Assembly constituency|Malvan Constituency No. 269]]- [[Sindhudurg District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|10|17}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2003|01|15}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South Constituency No. 251]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2007
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 201p
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Prithviraj Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
||{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2019|11|12}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''(In Charge)''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Uddhav Thackeray]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 25 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Uddhav Thackeray]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 25 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''(In Charge)''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|08|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|05}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of General Administration
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Dattatray Bharane.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Dattatray Vithoba Bharne]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur Constituency No. 200]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant '''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|NA
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"| [[Devendra Fadnavis]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==List of principal secretaries==
* ManuKumar Srivastava

== See also ==
*[[Chief Minister's Office (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Deputy Chief Minister's Office (Maharashtra)]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Jogajog (2015 film)

2026-03-04T00:27:43Z

Veronaidw: New new stub.

{{Short description|2015 Indian Bengali film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jogajog
| image = Jogajog movie poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Sekhar Das]]
| producer = Navratan Jhawar
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Jogajog (novel)|Jogajog]]''|Rabindranath Tagore}}
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| narrator =
| music = Pandit Debojyoti Bose
| cinematography = Indranil Mukherjee
| editing = Sankha
| studio = Ratanshree Nirman Pvt. Ltd.
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|05|8}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Jogajog''''' ({{translation}} Communication) is a 2015 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] adaptation of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s 1929 [[Jogajog (novel)|novel of the same name]] directed by [[Sekhar Das]].<ref name=toi>{{cite news|last1=Sen|first1=Zinia|title=Tagore's Jogajog adaptation to star Ananya, Bratya Basu|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news-interviews/Tagores-Jogajog-adaptation-to-star-Ananya-Bratya-Basu/articleshow/33741705.cms|access-date=1 July 2014|work=The Times of India|date=14 April 2014}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Shuvolagna Mukherjee as Kumudini
* [[Bratya Basu]] as Madhusudan
* [[Ananya Chatterjee]] as Shyamasundari
* [[Locket Chatterjee]] as Rimi
* [[Arjun Chakraborty]] as Bipradas
* [[Barun Chanda]] as Kalu Mukherjee
* [[Saheb Chatterjee]] as Nabin
* Saptarshi Roy as Akhil
* Sujoy Prasad Chatterjee as Amulya
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]]
* Lily Chakraborty

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Jogajog
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Pandit Debojyoti Bose
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2015
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = Nayan Chapar Dinratri
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
Pandit Debojyoti Bose was chosen to compose the music of ''Jogajog''. Singer [[Shreya Ghoshal]] was reported to record a bhajan for the film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Debojyoti Bose status update|via=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/Debojyoti.sarod/posts/10152099650641218|access-date=1 July 2014}}</ref> Other playback singers for the film include [[Jayati Chakraborty]], [[Kaushiki Chakrabarty]], [[Arjun Chakraborty]] and [[Saheb Chatterjee]].<ref name="song recording">{{cite news|title=Song Recording for Jogajog|url=http://timescity.com/kolkata/party-pics/song-recording-for-jogajog/35210610.cms|access-date=1 July 2014|publisher=TimesCity}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4416012}}

{{Rabindranath Tagore|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Films based on works by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 Bengali-language films]]
{{2010s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Deepa Bhatia

2026-03-02T02:21:27Z

Veronaidw: refine formatting additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Indian film editor}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deepa Bhatia
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| occupation = Editor, director
| spouse = [[Amole Gupte]]
| children = [[Partho Gupte]]
}}

'''Deepa Bhatia''' is a [[Bollywood]] [[film editor]], producer and director based in Mumbai. She is known for editing commercially successful films like [[Taare Zameen Par|''Tare Zameen Par'']], [[My Name Is Khan|''My Name is Khan'']], [[Rock On!!|''Rock On'']], [[Kai Po Che!|''Kai Po Che'']], ''[[Student of the Year]]'' and [[Raees (2017 film)|''Raees'']].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jnaf.org/artist/deepa-bhatia/|title=Deepa Bhatia – JNAF|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref> Furthermore, she has also edited [[Kedarnath (film)|''Kedarnath'']], [[Drive (2019 film)|''Drive'']] and the much talked about biopic on [[Sachin Tendulkar]], ''[[Sachin: A Billion Dreams]]''.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/line-of-sight/deepa-bhatia/|title=Deepa Bhatia on her cutting (edge) career (and how it came together)|date=2011-06-07|website=The Times of India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref>

Deepa believes that editing is making something the best it can be.<ref>{{Citation|title=Inside an Editor's Studio {{!}} Deepa Bhatia {{!}} Cheat Sheet|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYvoj9ImT2k|language=en|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref> In her own words, "A movie is written thrice. Once, when it is written, the second, when it is directed, and the third, when it is edited. It is unfortunate that editors don't get their due. It frustrates me when people think cutting is editing."<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/money-and-careers/A-cut-above/article16366640.ece|title=A cut above|last=Kumar|first=Anuj|date=2010-04-15|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-23|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2010, [[UTV World Movies]] chose her as the personality of the month to pick four movies of her choice from the channel's collection. The movies she picked were ''[[Machuca]]'', ''[[Cousin Cousine]]'', [[Twin Sisters (2002 film)|''Twin Sisters'']] and ''[[8 Women]]''.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Deepa started her career by assisting directors before venturing into full-time into post-production. She has over 20 years of experience as an editor and has worked with directors like [[Govind Nihalani]] ([[Dev (2004 film)|''Dev'']], ''[[Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa]]'', ''[[Deham]]'') and [[Jahnu Barua]] ([[Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara|''Maine Gandhi Ko Nahi Mara'']], [[Har Pal|''Har Pall'']]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://magiclanternmovies.in/director/204|title=Magic Lantern Movies LLP|website=magiclanternmovies.in|access-date=2019-11-23|archive-date=23 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123081208/http://magiclanternmovies.in/director/204|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her editing work on films like ''[[Kai Po Che!|Kai Po Che]]'' and ''[[Rock On!!|Rock On]]'' has been one of her most noteworthy projects and has bagged her awards like the [[Star Screen Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2018/03/23/listicle-women-editors-indian-cinema/|title=5 Women Editors in Indian Cinema We Should Know About|last=Jani|first=Shruti|date=2018-03-23|website=Feminism in India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref>

Apart from her career as a film editor in [[Bollywood]], she has also directed and produced a critically acclaimed documentary titled ''Nero’s Guests: The Age of Inequality'' about farmer suicides in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Citation|last=oberon.nl|first=Oberon Amsterdam|title=Nero's Guests {{!}} IDFA|url=https://www.idfa.nl/en/film/e9265992-0425-4592-acca-29d2ba61010b/neros-guests|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref> The documentary won two awards at [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] (MIFF).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_MIRRORNEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=PMIR/2010/02/21&ID=Ar02101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927112222/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_MIRRORNEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=PMIR/2010/02/21&ID=Ar02101|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2017|title=EDITOR'S CUT|website=epaper.timesofindia.com|access-date=2017-09-26}}</ref> It took Deepa 5 years to direct and a year to edit this challenging documentary.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>

== Personal life ==
Deepa is married to screenwriter, [[Amole Gupte]] and they have a son [[Partho Gupte]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-roast-of-patriarchy-2274771|title=Roast of Patriarchy {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2016-11-19|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=2017-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> She is an alumna of [[Sophia Polytechnic]].<ref name="The Indian Express">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/film-editor-deepa-bhatia-to-turn-director/|title=Film editor Deepa Bhatia to turn director|date=2014-08-22|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-11-25|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sachin-billion-dreams-you-dont-have-be-cricket-fan-love-biopic-62635|title='Sachin: A Billion Dreams': You don't have to be a cricket fan to love the biopic|date=2017-05-26|work=The News Minute|access-date=2017-11-25}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Editor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Movie
!Notes
|-
|1998
|''[[Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa]]''
|
|-
|1999
|''[[Thakshak]]''
|
|-
|2004
|[[Dev (2004 film)|''Dev'']]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
|''[[Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara]]''
|
|-
|[[The Hangman (2005 film)|''The Hangman'']]
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Taare Zameen Par]]''
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Rock On!!]]''
|
|-
|2010
|''[[My Name Is Khan]]''
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Stanley Ka Dabba]]''
|Producer
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|''[[Ferrari Ki Sawaari]]''
|
|-
|''[[Student of the Year]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''[[Kai Po Che!]]''
|
|-
|[[Bombay Talkies (film)|''Bombay Talkies'']]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
|''[[Hawaa Hawaai]]''
|
|-
|''Placebo'' (Documentary)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/761379/documentary-placebo-offers-a-dose-of-student-life-and-it-isnt-easy-to-swallow|title=Documentary 'Placebo' offers a dose of student life, and it isn't easy to swallow|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2017-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref>
|Consulting Editor
|-
|''[[Ungli]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Zubaan]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/zubaan-busan-review-828846|title='Zubaan': Busan Review|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=2017-09-26|language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Fitoor]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|[[Raees (2017 film)|''Raees'']]
|
|-
|''[[Sachin: A Billion Dreams]]''
|
|-
|[[Daddy (2017 film)|''Daddy'']]
|
|-
|2018
|[[Kedarnath (film)|''Kedarnath'']]
|
|-
|2019
|[[Drive (2019 film)|''Drive'']]
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Skater Girl]]''
|
|-
|}

===Director===
* ''Nero's Guests: The Age of Inequality'' (Documentary)<ref name=":0" />

==Awards==
'''[[Star Screen Awards]]'''
* '''Won''': [[Star Screen Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] – ''[[Rock On!!]]''
* '''Won''': [[John Abraham National Award for Best Documentary in SIGNS 2011]] – Nero's Guests
* '''Won''': [[Star Screen Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] – ''[[Kai Po Che!]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0080289|Deepa Bhatia}}
* Vij, Gauri. "{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080407235243/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2008020350030200.htm&date=2008%2F02%2F03%2F&prd=mag& A leap of faith]}}" ''[[The Hindu]]'', 3 February 2008.

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatia, Deepa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Sophia Polytechnic alumni]]
[[Category:Film editors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Hindi film editors]]
[[Category:Indian film editors]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian women documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian women film editors]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]

{{film-editor-stub}}

Socialist Party (India, 1948)

2026-02-27T22:28:12Z

Veronaidw: Put up basic biography w/ refs

{{Short description|Historical Indian political party}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{refimprove|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}

{{Infobox Indian political party
| party_name = Socialist Party
| logo =
| colorcode = {{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}
| president =
| general_secretary =
| ppchairman =
| loksabha_leader =
| rajyasabha_leader =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1948|}}
| dissolution = {{End date and age|1952|09|}}
| founder = [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] [[Ram Manohar Lohia]]
| headquarters =
| eci = [[List of political parties in India#Dissolved|Dissolved]]
| alliance =
| loksabha_seats =
| rajyasabha_seats =
| state_seats_name =
| state_seats =
| ideology = [[Socialism]]
| position = [[Left-wing]]
| predecessor = [[Congress Socialist Party]]
| split =
| successor = [[Praja Socialist Party]]
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}|border=black}}
| symbol =
| flag =
| leader =
}}

[[File:Socialist_Party(India)_poster.jpg|thumb|A poster of the Socialist Party]]

The '''Socialist Party''' was an Indian political party. It won 12 seats at the [[Indian general election, 1951|1951 Indian general election]], coming third.<ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127194904/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1951 to the First Lok Sabha |page=41 |archive-date=January 27, 2013 |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF}}</ref> Despite [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]'s personal popularity, its electoral fortunes did not improve. It merged with the [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]], which was formed by [[J.B. Kripalani]], to form the [[Praja Socialist Party]].

The Socialist Party was re-formed in 1972 through a merger between factions of the [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] and the Praja Socialist Party.<ref name="Grover1997">{{cite book|author=Verinder Grover|title=Political Parties and Party System|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ERsVf_DPFUC&pg=PA228|year = 1997|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7100-878-0|pages=228–231}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Socialism in India]]
* [[List of political parties in India]]

{{india-party-stub}}
[[Category:Socialist parties in India]]

Uma Padmanabhan

2026-02-20T23:38:47Z

Veronaidw: small changes

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Uma Padmanabhan
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Uma
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Television presenter|Presenter]]
| years_active = 1993–2002 2007–Present
| spouse =
}}

'''Uma Padmanabhan''' is an Indian actress and television presenter who works in Tamil-language films and television serials.

==Career==
Uma Padmanabhan had her early education in [[Chennai]] and graduated in [[commerce]] from SIET, [[Nandanam]].<ref name="thehindu_20010906">{{cite news |title=Doing it in style |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/09/06/stories/1306078i.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902084903/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/09/06/stories/1306078i.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2 September 2006 |date=6 September 2001 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> When [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] was founded in 1993, she applied for the job of a [[Compere (host)|compere]] in the channel.<ref name="thehindu_20010906" /> After serving as a news reader for a short time, Uma was chosen to host the program ''Vanakkam Tamizhagam''.<ref name="thehindu_20010906" /> She later made her acting debut with the show ''Micro Thodar-Oru Kudumbam Oru Ragasiyam'' and also appeared in the shows ''Veetukku Veedu Looty'', ''Oru Thaayin Sabatham'', ''Chellame Chellam'', ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (TV series)|Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' ''[[Poove Poochudava (TV series)|Poove Poochudava]]'', ''[[Priyamanaval]]'' and ''[[Chithi 2]]''. Uma acted in more than 30 films in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/uma-padmanabhan-gets-nostalgic-as-she-shares-a-10-year-old-major-throwback-picture/articleshow/84610517.cms |title=Uma Padmanabhan gets nostalgic as she shares a 10-year-old major throwback picture|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 July 2021 }}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen ]]'' || Uma || Guest appearance
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' || Interviewer ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Yai! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukke!]]'' || Uma ||
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2007 || ''[[Unnale Unnale]]'' || Karthik's sister || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' || Mrs Jyothi Ramalingam ||
|-
| ''[[Thullal (film)|Thullal]]'' || Shruthika's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Sivi (film)|Sivi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vel (film)|Vel]]''|| Vel's and Vasu's relative ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2010 || ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' || Mrs Sivakumar ||
|-
| ''[[Uthamaputhiran (2010 film)|Uthamaputhiran]]'' || Sundari Raghavan ||
|-
| ''[[The Thriller]]'' || Meera's mother || Malayalam film
|-
| ''[[Virudhagiri]]'' || Priya's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2011 || ''[[Engeyum Kadhal]]'' || Kamal's mother || Special appearance in the song "Dhimu Dhimu"
|-
|''[[Aanmai Thavarael]]'' || Vetri's mother ||
|-
|''[[Venghai]]'' || Rajalingam's wife ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2012 || ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'' || Mrs Ramakrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]'' || Gayatri ||
|-
| ''[[Mirattal]]'' ||Babloo's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Aarohanam (2012 film)|Aarohanam]]'' || Jay ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2013 || ''[[Puthagam]]'' || Divya's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Yaaruda Mahesh]]'' || Shiva's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Ragalaipuram]]'' || Velu's mother||
|-
| ''[[Kalyana Samayal Saadham]]'' || Meera's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014 || ''[[Marumugam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thirudan Police]]'' ||AC's wife ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Thakka Thakka]]'' ||Sarasu ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2016 || ''[[Gethu]]'' || Herself ||
|-
| ''[[Oopiri]]'' || rowspan="2"|Swathi's mother-in-law || Telugu film
|-
| ''Thozha'' ||
|-
| ''[[Uyire Uyire]]'' || Priya's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2018 || ''[[Yenda Thalaiyila Yenna Vekkala]]'' || Praveen's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Ghajinikanth]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Kaatrin Mozhi]]'' || Saroja Maamy ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2019 || ''[[NGK (film)|NGK]]'' || Viji ||
|-
| ''[[A1 (2019 film)|A1]]'' || Divya's Mother ||
|-
| ''[[Kaappaan]]'' || Mrs. Varma, Chandrakanth's wife ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Taana (film)|Taana]]'' ||Shakthi's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2021 || ''[[Kasada Thapara]]'' || || Streaming release
|-
| ''[[Iruvar Ullam (2021 film)|Iruvar Ullam]]'' || Sambavi's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Sabhaapathy]]'' || Leelavathi ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Therkathi Veeran]]'' || ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Theerkadarishi]]'' || ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Nirangal Moondru]]'' || Ilakkiya ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Madha Gaja Raja]]'' || Judge ||
|-
|}

==Television==
;Serials
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel
|-
| 2000 || ''Micro Thodar-Oru Kudumbam Oru Ragasiyam'' || || [[Raj TV]]
|-
| 2002–2003 || ''Veetukku Veedu Looty'' || Indira || [[Jaya TV]]
|-
| 2005–2006 || ''Nilavai Pidippom'' || Suguna || [[Raj TV]]
|-
| 2008–2009 || ''[[Kasthuri (TV series)|Kasthuri]]'' || || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (TV series)|Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' || Kalyani || [[Star Vijay]]
|-
| 2017–2021 || ''[[Poove Poochudava (TV series)|Poove Poochudava]]'' || Godavari || [[Zee Tamil]]
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Priyamanaval]]'' || Radha ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Fingertip (web series)|Fingertip]]'' (Web Series) || Mrs. Pramod || [[ZEE5]]
|-
| 2020–2022 || ''[[Chithi 2]]'' || Gowri || rowspan="2"|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
| 2022–2023 || ''[[Iniya (TV series)|Iniya]]'' || Lakshmi (Extended Special Appearance)
|-
| 2023–2024 || ''Modhalum Kaadhalum'' || Kaveri || [[Star Vijay]]
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Malli (2024 TV series)|Malli]]'' ||Advocate Devasena (Special Appearance) || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|}

;Shows
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel
|-
| 1990s || ''Vanakkam Tamizhagam'' || rowspan="4"| Host || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Super Singer Junior (season 2)|Super Singer Junior Season 2]]'' || [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]
|-
| 2013 || ''Oru Thaayin Sabatham'' ||[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
| 2015 || ''Chellame Chellam'' || [[Jaya TV]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2021||''Poova Thalaiya''||rowspan="2"| Contestant||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|''Start Music''||[[Star Vijay]]
|}

;Other
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel
|-
| 2015 || [[What If Batman Was From Chennai?| ''Batman Returns... To Chennai | The Middle Ages'']] || [[Talia al Ghul|Talia]] / Uma Aunty || [[YouTube|Put Chutney]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news |title=Academy for anchors |author=Chitra Mahesh |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/24/stories/2003022400060200.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121111053206/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/24/stories/2003022400060200.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 November 2012 |date=24 February 2003}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/music/uma-padmanabhan-speaks-about-her-new-margazhi-thingal-thiruppavai-album|title=`சுஹாசினியின் ஐடியா, பிரபலங்களின் சர்ப்ரைஸ் மெசேஜ்!' - `மார்கழித் திங்கள்' வீடியோ குறித்து உமா|date=9 January 2021|website=Vikatan}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=2704843}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padmanabhan, Uma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian socialites]]
[[Category:Tamil television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Miguel Caetano Dias

2026-02-08T17:41:53Z

Veronaidw: updated page

{{short description|Portuguese Indian medical practitioner (1854–1936)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Miguel Caetano Dias
| image = Miguel Caetano Dias c. 1920s.jpg
| caption = Dias, c. 1920s
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1854|7|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[St Estevam|Santo Estêvão]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1936|7|26|1854|7|9|df=y}}
| education =
| known_for = Contributions to medicine in Portuguese Goa
| spouse = Maria Veronica da Silva e Dias
| children = 8
| awards = Cavaleiro, Official e Comendador da Real Ordem Militar de S. Bento de Aviz.
}}

'''Miguel Caetano Dias''' [[Military Order of Aviz|ComA]] (9 July 1854 – 26 July 1936) was a [[Portuguese India]]n medical practitioner best known for his roles as chief of health services in [[Portuguese Goa]] and director of the [[Escola Médica Cirúrgica de Goa]]. In these roles, he was widely recognised for organising successful vaccination and sanitation campaigns, and was also instrumental in advocating against the closure of the medical school.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Contesting Colonial Authority: Medicine and Indigenous Responses in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century India|last=Bala|first=Poonam|publisher=Lexington Books|date=12 April 2012|isbn=978-0-7391-7023-6|location=United States of America|pages=24}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Bastos|first=Cristiana|date=2009|title=Borrowing, Adapting, and Learning the Practices of Smallpox: Notes from Colonial Goa|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|volume= 83| issue = 1, Special Issue: Reassessing|pages=147, 156, 157|jstor=44448718 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44448718}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.veenapatwardhan.com/goamedicalcollegeillustriousalumni.html|title=Goa Medical College: Illustrious alumni {{!}} Veena Patwardhan|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://nri.goa.gov.in/freedom.html|title=NRI Commission of Goa|website=nri.goa.gov.in|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Miguel Caetano Dias was one of five children born to Manuel Francisco Dias and Escolastica Fernandes e Dias in [[St Estevam]], an island in Goa, India. The humble circumstances of his childhood are often mentioned in later accounts of his achievements.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

His brother [[João Vicente Santana Dias]], a Major in the Portuguese Army, is credited with helping him enrol at the Faculty of Medicine of the [[University of Lisbon]] where he graduated with distinction in 1882.<ref name=":1" /> Upon graduation, he joined the Portuguese Army as part of the military medical cadre in Mozambique.

== Career ==
After spending five years in Mozambique, Dias was transferred to Goa in 1888. Around this time, the Portuguese authorities were seriously considering closing the Medical School of Goa with an inspection conducted by the Portuguese doctor Cesar Gomes Barbosa in 1897 recommending shutting the school down permanently.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gomes Barbosa|first=Cesar|date=1897|title=Relatorio da Inspeccao ao Servico de Saude do Estado da India|journal=AHU|volume=s12,m1988}}</ref> However, in 1902 the Portuguese government finally voted to keep the school open with arguments put forth by the prominent physician and politician [[Miguel Bombarda]] that the school would be the ideal place to train doctors for the colonies.<ref>{{Cite book|title="A Escola de Nova Goa" A Medicina Contemporanea-hebdomanario portuguez de sciencias medicas. Serie II-tomo V,XX no.12|last=Bombarda|first=Miguel|year=1902|location=Portugal|pages=93–95}}</ref> While Bombarda did not acknowledge it, his arguments were previously put forth by native born Goan doctors including Dias himself who wrote in 1902.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bastos|first=Cristiana|title=The inverted mirror: Dreams of imperial glory and tales of subalternity from the medical school of Goa1 |date=2002|url=http://ceas.iscte.pt/etnografica/docs/vol_06/N1/Vol_vi_N1_59-76.pdf|journal=Etnografica|volume= VI (1)|pages=59–76|doi=10.4000/etnografica.2848 |s2cid=11728609 |via=CEAS-ISCTE}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=The Medical Surgical School of Nova Goa, situated in a country where the reigning diseases reflect the tropical climate, acts to foster the training of colonial doctors in such conditions, and so assists with the demands of African colonization at little cost for the treasury.|sign=|source=Estado da India Portuguesa, “Relatorio do Serviço de Saúde referido ao anno de 1902”, signed by Miguel Caetano Dias, Head of the Health Services. Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, Índia, Serviço de Saúde, maço 1988}}

This vote coincided with the mandate of Dias who was appointed the director of the health services in Goa and director of the Medical School of Goa in 1902, only the second native born Goan to achieve this position in the colonial administration after his predecessor Rafael Pereira from [[Benaulim|Benaulim, Salcette]].<ref name=":1" /> Though a native Christian, Dias was not from the elite social circles from which his predecessors had originated and is recognised as having worked his way towards social and professional recognition through personal effort and merit, in what was at the time, a highly stratified society.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Dias was a strong proponent of modern European medicine and [[vaccination]] in particular, as opposed to the [[Variolation|variolation or inoculation]] techniques that were common among the local population. He recommended the creation of vaccine parks in different districts despite the challenge this was to local beliefs about ritual and body pollution.<ref name=":1" /> He often condemned the latter in his writings.

{{Blockquote|text="unless the vaccine method exhibits some good results, there is no chance that the people will take it instead of inoculation: the bulk of the population since immemorial times has shown a blind predilection and trust in the inoculation of the variolic virus to the detriment of the Jennerian vaccine, because this goes against their religious beliefs (. . .) and because they do not believe in its prophylactic efficiency, which is not surprising, for the people, for whom science is still a mystery, can’t be persuaded of the vaccine’s superiority until they see it with their own eyes"|sign=|source=Estado da India Portuguesa, “Relatorio do Serviço de Saúde referido ao anno de 1902”, signed by Miguel Caetano Dias, Head of the Health Services. Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, Índia, Serviço de Saúde, maço 1988}}

His anti-plague campaigns and sanitary policies played a large part in the adoption of modern European medicine across Goan society.<ref name=":0" /> His tenure ended in 1913 and he was succeeded by José Maria da Costa Álvares.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Seeds against smallpox: Joaquim Vás and the scientific translation of bananeira brava seeds in Goa, India (1894-1930)|pages=183–222|last=Roque|first=Ricardo|date=2004|journal=História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos|volume=11|doi=10.1590/S0104-59702004000400010|pmid=15446280|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Dias later became actively involved in politics and was appointed the President of the first Provincial Congress of Goa and also mayor of the Municipal Council of Ilhas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/125741/16/16_chapter%207.pdf|title=POLITICAL ACTIVISM AND CONSCIOUSNESS}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
{{Gallery
|title=Bust of Miguel Caetano Dias
|width=233 | height=233
|align=center
|File:Bust of Miguel Caetano Dias at old GMC.jpg
|Bust installed at Old GMC in his lifetime.
|Front view of the bust of Miguel Caetano Dias.jpg
|Front view of the bust. Seen behind is the former Casa da Moeda (Mint House), where he lived while in [[Panaji]]
}}

In recognition for his services to public health, Dias was made a [[Order of Aviz|Knight of the Military Order of Aviz]] ''([[:pt:Ordem Militar de Avis|Cavaleiro, Official e Comendador da Real Ordem Militar de S. Bento de Aviz]]).''

A bust of Dias was installed in the premises of the Medical School of Goa and was later shifted to the front of his residence upon his death, where it still stands today. The inscription on the bust reads "''Ao Grande Cirurgião. Homenagem Dos Seus Concidadãos'' (To the great surgeon. Homage from your fellow citizens)"

[[Luís de Menezes Bragança|Luís de Menezes Braganza]] journalist and anti-colonial activist from [[Goa]] often wrote of contemporaries he admired in ''Pracasha'', a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] language daily. Of Dias, he wrote that though Dias did not come from an aristocratic family, he served his people and his country well. He also wrote that Dias was not very polished in his manners and etiquette but the good of his people was always uppermost in his mind.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pracasha, AnoVIII, No746|last=Braganca|first=Luis de Menezes|year=1931|location=Goa, India}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Dias married Maria Veronica da Silva and had eight children Victor Manuel Dias, Luis Gonzaga Bismarck Dias, Alvaro Jose Maria da Silva Dias, Antonio Francisco Dias, Ernesto Dias, Albertina Lavinia Escolastica Dias e Afonso, Aurea Dias e Lobo and Alice Leonor Brigida Dias e Fialho.

A number of his children went on to achieve individual renown in their own fields of study and practice.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Vaz1997">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DJLxYBYA-YC&pg=PA210|title=Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present|author=J. Clement Vaz|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-619-2|pages=210–|access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref>

His bought the ''[https://casadamoedagoa.wordpress.com/about/personalities/ Casa da Moeda]'' in Panjim, Goa where his descendants continue to live and opposite which his statue is installed. He also purchased a large tract of land in [[Naroa, Ilhas, Goa|Naroa]], an island along the river [[Mandovi River|Mandovi]] opposite his home island of St. Estevam, where he built a Chapel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thebalcao.com/re-discovering-the-private-chapel-of-dr-mc-dias/|title=Re-discovering the private Chapel of Dr. Miguel Caetano Dias|last=Silveira|first=Lester|date=2019-10-28|website=The Balcao|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>

== Death ==
[[File:JazigoMCDias.jpg|thumb|Family Tomb (''Jazigo da Familia'') of Miguel Caetano Dias located in St Estevam Cemetery]]
Dias died in 1936 and was buried in his native village of [[St Estevam]] where his family grave occupies a prominent place in the front of the cemetery.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dias, Miguel Caetano}}
[[Category:1854 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Panaji]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Goa]]
[[Category:Scientists from Goa]]
[[Category:Goan Catholics]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]

Kashi Tamil Sangam Express

2026-01-30T15:05:28Z

Veronaidw:

{{Italic title}}{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Kashi Tamil Sangam Express
| image = KASI TAMIL SANGAM EXPRESS.jpg
| caption = Kashi Tamil Sangam Express train board.
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2023|12|17}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Kanyakumari}} (CAPE)
| stops = 36
| end = {{stnlnk|Banaras}} (BNRS)
| distance = {{convert|2766|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 51 hours 05 minutes
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, AC 3 Tier Economy, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large Windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| trainnumber = 16367 / 16368
| speed = {{convert|54|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 16367 / 16368 '''Kashi Tamil Sangam Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Kanniyakumari}} and {{stnlnk|Banaras}} in [[India]].

==Background==
On account of [[Kashi Tamil Sangamam]] Event, this train service is announced by the [[Ministry of Railways|Railway Minister]] [[Ashwini Vaishnaw|Ashwini Vaishaw]] on 22 December 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Saurav |date=2022-12-10 |title=Railways announces new train service for Kashi Tamil Sangamam |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/railways-announces-new-train-service-for-kashi-tamil-sangamam-11670659629627.html |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> and followed by this train has been Inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 17 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-16 |title=PM to flag off second Vande Bharat, Tamil Sangamam during 2-day visit |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/pm-to-flag-off-second-vande-bharat-and-kashi-tamil-sangamam-weekly-express-train/articleshow/106037716.cms |access-date=2023-12-16 |issn=0971-8257}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-18 |title=Modi flags off Kashi Tamil Sangamam Express |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/modi-flags-off-kashi-tamil-sangamam-express/articleshow/106072080.cms |access-date=2023-12-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

It operates as train number 16367 from Kanyakumari to Banaras and as train number 16368 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] & [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-15 |title=CM Yogi takes stock of preparations for Modi's two-day visit to Varanasi |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/cm-yogi-takes-stock-of-preparations-for-pm-modis-varanasi-visit/articleshow/106007482.cms |access-date=2023-12-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Coaches==

The 16367 / 16368 Kashi Tamil Sangam Express has one AC 1 tier, two AC 2 tier, Three AC 3 tier, Three AC 3 tier Economy, six Sleeper Class, four General Unreserved, one Pantry car and 2 EOG coaches.

==Route & halts==

* '''{{stnlnk|Kanyakumari}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Nagercoil Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tirunelveli Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Madurai Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tiruchirappalli Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Thanjavur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Viluppuram Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chengalpattu Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Arakkonam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}
* [[Warangal railway station|Warangal]]
* {{stnlnk|Balharshah Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Gondia Junction}}
* [[Balaghat Junction railway station|Balaghat]]
* [[Nainpur Junction railway station|Nainpur]]
* {{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Katni Junction}}
* [[Satna Junction railway station|Satna]]
* [[Manikpur Junction railway station|Manikpur]]
* [[Prayagraj Chheoki Junction railway station|Prayagraj Chheoki]]
* [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi Junction]]
* '''{{stnlnk|Banaras}}'''.

== Traction==

It is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}

[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Kanyakumari]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2023]]

Sourav K.

2026-01-25T07:54:53Z

Veronaidw:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2001)}}
{{Notability|1=Sports|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Sourav K
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|5|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India
| height =
| position = [[Winger (association football)|Winger]]
| currentclub = [[SC Delhi]]
| clubnumber = 27
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = KV Soccer Academy
| youthyears2 =
| youthclubs2 = [[Kerala football team]]
| years1 = 2021–2024
| clubs1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps1 = 28
| goals1 = 2
| years2 = 2024–2025
| clubs2 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| caps2 = 12
| goals2 = 1
| clubs3 = [[SC Delhi]]
| years3 = 2025–
| caps3 = 0
| goals3 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2023–2024
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 0
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 23:20, 13 March 2025 (UTC)
}}

'''Sourav K''' (born 27 May 2001) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[winger (association football)|winger]] for [[SC Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/ifl-shield-2021-gokualm-kerala-fc-announce-squad/|title=Gokulam Kerala announce squad for IFA Shield 2021|date=25 November 2021|website=khelnow.com|access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref>

==Career==

=== Hyderabad FC ===
On 30 August 2021, Sourav joined [[I-League]] club [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]] on a two-year contract.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-gokulam-kerala-fc-sign-sourav-k/ | title=Gokulam Kerala sign winger Sourav K for Upcoming I-League season | date=30 August 2021 }}</ref>

=== Hyderabad FC ===
On 18 September 2024, Sourav joined Indian Super League club Hyderabad FC on a long-term contract.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-18 |title=Hyderabad FC complete singing of Sourav K |url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2024/announcement/hyderabad-fc-complete-singing-of-sourav-k/#:~:text=Hyderabad:%20Hyderabad%20FC%20have%20completed,in%20from%20the%20Malabar%20coast. |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=HyderabadFC.co.in |language=en-US}}</ref> On 19 September 2024, he debuted for the club, as a substitute, against Bengaluru FC in the league.

==International career==
===Youth team===
In September 2023, Sourav was included in the final 23-member squad of the [[India national under-23 football team|Indian under-23 national team]] to participate in the [[2024 AFC U-23 Asian Cup qualification#Group_G|2024 AFC U-23 Asian Cup qualification]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Clifford Miranda appointed India U-23 Head Coach |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/clifford-miranda-appointed-india-u-23-head-coach |website=the-aiff.com |publisher=[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] |access-date=3 August 2023|date=3 August 2023}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{{updated|07 April 2024}}<ref>{{soccerway|muhammed-uvais/809490}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National cup
!colspan="2"|League cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Others
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[2021–22 Gokulam Kerala FC season|2021–22]]
| rowspan="3" |[[I-League]]
|8||0||4{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}{{efn|name=IFAS|Appearance(s) in [[IFA Shield]]}}||1||0||0||1{{efn|name=statsAFCC|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Cup]]}}||0||0||0||13||1
|-
|[[2022–23 Gokulam Kerala F.C. season|2022–23]]
|6||0||0||0||4{{efn|name=Super Cup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)| Super Cup]]}}||1||0||0||1{{efn|name=play–offs for AFC Cup|Appearance(s) in [[Indian club qualifiers for 2023–24 AFC competitions|play–offs for AFC Cup]]}}||0||11||1
|-
|[[2023–24 Gokulam Kerala F.C. season|2023–24]]
|14||2||3{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||1||3{{efn|name=Super Cup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)| Super Cup]]}}||0||0||0||0||0||20||3
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!28!!2!!6!!2!!7!!1!!1!!0!!1!!0!!44!!5
|}
{{notelist}}

==Honours==
'''Gokulam Kerala'''
* [[I-League]]: [[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/gokulam-kerala-vs-mohammedan-sc-i-league-final-live-gkfc-vs-mdsc-live-score-indian-football/article38490975.ece|title=Gokulam Kerala 2-1 Mohammedan SC Highlights: GKFC becomes 1st club in 15 years to defend the I-League|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=14 May 2022|access-date=14 May 2022|last=TEAM SPORTSTAR|first=21:22 IST|location=[[Kolkata]], West Bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514160659/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/gokulam-kerala-vs-mohammedan-sc-i-league-final-live-gkfc-vs-mdsc-live-score-indian-football/article38490975.ece|archive-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:K, Sourav}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kerala]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football wingers]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC players]]

{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

Remalle

2026-01-22T17:54:28Z

Veronaidw: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Remalle
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = [[te]]
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type =
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Krishna district]]
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|T:elugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
}}
'''Remalle''' is a village in [[Krishna district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in Bapulapadu [[mandal]] of Gannavaram revenue division.<ref>{{cite web | title=District Level Mandal wise List of Villages in Andhra Pradesh |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/krishna.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=19 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010053343/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/krishna.pdf| archivedate=10 October 2014|page=2| format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Administrative Setup| url=http://krishna.nic.in/admin-setup.aspx| website=Official website of Krishna district| publisher=National Informatics Centre| accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref> It is one of the villages in the mandal to be a part of [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]].<ref>{{cite web | title=AP Capital Region mandals and villages| url=http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF| website=Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority| publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh| accessdate=23 September 2015| format=PDF| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923135735/http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF| archivedate=23 September 2015}}</ref> Remalle is further divided into two parts, New Remalle (Kotha Remalle) and Old Remalle (Patha Remalle).

==Kotha==
{{anchor|Kotha Remalle}}
[[File:Hanuman Temple - Kotha Remalle Village.jpg|right|thumb|upright=.75|Hanuman Temple in Kotha Remalle Village]]

Kotha Remalle is a small village which is located in [[Bapulapadu]] Mandal.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://areaprofiler.gov.in/aboutUsIntgeratedPES.do?stateCode=0&lbCode=5438&languageId=1| title=About BAPULAPADU Mandal Panchayat| accessdate=24 December 2019| publisher=[[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]]}}</ref> The village has 200 houses and a population of 1700 people.<ref>[https://dondapatik.blogspot.com/p/kotha-remalle-village_2.html Kotha Remalle Village]</ref>

==Pata==
{{Expand section|date=January 2020}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Krishna district}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishna district]]

Nagalakshmi

2026-01-19T05:26:09Z

Veronaidw:

{{Short description|Consort of Shesha in Hinduism}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Nagalakshmi
| deity_of = Nagas<ref>{{Citation|title=Naga Cults and Traditions in the Western Himalaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd50t19YpJEC|first=Om Chanda|last=Handa|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-8173871610}}</ref>
| caption =
| affiliation = [[Vaishnavism]], [[Lakshmi]]
| abode = [[Vaikuntha]]
| spouse = [[Shesha]]
| texts = [[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|Garga Samhita]]
}}

{{Vaishnavism}}

'''Nagalakshmi''' ({{Langx|sa|नागलक्ष्मी|translit=nāgalakṣmī}}) is a Naga goddess and the wife of [[Shesha]], a ''[[nagaraja]]'' (king of the [[Nāga|serpents]]) and one of the two [[Vahana|mounts]] of [[Vishnu]] featured in Hindu Sanatan Dharma devotional, spiritual and religious texts. She is considered to be the personification of the divine ocean called the [[Kshira Sagara]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Garga Saṁhita |date=2006 |publisher=Rasbihari Lal & Sons |isbn=978-81-87812-98-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkv9PgAACAAJ&q=naga+lakshmi+garg+samhita |language=en}}</ref>

== Legend ==
[[File:Vishnu and Lakshmi on Shesha Naga, ca 1870.jpg|thumb|[[Vishnu]] and [[Lakshmi]] on [[Shesha]] over the Kshira Sagara]]

Nagalakshmi's legend is mainly found in the ''[[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|Garga Samhita]]''. In this, the [[Kshira Sagara]] is personified as her. In Chapter 3 of the ''Balabhadra Khanda'' of the ''Garga Samhita'', it is mentioned that she incarnated on earth along with her husband.<ref name="c">{{cite book |last1=Raj |first1=Selva J. |last2=Dempsey |first2=Corinne G. |title=Sacred Play: Ritual Levity and Humor in South Asian Religions |date=12 January 2010 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-2981-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEJ-vMgbSlwC&q=%C2%A0Nagalakshmi&pg=PA43 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Śrīgargasaṃhitā: Kīrtibhāṣāsārasahitā |date=2000 |publisher=Vyāsa Bālābakṣa Śodhasaṃsthāna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r3PXAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80 |language=sa}}</ref>

The Kshira Sagara is the fifth from the centre of the seven oceans. It surrounds the continent known as Krauncha.<ref>D. Dennis Hudson: The body of God: an emperor's palace for Krishna in eighth-century Kanchipuram, Oxford University Press US, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-19-536922-9}}, pp.164-168</ref> According to Hindu scriptures, the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] and [[asuras]] worked together for a millennium to churn this ocean in order to acquire [[amrita]], the elixir of immortal life.<ref>{{cite web|title=Churning the Ocean of Milk by Michael Buckley|url=http://www.veloasia.com/library/buckley/churning_milk.html}}</ref> It is described as the place where the deity [[Vishnu]] reclines over his serpent-mount Shesha, accompanied by his consort, [[Lakshmi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&dq=Vishnu+ocean+of+milk&pg=PA288 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |date=2006 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 |pages=288 |language=en}}</ref>

== Incarnations ==
[[File:The four sons of Dasaratha circumbulate the altar during their marriage rites.jpg|thumb|upright|The wedding ceremony of Urmila and Lakshmana]]

In the [[Treta Yuga]], she incarnated as [[Urmila]], the wife of [[Lakshman]]a. She was born as the daughter of King [[Janaka]] of [[History of Mithila|Mithila]] and Queen [[Sunayana (Ramayana)|Sunayana]]. She played a prominent role in the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Praśānta Guptā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RazqpUWg3KYC&pg=PA32|title=Vālmīkī Rāmāyaṇa|publisher=Dreamland Publications|year=1998|isbn=9788173012549|pages=32}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|last=MacFie
|first=J. M.
|title=The Ramayan Of Tulsidas Or The Bible Of Northern India
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbG4yfdE1b4C&pg=PA115
|date=1 May 2004
|publisher=Kessinger Publishing
|isbn=978-1-4179-1498-2}}</ref> When Shesha's avatar Lakshmana went to exile with Rama (Vishnu's avatar), Urmila slept continuously for fourteen years so that her husband could serve his brother without requiring sleep, an episode known as ''Urmila Nidra''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/Urmila-The-Sleeping-Princess/2014/03/28/article2134735.ece | title=Urmila, The Sleeping Princess | work=[[Indian Express]] | date=28 March 2014 | access-date=1 June 2016 | author=Reeja Radhakrishnan | place=Chennai | archive-date=25 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625064009/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/Urmila-The-Sleeping-Princess/2014/03/28/article2134735.ece | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sleeping beauty: The unsung sacrifice of Urmila|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-unsung-sacrifice-of-urmila/article19369516.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=29 November 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Revati Hindu Lady.jpg|thumb|upright=0.3|A portrait of [[Revati]]]]

In the [[Dvapara Yuga]], she was born as [[Revati]], the wife of [[Balaram]]a and the daughter of King [[Kakudmi]] of [[Dvārakā|Kushasthali]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=balarama+dashavatara&pg=PT412 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |language=en}}</ref> However, in traditions where Balarama is identified with Vishnu, Revati is regarded to be a form of [[Lakshmi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Sanjukta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BoVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA47 |title=LAKSMI TANTRA |date=1972-01-01 |publisher=Brill Archive |pages=47 |language=en}}</ref>

==Literature==
In the ''[[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|Garga Samhita]]'', the sage Pradipika recounts the attributes of Nagalakshmi:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Swami |first1=HH Lokanath |title=व्रजमण्डल दर्शन: तीस दिवसीय परिक्रमा के अनुभव |date=20 August 2020 |publisher=Padayatra Press |isbn=978-93-5267-307-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=moX4DwAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80&pg=PT443 |language=hi}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Following this, the radiant Nagalakshmi, glowing with the brilliance of countless autumn moons, arrived on a magnificent chariot, accompanied by millions of her companions whose radiance was ever-increasing. She approached the great Sankarshana and expressed her desire, ''Lord, I also wish to accompany you on Earth. The thought of being separated from you would afflict me so deeply that I wouldn't be able to bear it.'' Nagalakshmi was overwhelmed with emotion.

Lord Ananta (Shesha), who is the ultimate cause behind all causes in the entire universe, whose very nature is to alleviate the sorrows of devotees, and whose divine form resembles the great serpent Airavata, comforted his beloved. He said, ''O Rambhoru! Do not grieve. Descend to Earth and merge with the body of Revati. There, you will serve me.''

Upon hearing this, Nagalakshmi inquired, ''Who is Revati? Whose daughter is she, and where does she reside? Please tell me in detail.'' Hearing this, Lord Ananta, with a smile, explained, ''It is the story of the beginning of creation. I, born as the son of the sage Kashyapa from Kadru's womb, took a formidable form.''|title=[[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|Garga Samhita]]|source=Chapter 3}}

==Worship==
The Ananthankavu Nagalakshmi Temple, located in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], is known for its environmental sensitivity and association with snakes. It stands as the sole sacred grove (surppakavu) housing ancient 1000-year-old idols of Nagalakshmi and Nagaraja Ananthan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ananthankavu Naga Lakshmi Temple |url=https://www.holyprasadam.com/temples/details/412 |website=Holy Prasadam}}</ref>

== Beyond the Indian subcontinent and Hinduism ==
In the [[snake worship]] traditions of [[Tai folk religion]] and [[animism]] in Thailand, she is known as Usa Ananwati (พระนางอุษาอนันตวดี) and is regarded as the spouse of [[Shesha]]. She is regularly honored in local worship ceremonies.

Among the Nagini in Thai snake worship, she is the second most revered figure, following Lady Sri Pathumma Nagini (ย่าศรีปทุมมา), the wife of Shri Sutho Naga (ปู่ศรีสุทโธ) of Kham Chanod Forest in [[Ban Dung district]], [[Udon Thani province]], [[Isan]], Thailand. Kham Chanod is considered the spiritual center of snake worship in Thai folk beliefs.

Numerous shrines across Thailand are dedicated to her as a guardian deity, with one of the most notable being Wat Tham Dao Khao Kaeo (วัดถ้ำดาวเขาแก้ว) in Lam Phaya Klang subdistrict, [[Muak Lek district]], [[Saraburi province]].,<ref>{{cite news |title=วัดถ้ำดาวเขาแก้ว ชมเสน่ห์ถ้ำสวย ตามรอยความเชื่อพญานาค |url=https://www.paiduaykan.com/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7/ |work=www.paiduaykan.com |date=26 June 2020 |language=th}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=เปิดประสบการณ์ลี้ลับ สัมผัสตำนานความเชื่อ – Tourism Product |url=https://tourismproduct.tourismthailand.org/2023/03/02/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD/ |website=tourismproduct.tourismthailand.org}}</ref> Wat Laem Maklue (วัดแหลมมะเกลือ), Sam Ngaam Subdistrict, Don Tum District, Nakhon Pathom Province.,
Wat Thum Wang Pha Phaya Nakaraj (วัดถ้ำวังผาพญานาคราช), Huai Phai Subdistrict, Khong Chiam District, Ubon Ratchathani Province., Wat Phang Muang (วัดพังม่วง), Si Prachan Subdistrict, Si Prachan District, Suphan Buri.,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amarintv.com/lotto/news/193788 | title=ส่องเลขเด็ด หางประทัด ก่อนหวยออก งานบวงสรวงองค์พญาอนันตนาคราช | date=30 October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://today.line.me/th/v2/article/ZamwonP | title=แห่ลุ้นเลขหางประทัด พิธีบวงสรวงอนันตนาคราช 9 เศียรใหญ่ที่สุดในสุพรรณ | มุมข่าว }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://siamrath.co.th/n/488905 | title=ปชช.แห่ลุ้นเลขหางประทัดพิธีบวงสรวงอนันตนาคราช 9 เศียรใหญ่ที่สุดในสุพรรณ | date=30 October 2023 }}</ref> Wat Pa Phu Chan Hom (วัดป่าภูจันทร์หอม), Ban Non Muang Wan, Kham Lo Subdistrict, Chai Wan District, Udon Thani Province.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://today.line.me/th/v2/article/60zBj76 | title=บวงสรวงใหญ่พญาอนันตนาคราช ชาวบ้านแห่ร่วมพิธีแน่นวัด คอเลขไม่พลาดตัวเลขจากพ่อจ้ำ | สยามนิวส์ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://mgronline.com/travel/detail/9660000083176#google_vignette | title="เกรซ กาญจน์กล้า" ยกให้ "พญานาค" วัดป่าภูจันทร์หอม "ทรงพระ gorgeous" ที่สุดที่เคยไป! | date=14 September 2023 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060422191457/http://spirituality.indiatimes.com/articleshow/953344.cms Ananta Shesha - The Legendary Serpent]

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Snake goddesses]]
[[Category:Nāgas]]

Vivekananda Road

2026-01-12T07:47:44Z

Veronaidw:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2026}}
{{short description|Road in Kolkata, India}}
{{Infobox street
| name = Vivekananda Road
| native_name =
| marker_image =
| image = File:Vivekananda Road - Kolkata 2012-01-23 8657.JPG
| caption =
| other_name =
| former_names =
| postal_code = 700006, 700007
| addresses =
| length_km =
| length_ref =
| width =
| location = [[Kolkata]], India
| metro_system = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| metro = [[Girish Park metro station|Girish Park]]
| client =
| maint = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| coordinates =
| direction_a = west
| terminus_a = Ganesh Talkies
| direction_b = east
| terminus_b = [[Maniktala]] Police Station
| junction =
| commissioning_date =
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date =
| inauguration_date = 
| demolition_date =
| designer =
| known_for =
| status =
}}

'''Vivekananda Road''' is a major east–west thoroughfare in [[Kolkata]] which connects [[Maniktala]] with [[Jorasanko]]. To the West of Maniktala Police Station, Maniktala Main Road becomes Vivekananda Road. The name of the road is a tribute to [[Swami Vivekananda]]'s Ancestral House which is located near [[Bidhan Sarani]] Crossing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vivekanandahome.org/|title=Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House and Cultural Centre|publisher=Ramkrishna Mission|access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>

Vivekananda Road consists of several important places, such as [[AJC Bose Road & APC Road|APC Road]] crossing, [[Amherst Street (Kolkata)|Amherst Street]] crossing, [[Bidhan Sarani]] crossing, [[Chittaranjan Avenue]] crossing and Rabindra Sarani crossing.

On 31 March 2016, a flyover under construction on Vivekananda Road near [[Girish Park]] in [[Burrabazar]] [[2016 Kolkata flyover collapse|collapsed]], killing 22 people and trapping hundreds.<ref>{{cite news|title=22 killed, scores trapped, after Kolkata flyover comes crashing down|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/18-killed-hundreds-trapped-after-kolkata-flyover-comes-crashing-down/story-oTjxQCeOLvjRlR1rPCMelJ.html|access-date=31 March 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=31 March 2016}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Vivekananda Road - Kolkata 2011-10-22 6071.JPG|Vivekananda Road and [[Bidhan Sarani]] Crossing
File:Saha House on Vivekananda road 04.jpg|Saha House on Vivekananda Road
File:Raja Rammohun Roy Sarani - Maniktala - Kolkata 2011-10-22 6066.JPG|Vivekananda Road and [[Amherst Street (Kolkata)|Amherst Street]] Crossing
File:Maniktala Clock Tower.jpg|Vivekananda Road and [[AJC Bose Road & APC Road|APC Road]] Crossing, night view
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Streets of Kolkata}}

[[Category:Roads in Kolkata]]

{{India-road-stub}}

Indian open access journals

2026-01-06T00:54:30Z

Veronaidw: Created redirect page

#redirect[[Open access in India]]

[[Category:Open-access journals|*India]]
[[Category:Academic journals of India| ]]

Abhay Xaxa

2025-12-31T12:20:22Z

Veronaidw: new

{{Short description|Indian activist and scholar (1983–2020)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhay Flavian Xaxa
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = c. 1983
| birth_place = Chitkawine, [[Jashpur district|Jashpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] (now in [[Chhattisgarh]]), India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|03|14|1983|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Jalpaiguri]], [[West Bengal]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Activist|poet|anthropologist|author}}
| known_for = Adivasi and Dalit rights activism
| education = {{Unbulleted list|
* [[University of Sussex]] {{small|([[Master of Arts|M.A]] in sociology)}}
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] {{small|([[M.Phil]] & [[PhD]] in sociology)}}
}}
| organization =
| notable_works = ''I Am Not Your Data''
}}

'''Abhay Flavian Xaxa''' ({{Circa|1983}} – 14 March 2020) was an Indian [[Adivasi]] rights activist, poet, and [[social anthropologist]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alam |first=Mahtab |date=10 April 2020 |title=Remembering Abhay Xaxa, a Fiercely Unapologetic Adivasi Scholar-Activist |url=https://thewire.in/rights/remembering-abhay-xaxa-a-fiercely-unapologetic-adivasi-scholar-activist |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |language=en}}</ref> He was known for his efforts to advocate for indigenous identity, land rights, and social justice. He was a research scholar at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]. After graduating in social anthropology from the [[University of Sussex]], he focused on empowering adivasi youth through education and activism. His poem ''I Am Not Your Data'' become known for his Adivasi resistance against marginalisation. He died at the age of 37 due to a heart attack.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mounika |first=Alithea Stephanie |date=15 March 2020 |title=Adivasi rights activist and poet Dr Abhay Xaxa passes away at 37 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/adivasi-rights-activist-and-poet-dr-abhay-xaxa-passes-away-37-120263 |access-date=5 May 2025 |website= [[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Abhay Xaxa was born in Chitkawine village, located in the [[Jashpur district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] (now in northern [[Chhattisgarh]]). He belonged to the [[Kurukh people|Kurukh tribe]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sushmita |date=27 June 2020 |title=Remembering scholar and activist Abhay Xaxa, whose death is an irreparable loss to Adivasi movements |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/communities/remembering-abhay-xaxa-whose-death-is-a-loss-to-adivasi-movements |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=[[The Caravan|caravanmagazine]] |language=en}}</ref> Abhay completed a Commerce degree in [[Kunkuri]], studied law at a college in Jabalpur. He earned a master's in Social Anthropology from the University of Sussex through a Ford Foundation fellowship in 2007,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Maktoob |date=14 March 2020 |title=Young Adivasi scholar Abhay Xaxa dies |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/young-adivasi-scholar-abhay-xaxa-dies/ |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=Maktoob media |language=en}}</ref> and later obtained an MPhil and a PhD in Sociology from Jawaharlal Nehru University, with his doctoral research focusing on Adivasi land rights in Jharkhand.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
His early professional career included work in Hindi journalism, but he soon shifted focus to research and activism due to the marginalisation of Adivasi issues in mainstream media.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=CHOUDHURY |first1=CHITRANGADA |last2=AGA |first2=ANIKET |date=2 April 2020 |title=In Memoriam: Sociologist and Activist Abhay Xaxa |url=https://www.theindiaforum.in/article/memoriam-sociologist-activist-abhay-xaxa |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=The India Forum |language=en |quote=After graduating in sociology and law, Abhay briefly worked in Hindi news media, but found editors hostile to his concerns.}}</ref> He was a national convener of the National Campaign on Adivasi Rights (NCAR) and also served as a program coordinator with National Campaign for Dalit Human Rights (NCDGR) from 2012 to 2019 and coconvener of the Tribal Intellectual Collective.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Anupama |last2=Silverman |first2=Charlotte A. |last3=Liu |first3=Lydia H. |date=21 November 2023 |title=Global Language Justice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzHKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT442 |url-access= |format=ebook |language=English |publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231558396}}</ref>

In 2015, Abhay Xaxa led a protest against the Land Acquisition Bill, where a group of Adivasi men publicly discarding the copies of the bill through a bold public act.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edmond |first=Deepu Sebastian |date=18 March 2015 |title=Adivasis defecate on copies of Land Acquisition Bill in show of protest |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/adivasis-defecate-on-copies-of-land-acquisition-bill-in-show-of-protest/ |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> This non-violent protest aim to highlight land rights violations and corporate land grabs affecting Adivasi communities in Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 September 2015 |title=India's unusual protests: Pink underwear, poop and snakes |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34125840 |access-date=13 May 2025 |work= [[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=19 March 2015 |title=Tribals in Jharkhand defecate on copies of proposed Land Bill {{!}} Tribals in Jharkhand defecate on copies of proposed Land Bill |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150319/nation-current-affairs/article/jharkhands-adivasis-defecate-copies-proposed-land-bill-protest |access-date=13 May 2025 |website= [[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

He died on 14 March 2020 due to heart attack.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2020 |title=आदिवासी हितों के रहनुमा डॉ. अभय खाखा की महज 37 वर्ष की आयु में हार्ट अटैक से मौत - Aadivasis activist Dr. Abhay xaxa passed away at the age of 37 due to heart attack - Jharkhand Ranchi General News |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-aadivasis-activist-dr-abhay-xaxa-passed-away-at-the-age-of-37-due-to-heart-attack-20113533.html |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Literary work ==
As a writer, he wrote a poem ''I Am Not Your Data.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=I am not your data |url=https://roundtableindia.co.in/lit-blogs/?p=1943 |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=The Shared Mirror |language=en-US}}</ref> Apart from this he co-authored some books.
* ''Being Adivasi: Existence, Entitlements, Exclusion''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dongare |first=Avadhoot |date=3 December 2023 |title='Being Adivasi': Questions about Adivasi life are answered in this book, but not always convincingly |url=https://scroll.in/article/1059915/being-adivasi-questions-about-adivasi-life-are-answered-in-this-book-but-not-always-convincingly |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Urvashi |date=15 April 2022 |title=Strangers in their own land |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/being-adivasi-the-book-provides-extensive-data-insights-and-analysis-of-the-condition-of-adivasis-in-india/cid/1860674 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212105358/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/being-adivasi-the-book-provides-extensive-data-insights-and-analysis-of-the-condition-of-adivasis-in-india/cid/1860674 |archive-date=12 December 2024 |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|Telegraph India]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Rethinking India : The Politics of the Marginalized''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Anupama |last2=Silverman |first2=Charlotte A. |last3=Liu |first3=Lydia H. |date=2023 |title=Global Language Justice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzHKEAAAQBAJ|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231558396}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Xaxa, Abhay}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:Indian sociologists]]
[[Category:Adivasi writers]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Sussex]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Poets from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Indian anthropologists]]
[[Category:People from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People from Jashpur district]]
[[Category:Journalists from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Anti-caste activists]]
[[Category:Writers from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]

Osram

2025-11-28T22:34:46Z

Veronaidw: formatting fix

{{Short description|German lighting manufacturer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = OSRAM Licht AG
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| traded_as =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1919|07|01|df=y}} ([[Berlin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osram.de/media/resource/HIRES/334234/4886132/geschichte---100-jahre-osram.pdf|title=100 Jahre OSRAM: Licht hat einen Namen|website=Osram.de|access-date=8 September 2018|archive-date=3 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903043658/http://www.osram.de/media/resource/HIRES/334234/4886132/geschichte---100-jahre-osram.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>)
| founder =
| location = [[Munich]], Germany
| key_people =
| industry = [[Semiconductor]] / [[Photonics]]
| products =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent = [[AMS-Osram|ams-OSRAM AG]] (80,3%)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ams-osram.com/news/press-releases/delisting_result|title=
ams OSRAM announces successful delisting offer and forthcoming delisting of OSRAM shares|website=ams-osram.com|access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref> (2020–present)
| subsid = {{ubl|[[Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH|Osram Opto Semiconductors]]|[[OSRAM Sylvania]]}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.ams-osram.com}} {{URL|https://www.osram.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''OSRAM Licht AG''' is a German company that makes [[electric light]]s, headquartered in [[Munich]] and [[Premstätten]] (Austria). OSRAM positions itself as a high-tech [[photonics]] company that is increasingly focusing on [[sensor]] technology, visualization and treatment by light.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 November 2020 |title=#TheNewOSRAM - the high-tech photonics company |url=https://www.osram-group.com/en/our-company/our-mission |website=www.osram-group.com |publisher=OSRAM}}</ref> The company serves customers in the consumer, automotive, healthcare and industrial technology sectors. The operating company of OSRAM is '''OSRAM GmbH'''.

Osram was founded in 1919 by the merger of the lighting businesses of [[Auergesellschaft]], [[Siemens & Halske]] and [[AEG (German company)|Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft]] (AEG). In 1933, Osram donated 40,000 [[Reichsmarks]] to the Nazi Party in the 1933 elections..<ref>''The Mazal Library'': [https://web.archive.org/web/20120213004041/http://www.mazal.org/archive/nmt/07/NMT07-T0567.htm NMT, Volume VII, pp. 567] (Document NI-391 can be found on pp. 565–568), [https://web.archive.org/web/20120415021424/http://www.mazal.org/archive/nmt/07/NMT07-C001.htm The Farben Case]</ref> Osram was a wholly owned subsidiary of Siemens AG from 1978 to 2013. On 5 July 2013, Osram was spun off from [[Siemens]], and the listing of its stock began on [[Frankfurt Stock Exchange]] on 8 July 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Osram shares begin trading on the Frankfurt and Munich Stock Exchanges |url=https://www.ledsmagazine.com/home/article/16697260/osram-shares-begin-trading-on-the-frankfurt-and-munich-stock-exchanges |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127055939/https://www.ledsmagazine.com/home/article/16697260/osram-shares-begin-trading-on-the-frankfurt-and-munich-stock-exchanges |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=www.ledsmagazine.com |language=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> Osram's business with conventional light sources was spun off in 2016 under the name [[Ledvance]] and sold to a Chinese consortium.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.osram-group.com/en/media/press-releases/pr-2016/26-07-2016|title=Ad hoc: Osram finds best owner for lamps business|publisher=OSRAM|date=25 November 2020}}</ref>

After a bidding war<ref>{{Cite news |last=Poltz |first=Jörn |date=2019-08-21 |title=AMS clear to make takeover bid for Osram in potential bidding war |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/ams-clear-to-make-takeover-bid-for-osram-in-potential-bidding-war-idUSKCN1VB1C4/ |access-date=2025-09-10 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}}</ref> with [[Bain Capital]], Osram was taken over by Austrian company [[ams AG|AMS]] in July 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.osram-group.com/en/media/press-releases/pr-2019/06-12-2019|title=Osram's Managing Board invites ams to talks about the future|publisher=OSRAM|date=6 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.osram-group.com/en/media/press-releases/pr-2019/04-07-2019|title=Osram supports public takeover offer from Bain Capital and The Carlyle Group|publisher=OSRAM|date=4 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ams.com/-/osram-closing|title=ams announces successful closing of the OSRAM acquisition, aims to create a global leader in sensor solutions and photonics|publisher=Ams AG|date=9 July 2020}}</ref> Since then, the company has operated under the name '''[[AMS Osram]]'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us - ams-osram - ams |url=https://ams-osram.com/about-us |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=ams-osram |language=en-US}}</ref> The name is derived from ''[[osmium]]'' and ''Wolfram'', German for [[tungsten]]. Both elements were commonly used for lighting filaments at the time the company was founded.

== History ==
[[File:Osram lamp, 1910, high candle power type (Forty Years of Electrical Progress).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Osram lamp of 1910, high [[candlepower]] type]]
[[File:Osram 1925.JPG|thumb|right|bilingual bond of the Osram company, issued 2 December 1925<ref name=sup>{{cite journal | title = Suppes 94/95 Historische Wertpapiere | journal = Suppes-Katalog für Historische Aktien und Anleihen Historische Wertpapiere; Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz | year = 1994 | publisher = WWA Bernd Suppes | issn=0936-9406 | page = 264}}</ref>]]
[[File:OSRAMSylvania.jpg|thumb|OSRAM in Markham, Ontario]]
In 1906, the Osram [[incandescent light bulb|incandescent lamp]] was developed by [[Carl Auer von Welsbach]]. The brand name of Osram was first used in 1906 and registered by the Deutsche Gasglühlicht-Anstalt (also known as Auer-Gesellschaft).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osram.com/osram_com/News/Business_Financial_Press/2006/Press588218.html |title=Anniversary of the trademark on 17 April 2006 |publisher=OSRAM |date=3 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007213106/http://www.osram.com/osram_com/News/Business_Financial_Press/2006/Press588218.html |archive-date=7 October 2010}}</ref>

The British [[General Electric Company plc|General Electric Company]] imported Osram filaments for their own production of light bulbs. In 1919, [[Siemens & Halske|Auergesellschaft, Siemens & Halske]] and [[AEG (German company)|Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft]] (AEG) combined their electric-lamp production with the formation of the company Osram.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://new.siemens.com/global/en/company/about/history/news/siemens-and-osram.html|title=Shining bright – The interlinked history of Siemens and OSRAM|website=Siemens Historical Institute|language=en|access-date=2019-06-06|archive-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605145547/https://new.siemens.com/global/en/company/about/history/news/siemens-and-osram.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Following the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, co-founder William Meinhardt and the other Jewish members of the managing board were forced to step down. During the rule of his successor, Hermann Schlüpmann, organisations close to the [[Nazi Party]], such as [[German Labour Front|DAF]], became increasingly influential among the company's workforce.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tschirbs |first=Rudolf |url=https://www.boeckler.de/pdf/p_fomo_hbs_10.pdf |title=Das Phantom der Volksgemeinschaft: ein kritischer Literatur- und Quellenbericht |publisher=Hans Böckler Stiftung |year=2015 |isbn=978-3-86593-201-3 |location=Düsseldorf |oclc=908680843 |access-date=11 May 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108153820/https://www.boeckler.de/pdf/p_fomo_hbs_10.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|112–116}} In March 1933, Osram funded {{Reichsmark|40,000|link=yes}} for a [[Secret Meeting of 20 February 1933|secret campaign fund]] of German industrialists in support the [[Nazi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Entries in the Account "National Trusteeship" Found in the Files of the Delbrueck, Schickter Co. Bank|url=https://phdn.org/archives/www.mazal.org/archive/nmt/07/NMT07-T0567.htm|website=NUERNBERG MILITARY TRIBUNAL Volume VII Page 567|publisher=Mazal Library|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], Osram used [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] in their plants in [[Berlin]].<ref>{{citation|surname1=Jacobeit, Sigrid|periodical=Jahrbuch für Geschichte|title=OSRAM-Arbeiterinnen. Deutsche und ausländische Frauen in der Kriegsproduktion für den Berliner Glühlampen-Konzern 1939 bis 1945.|volume=35|at=pp. 369-388|date=1987|language=de}}</ref> Due to the bombing of Berlin, production was partially relocated to eastern German cities from 1942 onward. The production of [[molybdenum]] and [[tungsten]] products, which were classified as important for the war effort, was outsourced to the city of [[Plauen]]. Following arrangements between Osram officials and members of the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]], two subcamps of [[Flossenbürg concentration camp]] were installed next to the factory site to secure the company's supply of slave labourers.<ref>{{citation|surname1=Katherine Lukat|title=Zwangsarbeit in Plauen im Vogtland: Lebens- und Arbeitsbedingungen ausländischer Zivilarbeiter, Kriegsgefangener und KZ-Häftlinge im Zweiten Weltkrieg|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|isbn=9783412517427|date=2020|language=de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUTWDwAAQBAJ|access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref>{{rp|393}} In a subcamp in [[Leitmeritz concentration camp|Leitzmeritz]], prisoners were used to build underground facilities as part of the secret project ''[[Richard II (factory)|Richard II]]'' to secure the production of molybdenum and tungsten during air raids.<ref>{{citation|surname1=Marc Buggeln, Michael Wildt|title=Arbeit im Nationalsozialismus|date=15 October 2014|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location=München|at=p. 441 |isbn=978-3-486-85884-6 |language=de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bn3pBQAAQBAJ |access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref>{{rp|362}} At least 4,500 prisoners died in the camp, while Osram never moved into the space due to the course of war.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kárný|first1=Miroslav|date=1993|title=>>Vernichtung durch Arbeit<< in Leitmeritz. Dei SS-Führungsstäbe in der deutschen Kriegswirtschaft|trans-title=[[Extermination through labor]] in Leitmeritz. The SS leadership in the German war economy.|url=https://www.digizeitschriften.de/dms/img/?PID=PPN884817873_0008%7CLOG_0078|journal=1999: Zeitschrift für Sozialgeschichte des 20. Und 21. Jahrhunderts|issue=4|issn=0930-9977|author-link1=Miroslav Karny|pages=41–42}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1-link=Devin O. Pendas|last1=Pendas|first1=Devin O.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v10yDwAAQBAJ&q=Osram+Leitmeritz&pg=PA491|title=Beyond the Racial State|last2=Roseman|first2=Mark|author2-link=Mark Roseman|author3-link=Richard Wetzell|last3=Wetzell|first3=Richard F.|date=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-16545-8|page=491|language=en}}</ref>

In 1993, [[Osram Sylvania]], a [[North American]] division, was established with the acquisition of [[GTE]]'s [[Osram Sylvania|Sylvania]] lighting division. Osram Sylvania manufactures and markets a wide range of lighting products for homes, business, and vehicles and holds the largest share of the North American lighting market.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Steiner |first=Christopher |date=7 June 2007 |title=Bright Lights, Big Legacy? - Forbes.com |url=http://members.forbes.com/forbes/2007/0723/052.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520200128/http://members.forbes.com/forbes/2007/0723/052.html |archive-date=2011-05-20 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=members.forbes.com}}</ref>

In fiscal year 2006, the company achieved sales of about 2 billion euros, which comprised 43% of total Osram sales.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OSRAM |url=http://www.osram.com/osram_com/About_Us/The_Company/Facts_%26_Figures.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516073224/http://www.osram.com/osram_com/About_Us/The_Company/Facts_%26_Figures.html |archive-date=16 May 2007 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=www.osram.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1998, Osram acquired the lamp business of ECE Industries India for $9.55 million. In 2009, Osram acquired Traxon Technologies. In 2011, Osram acquired Siteco. On 8 July 2013 [[Siemens]] spun Osram off, and Osram listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. In 2019, Osram sold Sylvania to [[Wesco International]], Inc.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2006-08-18 |title=Rowabi Lighting |url=https://www.rowabi.com/ |access-date=2025-09-10 |work=www.rowabi.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WESCO International, Inc. Acquires OSRAM's Sylvania Lighting Solutions|url=http://wesco.investorroom.com/2019-01-16-WESCO-International-Inc-Acquires-OSRAMs-Sylvania-Lighting-Solutions|access-date=2025-09-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 3 March 2021, [[ams AG]] announced that the Domination and Profit and Loss Transfer Agreement (“DPLTA”) between AMS Offer GmbH, a wholly owned subsidiary of AMS AG, the parent company of AMS Group, and Osram Licht AG (“Osram”), became effective on that day. The combined company focuses on optical systems and serves the entire value chain including sensing, visualization and illumination, with products ranging from emitters to sensors and software.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ams Domination and Profit and Loss Transfer Agreement with OSRAM in force |url=https://ams.com/-/dplta-effective |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=ams-osram |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Operations==
Osram is a [[multinational corporation]] with headquarters in [[Munich]], with around 34,000 employees throughout the world. Osram has operations in over 120 countries.

In fiscal year 2019, Osram's business model was operationally implemented in three business units: Opto Semiconductors, Automotive and Digital.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Annual Report of OSRAM Licht Group - Fiscal Year 2019 | url=https://www.osram-group.com/~/media/Files/O/Osram/Investor%20Relations/Annual%20Report/2019/2019_en_osram_annual_report.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119055045/https://www.osram-group.com/~/media/Files/O/Osram/Investor%20Relations/Annual%20Report/2019/2019_en_osram_annual_report.pdf | archive-date=2022-01-19}}</ref>

===Opto Semiconductors===
{{main|Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH}}
[[File:Osram os.png|thumb|right]]

The Opto Semiconductors Business Unit provides opto semiconductors, which are crucial elements in lighting, visualization, and sensor technology. Osram Opto Semiconductors offers a wide range of LEDs in the low-power, mid-power, high-power, and ultra-high-power classes that are used in general lighting, automotive, consumer, and industrial applications as well as infrared, laser and optical sensors. The main market for these components are the automotive sector, smartphones, wearables, general lighting, lighting for plants, industrial lighting, and projection.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Annual Report of OSRAM Licht Group - Fiscal Year 2019 | url=https://www.osram-group.com/~/media/Files/O/Osram/Investor%20Relations/Annual%20Report/2019/2019_en_osram_annual_report.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119055045/https://www.osram-group.com/~/media/Files/O/Osram/Investor%20Relations/Annual%20Report/2019/2019_en_osram_annual_report.pdf | archive-date=2022-01-19}}</ref>

===Automotive===
The Automotive Business Unit develops and produces lamps; light modules; and sensors for auto makers and their suppliers and the spare parts [[Automotive aftermarket|aftermarket]].

Up to the beginning of the fiscal year 2019, the automotive and other areas of business comprised the Specialty Lighting Business Unit. As part of a reorganization and the subsequent renaming of the business unit as AM, these other areas of business have been incorporated into the Digital Business Unit.

===Digital===
The Digital Business Unit was established at the start of the fiscal year 2019. It handles all of Osram's business activities that use digital technologies.

The former Lighting Solutions Business Unit was dissolved at the start of the fiscal year 2019. Traxon's business was incorporated into the new Digital Business Unit. The European luminaire business (Siteco) and the North American luminaire service business are reported as discontinued operations.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Annual Report of OSRAM Licht Group - Fiscal Year 2019 | url=https://www.osram-group.com/~/media/Files/O/Osram/Investor%20Relations/Annual%20Report/2019/2019_en_osram_annual_report.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119055045/https://www.osram-group.com/~/media/Files/O/Osram/Investor%20Relations/Annual%20Report/2019/2019_en_osram_annual_report.pdf | archive-date=2022-01-19}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* German football manager [[Jupp Heynckes]] was nicknamed "Osram" because his face would sometimes redden under the stress of matches.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/0,1518,254225,00.html| title = <nowiki>"Osram" soll Schalke wieder strahlen lassen</nowiki> | work = Spiegel Online | date = 24 June 2003| access-date = 29 April 2009 | language = de}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[EnOcean]]
* [[Fluorescent lamp]]
* [[Phoebus cartel]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Osram}}

{{Siemens}}
{{Glass makers and brands}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Siemens products]]
[[Category:Lighting brands]]
[[Category:German brands]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Munich]]
[[Category:Electronics companies established in 1919]]
[[Category:1919 establishments in Germany]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Scientific and Technical Academy Award of Merit]]
[[Category:Companies formerly in the MDAX]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:2020 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Corporate spin-offs]]

Ammankudi

2025-11-24T16:11:15Z

Veronaidw: put up

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ammankudi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|38|52|N|79|16|16|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Panchayat President
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 484
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ammankudi''' is a village in the [[Orathanadu taluk]] of [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Ammankudi, also known as Rajarajeswaram and Devi Tapovanam is situated near Kumbakonam in Thanjavur District. It is about 20 km from Kumbakonam. Presiding Hindu deities are [[Parvati]] and the [[Shiva|Kailasanatha Swamy]].

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 Census of India|latest 2011 census]], Ammankudi has a population of 484 divided into 114 families. Male population is 241 and that of female is 243. Ammankudi has an average literacy rate of 71.10 percent, lower than state average of 80.09 percent, male literacy is 78.30 percent, and female literacy is 64.06 percent. In Ammankudi, 11.36 percent of the population is under 6 years of age. Out of the total population, 299 are engaged in work or business activity. 99.33 percent of the total population describe their work as their main job and the village is administered by a [[Sarpanch]].<ref name="censusAmmankudi">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/638936-ammankudi-tamil-nadu.html|title=Ammankudi Population - Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[2011 Census of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Thanjavur district]]

Alangudi, Mayiladuthurai

2025-11-19T11:15:33Z

Veronaidw: put up

{{moresources|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alangudi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.107988|79.547699|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Panchayat President
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1792
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Alangudi''' is a village in the [[Mayiladuthurai taluk]] of [[Mayiladuthurai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2001}} census, Alangudi had a total population of 1892 with 974 males and 918 females. The sex ratio was 943. The literacy rate was 73.37%.

== References ==
* {{cite web|title=Primary Census Abstract – Census 2001 |url=http://www.census.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations-Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619061056/http://www.census.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx |archivedate=19 June 2009 }}

[[Category:Villages in Mayiladuthurai district]]

{{Mayiladuthurai-geo-stub}}

Ambemohar rice

2025-11-16T06:01:31Z

Veronaidw: new

{{Short description|Variety of short-grained rice}}
'''Ambemohar''' is a fragrant [[rice]] variant grown in the foothills of the [[Western Ghats]] region of the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

== History and etymology ==
The word Ambemohar means mango blossom in the [[Marathi language]], which is spoken in the state of Maharashtra where the cultivar originates. The rice has a strong aroma reminiscent of mango blossoms,<ref name="Gnanamanickam2009">{{cite book|author=Samuel S. Gnanamanickam|title=Biological Control of Rice Diseases|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUqye6NHzZAC&pg=PR5|date=14 July 2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-90-481-2465-7|page=7}}</ref> and has been cultivated in the region for a long time. A century ago about 54,000 tons of the variety was produced in the Mulshi region of the [[Pune district]].<ref>Chowdhury, A.R., 2013. Subalternity, State-Formation and Movements against Hydropower Projects in India, 1920-2004 (Doctoral dissertation).[http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/53671]</ref>

== Production and cultivation ==
The variety is grown in the foothills of the [[Western Ghats]] region of the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].<ref>Singh, A.K., 2014. Probable Agricultural Biodiversity Heritage Sites in India: XX. The Konkan Region. Asian Agri-History, 18(3)|[https://www.asianagrihistory.org/pdf/volume18/ak-singhs-paper-18-3.pdf]</ref> It is a low yielding rice (1.9 ton/ha). The grains are short (5.5 mm) and wide (2.2 mm) compared to the well known basmati rice. Both varieties have similar degree of fragrance.<ref>{{cite book|title=Aromatic Rices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJi0FxyM7pQC&pg=PA107|year=2000|publisher=Int. Rice Res. Inst.|isbn=978-81-204-1420-4|pages=8–}}</ref> The variety is therefore included in the class of [[Aromatic rice]] such as [[Basmati]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Aromatic Rices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJi0FxyM7pQC&pg=PA107|year=2000|publisher=Int. Rice Res. Inst.|isbn=978-81-204-1420-4|pages=8–}}</ref> The short cooked grains have a tendency to break easily and stick together.{{Cn|date=January 2021}}

==Related varieties==
Ambemohar is low-yielding compared to other varieties of rice, primarily because it is susceptible to diseases. The hybrid called Indrayani with ambemohar parentage was released in 1987.<ref>{{cite book|title=Aromatic Rices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJi0FxyM7pQC&pg=PA107|year=2000|publisher=Int. Rice Res. Inst.|isbn=978-81-204-1420-4|pages=8–}}</ref> It was developed by Rice Research Centre near Lonavala.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130906134350/http://mpkv.mah.nic.in/ Mahatma Phule Agricultural University's]</ref> Indrayani has also been modified to form new varieties of rice such as Phule Maval and Phule Samrudhi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shailesh D. KUMBHAR |last2=Pawan L. KULWAL |title=Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in Landraces and Improved Rice Varieties from India |journal=Rice Science |year=2015 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=99–107 |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C39&q=ambemohar+kumbhar+sarawate+rice+science+indrayani+2015&btnG= |accessdate=15 April 2019|doi=10.1016/j.rsci.2015.05.013 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Uses==
[[File:Mulshi tehsil in Pune district.png|right|thumb|Location of Mulshi Taluka in Pune district]]
Ambemohar rice is used to prepare a thick soup of rice and milk called ‘Bhatachi
Pej’ locally, mainly for children, elderly people and patients. (Rice Kanji).
The rice is also used in religious and wedding ceremonies. In [[Mulshi]] region of [[Pune district]], it is used for making ‘Vapholya’ - A traditional food item prepared during [[Makar Sankranti]] festival. The rice has been used for making soft [[Idli]] and crispy [[Dosa (food)|dosa]]. It is also used for making puffed rice called Kurmure in the Marathi language. The bran from the rice is used for oil extraction or for Mushroom cultivation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Government of India |title=Government of India Geographical Indications |journal=Government of India Geographical Indications |date=2016 |volume=88 |issue=July 28 |url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/IPOJournal/1_322_1/Journal_88.pdf}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
[[Mulshi Taluka]] sub-division of [[Pune district]] in the eastern foothills of the Sahyadri range has been granted the [[List of Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication]] for Ambemohar.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Geographical Indications Registry |title=Ambemohar Rice |url=http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/478 |website=Geographical Indications Registry |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=15 April 2019}}</ref>

== Lookalikes ==
It is now rare to find farmers who grow Ambemohar regularly. Since the production cost is high, the retail cost in turn has to be high. So, retailers in Maharashtra, pass off lookalikes as original Ambemohar to gain higher profit margins. This has further discouraged the production of Ambemohar, since the farmers can earn more profit themselves by growing lookalikes. Jeera Sambhar rice from Andhra Pradesh and Jawaful from Madhya Pradesh are the most popular lookalikes sold by retailers.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhosale|first1=Jayashree|title=Consumers pay premium price for the look alike of the regional rice varieties|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/consumers-pay-premium-price-for-the-look-alike-of-the-regional-rice-varieties/articleshow/11698088.cms|accessdate=October 8, 2018|publisher=Economic Times|date=Jan 31, 2012}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Basmati rice]]
* [[Jasmine rice]]
* [[List of rice varieties]]
* ''[[Oryza sativa]]''
* [[Wehani rice]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Varieties of rice}}

*[[Category:Rice varieties]]
*[[Category:GI Tagged Rice varieties of India]]
*[[Category:Agriculture in Maharashtra]]
*[[Category:Rice production in India]]
*[[Category:Geographical indications in Maharashtra]]

The Rudolphs

2025-11-14T13:23:34Z

Veronaidw: updated details

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2025}}
'''[[Lloyd Rudolph]]''' and '''[[Susanne Hoeber Rudolph|Susanne Rudolph]]''', known together as '''the Rudolphs''', are American academians who extensively researched on [[Indian history]] and democracy.

== Life ==

They were PhD students at [[Harvard University]] and came to India for research on democracy in 1956 under grant by [[Ford Foundation]]. They travelled by [[Land Rover]] jeep and finally stayed at [[Jaipur]] for research on history of [[Rajasthan]], a western state in India. They initially lived at Tilaknagar in Jaipur and later moved to Narayan Niwas. Their children studied in India and can speak [[Hindi language]] too. One of their daughters was married in their Jaipur home. They stayed at [[Chennai]] for brief period. They together with Mohan Singh Kanota wrote ''Reversing The Gaze'', based on the 89 volumes of the Amar Singh diary which are now on display at Amar Singh Library and Museum in [[Kanota Castle]] near Jaipur. They spent five out of seven research years in India, 1956–57, 1971–72, 1975–76, 1979–80 and 1983–84 in Jaipur and finally made it their second home in 1984. They taught at [[University of Rajasthan]] also. They taught at [[University of Chicago]] from 1964 until their retirement in 2002.<ref>{{cite news|title=57 yrs and discovering India: Padma Bhushan Mr & Mrs Rudolph|first=Irena|last=Akbar |place=New Delhi |date=January 30, 2014|accessdate =2014-02-09|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/57-yrs-and-discovering-india-padma-bhushan-mr-mrs-rudolph/}}</ref><ref name=toi>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Rudolphs-swear-by-Rajasthan-their-second-home/articleshow/29741213.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140907142748/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-02-02/jaipur/46923039_1_pink-city-jaipur-rajputana|url-status=live|archive-date=September 7, 2014|title=Rudolphs swear by Rajasthan, their second home|first=Prakash|last=Bhandari|date=Feb 2, 2014|access-date =2014-02-09|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> They now live in [[Kensington, California]].<ref name=toi/>

== Works ==

Their works are as follows:<ref name=toi/>
* ''Essays on Rajasthan''
* ''The Idea of Rajasthan''
* ''The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India''
* ''Education and Politics in India''
* ''The Regional Imperative: The Administration of US Foreign Policy Towards South Asian States''
* ''Gandhi: The Traditional Roots of Charisma''
* ''Essays on Rajputana''
* ''In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State''
* ''Reversing the Gaze: The Amar Singh Diary, a Colonial Subject's Narrative of Imperial India''
* ''Postmodern Gandhi and Other Essays: Gandhi in the World and at Home''

== Awards ==

They were awarded [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest civilian award in India, by the Government of India in 2014.<ref name=toi/><ref name=pib>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=69364|date=25 January 2014|accessdate=2014-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101141/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735|archivedate=2014-02-22|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rudolphs}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]

{{US-historian-stub}}

Diocese of Kohima

2025-08-24T09:03:31Z

Veronaidw: info

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Nagaland, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Kohima
|latin = Dioecesis Kohimaensis
|local =
|image = KOHIMA_CATHEDRAL.jpg
|country = {{flag|India}}
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Imphal|Imphal]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Imphal|Imphal]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
| established ={{start date and age|29 January 1973}}
|cathedral = [[Mary Help of Christians Cathedral]]
|cocathedral =
|patron = [[Mary Help of Christians]]
|area_km2 = 16,579
|population = 2,427,000
|population_as_of = 2019
|catholics = 61,731
|catholics_percent= 2.5
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[James Thoppil]]
|metro_archbishop = [[Dominic Lumon]]
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|emeritus_bishops = Jose Mukala Bishop Emeritus (1998-2009)
|website = [http://www.kohimadiocese.org/ Website of the Diocese]
|coat=|flag=|territory=|headquarters=|denomination=|parishes=52|churches=|sui_iuris_church=|founded=|dissolved=|language=|priests=86}}

[[File:Mary Help of Christians Cathedral Kohima.jpg|thumb|280px|Mary Help of Christians Cathedral, Kohima]]
The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Kohima''' ({{langx|la| Kohimaen(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] headquartered in the city of [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]], in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Imphal|Imphal]] in India. Its territory includes the entire state of Nagaland.

==History==
* 29 January 1973: Established as Diocese of Kohima–Imphal from the [[Diocese of Dibrugarh]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Joshi |first=Vibha |year=2007 |title=The Birth of Christian Enthusiasm among the Angami of Nagaland |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856400701714120 |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=541–557 |doi=10.1080/00856400701714120 |s2cid=143744915 |issn=0085-6401|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* 28 March 1980: Erected as Diocese of Kohima through the division of the Diocese of Kohima–Imphal<ref name=":0" />

==Leadership==
* [[Bishop]]s of Kohima ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** Bishop James Thoppil (16 June 2011 – present)
** Bishop [[Jose Mukala]] (24 October 1997 – 30 October 2009)<ref>{{cite news | work = Nagaland Post| url = http://www.nagalandpost.com/ShowStory.aspx?npoststoryiden=UzEwMTg4NDU%3D-%2BgW2cwHc2xs%3D | accessdate = 13 March 2018 | date= 1 November 2009 | title= Bishop Jose resigns | quote = ...who cited health problems in his resignation letter }}</ref>
** Bishop [[Abraham Alangimattathil]], [[S.D.B.]] (28 March 1980 – 11 July 1996)
* Bishops of Kohima–Imphal (Latin Rite)
** Bishop Abraham Alangimattathil, S.D.B. (29 January 1973 – 28 March 1980)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/kohi0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkohi.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{coord|22.3180|N|73.1839|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kohima}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1973]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Nagaland]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Kohima]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

Srimad Bhagavad Gita Tatparya

2025-07-20T10:43:13Z

Veronaidw:

{{Short description|1967 exposition by D.V. Gundappa}}
{{moresources|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
'''Srimad Bhagavad Gita Tatparya''' is a modern exposition of the meaning and significance of the [[Bhagavadgita]] (1967) by [[D. V. Gundappa]]. It received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1967.

The very process of its composition is significant, [[D. V. Gundappa]] expounded his interpretation over a year and a half to his listeners at a study circle and students made notes; later, the notes were revised and rewritten. This gives the work clarity and flavour of the spoken word and doubts and question reckoned with.

The primary purpose of the author is to bring out the relevance of the [[Gita]] to the common man even in his everyday life. The [[Gita]] is not repository of recondite philosophy but, as the subtitle of the book shows(Jeevan Dharma Yoga), it is an intensely relevant guide to every man. The author steers clear of sectarian interpretations in the main body of the work, recognizes the pattern natural to conversation in the [[Gita]], and expounds the great work as exploration of the nature of 'Dharma' which can guide, comfort, sustain and strengthen the individual. According to Gundappa, the [[Gita]] faces unequivocally the challenges of both individual and social existence and provides the illumination to find one's way in the maze of actual life.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140101000410/http://www.yabaluri.org/TRIVENI/CDWEB/thegitaforeverymanjul92.htm Srimad BhagavadGeeta Tatparya]

[[Category:Kannada literature]]
[[Category:Literature of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Works based on the Mahabharata]]

107th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Light Infantry)

2025-06-18T19:14:01Z

Veronaidw: new

{{for|other units with the same regimental number|107th Regiment of Foot (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 107th Regiment of Foot
| image =
| caption =
| dates = 1765–1798 1854–1881
|country=[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|23px]] [[East India Company]] (1765–1858) {{flag|United Kingdom}} (1858–1881)
|allegiance=
|branch=[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|23px]] [[Bengal Army]] (1765–1862) {{army|United Kingdom}} (1862–1881)
| type = [[Infantry]]
| role =
| size = One [[battalion]] (two battalions 1779–1781)
| command_structure =
| garrison =[[Roussillon Barracks]], [[Chichester]]
| garrison_label =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =[[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]]
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| battle_honours_label =
| disbanded =
| notable_commanders =
}}
The '''107th (Bengal Infantry) Regiment of Foot''' was an [[infantry]] [[regiment]] of the [[British Army]], raised by the [[East India Company]] in 1765. Under the [[Childers Reforms]], it amalgamated with the [[35th (Royal Sussex) Regiment of Foot]] to form the [[Royal Sussex Regiment]].

==History==
[[File:The mausoleum of Hafiz Rahmat Khan at Bareilly, 1814-15.jpg|thumb|left|The mausoleum of [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech]], [[Regent]] of [[Rohilkhand]], at [[Bareilly]], India]]

===Early history===
The regiment was first raised by the [[East India Company]] as the '''3rd Bengal European Regiment''', when it was formed from the [[101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)|1st Bengal Europeans]] in 1765.<ref name=regiments>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/107-862.htm |title=107th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Light Infantry) |publisher=regiments.org |access-date=5 September 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510205216/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/107-862.htm |archive-date=10 May 2006 |df=dmy }}</ref> It went to take part in an action at [[Rohilkhand]] in April 1774 during the [[First Rohilla War]].<ref name=locations>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/107.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528054512/http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/107.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 May 2006|title=107th (Bengal Infantry) Regiment of Foot: Locations|access-date=31 March 2017}}</ref> It served in India until it was absorbed by the 1st and [[104th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Fusiliers)|2nd Bengal Europeans]] in 1798.<ref name=regiments/>

===The Victorian era===
The regiment was re-raised as the '''3rd Bengal (European) Light Infantry''' in 1854 and then saw action in India in 1857 during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]].<ref name=locations/> After the Crown took control of the [[Presidency armies]] in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion, the regiment became the '''3rd Bengal Light Infantry''' in November 1859.<ref name=regiments/> It was then renumbered as the '''107th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Light Infantry)''' on transfer to the [[British Army]] in September 1862.<ref name=regiments/> It embarked for England in 1875.<ref name=locations/>

As part of the [[Cardwell Reforms]] of the 1870s, where single-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 107th was linked with the [[35th (Royal Sussex) Regiment of Foot]], and assigned to district no. 43 at [[Roussillon Barracks]] in [[Chichester]].<ref name=training>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210172841/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2006|title=Training Depots|publisher=Regiments.org|access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> On 1 July 1881 the [[Childers Reforms]] came into effect and the regiment amalgamated with the 35th (Royal Sussex) Regiment of Foot to form the [[Royal Sussex Regiment]].<ref name=regiments/>

==Regimental Colonels==
[[Colonel of the Regiment|Colonels of the Regiment]] were:<ref name=regiments/>

;3rd Bengal Light Infantry
*1862: Maj-Gen. George Huyshe, CB

;107th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Light Infantry) (British Army)
*1862–1868: Gen. Sir [[George Petre Wymer]], KCB
*1868–1873: Lt-Gen. William James D'Urban
*1873–1881: Gen. Hon. [[Arthur Upton (1807–1883)|Arthur Upton]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/107-862.htm|title=107th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Light Infantry)|access-date=15 October 2007|last=Mills|first=T.F.|work=regiments.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022111806/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/107-862.htm|archive-date=22 October 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}
{{PWRR}}
{{Regiments of Foot}}

[[Category:Honourable East India Company regiments]]
[[Category:Infantry regiments of the British Army]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1854]]
[[Category:British light infantry]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1881]]
[[Category:1854 establishments in India]]

Vidarbha Vikas Party

2025-06-12T11:43:39Z

Veronaidw: minor edit

{{Short description|Political party in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

'''Vidarbha Vikas Party''' (Vidarba Development Party) is a [[political party]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. It is an 'registered un-recognised' political parties as per the 2024-2025 list of the Election Commission of India.<ref>https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/ceo/Expenditure/political-party-accounts.aspx Serial No.217</ref>

VVP aims to work for the formation of a separate [[Vidarbha]] state in eastern [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-25 |title=AAP, Vidarbha Vikas Aghadi join hands for statehood cause |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/aap-vidarbha-vikas-aghadi-join-hands-for-statehood-cause/articleshow/99746350.cms |access-date=2025-06-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:Political parties in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Political parties with year of establishment missing]]
<references />{{India-party-stub}}