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Thammudu

2026-05-07T01:15:49Z

Veronagqc: Created new info v1...

{{Short description|1999 Indian Telugu film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thammudu
| image = Thammudu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Chintapalli Ramana]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = P. A. Arun Prasad
| screenplay = P. A. Arun Prasad
| producer = Burugupalli Siva Ramakrishna
| director = [[Arun Prasad P.A.|P. A. Arun Prasad]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Based on
| data1 = ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]'' by [[Mansoor Khan]]
}}
| starring = [[Pawan Kalyan]] [[Preeti Jhangiani]] [[Aditi Govitrikar]]
| music = [[Ramana Gogula]]
| cinematography = [[Madhu Ambat]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = Sri Venkateswara Art Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|07|15|[[India]]}}
| runtime = 162 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 

{{estimation}}{{INR|9.46}} crore (share)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-15 |title=పవన్ కళ్యాణ్ బ్లాక్ బస్టర్ తమ్ముడు సినిమాకు 22 ఏళ్లు|url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/power-star-pawan-kalyan-thammudu-movie-completed-22-years-in-tollywood-145150 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=NTNEWS |language=en-us}}</ref>
}}
'''''Thammudu''''' ({{translation|Younger Brother}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[sports film|sports]] [[action film]] written and directed by [[Arun Prasad P.A.|P. A. Arun Prasad]]. The films stars [[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Preeti Jhangiani]], and [[Aditi Govitrikar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/birthday-special-power-star-pawan-kalyan-how-the-actor-got-his-big-break-and-became-successful/photostory/65637154.cms|title=Birthday Special: Power Star Pawan Kalyan! How the actor got his big break and became successful|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=16 November 2021|access-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116005707/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/birthday-special-power-star-pawan-kalyan-how-the-actor-got-his-big-break-and-became-successful/photostory/65637154.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bhupinder Singh (actor)|Bhupinder Singh]], [[Achyuth]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], and [[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] play supporting roles. ''Thammudu'' was produced by Burugupalli Sivaramakrishna under the Sri Venkateswara Art Films banner.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Pawan Kalyan fans celebrate 22 years of 'Thammudu'; call it one of the most memorable films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyan-fans-celebrate-22-years-of-thammudu-call-it-one-of-the-most-memorable-films/articleshow/84433085.cms |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=The Times of India |date=15 July 2021}}</ref> The music is composed by [[Ramana Gogula]] with cinematography by [[Madhu Ambat]] and editing by [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thammudu Review |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-thammudu.html |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> ''Thammudu'' was inspired by the 1979 American film ''[[Breaking Away]]''.

The film released on 15 July 1999 and went on to become a blockbuster with the film's soundtrack by [[Ramana Gogula]] becoming a trendsetter.<ref name=":0" /> The film was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]]'' (2001), in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Yuvaraja (film)|Yuvaraja]]'' (2001) and in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''[[Champion (2003 film)|Champion]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-09 |title=Pawan Kalyan's 1999 hit 'Thammudu' to re-release in theaters: Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyans-1999-hit-thammudu-to-re-release-in-theaters-report/articleshow/110826118.cms |access-date=2024-08-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Plot==
Subramanyam aka Subbu aka Subhash is the youngest son of a family. He is a wastrel and gypsy and spends his days roaming around with girls, hanging around with his friends, and constantly failing his exams. Subbu's behaviour always shows hatred and contempt towards his father, Viswanadh, who is a cafe owner. Subbu's elder brother, Chakri, on the other hand is a college level kickboxer and Viswanadh's favourite son. Chakri spends his days rigorously training for the inter college kickboxing championship, but ends up losing to his kickboxing arch rival, Rohit, who is from the elite Model College. While training, he and Rohit end up running into each other and Chakri always is shamed for his poor background as Chakri attends Government College. Jaanu aka Janaki is Subbu's neighbor and a garage owner's daughter. She is secretly in love with Subbu. Subbu is unaware that Jaanu is in love with him. He usually considers her as a friend and a source of money and cars to impress girls and constantly borrows money and cars.

One day, Subbu meets Lovely, who is a rich college girl from the elite Model College and falls in love with her. He impresses her by lying to her that he attends the elite Engineering College and a wealthy man's son. Subbu is actually from the local government college just like his brother Chakri. Lovely falls for his lies and soon begins to express her love to Subbu. Eventually, she learns the truth and breaks up and insults Subbu in front of Viswanadh and Chakri. At the same time, Viswanadh finds out that Subbu has taken large amounts of money from Jaanu. Fatigued, he scolds Subbu and banishes him.

Subbu is now homeless and gets support from Jaanu. Jaanu tells Subbu that he should be more responsible of himself and prove himself towards his father. He begins to reform himself and soon starts to understand Jaanu's love for him. In the meantime, Chakri is attacked and seriously injured by Rohit, who now happens to be Lovely's new boyfriend and Subbu's enemy, and his friends causing Chakri to be hospitalized. This rules him out of the final match of the inter college kick boxing championship. Deciding to seek revenge for his brother's accident and redeem himself in front of Viswanadh's eyes, Subbu trains and works really hard to prepare for the inter college kickboxing championship. He trains by breaking pots and cars go over his hand to make them hard. He defeats Rohit in the kickboxing match and wins the final intercollege kickboxing championship, dedicates the trophy to Chakri, redeems himself to Visnwanadh, and finally accepts Jaanu's love.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Pawan Kalyan]] as Subramanyam / Subhash a.k.a. Subbu
* [[Preeti Jhangiani]] as Janaki 'Jaanu'
* [[Aditi Gowitrikar]] as Lovely
* [[Bhupinder Singh (actor)|Bhupinder Singh]] as Rohit
* [[Achyuth]] as Chakri, Subbu's elder brother
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Telugu lecturer Avadhanalu
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Kodandarama Manoharan
* [[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] as Viswanadh, Subbu's and Chakri's father
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Kutumba Rao, Jaanu's father
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Lecturer
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Drunkard
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Malli
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Subbu's friend
* [[Varsha (Telugu actress)|Varsha]] as Shanthi
* [[Ironleg Sastri]] as Malli's matchmaker
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Surya
* Dominic Chung as Chinese boy/Sparring partner
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]]
{{colend}}

== Production ==
''Thammudu'' was inspired by the 1979 American film ''[[Breaking Away]]'' and is a remake of the 1992 Hindi film ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dave |first=Kajol |title=Copy cats |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/copy-cats-1535.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106072809/https://www.filmfare.com/features/copy-cats-1535.html |archive-date=6 November 2022 |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Abhishek |date=2018-03-14 |title=Aamir Khan's best films are inspired by Oscar nominees and winners – from Ghajini to Akele Hum Akele Tum |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aamir-khans-best-films-are-inspired-by-oscar-nominees-and-winners-from-ghajini-to-akele-hum-akele-tum-4389681.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725164729/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aamir-khans-best-films-are-inspired-by-oscar-nominees-and-winners-from-ghajini-to-akele-hum-akele-tum-4389681.html |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=We list down 7 Bollywood films inspired from Hollywood |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/we-list-down-7-bollywood-films-inspired-from-hollywood-27295.amp |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106072808/https://m.filmfare.com/features/we-list-down-7-bollywood-films-inspired-from-hollywood-27295.amp |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Thammudu
| type = film
| artist = [[Ramana Gogula]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1999
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 34:13
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Ramana Gogula]]
| prev_title = [[Premante Idera]]
| prev_year = 1998
| next_title = [[Yuvaraju (2000 film)|Yuvaraju]]
| next_year = 2000
}}

Music composed by [[Ramana Gogula]].<ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/16kFkmrxzZlYqZbFuziGOK|title=Thammudu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=1999|work=Spotify}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Track listing<ref name="S"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3MH9ldTQ8k|title=Thammudu Telugu Movie Songs | College Blues Music Video | Pawan Kalyan | Ramana Gogula|date=24 October 2013|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WEgoxGX9yTI&list=RDWEgoxGX9yTI|title=Power Star Pawan Kalyan singing "Thati chettu" song - Tammudu Full Bit Song - Preeti Jhangiani|date=18 December 2013|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hM9do1TRTmA|title=Power Star Pawan Kalyan singing 'Em Pilla Maatadava' HD - Thammudu Bit Song - Preeti Jhangiani, Ali|date=17 December 2013|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 36:10
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Made in Andhra
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandra Bose]]
| extra1 = Ramana Gogula
| length1 = 6:57

| title2 = Pedavi Datani
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
| extra2 = Ramana Gogula, [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
| length2 = 4:36

| title3 = Edola Vundi
| lyrics3 = Surendra Krishna
| extra3 = Ramana Gogula
| length3 = 5:10

| title4 = Vayyari Bhama
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra4 = Ramana Gogula
| length4 = 5:16

| title5 = Travelling Soldier
| lyrics5 = Ramana Gogula
| extra5 = Ramana Gogula
| length5 = 4:27

| title6 = Kalakalu
| lyrics6 = Chandra Bose
| extra6 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length6 = 5:11

| title7 = College Blues
| extra7 = Ramana Gogula
| length7 = 1:15

| title8 = Thati Chettu
| extra8 = [[Pawan Kalyan]]
| length8 = 1:21

| title9 = Em Pilla Maatadava
| extra9 = Pawan Kalyan
| length9 = 1:57

}}

==Reception==
''Deccan Herald'' wrote, "While the first half is full of fun-frolic situations, the second half of the movie brims with heart-wringing moments" but criticized the dubbing of film's actresses and called Ramana Gogula's score "Finger-snapping and peppy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/00CFE96A1BE3CE8765256941001E4BB5?OpenDocument|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609074223/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/00CFE96A1BE3CE8765256941001E4BB5?OpenDocument|archive-date=9 June 2020|title=Cinema Review - Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1999/Jul/30-jul-1999.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=zaminryot.com |access-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913123652/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1999/Jul/30-jul-1999.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Thammudu'', released on 15 July 1999, became another sensational success for Pawan Kalyan, who was already popular due to hits like ''Suswagatham'' and ''Tholi Prema.'' It had a theatrical business of ₹4.5{{En dash}}5.2 [[crore]] and collected a [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributor share]] of ₹9.25{{En dash}}9.46 crore, emerging as a blockbuster.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2020 |title=Pawan Kalyan's Super Hit Thammudu completes 21 years |url=https://www.telugu360.com/pawan-kalyans-super-hit-thammudu-completes-21-years/ |website=Telugu360 |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804074708/https://www.telugu360.com/pawan-kalyans-super-hit-thammudu-completes-21-years/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-15 |title=పవన్ కళ్యాణ్ బ్లాక్ బస్టర్ తమ్ముడు సినిమాకు 22 ఏళ్లు |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/power-star-pawan-kalyan-thammudu-movie-completed-22-years-in-tollywood-145150 |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=[[Namasthe Telangana]] |language=te |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811104728/https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/power-star-pawan-kalyan-thammudu-movie-completed-22-years-in-tollywood-145150 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Thammudu'' resulted in a profit of over ₹4 crore for buyers and also became the second-highest-grossing film in the [[Telangana|Nizam]] region after ''[[Choodalani Vundi]]'' (1998)''.''<ref name=":1" />

==See also==
* [[List of boxing films]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0240084}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 sports films]]
[[Category:1999 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1999 action films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. A. Arun Prasad]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian boxing films]]
[[Category:Sports action films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

Tangla Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T10:10:20Z

Veronagqc: Created new stub and citations

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tangla
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 48
| map_image = Tangla Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang–Udalguri]]
| established = 2023
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors =
| reservation = None
}}

'''Tangla Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of India. It was newly formed in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Assam Lok Sabha Elections 2024: Tangla Constituency records highest voter turnout with 13.2 per cent|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-lok-sabha-elections-2024-tangla-constituency-records-highest-voter-turnout-with-132-per-cent-991464-2024-04-26|website=India Today NE|date=2024-04-26|access-date=2025-11-28|language=hi}}</ref> Tangla has 4 wards and is under [[Assam State]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ProNeta Election Data Analytics and Technology|url=https://proneta.in/Tangla_nagarpanchayat_assam/249859|website=proneta.in|access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tangla}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bikan Chandra Deka|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=84309 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Rohit Pariga|party=Indian National Congress |votes=29708 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2603 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=54601 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Udalguri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]

Savi Sharma

2026-04-29T04:38:02Z

Veronagqc: Created new biography basic info...

{{short description|Indian novelist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Savi Sharma
| image = Savi_Sharma_In_Bhopal.jpg
| caption = Sharma in 2017
| occupation = [[Novelist]]
| period = 2015–present
| genre = {{Cslist|[[Romance novel|Romance]]|[[fiction]]|[[Inspirational fiction|inspirational]]}}
| notableworks = ''[[Everyone Has a Story]]''
| website = {{URL|http://savisharma.com/}}
}}

'''Savi Sharma''' is an Indian novelist. She is the author of the best-selling novel ''[[Everyone Has a Story]] – An Inspirational Story of Dreams'', Friendship, Hope, Love & Life. She is also the co-founder of the motivational media blog "Life & People" where she writes about positivity, meditation, the law of attraction, and spirituality.

After school, Sharma enrolled for a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree at a university in [[Surat]] and began studying [[Chartered Accountancy]]. She decided to quit her studies after being convinced about her book ''Everyone Has a Story''.<ref name="Scroll">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Kanishka |title=While you weren't looking (or reading), Savi Sharma sold 100,000 copies of her romance |url=https://scroll.in/article/826723/while-you-werent-looking-or-reading-savi-sharma-sold-100000-copies-of-her-romance |access-date=13 July 2019 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=15 January 2017}}</ref> She self-published it, which went on to become a best-seller, making Sharma India's first successful female self-published author.<ref name="Scroll"/><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last1=Nadadhur |first1=Srivathsan |title=Savi Sharma: Stories behind the pen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/savi-sharma-stories-behind-the-pen/article17394422.ece |access-date=13 July 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 March 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Books ==
*''[[Everyone Has a Story]]'' (2015)
*''This is Not Your Story'' (2017)<ref>{{cite news |title=Review: This Is Not Your Story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/reviews/review-this-is-not-your-story/articleshow/56313536.cms |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=19 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
*''Everyone Has a Story – 2'' (2018)
*''Stories We Never Tell'' (2020)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Sravasti |title=Stories of hope and positivity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/stories-of-hope-and-positivity/article30615533.ece |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=21 January 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* '' The Happiness Story'' (2023) <ref> {{ cite news |title = This self-help book suggests forgiving yourself is the best formula for lasting happiness |url = https://scroll.in/article/1058108/this-self-help-book-suggests-forgiving-yourself-is-the-best-formula-for-lasting-happiness | date = 31 October 2023 |language = english}} </ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{URL|http://savisharma.com/|Official website}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Savi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Surat]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

New Delhi Times

2026-04-27T21:19:07Z

Veronagqc: New Initial Details Basic Info

{{short description|1986 thriller film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = New Delhi Times
| image = New Delhi Times 1986.jpg
| caption =
| director = Ramesh Sharma
| producer = P. K. Tiwari
| writer = [[Gulzar]]
| starring = [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Sharmila Tagore]] [[Om Puri]] [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]]
| music = [[Louis Banks]]
| cinematography = [[Subrata Mitra]]
| editing = [[Renu Saluja]]
| distributor = P. K. Communication Pvt Ltd
| released = {{Film date|1986}}
| runtime = 123 minutes
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''New Delhi Times''''' is 1986 [[Hindi]]-language [[political thriller]] film directed by Ramesh Sharma and written by [[Gulzar]], starring [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Om Puri]] and [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] in lead roles. The film is about a newspaper editor who exposes the politics-media [[Political corruption|corruption]] nexus.

The [[political drama]] film with a controversial storyline about political corruption and media, ran into trouble when film distributors and television refused to run the film, though later it went on to win three [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=8959|title=ANALYSIS: On-screen journos|date=3 September 2004|publisher=Screen}}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050220/spectrum/main5.htm|title=Cinemascoop|date=20 February 2005|work=The Tribune}}</ref> It remains one of few [[Bollywood]] films to tackle the issue of corruption in media, joining [[Kundan Shah]]'s ''[[Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro]]'' (1983), ''[[Main Azaad Hoon]]'' (1989) and ''[[Rann (film)|Rann]]'' (2010)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071019053024/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/120950/New-Delhi-Times/overview Overview] [[New York Times]].</ref><ref>[http://passionforcinema.com/new-delhi-times-1986-a-fine-political-drama/ Moview Review:New Delhi Times (1986) :A hard hitting Political Drama!]</ref>

==Plot==
The film tells the story of an honest journalist Vikas Pande ([[Shashi Kapoor]]) from [[Ghazipur]] in eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] who moves to Delhi to run a newspaper, and soon uncovers a political assassination, and in the process, falls prey to a corrupt system and the nexus between politicians and media barons.
The film starts with the assassination of a local MLA Bhaleram in the circuit house of Ghazipur. The guard of the circuit house goes missing.
Vikas Pande is the upright and fearless executive editor of the ''New Delhi Times'' newspaper and is in the process of exposing a scandal of illegal hooch that killed hundreds of people. Meanwhile, there is a power struggle going on between the incumbent chief minister Trivedi and the ambitious MLA Ajay Singh ([[Om Puri]]) for the post of chief minister.

Ajay Singh is a dangerous man and is linked with all types of illegal activities like drug trafficking, smuggling, extortion, looting, etc. His business is managed by his trusted lieutenant Iqbal. Iqbal is arrested in the murder case of Bhaleram.
He is the cause of frequent riots that are taking place in Ghazipur. Vikas goes to Ghazipur to cover the riots and meets the locals. Here, he finds overwhelming evidences that suggest Ajay Singh is somehow linked with the murder.

On the other hand, Vikas's wife, who is a lawyer, is approached by an old man whose daughter is missing from her in-laws place, and whom they claim had gone mad. She is fighting the case.

In a tense hearing at the court, Iqbal states that he is innocent and Ajay Singh has committed the crime. This becomes the front-page news of the ''New Delhi Times''. Ajay Singh is very anxious and summons Vikas. Vikas confronts him directly and accuses him of the murder. In a fit of rage, Ajay Singh reveals that he had bribed Bhaleram and his 13 MLAs and his road to the chief minister's chair was almost clear. Hence, he had no motive to kill him.
Ajay Singh is constantly putting the CM under pressure, yet the CM miraculously escapes every trap. Also Vikas is threatened by goons to stop pursuing the murder case, which motivates him further.

He collates all the facts and writes an article which links Ajay Singh with the murder, but has no concrete evidence. Although reluctant to publish the article, his bosses finally concede to his demands and publish it. One fine day the old man who had earlier approached Vikas's wife for his missing daughter, comes to thank her for her efforts. It is revealed that his daughter is found at a mental asylum, where the staff and police officials were bribed to declare her mentally unfit. The old man further reveal that the guard of the circuit house is admitted in the asylum.
Vikas immediately meets the guard. The guard is an old man who tells him that he is not mentally ill and reveals all the happenings of that day. On the fateful day, his son -who is in fact a mole of Trivedi - visits him. The deal does take place with Ajay Singh but once they leave, Bhaleram is murdered by goons of Trivedi.

Vikas realizes that all the evidences were planted by Trivedi to implicate Ajay Singh and keep him under control. He is sad that he has been used by Trivedi, but then his friend Anwar consoles him saying that the person whom he has exposed deserve at least what he has done.

<ref>[http://movies.indiatimes.com/rssarticleshow/5433230.cms At receiving end of media, Bollywood films hit back] [[Indiatimes.com]] Movies. 11 January 2010.</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Shashi Kapoor]] - Vikas Pande
* [[Sharmila Tagore]] - Nisha
* [[Om Puri]] - Ajay Singh
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] - J.K. (Jugal Kishor)
* [[A.K. Hangal]] - Vikas's Father
* [[M. K. Raina]]
* [[Manohar Singh]] - Jagannath Poddar
* [[Ram Gopal Bajaj]] - The Minister <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080604175359/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/4952/index.html New Delhi Times Cast] [[Bollywood Hungama]].</ref>

==Crew==
* Director of Photography: [[Subrata Mitra]]
* Art Direction: [[Nitish Roy]]
* Sound designer: [[Dev Benegal]]

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
|-
! rowspan="3"|[[33rd National Film Awards|1985]]
| rowspan="3"|[[National Film Awards]]
| [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best Debut Film of a Director]]
| Ramesh Sharma
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Shashi Kapoor]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| [[Subrata Mitra]]
| {{won}}
|-
|}

==Further reading==
* ''Two Tales of My Times: New Delhi Times, Maachis'', by [[Gulzar]]. Rupa. 2008. {{ISBN|81-291-1355-4}}.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0089678}}

{{National Film Award Best First Film of a Director}}

[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1986 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1986 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about journalists]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actor National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Best Debut Feature Film of a Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1986 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1986 drama films]]

Meghalaya State League

2026-04-22T08:26:39Z

Veronagqc: added a info

{{Short description|Indian football league in the state of Meghalaya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox football league
| name = Meghalaya State League
| logo = Meghalaya State League.svg
| pixels = 200
| organiser = [[Meghalaya Football Association]] (MFA)
| country = India
| founded = {{start date and age|2017}}
| teams = [[#Teams|24]]
| promotion = [[I-League 3]]
| relegation = District leagues [[Shillong Premier League]]
| levels = [[Indian football league system|5]]
| domest_cup =
| confed_cup =
| champions = Mawlai SC (1st title)
| most_successful_club = Niaw Wasa United [[Shillong Lajong]] [[Rangdajied United FC|Rangdajied United]] Mawlai SC (1 title each)
| tv = T7 News Channel ([[YouTube]])
| website =
| current = [[2026 Meghalaya State League]]
}}

The '''Meghalaya State League''' is the top [[Indian State Leagues|state-level]] [[association football|football]] league in the [[India]]n state of [[Meghalaya]]. It is managed by the [[Meghalaya Football Association]] (MFA).<ref name="awayend">{{cite web |title=Meghalaya State League |url=https://theawayend.co/meghalaya-state-league/ |website=The Away End |access-date=12 November 2023 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926072032/https://theawayend.co/meghalaya-state-league/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Mawphor|last=News Desk|title=Lahduh Ka Rangdajied United Ïa Ka MSL 2023 Da Kaba Pynliem Ïa Ka Khliehmawlieh|url=https://mawphor.com/lahduh-ka-rangdajied-united-ia-ka-msl-2023-da-kaba-pynliem-ia-ka-khliehmawlieh/|website=mawphor.com|date=19 June 2023|location=Shillong|access-date=20 June 2023|archive-date=22 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622164306/https://mawphor.com/lahduh-ka-rangdajied-united-ia-ka-msl-2023-da-kaba-pynliem-ia-ka-khliehmawlieh/|language=kha}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rangdajied United FC set to return to I-League 3rd division |url=https://thebridge.in/football/rangdajied-united-fc-set-to-return-to-i-league-3rd-division-44717|website=thebridge.in|publisher=The Bridge|date=10 November 2023|access-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112174323/https://thebridge.in/football/rangdajied-united-fc-set-to-return-to-i-league-3rd-division-44717|archive-date=12 November 2023|location=Shillong}}</ref>

==History==
The first edition of the Meghalaya State League was held in 2017, with the competition involving participation for the top clubs of the 21 football leagues which operate in Meghalaya's 11 districts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghalaya Diary, part 3: Politicians across party lines use football to score in the ultimate game of politics |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/meghalaya-diary-part-3-politicians-across-party-lines-own-football-clubs-to-score-in-the-ultimate-game-of-politics-4364101.html |website=Firstpost |date=23 February 2018 |access-date=12 November 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208001750/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/meghalaya-diary-part-3-politicians-across-party-lines-own-football-clubs-to-score-in-the-ultimate-game-of-politics-4364101.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Competition structure==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Tier
!Division
|-
!1 (5 on Indian football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|Meghalaya State League
|-
!2 (6 on Indian football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|District leagues ([[Shillong Premier League]], Tura Super Division Football League and others)
|}

==Format==
The champions from the district leagues are direct entrants, while the rest go through qualifying rounds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Draw for 25-team Meghalaya State League season 3 complete |url=https://thesportsroom.in/2023/01/24/draw-for-25-team-meghalaya-state-league-season-3-complete/ |website=The Sports Room |date=24 January 2023 |access-date=12 November 2023 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128125946/https://thesportsroom.in/2023/01/24/draw-for-25-team-meghalaya-state-league-season-3-complete/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The clubs are placed in groups with four hosts across the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=MSL Season 3 now to begin on 5th May; 25 clubs to take part |url=https://thesportsroom.in/2023/04/10/msl-season-3-now-to-begin-on-5th-may-25-clubs-to-take-part/ |website=The Sports Room |date=10 April 2023 |access-date=12 November 2023 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411054041/https://thesportsroom.in/2023/04/10/msl-season-3-now-to-begin-on-5th-may-25-clubs-to-take-part/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Clubs==
===2026 season===
The teams participating in the 2026 season:

{| class="wikitable"
|+MSL participants
! Group A (Shillong) !! Group B (Shillong) !! Group C (Amlarem) !! Group D (Khliehriat) !! Group E (Wahiajer) !! Group F (Mairang) !! Group G (Williamnagar) !! Group H (Mawkyrwat)
|-
| Nongkseh SCC || Nangkiew Irat FC || Mawlai SC || Shkenshynriah SC || [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]] || [[Langsning SC|Langsning]] || Maram FC || [[Rangdajied United FC|Rangdajied United]]
|-
| Umkaber SCC || Mawphu SC || Laskein SCSC || Thangskai Tiger SC || Iatyllilang Lumsehkot CSC || Lawbah SC || Janepih Youth SCA || Mawlarshong SC
|-
| Mawshun SCC || Mawlum Tyrsad SCC || Lamin XI SCC || Jalaphet Moochut Pyrdung SC || Lamyrsiang CSC || Umlakro SC || Achik SCO Rongjeng || Mawten SC
|-
| Khimusniang SC || Mulang SC Nongbah || Amlarem SC || Ladthadlaboh SC || Lumphyrnai Sohphoh FC || Mishon SSCC || Balmanduri FC || Seng Samla Umdang Pyllun

|-
| {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || Attong Matgrik FC || {{n/a}}
|}

==Champions==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!Season
!Champions
!Runners-up
!Ref
|-
|2017–18
|Niaw Wasa United
|Tynrongmawsaw
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Room |first=The Sports |date=2018-01-07 |title=Niaw Wasa lift MSL trophy after intense final – The Sports Room |url=https://thesportsroom.in/2018/01/07/niaw-wasa-lift-msl-trophy-after-intense-final/?amp=1 |access-date=2024-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|[[Rangdajied United FC|Rangdajied United]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Room |first=The Sports |date=2019-12-21 |title=Shillong Lajong lift MSL 2019 trophy – The Sports Room |url=https://thesportsroom.in/2019/12/21/shillong-lajong-lift-msl-2019-trophy/?amp=1 |access-date=2024-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Meghalaya State League|2023]]
|[[Rangdajied United FC|Rangdajied United]]
|Khliehmawlieh YC
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Room |first=The Sports |date=2023-06-17 |title=Rangdajied edge Khliehmawlieh for MSL 2023 title in sensational final – The Sports Room |url=https://thesportsroom.in/2023/06/17/rangdajied-edge-khliehmawlieh-for-msl-2023-title-in-sensational-final/?amp=1 |access-date=2024-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024 Meghalaya State League|2024]]
|Mawlai SC
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mawlai crowned 4th Meghalaya State League champions |url=https://www.syllad.com/mawlai-crowned-4th-meghalaya-state-league-champions/ |website=Syllad |date=1 February 2025 }}</ref>
|-
|[[2026 Meghalaya State League|2026]]
|
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://meghalayafootball.com/ Meghalaya FA]
* {{Facebook|meghalayastateleague}}
* {{Instagram|meghalayastateleague}}

{{Football in Meghalaya}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}

[[Category:Meghalaya State League]]
[[Category:Football in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Regional football leagues in India]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2017]]

Niruta Singh

2026-04-21T14:31:48Z

Veronagqc:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Niruta-Singh-14.jpg
| caption =
| name = Niruta Singh
| occupation = Actress, model, singer
| years_active = 1993–present
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]], India
| spouse = {{marriage|Sanjeev Gulati|2023}}
| website =
| height =
}}

'''Niruta Singh''' is an Nepali actress, model and singer known for her work in [[Cinema of Nepal|Nepali cinema]]. She became a household name through her diverse roles and was the top actress of 90s and 2000s. She received wide acclaim for her performance in the 2001 film ''[[Darpan Chhaya]],'' which became the highest-grossing film of all time in the Nepali film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=मोक्तान |first=रीना |date=13 March 2021 |title=सही समयमा फिल्मबाट ब्रेक लिएँ, कुनै पछुतो छैन : निरुता सिंह |url=https://ekantipur.com/Interview/2021/03/13/161560479630351647.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426005445/https://ekantipur.com/Interview/2021/03/13/161560479630351647.html |archive-date=26 April 2021 |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=[[Kantipur (daily)]] |language=ne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=गौतम |first=प्रभाकर |date=15 November 2019 |title=सबैले सोध्छन् तपाईं किन सिंगल- निरुता सिंह |url=https://www.setopati.com/art/interview/193401/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204044133/https://www.setopati.com/art/interview/193401 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=Setopati |language=ne}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Niruta Singh was born in [[Darjeeling]], [[India]]. She moved to [[Kathmandu]] after she started acting in films. Her father was a friend of director [[Tulsi Ghimire]] and it was Ghimire who brought her into the film industry with ''[[Dakshina (film)|Dakshina]]'' (1993). She went on to become the only actress of the Ghimire camp, first since legendary actress [[Tripti Nadakar]], and went on to play such hits as ''Rahar''. Singh went on to star in the 2001 film ''[[Darpan Chaya]]'', which was also directed by Tulsi Ghimire''.'' Her performance received huge appreciation and ''Darpan Chaya'' went on to become a huge blockbuster of Nepali film industry, grossing NRs 700 million in 2001, the highest collection ever for a Nepali film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Limbu |first=Ramyata |date=19 January 2001 |title=No business like show business |url=https://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=8637 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930011609/https://nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=8637 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=[[Nepali Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gurung |first=Arati |date=24 April 2007 |title=Being on top: Niruta Singh |url=http://www.enasha.com/article.php?id=533 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112150207/http://www.enasha.com/article.php?id=533 |archive-date=12 January 2019 |publisher=eNasha.com |accessdate=16 July 2014}}</ref> Singh is also a singer; she recorded the title track for director [[Deepak Rayamajhi|Deepak Raymajhi]]'s [[Nepal Television|NTV]] family drama series ''Vansha'' and later sang for a music album titled ''Deepshikha''. As the film industry was changing, she decided to take a long break from acting and relocate to [[Mumbai]] because she did not feel that the new filmmakers were capable of the task. She made her come back to the industry through [[Maha Jodi]]'s 2019 film Dal Bhaat Tarkari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2019 |title=फिल्म क्षेत्रसँग मन दुखाउँदै मुम्बई हानिएकी निरुता |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2019/01/731506 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818215548/https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2019/01/731506 |archive-date=18 August 2019 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=[[Online Khabar]] |language=ne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rishi |date=12 March 2004 |title=An actress genuine |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/an-actress-genuine |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=[[The Himalayan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> In April 2023, [[President of Nepal]] awarded her one of the country’s highest civilian award, the [[Prabal Jana Sewa Shree]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/president-awards-45-artists-including-rajesh-hamal/|title=President awards 45 artists including Rajesh Hamal|publisher=MyRepublica}}</ref>

Niruta Singh married Sanjeev Gulati on August 31, 2023, in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023 |title=अभिनेत्री निरुता सिंहले गरिन् बिहे |language=Nepali |work=Online Khabar |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2023/09/1359768 |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Film
!Note
!Ref.
|-
|
|''Mann Mandir ''
|
|
|-
|
|''[[Darpan Chhaya]]''
|
|
|-
|
|''Bandhaki ''
|
|
|-
|
|''Dui Kinara ''
|
|
|-
|
| ''Dukha ''
|
|
|-
|
|''Kahan Bhetiyela''
|
|
|-
|
|''Aamako Kakha''
|
|
|-
|
|''Aatankabadi''
|
|
|-
|
|''Aafanta''
|
|
|-
|
|''Chadani''
|
|
|-
|
|''Dui Pal''
|
|
|-
|
|''Maiti''
|
|
|-
|
|''Maili''
|
|
|-
|
|''Santaan Thari Thari Ka''
|
|
|-
|
|''Santaan ''
|
|
|-
|
|''Khandaan''
|
|
|-
|
|''Aamako Aashirwaad''
|
|
|-
|
|''Dakshina ''
|
|
|-
|
|''Chamatkaar''
|
|
|-
|
|''Aafno Manchhe''
|
|
|-
|
| ''Aafno Pan''
|
|
|-
|
|''Chitkaar''
|
|
|-
|
|''Hami Sathi Bhai ''
|
|
|-
|
|''Farki Aau ''
|
|
|-
|
|''Afno ghar Aafno Maanche''
|
|
|-
|
|''Ko Aafno ko Birano ''
|
|
|-
|
|''Hero ''
|
|
|-
|
|''The Game ''
|
|
|-
|
|''Pinjada''
|
|
|-
|
|''Duniya''
|
|
|-
|
|''Lahana''
|
|
|-
|
|''Ladai ''
|
|
|-
|
|''Upakaar ''
|
|
|-
|
| ''Upahaar ''
|
|
|-
|
|''Ajambari Maya ''
|
|
|-
|
|''Ajambari Nata''
|
|
|-
|
|''Kahan Bhetiyela''
|
|
|-
|
|''[[Siudo Ko Sindoor]]''
|
|
|-
|
|''Rahar''
|
|
|-
|
|''Dodhar''
|
|
|-
|
|''Darr ''
|
|
|-
|
|''Jiwandaan''
|
|
|-
|
|''Nata Ragatko ''
|
|
|-
|
|''Aago ''
|
|
|-
|
|''[[Thuldai]]''
|
|
|-
|
| ''Ram Laxman''
|
|
|-
|
| ''Kartabya ''
|
|
|-
|
| ''Lav-Kush ''
|
|
|-
|
|''Timi Meri Hau''
|
|
|-
|
|''Yo kasto Prem''
|
|
|-
|
|''Jaan Leva ''
|
|
|-
|
| ''Dal Bhat Tarkari ''
|
|
|-
|
|''[[Nai Nabhannu La 5]]''
|
|
|-
|
|''Captain ''
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1070319}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Niruta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Indian Gorkhas]]
[[Category:Actresses from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Female models from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Actresses in Nepali cinema]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate actresses in Nepal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Singers from West Bengal]]

Markaz Knowledge City

2026-04-20T16:58:16Z

Veronagqc: added a place

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Knowledge City
| official_name = Markaz Knowledge City
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Township]]
| image_skyline = Markaz knowledge city.png
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.47227|N|76.007638|E|display=inline,title}}
| nickname = MKC
| motto = Way to Wisdom
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag | India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|12|24}}
| established_title1 = in
| established_date1 = Kaithapoyil near [[Thamarassery]], [[Kozhikode]] [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| established_title2 =
| established_date2 =
| established_title3 =
| established_date3 =
| extinct_title =
| extinct_date =
| founder =
| named_for = 
| seat_type = 
| seat =
| parts_style =
| parts =
| p1 = WIRAS
| government_footnotes = 
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Markazu Ssaqafathi Ssunniyya]]
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name = Sheikh Aboobakr Ahmad
| leader_title1 = Chairman
| leader_name1 = [[Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad]]
| leader_title2 = Managing Director
| leader_name2 = [[Abdul Hakeem Azhari]]
| leader_title3 = Chief executive officer
| leader_name3 = Dr. Abdul Salam<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/659391|title='Muslims must pool talent for Ummah'|date=2014-11-12|website=Arab News|access-date=2016-05-21}}</ref>
| total_type = 
| unit_pref = 
| area_footnotes = 
| area_magnitude = 
| dunam_link = 
| area_total_km2 = 
| area_total_ha =
| area_total_sq_mi = 
| area_total_acre =
| area_total_dunam = 
| area_land_km2 =
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_land_ha =
| area_land_dunam = 
| area_land_acre =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_sq_mi =
| area_water_ha =
| area_water_dunam = 
| area_water_acre =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 =
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| area_urban_ha =
| area_urban_dunam = 
| area_urban_acre =
| area_rural_km2 =
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| area_metro_sq_mi =
| area_metro_ha =
| area_metro_dunam = 
| area_metro_acre =
| area_rank =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
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| area_blank1_ha =
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| area_blank2_km2 =
| area_blank2_sq_mi =
| area_blank2_ha =
| area_blank2_dunam = 
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| area_note = 
| dimensions_footnotes = 
| length_km =
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| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
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| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes = 
| population_density_km2 = 
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| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| pop_est_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_urban_footnotes =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
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| population_rural =
| population_rural_footnotes =
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| population_metro =
| population_metro_footnotes =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_density_metro_sq_mi =
| population_rank =
| population_density_rank =
| population_blank1_title =
| population_blank1 =
| population_density_blank1_km2 =
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| population_blank2_title =
| population_blank2 =
| population_density_blank2_km2 =
| population_density_blank2_sq_mi =
| population_demonym = 
| population_note = 
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics_type2 =
| demographics2_footnotes = 
| demographics2_title1 = Languages
| demographics2_info1 = [[Arabic]], [[English]], [[Urdu]] and [[Malayalam]]
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| timezone2 =
| utc_offset2 =
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| geocode =
| iso_code =
| registration_plate = 
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
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| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://www.markazknowledgecity.com}}
| footnotes =
| translit_lang1_type1 =
| translit_lang1_info1 =
| translit_lang1_type2 =
| translit_lang1_info2 = 
| translit_lang2_type =
| translit_lang2_info =
| translit_lang2_type1 =
| translit_lang2_info1 =
| translit_lang2_type2 =
| translit_lang2_info2 = 
| image = 
| seal_type =
| etymology =
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label1 = 
| grid_name = 
| grid_position = 
| established_title4 =
| established_date4 =
| established_title5 =
| established_date5 =
| established_title6 =
| established_date6 =
| established_title7 =
| established_date7 =
| seat1_type = 
| seat1 =
| area_urban_footnotes = 
| area_rural_footnotes = 
| area_metro_footnotes = 
| elevation_point = 
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_max_ft =
| elevation_max_point = 
| elevation_max_rank =
| elevation_min_point = 
| elevation_min_rank = 
| demographics1_info1 = 
| demographics2_title2 = [[Roads]]
| demographics2_info2 = [[National Highway 766 (India)]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 = 
| blank2_name_sec2 =
| blank2_info_sec2 = 
}}
'''Markaz Knowledge City''' is a private, [[planned city]] built near [[Kozhikode]] in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/news/452012|title=Knowledge city project promises attractive returns to expatriates|date=2013-05-18|website=Arab News|access-date=2016-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2013jan01/markaz_knowledge_city_construction_works_start_soon.html|title=Markaz knowledge city: Construction works to start soon {{!}} TwoCircles.net|website=twocircles.net|access-date=2016-05-21}}</ref> The foundation stone for the project was laid by [[Ullal Thangal|''Taj-ul Ulama'' Sayyid Abdurrahman Albukhari]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pickyourphoto.blogspot.in/2012/12/markaz-knowledge-city-site-launching.html|title=Markaz Knowledge City Site Launching Ceremony ~ Islamic Photo Bank|website=pickyourphoto.blogspot.in|access-date=2016-05-21}}</ref> on 24 December 2012. [[Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad]] is the chairman of the city and [[Abdul Hakeem Azhari]] is its managing director.

== Education ==
* School of Business Management<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/luqman2/docs/headline_issue|title=Head Line, Markaz English Magazine ,2014 September|website=Issuu|access-date=2016-05-21}}</ref>
* Markaz International School<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ssfmalappuram.com/news/default.asp?id=knowledgecity|title=Welcome to SSFmalappuram.com (The online gateway to Sunni news and events)|last=Kakkad|first=Mahaboob|website=www.ssfmalappuram.com|access-date=2016-05-21}}</ref>
*Digital Bridge International
*Alif Global School
*Avaan Institute of Management Education and Research (AIMER Kozhikode)
*Hillsinai Center of Excellence
*Hillsinai IAS Academy (Under Vedhik IAS Academy)
*Hisab School of Commerce (CA, CMA, CS)
*Hillsinai Finishing School
*WIRAS (World Institute for Research in Advanced Studies)
*Malaibar Foundation
*Hogar Technologies Innovation
*Malabar and Islamic heritage Museum
*Library and research club and publications <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://talenmark.com/culturalcenter|title=Cultural Center in India, Kerala|website=talenmark.com}}</ref>
*Markaz Unani Medical College (The first unani medical college in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/11690-first-unani-college-in-kerala|title=First Unani College in Kerala|website=www.milligazette.com|access-date=2016-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://markazunanimedicalcollege.org/|title=Markaz Unani|website=markazunanimedicalcollege.org|access-date=2016-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.e-grantz.kerala.gov.in/listofinstitutions.aspx |title=LIST OF INSTITUTIONS |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626174617/http://www.e-grantz.kerala.gov.in/listofinstitutions.aspx |archivedate=2016-06-26 }}</ref>)

=== Markaz Law College ===
{{Main|Markaz Law College}}
[[Markaz Law College]] is a centre of [[Higher education|higher]] [[legal education]] in [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]. The college is affiliated to the [[University of Calicut]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.universityofcalicut.info/cdc/html/Academic/AffiliatedColleges.pdf|title=List of Affiliated Colleges under University of Calicut|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712173726/http://www.universityofcalicut.info/cdc/html/Academic/AffiliatedColleges.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is recognized by the [[Bar Council of India]]. It offers integrated five-year course BBA with [[Bachelor of Laws]] and three-year course LLB.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/markaz-law-college-to-be-opened-on-saturday/article6487961.ece|title=Markaz Law college to be opened on Saturday|date=2014-10-10|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-05-06}}</ref>

== Health care ==

* Markaz Unani Medical Hospital
* Tigris Valley
* 5 Star Wellness Center

== Others ==
*Jamiul Futuh - The Indian Grand Masjid
*Fezinn Hotels
*M Tower
*Valencia Galleria - Exhibition Centre
*Talenmark Souk
*Cultural Centre<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/talenmark-to-build-indias-biggest-cultural-monument20190403121617/ | title=Talenmark to build India's biggest cultural monument }}</ref>
*Mihras Hospital
*Unani Medical College
*Aimer Business School
*Tigris valley - Wellness Centre<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gulftoday.ae/news/2019/04/21/indias-first-knowledge-city-set-to-welcome-world | title=India's first knowledge city set to welcome world }}</ref>
*Alif Global School<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1396691/corporate-news | title=Kerala-based Alif Global School logo launched | date=30 October 2018 }}</ref>
*Malaibar Centre for Research and Development

== Location ==
It is located at [[National Highway 766 (India)]].

==Transportation==
Knowledge city connects to other parts of India through [[Kozhikode]] city on the west and [[Thamarassery]] town on the east. National highway No.66 passes through [[Kozhikode]] and the northern stretch connects to [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]]. The southern stretch connects to [[Kochi]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The eastern National Highway No.54 going through Adivaram connects to [[Kalpetta]], [[Mysore|Mysuru]] and [[Bengaluru]]. The nearest airports are at [[Kozhikode Airport|Kozhikode]] and [[Kannur Airport|Kannur]]. The nearest railway station is at Kozhikode.

==See also==
* [[Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar]]
* [[Markaz Law College]]
* [[Shahre Mubarak Grand Masjid]]
* [[Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya]]
* [[Markaz, Dubai]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Markaz]]
[[Category:Thamarassery area]]
[[Category:Villages in Kozhikode district]]

Bathinda Rural Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:53:53Z

Veronagqc: added pg - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bathinda Rural
| map_image = 93-Bathinda Rural.svg
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bathinda Lok Sabha constituency|Bathinda]]
| reservation = SC
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 93
| mla = [[Amit Rattan kotfatta]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:158082 }} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
}}
'''Bathinda Rural''' is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Bathinda district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India. Its previous name was [[Pakka Kalan Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
* 2012: Darshan Singh Kotfatta (SAD)
* 2007: Makhan Singh (Congress)
* 2002: Gurjant Singh Kuttiwal (CPI)
* 1997: Makhan Singh (Congress)
* 1992: Baldev Singh (Congress)
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Rupinder Kaur Ruby]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Bathinda Rural}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Amit Rattan Kotfatta]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:66096}}
|percentage = 53.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Parkash Singh Bhatti]]
|votes = {{formatnum:30617}}
|percentage = 24.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Harvinder Singh Gill ‘Laddi’<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:22716}}
|percentage = 18.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:1250}}
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:35479}}
|percentage = 28.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:124402}}
|percentage = 78.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:158866}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Bathinda Rural<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Rupinder Kaur Ruby]]
|votes = 51572
|percentage = 40.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Amit Rattan Kotfatta]]
|votes = 40794
|percentage = 32.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Harvinder Singh
|votes = 28939
|percentage = 22.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Davinder Singh
|votes = 1037
|percentage = 0.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Gursewak Singh
|votes = 1035
|percentage = 0.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Surjeet Singh Sohi
|votes = 909
|percentage = 0.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aapna Punjab Party
|candidate = Jaswinder Singh Gill
|votes = 740
|percentage = 0.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Jagtar Singh
|votes = 459
|percentage = 0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jagsir Singh
|votes = 376
|percentage = 0.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1216
|percentage = 0.96
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:155113}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 1985]]: Pakka Kalan
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sujan Singh
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = 17,017
|percentage = 28.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Bimal Kaur Khalsa]]
|votes = 16,602
|percentage = 27.92
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bagga Singh
|votes = 15,576
|percentage = 26.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Gursewak Singh
|votes = 6,966
|percentage = 11.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 415
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 63,862
|percentage = 70.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 90,539
|ref=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Shiromani Akali Dal |loser = |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

===Previous Results===
{|class="wikitable sortable" width="70%"
!Year||A C No.||Name||Party||Votes||Runner Up||Party||Votes
|-
|2012||93||Darshan Singh Kotfatta||SAD||45705||Makhan Singh||INC||40397
|-
|2007||109||Makhan Singh||INC||49983||Darshan Singh Kotfatta||SAD||44376
|-
|2002||110||Gurjant Singh||CPI||34254||Makhan Singh||SAD||32477
|-
|1997||110||Makhan Singh||SAD||39873||Rameshwer Dass||INC||28844
|-
|1992||110||Baldev Singh||INC||7674||Bhola Singh||CPI||3970
|-
|1985||110||Sujan Singh Male||SAD||17017||Bimal Kumar||INC||16602
|-
|1980||110||Bhagat Singh||SAD||23845||Gurjant Singh||INC (I)||20262
|-
|1977||110||Sukhdev Singh||SAD||19711||Gursewak||CPI||18460
|-
|1972||99||Surjit Singh Male||SAD||28152||Mohinder Singh||IND||8381
|-
|1969||99||Trilochan Singh||INC||25064||Karnail Singh||SAD||18163
|-
|1967||99||Karnail Singh||ADS||19968||Trilochan Singh||INC||15865
|-
|1962||69||Hardit Singh Male||AD||18639||Dhanna Singh||INC||8746
|-
|1957||120||Dhanna Singh||INC||30183||Jangir Singh||CPI||26999
|-
|1957||120||Inder Singh||INC||30268||Jangir Singh||CPI||26655
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.19|74.83|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Bathinda district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in East Punjab]]

Odisha Women's League

2026-04-13T10:18:05Z

Veronagqc:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football league
| name = Odisha Women's League
| logo =
| pixels =
| country = India
| organiser = [[Football Association of Odisha|FAO]] (Odisha)
| founded = {{start date and age|2011|08|15|df=y}}
| teams = 6
| promotion = [[Indian Women's League 2]]
| relegation =
| levels = 3
| domest_cup =
| confed_cup =
| champions = [[Nita Football Academy]] (2nd title)
| most_successful_club = [[East Coast Railway]] [[Rising Students Club]] (3 titles)
| season = [[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]]
| tv = [[Football Association of Odisha|FA Odisha]] ([[YouTube]]) SportsKPI
| website =
| current =
}}

The '''Odisha Women's League''' ('''OWL'''), also known as the '''FAO Women's League''', is the women's top division [[association football|football]] league of [[Odisha]], India. The league is among the existing top tier women's football leagues in [[India]]. The league is organised every year by the apex football governing body of [[Odisha]], the [[Football Association of Odisha]] (FAO), in association with the Department of Sports and Youth Services (DSYS) of the [[Government of Odisha]]. It is currently contested by 6 clubs across the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orisports.com/SheduleDetails.aspx?cId=NTcz|title=FAO Women's Football League|work=Orisports|date=28 August 2011|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=17 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517223617/http://orisports.com/SheduleDetails.aspx?cId=NTcz|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://orisports.com/SheduleDetails.aspx?cId=MjU5MQ==|title=Odisha Women League 2020-21|work=Orisports|date=28 February 2021|access-date=1 March 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414200213/http://orisports.com/SheduleDetails.aspx?cId=MjU5MQ==|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the inception of the Odisha Women's League, a total of four clubs have been crowned champions. [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]] and [[Rising Students Club]] have won the most titles in league history, being crowned champions thrice. Chand Club, [[Odisha Police]], and [[Sports Authority of India|SAI-STC]] have won it once.

==History==
Odisha Women's League was brought up as '''AT Group Women's Football League''' in the year 2011 as Odisha's premier level women's football league. The [[Football Association of Odisha]] (FAO) introduced the league system to provide a platform for women to showcase their footballing abilities. The league system eventually continued to be a hit among the footballing enthusiasts of [[Odisha]]. Footballing talents from the FAO Women's League are recruited in the [[Odisha women's football team]], and eventually in [[India women's national football team]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/odisha-football-league-structure-india/1dbjavwlxvyl71eemry7qv22cb|title=All you need to know about the football league structure in Odisha|work=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|date=25 June 2018|access-date=26 June 2018|archive-date=26 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626111000/http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/odisha-football-league-structure-india/1dbjavwlxvyl71eemry7qv22cb|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 27 February 2021, during the press meet and jersey launch ceremony for the 2020-21 season, the league was rechristened as ''Odisha Women's League''. The [[Government of Odisha|Department of Sports and Youth Services]] Principal Secretary and Honorary Secretary of Football Association of Odisha (FAO) attended the ceremony at [[Kalinga Stadium]].<ref>{{cite tweet |user=sports_odisha|number=1365557842212651008|date=27 February 2021|title=Odisha Sports}}</ref>

==Venues==
{{location map+ |India Odisha|width=270
|float=right
|caption={{center|Venues for FAO Leagues in [[Odisha]]}}
|alt=Venues for FAO Leagues in [[Odisha]]
|places={{location map~ |India Odisha|lat=20.2961|long=85.8245|label=[[Bhubaneswar]]|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India Odisha|lat=20.4625|long=85.8830|label=[[Cuttack]]|position=right}}
}}

===Bhubaneswar===
* [[Kalinga Stadium]]
* [[Capital High School, Bhubaneswar|Capital High School Ground]] (Capital Football Arena)
* OSAP 7th Battalion Ground (Odisha Football Academy Ground)
* Unit-1 Ground (Bhubaneswar Football Academy Ground)

===Cuttack===
* [[Barabati Stadium]]
* [[Odisha Police|Odisha Police Ground]]
* [[Ravenshaw University|Ravenshaw University Ground]]
* Sports Hostel Ground

===Choudwar===
* OTM Ground

==Clubs==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Club !! Location !! No. of seasons !! First {{Abbr|app|appearance}} !! Last {{Abbr|app|appearance}} !! Best finish
|-
| Ardor Football Academy
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| 1
| colspan=2 align=center | [[2023–24 Odisha Women's League|2023–24]]
| align=center | 6th ([[2023–24 Odisha Women's League|2023–24]])
|-
| Bidanasi Club
| [[Cuttack]]
| 1
| colspan=2 align=center | [[2018–19 FAO Women's League|2018–19]]
| align=center | 4th ([[2018–19 FAO Women's League|2018–19]])
|-
| Buxi Jagabandhu Club
| [[Bargarh]]
| 1
| colspan=2 align=center | [[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]]
| align=center | 11th ([[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]])
|-
| Chand Club
| Cuttack
| 4
| align=center | 2011
| align=center | 2017
| style="background-color:silver;" align=center | '''Runners-Up''' (2011, 2012)
|-
| Chauliaganj Club
| Cuttack
| 2
| align=center | 2011
| align=center | 2012
| align=center | Group stage (2011, 2012)
|-
| [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| Bhubaneswar
| 8
| align=center | 2012
| align=center | [[2022–23 Odisha Women's League|2022–23]]
| style="background:gold;" align=center | '''Champions''' (2012, 2015, [[2019–20 FAO Women's League|2019–20]])
|-
| [[KIIT Group of Institutions|KIIT & KIIS]]
| Bhubaneswar
| 2
| align=center | [[2023–24 Odisha Women's League|2023–24]]
| align=center | [[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]]
| align=center | 3rd ([[2023–24 Odisha Women's League|2023–24]])
|-
| Mangala Club
| Cuttack
| 4
| align=center | 2011
| align=center | 2015
| align=center | Semi-finalist (2011, 2015)
|-
| Manorama Club
| [[Debagarh|Deogarh]]
| 1
| colspan=2 align=center | [[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]]
| align=center | 10th ([[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]])
|-
| Morning Club
| Cuttack
| 1
| colspan=2 align=center | 2011
| align=center | Group stage (2011)
|-
| [[Nita Football Academy]]
| Cuttack
| 2
| align=center | [[2023–24 Odisha Women's League|2023–24]]
| align=center | [[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]]
| style="background-color:gold;" align=center | '''Champions''' ([[2023–24 Odisha Women's League|2023–24]], [[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]])
|-
| [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha FC]]
| Bhubaneswar
| 1
| colspan=2 align=center | [[2022–23 Odisha Women's League|2022–23]]
| style="background-color:gold;" align=center | '''Champions''' ([[2022–23 Odisha Women's League|2022–23]])
|-
| [[Government of Odisha|Odisha Government Press]]
| Cuttack
| 5
| align=center | [[2020–21 Odisha Women's League|2020–21]]
| align=center | [[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]]
| style="background-color:silver;" align=center | '''Runners-Up''' ([[2023–24 Odisha Women's League|2023–24]])
|-
| [[Odisha Police]]
| Cuttack
| 10
| align=center | 2011
| align=center | [[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]]
| style="background-color:gold;" align=center | '''Champions''' ([[2021–22 Odisha Women's League|2021–22]])
|-
| Radha Gobinda Club
| Cuttack
| 3
| align=center | 2011
| align=center | 2015
| align=center | Group stage (2011, 2012, 2015)
|-
| Radha Raman Club
| Cuttack
| 2
| align=center | 2011
| align=center | 2012
| style="background:gold;" align=center | '''Champions''' (2011)
|-
| [[Rising Students Club]]
| Cuttack
| 10
| align=center | 2011
| align=center | [[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]]
| style="background-color:gold;" align=center | '''Champions''' (2013, 2017, [[2020–21 Odisha Women's League|2020–21]])
|-
| [[Sports Authority of India|SAI-STC Cuttack]]
| Cuttack
| 5
| align=center | 2017
| align=center | [[2021–22 Odisha Women's League|2021–22]]
| style="background-color:gold;" align=center | '''Champions''' ([[2018–19 FAO Women's League|2018–19]])
|-
| [[Sports Odisha]]
| Bhubaneswar
| 10
| align=center | 2013
| align=center | [[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]]
| style="background-color:silver;" align=center | '''Runners-Up''' (2015, 2017, [[2021–22 Odisha Women's League|2021–22]], [[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]])
|-
| Sunrise Club
| Cuttack
| 2
| align=center | 2011
| align=center | 2015
| align=center | Group stage (2011, 2015)
|-
| Sunshine Club
| Cuttack
| 4
| align=center | 2011
| align=center | 2015
| align=center | Group stage (2011, 2012, 2015)
|-
| Tarini Football Academy
| [[Keonjhar]]
| 1
| colspan=2 align=center | [[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]]
| align=center | 6th ([[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]])
|-
| Tata Steel Foundation
| [[Joda]]
| 1
| colspan=2 align=center | [[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]]
| align=center | 8th ([[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]])
|-
| Young Association Kuarmunda
| [[Sundergarh]]
| 1
| colspan=2 align=center | [[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]]
| align=center | 5th ([[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]])
|}

==Championships==
{| class="wikitable"
! Season
! Champion
! Runners-up
|-
|'''2011'''|| Radha Raman Club || Chand Club
|-
|'''2012'''|| [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]] || Chand Club
|-
|'''2013'''|| [[Rising Students Club]] || [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
|-
|'''2015'''|| [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]] || [[Sports Odisha]]
|-
|'''2017'''|| [[Rising Students Club]] || [[Sports Odisha]]
|-
|'''[[2018–19 FAO Women's League|2018–19]]''' || [[Sports Authority of India|SAI-STC]] || [[Odisha Police]]
|-
|'''[[2019–20 FAO Women's League|2019–20]]''' || [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]] || [[Odisha Police]]
|-
|'''[[2020–21 Odisha Women's League|2020–21]]''' || [[Rising Students Club]] || [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
|-
|'''[[2021–22 Odisha Women's League|2021–22]]''' || [[Odisha Police]] || [[Sports Odisha]]
|-
|'''[[2022–23 Odisha Women's League|2022–23]]''' || [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha FC]] || [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
|-
|'''[[2023–24 Odisha Women's League|2023–24]]''' || [[Nita Football Academy]] || [[Government of Odisha|Odisha Government Press]]
|-
|'''[[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]]''' || [[Nita Football Academy]] || [[Sports Odisha]]
|}

===Championships by team===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Club
!Titles
!Runners-up
!Winning seasons
|-
| align=left|[[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| 3
| 1
| 2012, 2015, [[2019–20 FAO Women's League|2019–20]]
|-
| align=left|[[Rising Students Club]]
| 3
| 0
| 2013, 2017, [[2020–21 Odisha Women's League|2020–21]]
|-
| align=left|[[Nita Football Academy]]
| 2
| 0
| [[2023–24 Odisha Women's League|2023–24]], [[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]]
|-
| align=left|[[Odisha Police]]
| 1
| 2
| [[2021–22 Odisha Women's League|2021–22]]
|-
| align=left|[[Sports Authority of India|SAI-STC]]
| 1
| 0
| [[2018–19 FAO Women's League|2018–19]]
|-
| align=left|Radha Raman Club
| 1
| 0
| 2011
|-
| align=left|[[Odisha FC Women|Odisha FC]]
| 1
| 0
| [[2022–23 Odisha Women's League|2022–23]]
|-
| align=left|[[Sports Odisha]]
| 0
| 4
| —
|-
| align=left|Chand Club
| 0
| 1
| —
|}

==See also==
*[[Odisha women's football team]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Odisha Women's League}}
{{Football in Odisha}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}

[[Category:Odisha Women's League]]
[[Category:Football in Odisha]]
[[Category:Regional women's football leagues in India]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Odisha]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Odisha]]

R. Nedunchezhiyan

2026-04-11T20:11:29Z

Veronagqc: New First Details W/ Refs - done

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. Nedunchezhiyan
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1971|6|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = Thurugapatti
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai]]
| term_start1 = 2006
| term_end1 = 2011
| predecessor1 = [[C. Vijayabasker]]
| successor1 = [[S. P. Muthukumaran]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Advocate
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''R. Nedunchezhiyan''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hails from Thurugapatti village in [[Pudukkottai district]]. Nedunchezhiyan, who holds a [[Bachelor of Science]] (B.Sc.) and a [[Bachelor of Laws|Bachelor of Law]] (B.L.) degree. He belongs to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party. He contested and won from the [[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai assembly constituency]] in the general elections of Tamil Nadu assembly during the year 2006 and become a Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.<ref>"WHO'S WHO Thirteenth Assembly 2006. Chennai-600009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. 2007. p. 530-532.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2006_MLAs.aspx | title=List of MLAs of TN Legislative Assembly (2006)| accessdate=13 October 2025}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pudukkottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Nedunchezhian |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,319 |percentage=42.18% |change=-11.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jaffarali |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,369 |percentage=40.90% |change=+6.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Durai Dhiviyanathan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,559 |percentage=8.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Javaheer |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=6,880 |percentage=4.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arumugam |party=TNJC |votes=837 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vijayakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=811 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Vetriselvam |party=Independent politician |votes=770 |percentage=0.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,950 |percentage=1.28% |change= -18.31% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=152,502 |percentage=75.49% |change= 10.67% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 202,027 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.78% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Dang

2026-04-10T01:13:38Z

Veronagqc: Started The Info W/ Refs

{{Wiktionary|dang|dāng|dǎng|dàng|đang}}

'''Dang''' may refer to:

{{toc right}}

==Music==
* [[Dang (song)|"Dang" (song)]], by Caroline Polachek from ''Desire, I Want To Turn Into You: Everasking Edition'', 2024
* [[Dang! (song)|"Dang!" (song)]], by Mac Miller from ''The Divine Feminine'', 2015
* "Dang!", by [[GreatGuys]] from ''Trigger'', 2018
* "Dang", by [[Rainbow Kitten Surprise]], 2025

==People==
* [[Dang (surname)]] with origins in both Asiatic and Indo-European languages
* Dang, a pseudonym of animator [[Dan Gordon (animator)|Dan Gordon]]
* [[Dang Ngoc Long]] (born 1957), Vietnamese guitarist

==Places==

=== India ===

* [[Dang, Uttar Pradesh]], a village in Uttar Pradesh
* [[Dang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]], Gujarat
* [[Dang district, India]], a district in Gujarat

=== Iran ===

* [[Dang, Iran]], a village in Fars Province

=== Nepal ===
* [[Dang District, Nepal]], a district in Lumbini Province
* [[Dang Valley]], a valley in western Nepal

==Other==
* Dang, a minced oath for "[[Damnation#As profanity|damnation]]"
* {{lang|vi|Đảng}}, the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]]
* Dr. Michael Dang, a villain from the 1986 Indian film [[Karma (1986 film)|''Karma'']]

==See also==
* "[[Dang Me]]", a 1964 song by Roger Miller
* [[Deng (disambiguation)]]
* [[Daeng (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation|geo}}

Kolimigundla mandal

2026-04-08T01:02:51Z

Veronagqc: adding the details basic info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kolimigundla
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.0833|N|78.1167|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 274
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 518123
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}

'''Kolimigundla mandal''' is a [[Tehsil|mandal]] in [[Nandyal district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].

== History ==
Kolimigundla mandal used to be a part of [[Kurnool district]] and was made a part of the newly formed Nandyal district on 4 April 2022 following the reorganization of districts in the state. The mandal is part of [[Banaganapalle revenue division]] from 31 Dec 2025.<ref name="districts-20253112">{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vidura |first=Tadi |date=2019-02-02 |title=Industrial growth on upswing in Kurnool |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/industrial-growth-on-upswing-in-kurnool/article26163107.ece |access-date=2022-04-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231914/https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Nandyal district}}
[[Category:Mandals in Nandyal district]]

Hemis Monastery

2026-04-06T20:49:35Z

Veronagqc: adding new data and citations

{{Short description|Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Ladakh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery
|name = Hemis Monastery
|image =Hemis Monastery 02.jpg
|alt =
|caption =Hemis Monastery
|map_type = India Ladakh
|coordinates = {{coord|33|54|44.91|N|77|42|10.2|E|type:landmark_region:IN-LA|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption = Location within Ladakh, India

|country = India
|location=[[Ladakh]], [[India]]
|founded_by =[[Sengge Namgyal]]
|year_completed =
|date_renovated =
| established = 11th century
|sect = [[Drukpa Lineage|Drukpa]]
|lineage=
|dedicated_to =
|head_lama = The Twelfth [[Gyalwang Drukpa]]
|no._of_monks =
|architecture = [[Tibet]]an [[Architecture]]
|festivals=
|footnotes =
}}
[[File:Hemis Gompa Guru Rinpoche (208).jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of [[Guru Rinpoche]] (Padmasambhava) and pilgrims at Hemis]]
[[File:Hemis Monastery India.jpg|thumb|Hemis Monastery, a Buddhist Monastery of Drukpa Order.]]
'''Hemis Monastery''' is a [[Himalayan Buddhist]] monastery (''[[gompa]]'') of the [[Drukpa Kagyu|Drukpa]] Lineage, in [[Hemis]] on the bank of the [[Indus River]], [[Ladakh]], [[India]]. Situated 45 km from [[Leh]], it was re-established in 1672 by the [[Ladakh]]i king [[Sengge Namgyal]]. The annual Hemis festival honouring [[Padmasambhava]] is held there in early June.

Hemis village is located 40 km southeast of Leh on [[Leh-Manali Highway]] and under-construction [[Bhanupli–Leh line]].

==History==
Hemis Monastery existed before the 11th century.

In 1894 Russian journalist [[Nicolas Notovitch]] claimed Hemis as the origin of an otherwise unknown [[gospel]], the ''Life of Saint Issa, Best of the Sons of Men,'' in which [[Jesus]] is said to have travelled to India during his '[[Unknown years of Jesus|lost years]]'. According to Notovitch, the work had been preserved in the Hemis library and was shown to him by the monks there while he was recuperating from a broken leg,<ref>Nicolas Notovitch (1907). ''[https://archive.org/details/unknownlifeofjes00noto_0 The Unknown Life Of Jesus Christ]'', Chicago: Progressive Thinker Pub. House</ref> and his Sherpa guide translated it for him.<ref>"The original scrolls brought from India to Nepal, and from Nepaul to Thibet, relating to the life of Issa, are written in the Pali language and are actually in Lhassa; but a copy in our language—I mean the Thibetan—is in this convent." [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/29288/29288-h/29288-h.htm]</ref> Notovich's version of the manuscript was translated from Tibetan to Russian to French to English. However, historians view Notovitch as having fabricated the evidence, which he allegedly admitted himself.<ref name=Wil84>'' New Testament Apocrypha, Vol. 1: Gospels and Related Writings'' by [[Wilhelm Schneemelcher]] and R. Mcl. Wilson (1 December 1990) {{ISBN|066422721X}} page 84 "a particular book by Nicolas Notovich (Di Lucke im Leben Jesus 1894) ... shortly after the publication of the book, the reports of travel experiences were already unmasked as lies. The fantasies about Jesus in India were also soon recognized as invention... down to today, nobody has had a glimpse of the manuscripts with the alleged narratives about Jesus"</ref><ref name=McG>'' Indology, Indomania, and Orientalism'' by Douglas T. McGetchin (1 January 2010) Fairleigh Dickinson University Press {{ISBN|083864208X}} page 133 "Faced with this cross-examination, Notovich confessed to fabricating his evidence."</ref> Bible scholar [[Bart D. Ehrman]] states that "Today there is not a single recognized scholar on the planet who has any doubts about the matter. The entire story was invented by Notovitch, who earned a good deal of money and a substantial amount of notoriety for his hoax."<ref name=Ehrman282>{{cite book|last1=Ehrman|first1=Bart D.|author-link1=Bart D. Ehrman|title=Forged: Writing in the Name of God—Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are.|access-date=8 September 2011|edition=First Edition. EPub|date=February 2011|publisher=HarperCollins e-books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-207863-6|pages=282–283|chapter=8. Forgeries, Lies, Deceptions, and the Writings of the New Testament. Modern Forgeries, Lies, and Deceptions|chapter-url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/55685655/Forged|archive-date=15 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215031916/http://www.scribd.com/doc/55685655/Forged|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Indian [[Pandit]] [[Swami Abhedananda]] claims to have read the same manuscript and published his account of viewing it after his visit to Hemis in 1921.<ref> Swami Abhedananda's "Journey into Kashmir and Tibet" rendered into English by Ansupati Dasgupta and Kunja Bihari Kundu.</ref> Abhedananda claims on the book jacket that it was translated for him with the help of a "local Lama interpreter", and it substantially matched Notovich's publication. After Abhedananda's death, one of his disciples said that when he went to the monastery to ask about the documents, he was told that they had disappeared.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hooper |first1=Richard |title=Jesus, Buddha, Krishna, and Lao Tzu: The Parallel Sayings |date=1 May 2012 |publisher=Hampton Roads Publishing |location=Newburyport, Massachusetts |isbn=978-1571746801 |page=176 |ref=hooper}}</ref>

== Paintings of Mahasiddhas ==
[[File:Hemis Monastery courtyard.jpg|thumb|Courtyard with paintings of Mahasiddhas]]
In the courtyard of the monastery, there is a gallery with paintings of the Eighty-Four [[Mahasiddha|Mahasiddhas]], dating back to the 17th century. These paintings are created using ground mineral pigments.

<gallery widths=180>
File:Hemis Mahasiddhas 1.jpg|Paintings of Mahasiddhas 1
File:Hemis Mahasiddhas 2.jpg|Paintings of Mahasiddhas 2
File:Hemis Mahasiddhas 3.jpg|Paintings of Mahasiddhas 3
File:Hemis Mahasiddhas 4.jpg|Paintings of Mahasiddhas 4
File:Hemis Mahasiddhas 5.jpg|Paintings of Mahasiddhas 5
File:Hemis Mahasiddhas 6.jpg|Paintings of Mahasiddhas 6
File:Hemis Mahasiddhas 7.jpg|Paintings of Mahasiddhas 7
File:Hemis Mahasiddhas 8.jpg|Paintings of Mahasiddhas 8
File:Hemis Mahasiddhas 9.jpg|Paintings of Mahasiddhas 9
File:Hemis Mahasiddhas 10.jpg|Paintings of Mahasiddhas 10
File:Hemis Mahasiddhas 11.jpg|Paintings of Mahasiddhas 11
File:Hemis Mahasiddhas 12.jpg|Paintings of Mahasiddhas 12
File:Hemis Mahasiddhas 13.jpg|Paintings of Mahasiddhas 13
File:Hemis mahasiddhas 14.jpg|Paintings of Mahasiddhas 14
</gallery>

== Hemis Festival ==
{{see also | Tourism_in_Ladakh#Festivals | l1= Festivals in Ladakh }}

The Hemis Festival is dedicated to Lord [[Padmasambhava]] (Guru Rinpoche), revered as the representative reincarnate of Buddha. He is believed to have been born on the 10th day of the fifth month (non or jyestha) of the Monkey year of the [[Tibetan calendar]], as predicted by the [[Buddha Shakyamuni]]. It is also believed that his life mission was, and remains, to improve the spiritual condition of all living beings. Therefore, on this day, which comes once in a cycle of 12 years, Hemis observes a major extravaganza in his memory. The observance of these sacred rituals is believed to provide spiritual strength and good health. The Hemis festival takes place in the rectangular courtyard in front of the main door of the monastery. The space is wide and open, save for two raised square platforms, three feet high with a sacred pole in the center. A raised dais with a richly cushioned seat, a finely painted small Tibetan table, and ceremonial items – cups full of holy water, uncooked rice, and [[torma]]s made of dough and butter, along with incense sticks – are placed. A number of musicians play traditional music with four pairs of cymbals, large-pan drums, small trumpets, and large-sized wind instruments. Next to them, a small space is assigned for the lamas to sit.

The ceremonies begin with an early morning ritual atop the gompa, where, to the beat of drums, the resounding clash of cymbals, and the spiritual wail of pipes, the portrait of "Dadmokarpo" or "Rygyalsras Rinpoche" is ceremoniously displayed for all to admire and worship.

The most esoteric festivities include the mystic mask dances. The mask dances of Ladakh are collectively referred to as chams performances. Chams performances are essentially part of the [[Tantra|Tantric]] tradition, performed only in those gompas that follow the Tantric [[Vajrayana]] teachings, and the monks perform tantric worship.

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths=180>
File:Chortens at Hemis Gompa.jpg|Chortens at Hemis gompa
File:Mani wall along driveway to Hemis Monastery.jpg|[[Mani wall]] along the driveway to Hemis Monastery
File:View from Hemis Monastery. 2010.jpg|View from Hemis Monastery. 2010
File:Монастырь Хемис в Ладаке.jpg|''Hemis Monastery in Ladakh'', by [[Vasily Vereshchagin]] (1875)
File:Hemis Monastery 01.jpg|The entrance to Hemis monastery
File:Hemismonastery7.jpg|Inside the Hemis monastery
File:Mural painting, monastery Hemis, Ladakh, India.jpg|Mural painting in the Hemis monastery
File:Hemismonastery.jpg|Traditional monk dance at Hemis Festival
File:Hemismonastery6.jpg|Traditional Ladakhi women at Hemis monastery
</gallery>

== See also==

* [[All Ladakh Gonpa Association#List|List of Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]

==Footnotes==
{{Tibetan Buddhism}}
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Francke, A. H. (1914, 1926). ''Antiquities of Indian Tibet''. Two Volumes. Calcutta. 1972 reprint: S. Chand, New Delhi.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hemis Monastery}}

{{Ladakh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1672 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Drukpa Kagyu monasteries and temples in India]]

Kolkata–Ara Garib Rath Express

2026-04-04T20:42:28Z

Veronagqc:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Kolkata - Ara Junction ''Garib Rath Express''
| logo = Kolkata Ara Garib Rath.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]], [[Garib Rath Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|23|01|2008|df=yes}}
| last =
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = '''[[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] (KOAA)'''
| stops = 15
| end = '''[[Ara Junction railway station|Ara Junction]] (ARA)'''
| distance = {{convert|585|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 11 hours 40 minutes as 12359 [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] [[Ara Junction railway station|Ara]] '''[[Garib Rath Express]]''', 11 hours 0 minutes as 12360 [[Ara Junction railway station|Ara]] [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] '''[[Garib Rath Express]]'''
| frequency = 3 days a week. 12359 [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] [[Ara Junction railway station|Ara]] '''[[Garib Rath Express]]''' - Tuesday, Thursday & Saturday. 12360 [[Ara Junction railway station|Ara]] [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] '''[[Garib Rath Express]]''' - Wednesday, Friday & Sunday.
| trainnumber = 12359/12360
| class = AC 3 Tier Economy
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack = No
| catering = No
| observation = Dedicated rake
| entertainment =
| baggage = Storage space under berth
| other facilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach|Linke-Hofmann-Busch (LHB) coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1,676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification = Yes
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum
| map = {{Kolkata–Ara GR Express Route}}
| map_state =
}}

The 12359 / 60 '''Kolkata–Ara Garib Rath Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train of the [[Garib Rath]] series belonging to [[Indian Railways]] - [[Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] and [[Ara Junction railway station|Ara Junction]] in [[India]]. The train was extended to [[Ara Junction railway station|Ara Junction]] from [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Junction]].

It operates as train number 12359 from [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] to [[Ara Junction railway station|Ara Junction]] and as train number 12360 in the reverse direction serving the states of [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]] & [[Bihar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-19 |title=Agnipath scheme: Protests continue in Bengal, blockades hit train services |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/agnipath-scheme-protests-continue-in-bengal-blockades-hit-train-services-7977890/ |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

It is part of the [[Garib Rath Express]] series launched by the former railway minister of [[India]], Mr. [[Laloo Prasad Yadav]].

==Coaches==
The 12359/60 [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] [[Ara Junction railway station|Ara]] Garib Rath Express has 15 AC 3 Tier Economy & 2 End on Generator Coaches. It does not carry a [[Dining car|Pantry car coach]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Editor |date=2024-11-29 |title=EASTERN RAILWAY UPGRADES KOLKATA - PATNA – KOLKATA GARIBRATH EXPRESS TO STATE-OF-THE-ART LHB RAKES |url=https://ibgnews.com/2024/11/29/eastern-railway-upgrades-kolkata-patna-kolkata-garibrath-express-to-state-of-the-art-lhb-rakes/ |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=IBG News |language=en-US}}</ref>

As is customary with most train services in India, Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of [[Indian Railways]] depending on demand.

==Service==
The 12359 [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] [[Ara Junction railway station|Ara]] Garib Rath Express covers the distance of {{convert|585|km|0|abbr=on}} in 11 hours 40 mins (55.21 km/h) and in 11 hours 0 mins as 12360 [[Ara Junction railway station|Ara]] [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] [[Garib Rath Express]] (58.79 km/h).<ref>{{Cite web |last=MP |first=Team |date=2025-01-14 |title=ROB replacement: No local trains between Sealdah & Dankuni for 4 days |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/rob-replacement-no-local-trains-between-sealdah-dankuni-for-4-days-594641 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>

As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per [[Indian Railways]] rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Routeing==
The 12359 / 60 [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] [[Ara Junction railway station|Ara]] Garib Rath Express runs from [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] via [[Durgapur railway station|Durgapur]], [[Asansol railway station|Asansol Junction]], [[Jhajha railway station|Jhajha]], [[Mokama Junction railway station|Mokama Junction]], [[Rajendra Nagar Terminal railway station|Rajendranagar Terminus]], [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Junction]], [[Danapur railway station|Danapur]] to [[Ara Junction railway station|Ara Junction]].

==Traction==

As the route is fully electrified, a [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] based [[WAP 5]], [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] based [[WAP 7]] or a [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] based [[WAP 7]] locomotive powers the train for its entire journey.

==Operation==
12359 [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] [[Ara Junction railway station|Ara]] Garib Rath Express leaves [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] every Tuesday, Thursday & Saturday arriving [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Junction]] the next day.<ref name=":0" />

12360 [[Ara Junction railway station|Ara]] [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] Garib Rath Express leaves [[Ara Junction railway station|Ara Junction]] every Wednesday, Friday & Sunday arriving [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] the next day.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate=8 April 2014 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=irfca.org|accessdate=2014-04-05}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140530062137/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/garibrath_trn_list.html Indianrail.gov.in]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6KXnGczEN5Q Youtube.com]
*[http://www.oneindia.com/2008/01/22/lalu-prasad-flag-off-new-patna-kolkata-garib-rath-express-1201016261.html News.oneindia.in]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/50628848@N07/7534135424/ Flickr.com]

{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}
{{Garib Rath Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolkata - Patna Garib Rath Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Garib Rath Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2008]]

André Furtado de Mendonça

2026-04-04T16:06:19Z

Veronagqc: added new post - done

{{Short description|Governor of Portuguese-occupied India (1558-1611 AD)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = André Furtado de Mendonça
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = André Furtado de Mendonça (Archaeological Survey of India, Goa).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| order = [[List of governors of Portuguese India|Governor of Portuguese India]]
| office =
| term_start = 1609<ref>{{Cite book |last=Danvers |first=Frederick Charles |url=https://archive.org/details/portugueseinindi02danv |title=The Portuguese in India: Being a History of the Rise and Decline of Their Eastern Empire |publisher=W. H. Allen & Co. |year=1894 |volume=2 |location=London |at=Appendix B, [https://archive.org/details/portugueseinindi02danv/page/487 p. 487] |author-link=Frederic Charles Danvers |via=Archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Stephens |first=Henry Morse |url=https://archive.org/details/albuquerque00steprich |title=Albuquerque |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1892 |series=Rulers of India, vol. 4 |location=Oxford |page=[https://archive.org/details/albuquerque00steprich/page/13 13] |via=Archive.org}}</ref>
| term_end = 1609 or 1610
| monarch = [[Philip II of Portugal]]
| predecessor = [[Aleixo de Menezes]]
| successor = Rui Lourenço de Távora
| birth_date = 1558
| birth_place = [[Lisbon]], [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1611|1558}}
| death_place = [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
| citizenship =
| party =
| other_party = 
| partner = 
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt = 
| nickname =
| allegiance = [[Portuguese Empire]]
| branch =
| rank =
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = [[Portuguese invasion of the Jaffna kingdom (1591)]] [[Siege of Kottakkal]] [[Ternate expedition (1603)]] [[Siege of Malacca (1606)]] [[Battle of Bantam]] [[Battle of Flores (1592)|Battle of Flores]]
| awards =
| military_blank1 =
| military_data1 =
| military_blank2 =
| military_data2 =
| military_blank3 =
| military_data3 =
| military_blank4 =
| military_data4 =
| military_blank5 =
| military_data5 =
}}
'''André Furtado de Mendonça''' (1558 – 1 April 1611) was a captain and governor of [[Portuguese India]], and a military commander during Portuguese expansion into Ceylon, India, Indonesia and Malacca.

== Biography ==
He was a son of Afonso Furtado Mendoça, commander of [[Beja, Portugal|Beja]] and [[Rio Maior Municipality|Rio Maior]] and D. Joana Sousa. André Furtado was curious to develop combat knowledge and he started to study combat, meteorology and oceanography and cartography when he was 18 years old. He joined the military and became a successful captain at the age of 25. He served some of the Portuguese colonial countries in the Indian Ocean for the Portuguese Empire.

== Portuguese Ceylon ==
{{Main|Portuguese invasion of Jaffna kingdom (1591)}}
André Furtado de Mendonça led the forces of a company of 1,400 [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] and 3,000 [[lascarins]] against King [[Puviraja Pandaram]] as the second expedition in [[Mannar District|Mannar]] and gained victory, and continued his campaign to the heartland of the [[Jaffna kingdom]].<ref name="karava">{{Cite web |title=The Karava Singhe Dynasty of Jaffna |url=http://karava.org/karava_kings/jaffna_kings |access-date=13 April 2014 |website=Karava of Sri Lanka}}</ref>
Captain André Furtado killed king Puvirasa Pandaram in 1591.<ref name="karava" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Abeysinghe |first=Tikiri |url=http://www.noolaham.net/project/41/4028/4028.pdf |title=Jaffna under the Portuguese |publisher=[[Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited|Lake House]] |year=1986 |isbn=955-552-000-3 |location=Colombo |pages=2, 3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414022956/http://www.noolaham.net/project/41/4028/4028.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Martyn |first=John H. |url=http://www.noolaham.org/wiki/index.php/Notes_on_Jaffna_-_Chronological,_Historical,_Biographical |title=Notes on Jaffna: Chronological, Historical, Biographical |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2003 |location=Chennai |pages=2, 138}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajasingham |first=K. T. |date=3 July 2005 |title=Portuguese: Religious Conversion and Ending Tamils' Sovereignty |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2005/07/06/portuguese-religious-conversion-and-ending-tamils%E2%80%99-sovereignty-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414065540/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2005/07/06/portuguese-religious-conversion-and-ending-tamils%E2%80%99-sovereignty-0 |archive-date=14 April 2014 |access-date=13 April 2014 |website=[[Asian Tribune]]}}</ref> After the death of Puvirasa Pandaram, his son [[Ethirimana Cinkam]] was installed as the ruler by André Furtado. It created Portuguese overlordship in the region including freedom to Catholic Christian missions. Earlier, Christian missionaries were not allowed during the rule of Puvirasa Pandaram. Gradually, the incumbent king resisted Portuguese overlordship until he was ousted and hanged by [[Phillippe de Oliveira|Filipe de Oliveira]] in 1619.<ref name="deSilva">{{Cite book |last=de Silva |first=K. M. |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dByI_qil26YC |title=A History of Sri Lanka |publisher=C. Hurst & Company |year=1981 |isbn=0-905838-50-5 |location=London |via=Archive.org}}</ref>{{rp|166}}

==Portuguese India==
In 1598, he destroyed a fleet of [[Kunjali Marakkar]] naval captain of [[Zamorin of Calicut]], and in 1600 Mendonça attacked and captured his fortress.<ref>[https://www.arqnet.pt/dicionario/furtadomenda1.html André Furtado de Mendonça - Portugal, Dicionário Histórico]</ref>

== Portuguese Ambon and the Moluccas ==
Between 1601 and 1603, Furtado de Mendonça served as captain-general of the Southern Sea, and succeeded in expelling the Dutch from Ambon and Tidore, where the Portuguese held fortresses, and secured Portuguese holdings in the region against hostile native lords.

== Portuguese Malacca ==
{{Main|Siege of Malacca (1606)}}
In April 1606, Portuguese forces under the captainship of André Furtado were [[Siege of Malacca (1606)|besieged]] in [[Malacca]] by a Dutch fleet under the command of [[Cornelis Matelief de Jonge]]. Portuguese forces were no match to Dutch due to disproportional size of men and vessels. However, they managed to resist the besiegers until August 1606 and received support from Viceroy [[Martim Afonso de Castro]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaques |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC&pg=PA620 |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-313-33538-9 |volume=2: F-O |location=Westport, Connecticut |page=620}}</ref>

== Portuguese India ==
André Furtado engaged with several battles in India, including fierce battle with [[Kunhali Marakkar]]. His forces bombarded Marakkar fort from the sea while allies [[Zamorin of Calicut|Samoodiri]] attacked it from the land in 1600. Kunjali Marakkar surrendered to Samoothiri as he lost the battle.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1939 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDMZAAAAIAAJ&q=Furtado |magazine=T'ien Hsia Monthly |volume=9| title=T'ien Hsia Monthly }}</ref> Finally, the Portuguese seized the Kunjali, against the terms of the surrender, during a tumult caused by an enemy attack. Then Furtado ordered the fort and the town razed, the Kunjali executed, quartered, and his body displayed on a pike.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murkot Ramunny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Hue54bWk6IC&pg=PA43 |title=Ezhimala: The Abode of the Naval Academy |publisher=Northern Book Centre |year=1993 |isbn=81-7211-052-9 |location=New Delhi |page=43}}</ref>

After the death of viceroy D. João Pereira Forjaz in 1609, André Furtado became the governor of Portuguese India for only three months until the arrival of new viceroy Rui Lourenço Tavora.<ref name="Sousa1695">{{Cite book |last=Faria e Sousa |first=Manuel de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OObbOjIgEgC |title=Ásia portuguesa |publisher=en la officina de Antonio Craesbeeck demello |year=1695 |volume=3 |location=Lisboa |language=es |author-link=Manuel de Faria e Sousa}}</ref>{{rp|187}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Furtado de Mendonça |url=http://www.arqnet.pt/dicionario/furtadomenda1.html |access-date=13 April 2014 |website=Portugal: Dicionário Histórico |language=pt}}</ref>

==Death==
He died due to illness in April 1611 and buried at the church of Covenant of Grace ({{langx|pt|Convento da Graça|links=no}}) in Lisbon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=André Furtado de Mendonça, 37º Gov.or da Índia (1558–1611) |url=http://www.geni.com/people/Andr%C3%A9-Furtado-de-Mendon%C3%A7a/6000000016413761191 |access-date=7 May 2014 |website=Geni}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Madre de Deus]]
*[[Battle of Cape Rachado]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Aleixo de Menezes]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Portuguese India|Governor of Portuguese India]]|years=1609}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rui Lourenço de Távora]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Portuguese Governors and Viceroys of India|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mendonca, Andre Furtado de}}
[[Category:Portuguese knights]]
[[Category:Governors-general of Portuguese India]]
[[Category:People from Lisbon]]
[[Category:People of the Dutch–Portuguese War]]
[[Category:Portuguese military officers]]
[[Category:1558 births]]
[[Category:1611 deaths]]

Sadhi Manasa

2026-03-29T03:26:09Z

Veronagqc:

{{Short description|2024 Indian Marathi language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sadhi Manasa.jpg
| image_size =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| writer =
| based_on =
| director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = Nilesh Moharir
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_episodes = 693
| producer =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Frames Production
| network = [[Star Pravah]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|03|18|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2026|03|29|df=yes}}
| related = ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''
}}

'''''Sadhi Manasa''''' ({{Translation|''Innocent People''}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series that airs on [[Star Pravah]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lagira Zala Ji Fame Shivani Baokar And Sahakutumb Sahaparivar Actor Akash Nalawade Are All Set To Work Together In The Upcoming Show Sadhi Manasa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/marathi-actress-shivani-baokar-and-sahakutumb-sahaparivar-actor-akash-nalawade-to-star-in-sadhi-manasa/articleshow/107631231.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 February 2024 |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref> It stars Akash Nalawade and [[Shivani Baokar]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=शिवानी बावकर-आकाश नलावडेची 'साधी माणसं' १८ मार्चपासून 'या' वेळेत सुरू होणार, 'ही' लोकप्रिय मालिका घेणार प्रेक्षकांचा निरोप? |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/shivani-baokar-and-akash-nalawade-sadhi-mansa-new-serial-will-hit-the-screens-from-march-18-at-this-time-pps-98-4213633/ |website=[[Loksatta]] |date=17 February 2024 |language=mr |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref> It is produced under the banner of Frames Production.<ref>{{Cite web |title=स्टार प्रवाहवर नव्या मालिकांचा सपाटा; जुन्याच लोकप्रिय चेहऱ्यांना घेऊन सुरू होतेय नवी कहाणी |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/star-pravah-new-serial-sadhi-mansa-promo-out-starring-shivani-baokar-and-akash-nalawade/articleshow/107622233.cms |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref> It premiered from 18 March 2024 by replacing ''[[Kunya Rajachi Ga Tu Rani]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=शिवानी बावकर-आकाश नलावडेच्या 'साधी माणसं' मालिकेचा नवा जबरदस्त प्रोमो समोर, मराठी कलाकार म्हणाले… |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/shivani-baokar-and-akash-nalawade-sadhi-mansa-new-serial-new-promo-out-pps-98-4234517/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=[[Loksatta]] |date=29 February 2024 |language=mr}}</ref> It is an official remake of Tamil TV series ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Promo Of Marathi Serial Sadhi Mansa, Starring Aakash Nalawade And Shivani Baokar, Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/promo-of-marathi-serial-sadhi-mansa-starring-aakash-nalawade-and-shivani-baokar-out-8777291.html |website=[[News18]] |date=13 February 2024 |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Meera, a woman deeply devoted to her family, and Satya, a rebellious young man burdened by a troubled past, live in worlds that couldn't be more different. Meera spends her days tirelessly selling flowers at the temple alongside her family, while Satya numbs his pain with alcohol and violence, frequently clashing with his disapproving mother. Despite their contrasting lives, their paths keep crossing, and each encounter only deepens their mutual dislike.

When Meera's family faces financial hardship and is struck by tragedy as her brother, entangled with the wrong crowd, takes his own life, the situation becomes dire. Guilt-ridden, Satya's father, a retired train conductor, suggests a marriage alliance between Meera and Satya, hoping it might bring stability to their lives. However, on the day of the wedding, chaos ensues when Meera's greedy brother vanishes with the family's savings, leaving Meera with no choice but to marry Satya.<ref>{{Cite web |title='साधी माणसं' मालिकेत विनोदी अभिनेत्री साकारणार खलनायिका; नवा प्रोमो आला समोर |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/supriya-pathare-entry-in-star-pravah-new-serial-sadhi-mansa-starring-shivani-baokar-and-akash-nalawade/articleshow/108372120.cms |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Shivani Baokar]] as Meera<ref>{{Cite web |title=एकाच गोष्ट गुंफली जाणार दोन टोकाची पात्र; 'साधी माणसं' मालिका येणार प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sadhi-mansa-new-marathi-serial-on-star-pravah-channel-shivani-baokar-and-aakash-nalawade-in-lead-141707747893318.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=mr |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref>
* Akash Nalawade as Satya<ref>{{Cite web |title=नवी गोष्ट नवी जोडी, शिवानी बावकर आणि आकाश नलावडे पहिल्यांदाच एकत्र, 'साधी माणसं' मालिकेचा प्रोमो प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/marathi-serial-sadhi-mansa-will-start-on-star-pravah-soon-promo-shared-on-social-media-detail-marathi-news-1255574 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |date=12 February 2024 |language=mr |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
* [[Supriya Pathare]] as Nirupa<ref>{{Cite web |title=सुप्रिया पाठारे पुन्हा एकदा सासुबाईंच्या भूमिकेत, झळकणार स्टार प्रवाहवरील 'साधी माणसं' मालिकेत, नवा प्रोमो समोर |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/sadhi-manasa-star-pravah-new-marathi-supriya-pathare-marathi-actor-play-a-mother-in-law-role-shivani-baokar-akash-nalawade-detail-marathi-news-1263571 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |date=10 March 2024 |language=mr |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref>
* Pandharinath Kamble
* Prashant Choudappa
* Sanjivani Samel
* Pankaj Khamkar as Pankaj Gaikwad
* Vaishnavi Karmarkar as Riya Ravi Gaikwad
* Monika Bagul as Devika Pankaj Gaikwad
* Nitish Ghare as Ravi Gaikwad
* Pratibha Gaikwad as Madhu Sanglikar

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Notes
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]'' சிறகடிக்க ஆசை
|23 January 2023
|[[Star Vijay]]
| rowspan="5" |Ongoing
|Original
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''[[Gundeninda Gudigantalu]]'' గుండెనిండా గుడిగంటలు
|2 October 2023
|[[Star Maa]]
| rowspan="6" |Remake
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''[[Aase (TV series)|Aase]]'' ಆಸೆ
|11 December 2023
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''[[Chempaneer Poovu]]'' ചെമ്പനീർ പൂവ്
|29 January 2024
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Udne Ki Aasha]]'' उडने की आशा
|12 March 2024
|[[StarPlus]]
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''Sadhi Manasa'' साधी माणसं
|18 March 2024
|[[Star Pravah]]
|29 March 2026
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''Uraan'' উড়ান
|27 May 2024
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|15 March 2025
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt35289260}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/saadhi-maansa/1271271200 ''Sadhi Manasa''] at [[JioHotstar]]

{{Star Pravah programmes}}

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Pravah original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:2026 Indian television series endings]]

Sayani Gupta

2026-03-28T14:34:00Z

Veronagqc: small changes

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sayani Gupta
| image = Sayani Gupta grace the Mamma Mia Pink Carpet at Jio World Centre BKC Bandra (cropped).jpg
| caption = Gupta in 2023
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of India]]
| occupation = Actress
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1985|10|9}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| spouse =
| children =
| years_active = 2011–present
| parents =
}}

'''Sayani Gupta''' ({{IPA|bn|sajoni ɡupto}};<ref name="TOI_May2016"/> born 9 October 1985) is an Indian actress who appears in [[Hindi films]]. A graduate of the [[Film and Television Institute of India]], she made her feature film debut in 2012 with ''[[Second Marriage Dot Com]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosal |first1=Sharmistha |title=Who's that girl? |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/who-s-that-girl/cid/1314748 |access-date=19 January 2021 |work=The Telegraph |date=22 May 2016 |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214173718/https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/who-s-that-girl/cid/1314748 |url-status=live }}</ref> She has since appeared in supporting roles in films such as ''[[Fan (2016 film)|Fan]]'' (2016), ''[[Jolly LLB 2]]'' (2017) and ''[[Article 15 (film)|Article 15]]'' (2019).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/sayani-gupta-unrecognisable-look-jolly-llb-2-pregnant-woman-role-akshay-kumar-bollywood-news/17985151 |title=Whoa! Sayani Gupta looks unrecognisable in 'Jolly LLB 2' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210100421/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/sayani-gupta-unrecognisable-look-jolly-llb-2-pregnant-woman-role-akshay-kumar-bollywood-news/17985151 |archive-date=10 February 2017 |access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=Sayani Gupta plays pregnant woman in Jolly LLB 2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sayani-gupta-plays-pregnant-woman-in-jolly-llb-2-4517431/ |access-date=19 January 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=10 February 2017 |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212101241/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sayani-gupta-plays-pregnant-woman-in-jolly-llb-2-4517431/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Express">{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=Kalki has been a support system: Sayani Gupta |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kalki-koechlin-sayani-gupta-margarita-with-a-straw/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=16 March 2016 |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212101925/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kalki-koechlin-sayani-gupta-margarita-with-a-straw/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |title=Meet the feisty Khanum |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/interview-with-sayani-gupta/article7134274.ece |access-date=19 January 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=23 April 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Express 2">{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Ranbir Kapoor is outstanding: Sayani Gupta |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-is-outstanding-sayani-gupta/ |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=26 April 2015 |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113001449/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-is-outstanding-sayani-gupta/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She essayed the role of a blind [[Pakistan]]i-[[Bangladesh]]i lesbian activist named Khanum in ''[[Margarita with a Straw]]'' opposite [[Kalki Koechlin]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bollywood movies which touched upon homosexuality as a subject |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/bollywood-movies-which-touched-upon-homosexuality-as-a-subject-2138979.html |access-date=3 September 2019 |work=Zee News |date=6 September 2018 |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903113321/https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/bollywood-movies-which-touched-upon-homosexuality-as-a-subject-2138979.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Gupta was born on 9 October 1985 in [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata) in [[West Bengal]] in a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sayani Gupta Birthday : 37 साल की हुईं सायानी गुप्ता, ये हैं उनके 5 मशहूर किरदार |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/photo-gallery/entertainment-photos/four-more-shots-please-actress-sayani-gupta-turns-37-here-are-some-of-her-best-works-au98-1496475.html |access-date=24 May 2023 |work=TV9 Bharatvarsh |date=9 October 2022 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Drama is in the Air: An Interview with Bollywood Actress Sayani Gupta ⋆ Greaves India |url=https://www.greavesindia.co.uk/drama-air-interview-bollywood-actress-sayani-gupta/ |date=10 June 2016 |website=Greaves India |language=en-GB |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001222155/https://www.greavesindia.co.uk/drama-air-interview-bollywood-actress-sayani-gupta/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TOI_May2016">{{Cite news |title=Sayani Gupta, of Fan fame, retraces her Bengali roots |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/sayani-gupta-of-fan-fame-retraces-her-bengali-roots/photostory/52109673.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=4 May 2016 |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref> She graduated from the Film and Television Institute of India.<ref>{{cite news |title=किरदार के लिए बाल्ड लुक से भी नहीं हिचकिचाईं थीं ये अभिनेत्री, जन्मदिन पर जानें कुछ अनसुने तथ्य |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/sayani-gupta-birthday-special-here-some-unknown-facts |access-date=27 March 2020 |work=Amar Ujala |date=9 October 2019 |language=hi |archive-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327175828/https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/sayani-gupta-birthday-special-here-some-unknown-facts |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Happy birthday Sayani Gupta; The actress has shared her own 'MeToo' experience |url=https://www.orissapost.com/happy-birthday-sayani-gupta-the-actress-has-shared-her-own-metoo-experience/ |access-date=27 March 2020 |work=OrissaPOST |date=9 October 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327175832/https://www.orissapost.com/happy-birthday-sayani-gupta-the-actress-has-shared-her-own-metoo-experience/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Other activities==
===Singer===
As a singer, she sang "Kahab To" in ''Article 15''. She also served background vocals on most of the ''Four More Shots Please'' soundtrack.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

=== Filmmaking ===
In 2026, Gupta made her directorial debut with the short film ''Aasmani'', which she also wrote and produced. The film stars [[Revathy]] and follows an elderly woman and her granddaughter, exploring themes of love, ageing and independence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=26 March 2026 |title=Indian Actor Sayani Gupta Makes Directorial Debut With Short Film ‘Aasmani,’ Starring Revathi (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/indian-actor-sayani-gupta-directorial-debut-aasmani-revathi-1236700346/ |magazine=Variety |access-date=27 March 2026}}</ref>

The project was produced by the Sumitra Gupta Foundation for Arts and One India Stories, with executive producers including Nikkhil Advani and Dia Mirza. The screenplay received multiple international awards prior to its planned festival premiere in 2026.<ref name=":0" />

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Note
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
|''[[Second Marriage Dot Com]]''
|Poonam
|
|-
|''[[Tasher Desh]]''
|Young Queen
|Bengali film
|-
| 2014
|''[[Shuruaat Ka Interval]]''
|Opa
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
|''[[Margarita with a Straw]]''
|Khanum
|
|-
|''[[Parched]]''
|Champa
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
|''[[Fan (2016 film)|Fan]]''
| Sunaina
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Fan Tales: How Shah Rukh Khan's co-star Sayani Gupta bagged the film offer! |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-fan-tales-how-shah-rukh-khan-s-co-star-sayani-gupta-bagged-the-film-offer-2193766 |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=DNA |date=25 March 2016 |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528161543/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-fan-tales-how-shah-rukh-khan-s-co-star-sayani-gupta-bagged-the-film-offer-2193766 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Baar Baar Dekho]]''
|Chitra
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paul |first1=Ushnota |title=Sayani Gupta talks about Baar Baar Dekho, love and her ideal date |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/sayani-gupta-talks-about-baar-baar-dekho-love-and-her-ideal-date-15513.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=Filmfare |date=10 September 2016 |language=en |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006044433/https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/sayani-gupta-talks-about-baar-baar-dekho-love-and-her-ideal-date-15513.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2017
|''[[Jolly LLB 2]]''
|Hina Siddiqui
|
|-
|''[[The Hungry]]''
|Loveleen Ahuja
|
|-
|''[[Jagga Jasoos]]''
|Little Girl
|<ref name="Express 2"/>
|-
|''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]''
|Isha
| rowspan="2" |Deleted scene
|-
|''[[Fukrey Returns]]''
|Sheetal
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|''Darkness Visible''
|Asha
|English film<ref>{{cite news |last1=Felperin |first1=Leslie |title=Darkness Visible review – mystery and murder on the streets of Kolkata |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/oct/17/darkness-visible-review-jaz-deo-sayani-gupta-kolkata-india |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=17 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Article 15 (film)|Article 15]]''
|Gaura
|
|-
|''[[Posham Pa]]''
|Regha
|
|-
|''[[Axone (film)|Axone]]''|| Upasana ||
|-
|2021
|''[[Pagglait]]''||Akansha
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Kambam |first=Saichaitanya |title=Netflix picks up "Pagglait" starring Sanya Malhotra and Shruti Sharma |website=OnlyTech |date=16 September 2020 |url=https://onlytech.com/netflix-picks-up-pagglait-starring-sanya-malhotra-and-shruti-sharma/ |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916200614/https://onlytech.com/netflix-picks-up-pagglait-starring-sanya-malhotra-and-shruti-sharma/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Sherdil: The Pilibhit Saga]]''
|Lajwanti "Lajjo"
| <ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title=T-Series, Reliance Entertainment Set Theatrical Bow for Indian Satire 'Sherdil: The Pilibhit Saga' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/t-series-reliance-entertainmentsherdil-the-pilibhit-saga-1235263897/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |magazine=Variety |date=11 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Zwigato]]''
|Zwigato Regional Head
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| ''[[Khwaabon Ka Jhamela]]''
|Ruby
|
|-
| ''Mitran Da Chaleya Truck Ni''
|Meeta
| Punjabi film<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jogani |first1=Rishi |date=17 October 2024 |title=Mittran Da Challeya Truck Ni Week 1 Box Office Estimates: Amrinder Gill's film grosses Rs 21 crore worldwide; HUGE HIT overseas but AVERAGE in India |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/mittran-da-challeya-truck-ni-week-1-box-office-collections-amrinder-gills-film-grosses-rs-22-50-crore-worldwide-huge-hit-overseas-but-average-in-india-1353992 |work=Pinkvilla |access-date=11 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2017–present ||''[[Inside Edge (2017 TV series)|Inside Edge]]''|| Rohini Raghavan ||
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Goyal |first1=Samarth |title=Sayani Gupta: Frankly, Indian TV is sh*t right now, there's no good show on offer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sayani-gupta-frankly-indian-tv-is-sh-t-right-now-there-s-no-good-show-on-offer/story-1TbJext6aBZGz38yctxGkM.html |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 August 2017 |language=en |archive-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820023809/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sayani-gupta-frankly-indian-tv-is-sh-t-right-now-there-s-no-good-show-on-offer/story-1TbJext6aBZGz38yctxGkM.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/290617/sayani-gupta-sacrifices-theatre-opportunities-for-web-series-inside-edge.html |title=Sayani Gupta sacrifices theatre opportunities for web-series Inside Edge |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=29 June 2017 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629180241/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/290617/sayani-gupta-sacrifices-theatre-opportunities-for-web-series-inside-edge.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2018 ||''Kaushiki''||Kaushiki||
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |date=27 June 2018 |title=Kaushiki actor Sayani Gupta: Would love to dance around trees but only intense roles come my way |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kaushiki-actor-sayani-gupta-5235523/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=8 September 2024 |archive-date=8 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908132442/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kaushiki-actor-sayani-gupta-5235523/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-

|2019–present ||''[[Four More Shots Please!]]''||Damini Rizvi-Roy||
| <ref>{{Cite news |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |date=24 January 2019 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/sayani-gupta-four-more-shots-please-amazon-prime-video-damini-5550282/ |title=Sayani Gupta: Four More Shots Please is my most glamorous project ever |work=Indian Express |access-date=25 January 2019 |archive-date=25 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125183217/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/sayani-gupta-four-more-shots-please-amazon-prime-video-damini-5550282/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2024 || ''[[Call Me Bae]]'' || Madhulika Sahay/Anamika ||Special appearance
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Devansh |date=7 September 2024 |title=Did you spot these 5 cameos in Ananya Panday's Call Me Bae? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/did-you-spot-these-5-cameos-in-ananya-panday-call-me-bae-101725694575085.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025 ||''[[Delhi Crime]]'' || Kusum ||Season 3 || <ref>{{cite news|last1=Dhingra|first1=Snehal|date=11 November 2025|title=Web Series Delhi Crime 3 Actress Sayani Gupta RAISES Question On Children's Safety: We Should Not Shut Up|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/delhi-crime-3-actress-sayani-gupta-raises-question-on-childrens-safety-we-should-not-shut-up-article-153135307|work=Times Now|access-date=11 November 2025|archive-date=12 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112011305/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/delhi-crime-3-actress-sayani-gupta-raises-question-on-childrens-safety-we-should-not-shut-up-article-153135307|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2020 || ''[[The Good Karma Hospital]]'' || Jyoti Gill || Season 3 episode 2 || <ref>{{cite news |last1=Abraham |first1=Letty Maria |date=24 March 2020 |title=Sayani Gupta: My character undergoes 17 surgeries in the show |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/sayani-gupta-on-playing-acid-attack-survivor-my-character-undergoes-17-surgeries-in-the-show-22693285 |work=Mid-day |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref>
|}

=== Short films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2015
|''Leeches''
|Raisa
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2016 |title=DIFF 2016: Leeches' Director Payal Sethi Opens Up About One Day Brides and India's Obsession With Virginity |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/diff-2016-leeches-director-payal-sethi-opens-up-about-one-day-brides-and-indias-obsession-with-virginity-1310018.html |access-date=12 June 2020 |website=News18}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''Call Waiting''
|Aarti
|<ref>{{cite news |title=SRK's FAN actress Sayani Gupta in short film 'Call Waiting' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/srks-fan-actress-sayani-gupta-in-short-film-call-waiting/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=10 March 2016 |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519115902/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/srks-fan-actress-sayani-gupta-in-short-film-call-waiting/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''The Proposal''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''Shame''
|Natasha
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=16 January 2019 |title=Shame Short Film Review: A Smartly Designed Short Marred By Its Dominant Tone Of Social Justice |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/short-film-review/shame-short-film-review-a-smartly-designed-short-marred-by-its-dominant-tone-of-social-justice/ |access-date=12 June 2020 |website=Film Companion |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612110546/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/short-film-review/shame-short-film-review-a-smartly-designed-short-marred-by-its-dominant-tone-of-social-justice/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Detour ''
25 August
|Nimisha
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Watch: Cab rides and conversations in short film 'Detour' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/905415/watch-cab-rides-and-conversations-in-short-film-detour |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=12 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''Red Velvet ''
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Anand |title=डिजिटल रिव्यू: मखमली साजिश से होते कत्ल की खूबसूरत कहानी, रेड वेलवेट |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/digital-review-of-sayani-gupta-short-film-red-velvet |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=Amar Ujala |date=28 February 2019 |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|''Shameless''
|Bharti
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=Sayani Gupta-starrer short 'Shameless' releases digitally |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/sayani-gupta-starrer-short-shameless-releases-digitally/articleshow/90707649.cms |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=7 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{commons category|Sayani Gupta}}
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm4668046}}
*{{Twitter|sayanigupta}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Sayani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]

Arakan campaign (1942–1943)

2026-03-18T11:55:04Z

Veronagqc: added a article - done

{{Short description|Military campaign in Arakan during World War II}}
{{More footnotes|date=February 2010}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Arakan campaign (1942–1943)
| partof = the [[Burma campaign (1942–1943)|Burma campaign]] of [[World War II]]
| image =
| image_upright = 1.0
| caption = Royal Indian Navy landing craft carry Indian troops along a tributary of the [[Kaladan River]].
| date = 17 December 1942 – Early June 1943
| place = [[Rakhine State|Arakan]], western [[British rule in Burma|Burma]]
| result = Japanese victory
| combatant1 = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
* {{flagcountry|British Raj}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Empire of Japan}}

| commander1 = {{flagdeco|United Kingdom}} [[Noel Irwin]] {{flagdeco|United Kingdom}} [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William Slim]]
| commander2 = {{Flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} Kosuke Miyawaki {{Flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} Takeshi Koga
| strength1 = 4 brigades ''rising to '' 9 brigades 5 motor launches 72 landing craft 3 paddle steamers
| strength2 = 1 regiment ''rising to '' 1 division
| casualties1 = 916 killed 4,141 wounded and missing<ref name=Allen638>Allen (1984), p.638</ref>
| casualties2 = 611 killed 1,165 wounded (estimated)<ref>Official Japanese figures in Allen (1984), p.113</ref>
}}
{{Campaignbox Burma}}

The '''Arakan campaign of 1942–1943''' was the first tentative [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] attack into [[British rule in Burma|Burma]], following the [[Japanese invasion of Burma]] earlier in 1942, during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. The [[British Army]] and [[British Indian Army]] were not ready for [[Offensive (military)|offensive action]]s in the difficult terrain they encountered, nor had the civil government, industry and transport infrastructure of Eastern India been organised to support the Army on the frontier with Burma. Japanese defenders occupying well-prepared positions repeatedly repulsed the British and Indian forces, who were then forced to retreat when the Japanese received reinforcements and counter-attacked.

==Prelude==

===Situation in 1942===
[[File:Second world war asia 1937-1942 map en6.png|thumb|Japanese advance until mid-1942]]
In May 1942, the Allies retreated from Burma, accompanied by many refugees, mainly Indian and Anglo-Burmese. Although the Japanese halted their advance on the [[Chindwin River]] (mainly because the heavy [[monsoon]] rains descended at this point and made the roads and tracks through the mountainous frontier between India and Burma impassable), the leadership of the [[British Indian Army]] feared that they would attack again after the monsoon ended. The Government of India and the state governments of the eastern provinces of [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] faced widespread disorder and a growing famine which would eventually become the disastrous [[Bengal famine of 1943]].

The British reorganised their command in eastern India. The headquarters of [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Army]], under Lieutenant General [[Charles Broad (British Army officer)|Charles Broad]], were at [[Ranchi]] in Bihar. This army command was originally a peacetime administrative headquarters for depots and units stationed in Eastern India. It unexpectedly found itself in control of a very large rear communications area, and the troops on the frontier with Burma, roles for which it had not prepared in peacetime. Its fighting formations were the [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|IV Corps]], commanded by Lieutenant General [[Noel Irwin]], at [[Imphal]] in [[Manipur]], and the newly formed [[XV Corps (British India)|XV Corps]], commanded from 9 June 1942 by Lieutenant General [[William Slim]], with its headquarters at [[Barrackpore]], near [[Calcutta]].

XV Corps in turn commanded [[14th Indian Infantry Division|14th Indian (Light) Division]] which was stationed around [[Chittagong]] and faced the Burmese coastal [[province of Arakan]], and the [[26th Indian Infantry Division]] in the [[Ganges Delta]]. The 14th (Light) Division had been raised at [[Quetta]] in [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Baluchistan]] and was originally intended to form part of the Allied forces in [[Iraq]] and [[Iran|Persia]]. It was fully formed and equipped but lacked training, particularly in jungle warfare. The 26th Division was still forming, and was engaged in training and in internal security duties.<ref>Slim (1956), pp.130–131</ref>

===Allied plans===
General [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell]], the [[Commander-in-Chief, India|Commander in Chief in India]], was making plans to mount offensives into Burma even as Allied troops were retreating into India.<ref>Allen (1984), p.93</ref> On most parts of the front, roads and other lines of communications had to be improved or built from scratch before attacks could be considered, a task which would take at least a year, but on the [[Arakan Province|Arakan]] front, distances were comparatively short and the necessary communications could theoretically be completed by the time the monsoon ended.<ref>Allen (1984), pp.95–96</ref> In fact, the time required to improve the poor roads in the region delayed the start of the offensive until mid-December 1942.

In July, General Broad retired and Lieutenant General Irwin was appointed to command Eastern Army. He informed Lieutenant General Slim that the headquarters of Eastern Army and XV Corps were to exchange places for the offensive. Eastern Army HQ would move to Barrackpur and take direct command of the Arakan offensive, while XV Corps HQ moved to Ranchi to restore order in Bihar, and raise and train fresh divisions for later combat in Burma.<ref>Slim (1956), p.138</ref>

The limited goal of the British advance in Arakan in 1942 and 1943 was [[Sittwe|Akyab Island]]. This held a port and all-weather airfield, which were prominent in Allied plans to recover Burma. Fighters and transport aircraft, operating at a radius of {{convert|250|mi|km}} from Akyab, could cover most of Central Burma, and medium bombers operating from Akyab could range as far as [[Yangon|Rangoon]], the capital of Burma, {{convert|330|mi|km}} distant. The island lay at the end of the Mayu Peninsula. This was marked by a narrow but precipitous and jungle-covered range of hills, the Mayu Range, which separated the narrow coastal plain from the fertile rice-growing valley of the Kalapanzin River, which became the Mayu River below the town of [[Buthidaung]]. The only permanently established route across the range was a disused railway track, converted into a road, which linked Buthidaung with the port of [[Maungdaw]] on the west coast of the peninsula.

Wavell's plan to capture Akyab,Operation Cannibal, was originally planned in September 1942 that Akyab would be taken by an amphibious assault launched by the [[29th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|British 29th Brigade]], while the 14th Indian Division mounted a subsidiary advance down the Mayu peninsula. The amphibious part of the plan was dropped because 29th Brigade (which until November 1942 was engaged in the [[Battle of Madagascar]]) and the landing craft could not be made available in time. Instead, it was planned that once 14th Division had reached Foul Point at the extreme southern end of the Mayu peninsula, it would improvise an attack by the [[6th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|6th Brigade]] across the narrow channel which separated Akyab Island from the peninsula.<ref>Allen (1984), pp.94–95</ref> (By late December, five motor launches, 72 landing craft and three paddle steamers were available.)<ref>Allen (1984), p.97</ref>

==Battle==

===Advance begins===
The 14th Indian Division, commanded by Major General [[Wilfrid Lewis Lloyd]], began advancing south from [[Cox's Bazar District|Cox's Bazar]] near the frontier between India and Burma, on 17 December 1942. The Japanese defending the Arakan front were "Miyawaki Force". This consisted of two battalions of the 213th Regiment (part of the [[33rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|Japanese 33rd Division]]), a [[mountain artillery]] battalion and various supporting arms detachments, commanded by Colonel Kosuke Miyawaki.<ref>Allen (1984), p.96</ref> Although the forward unit (the second battalion of the 213th Regiment, known as "Isagoda battalion" after its commander) had spent fifty days digging defensive positions to cover the Maungdaw-Buthidaung road, they were ordered to pull back to join the main body of the force near the tip of the Mayu peninsula.<ref>Allen (1984), pp.96–97</ref> Lloyd's division captured the road on 22 December.

===Advance stalls===
At this point, Miyawaki was informed that another division, the [[55th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|Japanese 55th Division]], less a regiment which was serving in western [[New Guinea]], had been dispatched from Central Burma to Arakan. The division's commander was Lieutenant General Takeshi Koga. Miyawaki was ordered to move forward to Donbaik on the Mayu peninsula and [[Rathedaung]] on the east bank of the Mayu River, to secure positions from which this division could operate. On 28 December, the "Isagoda Battalion" occupied Rathedaung and forestalled the attempt by the [[123rd Indian Infantry Brigade]] to capture the town. On 9–10 January, renewed attacks on Rathedaung were thrown back.

While most of Miyawaki's remaining troops occupied Akyab, a single Japanese company occupied the narrow front between the sea and the foothills of the Mayu Range {{convert|1|mi|km}} north of Donbaik, protected by a ''chaung'' (a tidal creek) with steep banks {{convert|9|ft|m}} high. They constructed well-concealed and mutually supporting bunkers of timber and earth. Between 7 and 9 January 1943, the [[47th Indian Infantry Brigade]] attacked this line but were repulsed. The bunkers could not be penetrated by field artillery, and if British or Indian infantry reached the bunkers, the defenders could call down artillery and mortar fire on their own position.<ref>Slim (1956), pp.154–155</ref>

Wavell and Irwin visited Lloyd on 10 January. Lloyd asked for tanks to deal with the bunkers. Irwin in turn demanded a single troop of tanks from [[50th Indian Tank Brigade]], part of Slim's XV Corps at Ranchi. Both Slim and the brigade commander (Brigadier George Todd) protested that a complete regiment (of 50 or more tanks) would be required, but they were overruled. On 1 February, [[55th Indian Infantry Brigade]], supported by only eight [[Valentine tank]]s, attacked the Donbaik position. Some of the tanks became stuck in ditches, while others were knocked out by Japanese shellfire; the brigade's attack subsequently failed. A renewed attack by the Indian 123rd Brigade on Rathedaung two days later briefly gained some outlying positions, but the Brigade was forced to withdraw.<ref>Allen (1984), pp.99–100</ref>

The third battalion of the Japanese 213th Regiment had been sent to Arakan from [[Pakokku]] in Central Burma, where it had been in reserve, ahead of the 55th Division. During February, it cleared detachments of the British irregular [[V Force]] from the valley of the [[Kaladan River]], where they had been threatening the Japanese lines of communication. V Force warned the British of the large numbers of Japanese approaching the battlefield.

===Last British attacks===
Following their defeats at Donbaik, the Indian 47th and 55th Brigades had been moved east of the Mayu Range. In the first week of March, the third battalion of the Japanese 213th Regiment crossed the Mayu River and attacked Indian 55th Brigade, forcing it to retreat. This left the Indian 47th Brigade isolated north of Rathedaung. In spite of this growing threat to the left flank of 14th Division, General Irwin demanded that another attack be made on the Donbaik position, using the powerful and well-trained British 6th Brigade. On 10 March, Lieutenant General Slim had been ordered to report on the situation in Arakan, although it was not yet intended that XV Corps headquarters take charge of the front. Slim reported to Irwin that with so many brigades to command, 14th Indian Division was unable to control the front. Morale was low in some units, reflected in unnecessary panics.<ref>Slim (1956), p.155</ref> However, Irwin made no changes at this point.

For the next assault on Donbaik, Lloyd planned to use the 71st Indian Brigade in a flanking move along the spine of the Mayu Range, but by this time, Irwin had lost confidence in Lloyd and his brigadiers, and laid down the plan of attack himself.<ref>Allen (1984), p.101</ref> He diverted the 71st Brigade to the Mayu Valley and ordered the British 6th Brigade, reinforced to a strength of six battalions, to make an attack on a narrow front. The brigade attacked on 18 March. Some of the Japanese 55th Division had reinforced the defenders of Donbaik, and in spite of heavy artillery support the 6th Brigade also was unable to deal with the bunkers and suffered 300 casualties. After this repulse, Wavell and Irwin ordered the ground already taken to be held.<ref>Allen (1984), pp.102–103</ref>

===Japanese counter-attack===
On 25 March, Lloyd ordered the isolated 47th Indian Brigade to fall back across the Mayu Range, despite Irwin's instructions to hold all ground until the monsoon. Irwin rescinded Lloyd's order and dismissed Lloyd on 29 March, taking command of the 14th Division in person until the headquarters of the Indian 26th Division, commanded by Major-General [[Cyril Lomax]], could take over.<ref>Allen (1984), pp.106–107</ref>

On 3 April, while "Uno Force" (the Japanese 143rd Regiment) pressed northwards up the Mayu River valley, the main body of the Japanese 55th Division ("Tanahashi Force", consisting mainly of the 112th Regiment) crossed the Mayu Range at a point where British officers had regarded the range as impassable and cut the coastal track behind the leading British troops. They attacked on the night of 5 April and captured the village of Indin, where they also overran the headquarters of the British 6th Brigade and captured its commander, Brigadier Ronald Cavendish, his adjutant and six staff officers.<ref>Moreman (2005), p.73</ref> Cavendish, some of his staff and some of their Japanese captors were killed shortly afterwards, probably by British artillery fire.<ref>Allen (1984), pp. 106–107, 110</ref> (Cavendish had directed the British guns to open fire on Indin just before being overrun.) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/27/a4894527.shtml|title=Ronald Cavendish|last=Tebbutt|first=Alison|date=August 9, 2005|website=WW2 People's War|access-date=January 31, 2020}}</ref> The 47th Indian Brigade was forced to retreat across the Mayu Range in small parties, abandoning all its equipment and ceasing to exist as a fighting force.

Indian XV Corps headquarters under Lieutenant General Slim belatedly took charge of the Arakan front. Although the British 6th Brigade was still formidable in spite of its recent defeats, Slim was concerned that the other troops on the front were tired and demoralised. Nevertheless, he and Lomax anticipated that the Japanese would next try to capture the Maungdaw-Buthidaung road and planned to surround and destroy them. While the British 6th Brigade defended the coastal plain, eight British and Indian battalions were deployed to encircle the Japanese as they neared the road at a point where two tunnels carried it through the Mayu range.<ref>Slim (1956), p.161</ref>

In late April, the Japanese attacked northwards, as Slim and Lomax had predicted. They met stiff resistance on the flanks and advanced instead in the centre. On 4 May as Slim prepared to order two Indian battalions to surround the Japanese, a British battalion defending a hill referred to as Point 551 gave way, allowing the Japanese to cut the Maungdaw-Buthidaung road. Counter-attacks failed and the British and Indian troops in Buthidaung and the Kalapanzin valley were cut off. As there was no other route for motor vehicles across the Mayu Range, they were forced to destroy their transport before retreating north up the valley.<ref>Allen (1984), pp.111–112</ref>

Irwin ordered Maungdaw at least to be held but Slim and Lomax decided that the port was not prepared for a siege and that Japanese artillery could dominate the [[Naf River]] on which the port stood, preventing reinforcements and supplies reaching it. They also feared that the exhausted troops which 26th Indian Division had inherited could not be relied upon to defend the port resolutely. On 11 May, the port was abandoned and XV Corps fell back to Cox's Bazar in India, where the open rice-growing country gave the advantage to British artillery. The British stand had also bought enough time for the monsoon rains to arrive in force (Arakan receives {{convert|200|in|mm|abbr=on}} per annum), dissuading the Japanese from following up their successes.

==Aftermath==
[[File:INDIAN TROOPS IN BURMA, 1944.jpg|thumb|right|An Indian infantry section of the 2nd Battalion, [[7th Rajput Regiment]] about to go on patrol on the Arakan front, 1944]]
Irwin, Slim and other officers were frank about the chief cause of failure in the Arakan. The average British and Indian soldier was not properly trained for fighting in jungle, which together with repeated defeats adversely affected morale. This was exacerbated by poor administration in the rear areas in India. Drafts of reinforcements sent to replace casualties were found in some cases to have not even completed basic training.<ref>Allen (1984), p.115</ref> There were several contributing factors. At one point, 14th Indian Division HQ was controlling no less than nine infantry brigades (instead of the usual three) and a large line of communications area. It was not equipped to handle this enormous responsibility. The road used as supply routes were inadequate, and there were insufficient landing craft and small ships as an alternative.

Lieutenant General Irwin attempted to dismiss Slim from command of XV Corps, but was himself relieved of command of Eastern Army, and returned to Britain on sick leave. His replacement at Eastern Army was General [[George Giffard]], a very different character from the abrasive Irwin. Giffard concentrated on restoring the Army's morale and improving its state of health and training. The first [[Chindit]] raid under Brigadier [[Orde Wingate]] concluded about this time, and its successes were widely publicised to counter the depressing news from the Arakan.

As part of a general shuffle of the senior appointments in the Allied, British and Indian armies about this time, Wavell became [[Viceroy of India]] and General [[Claude Auchinleck]] became Commander in Chief in India. The Indian Army establishment was reorganised to concentrate on fighting the Burma campaign, with success in the following two years.

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin|}}
* {{cite book|last=Allen|first=Louis|title=Burma: The Longest War|publisher=Dent Publishing|year=1984|isbn=0-460-02474-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Latimer|first=Jon|author-link=Jon Latimer|title=Burma: The Forgotten War|location=London|publisher=John Murray|year=2004|isbn=0-7195-6576-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Slim|first=William|author-link=William Slim|title=Defeat Into Victory|publisher=David McKay|location=New York|year=1961|oclc=962866459}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Jungle, Japanese and the British Commonwealth Armies at War, 1941-45: Fighting Methods, Doctrine and Training for Jungle Warfare|last=Moreman|first=Tim|publisher=Frank Crass|year=2005|isbn=0-714-64970-8|location=New York}}{{refend}}

{{World War II}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arakan Campaign}}
[[Category:Burma campaign (1942–1943)]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving India]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Japan]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom]]

Genius (2018 Hindi film)

2026-03-17T07:20:37Z

Veronagqc: formatting fix

{{short description|2018 film directed by Anil Sharma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Genius
| image = Genius official poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]
| producer = {{ubl|Deepak Mukut | Anil Sharma | K. C. Sharma | Kamal Mukut}}
| writer = Anil Sharma
| screenplay = {{ubl|Sunil Sirvaiya|Amjad Ali}}
| story = Anil Sharma
| starring = {{ubl|[[Utkarsh Sharma]]|[[Ishita Chauhan]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Himesh Reshammiya]] '''Score:''' [[Monty Sharma]]
| cinematography = Najeeb Khan
| editing = Ashfaque Makrani
| studio = {{ubl|Anil Sharma Productions|Soham RockStar Entertainment}}
| distributor = Soham Rockstar Entertainment
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2018|8|24}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|15}} crore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3818|title=Genius – Movie – Box Office India|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|7.50}} crore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/genius/box-office/|title=Genius Box Office collection till Now – Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=24 August 2018 |access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref>
}}

'''''Genius''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[psychological]] [[action thriller]] film directed by [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]. It marks the debut of his son [[Utkarsh Sharma]] as a male lead, who also featured as a child actor in Sharma's 2001 film ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]].'' [[Ishita Chauhan]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], and [[Mithun Chakraborty]], with [[Ayesha Jhulka]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goyal |first1=Divya |title=Remember Sunny Deol's Son in Gadar? He's Back in And As Genius |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/remember-sunny-deols-son-in-gadar-hes-back-in-and-as-genius-1870685 |access-date=8 July 2020 |publisher=[[NDTV.com]] |date=20 June 2018}}</ref> and Malti Chahar play supporting roles in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/genius/cast/|title=Genius Cast List {{!}} Genius Movie Star Cast – Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en-US|access-date=27 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/genius-teaser-director-anil-sharmas-son-utkarsh-make-his-debut-in-this-sci-fi-film-starring-ayesha-jhulka-nawazuddin-siddiqui-4382947.html|title=Genius teaser: Director Anil Sharma's son Utkarsh makes his debut in this sci-fi film starring Ayesha Jhulka, Nawazuddin Siddiqui|work=Firstpost|access-date=27 July 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/genius-teaser-utkarsh-sharma-introduced-as-archetypal-hindi-cinema-hero-in-father-anils-film-4550581.html|title=Genius teaser: Utkarsh Sharma introduced as archetypal Hindi cinema hero in father Anil's film|work=Firstpost|access-date=27 July 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film starts with Vasudev Shastri, a genius [[Research and Analysis Wing]] agent, being labelled as incompetent because he had failed in an important mission and got himself too injured to work again. Later, when he sits by a park depressed, Nandini, the love of his life, consoles him. The film then goes into a flashback where Vasudev Shastri who is a topper yet charming man who comes to [[IIT Roorkee]] where the second ranker, Nandini Chauhan, out of jealousy, decides to make his life hell. She constantly detests him, but Vasu outsmarts her every time. Besides being the friendly "genius" around campus, he secretly uses his hacking talent working part time for RAW.

The day before the final exam in IIT, Nandini reluctantly visits Vasudev to get help regarding a theorem. There, Vasudev admits to Nandini that he had been long in love with her. Hearing this, Nandini immediately hatches a cunning plan and gives Vasudev sleeping pills so that he is unable to attend the exam the next day. However, Vasudev outsmarts her this time as well and reaches the exam hall before her. Vasu doesn't at all seem angry with her and instead helps her with an unexpected glitch and walks away smiling after completing his paper. On the day of the results, Nandini learns that Vasudev had intentionally submitted a blank paper just to let her top. Seeing his dedication towards love, Nandini madly falls in love with him but doesn't reveal it and flies off to the US for her dream job.

On the other hand, senior members of RAW, impressed by Vasudev's intelligence, try to convince him to join RAW. After learning that his parents were killed in communal riots planned by ISI of Pakistan, Vasu finally decides to join RAW to take revenge against ISI. The film returns to the present, where Vasudev, who is labelled incompetent by RAW, uses a walking stick and suffers from acute [[tinnitus]] and several injuries since his failed mission.

Nandini had taken a break from her job to return to India and take care of Vasu. She takes Vasudev to her house in Puducherry, where her mother is pleasantly surprised to see Nandini (who had never valued personal relationships before her career) make huge sacrifices for Vasudev's welfare. Vasudev and Nandini spend some romantic moments, but their happiness is short lived as Vasudev starts having hallucinations about his failed mission.

A confused Nandini tries to take Vasudev to the US for treatment. Vasudev refuses and narrates the tragic story of his failed mission to Nandini, after which he leaves to track MRS, the mastermind of ISI in India and the prime target of his failed mission. Soon after, it is shown that all the hallucinations were just a drama set up by Vasudev to track his enemies. He, one by one, kills everyone who had helped MRS. On the other hand, MRS senses Vasudev's return and plans to kill him in a masquerade party. In the masquerade party, Vasudev saves himself but gets injured once again. Seeing Vasudev's miserable condition, Nandini breaks down. MRS, who was secretly observing them, takes advantage of this and kidnaps Nandini. Soon after, the senior members of RAW acknowledge his competence. With the help of RAW, Vasudev finds Nandini, saves Mathura from a huge blast and finally kills MRS by drowning him in the river. All members of RAW praise him. The film ends with him sharing a big hug with Nandini.

==Cast==
* [[Utkarsh Sharma]] as Vasudev Shastri, RAW's special Agent and Nandini's love interest
* [[Ishitha Chauhan]] as Nandini Chauhan, Vasudev's love interest
* [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] as Mr Samar Khan / MRS, an ISI agent and mastermind of ISI in India
* [[Mithun Chakraborthy]] as NSA Chief Jaishankar Prasad
* [[Anirban Mitra]] as NSA Officer Bablu
* Malti Chahar as Rubina, RAW Agent.
* [[Ayesha Jhulka]] as Nandini's mother
* [[KK Raina]] as Mr Das
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Minister
* [[Abhimanyu Singh]] as Mr. Praveen Joshi, an IB officer
* Arjun Dwivedi as Saleem
* [[Dev Gill]] as Mr. Rajiv Ranjan, MRS mole in RAW
* [[Ashok Samarth]] as Commander Arjun Singh Rathore
* Rajesh Bhati as Samar Khan right hand

== Reception ==
The film received generally poor reviews. Reviews were particularly critical of the confusing narrative and the standard of acting. [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave it 1/5 stars saying, "On the whole, GENIUS is an extremely poor and senseless fare."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/genius/critic-review/genius-movie-review/|title=Genius Review – Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=24 August 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref> Ronak Kotecha of [[The Times of India]] was equally critical of the film giving it 2/5 stars.<ref>{{Citation|title=Genius Movie Review {2/5}: A messed up mumbo jumbo of some juvenile IIT hacks, loud sounds and verbose filmy dialoguebazi|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/genius/movie-review/65520102.cms|access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref> [[The Indian Express]] gave it a "nil" rating describing it as feeling redundant.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/genius-movie-review-anil-sharma-nawazuddin-siddiqui-rating-5322696/|title=Genius movie review: The Anil Sharma film feels redundant|date=25 August 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=26 August 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Genius
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 9 August 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/genius-hindi|title=Genius – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |publisher=[[Gaana]]}}</ref>
| recorded = 2018
| venue = [[Mumbai]]
| studio = [[HR Musik Limited]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:28
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Tips Industries|Tips Music]]
| producer = Himesh Reshammiya
| prev_title = [[Teraa Surroor]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Happy Hardy and Heer]]
| next_year = 2020
| misc = {{External music video|header=Official audio
| 1 = {{YouTube|saYfjjUQ6xw|Tera Fitoor Song Video - Genius}}}}
{{Singles
| name = Genius
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Tera Fitoor
| single1date = 12 July 2018
| single2 = Dil Meri Na Sune
| single2date = 28 July 2018
| single3 = Holi Biraj Ma
| single3date = 5 August 2018
| single4 = Pyar Le Pyar De
| single4date = 21 August 2018
| single5 = Tujhse Kahan Juda Hoon Main
| single5date = 27 August 2018
}}
}}

The music of the film is composed by [[Himesh Reshammiya]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tera-fitoor-new-song-from-utkarsh-sharmas-genius-unites-energies-of-arijit-singh-himesh-reshammiya-4722421.html|title=Tera Fitoor: New song from Utkarsh Sharma's Genius unites energies of Arijit Singh, Himesh Reshammiya|work=Firstpost|access-date=27 July 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Monty Sharma]] composed the background score, while lyrics are penned by [[Manoj Muntashir]], [[Kumaar]], and [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]. The first song of the film "Tera Fitoor", which is sung by [[Arijit Singh]] was released on 12 July 2018 .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/genius-song-tera-fitoor-teaser-arijit-singh-sings-romantic-ballad-composed-by-himesh-reshammiya-4714541.html|title=Genius song Tera Fitoor teaser: Arijit Singh sings romantic ballad composed by Himesh Reshammiya|work=Firstpost|access-date=27 July 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> The album was released on 9 August 2018 by [[Tips Industries Limited|Tips Music]].

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 26:28
| title1 = Tera Fitoor
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kumaar]]
| length1 = 5:10
| title2 = Dil Meri Na Sune
| extra2 = [[Atif Aslam]]
| lyrics2 = [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| length2 = 3:56
| title3 = Tujhse Kahan Juda Hoon Main<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/genius-new-song-himesh-reshammiya-delivers-yet-another-romantic-number-with-tujhse-kahan-juda-hoon-main/articleshow/65574447.cms |title=Himesh Reshammiya delivers yet another romantic number with Tujhse Kahan Juda Hoon Main |date=28 August 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref>
| extra3 = [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Neeti Mohan]], Vineet Singh
| lyrics3 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| length3 = 4:42
| title4 = Holi Biraj Ma
| extra4 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
| lyrics4 = Manoj Muntashir
| length4 = 3:35
| title5 = Pyar Le Pyar De
| length5 = 5:10
| lyrics5 = Shabbir Ahmed
| extra5 = [[Dev Negi]], [[Ikka]], Iulia Vantur
| title6 = Dil Meri Na Sune
| length6 = 3:55
| lyrics6 = Manoj Muntashir
| extra6 = Atif Aslam, [[Payal Dev]]
| note6 = Reprise
| all_writing =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7722258}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|genius}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya]]
[[Category:2018 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anil Sharma]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:Films set in Islamabad]]
[[Category:Films set in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Military of Pakistan in films]]

Madhe Sahaba Agitation

2026-03-17T01:28:41Z

Veronagqc: added stub

{{short description|Madhe Sahaba Agitation in Lucknow}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Over-quotation|date=November 2024}}
{{COI|date=November 2024}}
{{POV|date=November 2024}}
{{Original research|date=November 2024}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Madhe Sahaba Agitation
| type = [[Religious violence in India|Religious violence]]
| map =
{{Location map | India
| width = 250
| lat_deg = 26.84
| lon_deg = 80.94
| label = Lucknow
}}
| location = [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| target = [[Azadari in Lucknow]]
| perp = [[Deobandi|Deobandi madrassa]] Dar ul Mubalaghin of Lucknow
| weapons = Stones, Bricks, Sticks
| motive = Sectarianism
}}
The '''Madhe Sahaba Agitation''' was a [[civil disobedience]] movement launched by the [[Deobandi]] Muslims of [[Lucknow]] in the first half of the twentieth century. The movement aimed to counter the [[Mourning of Muharram|commemoration of the tragedy of Karbala]] during [[Muharram]]. It led to a widespread Shia–Sunni conflict between 1906 and 1909 and later turned violent between 1936 and 1939. The conflict eventually spread to other parts of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]].

== Background ==
{{see also|Genocide of Kashmiri Shias}}
During Medieval India, both Shiites and Sunnis commemorated Muharram together. [[Francisco Pelsaert|Pelsaert]] provides an account of the commemoration of Muharram during [[Jahangir]]'s reign as follows:

<blockquote>"In commemoration of this tragedy, they wail all night for a period of ten days. The women recite lamentations and display grief. The men carry two decorated coffins on the main roads of the city with many lamps. Large crowds attend these ceremonies, with great cries of mourning and noise. The chief event is on the last night, when it seems as if a Pharoah had killed all the infants in one night. The outcry lasts till the first quarter of the day".<ref>S. A. A. Rizvi, "A Socio-Intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India", Vol. 2, p. 298, Mar'ifat Publishing House, Canberra (1986).</ref></blockquote>

Until the end of the sixteenth century AD, only two anti-Shia books had been written in India: ''Minhaj al-Din'' by Makhdoom-ul-Mulk Mullah Abdullah Sultanpuri and ''Radd-e Rawafiz'' by [[Ahmad Sirhindi|Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi]].<ref>S. A. A. Rizvi, "Shah Abd al-Aziz", p. 253, Ma’rifat Publishing House, Canberra, (1982).</ref> Sirhindi approvingly quoted a group of Transoxianan ulema:
<blockquote>"Since the Shia permit cursing Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and one of the chaste wives (of the Prophet), which in itself constitutes infedality, it is incumbent upon the Muslim ruler, nay upon all people, in compliance with the command of the Omniscient King (Allah), to kill them and to oppress them in order to elevate the true religion. It is permissible to destroy their buildings and to seize their property and belongings."<ref>Yohanan Friedmann, "'''Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi'''", Chapter 5(3), p. 74, PhD Thesis, Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University, Montreal, (1967).</ref></blockquote>
He expressed his hatred towards the Shias in his letters as well. According to him, the worst distorters of the faith "are those who bear malice against the companions of Prophet Muhammad. God has called them Kafirs in the Quran." In a letter to Sheikh Farid, he stated that showing respect to the distorters of faith ([[Bidʻah|''ahl-e-Bidʻah'']]) amounted to the destruction of Islam.<ref>Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi, "'''Muslim Revivalist Movements in Northern India'''", p. 250, Agra University Press, Agra, (1965).</ref> However, there is evidence that Sirhindi later changed his views regarding the Shias.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Friedmann|first=Yohanan|title="Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi"|publisher=PhD Thesis, Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University|year=1967|location=Montreal|pages=Chapter 5(3), p. 74}}</ref>

As far as armed violence is concerned, the medieval period offers only a few examples of Shias being killed for their beliefs. The most notable incidents include the killing of [[Abdullah Shah Ghazi]] in 769 AD,<ref>Derryl N. Maclean, "'''Religion and Society in Arab Sind'''", ch. 4, BRILL, (1989) {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}.</ref> the destruction of Multan in 1005 AD, the persecution of Shias at the hands of [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Sultan Feroz Shah]] (1351–1388 AD),<ref>Sirat-i Firozshahi, facsimile ed. of Patna MS, 1999, pp. 117–22. As cited in: S. A. N. Rezavi, "'''The Shia Muslims'''", in History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 2, Part. 2: "Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India", Chapter 13, Oxford University Press (2006).</ref> and the targeted killing of Mullah Ahmad Thathavi in 1589 AD.<ref>Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi, "'''A Socio-Intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India'''", Vol. I, pp. 233–234, Mar'ifat Publishing House, Canberra (1986).</ref> However, the killer of Mullah Ahmad Thathavi was brought to justice by Emperor Akbar.<ref>S. A. N. Rezavi, "'''The State, Shia's and Shi'ism in Medieval India''' ", Studies in People’s History, 4, 1, p. 32–45, SAGE (2017).</ref> The death of Syed Nurullah Shushtari appears to have been politically motivated.<ref>Sajjad Rizvi, "Shi'i Polemics at the Mughal Court: The Case of Qazi Nurullah Shushtari", ''Studies in People's History'', 4, 1, pp. 53–67, SAGE (2017).</ref> The region of [[Srinagar]] in Kashmir is an exception in the Middle Ages, having witnessed ten bloody [[Genocide of Kashmiri Shias|Taraaj-e-Shia]] campaigns.<ref>Zaheen, "'''Shi'ism in Kashmir, 1477–1885'''", International Research Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 4(4), 74–80, April (2015).</ref>

Troubles between the Shias and Sunnis in Lucknow were initiated by [[Syed Ahmad Barelvi]] during his visits to towns in Awadh, Bihar, and Bengal between 1818 and 1820, where he preached his radical ideas. He repeatedly destroyed ta'ziyas, an act that led to subsequent riots and chaos.<ref>Andreas Rieck, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=2HdeCwAAQBAJ&q=S.+Ahmad+Barelvi The Shia's of Pakistan]", p. 16, Oxford University Press (2016).</ref> Barbara Metcalf offers the following explanation for his [[anti-Shi'ism]]:

<blockquote>"Sayyid Ahmad himself is said, no doubt with considerable exaggeration, to have torn down thousands of imambaras, the building that house the ta'ziyahs".<ref>B. Metcalf, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=BdH_AwAAQBAJ&q=shi%27i Islamic revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900"], p. 58, Princeton University Press (1982).</ref></blockquote>

[[File:সাইয়েদ আহমাদ ব্রেলভীর কবর.JPG|thumb|Grave of Syed Ahmad Barelvi in Balakot]]
A second category of abuses that Syed Ahmad attributed to Shi’i influence was related to the practice of keeping ta’ziyahs. He particularly urged Muslims to abandon this practice, including the carrying of replicas of the tombs of the martyrs of Karbala in processions during the mourning ceremonies of Muharram. Muhammad Isma’il wrote:

<blockquote>"A true believer should regard the act of breaking a tazia by force as equally virtuous as destroying idols. If he cannot break them himself, he should order others to do so. If even that is beyond his power, he should at least detest and abhor them with his whole heart and soul."</blockquote>

This legacy was carried forward by his followers, who later split into two new sects, namely the [[Deobandi]]s and the [[Ahl-i Hadith|Ahle Hadith]]. However, until the end of the nineteenth century, anti-Shia sentiment was marginal, and the followers of Syed Ahmad Barelvi were few in number. [[Mushirul Hasan]] says:

<blockquote>"Shia-Sunni relations were not structured around sectarian lines. Some people nursed sectarian prejudices, but most consciously resisted attempts to create fissures in the broadly unified and consensual model of social and cultural living. Regardless of the polemics of the Ulama and the itinerant preachers, bonds of friendship and understanding remained intact because Shias and Sunnis of all classes shared a language, literature and a cultural heritage. That is probably why [[Abdul Halim Sharar|Sharar]] observed, though in an exaggerated vein, that no one in Lucknow ever noticed who was a Sunni and who a Shia".<ref name=":0">Mushirul Hasan, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4403862 Traditional Rites and Contested Meanings: Sectarian Strife in Colonial Lucknow]", Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 31, No. 9, pp. 543 – 550, (1996).</ref></blockquote>

However, as modern printing technology, political reforms, and fast travel brought about social changes, religious identities became politically relevant, and religious leaders began to segregate communities to strengthen their economic and political support base. In the 1880s and 1890s, Lucknow witnessed clashes between Shias and Sunnis.<ref name=":0" />

== 1908 Riots and Piggot Committee ==
By the early 1900s, the majority of Sunnis still observed Muharram. However, modern lifestyles led to Muharram becoming both a feast and a battleground. As noted in the government gazette:

<blockquote>"Shops and booths came to be set up and there were amusements such as swings and merry go rounds. It appears further that women of the town had begun not only to frequent the route of the tazias but to set up tents on the fair ground where they received visitors"<ref name=":1">Venkat Dhulipala, "[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/rallying-the-qaum-the-muslim-league-in-the-united-provinces-19371939/8468C5AFE0DD63CAB799922671ED3511 Rallying the Qaum: The Muslim League in the United Provinces, 1937–1939]", Modern Asian Studies, Vol 44(3), pp. 603–640, (2010).</ref></blockquote>
[[File:Madh-e-Sahaba_Celebration_in_Lucknow.jpeg|thumb|Cartoon appearing in Lucknow Punch, an Urdu satirical magazine mocking riots during Muharram 1908.]]
A Deobandi cleric, Abdul Shakoor Lakhnavi, sought to replace mourning with the celebration of Imam Hussain's moral victory over Yazid. He urged Sunnis to wear red or yellow attire instead of black and to carry a decorated ''Charyari'' flag in place of the traditional black flag. Rather than honouring the Sahaba on their birthdays, he began organising public gatherings under the banner of ''Madhe Sahaba'' (Praise of the Companions) during Muharram. In these meetings, he would discuss the lives of companions whom the Shias did not revere and criticise Shia beliefs.<ref>Justin Jones, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&q=bazm-i-saddiqi Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism"], pp. 102–103, Cambridge University Press, (2012).</ref>

Shias submitted a complaint to the office of the Lucknow District Magistrate, requesting action against activities that went against the traditional character of Muharram. The district administration accepted their demands and imposed stringent regulations on the Ashura procession of 1906. However, Sunnis objected to these new rules. In response, the administration designated a separate site at Nishat Ganj for Sunnis to bury their taziyah, which later became known as ''Karbala Phool Katora''.<ref name=":1" />

Despite this arrangement, Sunnis continued their new practice of celebrating the Sahaba during Muharram. In Sunni processions, ''Charyari'' poems and couplets were recited, some of which were considered objectionable as they contained derogatory remarks against Shias and their beliefs, provoking resentment among the Shias. In retaliation, Shias recited ''[[Tabarra]].'' This escalating tension led to serious riots in 1907 and 1908.

Following these disturbances, a four-member committee was formed under the chairmanship of Justice T. C. Piggot, an ICS officer and a judge of the High Court, to investigate the matter. The committee concluded that "the attempt to transform the tazia processions in honour of the first four Caliphs was an innovation." It recommended a general prohibition on the organised recitation of ''Madhe Sahaba'' verses on three specific days: ''Ashura'' (the tenth day of Muharram), ''Chehlum'' (the fortieth day after ''Ashura''), and the twenty-first day of Ramzan. The government accepted the committee’s report and implemented its recommendations.<ref name=":1" />

== Madhe Sahaba Agitation of 1930s ==
{{see also|Tabarra agitation}}After the decline of the [[Khilafat Movement]] in the 1920s, the clergy lost its influence over the public, and many Muslims began following modern leaders like Muhammad Ali Jinnah. In an effort to remain politically relevant, the politically ambitious Deobandi clergy established a militant organisation, Majlis-i-Ahrar-i-Islam, in 1931. This organisation is considered a predecessor of Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP).

Initially, Majlis-i-Ahrar-i-Islam agitated against the Ahmadis in Kashmir, but they soon sought another cause. An opportunity arose through Molana Abdul Shakoor Lakhnavi, who had established a seminary, Dar-ul-Mubalaghin, in Lucknow in 1931, strategically located on the route of the annual Shia procession. Molana Abdul Shakoor wrote numerous books and pamphlets and engaged in debates with Shia clerics. With the increased availability of paper, his writings spread across the subcontinent, leading to incidents of violence, though on a smaller scale compared to the situation in Uttar Pradesh. Dhulipala says:

<blockquote>"The problem broke out with renewed vigour in 1936 on Ashura day when two Sunnis disobeyed orders and publicly recited Charyari in the city centre of Lucknow. They were arrested and prosecuted, but then on Chhelum day more Sunnis took part in reciting Charyari and fourteen were arrested. This led to a new agitation by the Lucknow Sunnis in favour of reciting these verses publicly, which came to be known as Madhe Sahaba".<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>

The government appointed the Allsop Committee, which upheld the decision of the Piggott Committee. The Allsop Committee's report was published in March 1938 but was rejected by the Deobandi ulema. Mushirul Hasan says:
[[File:Husain_Ahmad_Madani_2012_stamp_of_India.jpg|thumb|Husain Ahmad Madani]]
<blockquote>"It turned violent in May–June 1937, when frenzied mobs in Lucknow and Ghazipur went on a rampage. Trouble in Ghazipur was instigated by a party of Sunnis from Jaunpur. Enraged mobs burnt and looted property. They killed at will. The summer of discontent rumbled on as sectarian strife, hitherto dormant, turned into a common occurrence in the daily lives of Lucknawis. There was more trouble during the next two years, fuelled by a government-appointed committee's ruling against Madh-e Sahaba in Lucknow. All hell broke loose. Husain Ahmad Madani (1879–1957), principal of the renowned seminary at Deoband along with other Jam'iyat al-'Ulama' leaders, jumped into the fray. He advocated civil disobedience. Thousands paid heed to his call and courted arrest. Though a fervent advocate of secular nationalism and a principled critic of the «two-nation theory», he stirred sectarian passions unabashedly. He spoke at a public meeting in Lucknow on 17 March 1938 sharing the platform with the firebrand head of the Dar al-Muballighin, Maulvi 'Abdul Shakoor, and Maulana Zafarul Mulk, chief exponent of Madh-e Sahaba in Lucknow".<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

In April 1938, when the Chehlum procession passed in front of the newly built Madrasa Dar-ul-Mubalaghin, bricks were thrown at it from the rooftop, resulting in the deaths of ten Shias and injuries to dozens of others.<ref name=":1" /> With the rise of the modern press and faster communication, the conflict quickly spread to other cities. By 1940, tensions had escalated further, and a bomb was thrown at a procession in Delhi. J. N. Hollister reports on the security situation during Muharram in 1940:

<blockquote>"Conflicts between Sunnis and Shias at Muharram are not infrequent. Processions in the cities are accompanied by police along fixed lines of March. The following quotations from a single newspaper are not usual. They indicate what might happen if government did not keep the situation under control:

'adequate measures avert incidents', 'Muharram passed off peacefully', 'All shops remained closed in... in order to avoid incidents', 'Several women offered satyagraha in front of the final procession... about twenty miles from Allahabad. They object to the passing of the procession through their fields', 'the police took great precautions to prevent a breach of the peace', 'as a sequel to the cane charge by the police on a Mehndi procession the Moslems... did not celebrate the Muharram today. No ta’zia processions were taken out... Business was transacted as usual in the Hindu localities', 'Bomb thrown on procession'.

Not all of these disturbances spring from sectarian differences, but those differences actuate many fracases. Birdwood says that, in Bombay, where the first four days of Muharram are likely to be devoted to visiting each other's tabut khanas, women and children as well as men are admitted, and members of other communities – only the Sunnies are denied 'simply as a police precaution'".<ref>J. N. Hollister, "[[iarchive:TheShiaOfIndia-JohnNormanHollister/page/n187/mode/2up|The Shi’a of India]]", p. 178, Luzac and Co, London, (1953)</ref></blockquote>

Justice Munir writes in his report:

<blockquote>"How they attempted to defeat the Muslim League with Islam as their weapon will be apparent from some utterances of Maulana Mazhar Ali Azhar, the Ahrar leader, to whom is ascribed the couplet in which the Quaid-i-Azam was called kafir-i-azam. This gentleman is a Shia, but madh-i-sahaba with him is dearer than life, and during the days of Shia-Sunni riots in Lucknow both he and his son adopted this slogan which rouses the fire of every Shia and went from Lahore to Lucknow to fan the Shia-Sunni fire. Speaking outside Bhati Gate at a public meeting of the Ahrar, he said that he had, for the preceding two or three months, been asking the Muslim League whether the names of sahaba-i-karam would be revered in Pakistan, but had received no reply. He alleged that in the Congress-governed Provinces where Government was still with the British and the League had no power, the Leaguers were not permitting the sahaba to be named with reverence and asked whether, if power passed to the League; the state of affairs would be the same as in Lucknow and other Provinces where Muslims were in a majority and madh-i- sahaba would be an offence. Proceeding, he inquired if words of praise for Hazrat Abu Bakr, Hazrat Umar and Hazrat Usman could not be uttered in Lucknow and Mahmudabad, what would be the condition in League's Pakistan and what interest the Musalmans could have in such Pakistan (vide 'Shahbaz' of 20th November 1945)? In its issue of 2nd November 1945, the 'Nawa-i-Waqt' published a letter written by this very gentleman to another Ahrar leader. As the genuineness of this letter was questioned, we examined Maulana Mazhar Ali Azhar about it. He says that he does not definitely remember having written it but since this letter was published in one of the prominent papers of Lahore and was not contradicted by him, we have no hesitation in holding that the Maulana did write this letter. It is impossible that the Maulana, a renowned leader as he was in those days, should not have been aware of the publication of this letter, and, if he failed to contradict it, the only inference can be that the 'Nawa-i-Waqt' was in possession of the original letter, the authorship of which, in case the matter came to proof, could have conclusively been proved. The subject-matter of this letter is again madh-i- sahaba and we may repeat that the Maulana himself is a Shia. In this letter the Maulana says that the weapon of madh-i-sahaba could effectively be used against the League and that both the League and the Government will have to surrender over this issue whatever might, be the result of the elections. This conduct of the Maulana shows quite clearly how the Ahrar and other parties can conveniently exploit religion for their political ends. In this connection we may also mention a similar effort made by the Muslim League itself in 1946 to have pirs and masha'ikh, who command considerable followings, on its side in the struggle for the establishment of Pakistan."<ref>Justice Munir, "[[iarchive:The1954JusticeMunirCommissionReportOnTheAntiAhmadiRiotsOfPunjabIn1953/page/n261/mode/2up|Report of the court inquiry constituted under Punjab act II of 1954 to enquire into the Punjab disturbances of 1953]]", pp. 254–255, (1954).</ref></blockquote>

== Legacy ==
{{see also|Therhi Massacre}}
On 3 September 1939, British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] declared war on [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]. Shortly thereafter, Viceroy [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]] announced that India, too, was at war with Germany.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bolitho|first=Hector|title=Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan|publisher=John Murray|year=1960|location=London|page=123|oclc=14143745|author-link=Hector Bolitho|orig-year=First published 1954}}</ref> In 1939, Congress leaders resigned from all [[British Indian Department|British Indian government]] to which they had been elected. By the 1940s, Muhammad Ali Jinnah had emerged as the leader of Indian Muslims and was popularly known as ''Quaid-e-Azam'' (‘Great Leader’). These political developments, along with debates over the status of Muslims in a future independent India, created an environment that compelled Muslims to set aside their sectarian disputes and focus on broader political issues.

In 1944, Deobandi clerics established a separate organisation under the name ''Tanzim-i-Ahle Sunnat'', specifically to attack Shia beliefs and practices while keeping the mainstream Deobandi leadership free from accusations of communalism.<ref>A. Rieck, "The Shias of Pakistan", p. 47, Oxford University Press, (2015).</ref> This allowed them to present themselves as secular nationalists.

After the partition of India in 1947, many students of Molana Abdul Shakoor Lakhnavi and Molana Hussain Ahmad Madani migrated to Pakistan, where they either established seminaries or became part of ''Tanzim-e-Ahle Sunnat'' or ''Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam'' (JUI). They travelled extensively across the country, called for attacks on Shia processions, and authored books and tracts opposing Shia beliefs. Among them were Molana Noorul Hasan Bukhari, Molana Dost Muhammad Qureshi, Molana Abdus Sattar Taunsavi, Molana [[Mufti Mahmud|Mufti Mahmood]], Molana Abdul Haq Haqqani, and Molana Sarfaraz Gakharvi.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

As early as 1949, a Muharram procession was attacked in Narowal. In the 1951 Punjab Assembly elections, voting for Shia candidates was declared prohibited, and they were labelled as infidels. In 1955, mourning processions were attacked at 25 locations across Punjab. That same year, a Balti ''[[Husayniyya|imambargah]]'' in Karachi was attacked by a Deobandi mob, leaving twelve people severely injured.<ref>A. Rieck, "The Shias of Pakistan", pp. 88–90, Oxford University Press, (2015).</ref>

In 1957, three mourners were killed when a Muharram procession was attacked in Sitpur village of Muzaffargarh district. In the same year, one person was killed and three others were seriously injured when bricks and stones were thrown at a mourning procession in Ahmadpur Sharqi. In June 1958, Agha Mohsin, a prominent Shia orator, was assassinated in Bhakkar.<ref>A. Rieck, "The Shias of Pakistan", pp. 94–97, Oxford University Press, (2015).</ref>

The [[Therhi Massacre]] occurred on 3 June 1963, when Shias in the village of Therhi attempted to carry a [[tazia]] in procession. Upon hearing this news, students from a nearby Deobandi seminary in [[Khairpur]] went to Therhi and set fire to both the [[tazia]] and [[Husayniyya|imambargah]]. In the ensuing violence, 120 people were brutally killed with [[meat cleavers]] and [[machetes]].<ref name="Murphy2018">{{cite book|author=Eamon Murphy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjduDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT100|title=Islam and Sectarian Violence in Pakistan: The Terror Within|date=18 October 2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-70961-3|pages=100–|accessdate=9 June 2019}}</ref> On the same day, a mourning procession at Bhati Gate, Lahore, was attacked with stones and knives, resulting in the deaths of two mourners and injuries to nearly a hundred others. Mourners were also attacked in Narowal, Chiniot, and Quetta.<ref>A. Rieck, "The Shias of Pakistan", pp. 110–111, Oxford University Press, (2015).</ref>

==See also==
*[[Anti-Shi'ism]]
*[[Genocide of Kashmiri Shias]]
*[[Therhi Massacre]]
*[[Persecution of Hazara people]]
*[[Persecution of Shias by ISIL]]
*[[Syed Ahmad Barelvi]]
*[[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{wiktionary|Shiaphobia|Shiaphobe}}

{{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Religious persecution}}

[[Category:1906 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1939 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Islam]]
[[Category:Anti-Shi'ism| ]]
[[Category:Shia Islam in India]]
[[Category:Sectarian violence]]
[[Category:Shia–Sunni sectarian violence]]
[[Category:Persecution by Muslims|Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India|Shi'a]]
[[Category:Persecution of Muslims]]
[[Category:Islam-related controversies]]
[[Category:History of Lucknow]]
[[Category:Deobandi movement]]
[[Category:Civil disobedience]]

Bengaluru

2026-03-15T23:05:26Z

Veronagqc: revised

{{Short description|Capital of Karnataka, India}}
{{redirect|Bangalore}}
{{Good article}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bengaluru
| other_name = Bangalore
| native_name = {{translit|kn|ISO|Beṅgaḷūru}} 
| native_name_lang = ISO 15919
| official_name =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type =
| blank_emblem_size =
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|border = infobox
|perrow = 1/3/2/1
|total_width = 300
|caption_align = center
| image1=View from Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum (2025) 02.jpg
| caption1 = [[Bengaluru Central Business District|Skyline of the Central Business District]]
| image2=Dharmaraya Swamy Temple Bangalore edit1.jpg
| caption2 = [[Dharmaraya Swamy Temple]]
| image3=Bangalore_palace_IMG_20121230_154849.jpg
| caption3 = [[Bengaluru Palace]]
| image4=Gopura of Someshwara temple (16th century) in Bengaluru.JPG
| caption4 = [[Halasuru Someshwara Temple]]
| image5=Bagmane Tech Park, CV Raman Nagar, Bengaluru, India (2007).jpg
| caption5 = [[Bagmane Tech Park]]
| image6=Infosys_(4911287704).jpg
| caption6 = [[Infosys]] pyramid
| image7=Vidhana Soudha 2012.jpg
| caption7 = [[Vidhana Soudha]]
}}
| nicknames = [[Silicon Valley of India]], [[IT Capital of India]], [[Garden City of India]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| coordinates = {{coord|12|58|44|N|77|35|30|E|type:city_region:IN-KA|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = Districts
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bengaluru Urban]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1537
| founder = [[Kempe Gowda I]]
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Administrative Authority]]
| governing_body = [[Greater Bengaluru Authority]]{{efn|The Greater Bengaluru Governance Bill, 2024 provides for the division of the former [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] into up to seven city corporations, each of which will be responsible for providing basic civic services within its respective jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite news |title=Greater Bengaluru Bill proposes up to 7 corporations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/greater-bengaluru-governance-bill-2024-provides-for-three-tier-structure-with-provision-to-carve-out-multiple-corporations/article68382474.ece |work=The Hindu |date=12 March 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref> In July 2025, the [[Government of Karnataka]] notified the setting up of five municipal corporations–Bengaluru Central City Corporation, Bengaluru North City Corporation, Bengaluru South City Corporation, Bengaluru East City Corporation, and Bengaluru West City Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |title=BBMP Restructure: Bengaluru Set for 5 New Civic Bodies by July 15 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bbmp-likely-to-be-divided-into-5-separate-civic-bodies-official-notification-to-be-passed-by-july-15-3619495 |access-date=9 July 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=9 July 2025}}</ref>}}
| leader_title = [[Mayor|Mayors]]
| leader_name = ''vacant''
| leader_title2 = Chief Commissioner
| leader_name2 = Maheshwar Rao, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bengaluru-maheshwar-rao-takes-charge-as-bbmp-chief-commissioner/article69510289.ece|title=Maheshwar Rao takes charge as BBMP Chief Commissioner|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 April 2025|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="History">{{cite web |title=History of BBMP |url=https://bbmp.gov.in/historyofbbmp.html |work=[[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102002519/https://bbmp.gov.in/historyofbbmp.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Introduction - BMRDA |url=https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/Introduction/en |work=Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520173907/https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/Introduction/en |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 741
| area_metro_km2 = 8005
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite journal |author1=H.S. Sudhira |author2=T.V. Ramachandra |author3=M.H. Bala Subrahmanya |title=City Profile — Bangalore |journal=Cities |volume=24 |issue=5 |place=Bangalore |page=382 |year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2007.04.003 |url=http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_pubs/pubs_2007/theme4_42.pdf | access-date=13 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224120858/http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_pubs/pubs_2007/theme4_42.pdf | archive-date=24 December 2012 | url-status=dead |issn = 0264-2751 }}</ref>
| elevation_m = 920
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 8443675
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 Census of India"/>
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|3rd]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban = 10,456,000
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=India Stats: Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011 |url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] | access-date=20 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630112755/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 | archive-date=30 June 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| population_blank1_title = Rank
| population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|5th]]
| population_blank1_footnotes =
| population_demonym = {{nowrap|{{hlist|Bengalurinavaru|Bengalurian}}}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Purchasing Power Parity|GDP (PPP)]]
| blank_info_sec1 = $359.9 billion<ref name="C40">{{cite web|url=https://www.c40.org/cities/bengaluru/|title=Bengaluru|work=C40|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=25 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925225406/https://www.c40.org/cities/bengaluru/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Deep Dive City Bangalore, India|url=https://transformative-mobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Bangalore-Deep-Dive.pdf|publisher=Transformative Urban Mobility Initiative|access-date=12 January 2024|archive-date=9 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109104258/https://transformative-mobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Bangalore-Deep-Dive.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]
| postal_code = 560 xxx
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-(0)80]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KA—Karnataka|KA:]]01-05, 41, 50-53, 57-61
| blank2_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank2_info = [[Kannada]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|www.bbmp.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bengaluru''',{{Efn|{{Audio|Bengaluru-Kannada-Pronunciation.ogg|[[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{transliteration|kn|ISO|Beṅgaḷūru}}}}|group=lower-alpha}} also known as '''Bangalore''' (its [[List of renamed places in India#Karnataka|official name]] until 1 November 2014), is the [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city of the [[South India|southern Indian]] state of [[Karnataka]]. As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], the city had a population of 8.4 million, making it the [[List of cities in India by population|third most populous city]] in India and the most populous in South India. The Bengaluru metropolitan area had a population of around 8.5 million, making it the [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|fifth most populous urban agglomeration]] in the country. It is located towards the southern end of the [[Deccan Plateau]], at an altitude of {{cvt|900|m}} above sea level. The city is known as India's "Garden City", due to its parks and greenery.

Archaeological artefacts indicate that the human settlement in the region happened as early as 4000 [[Common Era|BCE]]. The first mention of the name "Bengaluru" is from an old [[Kannada]] stone inscription from 890 CE found at the [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nageshwara Temple]] in [[Begur, Bangalore|Begur]]. The region was ruled by the [[Western Ganga dynasty]] since 350 CE, and became part of the [[Chola Empire]] in the early eleventh century CE. In the late [[Middle Ages]], it formed a part of the [[Hoysala kingdom]] and then the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. In 1537 CE, [[Kempe Gowda I]], a feudal ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire, established a [[Bengaluru Pete|mud fort]] which is considered the foundation of the modern city of Bengaluru with the earlier established areas (''petes'') still in existence. After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, Kempe Gowda declared independence, and the city was expanded by his successors. In 1638 CE, an [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Adil Shahi]] army defeated Kempe Gowda III, and the city became a [[jagir]] (feudal estate) of [[Shahaji]]. The [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] later captured the city and sold it to [[Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar]], the [[Maharaja of Mysore|Maharaja]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. After the death of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]] in 1759 CE, [[Hyder Ali]] seized control of the kingdom and with it, the administration of Bengaluru, which passed subsequently to his son, [[Tipu Sultan]].

The city was captured by the [[British East India Company]] during the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]], and became part of the princely state of Mysore. The administrative control of the city was returned to [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]], then Maharaja of Mysore, and the old city re-developed under the dominion of the Mysore kingdom. In 1809 CE, the British formed a military garrison in the city and established the [[Bangalore Cantonment|cantonment]] outside the old city. In the late 19th century CE, the city was composed of two distinct urban settlements, the old Pete and the new Cantonment. Following [[Independence of India|India's independence]] in 1947, Bengaluru became the capital of [[Mysore State]], and remained the capital when the state was [[Unification of Karnataka|enlarged and unified]] in 1956 and subsequently renamed as Karnataka in 1973. The two urban settlements which had developed as independent entities, merged under a single urban administration in 1949.

Bengaluru is one of the fastest-growing metropolises in India. {{As of|2023}}, the metropolitan area had an estimated [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] of $359.9 billion, and is one of the [[List of cities by GDP|most productive metro areas]] of India. The city is a major centre for information technology (IT), and is consistently ranked amongst the world's fastest growing technology hubs. As the largest hub and exporter of IT services in the country, it is regarded as the "[[Silicon Valley]] of India". Manufacturing is a major contributor to the economy with the city home to several [[public sector units|state-owned units]]. The city also hosts several prominent institutes of higher education and of [[Institutes of National Importance|national importance]].

== Etymology ==
The earliest known reference to the name "Bengaluru" was on a ninth-century [[hero stone]] or ''vīra gallu'' found in [[Begur, Bangalore|Begur]]. The Old [[Kannada]] inscription belonging to the [[Western Ganga dynasty]] mentions the place in a battle in 890 [[Common Era|CE]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm |title=Inscription reveals Bengaluru is over 1,000 years old |date=20 August 2004 |access-date=10 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213021302/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm |archive-date=13 February 2012 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> However, [[Kempe Gowda I]] used the name of a village near [[Kodigehalli]], to name the city as Bengaluru during its foundation in 1537 CE. Bangalore is an [[anglicised]] version of the city's Kannada name. The city was also referred to as "Kalyānapura" or "Kalyānapuri" ("Auspicious City") and "Dēvarāyapattana" during the later [[Vijayanagara Empire]] period in 16th century CE.<ref name="OtherNames">{{cite news |first=K |last=Chandramouli |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm |title=The city of boiled beans |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 July 2002 |access-date=10 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505010927/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm |archive-date=5 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

An [[apocryphal]] story states that the twelfth-century [[Hoysala]] king [[Veera Ballala II]], while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across a poor old woman who served him boiled beans. The grateful king named the place "Benda-Kaal-uru" (literally, "town of boiled beans"), which eventually evolved into "Bengalūru".<ref name="OtherNames" /><ref name="Bendakaaluru">{{cite web |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Oct302006/index20581420061029.asp |title=Many miles to go from Bangalore to Bengalūru |author=Vijesh Kamath |work=Deccan Herald |date=30 October 2006 |access-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916034243/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Oct302006/index20581420061029.asp |archive-date=16 September 2012 }}</ref> [[Suryanath U. Kamath|Suryanath Kamath]] has hypothesised that the name was derived from ''benga'', the Kannada term for ''[[Pterocarpus marsupium]]'' (also known as the Indian Kino Tree), a species of dry and moist [[deciduous tree]]s that grows abundantly in the region.<ref name="Aditi6" /> Other theories include that the city was called as "Venkaturu" because of the [[Venkateswara|Venkataramana]] temples built by Kempe Gowda, and "Benacha kalluru" because of the abundance of [[quartz]] stones ("benacha kal" in Kannada) in the region.<ref name="OtherNames" />

On 11 December 2005, the [[Government of Karnataka]] accepted a proposal by [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]] to officially [[Renaming of cities in India|rename]] the city from Bangalore to Bengaluru.<ref name="rename2">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bangalore-to-be-renamed-Bengaluru/articleshow/1327370.cms |title=Bangalore to be renamed Bengaluru |date=11 December 2005 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929222432/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-11/india/27862209_1_bengaluru-classical-language-kannada |archive-date=29 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 27 September 2006, the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] passed a resolution to implement the name change, and the government of Karnataka officially implemented the name change from 1 November 2014 after the [[Government of India|Union government]] approved the request.<ref>{{cite news |title=It will be 'Bengaluru', resolves BMP |date=28 September 2006 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/28/stories/2006092824250300.htm |access-date=16 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001090623/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/28/stories/2006092824250300.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=It'll be 'Bengaluru' from November 1 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=8 October 2006 |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct82006/index2044162006107.asp |access-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020325/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct82006/index2044162006107.asp |archive-date=6 April 2012 }}</ref><ref name="rename1">{{cite news |title=Centre nod for Karnataka's proposal on renaming cities |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/centre-nod-for-karnatakas-proposal-on-renaming-cities/article6514079.ece |work=The Hindu |date=18 October 2014 |access-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018035426/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/centre-nod-for-karnatakas-proposal-on-renaming-cities/article6514079.ece |archive-date=18 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Bengaluru}}

=== Early and Middle Ages ===
[[Stone Age]] artefacts discovered at [[Jalahalli]], Sidhapura and Jadigenahalli on Bengaluru's outskirts indicate human settlement around 4000 BCE.<ref name="banghist">{{cite news |first=T.S. |last=Ranganna |title=Bangalore had human habitation in 4000 B.C. |date=27 October 2001 |url=http://hindu.com/2001/10/27/stories/0427402p.htm | access-date=7 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053528/http://hindu.com/2001/10/27/stories/0427402p.htm | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore dates from 4,000 BC |date=11 October 2001 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Bangalore-dates-from-4000-BC/articleshow/1449687816.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=7 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053704/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-11/bangalore/27237242_1_bangalore-mysore-municipal-bodies | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Iron Age]] tools and burial mounds from around 800 BCE, have been found in [[Koramangala]] and [[Chikkajala]]. Coins of the [[Roman emperor]]s [[Augustus]], [[Tiberius]], [[Claudius]], and [[Caligula]] found at [[Yeswanthpur]] and [[HAL Airport|HAL]] indicate the involvement of the region in trans-oceanic trade with the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] and other civilisations in the first century CE.<ref name="OtherNames" />

[[File:Naganatheshvara Temple (9th century) at Begur, Bengaluru.JPG|thumb|Begur [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nageshwara Temple]] was built around {{Circa|860}}, during the reign of the [[Western Ganga dynasty]].]]

The region of modern-day Bengaluru was part of several successive [[South India]]n kingdoms. Between the fourth and tenth centuries CE, the region was ruled by the [[Western Ganga dynasty]], the first dynasty to set up effective control over the region.<ref name="banghist3">{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=69|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> According to [[Edgar Thurston]], twenty-eight kings ruled Gangavadi from the start of the Common Era until its conquest by the [[Cholas]] in the early eleventh century CE. The Western Gangas ruled as a sovereign power from 350 to 550 CE, and as feudatories of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas of Badami]], and later the [[Rashtrakutas]] until the tenth century.<ref name="Aditi6">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=6|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref> The Begur [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nageshwara Temple]] was commissioned around 860 CE, during the reign of the Western Ganga King Ereganga Nitimarga I, and extended by his successor Nitimarga II.<ref name="banghist4">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=7|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref><ref name="niti">{{harvnb|Sarma|1992|p=78}}</ref> Around 1004 CE, during the reign of [[Rajaraja I|Raja Raja Chola I]], the Cholas defeated the Western Gangas under the command of the crown prince [[Rajendra I|Rajendra Chola I]], and captured the region.<ref name="banghist4" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Mysore: A Gazetteer Compiled for Government|author=B. L. Rice|page=224}}</ref> During this period, the region witnessed the migration of many groups—warriors, administrators, traders, artisans, pastorals, cultivators, and religious personnel from the Southern [[Tamil language|Tamil]] speaking regions and other Kannada-speaking parts of the region.<ref name="banghist3" /> The Cholas built many [[List of Chola temples in Bengaluru|temples in the region]] including the [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy temple]], [[Mukthi Natheshwara Temple]], [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Choleshwara Temple]], and [[Halasuru Someshwara Temple, Bengaluru|Someshwara Temple]].<ref name="banghist4" />

In 1117, the [[Hoysala Kingdom|Hoysala]] king [[Vishnuvardhana]] defeated the Cholas in the Battle of Talakad in south Karnataka, and extended his rule over the region.<ref name="banghist4" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |title=The Digital South Asia Library-Imperial gazetteer of India |work=uchicago.edu |date=1908–1931 | access-date=16 February 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216124143/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ | archive-date=16 December 2008 | url-status=live }}</ref> In the later part of the 13th century CE, Bengaluru was a source of contention between two warring cousins, the Hoysala ruler [[Veera Ballala III]] of [[Halebidu]] and Ramanatha, who administered the Hoysala held territory in the southern Tamil speaking regions.<ref name="banghist4" /> Veera Ballala appointed a civic head at Hudi (suburb of the city) to administer the region, and promoted the village to the status of a town. After Veera Ballala's death in 1343, the region came under [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara empire]], which saw the rule of four consecutive dynasties – [[Sangama dynasty|Sangamas]] (1336–1485), [[Saluva dynasty|Saluvas]] (1485–1491), [[Tuluva dynasty|Tuluvas]] (1491–1565), and [[Aravidu dynasty|Aravidu]] (1565–1646).<ref name="banghist6">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=8|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref> In the early 16th century CE, [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] built a dam across the [[Arkavathi River|Arkavati]] river near [[Hesaraghatta Lake|Hesaraghatta]], whose reservoir was used to supply water to the region.<ref name="Aditi9">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=9|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref>

=== Foundation and early modern history ===
[[File:Bangalore Fort.jpg|thumb|[[Bangalore Fort]] in 1860 CE showing fortifications and barracks. The fort was originally built by [[Kempe Gowda I]] as a mud fort in 1537 CE.]]

The city proper was established in 1537 CE by [[Kempe Gowda I]], a local governor and [[chieftain]] aligned with the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] under emperor [[Achyuta Deva Raya]]. He led a campaign against Gangaraja, whom he defeated and expelled to [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]], and built a [[Bengaluru Pete|mud-brick fort]] at the site, which later became the central part of the modern city of Bengaluru. Kempe Gowda referred to the new town as his "Gandubhūmi" ("Land of Heroes").<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/05/21205005/Bangalore-Bhath--First-city-e.html |title=Bangalore bhath: first city edifices |last1=Misra |first1=Hemant |last2=Jayaraman |first2=Pavitra |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=22 May 2010 |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728201024/https://www.livemint.com/2010/05/21205005/bangalore-bhath--first-city-e.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Within the fort, the town was divided into smaller divisions, each called a ''pētē'' ({{IPA|kn|peːteː}}).<ref>{{cite web |last=Aruni |first=S. K. |date=2 January 2013 |title=A city that fell to the lure of trade |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-city-that-fell-to-the-lure-of-trade/article4264672.ece |access-date=27 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627153953/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-city-that-fell-to-the-lure-of-trade/article4264672.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The town had two main streets Chickpet and Doddapete, which intersected to form the Doddapete Square in the heart of the town.<ref>{{cite news |title=Earlier known as Doddapete, Avenue Road could be as old as Bengaluru |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=26 March 2015 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/earlier-known-as-doddapete-avenue-road-could-be-as-old-as-bengaluru/articleshow/46697749.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530102938/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/earlier-known-as-doddapete-avenue-road-could-be-as-old-as-bengaluru/articleshow/46697749.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Kempe Gowda also built the temple at [[Dodda Basavana Gudi|Basavanagudi]], and expanded other temples. He also constructed various tanks such as Kempambudhi, Dharmambudhi, and Sampangi for water storage.<ref name="ekoji">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm |title=The bean city |first=S |last=Srinivas |access-date=2 July 2007 |date=22 February 2005 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213025649/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm |archive-date=13 February 2012 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> [[Vijayanagara literature]] refers to the city by various names such as "Devarāyanagara" and "Kalyānapura" or "Kalyānapuri" ("auspicious city").<ref name="bglrHist2">{{Cite thesis |chapter=5: Bangalore: mud fort to sprawling metropolis |title=Bangalore—future trends in public open space usage. Case study: Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9941 |last=Vagale |first=Uday Kumar |year=2004 |page= |publisher=[[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] |pages=34–35 |hdl=10919/9941 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605195117/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 CE in the [[Battle of Talikota]], Kempe Gowda declared independence. His successor, Kempe Gowda II, built four towers to mark the boundary of the town.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Divya |title=To secure a budding Bengaluru, Kempe Gowda built 4 towers |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=27 October 2016 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/to-secure-a-budding-bengaluru-kempe-gowda-built-4-towers/articleshow/55087621.cms#:~:text=Bengaluru%20began%20to%20scale%20newer,%22eventual%22%20boundaries%20of%20Bengaluru. |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530102939/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/to-secure-a-budding-bengaluru-kempe-gowda-built-4-towers/articleshow/55087621.cms#:~:text=Bengaluru%20began%20to%20scale%20newer,%22eventual%22%20boundaries%20of%20Bengaluru. |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1638 CE, a [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Adil Shahi]] army led by [[Ranadulla Khan]] and [[Shahaji|Shahaji Bhonsle]] (father of [[Shivaji]]) defeated Kempe Gowda III, and the region became a ''[[jagir]]'' (feudal estate) of Shahaji.<ref name="ekoji"/> In 1639 CE, Shahaji ordered the reconstruction of the town and built large fortifications, and new reservoirs to solve the water shortage in the region.<ref name="ekoji"/><ref name="bglrHist2"/> In 1687 CE, [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] general Kasim Khan, under orders from [[Aurangzeb]], defeated [[Ekoji I]], the son of Shahaji, and leased the town to [[Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar]] (1673–1704 CE), the then ruler of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]].<ref name="ekoji"/> After the death of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]] in 1759 CE, [[Hyder Ali]], Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, proclaimed himself the ruler of the Mysore kingdom. He built the Delhi and Mysore gates at the northern and southern ends of the city in 1760 CE.<ref name="tt6">{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=6|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}</ref> The kingdom later passed to Hyder Ali's son [[Tipu Sultan]], and the [[Lal Bagh]] garden was established around 1760 CE.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Divya |title=Date with history: All you need to know about the iconic Lalbagh's Glass House built in 1889 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=11 August 2016 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-iconic-lalbaghs-glass-house-built-in-1889/articleshow/53647928.cms |access-date=23 May 2022 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523163836/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-iconic-lalbaghs-glass-house-built-in-1889/articleshow/53647928.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> During the period, the city developed into a commercial and military centre of strategic importance.<ref name="bglrHist2" />

[[File:Bangalore palace side view.jpg|thumb|[[Bengaluru Palace]], built in 1887 in [[Tudor architecture|Tudor architectural style]] was modelled on [[Windsor Castle]] in England.<ref name="tt8">{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=8|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}</ref>]]

The Bengaluru fort was captured by [[British East India Company|British forces]] under [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Charles Cornwallis]] on 21 March 1791 during the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] and became the centre for British resistance against Tipu.<ref>{{cite book |title=The military engineer in India, vol I |last=Sandes |first=E.W.C. |year=1933 |publisher=The Institution of Royal Engineers |location=Chatham |isbn=978-1-84734-071-9 |pages=163–165}}</ref> Following Tipu's death in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1799 CE), the Bengaluru Pete was incorporated into the [[Princely State of Mysore]], whose administrative control remained with the [[Maharaja of Mysore]]. The city was further developed by the Maharaja of Mysore. The [[Raj Bhavan (Karnataka)|Residency of Mysore State]], established in [[Mysore]] in 1799 was shifted to Bengaluru in 1804.<ref name="Raj">{{cite web |date=26 March 2011 |title=The Resident arose with Tipu's fall |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/the-resident-arose-with-tipus-fall/articleshow/7794922.cms |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> It was abolished in 1843 before being revived in 1881 and served till the [[independence of India|Indian independence]] in 1947.<ref name="Raj"/><ref name="rajbha">{{cite web |url=http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/ |title=Raj Bhavan, Karnataka |work=Raj Bhavan, Government of Karnataka |access-date=24 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206190404/http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/history/fromresi-rajbhavan.htm |archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref> The British found the city as an appropriate place to station its [[garrison]] and therefore it was moved in 1809 from [[Seringapatam]] to [[Ulsoor]], about {{cvt|6|km|0}} northeast of the original Pete. A town grew up around the surroundings by absorbing several villages in the area, and came to be known as Bengaluru cantonment. The new centre had its own municipal and administrative apparatus, though technically it was a British enclave within the territory of the princely state of [[Mysore]].<ref>{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=3|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> Further developments such as the introduction of telegraph connections to other major Indian cities in 1853 and a rail connection to [[Madras]] in 1864, contributed to the economic growth of the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Jyotirmoy |title=Entrepreneurship in tourism and allied activities: a study of Bangalore city in the post-liberalization period |publisher=[[Pondicherry University]] |year=2012 |page=86 |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5261/9/09_chapter%203.pdf |access-date=8 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053804/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5261/9/09_chapter%203.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Later modern and contemporary history ===
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 400px
| image1 = Bangalore Pete in the 1890s.jpg
| caption1 = A view of [[Bengaluru Pete]] during the 1890s
| image2 = Bangalore Cantonment.jpg
| caption2 = A view of [[Bangalore Cantonment]], {{Circa|1895}}
}}

In the late 19th century CE, Bengaluru was essentially composed of two cities, with the Pete, whose residents were predominantly [[Kannadiga]]s and the Cantonment created by the British, whose residents were predominantly [[Tamils]] and [[English people]].<ref name="Ephemeral">{{cite book|title=British Indian Picture Postcards in Bengaluru: Ephemeral Entanglements|author=Emily Stevenson|year=2023|isbn=978-1-00380-959-3|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|page=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |chapter=8: Public domain—contested spaces and lack of imageability |title=Bangalore—future trends in public open space usage. Case study: Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9941 |last=Vagale |first=Uday Kumar |year=2004 |publisher=[[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] |page=49 |hdl=10919/9941 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605195117/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Throughout the 19th century, the Cantonment, which was known as the Civil and Military Station of Bangalore, gradually expanded and acquired a distinct cultural and political salience. It had a large military presence and a cosmopolitan civilian population that came from outside the state of Mysore.<ref name="Ephemeral"/> The British developed the infrastructure of the city, widened roads, and established new settlements. The city was divided into eight wards in 1862, and was expanding. The first exclusive residential area was established in [[Chamarajpet]] in 1892, and a new wholesale market was established in Tharagupet in 1895.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=50}} The city was hit by a [[Bubonic plague|plague]] epidemic in 1898 that claimed nearly 3,500 lives. The crisis caused by the outbreak led to the improvement in sanitation facilities, and establishment of new communication lines to co-ordinate anti-plague operations. Regulations for building new houses with proper sanitation facilities came into effect, a health officer was appointed, and the city was divided into four wards for better co-ordination.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=51}}<ref name="Plague">{{cite news |title=1898 plague revisited |date=17 November 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/1898-plague-revisited/articleshow/17248490.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=8 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-17/bangalore/35171344_1_bangalore-vivek-first-health-officer | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> New extensions in [[Malleshwaram]] and [[Basavanagudi]] were developed in the north and south of the Pete.<ref>{{cite web |first=Maya |last=Jaypal |title=Malleswaram, Basavanagudi, the new extensions |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/237394/malleswaram-basavanagudi-extensions.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] | access-date=8 September 2013 |date=26 March 2012 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130908211532/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/237394/malleswaram-basavanagudi-extensions.html | archive-date=8 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Bangalore (Baedeker, 1914).jpg|thumb|Map of the city and environs, {{Circa|1914}}]]

In 1906, Bengaluru became one of the first cities in India to have electricity.<ref name="Elec">{{cite web |last=Srinivasaraju |first=Sugata |title=ElectriCity |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?230851 |access-date=15 November 2011 |work=Outlook India |date=10 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121155127/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?230851 |archive-date=21 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1912, the [[Bangalore torpedo]], an explosive weapon used in [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], was devised in Bengaluru by [[British Indian Army|British army officer]] Captain McClintock of the [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Sappers and Miners]].<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1844966/report-dna-special-bangalore-torpedo-gave-them-their-d-day-69-years-ago |title=Bangalore torpedo gave them their D-Day, 69 years ago |access-date=1 October 2013 |first=Nirad |last=Mudur |author2=Hemanth CS |date=7 June 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213533/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1844966/report-dna-special-bangalore-torpedo-gave-them-their-d-day-69-years-ago |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bengaluru's reputation as the "Garden City of India" began in 1927 with the [[silver jubilee]] celebrations of the rule of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV]]. Several projects such as the construction of parks, public buildings and hospitals were instituted to improve the city.<ref name="Basavaraja">{{cite book |last1=Basavaraja |first1=Kadati Reddera |title=History and Culture of Karnataka: Early Times to Unification |publisher=Chalukya Publications |year=1984 |page=332 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvpIAAAAIAAJ |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227181924/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VvpIAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=27 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bengaluru played an important role during the [[Indian independence movement]]. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited the city in 1927 and 1934 and addressed public meetings here.<ref name="banghist" /> In 1926, the [[1926 Binny Mills Strike|labour unrest]] in [[Binny Mills]] due to demand by textile workers for payment of bonus resulted in a [[baton charge]] and police firing, resulting in the death of four workers, and several injuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Nair|2005|p=70|Ref=nair}}</ref> In July 1928, there were notable [[Bangalore disturbances|communal disturbances]] in Bengaluru, like when a [[Ganesha|Ganesh]] idol was removed from a school compound in the Sultanpet area of Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dimensions of Socio-Political Change in Mysore, 1918–40 |first=Chandrasekhar |last=S. |publisher=APH Publishing |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-8364-1471-4 |page=135}}</ref> In 1940, the first flight between Bengaluru and [[Mumbai]] took off, which placed the city on India's urban map.<ref name="tt10">{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=10|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}</ref>

After India's independence in August 1947, Bengaluru remained in the newly carved [[Mysore State]] of which the Maharaja of Mysore was the ''[[Rajapramukh]]'' (appointed governor).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boland-Crewe |first1=Tara |last2=Lea |first2=David |title=The Territories and States of India |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/territoriesstate0000unse/page/135 135] |isbn=978-0-203-40290-0 |quote=When the new, extended Mysore was created on 1 November 1956 (by the addition of coastal, central and northern territories), Wodeyar became Governor of the whole state, which was renamed Karnataka in 1973. |url=https://archive.org/details/territoriesstate0000unse/page/135}}</ref> The "City Improvement Trust" was formed in 1945, and in 1949, the "City" and the "Cantonment" merged to form the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|Bengaluru City Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2012 |title=Civic bodies of yore didn't digress from progress |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/237732/civic-bodies-yore-didnt-digress.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] }}</ref> The [[Government of Karnataka]] later constituted the [[Bangalore Development Authority]] in 1976 to coordinate the activities of these two bodies.<ref name="lm">{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=4|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> Public sector employment and education provided opportunities for Kannadigas from the rest of the state to migrate to the city. Bengaluru experienced rapid growth in the decades 1941–51 and 1971–81, which saw the arrival of many immigrants from northern Karnataka. By 1961, Bengaluru had become the sixth-largest city in India, with a population of 1,207,000.<ref name="bglrHist2" /> In the following decades, Bengaluru's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of various public and private companies.|{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=53}}

[[File:UB City at night .jpg|thumb|[[UB City]], a business district, in 2019]]

By the 1980s, urbanisation had spilled over the current boundaries, and in 1986, the [[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority]], was established to co-ordinate the development of the entire region as a single unit.<ref name="lm" /> On 8 February 1981, a [[1981 Bangalore circus fire|major fire broke out]] at Venus Circus in Bengaluru, where more than 92 people died, the majority of them children.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/09/world/death-toll-raised-to-66-in-fire-at-circus-in-india.html |title=Death Toll Raised to 66 in Fire at Circus in India |date=9 February 1981 |work=The New York Times | access-date=31 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118202157/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/09/world/death-toll-raised-to-66-in-fire-at-circus-in-india.html | archive-date=18 November 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> Bengaluru experienced a growth in its real estate market in the 1980s and 1990s, spurred by capital investors from other parts of the country who converted Bengaluru's large plots and colonial [[bungalow]]s into multi-storied apartments.<ref name="realestate">{{cite journal |last=Benjamin |first=Solomon |url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN020773.pdf |title=Governance, economic settings and poverty in Bangalore |journal=Environment & Urbanization |volume=12 |issue=1 |date=April 2000 |pages=35–36 |access-date=11 June 2012 |doi=10.1177/095624780001200104 |s2cid=14335580 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717051953/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN020773.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2012 |url-status=live |doi-access=free|bibcode=2000EnUrb..12...35B }}</ref> Since the late 1980s, many information technology companies were set up in the city and by the end of the 20th century, Bengaluru had established itself as the "[[Silicon Valley]] of India".<ref name="bglrHist2" /> The population has increased significantly due to migration from other parts for work, and the city has become the third most populous city in 2011.<ref name="Census population"/><ref name="Punekar">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SB3_VodABdIC&pg=PA54 |title=Assimilation: A Study of North Indians in Bangalore |author=Vijaya B. Punekar | access-date=4 October 2007 |isbn=978-8-17154-012-9 |year=1974 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |page=54 }}</ref> During the 21st century, Bengaluru has had major terrorist attacks in [[2008 Bangalore serial blasts|2008]], [[2010 Bangalore stadium bombing|2010]], and [[2013 Bangalore blast|2013]].<ref>{{cite news |title=8 blasts rock Bangalore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/8-blasts-rock-bangalore/articleshow/3279730.cms |access-date=18 July 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 July 2008 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718140336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/8-blasts-rock-bangalore/articleshow/3279730.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 April 2010 |title=Ten wounded in Bangalore cricket stadium blast |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-47776820100417 |access-date=18 July 2022 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718140201/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-47776820100417 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore blast a terror attack, confirms Home Ministry |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/bangalore-blast-bjp-terror-attack-home-ministry-sushilkumar-shinde-159094-2013-04-17 |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=India Today |date=17 April 2013 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718140336/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/bangalore-blast-bjp-terror-attack-home-ministry-sushilkumar-shinde-159094-2013-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Bengaluru geography and environment}}

Bengaluru lies in the southeast of the [[South India]]n state of Karnataka in the heart of the [[Mysore Plateau]] (a region of the larger [[Deccan Plateau]]) at an average elevation of {{cvt|900|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}.<ref name="IISC">{{cite web |url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/wetlands/sarea.html |title=Study area: Bangalore |work=Centre for Ecological Sciences, [[Indian Institute of Science]] |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716221547/http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/wetlands/sarea.html |archive-date=16 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/BANGALORE_URBAN_BROCHURE.pdf |title=Ground water information booklet |publisher=Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, [[Government of India]] |access-date=16 June 2012 |date=December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517230107/http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/BANGALORE_URBAN_BROCHURE.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|8|date=December 2012}} The city covers an area of {{cvt|741|km2}}.<ref name="area">{{cite web |url=http://www.kar.nic.in/finance/bud2007/bs07e.pdf |title=Finance budget for 2007–08 |work=[[Government of Karnataka]] |access-date=28 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628141329/http://www.kar.nic.in/finance/bud2007/bs07e.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Greater Bangalore|Bengaluru metropolitan region]] covers an area of {{cvt|7005|km2}} across three districts–[[Bangalore Urban district|Bengaluru urban]], [[Bangalore Rural district|Bengaluru rural]] and [[Ramanagara District|Ramanagara]]. The [[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority]], established in 1985, is responsible for the planning of the metropolitan region.<ref name="BMRDA">{{cite web|url=https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/page/Local+Planning+Areas/en|title=Local planning areas|work=[[Government of Karnataka]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=15 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415001847/https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/page/Local+Planning+Areas/en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=District census handbook- Bangalore rural |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_A_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf |publisher=Directorate of census operations Karnataka| access-date=26 October 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114052450/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_A_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf| archive-date=14 November 2016| url-status=live}}</ref> The topography is generally flat, with the highest point at [[Doddabettahalli]], located {{cvt|962|m|0}} above sea level on a ridge on the western part of the city. Towards the south, the terrain is uneven, with small hills and rocks made of [[granite]] and [[gneiss]].<ref name="IISC"/>

The soil in the city consist of red [[laterite]] and red, fine [[loam]]y to [[clay]]ey soils.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320001853/http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF | archive-date=20 March 2006 |title=Environmental impact analysis |work=[[Government of Karnataka]] |year=2006 | access-date=11 June 2012}}</ref> The vegetation in the eastern and northern parts consists of scrubs interspersed with various water bodies, and the southern hilly region consists of scrubs and forests.<ref name="Damage"/> The city had a forest cover of 68.3% in the early 1970s, which reduced to less than 15% in the 2010s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/energy/water/paper/Green_Space_in_Bengaluru/results.html|title=Green space in Bengaluru|work=[[Indian Institute of Science]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Trees are frequently felled to pave way for infrastructure development.<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 1 lakh trees cut to build roads in Karnataka in 4 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/over-1-lakh-trees-cut-to-build-roads-in-karnataka-in-4-years/articleshow/90580162.cms |access-date=8 June 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=April 2022 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608121344/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/over-1-lakh-trees-cut-to-build-roads-in-karnataka-in-4-years/articleshow/90580162.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 December 2019 |title=3,559 trees to be cut down in city for road, metro |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/3559-trees-to-be-cut-down-in-city-for-road-metro-789337.html |access-date=8 June 2022 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608120655/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/3559-trees-to-be-cut-down-in-city-for-road-metro-789337.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Though the city has been classified as a part of the seismic zone II (a stable zone), it has experienced [[earthquake]]s of magnitude as high as 4.5 on the [[Richter scale]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jan/30inter.htm |title=The Rediff interview. Dr S K Srivastav, additional director general, Indian Meteorological Department |work=[[Rediff]] |date=30 January 2000 |first=Onkar |last=Singh |access-date=2 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214104533/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jan/30inter.htm |archive-date=14 February 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Hydrography ===
[[File:BangaloreLake.jpg|thumb|[[Hesaraghatta Lake]] in north Bengaluru]]

There are no major rivers run in the city, though six rivers arise at the [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]], about {{cvt|60|km|0}} to the north.<ref name="IISC"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/green-living/saving-six-rivers/article6643274.ece|title=Saving six rivers|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 November 2014|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The [[River Vrishabhavathi|Vrishabhavathi]], a tributary of [[Arkavathy River|Arkavathi]] flows through the city. Arkavathi, [[Dakshina Pinakini]] and its tributary Chinnar, and Suvarnamukhi rivers water the fringes of the city.<ref name="IISC"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/lost-rivers-of-bengaluru/articleshow/91057112.cms|title=Lost rivers of Bengaluru|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=25 April 2022|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Most of these rivers are polluted, and depleted due to sewage from the city.<ref>{{cite news |author=Chethan Kumar |date=15 December 2021 |title=K'taka Dumps 1,746m Litres Sewage Into Rivers Each Day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/ktaka-dumps-1746m-litres-sewage-into-rivers-each-day/articleshow/88287378.cms |access-date=31 May 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531151309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/ktaka-dumps-1746m-litres-sewage-into-rivers-each-day/articleshow/88287378.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=11 March 2022 |title=Can Vrishabhavathi be Bengaluru's Thames? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/can-vrishabhavathi-be-bengalurus-thames-1090378.html |first1=Chiranjeevi |last1=Kulkarni |access-date=31 May 2022 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531151309/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/can-vrishabhavathi-be-bengalurus-thames-1090378.html |archive-date=31 May 2022 }}</ref> [[Kaveri]] runs towards the southwest of the city, the water from which is used to cater to majority of the water requirements of the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2016/Nov/07/heres-how-cauvery-water-reaches-homes-in-bengaluru-1535802.html|title=Here's how Cauvery water reaches homes in Bengaluru|date=7 November 2016|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The city has a considerable number of freshwater lakes and [[water tank]]s, most of which are seasonal and rain-fed.<ref name="IISC"/> The city had 265 lakes in the 1960s, which shrunk to 98 by the late 2010s, and most of the city's lakes are polluted.<ref name="Damage">{{cite web|url=https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/biodiversity/pubs/ETR/ETR75/area.html|title=Trees in Bengaluru|work=[[Indian Institute of Science]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=More than 90% of Bengaluru's lakes are polluted or encroached |url=http://scroll.in/article/804967/more-than-90-of-bengalurus-lakes-are-polluted-or-encroached |access-date=17 June 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=14 March 2016 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524060714/https://scroll.in/article/804967/more-than-90-of-bengalurus-lakes-are-polluted-or-encroached |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=10 April 2021|first=Naveen|last=Menezes|title=Bengaluru's lakes: The good, the bad, the very dirty|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/bengalurus-lakes-the-good-the-bad-the-very-dirty/articleshow/81995420.cms|access-date=24 January 2022|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124113846/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/bengalurus-lakes-the-good-the-bad-the-very-dirty/articleshow/81995420.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 December 2021|title=Lakes of Bengaluru: Industrial effluents, raw sewage; stinky tale of Chandapura lake|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/lakes-of-bengaluru-industrial-effluents-pollution-chandrapura-lake-7633698/|access-date=24 January 2022|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124113843/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/lakes-of-bengaluru-industrial-effluents-pollution-chandrapura-lake-7633698/|url-status=live}}</ref> The government began revival and conservation efforts in 2020.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengaluru plans revival of its old charm, to revive 25 lakes|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2020/12/28/bengaluru-plans-to-revive-25-lakes.html|access-date=24 January 2022|work=OnManorama|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124113846/https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2020/12/28/bengaluru-plans-to-revive-25-lakes.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Groundwater occurs in [[silt]]y to [[sand]]y layers of the [[alluvial]] sediments, and are extracted through open wells.<ref name="IISC"/>

=== Climate ===
Bengaluru has a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Aw'') with distinct [[wet season|wet]] and [[dry season|dry]] seasons. Due to its high elevation, Bengaluru usually enjoys a more moderate climate throughout the year, although occasional [[heat wave]]s can make summer somewhat uncomfortable.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/18/stories/2005051818670300.htm |title=Rise in temperature 'unusual' for Bangalore |access-date=2 July 2007 |date=18 May 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208035132/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/18/stories/2005051818670300.htm |archive-date=8 February 2012 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> The dry season extends from December to February followed by the summer season from March to May. The [[monsoon]] brings most of the rainfall from June to September, followed by a post-monsoon season in October and November.<ref name="IISC"/> April is the hottest month with an average high of {{cvt|34.1|°C}}, and January is the coolest month with an average low temperature of {{cvt|15.1|°C}}.<ref name="Met">{{cite web |url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/climate/bangalore1.htm |title=Bangalore |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] | access-date=7 February 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708113015/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/climate/bangalore1.htm | archive-date=8 July 2007 | url-status=dead}}</ref> The highest temperature ever recorded in Bengaluru was {{cvt|39.2|°C|0}}, recorded 24 April 2016, corresponding with [[2014–2016 El Niño event|the strong El Niño]] in that year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-records-highest-temperature-since-1931/article8516533.ece |title=Bengaluru records highest temperature since 1931 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 April 2016 |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610084124/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Bengaluru-records-highest-temperature-since-1931/article14255317.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The lowest ever recorded is {{cvt|7.8|°C|0}} in January 1884.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/10/stories/2006051022920300.htm |date=10 May 2006 |title=Set up rain gauges in areas prone to flooding |first=Vidyashree |last=Amaresh | access-date=22 December 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216110551/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/10/stories/2006051022920300.htm | archive-date=16 December 2007 | url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/Dec172006/city115220061217.asp |work=Deccan Herald |date=17 December 2006 |title=Bangalore weather back again |author=Ashwini Y.S. | access-date=22 December 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204091959/http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/Dec172006/city115220061217.asp | archive-date=4 December 2007 | url-status=dead}}</ref> Winter temperatures rarely drop below {{cvt|14|°C}}, and summer temperatures seldom exceed {{cvt|36|°C}}.<ref name="IISC"/> Bengaluru receives rainfall from both the northeast and the southwest [[monsoon]]s, and the wettest months is September, followed by October and August.<ref name="Met" /> The summer heat is moderated by fairly frequent [[thunderstorm]]s, which occasionally cause power outages and local flooding, such as in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Nivedita |last2=Mandayam |first2=Nandan |date=6 September 2022 |title=India's Bengaluru hit by flooding, traffic snarls after heavy rain |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-bengaluru-hit-by-flooding-traffic-snarls-after-heavy-rain-2022-09-05/ |access-date=12 September 2022 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909053434/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-bengaluru-hit-by-flooding-traffic-snarls-after-heavy-rain-2022-09-05/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 September 2022 |title=Bengaluru floods: How families struggled to find help as India's IT capital drowned |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62849937 |access-date=12 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 September 2022 |title=Heavy rain brings Bengaluru to its knees |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/heavy-rain-brings-bengaluru-to-its-knees/article65854264.ece |access-date=12 September 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Most of the rainfall occurs during the late afternoon or evening and rain before noon is infrequent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global monitoring precipitation |url=http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/global_monitoring/precipitation/sn43295_1yr.gif |work=PC |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225922/http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/global_monitoring/precipitation/sn43295_1yr.gif |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is {{cvt|179|mm|in|0}} recorded on 1 October 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2223/stories/20051118005402400.htm |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=5 November 2005 |title=Bangalore's woes |first=Ravi |last=Sharma |access-date=5 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220184237/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2223/stories/20051118005402400.htm |archive-date=20 February 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Bengaluru Weather box}}

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations
| title= Population growth
| state= collapsed
| 1941| 406760
| 1951| 778977
| 1961| 1207000
| 1971| 1654000
| 1981| 2922000
| 1991| 4130000
| 2001| 5101000
| 2011| 8425970
| estimate=
| estyear=
| estref=
| source= [[Census of India]]<ref name="Census population">{{cite report |title=A-04 : Towns and urban agglomerations classified by population size class in 2011 with variation between 1901 and 2011 - Class I (population of 100,000 and above) |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42876/download/46544/CLASS_I.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305025821/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42876/download/46544/CLASS_I.xlsx |archive-date=5 March 2023 | url-status=live |access-date=4 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Provisional population totals, Census of India 2011 | access-date=29 November 2011 | work=[[2011 Census of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | archive-date=7 May 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref>}}

As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Bengaluru had a population of 8,443,675, which made it the third [[List of cities in India by population|most populous city]] in India, and the largest in [[South India]].<ref name="Census population"/> The urban agglomeration was home to 8,499,399 people, and was the [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|fifth most populous urban agglomeration]] in India.<ref name="2011 Census of India">{{cite web |title=Bangalore Population Sex Ratio in Bangalore Literacy rate Bangalore |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/448-bangalore.html |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126061217/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/448-bangalore.html |archive-date=26 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="2011UA">{{cite report |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152754/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> As per a 2016 estimate, the urban agglomeration had a population of about 10.45 million.<ref name="UNcities2016">{{cite web |title=The World's Cities in 2016 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf |work=[[United Nations]] |access-date=4 March 2017 |page=4 |date=October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112211410/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city was amongst the fastest growing cities in the last two decades, with the population increasing substantially due to migration from rest of the country.<ref name="Census population"/>{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=60}} About 13.2% of the population belonged to [[scheduled castes]], and [[scheduled tribes]].<ref name="SC">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/study-reveals-caste-based-segregation-in-bengaluru/article26039905.ece|title=Study reveals caste based segregation in Bengaluru|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Residents of Bengaluru are referred to as ''Bengaloorinavaru'' in [[Kannada]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Deepika |first=K.C. |date=9 February 2019 |title=Silicon binaries: language, culture and identity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/silicon-binaries-language-culture-and-identity/article26225844.ece |access-date=3 December 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://isha.sadhguru.org/en/wisdom/sadhguru-spot/the-silicon-valley-of-india|title=Silicon valley of India|work=[[Isha yoga]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=8 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208132302/https://isha.sadhguru.org/en/wisdom/sadhguru-spot/the-silicon-valley-of-india|url-status=live}}</ref> and "Bangaloreans" in [[English language|English]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/discover-the-secret-of-bangaloreans-adaptability-and-gentility-amidst-varied-cultures-and-immigrants-shoba-narayan-101681326198550.html|title=How to spot a Bangalorean|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=13 April 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=15 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515110215/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/discover-the-secret-of-bangaloreans-adaptability-and-gentility-amidst-varied-cultures-and-immigrants-shoba-narayan-101681326198550.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are about 597 slums in the city, housing roughly 16% of the city's population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ksdb.karnataka.gov.in/page/Slums/Abstract+Details+Of+Slums/en|title=Details of slumbs|work=[[Government of Karnataka]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225140451/https://ksdb.karnataka.gov.in/page/Slums/Abstract+Details+Of+Slums/en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/slums-in-the-bengaluru-still-stuck-in-a-vicious-circle-of-poverty-experts/articleshow/87629188.cms|title=Slums in the Bengaluru still stuck in a vicious circle of poverty|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 November 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=26 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626194453/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/slums-in-the-bengaluru-still-stuck-in-a-vicious-circle-of-poverty-experts/articleshow/87629188.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The city had a [[Gini coefficient|gini]] index of 0.64, indicating significant [[Economic inequality|inequality]].<ref name="SC"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/study-tracks-how-bengaluru-slums-follow-caste-patterns-1218592.html|title=Study tracks how Bengaluru slums follow caste patterns|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=15 May 2023|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Various studies have also indicated various inequalities in the infrastructure development across different parts of the city, and other urbanisation problems such as mass displacements, proliferation of slums, and public health crisis due to water shortage and sewage problems in poor and working-class neighbourhoods.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Ananya |last2=Ong |first2=Aihwa |title=Worlding Cities: Asian Experiments and the Art of Being Global |chapter=Speculating on the Next World City |volume=42 |edition=illustrated |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4443-4678-7}}</ref> In the ''Ease of Living Index 2020'' published by the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs]], the city was ranked the most livable Indian city with a population of over a million.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last=Sen |first=Meghna |date=4 March 2021 |title=Ease of Living Index: Bengaluru is the best city to live in India, Pune next |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ease-of-living-index-2020-bengaluru-tops-list-pune-second-ahmedabad-ranked-third-full-list-11614844555278.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304082244/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ease-of-living-index-2020-bengaluru-tops-list-pune-second-ahmedabad-ranked-third-full-list-11614844555278.html |archive-date=4 March 2021 |access-date=15 March 2021 |work=[[live Mint]] }}</ref> In the 2023 Quality of Living survey by [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]], which evaluated living conditions for expatriates, Bengaluru was ranked 156th globally and third in India, after [[Hyderabad]] and [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad pips Bengaluru and Chennai in Mercer's quality of living index|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/bengaluru/hyderabad-pips-bengaluru-and-chennai-in-mercers-quality-of-living-index|work=News Minute|date=12 December 2023|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

=== Ethnicity and religion ===
{{bar box
| title=Religion in Bengaluru (2011)<ref name="GISData" />
| titlebar=#Fcd116
| left1=Religion
| right1=Percent
| float=right
| bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|78.87}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|13.90}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|5.61}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|0.97}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]| darkkhaki|0.15}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|gold|0.06}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.44}}
}}

According to the 2011 census, [[Hinduism]] is the major religion with 78.9% of adherents. [[Muslim]]s comprisd 13.9% of the population, with [[Christians]] and [[Jain]]s accounting for 5.6% and 1.0% of the population, respectively.<ref name="GISData">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=7 August 2022 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622053823/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslims in the city consist of [[Dakhini]] and Urdu-speaking Muslims, [[Kutchi Memon]]s, [[Labbay]], and [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gayer |first1=Laurent |last2=Jaffrelot |first2=Christophe |title=Muslims in Indian Cities: Trajectories of Marginalisation |edition=illustrated |publisher=Hurst Publishers |year=2012 |page=290 |isbn=978-1-84904-176-8}}</ref> Christians in Bengaluru include [[Roman Catholics]] including [[Tamil Christians]], [[Mangalorean Catholics]], Kannadiga Christians, [[Saint Thomas Christians|Malayali Syrian Christians]], [[Protestants]], and [[List of Christian denominations in Northeast India|Northeast Indian Christians]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Crossette |first1=Barbara |title=Bangalore Journal; Christians Revel in Conversion Back to Indianness |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/20/world/bangalore-journal-christians-revel-in-conversion-back-to-indianness.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=20 January 1990 |access-date=5 June 2020 |archive-date=5 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605081134/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/20/world/bangalore-journal-christians-revel-in-conversion-back-to-indianness.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hefner |first1=Robert W. |title=Global Pentecostalism in the 21st Century |date=2013 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-01094-0 |pages=194–222 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bHHAAAAQBAJ&q=prominent+christian+denominations+in+bangalore&pg=PA194 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Joseph |last=Christopher |title=In the Indian rector's murder, the 'why' matters as much as the 'who' |url=http://www.ucanews.com/news/in-the-indian-rectors-murder-the-why-matters-as-much-as-the-who/70603 |date=31 March 2014 |work=UCA News |access-date=1 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409060525/http://www.ucanews.com/news/in-the-indian-rectors-murder-the-why-matters-as-much-as-the-who/70603 |archive-date=9 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Apart from the [[Kannadigas]] native to the region, [[Tamils]], [[Telugus]] and [[Deccani people|Deccanis]], form a significant population of the city.<ref name="diverse">{{cite web |first=G N |last=Prashanth |title=A melting pot that welcomes all |url=http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=22&edlabel=TOIBG&mydateHid=18-07-2009&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Bangalore&edname=&articleid=Ar02200&publabel=TOI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502011608/http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=22&edlabel=TOIBG&mydateHid=18-07-2009&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Bangalore&edname=&articleid=Ar02200&publabel=TOI |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Deepika |last=Sarma |title=Building blocks of one of the city's largest communities |date=4 October 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/building-blocks-of-one-of-the-citys-largest-communities/article3961678.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=9 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921074349/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/building-blocks-of-one-of-the-citys-largest-communities/article3961678.ece | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|pp=100–102|loc=The Settlement of Tamil-Speaking Groups in Bangalore|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> In the 16th century, Tamil speakers, who also spoke Kannada, settled in the region for business.<ref>{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=5|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> Telugus came to the city on invitation of the Mysore royalty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/31/stories/2007103160320300.htm |title=Bangalore calling: it all goes way back... |access-date=9 September 2013 |last=Srivatsa |first=Sharath S. |date=31 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060736/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/31/stories/2007103160320300.htm |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> Since the late 20th century, there has been a steady migration of people from other states for study and work.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/23/stories/2004072310610400.htm |title=Kannadigas assured of all support |date=23 July 2004 |access-date=10 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630035953/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/23/stories/2004072310610400.htm |archive-date=30 June 2011 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> About 90% of the migrants came from the South Indian states, with the number of migrants from other parts of India increasing over the last few decades of the 20th century. Majority of the migration from non-South Indians states included [[Maharashtrians]], [[Punjabis]], [[Rajasthanis]], [[Gujaratis]], [[Bengalis]], and from [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Punekar"/> Migrant communities from within the state include [[Tuluvas]] and [[Konkanis]] of coastal Karnataka, and [[Kodavas]] from the state's [[Kodagu district]].<ref name="diverse"/> The city also had an [[Anglo-Indian]] population of about 10,000 people in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |author1=M. V. Chandrasekhar |author2=Sahana Charan |title=They are now part of city's unique social mix |date=23 December 2006 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/23/stories/2006122324880300.htm |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060916/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/23/stories/2006122324880300.htm |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{bar box
| title= Pop. by mother tongue in Bengaluru (2011)<ref name="language"/>
| titlebar=#Fcd116
| left1=Language
| right1=Percent
| float=right
| bars=
{{bar percent|[[Kannada]]|darkslateblue|42.05}}
{{bar percent|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|red|16.34}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|blue|13.73}}
{{bar percent|[[Urdu]]|green|13.00}}
{{bar percent|[[Hindi]]|orange|4.64}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|10.24}}
}}

As per the 2011 census, Kannada is the mother tongue of 42.1% of the city's population with 3,574,226 speakers, which is the official language of the state<ref name="Kannada">{{cite web|url=https://summalinguae.com/language-culture/bangalore-languages/|title=Bangalore languages|work=Summalinguae|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524133834/https://summalinguae.com/language-culture/bangalore-languages/|url-status=live}}</ref> – followed by [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (1,388,305) [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (1,166,338), [[Urdu]] (1,104,124), [[Hindi]] (476,673), [[Malayalam]] (268,780), and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] (174,451). Other languages with a sizeable numbers of speakers include [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kodava language|Kodagu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Lambadi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]].<ref name="language">{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10255/download/13367/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue (Urban): Karnataka|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|access-date=7 August 2022|archive-date=22 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622053806/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10255/download/13367/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bengaluru Kannada]] is the local dialect of Kannada spoken in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Kannada/Kan_vari.html|title=Kannada language variation|work=Central Institute of Indian Languages|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Keith |last2=Ogilvie |first2=Sarah |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |edition=revised |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2010 |page=577 |isbn=978-0-080-87775-4}}</ref> [[English language|English]] is widely spoken by [[white-collar workers]] and is the principal business language.<ref name="Kannada"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lindsay |first1=Jennifer |title=Between Tongues: Translation And/of/in Performance in Asia |edition=illustrated, reprint, annotated |publisher=NUS Press |year=2006 |page=52 |isbn=978-9-971-69339-8}}</ref> With a diverse population speaking multiple languages, the city has often seen [[Nativism in Karnataka|controversies]] and issues with respect to the usage of English and other vernacular languages. In 2023, the government mandated the usage of Kannada in the sign boards of all businesses, which led to protests.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67889621|title=Bengaluru: Why English is dividing people in India's Silicon Valley|work=[[BBC News]]|date=12 January 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605022141/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67889621|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/what-is-behind-the-60-per-cent-kannada-signboard-controversy-in-bengaluru-624335.html|title=What Is Behind The 60 Per Cent Kannada Signboard Controversy In Bengaluru?|work=India Times|date=28 December 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522062531/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/what-is-behind-the-60-per-cent-kannada-signboard-controversy-in-bengaluru-624335.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There have also been court cases, protests, and diverse public opinion on the usage of different languages in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/signs-of-bengalurus-language-conundrum/article67704977.ece|title=Signs of Bengaluru's language conundrum|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 August 2024|access-date=10 August 2024|archive-date=27 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527164920/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/signs-of-bengalurus-language-conundrum/article67704977.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-hc-says-it-cant-tell-govt-to-use-only-kannada-discard-english-dismisses-pil/articleshow/111501017.cms|title=Karnataka High Court dismisses PIL seeking direction to use Kannada|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 July 2024|access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref>

== Administration and politics ==

=== Administration ===
[[File:The Municipal Offices Building, Bangalore.jpg|thumb|The Municipal office building, the seat of [[Greater Bengaluru Authority]], in the early 20th century]]

[[Greater Bengaluru Authority]] (GBA) is the administrative authority of the city and its suburbs, covering an area of {{cvt|1400|km2}}.<ref name="GBA">{{cite news|date=14 May 2025|title=BBMP's era ends, Greater Bengaluru Authority to begin from May 15 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/bbmps-era-ends-greater-bengaluru-authority-to-begin-from-may-15|access-date=18 May 2025|work=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=What is changing with the Greater Bengaluru Governance Act 2024?|url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/what-is-changing-with-the-greater-bengaluru-governance-act-2024-100257|work=Citizen Matters|date=16 September 2025|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> The Bangalore Municipal Board was established on 27 March 1862, with a separate board formed later to manage the cantonment area of the city. In 1881, these were organised into Bangalore city municipality and Bangalore civil and military station municipality respectively. The two municipalities were merged in 1949, into a single municipal corporation with 70 members. In 2007, BBMP was established by merging the [[Bangalore Mahanagara Palike]], with seven neighbouring city municipal councils, one town municipal council and 111 village panchayats around the city.<ref name="BBMP2">{{cite web |title=About BBMP |url=https://blrsmartcity.karnataka.gov.in/page/About+Us/About+BBMP/en |access-date=28 December 2022 |work=[[Government of Karnataka]]}}</ref>

The GBA was established in May 2025, replacing the BBMP.<ref name="GBA"/> The erstwhile Bengaluru corporation covered an area {{cvt|741|km2}}, divided into ten zones covering [[Administrative divisions of Bengaluru|223 wards]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2 October 2023 |title=BBMP ward delimitation maps posted on website |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bbmp-ward-delimitation-maps-posted-on-website/articleshow/104096646.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228171955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bbmp-ward-delimitation-maps-posted-on-website/articleshow/104096646.cms |archive-date=28 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The BBMP was headed by a [[mayor]], elected by the [[councillors]], who were elected through a [[Direct election|popular vote]] by the residents.<ref name="BBMP2" /><ref>{{cite news |date=4 April 2010 |title=BBMP election result by 2 pm |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/62189/bbmp-election-result-2-pm.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409054108/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/62189/bbmp-election-result-2-pm.html |archive-date=9 April 2010 |access-date=5 May 2010 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> The municipal commissioner was responsible for daily administration.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 May 2022 |title=New BBMP chief commissioner inspects infrastructure projects |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/new-bbmp-chief-commissioner-inspects-infrastructure-projects-1107607.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607085320/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/new-bbmp-chief-commissioner-inspects-infrastructure-projects-1107607.html |archive-date=7 June 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> The former BBMP was divided into five smaller city corporations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Greater Bengaluru Governance Bill passed amidst protest and walkout by Opposition|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/greater-bengaluru-governance-bill-passed-amidst-protest-and-walkout-by-opposition/article68048628.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 March 2025|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> As the last elections to the BBMP council were held in 2015, and its term ended in 2020, after which the body was managed by a state-appointed administrator until the new structure was implemented.<ref>{{cite news |title=Term of BBMP council ends; govt appoints Gaurav Gupta as administrator |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/term-of-bbmp-council-ends-govt-appoints-gaurav-gupta-as-administrator/articleshow/78044733.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404173824/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/term-of-bbmp-council-ends-govt-appoints-gaurav-gupta-as-administrator/articleshow/78044733.cms |archive-date=4 April 2022}}</ref> As per the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]], the BBMP had a revenue of {{INRconvert|55.87|b}} and an expenditure of {{INRconvert|64.65|b}} in 2021–22.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengaluru city finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/bengaluru |work=Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref>

The [[Bangalore Development Authority]] (BDA) was established in 1976, and is the nodal agency responsible for the planning and development of the city.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 July 2006 |title=Assembly re-adopts Bill on BDA Act |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/19/stories/2006071907880400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615054417/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/19/stories/2006071907880400.htm |archive-date=15 June 2011 |access-date=1 June 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The BDA works in conjunction with local government and the Agenda for Bangalore's Infrastructure and Development Task Force (ABIDe) to design and implement civic and infrastructural projects in the city.<ref name="BBMP2"/><ref>{{cite news |title=The Bruhat Journey |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F04%2F24&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00202&AppName=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053750/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F04%2F24&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00202&AppName=1 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=14 September 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The [[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority]], established in 1985, is responsible for the planning of the metropolitan region.<ref name="BMRDA2">{{cite web |title=Local planning areas |url=https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/page/Local+Planning+Areas/en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415001847/https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/page/Local+Planning+Areas/en |archive-date=15 April 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=[[Government of Karnataka]]}}</ref> As the capital of the state of Karntaka, the city houses the state executive and [[Legislature|legislative]] headquarters in the [[Vidhana Soudha]],<ref>{{cite news |last=B. |first=Madhumitha |date=31 October 2010 |title=Soudha: A tale of sweat and toil |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/bengaluru/soudha-tale-sweat-and-toil-093 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105203919/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/bengaluru/soudha-tale-sweat-and-toil-093 |archive-date=5 November 2010 |access-date=11 November 2010 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> state ministries at [[Vikasa Soudha]],<ref>{{cite news |date=30 November 2017 |title=13-yr-old Vikasa Soudha gets into 'heritage list' |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/13-yr-old-vikasa-soudha-gets-into-heritage-list/articleshow/61855518.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204205240/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/13-yr-old-vikasa-soudha-gets-into-heritage-list/articleshow/61855518.cms |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022 |newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=15 years on, netas still see Vikasa as the lesser Soudha, insist on Vidhana office |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/15/15-yrs-on-netas-still-see-vikasa-as-the-lesser-soudha-insist-on-vidhana-office-2103607.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204205238/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/15/15-yrs-on-netas-still-see-vikasa-as-the-lesser-soudha-insist-on-vidhana-office-2103607.html |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> and the residence of the [[Governor of Karnataka|Governor]] at [[Raj Bhavan, Karnataka|Raj Bhavan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Raj Bhavan |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/raj-bhavan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521040709/https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/raj-bhavan/ |archive-date=21 May 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=Karnataka Tourism}}</ref>

=== Law and order ===
[[File:High Court of Karnataka, Bangalore MMK.jpg|thumb|[[Karnataka High Court]] in Bengaluru is the highest judicial body in the state]]

[[Karnataka High Court]] in Bengaluru is the highest [[judicial]] authority in the state, and manages a series of sub-ordinate civil and criminal courts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/newwebsite/org_str.php |title=Karnataka High Court |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208131019/https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/newwebsite/org_str.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/contactus.php |title=About Karnataka High Court |work=[[Karnataka High Court]] |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204045142/https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/contactus.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Bengaluru City Police]] (BCP) is the primary law enforcement agency in the city and is headed by a [[Police Commissioner of Bangalore|commissioner of police]].<ref>{{cite news |date=16 May 2022 |title=Karnataka: Pratap Reddy appointed new Bengaluru city police commissioner, replaces Kamal Pant |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-pratap-reddy-appointed-new-bengaluru-city-police-commissioner-replaces-kamal-pant-7920729/ |access-date=20 June 2022 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620142231/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-pratap-reddy-appointed-new-bengaluru-city-police-commissioner-replaces-kamal-pant-7920729/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is divided into eight zones, each of which is headed by an [[assistant commissioner (police)|assistant commissioner]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bcp.karnataka.gov.in/6/overview/en|title=Bangalore city police|work=[[Bengaluru City Police]]|access-date=17 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222181504/https://bcp.karnataka.gov.in/6/overview/en|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are separate crime, intelligence, and administration wings of the police.<ref name="Org">{{cite web|url=https://bcp.karnataka.gov.in/43/organisation-chart/en|title=Organization chart, Bangalore city police|work=[[Bengaluru City Police]]|access-date=17 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216162459/https://bcp.karnataka.gov.in/43/organisation-chart/en|url-status=live}}</ref> The police also operate special and armed units.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bcp.karnataka.gov.in/11/city-armed-reserve-%28c-a-r%29/en|title=City armed reserve|work=[[Bengaluru City Police]]|access-date=17 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216162459/https://bcp.karnataka.gov.in/11/city-armed-reserve-%28c-a-r%29/en|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|February 2024}}, the city police consisted of 18,308 civilian police working across 113 police stations, and 6,999 armed reserve personnel. The city had 191 cops per hundred thousand people, well below the [[United Nations]] standard of 673.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Feb/18/bengaluru-staff-shortage-acute-in-city-says-top-cop|title=Bengaluru: Staff shortage acute in city, says top cop|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=18 February 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219052142/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Feb/18/bengaluru-staff-shortage-acute-in-city-says-top-cop|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bengaluru City Traffic Police]] (BCTP) is responsible for the traffic management in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-26/bangalore/30666270_1_seat-belts-front-seats-city-traffic-police |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035830/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-26/bangalore/30666270_1_seat-belts-front-seats-city-traffic-police |url-status=dead | archive-date=11 April 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Fasten your seat belts from Feb 1 }}</ref> The traffic police operates 48 stations across three zones, each of which is headed by a joint commissioner.<ref name="Org"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://btp.gov.in/Aboutus.aspx |title=Aout us, Bangalore City Traffic Police |work=[[Bengaluru City Traffic Police]] |access-date=15 March 2023}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, the crime rate in the city was 27.2 per hundred thousand people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/article/with-2nd-rank-chennai-at-delhi-s-heels-in-crime-rate-among-major-indian-metro-cities-reveals-ncrb-data/812708|title=With 2nd rank, Chennai at Delhi's heels in crime rate among major Indian metro cities, reveals NCRB data|date=16 September 2021|work=[[Times Now]]|access-date=1 September 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208094839/https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/article/with-2nd-rank-chennai-at-delhi-s-heels-in-crime-rate-among-major-indian-metro-cities-reveals-ncrb-data/812708|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bangalore Central Prison]] located at Parappana Agrahara, was established in 1997, and is the major prison in the city.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sarangi|first1=Debi Prasad|title=Bangalore jail: An island of the unwanted|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/86904/bangalore-jail-island-unwanted.html|access-date=1 November 2016|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=8 August 2010|archive-date=3 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103234131/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/86904/bangalore-jail-island-unwanted.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Parappana Agrahara jail: Jailbreak waiting to happen|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Parappana-Agrahara-jail-Jailbreak-waiting-to-happen/articleshow/22217692.cms|access-date=1 November 2016|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 September 2013}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
[[File:Vikasa Souda - June 2019.jpg|thumb|The [[Vikasa Soudha]] houses multiple state ministries]]

The major part of the city falls under four [[Parliament of India|parliamentary]] constituencies–[[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]], [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]], [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]], and [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014}}</ref> The city elects 28 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] to the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news |first=S. |last=Rajendran |title=Power of the city |date=19 April 2013 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/power-of-the-city/article4631157.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053415/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/power-of-the-city/article4631157.ece |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The politics of the city and the state have been dominated by the two national parties–[[Indian National Congress]], and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). Contrary to other major South Indian cities, there are no major regional parties with a considerable influence in the region, with only [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (JDS) having some influence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/karnataka-politics-dravidian-congress-bjp-jds-minorities-backward-classes-dalits/article68311543.ece|title=Karnataka: The southern outlier|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=22 June 2024|access-date=1 July 2024|archive-date=25 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625015326/https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/karnataka-politics-dravidian-congress-bjp-jds-minorities-backward-classes-dalits/article68311543.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]], the BJP won 15 seats, and the Congress won 13 seats in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023-result-bjp-congress-jds-candidates-winners-list-live-news-updates-11683786118237.html|title=Karnataka Election Result 2023 winners list: Who won it for Congress, BJP, JD(S)? Full list of victorious candidates|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=14 May 2023|access-date=1 July 2024|archive-date=24 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624170809/https://www.livemint.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023-result-bjp-congress-jds-candidates-winners-list-live-news-updates-11683786118237.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2024 Indian general elections]], the BJP won all the four [[Lok Sabha]] seats in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/bangalore-karnataka-election-results-2024-karnataka-general-election-live-news-updates-bangalore-south-tejasvi-surya-11717228036343.html|title=Bangalore, Karnataka Election Results 2024: Tejasvi Surya defeats Sowmya Reddy; BJP wins all 4 seats|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=4 June 2024|access-date=1 July 2024|archive-date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604122520/https://www.livemint.com/elections/bangalore-karnataka-election-results-2024-karnataka-general-election-live-news-updates-bangalore-south-tejasvi-surya-11717228036343.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The last elections to the BBMP was held in [[2015 Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike election|2015]], in which the BJP won 100 seats, and the Congress won 76 seats. The Congress held the mayor post with the support of the JDS till 2019, after which the BJP captured power when the JDS switched its allegiance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sampath Raj is city's new Mayor |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sampath-raj-is-citys-new-mayor/article19768858.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 September 2017 |access-date=25 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929063904/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sampath-raj-is-citys-new-mayor/article19768858.ece |archive-date=29 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bjps-gowtham-kumar-becomes-bengaluru-mayor/article29565161.ece|title=BJP's Gowtham Kumar becomes Bengaluru Mayor|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 October 2019|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=8 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208151106/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bjps-gowtham-kumar-becomes-bengaluru-mayor/article29565161.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, the term of the council ended, and with no elections had since been conducted till 2024, the BBMP is managed by a government appointed administrator.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/term-of-bbmp-council-ends-govt-appoints-gaurav-gupta-as-administrator/articleshow/78043069.cms?from=mdr |title=Term of BBMP council ends; govt appoints Gaurav Gupta as administrator |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404220809/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/term-of-bbmp-council-ends-govt-appoints-gaurav-gupta-as-administrator/articleshow/78043069.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bbmp-marks-longest-period-without-elected-council-3183534|title=BBMP marks longest period without elected council|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=9 September 2024|access-date=1 October 2024|archive-date=10 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910140605/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bbmp-marks-longest-period-without-elected-council-3183534|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Bengaluru}}

=== Arts ===
[[File:Demon_Yakshagana.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Yakshagana]], a theatre art of [[coastal Karnataka]], played in the city]]

Bengaluru is a major centre of [[Indian classical music]] and dance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ravindran |first=Nirmala |title=Dance and Music is part of our culture |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080908-in-the-city-737400-2008-08-27 |access-date=17 June 2012 |work=[[India Today]] |date=27 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529024740/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/In+the+city/1/13928.html |archive-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The cultural scene features a diverse set of music concerts, dance performances and plays. Performances of [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] and [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] music, and dance forms like [[Bharat Natyam]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Kathakali]], [[Kathak]], and [[Odissi]] are popular in the city.<ref name="bm">{{harvnb|Raman|1994|pp=34–35|Ref=bm}}</ref> [[Yakshagana]], a theatre art indigenous to coastal Karnataka is often played in town halls.<ref>
{{cite news |first=Sharath M. |last=Sharma |title=It's Yakshagana season |date=22 August 2010 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/its-yakshagana-season/article587170.ece |work=The Hindu | access-date=13 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921080008/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/its-yakshagana-season/article587170.ece | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The two main music seasons include April–May during [[Rama Navami|Ram Navami]], and September–October during [[Dusshera]], when majority of the music activities are organised by various cultural organisations.<ref name="bm" /> Rock music is popular in the urban parts of the city, and the city has its own subgenre of rock, "Bangalore Rock", an amalgamation of [[classic rock]], [[hard rock]] and [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], and some [[jazz]] and [[blues]].<ref>{{cite web |title=You know music is in Bangalore's DNA, bands tell why |date=24 December 2011 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1629608/report-you-know-music-is-in-bangalores-dna-bands-tell-why |work=DNA | access-date=21 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925075622/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1629608/report-you-know-music-is-in-bangalores-dna-bands-tell-why | archive-date=25 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The city is home to several Indian bands, and is referred to as "[[public house|Pub]] Capital of India" and the "Rock/Metal Capital of India" because of its underground music scene.{{sfn|Plunkett|2001|p=124}}

[[File:National_Gallery_of_Modern_Art_-_NGMA_-_Bangalore_6643.JPG|thumb|left|[[National Gallery of Modern Art, Bangalore|National Gallery of Modern Art]] in Bengaluru]]

Several art galleries including the government-established [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Bangalore|National Gallery of Modern Art]] emerged in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/3d9f7fea-98f6-11e1-9da3-00144feabdc0.html |title=Bangalore rebooted |access-date=12 September 2013 |last=Narayan |first=Shobha |date=14 May 2012 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001094107/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/3d9f7fea-98f6-11e1-9da3-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=1 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]] showcases a collection of painting, sculptures, and various other forms of art.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=12 May 2016 |title=Chitrakala Parishath: An art haven like no other |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/chitrakala-parishath-an-art-haven-like-no-other/article8590355.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322022802/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/chitrakala-parishath-an-art-haven-like-no-other/article8590355.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 September 2021 |title=Covid threat gone, Crowds return to Bengaluru's Chitrakala Parishath |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/life-in-bengaluru/covid-threat-gone-crowds-return-to-bengalurus-chitrakala-parishath-1032947.html |access-date=22 March 2022 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922192234/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/life-in-bengaluru/covid-threat-gone-crowds-return-to-bengalurus-chitrakala-parishath-1032947.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Indian Cartoon Gallery organised by the [[Indian Institute of Cartoonists]], conducts periodic cartoon exhibitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.readwhere.com/read/1071561/Bangalore-Mirror/Doodle-Do#page/1/2|title=Doodle-Do Listing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202015615/http://www.readwhere.com/read/1071561/Bangalore-Mirror/Doodle-Do#page/1/2 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=31 December 2016 |access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref> "Art Bangalore" is an international [[art festival]], held annually in the city since 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangalore has a heart for art |date=17 August 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Bangalore-has-a-heart-for-art/articleshow/21860900.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=12 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060725/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-17/people/41419943_1_17-galleries-art-bengaluru-uzma-irfan | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]] is a nonprofit organisation headquartered in Bengaluru that promotes the Kannada language and literature.<ref>{{cite web |first=K. |last=Chandramouli |title=Lyrical land |date=26 September 2002 |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/26/stories/2002092600660200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=13 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108175645/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/26/stories/2002092600660200.htm | archive-date=8 November 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref> The "Bangalore Literature Festival" is an annual literary event organised since 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=History, they wrote at Bangalore Literature fest |date=12 August 2012 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121208/news-current-affairs/article/history-they-wrote-bangalore-literature-fest |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | access-date=7 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921083725/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121208/news-current-affairs/article/history-they-wrote-bangalore-literature-fest | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Karnataka Rajyotsava]], which marks the formation of [[Karnataka]] state on 1 November 1956, is celebrated on the same day annually and is a public holiday in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2010/11/01/kannadigas-celebrate-karnata-rajyotsava-on-nov-1.html|title=Kannadigas celebrate Kannada Rajyotsava on Nov 1|work=One India|date=1 November 2010|access-date=1 June 2012|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103041840/http://news.oneindia.in/2010/11/01/kannadigas-celebrate-karnata-rajyotsava-on-nov-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.festivalsofindia.in/rajyotsava_day/|title=Rajyotsava Day|work=Festivals of India|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702041351/https://www.festivalsofindia.in/rajyotsava_day/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bengaluru is a major centre of the [[Kannada film industry]], which released 224 Kannada feature films in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=9 December 2018 |title=Kannada films set new record with 224 releases, but that's where the good news ends |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/kannada-films-set-new-record-with-224-releases-but-its-not-all-good-news/article25704344.ece |access-date=1 July 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701143536/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/kannada-films-set-new-record-with-224-releases-but-its-not-all-good-news/article25704344.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Art theatres that stages English and Kannada language plays in the city include [[Chowdiah Memorial Hall]], [[Ranga Shankara]], and [[Ravindra Kalakshetra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep102007/metromon2007090924391.asp |title=An experience called 'Ranga Shankara' |last1=Murali |first1=Janaki |date=10 September 2007 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=16 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194402/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep102007/metromon2007090924391.asp |archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bangaloreorbit.com/bangaloredarshan/monuments-in-bangalore/ravindra-kalakshetra.html |title=Ravindra Kalakshetra |work=Bangalore Orbit |access-date=16 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313171703/http://www.bangaloreorbit.com/bangaloredarshan/monuments-in-bangalore/ravindra-kalakshetra.html |archive-date=13 March 2012}}</ref> [[British Council]], Alliance Française de Bangalore, and Max Müller Bhavan also organise foreign language plays including those of drama companies that tour India.<ref>{{harvnb|Raman|1994|p=37|Ref=bm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Our Mission|work=Alliance française de Bangalore|url=https://bangalore.afindia.org/culture/our-mission/|access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117141850/https://bangalore.afindia.org/culture/our-mission/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
Bengaluru has diverse food options including South Indian, North Indian, [[Chinese food|Chinese]], and western fast food.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/06/11/stories/2007061154170400.htm |title=Explore the continent |date=11 June 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 June 2012 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226020700/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/06/11/stories/2007061154170400.htm |archive-date=26 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/International-cuisine-pushes-retailers-margins/articleshow/2681793.cms |title=International cuisine pushes retailers' margins |author=Anand, Swati |date=8 January 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517155529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/International-cuisine-pushes-retailers-margins/articleshow/2681793.cms |archive-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Popular vegetarian dishes include [[masala dosa]], paneer biryani, and [[paneer butter masala]].<ref>{{cite news |date=7 September 2024 |title=Bengaluru bites: How city is embracing vegetarian and plant-based foods |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-bites-how-the-city-is-embracing-vegetarian-and-plant-based-foods/articleshow/113147071.cms |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Udupi cuisine]] restaurants are popular and serve predominantly [[vegetarian]], regional cuisine.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/breakfast-in-bangalore/477454/ |title=Breakfast in Bangalore |author=Malhotra, Samil |date=16 June 2012 |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=16 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617050426/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/breakfast-in-bangalore/477454/ |archive-date=17 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mavalli Tiffin Room]], known for its Karnataka-style vegetarian food, was opened in 1924 and vegetarian tiffin restaurant [[Vidyarthi Bhavan]] opened in 1943.<ref name="Geo">{{cite web |date=27 March 2023 |title=Is Bengaluru India's most exciting city for vegetarians? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/is-bengaluru-indias-most-exciting-city-for-vegetarians |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=National Geographic Travel }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Govind |first=Ranjani |date=31 May 2018 |title=Bengaluru's iconic Vidyarthi Bhavan turns 75 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/setting-the-table/article24047034.ece |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Since the late 1980s, many vegetarian self-service [[Darshini (restaurant)|darshinis]] operate in the city.<ref name="Geo"/> The city also has multiple [[vegan]] restaurants, and vegan advocacy groups, and has been named as India's most vegan-friendly city by [[PETA]] India.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 September 2014 |title=Bangalore most 'vegan-friendly' city |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bangalore-most-veganfriendly-city/article6458500.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205005128/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bangalore-most-veganfriendly-city/article6458500.ece |archive-date=5 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore most vegan-friendly city in India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Bangalore-most-vegan-friendly-city-in-India/articleshow/43829855.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820052435/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Bangalore-most-vegan-friendly-city-in-India/articleshow/43829855.cms |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=30 September 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 September 2014 }}</ref>

===Festivals===
[[Bangalore Karaga]] or "Karaga Shaktyotsava" is a festival dedicated to the Hindu goddess [[Draupadi]], and celebrated annually by the [[Thigala]] community over a period of nine days in March or April.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/02/stories/2007040221520500.htm |work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Bangalore Karaga |date=2 April 2007 |access-date=1 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027095955/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/02/stories/2007040221520500.htm |archive-date=27 October 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=200904212009042100394852e56efa0a&sectxslt=&pageno=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707213004/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=200904212009042100394852e56efa0a&sectxslt=&pageno=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2011|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=21 April 2009 |title= Woman power at Karaga|access-date=14 July 2009 }}</ref> The Someshwara Car festival is held annually in April, when the idol of the [[Halasuru Someshwara Temple, Bangalore|Halasuru Someshwara Temple]] is taken for a procession on a flower chariot.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/ulsoors-poo-pallaki-begins-on-saturday/article5944528.ece|title=Ulsoor's 'Poo Pallaki' begins on Saturday|date=21 May 2016|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=13 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213103456/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/ulsoors-poo-pallaki-begins-on-saturday/article5944528.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Other [[List of festivals in India|popular festivals]] include [[Ugadi]], [[Ram Navami]], [[Eid ul-Fitr]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[St. Mary's Basilica, Bangalore|St. Mary's feast]], [[Navrati|Dasara]], [[Deepawali]] and [[Christmas]].<ref>{{harvnb|Raman|1994|pp=42–45|Ref=bm}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Bengaluru}}

[[File:UB Tower Bangalore.jpg|upright|thumb|[[UB City|UB Tower]] in the [[Bengaluru Central Business District]]]]

Bengaluru is one of the fastest-growing metropolises in India.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kotkin|first=Joel|date=10 July 2010|title=The World's Fastest-Growing Cities|url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309160030/http://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin.html|archive-date=9 March 2012|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 January 2020 |title=Bengaluru to be world's fastest growing city: Report |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/bengaluru-to-be-world-s-fastest-growing-city-report-797359.html |access-date=27 June 2022 |newspaper=[[The Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627130650/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/bengaluru-to-be-world-s-fastest-growing-city-report-797359.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Husain |first=Mudassir |date=12 May 2019 |title=Bengaluru's growth story |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/bengalurus-growth-story/article27102964.ece |access-date=27 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626020658/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/bengalurus-growth-story/article27102964.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, Bengaluru metropolitan area had an estimated [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] of $359.9 billion,<ref name="C40"/> ranking it among the [[List of cities by GDP|most productive metro area]]s in India.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 January 2015|title=Global city GDP 2014|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525113815/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/|archive-date=25 May 2017|access-date=4 March 2017|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Broder |first=Jonathan |date=5 October 2018 |title=India Today: Can it maintain strong economic growth?|url=http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2018100500 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005030813/http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2018100500 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |access-date=4 October 2018 |journal=CQ Researcher |publisher=Sage Publications |doi=10.4135/cqresrre20181005 |s2cid=267331042 |id=cqresrre2018100500}}</ref> According to the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]], Bengaluru is amongst the most integrated with the global economy, classified as an [[Global city|alpha-city]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The World According to GaWC 2020|url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html|access-date=31 July 2022|work=[[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]]|archive-date=12 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612112616/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The city contributes to nearly one-third of the state GSDP, and has a diversified industrial base dependent on [[Service economy|services]] (39.5% contribution to GDP), manufacturing (36%), and [[agriculture]] (2.3%).<ref>{{cite web|title=Manufacturing cities: the planning, building, and governing of industrial infrastructure in the Bangalore metropolitan region|url=https://www.peak-urban.org/project/manufacturing-cities-planning-building-and-governing-industrial-infrastructure-bangalore|access-date=27 January 2022|work=Peak-urban|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127104941/https://www.peak-urban.org/project/manufacturing-cities-planning-building-and-governing-industrial-infrastructure-bangalore|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Economy">{{cite report|url=https://industries.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/DISTRICT%20PROFILE-BANGALORE%20URBAN.pdf|title=District profile, Bengaluru urban|work=[[Government of Karnataka]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621131641/https://industries.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/DISTRICT%20PROFILE-BANGALORE%20URBAN.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bengaluru has the country's fourth largest [[fast-moving consumer goods]] market.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ia.rediff.com/money/2006/aug/23bang.htm?q=bp&file=.htm|title=Bangalore most affluent market|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307113339/http://ia.rediff.com/money/2006/aug/23bang.htm?q=bp&file=.htm|archive-date=7 March 2008|work=[[Rediff]]date=23 August 2006|access-date=1 June 2007}}</ref> The city also has the third highest number of [[high-net-worth individual]]s in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India_Business/After_Mumbai__Delhi_Bangalore_home_to_richest/articleshow/1842018.cms|title=Bangalore third richest city in country|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430232332/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India_Business/After_Mumbai__Delhi_Bangalore_home_to_richest/articleshow/1842018.cms|archive-date=30 April 2007|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 April 2007|access-date=1 June 2007}}</ref> Major industrial sectors include [[information technology]], [[automobiles]], [[aerospace]], [[textiles]], [[heavy machinery]], [[biotechnology]], [[electronics]], and [[communication]], [[agriculture]], and [[food processing]].<ref>{{cite web|date=22 March 2019|title=Bengaluru: Economy, Industries, and Infrastructure|url=https://www.india-briefing.com/news/city-spotlight-bangalore-6371.html/|access-date=24 August 2021|work=India Briefing News|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816124844/https://www.india-briefing.com/news/city-spotlight-bangalore-6371.html/|url-status=live}}</ref> The industrial clusters are spread across the city and its suburbs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brief Industrial Profile of Bangalore Rural District|url=https://msmedibangalore.gov.in/files/Bengaluru%20Rural.pdf|work=[[Government of Karnataka]]|access-date=24 August 2021|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816123855/https://msmedibangalore.gov.in/files/Bengaluru%20Rural.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Brief Industrial Profile of Bangalore District|url=https://msmedibangalore.gov.in/files/Bengaluru%20Urban.pdf|access-date=24 August 2021|archive-date=25 October 2021|work=[[Government of Karnataka]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025154733/https://msmedibangalore.gov.in/files/Bengaluru%20Urban.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, the city had more than 75,000 industries including more than 2,000 information technology companies.<ref name="Economy"/> It hosted 87 [[Fortune 500]] companies, the fifth highest number amongst the cities in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengaluru has become the hotspot for Fortune 500 giants, global companies to set up innovation centres|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/bengaluru-has-become-the-hotspot-for-fortune-500-giants-global-companies-to-set-up-innovation-centres/articleshow/52567790.cms|access-date=16 August 2021|newspaper=Business Insider}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

[[File:World Trade Center Banglore (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[World Trade Center Bangalore|World Trade Center]] at Bengaluru]]

Bengaluru is a major centre for information technology (IT), and is consistently ranked amongst the world's fastest growing technology hubs.
<ref name="ETIT">{{cite news|title=Bengaluru world's fastest growing tech hub, London second: Report|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/bengaluru-worlds-fastest-growing-tech-hub-london-second-report/articleshow/80263653.cms?from=mdr|access-date=16 August 2021|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816123852/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/bengaluru-worlds-fastest-growing-tech-hub-london-second-report/articleshow/80263653.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bangalore keeps its crown as India's high-growth tech hub|url=https://www.ft.com/content/022aa805-3699-4bac-a845-81c95d015bc2|access-date=27 June 2022|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|date=7 April 2022|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627145035/https://www.ft.com/content/022aa805-3699-4bac-a845-81c95d015bc2|url-status=live}}</ref> It is widely regarded as the "[[Silicon Valley]] of India", as the largest IT hub of the country.<ref>{{cite news |last=Canton |first=Naomi |date=6 December 2012 |title=How the 'Silicon Valley of India' is bridging the digital divide |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/06/tech/bangalore-india-internet-access |url-status=live |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218052853/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/06/tech/bangalore-india-internet-access |archive-date=18 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rai |first=Saritha |date=20 March 2006 |title=Is the Next Silicon Valley Taking Root in Bangalore? |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/20/business/worldbusiness/20bangalore.html |url-status=live |access-date=20 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013023256/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/20/business/worldbusiness/20bangalore.html |archive-date=13 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Vaidyanathan |first=Rajini |date=5 November 2012 |title=Can the 'American Dream' be reversed in India? |work=[[BBC World News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20201666 |url-status=live |access-date=5 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105101908/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20201666 |archive-date=5 November 2012 }}</ref> The IT export from the city is estimated to be valued at $64 billion in 2024, and the city contributes to more than one third of India's total IT exports.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/bengaluru-is-the-undisputed-silicon-valley-of-india-what-led-to-its-status/|title=Bengaluru is the undisputed Silicon Valley of India: What led to its status?|date=10 October 2024|access-date=1 November 2024|work=South First}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bangalore will become the world's largest IT cluster by 2020|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/%E2%80%98Bangalore-will-become-the-world%E2%80%99s-largest-IT-cluster-by-2020%E2%80%99/article20909098.ece|access-date=16 August 2021|newspaper=[[Business Line]]|date=12 November 2014|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726165717/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/%E2%80%98Bangalore-will-become-the-world%E2%80%99s-largest-IT-cluster-by-2020%E2%80%99/article20909098.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The IT industry in the city is divided into various business clusters and [[special economic zones]] such as [[Electronic City]], [[International Tech Park, Bangalore|International Tech Park]], [[Software Technology Parks of India|Software Technology Park]], [[Bagmane Tech Park]], [[Global Village Tech Park]], [[World Trade Center Bangalore|World Trade Center]], and [[Manyata Embassy Business Park]] amongst others.<ref>{{cite web|title=10 Amazing Software Technological Parks in Bengaluru|date=4 August 2017|url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/10-amazing-software-technological-parks-in-bengaluru/|access-date=16 August 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816123851/http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/10-amazing-software-technological-parks-in-bengaluru/|url-status=live}}</ref> The growth of IT industry has resulted in the migration of people from all over the country, which has resulted in the demand for improvement in the city's infrastructure and presented the city with other challenges.<ref name="ETIT"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Shrinag|date=20 August 2019|title=Top Reasons Why Bengaluru Is A Bustling IT Hub|url=https://metrosaga.com/top-reasons-why-bengaluru-is-a-bustling-it-hub/|access-date=16 August 2021|work=MetroSaga|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816125354/https://metrosaga.com/top-reasons-why-bengaluru-is-a-bustling-it-hub/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The industry has been blamed for not favouring local employment development, increased land values, and closure of small enterprises.<ref>{{cite web|date=November 2008|title=Opportunity and exploitation in urban labour markets|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications/briefing-papers/44-urban-labour-markets-exploitation.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327183722/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications/briefing-papers/44-urban-labour-markets-exploitation.pdf|archive-date=27 March 2009|access-date=10 May 2010|publisher=Overseas Development Institute}}</ref> The resistance from the city for further investments required to develop infrastructure, has forced some of the new and expanding businesses elsewhere.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 July 2019|title=India's Tech Hubs: Bengaluru vs Hyderabad|url=https://www.india-briefing.com/news/indias-tech-hubs-bengaluru-vs-hyderabad-19023.html/|access-date=16 August 2021|work=India Briefing News}}</ref>

[[File:Vande_Bharat_sleeper_trainset_prototype_at_BEML.jpeg|thumb|A train set manufactured at [[BEML]]]]

Bengaluru is also a major hub for Indian biotechnology-related industry, which was valued at nearly $25 billion in 2021–22.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka hopes to double its bio-economy to $50-bn in 5 yrs |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/karnataka-hopes-to-double-its-bio-economy-to-50-bn-in-5-yrs/articleshow/79332632.cms |access-date=27 June 2022 |newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627130655/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/karnataka-hopes-to-double-its-bio-economy-to-50-bn-in-5-yrs/articleshow/79332632.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pulakkat |first=Hari |title=How Bengaluru became the biotech capital of India |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/how-bengaluru-became-the-biotech-capital-of-india/articleshow/49751173.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 June 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627130650/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/how-bengaluru-became-the-biotech-capital-of-india/articleshow/49751173.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is home to more than 40 biotech companies, and is termed as the "Biotech capital of India".<ref>{{cite news|date=23 April 2005|title=Bangalore Helix to be a reality soon|newspaper=[[The Hindu|]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/23/stories/2005042301960600.htm|url-status=live|access-date=4 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012172400/http://hindu.com/2005/04/23/stories/2005042301960600.htm|archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Sumeet|date=4 October 2007|title=Biocon in drug development talks with Bayer|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-SP/idUSBOM33872620071004|url-status=live|access-date=4 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222175316/http://www.reuters.com/article/health-SP/idUSBOM33872620071004|archive-date=22 December 2007}}</ref> The city is a major export centre for agricultural produce including [[fruits]], and [[poultry]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/bengaluru-airport-tops-in-perishable-exports-from-india-for-fourth-year/articleshow/111488708.cms?from=mdr|title=Bengaluru airport tops in perishable exports from India for fourth year|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=4 July 2024|access-date=1 November 2024|archive-date=4 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704133336/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/bengaluru-airport-tops-in-perishable-exports-from-india-for-fourth-year/articleshow/111488708.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Major crops include [[rice]], [[maize]], [[finger millet|ragi]], [[horse gram]], [[oil seeds]], [[coconuts]], and fruits such as [[mango]], [[papaya]], [[banana]], [[grapes]], and [[pomegranate]]. Flowers such as [[roses]] are grown commercially.<ref name="Economy"/> The [[Rail Wheel Factory]] at Yelahanka is a major supplier of wheels and axles for [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/Apr/28/rail-wheel-factoryto-supply-axles-for-indias-fastest-train--vande-bharat-express-2447306.html|title=Rail Wheel Factory to supply axles for India's fastest train - Vande Bharat Express|date=28 April 2022|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524075948/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/Apr/28/rail-wheel-factoryto-supply-axles-for-indias-fastest-train--vande-bharat-express-2447306.html|url-status=live}}</ref> State owned corporations [[BEML]] and [[Bharat Electronics]] are headquartered in the city, and manufacture aerospace components, power equipment, trainsets, armored vehicles, and electronics for both civilian and defence requirements.<ref name="Economy"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Bharat Electronics Limited|url=https://www.nti.org/learn/facilities/134/|access-date=2 August 2020|work=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506125158/https://www.nti.org/learn/facilities/134/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
{{Main|Infrastructure in Bengaluru}}

=== Water supply ===
[[File:Cauvery Kaveri River Karnataka India (2).jpg|thumb|The city draws majority of the water requirement from the [[Kaveri River]]]]

[[Water supply]] is provided by the [[Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board]] (BWSSB), which was established in 1964.<ref name="BWSSB">{{cite web |url=http://bwssb.org/mission-history/ |title=BWSSB Mission Statement |access-date=13 October 2012 |work=[[Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020070108/http://bwssb.org/mission-history/ |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref> The city receives an average of 800 million liters of water per day from rainfall.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM2/Thirsty-Bangalore-invokes-god/Article1-6117.aspx |title=Thirsty Bangalore invokes god |newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=9 June 2003 |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303074533/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/nm2/Thirsty-Bangalore-invokes-god/Article1-6117.aspx |archive-date=3 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the 16th century, Kempe Gowda constructed lakes such as the Kempambudhi Kere to store the rain water.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-swimming-sensation-of-kempambudhi-kere-101715023978566.html|title=Sensation of Kempabudhi Kare|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=7 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=10 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510102700/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-swimming-sensation-of-kempambudhi-kere-101715023978566.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, the city had a daily water demand of 2100 million liters, of which 1,450 million liters is catered to by the corporation. While the city drew water from the [[Arkavathy River]] earlier, the increasing demands led to the establishment of the Cauvery water supply scheme in 1964. Majority of the water supply to the city is drawn from the [[Kaveri]], with the amount of water drawn increasing from 135 million liters in 1974 to 1,450 million liters per day in 2014.<ref name="Water">{{cite web|url=https://bwssb.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/About+BWSSB/en|title=About BWSSB|work=[[Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524234021/https://bwssb.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/About+BWSSB/en|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2015 report indicated that one-third of the [[Slum clearance in India|slum clearance]] projects lacked basic water service connections, 60% of slum dwellers lacked complete water supply lines and used a shared water supply.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 March 2015 |title=60 per cent of water sources go dry in Ch'nagar |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/469004/60-per-cent-water-sources.html |access-date=27 June 2022 |newspaper=[[The Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627155237/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/469004/60-per-cent-water-sources.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The city does face water shortages, especially during summer and in years with low rainfall.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 February 2018 |title=water shortage: Water crisis: Is Bengaluru heading for Day Zero? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/water-crisis-is-bluru-heading-for-day-zero/articleshow/62893432.cms |access-date=27 May 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610084006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/water-crisis-is-bluru-heading-for-day-zero/articleshow/62893432.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In early 2024, Bengaluru faced a water crisis due to depleted water reservoirs in the Kaveri basin as a consequence of a weak monsoon, and low groundwater levels.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thirsty Bengaluru: Water scarcity amid rapid urbanisation and climate change|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/thirsty-bengaluru-water-scarcity-amid-rapid-urbanisation-and-climate-change-2514749-2024-03-14|work=[[India Today]]|date=14 March 2024|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> Borewells, which contribute a sufficient share to the city's water consumption, ran dry, and the government was forced to operate water tankers from outside the city and impose restrictions on non-essential water usage.<ref>{{cite news|title=6. Why Bengaluru is facing acute water shortage|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/why-bengaluru-is-facing-acute-water-shortage/articleshow/108277259.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 March 2024|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

=== Waste management and pollution ===
Waste collection and management is done by the city corporation. Pollution regulation and issuance of waste management guidelines is carried out by the [[Karnataka State Pollution Control Board]] (KSPCB), which comes under the aegis of [[Central Pollution Control Board]] (CPCB), and is headquartered in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/department/karnataka-state-pollution-control-board/|title=Karnataka State Pollution Control Board|work=[[Government of Karnataka]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906051337/https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/department/karnataka-state-pollution-control-board/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/central-pollution-control-board-brings-strict-norms-to-curb-red-mudin-karnataka-3297958|title=Central Pollution Control Board brings strict norms to curb red mud in Karnataka|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=30 November 2024|access-date=1 December 2024|archive-date=2 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202202301/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/central-pollution-control-board-brings-strict-norms-to-curb-red-mudin-karnataka-3297958|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2022, Bengaluru produced around 6000 [[metric tonnes]] of [[waste|solid waste]] per day.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 April 2022 |title=BBMP chief commissioner calls for decentralised waste management system |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-decentralised-waste-management-system-7855463/ |access-date=20 June 2022 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620160123/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-decentralised-waste-management-system-7855463/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The wastes are segregated, compacted, and transported to any of the three garbage processing plants in Bingipura, [[Mavallipura]], or [[Kudlu]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/07level.htm |title=Bangalore: Pollution levels at all time high |work=[[Rediff]] | access-date=6 September 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019095614/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/07level.htm | archive-date=19 October 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref> As per a 2024 study, the three garbage processing plants were found to be violating environmental regulations, and emitted high levels of [[particulate matter]], causing damage to the local environment and increasing the pollution levels of the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengalurus-waste-processing-plants-polluters-of-high-magnitude-study-3249684|title=Bengaluru's waste processing plants polluters of high magnitude: Study|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=25 October 2024|access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref> {{As of|2024}}, the corporation operated seven wet waste processing plants, 13 bio [[methane]] generation plants, and a land fill.<ref name="SWM">{{cite web|url=https://site.bbmp.gov.in/departmentwebsites/swm/|title=Swachh Bharat Mission|work=[[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The corporation earlier operated three more landfill sites at [[Mavallipura]], [[Mandur]], and [[Doddaballapura]], which were closed after complaints from local residents, and reports of diseases due to unsanitary conditions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/environment/war-over-waste-39575|title=War over waste|work=[[Down to Earth (magazine)|Down to Earth]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> In 2024, the government identified four new locations for the construction of new landfill sites.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bbmp-identifies-4-places-to-process-city-s-waste-2930592|title=BBMP identifies 4 places to process city's waste|newspaper=[[The Deccan Herald]]|date=11 March 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=12 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312003049/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bbmp-identifies-4-places-to-process-city-s-waste-2930592|url-status=live}}</ref> As part of the waste management guidelines, the government of Karnataka has authorised specific companies to manage [[biomedical waste|biomedical]] and [[e-waste]]s in the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biomedical Waste Management {{!}} Karnataka State Pollution Control Board|url=https://kspcb.karnataka.gov.in/waste-management/biomedical-waste|access-date=17 January 2022|work=[[Karnataka State Pollution Control Board]]|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182555/https://kspcb.karnataka.gov.in/waste-management/biomedical-waste|url-status=live}}</ref> However, a report in October 2024 indicated that some of these companies were not disposing of the wastes in the prescribed manner, and are involved in re-selling.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/e-waste-management-firms-in-bengaluru-reselling-mobile-phones-and-laptops-despite-ban/article68668021.ece|title= Despite ban, e-waste management firms in Bengaluru reselling mobile phones and laptops|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 October 2024|access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref>

The city has considerable pollution due to vehicle and industrial exhausts, and unscientific waste disposal.<ref name="Air">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_exclusive-50pct-of-bangalores-air-pollution-caused-due-to-dust_1618349 |title=Exclusive! 50% of Bangalore's air pollution caused due to dust |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=28 November 2011 |access-date=6 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031065230/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_exclusive-50pct-of-bangalores-air-pollution-caused-due-to-dust_1618349 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.c40.org/press_releases/35-cities-unite-to-clean-the-air-their-citizens-breathe-protecting-the-health-of-millions |title=C40: 35 Cities Unite to Clean the Air Their Citizens Breathe, Protecting the Health of Millions |work=C40 group|access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-date=7 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207060958/https://www.c40.org/press_releases/35-cities-unite-to-clean-the-air-their-citizens-breathe-protecting-the-health-of-millions |url-status=live }}</ref> The pollution level varies across localities, with higher concentrations of [[particulate matter]] reported in industrial and high traffic zones. A [[random sample|random sampling]] of the [[air quality index]] (AQI) of twenty stations within the city suggested heavy to severe air pollution around areas of high traffic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320001853/http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF | archive-date=20 March 2006 |title=Environmental impact analysis |publisher=Bangalore Metropolitan Rapid Transport Corporation Limited, Government of Karnataka |year=2006 | access-date=11 June 2012}}</ref> While the average air quality was at acceptable levels, the [[PM 2.5]] levels exceeded the 60 μg/m3 threshold set by the CPCB in certain areas.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Dec/07/bengalurus-air-quality-good-but-peenya-silk-board-choke|title=Bengaluru's air quality good but Peenya, Silk Board choke|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=7 December 2024|access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref> A evaluation of Bengaluru's physical, biological and socioeconomic parameters indicated that the city's air quality and [[noise pollution]] were poor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF |title=Environmental Impact Analysis |access-date=20 March 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320001853/http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF |archive-date=20 March 2006| work=BMRTL }}</ref>

=== Power ===
In 1905, Bengaluru was among the first cities to have electric power.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=54}} The city was powered by [[hydro power]] generated by the [[hydroelectric]] plant in [[Shivanasamudra]].<ref name="Elec"/> Electricity in the city is regulated through the [[Bangalore Electricity Supply Company]] (BESCOM).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bescom.org/en/aboutus/index.asp |title=About Us |work=[[Bangalore Electricity Supply Company]] | access-date=5 May 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731092131/http://www.bescom.org/en/aboutus/index.asp | archive-date=31 July 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref> The power consumption has steadily increased over the last decade and in 2022–23, the city had a peak demand of 3,632 [[Megawatt|MW]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/power-hungry-bengaluru-triples-bescom-s-revenue-demand-in-10-years-3093243|title=Power-hungry Bengaluru triples Bescom's revenue demand in 10 years|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=5 July 2024|access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/rising-mercury-levels-wfo-send-energy-demand-soaring-in-bluru/articleshow/104538850.cms|title=Rising mercury levels send energy demand soaring in Bengaluru|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 October 2023|access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref> {{As of|March 2024}}, the city had a daily power requirement of about 157 million [[kWh]], and consumed nearly 40% of the power in the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bengalurus-power-demand-hits-unprecedented-highs/articleshow/108627339.cms|title=Bengaluru's power demand hits unprecedented highs|date=20 March 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> The city draws power from the state grid, which receives power from a mixture of [[fossil fuels]] and [[renewable power|renewable]] sources.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://citizenmatters.in/4648-bescoms-power-sources/|title=Bescom power sources|work=Citizen matters|date=5 November 2012 |access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=30 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530084605/https://citizenmatters.in/4648-bescoms-power-sources/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, BESCOM initiated the process of moving overhead lines to underground in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bescom-power-supply-upgrades-in-bengaluru/articleshow/114129971.cms|title=BESCOM power supply upgrades in Bengaluru|date=11 October 2024|access-date=1 November 2024|newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

=== Health and sanitation ===
[[File:Victoria_Hospital-_circa_March_2005.jpg|thumb|[[Victoria Hospital (Bangalore Medical College)|Victoria Hospital]] was opened in 1900]]

In the early 19th century, healthcare services were provided by local physicians. In 1834, English doctors were appointed, to take care of [[vaccination]], and control the spread of [[epidemics]]. The first public clinic was established in Bangalore Fort in 1835, and a small hospital was added in 1839 in the Pete area. In 1846, a large hospital was opened, with a [[leper colony]] added in 1845, and a [[mental hospital]] in 1850.<ref name="Cubbon"/>{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=55}} The [[Victoria Hospital (Bangalore Medical College)|Victoria Hospital]] was inaugurated in 1900.<ref name="Plague"/> {{As of|2024}}, the Bengaluru corporation managed one major general hospital, six referral hospitals, 26 maternity homes, and 230 outpatient clinics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://site.bbmp.gov.in/departmentwebsites/Health/palikehospitals.html|title=Palike Hospitals|work=[[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618003937/https://site.bbmp.gov.in/departmentwebsites/Health/palikehospitals.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bbmps-namma-clinics-are-fully-functional/articleshow/115908382.cms|title=BBMP's Namma Clinics are fully functional|date=3 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> There are many private clinics, and tertiary care hospitals in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/public-utility-category/hospitals/|title=Public Utility Hospitals|work=[[Government of Karnataka]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=20 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420015134/https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/public-utility-category/hospitals/|url-status=live}}</ref> The city has been growing as a centre of [[medical tourism]] due to the availability of more than 50 tertiary care hospitals.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/health-department-working-on-promoting-medical-tourism-health-minister/article68773679.ece|title=Health Department working on promoting medical tourism: Health Minister|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 October 2024|access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref> Vaccination such as [[polio vaccine]] is administered by the corporation on behalf of the government.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bbmp-achieves-94-33-polio-vaccine-coverage-in-bengaluru-2920269|title=BBMP achieves 94.33% polio vaccine coverage in Bengaluru|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=4 March 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=19 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419215707/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bbmp-achieves-94-33-polio-vaccine-coverage-in-bengaluru-2920269|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Sanitation]] facilities are provided by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board.<ref name="BWSSB"/> The underground drainage and sewerage disposal system was introduced in 1922. {{As of|2024}}, about 1,400 million liters of waste water is generated daily, which flows through a network of nearly {{cvt|8387|km}} of sewage pipes to any of the 33 sewage treatment plants.<ref name="Water"/> Encroachment, and damages to the sewerage system, has resulted in wastewater entering the lakes, and polluting the water sources.<ref name="Water"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/foaming-bellandur-lake-caused-by-continuous-entry-untreated-sewage-iisc-8649104/|title=Foaming in Bengaluru's Bellandur lake caused by continuous entry of untreated sewage: IISc|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 June 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=6 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006153337/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/foaming-bellandur-lake-caused-by-continuous-entry-untreated-sewage-iisc-8649104/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2024}}, the corporation operated 401 [[public toilet]]s and 17 community toilets across the city.<ref name="SWM"/>

=== Communication ===
[[File:General Post Office 5-31-2008 4-45-37 PM.JPG|thumb|Bengaluru General Post Office was established in 1800]]

The first post office in the city was established in 1800.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/Documents/PostalHistory/POSTAL_SYSTEM_DURING_BRITISH_ERA_1727-1854.pdf|title=Postal system during British era, 1727-1854|work=[[India Post]]|access-date=1 December 2023|page=2|archive-date=24 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424055731/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/Documents/PostalHistory/POSTAL_SYSTEM_DURING_BRITISH_ERA_1727-1854.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Postal services are provided by the government owned [[India Post]], which operated 247 post offices across four zones in 2024.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/sites/PostalCircles/Karnataka/Lists/PostOffices/KA_Pincode_12Nov2020.pdf|title=List of post offices|work=[[India Post]]|access-date=1 December 2023|pages=1–8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.karnatakapost.gov.in/Uploads/Annexure%20-%20List%20of%20SSPOs%2CSPOs%20%26%20CPM%20in%20Karnataka%20Circle.pdf|title=List of SPOs|work=[[Government of Karnataka]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=20 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220202349/https://www.karnatakapost.gov.in/Uploads/Annexure%20-%20List%20of%20SSPOs%2CSPOs%20%26%20CPM%20in%20Karnataka%20Circle.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1853, [[telegraph]] was introduced for long-distance communication and about {{cvt|334|mi|km|order=flip}} of telegraph lines existed in the city by 1856.<ref name="Cubbon"/> [[Telephone]] services were introduced in 1928.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=54}} In the early 1990s, [[STPI]] provided wired [[Internet service provider|internet services]] for offices, and [[VSNL]] started providing [[dial up]] connections for individual homes in the city.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2006-05-02rbasant.pdf |title=Bangalore Cluster: Evolution, Growth and Challengers |author=Rakesh Basant |access-date=8 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025132717/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2006-05-02rbasant.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/computer/1998/sep/07net.htm |title=A short recap on Internet developments in India | access-date=8 October 2007 | work=[[Rediff]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016132614/http://www.rediff.com/computer/1998/sep/07net.htm | archive-date=16 October 2007 | url-status=live }}</ref> Bengaluru has a high internet usage and is amongst the top cities in India in terms of internet penetration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/29/stories/2006122922770200.htm |title=A highly net-savvy city | access-date=8 October 2007 |date=29 December 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012040754/http://hindu.com/2006/12/29/stories/2006122922770200.htm | archive-date=12 October 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bengaluru was the first city in India to have access to [[4G|fourth generation]] [[Cellular communication networks|cellular]] services.<ref>{{cite news |last=Julka |first=Harsimran |title=Bharti Airtel offers 4G services on mobiles in Bangalore |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/bharti-airtel-offers-4g-services-on-mobiles-in-bangalore/articleshow/30362058.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525081942/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/bharti-airtel-offers-4g-services-on-mobiles-in-bangalore/articleshow/30362058.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, four mobile phone service companies operate [[GSM]] networks including [[Bharti Airtel]], [[BSNL]], [[Vodafone Idea]] and [[Reliance Jio]] offered fourth and [[5G|fifth generation]] mobile services. Wired broadband services are offered by five major operators and smaller local operators.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PR_No.124of2023_0.pdf|title=TRAI report, August 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095115/https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PR_No.124of2023_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Namma Wifi is a free [[municipal wireless network]] launched on 24 January 2014 by the Government of Karnataka, and is available in select areas in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Free wifi on M.G. Road and Brigade Road from Friday |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/free-wifi-on-mg-road-and-brigade-road-from-friday/article5606757.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 January 2014 | access-date=6 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703193207/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/free-wifi-on-mg-road-and-brigade-road-from-friday/article5606757.ece | archive-date=3 July 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Media ===
The first [[printing press]] in Bengaluru was established in 1840  by the [[Wesleyan]] Christian Mission.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Printing at Bangalore, 1840-1850 |author=D. E. Rhodes |journal=The British Museum Quarterly |volume=34 |date=1970 |issue=3/4 |pages=83–86 |publisher=[[British Museum]] |jstor=4423049 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Wesleyan methodists promoted language, education |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2011/nov/14/wesleyan-methodists-promoted-language-education-309916.html |access-date=28 May 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=16 May 2012 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528070015/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2011/nov/14/wesleyan-methodists-promoted-language-education-309916.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Around 1860, the English newspaper ''Bangalore Herald'' and Kannada newspaper ''Mysore Vrittanta Bodhini'' started circulation in Bengaluru.<ref name="Cubbon">{{cite book |url=https://gazetteer.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Modern_Mysore_1936_chp70.pdf |title=Modern Mysore |publisher=[[Government of Karnataka]] |pages=498–503 |access-date=4 December 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922210943/https://gazetteer.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Modern_Mysore_1936_chp70.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=54}} P. R. Ramayya established the Bangalore Press in 1927 and launched the Kannada newspaper ''Tayi Nadu'' and English newspaper ''Daily News'' later.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/bengaluru-english-newspapers/articleshow/46247185.cms |title=Bengaluru and English newspapers |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=14 February 2015 |access-date=1 June 2024 }}</ref> Bengaluru has several newspapers and magazines published in various languages including Kannada, English, Urdu, and Tamil.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%209.pdf |title=Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 9 |page=32 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095128/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%209.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of |2022}}, the major dailies with a circulation of more than 100,000 copies per day include ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'', ''[[Prajavani]]'', and ''[[Vijayavani]]''.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%206.pdf |title=Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 6 |page=8 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095105/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%206.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Several local newspapers, and periodicals also bring out editions from the city.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%207.pdf |title=Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 7 |page=5 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095118/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%207.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Local online news sites like [[Explocity]] provide local news updates.<ref>{{cite news |first=K. |last=Satyamurty |title=Exploring Bangalore, a mouse click away |date=22 November 2000 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/22/stories/0422402j.htm | access-date=17 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060725/http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/22/stories/0422402j.htm | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>

[[File:Aerial view of a TV Tower in Bangalore (2).jpg|thumb|The {{cvt|140|m}} high television tower, which was commissioned in 1985]]

[[All India Radio]] started [[Amplitude modulation|AM]] broadcasting from its Bengaluru station on 2 November 1955.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/jan232006/metromon1727452006122.asp |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=23 January 2006 |title=Idhu Akashvani, Bengalooru! | access-date=7 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204092005/http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/jan232006/metromon1727452006122.asp | archive-date=4 December 2007 | url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2001, [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] became the first private [[Frequency modulation|FM]] radio channel in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2002/05/23/stories/2002052301450400.htm |work=[[Business Line]] |date=23 May 2002 |title=Radio City goes on air in Mumbai | access-date=7 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011191801/http://blonnet.com/2002/05/23/stories/2002052301450400.htm | archive-date=11 October 2007 | url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, major FM radio stations included [[BIG FM 92.7|BIG FM]], [[Radio Mirchi]], Radio City, and [[Red FM (India)|Red FM]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Gilbert|editor-first=Sean|title=[[World Radio TV Handbook|World Radio TV Handbook 2007: The Directory of International Broadcasting]]|publisher=WRTH Publications|year=2006|place=London|pages=237–242|isbn=978-0-82305-997-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/cd072cdc13d2fe48ac660374d0c22a5d.pdf|title=IRS survey, 2019|publisher=MRUC|access-date=1 December 2023|page=46|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925203217/https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/cd072cdc13d2fe48ac660374d0c22a5d.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Bangalore Amateur Radio Club, an [[amateur radio]] club was established in 1959.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/the-unsung-lives-of-ham-radio-operators-from-bengaluru-1017033.html |title=The unsung lives of Ham radio operators from Bengaluru |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=17 August 2023 |access-date=1 June 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barc.in |title=Bangalore Amateur Radio Club : Fifty Golden Years 1959–2009 |work=BARC | access-date=29 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108140405/http://www.barc.in/ | archive-date=8 January 2010 | url-status=live }}
</ref>

The government run [[Doordarshan]] broadcasts terrestrial and [[satellite television]] channels from its Bengaluru centre set up on 1 November 1981. A production centre was established in the Doordarshan's Bengaluru office in 1983, thereby allowing the introduction of a news programme in Kannada on 19 November 1983.<ref name="DD">{{cite news |title=How DD brought Indian homes entertainment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/oct/09/how-dd-brought-indian-homes-entertainment-91209.html |access-date=24 May 2022 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=15 May 2012 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524081102/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/oct/09/how-dd-brought-indian-homes-entertainment-91209.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A {{cvt|140|m}} high television tower was commissioned on 1 March 1985 for the broadcast of television programmes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/dd-ott-to-have-a-towering-presence/articleshow/68768766.cms|title=DD OTT to have a towering presence|date=8 April 2019|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|archive-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409010923/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/dd-ott-to-have-a-towering-presence/articleshow/68768766.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Doordarshan launched ''[[DD Chandana]]'', a Kannada satellite channel, on 15 August 1990.<ref name="DD"/><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.pibbng.kar.nic.in/media.htm |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |title=Doordarshan, Bangalore |access-date=7 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011182720/http://pibbng.kar.nic.in/media.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In September 1991, [[STAR TV (Asia)|Star TV]] was the first private satellite channel to be launched in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/07/29/stories/13290695.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 July 2001 |title=Tune in to quality |author=Sevanti Ninan |access-date=8 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012225516/http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/07/29/stories/13290695.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> Since the late 2000s, [[Direct To Home]] (DTH) services became available in Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-eworld/article1679696.ece |work=[[Business Line]] |date=8 May 2007 |title=Going for the action | access-date=25 January 2012}}</ref>

=== Fire and rescue ===
Fire services are handled by the [[Karnataka Fire and Emergency Services]], which operates 50 fire stations, five fire protection squads, and three special units.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ksfes.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/FIRE%20STATIONS%20LIST%20RANGE%20WISE%20ENglish.pdf|title=List of fire stations|work=[[Karnataka Fire and Emergency Services]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627093427/https://ksfes.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/FIRE%20STATIONS%20LIST%20RANGE%20WISE%20ENglish.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Transport ==
{{Main|Transport in Bengaluru}}

=== Air ===
[[File:Bengaluru-airport.jpg |thumb |[[Kempegowda International Airport]] at [[Devanahalli]]]]

During [[World War II]], [[Walchand Hirachand]] sought to build and repair planes in India, and partnered with American businessman [[William Pawley]] to set up an airfield in Bengaluru. The [[HAL Airport]] began operations in 1941 as a part of [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|Hindustan Aircraft Limited]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.isc.meiji.ac.jp/~transfer/paper/pdf/09/03_Ramnath.pdf |title=International Networks and Aircraft Manufacture in Colonial and Postcolonial India: States, Entrepreneurs and Educational Institutions, 1940-64 |author=Ramnath, Aparajith |journal=History of Global Arms Transfer |year=2020 |issue=9 |pages=41–59 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704150238/http://www.isc.meiji.ac.jp/~transfer/paper/pdf/09/03_Ramnath.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1954/1954%20-%202391.PDF |title=Hindustan Aircraft |work=Flight Global |date=27 August 1954 |page=296 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510094328/http://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1954/1954%20-%202391.PDF |archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> The HAL airport was the major airport of the city till 2008, when the new [[Bengaluru International Airport]] came into existence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/april2k6_annex3.jsp |title=Traffic statistics – Passengers (Intl+Domestic), Annexure IIIC |work=[[Airports Authority of India]] |date=April 2006 |access-date=25 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120154236/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/april2k6_annex3.jsp |archive-date=20 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/Oct272006/index211220061026.asp |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |location=India |title=Expressway for airport drive |author=R. Krishnakumar |access-date=2 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123204/http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/Oct272006/index211220061026.asp |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 October 2020 |title=Bengaluru could get a second airport in no time. But after these hurdles are removed |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/bengaluru-could-get-a-second-airport-in-no-time-but-after-these-hurdles-are-removed/517156/ |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=The Print |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818010233/https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/bengaluru-could-get-a-second-airport-in-no-time-but-after-these-hurdles-are-removed/517156/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kempegowda International Airport, located at [[Devanahalli]], about {{cvt |31 |km |}} from the city, started operations on 24 May 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2008/may/24airport.htm |title=Bangalore airport takes wings |work=[[Rediff]] |date=24 May 2008 |access-date=10 July 2021 |author=Nanjappa, Vicky |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028182838/https://www.rediff.com/money/2008/may/24airport.htm |archive-date=28 October 2020}}</ref> It is the [[List of busiest airports in India|third-busiest]] airport in India in terms of passenger traffic.<ref>{{cite report |title=Airports by Passenger Traffic, 2022-23 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/rev_Mar2k23Annex3.pdf |access-date=24 April 2023 |publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]] |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225224744/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/rev_Mar2k23Annex3.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Passenger-traffic-tops-93m-at-Bangalore-airport/articleshow/5336348.cms |title=Passenger traffic tops 9.3m at Bangalore airport |date=14 December 2009 |access-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612140911/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-14/bangalore/28098026_1_passenger-traffic-traffic-figures-airport |archive-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> Air-conditioned buses operated by [[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation]] connect the airport with the city.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 April 2021 |title=BMTC Announces Additional Volvo AC Bus Service Connecting Bengaluru Airport and City |url=https://www.news18.com/news/auto/bmtc-announces-additional-volvo-ac-bus-service-connecting-bengaluru-airport-and-city-3681602.html |access-date=20 January 2022 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref>

The [[Training Command (India)|Training Command]] of the [[Indian Air Force]] is headquartered in Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/TC |title=Training Command |work=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The Air Force operates an air base at [[Yelahanka Air Force Station|Yelahanka]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Air Force Commands |newspaper=Indian Air Force: Touch the Sky with Glory |url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/zonal-maps/ |publisher=[[Indian Air Force]] |access-date=29 June 2010 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528093815/https://indianairforce.nic.in/zonal-maps/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city hosts [[Aero India]], a biennial air show at the Yelahanka air force station.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-aero-india-2021-underway-yelahanka-air-force-station-7172547/ |title =Aero India 2021: India's military aviation expo underway at Yelahanka Air Force station |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=3 February 2021 |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://aeroindia.gov.in/Home/About |title=Aero India Show |work=Aero India 2021 |date=3 February 2021 |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109054620/https://aeroindia.gov.in/Home/About |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Rail ===
[[File:SMVT Bengaluru.jpg|thumb|[[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal]] railway station at [[Baiyappanahalli]]]]

The first railway line opened for traffic between [[Bengaluru Cantonment railway station|Bengaluru Cantonment]] and [[Jolarpettai Junction railway station|Jolarpettai]] on 1 August 1864.<ref name="Rail">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bangalores-rail-connectivity-turns-150-years/article6273095.ece|title=Bangalore's rail connectivity turns 150 years|date=2 August 2014|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018071527/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bangalores-rail-connectivity-turns-150-years/article6273095.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-in-1864-first-train-chugged-from-cantonment-to-jolarpettai/articleshow/59900418.cms?from=mdr|title=Date with History: In 1864, first train chugged from Cantonment to Jolarpettai|date=3 August 2017|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-date=5 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105231142/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-in-1864-first-train-chugged-from-cantonment-to-jolarpettai/articleshow/59900418.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bangalore Chennai Mail|Madras-Bangalore Mail]] was launched later the same year. Further railway connectivity to [[Renigunta Junction railway station|Renigunta]] was established in 1862, and to [[Raichur Junction railway station|Raichur]] in 1871. The [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yeshwantapur station]] was established in 1892, when a metre-gauge railway line was established to [[Doddaballapur]]. The city was part of the [[Mysore State Railway]], which became part of the [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]] in April 1951. The [[Bangalore railway division]] was established in 1971.<ref name="Rail"/> The city became part of the [[South Western Railway zone]] was formed with headquarters in [[Shree Siddharoodha Swamiji Hubballi Junction railway station|Hubballi]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/downloads/2021/List%20of%20Zones%20%26%20Divisions.pdf|title=Indian railway zones|work=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329003421/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/downloads/2021/List%20of%20Zones%20%26%20Divisions.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There are 18 railway stations in the city managed by the Indian Railways, and the major railway stations include [[Bengaluru City railway station|Bengaluru City]], Yesvantpur, Cantonment, [[Krishnarajapuram railway station|Krishnarajapuram]] and [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal|Baiyappanahalli]].<ref name="Economy"/><ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailwaysresult.in/Railway_station_zone-category_wise_list.pdf|title=Category of Indian railways stations|work=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Sep/12/sir-m-visvesvaraya-terminal-station-upgraded-to-non-suburban-group-2-category|title=Sir M Visvesvaraya Terminal station upgraded to Non Suburban Group -2 category|date=12 September 2024|access-date=1 November 2024|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=23 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923171227/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Sep/12/sir-m-visvesvaraya-terminal-station-upgraded-to-non-suburban-group-2-category|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Namma Metro Trains of Bangalore.jpg|thumb|left|[[Namma Metro]] serves the city.]]

[[Namma Metro]] is a [[rapid transit]] rail system in the city that was opened in 2011, and was the first operational metro in [[South India]].<ref>{{cite news|date=16 September 2011|title=Bangalore Metro misses deadline for 4th time, minister sets Sept 26 as next date|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/bangalore-metro-misses-deadline-141292-2011-09-15|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=8 September 2014|archive-date=9 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909061814/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bangalore-metro-misses-deadline/1/151477.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/south-indias-first-metro-flagged-off/article2554937.ece |title=South India's first metro flagged off |first=Anil Kumar |last=Sastry |date=20 October 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124195748/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/south-indias-first-metro-flagged-off/article2554937.ece |archive-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of August 2025, the metro system consists of three operational lines—the Purple, Green, and Yellow Lines—stretching a total of 96.1 km (59.7 mi), making it the second-longest operational metro network in India.<ref name="metro-length">{{Cite web|title=Namma Metro - Operational Network|url=https://bmrc.co.in/|website=Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> The most recent addition was the Yellow Line, which became fully operational in August 2025, connecting RV Road with Bommasandra.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bengaluru's Namma Metro Yellow Line opens for public|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-namma-metro-yellow-line-opens-for-public/article68489321.ece|website=The Hindu|date=9 August 2025|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> Five more lines are under construction as a part of expansion.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 January 2012|title=State Cabinet approves phase-II of metro|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/state-cabinet-approves-phase-iimetro/460648/|access-date=6 March 2012|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Metro Phase 2 will be bigger, better, says BMRCL chief|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/587929/metro-phase-ii-bigger-better.html|access-date=13 January 2017|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=23 December 2016|archive-date=25 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225184551/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/587929/metro-phase-ii-bigger-better.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2026}}, Bengaluru does not have a [[Commuter rail|suburban railway network]]. The [[Bengaluru Suburban Railway]] is under construction and the first line is expected to be operational by 2030, though it was originally planned to be completed by October 2026.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mathew Philip |first=Christin |date=13 March 2026|title=Bengaluru suburban rail project cost escalates from Rs 15,767 crore to Rs 23,342 crore due to delays, rolling stock procurement|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bengaluru-suburban-rail-project-cost-escalates-from-rs-15-767-crore-to-rs-23-342-crore-due-to-delays-rolling-stock-procurement-13859639.html|work=[[Moneycontrol]]|quote=The 148-km suburban rail network, approved in 2020, was originally scheduled for completion by October 2026 but the deadline recently extended to March 2030|access-date=15 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengalurus-first-suburban-rail-section-to-be-operational-by-2025-end-3018889|title=Bengaluru's first suburban rail section to be operational by 2025-end|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=12 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

=== Road ===
[[File:Puttenahalli-Underpass-ORR-JPNagar.jpg|thumb|[[Outer Ring Road, Bengaluru|Outer Ring Road]], one of the peripheral ring roads in the city]]

Bengaluru has an extensive road network with about {{cvt|14000|km}} of roads as of 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/dual-approach-bbmp-plans-for-sustainable-efficient-roads/articleshow/109761165.cms|title=Dual approach: BBMP plans for sustainable, efficient roads|newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=2 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The {{cvt|10|km}} long [[Inner Ring Road, Bengaluru|Inner Ring Road]] connects [[Koramangala]] with [[Indiranagar, Bangalore|Indira Nagar]].<ref>{{cite news|title= City still has rain hangover|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Bangalore/article432505.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 June 2013|date=24 February 2012}}</ref> The [[Outer Ring Road, Bengaluru|Outer Ring Road]] is a {{cvt|60|km}} long peripheral road, developed between 1996 and 2002.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Poovanna|first1=Sharan|title=Can the metro solve Bengaluru's traffic problem?|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/icIhHQ1eDY2ossseaYQtzN/Can-the-metro-solve-Bengalurus-traffic-problem.html|work=[[Live Mint]]|access-date=17 February 2017|date=1 July 2016}}</ref> The [[Peripheral Ring Road]] is a proposed {{cvt|74|km}} semi-circular road, connecting major arterial roads.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bda-may-split-74-km-prr-into-3-parts-to-attract-bidders-3096157|title=BDA may split 74-km Peripheral Ring Road into 3c parts to attract bidders|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=8 July 2024|access-date=1 August 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716004916/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bda-may-split-74-km-prr-into-3-parts-to-attract-bidders-3096157|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[M G Road, Bengaluru|M G Road]] is the major arterial road in the [[Bangalore central business district|central business district]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Gandhi Road in Bangalore|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=98U-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=nkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2307,4884968&dq=south+parade+bangalore&hl=en|access-date=13 December 2010|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=26 February 1948}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-mg-road-through-the-years-british-pete-9382671/|title=Bengaluru's M G Road through the years|access-date=10 June 2024|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=26 July 2024|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610045104/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-mg-road-through-the-years-british-pete-9382671/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bengaluru is part of the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] highway network, and lies on the Chennai–Mumbai line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhai.org/nh4.asp|title=Chennai-Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105003725/http://www.nhai.org/nh4.asp|archive-date=5 January 2010|work=[[NHAI]]|access-date=1 June 2011}}</ref> The [[List of National Highways in India|National Highways]] that connect to the city include: [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH-44]], [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH-48]], [[National Highway 275 (India)|NH-275]], [[National Highway 75 (India)|NH-75]], [[National Highway 648 (India)|NH-648]], and [[National Highway 948 (India)|NH-948]].<ref>{{cite report |url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/9-6774713323.pdf |title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways |publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]] |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=8 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816023220/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/9-6774713323.pdf |archive-date=16 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf |title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways |publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]] |access-date=3 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[National Highway 275 (India)#Bengaluru-Mysuru section|Bengaluru–Mysuru Expressway]], operational since March 2023, connects the city with Mysuru.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurates 118-km Bangalore-Mysore Expressway |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/prime-minister-narendra-modi-inaugurates-118-km-bangalore-mysore-expressway/cid/1921956 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=12 March 2023 |access-date=13 March 2023 }}</ref> The [[Bengaluru–Chennai Expressway]] is under construction since August 2019.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Shivakumar, C. |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/feb/02/chennai-bangalore-expressway-work-to-start-in-six-months-nirmala-sitharaman-2097828.html |title = Chennai-Bangalore Expressway work to start in six months: Nirmala Sitharaman |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2 February 2020 |access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Shivakumar, C. |title=Chennai-Bengaluru expressway: 14km road work complete |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/Jan/26/chennai-bengaluru-expressway-14km-road-work-complete-2541479.html |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=26 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023 |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919104819/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/cities/chennai/2023/jan/26/chennai-bengaluru-expressway-14km-road-work-complete-2541479.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Two other expressways—[[Pune–Bengaluru Expressway]] and [[Nagpur–Hyderabad–Bengaluru Expressway]]—have been proposed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bharatmala-2-0-to-focus-on-expressways-add-4000-km-greenfield-roads/articleshow/67617128.cms |title=Bharatmala 2.0 to focus on expressways, add 4000 km greenfield roads |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 November 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701144750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bharatmala-2-0-to-focus-on-expressways-add-4000-km-greenfield-roads/articleshow/67617128.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/now-drive-from-nagpur-to-bengaluru-in-just-12-hrs/articleshow/60249720.cms |title=Now, drive from Nagpur to Bengaluru in just 12 hrs |last=Anparthi |first=Anjaya |date=28 August 2017 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531131729/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/now-drive-from-nagpur-to-bengaluru-in-just-12-hrs/articleshow/60249720.cms |archive-date=31 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:BMTC Volvo.jpg|thumb|left|Air-conditioned buses were introduced by the [[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC]] in 2005]]

Intra-city [[public transport|bus services]] is handled by the [[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation]] (BMTC), which was established in 1997.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/ADM%20REPORT%202016-17%20%20-%20%20ENG%20CD.pdf|title=Annual Report, 2016-17|publisher=[[Government of Karnataka]]|access-date=1 June 2024|page=6|archive-date=17 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617020038/https://mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/ADM%20REPORT%202016-17%20%20-%20%20ENG%20CD.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{As of|2024}}, BMTC operates 57,667 daily trips on 5,766 routes with a fleet of 6,340 buses. There are 48 bus stations, and 50 depots for intra-city bus services.<ref name="BMTC">{{cite web|url=https://mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/BMTC+Glance/en|title=BMTC at a glance|work=[[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524020458/https://mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/BMTC+Glance/en|url-status=dead}}</ref> BMTC introduced air-conditioned buses in 2005, which operate on major routes and as shuttle services from various parts of the city to airport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66569/bangaloreans-begin-bond-sleek-swedish.html |title=Bangaloreans begin to bond with the sleek Swedish behemoths |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=28 April 2010 |author=Sharmada Shastry |access-date=30 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502014107/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66569/bangaloreans-begin-bond-sleek-swedish.html |archive-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> It also operates a fleet of more than 1,100 electric vehicles.<ref name="BMTC"/> Apart from single journey tickets, BMTC issues various passes for frequent users.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jun202007/city200706208444.asp |title=Loyalty may pay for Volvo commuters! |author=S Praveen Dhaneshkar |work=Deccan Herald |date=20 June 2007 |access-date=10 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819052527/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jun202007/city200706208444.asp |archive-date=19 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Inter-city bus transport is handled by the [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC), owned by the Government of Karnataka. KSRTC operates various classes of services connecting other major cities in Karnataka, and other neighboring states.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://ksrtc.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Tender/English.pdf|title=Annual Report, 2022-23|publisher=[[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> The major bus stations in the city include [[Kempegowda Bus Station]], [[Shantinagar Bus Station]], and [[Mysuru Road Bus Station]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Satellite-bus-stations-fail-to-take-off/article14650374.ece|title=Satellite bus stations fail to take off|date=28 September 2016|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 2011 |title=KSRTC's Tamil Nadu-bound buses to ply from Shantinagar |url=http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-news/ksrtc-s-tamil-nadu-bound-buses-to-ply-from-shantinagar_1300340102.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002121244/http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-news/ksrtc-s-tamil-nadu-bound-buses-to-ply-from-shantinagar_1300340102.html |archive-date=2 October 2013 |access-date=10 June 2013 |work=Jagran }}</ref> The other means of road transport in the city include vans, [[auto rickshaw]]s, on-call metered taxis and tourist taxis.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-metered-taxis-pilot-programme-9668826/|title=After auto-rickshaws, metered taxis to start operating in Bengaluru roads as pilot programme begins|date=15 November 2024|access-date=1 December 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=21 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121145803/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-metered-taxis-pilot-programme-9668826/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/15/stories/2006121520050300.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=Stir leaves hundreds stranded |access-date=17 June 2012 |date=15 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813153608/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/15/stories/2006121520050300.htm |archive-date=13 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Motor vehicles were introduced in Bengaluru in 1903.<ref>{{harvnb |Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bangalore District |p=91 |Ref=kar}}</ref> {{As of|March 2022}}, an average of 1,530 vehicles were registered daily in [[Regional Transport Office]]s (RTOs) in the city.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://transport.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/21-22%20bng%20veh%20reports.pdf|title=Vehicle registration in Bengaluru|publisher=Government of Karnataka|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518050115/https://transport.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/21-22%20bng%20veh%20reports.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 April 2019 |title=Bengaluru's vehicle population crosses 80 lakh |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-vehicle-population-crosses-80-lakh/article26705015.ece |access-date=7 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530094215/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-vehicle-population-crosses-80-lakh/article26705015.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, the city had nearly ten million vehicles including 7.5 million two-wheelers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/no-of-private-vehicles-in-bengaluru-to-cross-1-cr-mark-over-75l-are-2-wheelers/articleshow/104636090.cms|title=No of private vehicles to cross 1 crore mark|date=23 October 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=28 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528232154/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/no-of-private-vehicles-in-bengaluru-to-cross-1-cr-mark-over-75l-are-2-wheelers/articleshow/104636090.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The rapid growth of vehicles and unplanned nature of growth has created several administrative problems relating to [[traffic congestion]] and infrastructure, resulting in massive traffic [[gridlock]]s. The flyovers and one-way traffic systems introduced to address the concerns, were only moderately successful.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/water/paper/urbanfloods_bangalore/profile.htm |title=Urban Floods: Case Study of Bangalore |access-date=14 September 2013 |last=Ramachandra |first=T. V. |author2=Pradeep P. Mujumdar |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Science]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908001459/http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/water/paper/urbanfloods_bangalore/profile.htm |archive-date=8 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city also has considerable air pollution due to vehicle exhaust, and a 2016 study found that over 36% of diesel vehicles operating in the city exceeded the standard limit for emissions.<ref name="Air"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/36-diesel-vehicles-exceed-national-limit-for-emissions-Study/articleshow/53851872.cms |title=36% diesel vehicles exceed national limit for emissions: Study |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 August 2016 |access-date=30 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825204433/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/36-diesel-vehicles-exceed-national-limit-for-emissions-Study/articleshow/53851872.cms |archive-date=25 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Bengaluru}}
{{further |List of schools in Bengaluru |List of institutions of higher education in Bengaluru}}
[[File:Bangalore_Institution_(LMS,_1869,_p.55).jpg|thumb|An English school established by London mission in 1869]]

Bengaluru is a major educational hub and home to some of the premium educational institutions in the country.<ref name="NDRF">{{cite report |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/OverallRanking.html |title=Overall rankings |publisher=[[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The city has a 90.33% literacy rate and ranks second among the major Indian metropolitan city centres.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/metro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-1350986528-slideshow/metro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-photo-1350986351.html |title=Indian metro cities with the highest literacy rates |work=[[Yahoo]] |date=23 October 2012 |access-date=6 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129132031/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/metro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-1350986528-slideshow/metro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-photo-1350986351.html |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 national census]], Bengaluru urban had a literacy rate of around 87.7%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/demography/ |title=Bengaluru Urban, demography |work=[[Government of Karnataka]] |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420004537/https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/demography/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 2011 |title=State's literacy rate lagging |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/152272/states-literacy-rate-lagging.html |access-date=3 July 2022 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033952/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/152272/states-literacy-rate-lagging.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Until the early 19th century, education in Bengaluru was mainly run by religious leaders and restricted to students of that religion.<ref>{{harvnb |Rao |1929 |p=494 |Ref=mg}}</ref> In 1841, two native language schools were established by a London mission, and in 1842, [[Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar]] established the first [[United Mission School|English School]] under the Wesleyan mission, which expanded to five schools by 1954. In 1857, a public education department was established, and the education was formulated as per the Indian educational policy at the time.<ref name="Cubbon"/>{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=54}} The [[Bangalore Military School]] was established in 1945.<ref>{{harvnb |Rao |1929 |p=497 |Ref=mg}}</ref>

Bengaluru has a mix of public and private schools with the public school system managed by the school education department of Government of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Trimester-system-in-all-Karnataka-schools-from-June-1/articleshow/682256.cms |title=Trimester system in all Karnataka schools from 1 June |access-date=16 October 2007 |date=18 May 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811061156/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-05-18/bangalore/28338778_1_karnataka-schools-fear-psychosis-trimester |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=S. |last=Bageshree |title=What will happen to government schools now? |date=9 May 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/what-will-happen-to-government-schools-now/article3398125.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=14 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921074411/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/what-will-happen-to-government-schools-now/article3398125.ece | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Public schools run by the Bengaluru Corporation are all affiliated with the Karnataka Board of Secondary Education, while private schools may be affiliated with either of Karnataka Board of Secondary Education, [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (ICSE) or [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/july012004/edu2.asp |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=1 July 2004 |title=Broad choice of Class X boards | access-date=16 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106093218/http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/july012004/edu2.asp | archive-date=6 November 2007}}</ref> {{As of |2024}}, there are 142 public schools run by the Bengaluru Corporation.<ref name="Edu">{{cite web |url=https://site.bbmp.gov.in/departmentwebsites/Educationver1/ |title=Education |work=[[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610082524/https://site.bbmp.gov.in/departmentwebsites/Educationver1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city also has a significant number of [[international schools]] due to cater to expats and people employed in the technology sector.<ref>{{cite news |title=IT crowd, elite prefer international schools |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/IT-crowd-elite-prefer-international-schools/articleshow/20868328.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 December 2015 |last=Ullas |first=Sruthy Susan |date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620164658/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/IT-crowd-elite-prefer-international-schools/articleshow/20868328.cms |archive-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> School education starts with two years of Kindergarten from age three onwards and then follows the Indian [[Education in India|10+2 plan]], ten years of school and two years of [[pre-university course]] or [[higher secondary]] education.
After completing their secondary education, students either attend a [[pre-university course]] or continue an equivalent high school course in one of three streams – [[Liberal arts|arts]], [[commerce]] or [[science]] – in various combinations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/16/stories/2006051618850300.htm |title=Students, parents throng PU colleges in city | access-date=16 October 2007 |location=Chennai, India |date=16 May 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921111926/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/16/stories/2006051618850300.htm | archive-date=21 September 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead}}</ref> Alternatively, students can enrol in diploma courses and upon completing the required coursework, students enroll in general or professional degrees in universities through lateral entry.<ref>{{cite news |title=Diploma students have a chance in government engineering colleges |date=29 August 2013 |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Diploma-students-have-a-chance-in-government-engineering-colleges/2013/08/29/article1757185.ece |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] | access-date=14 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060905/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Diploma-students-have-a-chance-in-government-engineering-colleges/2013/08/29/article1757185.ece | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Darinia |last=Khongwir |title=PUC is not the only option |date=6 May 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/PUC-is-not-the-only-option/articleshow/4492995.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=14 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231106/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-06/bangalore/28156113_1_sslc-pu-karnataka-examination-authority | archive-date=2 December 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Multiple image
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The oldest institution of higher learning in the city, the [[Central College, Bangalore|Central College]], was established as a high school affiliated to [[Madras University]] in 1858.<ref name="Cubbon"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/holds-a-century-old-legacy/article25192106.ece |title=Holds a century old legacy |date=11 October 2018 |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822122641/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/holds-a-century-old-legacy/article25192106.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Indian Institute of Science]] was established in 1909.<ref name="tt10" />{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=54}} The [[University of Visvesvaraya College of Engineering|Government Engineering College]] was established as an engineering school in 1913 by [[M. Visvesvaraya]], and was became the first engineering college in the region in 1917, affiliated to [[Mysore University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/Apr/28/old-and-damp-but-standing-tall-930083.html |title=Old and damp but standing tall |date=28 April 2016 |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608192314/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/apr/28/Old-and-Damp-But-Standing-Tall-930083.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, the city had six [[public universities]], four [[deemed universities]], eight [[private universities]], 26 [[medical college|medical and dental colleges]], 84 [[engineering college]]s, 67 [[Institute of technology|polytechnic]]s, and 64 other institutes of higher learning.<ref name="Economy"/> The [[Bangalore University]] was established in 1964, and had more than 600 affiliated colleges, before being trifurcated into [[Bengaluru City University]] and [[Bengaluru North University]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/620207/govt-issues-order-trifurcation-bangalore.html | title=Govt issues order on trifurcation of Bangalore University | newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=1 July 2017 | access-date=19 February 2019 | archive-date=29 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129011855/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/620207/govt-issues-order-trifurcation-bangalore.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/colleges/bangalore-university-bengaluru-bub/65 |title=Bengaluru University |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/BU-overloaded-wants-to-split/articleshow/1114542.cms |title=BU overloaded, wants to split |access-date=16 October 2007 |date=9 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811061209/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-09/bangalore/27875270_1_bu-bed-colleges-bangalore-university |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore|IIM Bangalore]] was established as the third [[Indian Institute of Management]] in 1972.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.education.nic.in/tech/IIM-Reviewcommittee.pdf |title=Report of IIM Review Committee |author1=R.C. Bhargava |author2=Ajit Balakrishnan |author3=Anusua Basu |author4=Ram S. Tarneja |author5=Ashok Thakur |access-date=19 March 2010 |work=[[Government of India]] |date=25 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221200750/http://education.nic.in/tech/IIM-Reviewcommittee.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2010}}</ref> The [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] was established after the amalgamation of the All India Institute of Mental Health and hospital in 1974.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/nimhans-70-years-of-mental-health-2871784 |title=70 years of mental health |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=31 January 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204233213/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/nimhans-70-years-of-mental-health-2871784 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[National Law School of India University]] was the first Indian law university to be established in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ineteconomics.org/research/partnerships/national-law-school-of-india-university |title=National Law School of India University |work=INET economics |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Other prominent research institutes in Bengaluru include [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]], [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]], and [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore, the education hub |date=27 June 2011 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/bangalore-the-education-hub/articleshow/9007746.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=14 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060824/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-27/education/29708615_1_education-hub-indian-institute-education-destination | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> There are 205 public libraries maintained by the department of public libraries. The libraries are divided across the five zones of the city, with a larger Central Public Library located in each of the zones.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/public-libraries-in-bengaluru-where-is-their-story-going-2866921 |title=Public libraries in Bengaluru: Where is their story going? |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=27 January 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== Parks and recreation ==
{{see also|List of tourist attractions in Bengaluru}}
[[File:Stage-1-cubbon park-bangalore-India.jpg|thumb|[[Cubbon Park]], established in 1870, is a large park in the centre of the city]]

Bengaluru is known as the "Garden City of India" because of its greenery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/evolution-of-bangalore-from-garden-city-to-silicon-valley-how-immigrants-made-the-city-their-own-7050821.html|title=Evolution of Bangalore: From Garden City to Silicon Valley, how immigrants made the city their own|date=26 July 2019|access-date=6 November 2022|work=[[Firstpost]]|archive-date=6 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106160944/https://www.firstpost.com/living/evolution-of-bangalore-from-garden-city-to-silicon-valley-how-immigrants-made-the-city-their-own-7050821.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Abram |first1=David |last2=Edwards |first2=Nick |title=South India |edition=illustrated |publisher=Rough Guides |year=2003 |page=204 |isbn=978-1-84353-103-6}}</ref> In May 2012, [[Lonely Planet]] listed the city as one of the world's top ten cities to visit.<ref>{{cite web |author=Richard I'Anson |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/england/london/travel-tips-and-articles/76861 |title=Lonely Planet's Best in Travel: top 10 cities for 2012 – travel tips and articles |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |access-date=6 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912180703/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/england/london/travel-tips-and-articles/76861 |archive-date=12 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2024, Bengaluru has 1,288 public parks maintained by the corporation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://site.bbmp.gov.in/documents/ZonewiseReport.pdf|title=Parks in Bengaluru|work=[[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The [[Lal Bagh]] was established in the 1760s, and was later expanded into a {{cvt|240|acre|order=flip}} botanical garden in the 19th century. It incorporates a hillock made of [[gneiss]], formed billions of years ago, and is a declared national geological monument. The garden has a watch tower built in the 16th century by Kempe Gowda, a glass house built in 1889 on the model of [[The Crystal Palace]] in London, old [[hero stone]]s, and houses many exotic species of plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/beyond-botanical-gardens-history-bengalurus-lalbagh-147723|title=Beyond Botanical gardens, history of Bengaluru's lalbagh|work=News minute|date=23 April 2021|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> A [[biannual]] flowershow is held at the gardens during the weeks of India's [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] and [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]].<ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2021 |title=Bengaluru's Lalbagh Republic day flower show postponed due to pandemic |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-lalbagh-republic-day-flower-show-postponed-due-to-pandemic-7156340/ |access-date=9 June 2022 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609160342/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-lalbagh-republic-day-flower-show-postponed-due-to-pandemic-7156340/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/lalbagh-botanical-garden/|title=Lal Bagh Botanical Gardens|work=Karnataka Tourism|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

The [[Cubbon Park]] is a large park spanning {{cvt|300|acre|order=flip}} in the heart of the city, and was established in 1870. It hosts the [[Bangalore Aquarium]], and the [[Bangalore central library]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/cubbon-park/|title=Cubbon Park|work=Karnataka Tourism|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/tourist-place/cubbon-park/|title=Cubbon Park|work=[[Government of Karnataka]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> [[Bannerghatta National Park]] is a {{cvt|260.51|km2}} [[List of protected areas of India|national park and protected area]], located south of the city.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf|title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|date=November 2021|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The old central prison was decommissioned in 2000 and was redeveloped in to [[Freedom Park, Bangalore|Freedom Park]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=David|first1=Stephen|title=Old jail in Bangalore turned into Freedom Park|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/old-jail-in-bangalore-turned-into-freedom-park-33597-2008-11-18|access-date=1 November 2016|work=[[India Today]]|date=18 November 2008}}</ref>

Elgin Talkies, built in 1896, was the first theatre in Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/225030/final-fade-elgin.html|title=Final fade Elgin|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=7 February 2012|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> In the later half of the 20th century, the city had 149 single screens, most of them situated along the Kempegowda Road near the [[Kempegowda Bus Station]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/010320/remembering-bengalurus-old-theatres.html|title=Remembering Bengaluru's old theatres|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=1 March 2020|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> In the 21st century, large multiplexes with multiple screens began replacing the single screen theatres, and the city is now home to a large number of multiplexes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/the-death-of-single-screen-theatres-in-india-over-20000-shut-down-in-3-decades-last-5500-fight-for-survival-9368594/|title=The death of single-screen theatres in India: Over 20,000 shut down in 3 decades, last 5,500 fight for survival|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=5 June 2024|access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/pvr-inox-announces-launch-of-bengalurus-largest-cinema/article68055481.ece|title=PVR Inox announces launch of Bengaluru's largest cinema |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 April 2024|access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref> Stage plays and dramas of different genres and languages are enacted in theatres across the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/call-for-celebration-ranga-shankara-theatre-festival-to-see-20-plays-over-20-days-in-its-milestone-year/article68701078.ece|title=Ranga Shankara Theatre Festival to celebrate milestone year with 20 plays over 20 days|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 October 2024|access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bangalore-little-theatre-succeeded-in-bridging-the-city-cantonment-divide-says-vijay-padaki/article68354519.ece|title=Bangalore Little Theatre succeeded in bridging the city-cantonment divide, says Vijay Padaki|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 July 2024|access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref>

== Sports ==
[[File:Chinnaswamy_Stadium.jpg|thumb|[[Chinnaswamy Stadium]] in 2017]]

[[Cricket]] is the most popular sport in the city and the parks in the city serve as venues for impromptu games.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 June 2007 |title=Price is no problem for these cricket enthusiasts |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/20/stories/2005112018750300.htm |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613051554/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/20/stories/2005112018750300.htm |archive-date=13 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Various popular sports played in the state of Karnataka |url=https://www.karnatakaonline.in/about/sports |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=Karnataka online |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404220808/https://www.karnatakaonline.in/about/sports |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Bangalore — Mysore|pp=29|Ref=bm}}</ref> [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], established in 1969, is a major [[List of international cricket grounds in India|international cricketing venue]], and has hosted matches during multiple [[ICC Cricket World Cup]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/m-chinnaswamy-stadium-bengaluru-57897 |title=Chinnaswamy Stadium |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] | access-date=29 March 2024 }}</ref> The [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]], located in the stadium premises, is responsible for managing organised cricket in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketkarnataka.com/decade1.aspx|title=History of KSCA|work=Cricket Karnataka|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419130552/http://www.cricketkarnataka.com/decade1.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[National Cricket Academy]], operated by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]], is based out of the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/05/02/stories/07020281.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125075421/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/05/02/stories/07020281.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=25 January 2013 | title=NCA Inaugurated | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=2 May 2000 | access-date=9 May 2007}}</ref> The city is home to the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) franchise [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]].<ref name="RCB">{{cite web |title=Royal Challengers Bengaluru Cricket Team |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/team/royal-challengers-bengaluru-335970 |access-date=27 November 2024 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> Notable international cricketers born in the city include [[Erapalli Prasanna]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/erapalli-prasanna-32357|title=Erapalli Prasanna|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> [[Roger Binny]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/roger-binny-26948|title=Roger Binny|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> [[Anil Kumble]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/anil-kumble-30176|title=Anil Kumble|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=28 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528113945/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/anil-kumble-30176|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Venkatesh Prasad]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/venkatesh-prasad-32345|title=Venkatesh Prasad|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706042159/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/venkatesh-prasad-32345|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lokesh Rahul]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/kl-rahul-422108|title=KL Rahul|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521101655/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/kl-rahul-422108|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mayank Agarwal]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/mayank-agarawal-398438|title=Mayank Agarwal|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=22 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122010055/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/mayank-agarawal-398438|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Stuart Binny]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/stuart-binny-27223|title=Stuart Binny|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521022405/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/stuart-binny-27223|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Sree Kanteerava Stadium.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]]]

[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]] is a multi-purpose venue which hosts [[Association football|football]] and [[Sport of athletics|athletics]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Nov/14/karnataka-mini-olympics-starts-today |title=Karnataka Mini Olympics starts today |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=14 November 2024 |access-date=24 November 2024 }}</ref><ref name="The Hindustan Times">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/indian-super-league-2017/sree-kanteerava-stadium-bengaluru/story-NQmxmhWJQ5m0uqpsUJTnHI.html |title=Sree Kanteerava Stadium - Bengaluru |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=16 November 2017 |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=30 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230070230/http://www.hindustantimes.com/indian-super-league-2017/sree-kanteerava-stadium-bengaluru/story-NQmxmhWJQ5m0uqpsUJTnHI.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Association football also has a significant following in the city, and [[Bangalore Football Stadium]] hosts football matches along with the Kanteerva stadium in the city.<ref name="The Hindustan Times"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/football-stadium-lies-in-a-state-of-despair-3101968 |title=Bangalore Football Stadium lies in a state of despair |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=9 July 2023 |access-date=1 June 2024 }}</ref> The city is home to football clubs [[Bengaluru FC]],<ref name="BFC">{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/8021 |title=Bengaluru Football Club |work=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=13 May 2023 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513031412/https://www.the-aiff.com/club/8021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[FC Bengaluru United]],<ref name="FCB">{{cite news |title=Primus, Opoku to lead FCBU's challenge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/primus-opoku-to-lead-fcbus-challenge/articleshow/77944033.cms |access-date=18 July 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 September 2020 |archive-date=5 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905173851/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/primus-opoku-to-lead-fcbus-challenge/articleshow/77944033.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ozone FC]],<ref name="OFC">{{cite web |date=8 March 2018 |title=Ozone releases just one player for Santosh Trophy |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/663604/ozone-releases-just-one-player.html |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718142626/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/663604/ozone-releases-just-one-player.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[South United FC]],<ref name="SFC">{{cite web |date=3 January 2013 |title=Bangalore gets new pro football club |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/top-stories/33272756_1_football-club-ksfa-president-ar-khaleel-bangalore |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103094928/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/top-stories/33272756_1_football-club-ksfa-president-ar-khaleel-bangalore |archive-date=3 January 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 July 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times Of India]] }}</ref> and [[SC Bengaluru]].<ref name="SCB">{{cite news |date=27 December 2023 |title=Dempo SC, SC Bengaluru share spoils |work=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/12/27/sports/dempo-sc-sc-bengaluru-share-spoils/ |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228160847/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/12/27/sports/dempo-sc-sc-bengaluru-share-spoils/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Prominent international footballers from the city include [[Sattar Basheer]], and [[Arumainayagam]].<ref>{{cite web |date=17 June 2018 |title=Bengaluru home to great football heroes |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-on-the-move/bengaluru-home-to-great-football-heroes-675404.html |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321081108/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-on-the-move/bengaluru-home-to-great-football-heroes-675404.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Kanteerava Indoor Stadium]] and [[Koramangala Indoor Stadium]] are [[indoor arena]]s used to host indoor sports, and other events.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 May 2002 |first=S. |last=Kushala |title=Do we need one more stadium? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Do-we-need-one-more-stadium-/articleshow/10696192.cms |access-date=27 June 2020 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310123835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Do-we-need-one-more-stadium-/articleshow/10696192.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/stadiums-up-their-floor-price/articleshow/67948320.cms |title=Stadiums up their floor price |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=12 February 2019 |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The Kanteerva arena hosted the [[SABA Championship|South Asian Basketball Championship]] in [[2015 SABA Championship|2015]] and [[2016 SABA Championship|2016]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/south-asian-basketball-in-bengaluru/article7295426.ece |title=South Asian basketball in Bengaluru |date=9 June 2015 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227141729/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/south-asian-basketball-in-bengaluru/article7295426.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India three-peat as SABA Champs and qualify to the FIBA Asia Challenge |url=http://ekalavyas.com/2016/07/09/india-three-peat-as-saba-champs-and-qualify-to-the-fiba-asia-challenge/ |date=9 July 2016 |work=Ekalavyas |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-date=6 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906142349/http://ekalavyas.com/2016/07/09/india-three-peat-as-saba-champs-and-qualify-to-the-fiba-asia-challenge/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city is home to [[Bengaluru Beast]] of the [[UBA Pro Basketball League]],<ref name="PBL">{{cite news |date=1 March 2017 |title=Bengaluru and Punjab in semifinals |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/bengaluru-and-punjab-in-semifinals/article17389001.ece |access-date=11 July 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and [[Bengaluru Bulls]] of the [[Pro Kabaddi League]], who also play their home matches at the stadium.<ref name="PKL">{{cite news |title=Bengaluru Bulls gear up for Pro Kabbadi League |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/jul/21/bengaluru-bulls-gear-up-for-pro-kabbadi-league-638266.html |access-date=18 July 2022 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718141836/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/jul/21/Bengaluru-Bulls-gear-up-for-Pro-Kabbadi-League-638266.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PKL Season 8 to start on December 22 in Bengaluru|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/kabaddi/pro-kabaddi-league-season-eight-to-begin-december-22-bengaluru/article37783126.ece |access-date=17 January 2022 |work=[[Sportstar]] |date=December 2021 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182746/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/kabaddi/pro-kabaddi-league-season-eight-to-begin-december-22-bengaluru/article37783126.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:BFS_on_a_matchday_May_2023.jpg|thumb|[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]]]

Bengaluru hosts the [[WTA Indian Open]], and [[Bengaluru Open]] [[tennis]] tournaments annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atptour.com/|title=Bangalore Open |work=[[Association of Tennis Professionals]] |access-date=10 March 2019 |archive-date=30 November 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021130161851/http://www.atptour.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://cbs.sportsline.com/tennis/story/10834314 |title=Bangalore replaces Mumbai on ATP Tour circuit |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202212150/http://cbs.sportsline.com/tennis/story/10834314 |archive-date=2 February 2013 |work=CBSSportsline |access-date=1 June 2013 }}</ref> Prominent international sports people from the city include tennis [[Grand Slam (tennis)|grand slam]] champion [[Rohan Bopanna]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=10024192 |title=Davis Cup – Player profile – Rohan Bopanna |work=[[International Tennis Federation]] | access-date=7 December 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302232744/http://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=10024192 | archive-date=2 March 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref> former [[All England Open]] [[badminton]] champion [[Prakash Padukone]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Prakash-Padukone |title=Prakash Padukone |encyclopedia=[[Britannica]] | access-date=10 June 2023 }}</ref> and former national [[swimming]] champion [[Nisha Millet]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hi.londonspeakerbureau.com/speaker-profile/nisha-millet/| title=Nisha Millet |work=London Speaker Bureau |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Other notable sportsmen who reside in the city include former [[List of India national cricket captains|Indian cricket captain]] [[Rahul Dravid]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/cricket/photos/in-pics-a-glimpse-of-rahul-dravids-luxurious-bangalore-house/ |title=A glimpse of Rahul Dravid's house |work=Lokmat Times |date=15 January 2022 |access-date=1 June 2024 }}</ref> [[world snooker champion]] [[Pankaj Advani (billiards player)|Pankaj Advani]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/field/902240/pankaj-advani-beats-myanmars-nay-thway-to-defend-world-billiards-title |title=Pankaj Advani beats Myanmar’s Nay Thway to defend World Billiards title|work=Scroll.in |date=15 November 2018 |access-date=18 February 2026 }}</ref> and multiple tennis [[Grand Slam (tennis)|grand slam]] champion [[Mahesh Bhupathi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportsline.com/tennis/players/playerpage/384909 |title=Mahesh Bhupathi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116171624/http://www.sportsline.com/tennis/players/playerpage/384909 |archive-date=16 November 2007 |work=CBSSports |access-date=1 June 2007}}</ref> The city is home to several recreational and sports clubs such as [[Bangalore Club]], [[Bowring Institute]], Bangalore Golf Club and Bangalore Turf Club.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Divya |title=Bangalore Club: How Bangalore Club wrote off the Rs 13 Winston Churchill owed it as 'irrecoverable debt' |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-bangalore-club-wrote-off-the-rs-13-winston-churchill-owed-it-as-irrecoverable-debt/articleshow/63829069.cms |access-date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711131634/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-bangalore-club-wrote-off-the-rs-13-winston-churchill-owed-it-as-irrecoverable-debt/articleshow/63829069.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/house-panel-asks-govt-to-take-over-golf-course-and-turf-club-and-develop-them-as-lung-spaces/article67850558.ece |title=House panel asks govt. to take over golf course and turf club and develop them as lung spaces |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 February 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 }}</ref>

=== City based teams ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
|+ City-based teams
|-
! Club
! Sport
! League
! Stadium
! Founded
|-
| [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|HAL Bangalore]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Somnath Sengupta|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/institutional-sides-in-indian-football-the-story-of-ongc-fc-air-india-fc-and-hal-sc/ |title=Institutional Sides In Indian Football: The Story Of ONGC FC, Air India FC And HAL SC |work=The Hard Tackle |date=15 February 2011 |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-date=26 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926183625/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/institutional-sides-in-indian-football-the-story-of-ongc-fc-air-india-fc-and-hal-sc/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[Football (soccer)|Football]]
| [[I-League 3]]
| [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| 1950
|-
| [[Bangalore Hi-Fliers]]<ref>{{cite news |title=A great entertainer |url=http://www.sportstaronnet.com/tss3105/stories/20080202503403200.htm |access-date=24 December 2016 |work=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |date=2 February 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161219140136/http://www.sportstaronnet.com/tss3105/stories/20080202503403200.htm |archive-date=19 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Field hockey]]
| [[Premier Hockey League]]
| [[Bangalore Hockey Stadium]]
| 2005
|-
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]<ref name="RCB"/>
| [[Cricket]]
| [[Indian Premier League]]
| [[Chinnaswamy Stadium]]
| 2008
|-
| [[Bangalore rugby football club]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/06/25/stories/2009062551400400.htm |title=Kicking up a storm |date=25 May 2009 | access-date=8 October 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629190252/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/06/25/stories/2009062551400400.htm | archive-date=29 June 2009 | url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>
| [[Rugby union|Rugby]]
| [[All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament]]
| RBANMS College Ground
| 2009
|-
| [[Karnataka Lions]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sherepunjab-enter-final-of-wsh/931560/| title= Sher-e-Punjab enter final of WSH |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date= 2 April 2012 | access-date= 26 May 2012 }}</ref>
| [[Field hockey]]
| [[World Series Hockey]]
| [[Bangalore Hockey Stadium]]
| 2011
|-
| [[Bangalore Warhawks]]<ref>{{cite news |title=American Football: Hyderabad's Skykings trump visiting Warhawks |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/american-football-hyderabads-skykings-trump-visiting-warhawks/article4935765.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 July 2013 |access-date=26 January 2024 }}</ref>
| [[American football]]
| [[Elite Football League of India]]
| HAL Sports Complex
| 2012
|-
| [[South United FC]]<ref name="SFC"/>
| [[Football (soccer)|Football]]
| [[BDFA Super Division]]
| [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| 2013
|-
| [[Bengaluru FC]]<ref name="BFC"/>
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[Indian Super League]]
| [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| 2013
|-
| [[Bengaluru Raptors]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Champions Tennis League: It will be ‘Bangalore Raptors’|url= https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/Champions-Tennis-League-It-will-be-%E2%80%98Bangalore-Raptors%E2%80%99/article60392423.ece | access-date=18 February 2026 |date=16 November 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| [[Badminton]]
| [[Premier Badminton League]]
| [[Koramangala Indoor Stadium]]
| 2013
|-
| [[Bengaluru Bulls]]<ref name="PKL"/>
| [[Kabaddi]]
| [[Pro Kabaddi League]]
| [[Kanteerava Indoor Stadium]]
| 2014
|-
| [[Bangalore Raptors]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Champions Tennis League: It will be 'Bangalore Raptors' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/champions-tennis-league-it-will-be-bangalore-raptors/article6524372.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 October 2014 |access-date=1 June 2024 }}</ref>
| [[Tennis]]
| [[Champions Tennis League]]
| KSLTA Tennis Stadium
| 2014
|-
| [[Ozone FC]]<ref name="OFC"/>
| [[Football (soccer)|Football]]
| [[BDFA Super Division]]
| [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| 2015
|-
| [[Bengaluru Beast]]<ref name="PBL"/>
| [[Basketball]]
| [[UBA Pro Basketball League]]
| [[Kanteerava Indoor Stadium]]
| 2015
|-
| [[FC Bengaluru United]]<ref name="BFC"/>
| [[Football (soccer)|Football]]
| [[I-League 2]]
| [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| 2018
|-
| [[Bengaluru Torpedoes]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Prime Volleyball League: Bengaluru Torpedoes building perfect team environment, says coach |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/volleyball/prime-volleyball-league-2022-bengaluru-torpedoes-building-perfect-team-coach-lakshminarayana/article38352758.ece |access-date=1 June 2024 |date=31 January 2022 |work=[[Sportstar]] }}</ref>
| [[Volleyball]]
| [[Prime Volleyball League]]
| [[Koramangala Indoor Stadium]]
| 2021
|-
| [[SC Bengaluru]]<ref name="SCB"/>
| [[Football (soccer)|Football]]
| [[I-League]]
| [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| 2022
|}

== Foreign relations ==
{{see also|List of twin towns and sister cities in India}}

Bengaluru has consulates of France,<ref>{{cite web |title=Nos coordonnées |url=http://ambafrance-in.org/-Bangalore,1026- |work=Consulat général de France à Bangalore | access-date=25 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628143941/http://ambafrance-in.org/-Bangalore,1026- | archive-date=28 June 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Consulate General of Germany, Bangalore|Germany]],<ref>{{cite news |title=German consulate in Bangalore formally inaugurated |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov212008/city20081121102018.asp?section=updatenews |access-date=25 June 2012 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=21 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211220647/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov212008/city20081121102018.asp?section=updatenews |archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Israel,<ref>{{cite news |last=Bose |first=Praveen |title=Israel to open consulate in Bangalore |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/israel-to-open-consulate-in-bangalore/478574/ | access-date=27 June 2012 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=27 June 2012}}</ref> and Japan,<ref>{{cite web |title=Consulate of Japan, Bangalore |url=http://www.in.emb-japan.go.jp/Contact_Us/bangalore.html |work=Embassy of Japan, New Delhi |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708015906/http://www.in.emb-japan.go.jp/Contact_Us/bangalore.html |archive-date=8 July 2012}}</ref> and a virtual consulate of the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=United States Virtual Consulate Bangalore, India |url=http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/vppbangalore.html |work=Consulate General of the United States, Chennai |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125193948/http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/vppbangalore.html |archive-date=25 November 2011 }}</ref> The city also hosts a British deputy High Commission,<ref>{{cite web |title=British Deputy High Commission, Bangalore |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/world/organisations/british-deputy-high-commission-bangalore | access-date=7 May 2013 | work=[[Government of UK]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413080141/https://www.gov.uk/government/world/organisations/british-deputy-high-commission-bangalore | archive-date=13 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> and honorary consulates of Finland,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.formin.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=40278&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |title=Contact Information: Finland's Honorary Consulate, Bangalore (India) – Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland: Diplomatic missions: Bangalore (Honorary Consulate) |publisher=Formin.fi |date=3 March 2010 |access-date=25 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717054718/http://www.formin.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=40278&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref> Ireland,<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Foreign Affairs |url=http://www.irelandinindia.com/home/index.aspx?id=52432 |work=Embassy of Ireland, New Delhi |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626040307/http://www.irelandinindia.com/home/index.aspx?id=52432 |archive-date=26 June 2012}}</ref> Maldives,<ref>{{cite web |title=Maldives Honorary Consuls in India |url=http://www.maldiveshighcom.in/index.php/honconsuls |work=Maldives High Commission, New Delhi |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001201140/http://www.maldiveshighcom.in/index.php/honconsuls |archive-date=1 October 2011}}</ref> Peru,<ref>{{cite web |title=Embassy of Peru in India and Honorary Consulates |url=http://www.embassyperuindia.in/embassyofperuinindia.html |work=[[Government of Peru]] | access-date=22 August 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020072225/http://www.embassyperuindia.in/embassyofperuinindia.html | archive-date=20 October 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meaprotocol.nic.in/cgi-bin/db2www/foreignmission.d2w/seDataMis#SwitzerlandBangalore |title=Missions List |work=Meaprotocol |access-date=25 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115134951/http://meaprotocol.nic.in/cgi-bin/db2www/foreignmission.d2w/seDataMis |archive-date=15 November 2010}}</ref> Canada has a trade office in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trade Office of Canada in Bangalore |url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/india-inde/offices-bureaux/bangalore.aspx?lang=eng&view=d |work=[[Government of Canada]] | access-date=25 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730125211/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/india-inde/offices-bureaux/bangalore.aspx?lang=eng&view=d | archive-date=30 July 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Bengaluru has a [[sister city]] relationship with the following cities:
* {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Minsk, Belarus]] (1973)<ref>{{cite news |date=8 August 2013 |title=No lessons learnt from 'Sister City' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/349804/no-lessons-learnt-sister-city.html |access-date=10 July 2022 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]], United States (1992)<ref>{{cite web|title=Cleveland's Sister Cities |url=https://www.clevelandohio.gov/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/MayorsOffice/Office_of_Government_Affairs/SisterCities |access-date=20 January 2022 |work=City of Cleveland |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329094132/https://www.clevelandohio.gov/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/MayorsOffice/Office_of_Government_Affairs/SisterCities |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], United States (2008)<ref>{{cite news |date=1 December 2009 |title=San Francisco chooses Bangalore as its Indian sister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/san-francisco-chooses-bangalore-as-its-indian-sister/articleshow/5286021.cms |access-date=20 January 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chengdu, Sichuan|Chengdu]], China (2013)<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore's Chinese twin comes calling |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/bangalores-chinese-twin-comes-calling/article5416395.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 December 2013 |access-date=25 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830151156/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/bangalores-chinese-twin-comes-calling/article5416395.ece |archive-date=30 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2025 Bengaluru cash van robbery]]
* [[Bengaluru Namma Pride March]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Bengaluru]]
* [[List of taluks in Bengaluru Urban district]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last1=De |first1=Aditi |title=Multiple city: writings on Bangalore |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14310-025-6 |ref=Aditi2008}}
* {{cite book |last1=Government of Karnataka |title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bangalore District |year=1990 |ref=kar | author-link1=Government of Karnataka}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nair |first1=Janaki |title=The Promise of the Metropolis: Bangalore's Twentieth Century |edition=illustrated |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19566-725-7 |ref=nair}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pinto |first1=Jerry |last2=Srivastava |first2=Rahul |title=Talk of the Town |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14333-013-4 |ref=TalkoftheTown}}
* {{cite book |last=Plunkett |first=Richard |title=South India |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |date=2001 |isbn=978-1-86450-161-2}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SB3_VodABdIC&pg=PA54 |title=Assimilation: A Study of North Indians in Bangalore |first=Vijaya B. |last=Punekar | access-date=4 October 2007 |isbn=978-8-17154-012-9 |year=1974 |publisher=Popular Prakashan }}
* {{cite book |last1=Raman |first1=A. |title=Bangalore — Mysore |edition=illustrated |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-86311-431-1 |ref=bm}}
* {{cite book |last=Rao |first=C. Hayavadana | author-link=C. Hayavadana Rao |title=The Mysore State Gazetteer |year=1929 |ref=mg}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sarma |first1=I.K. | author-link=Inguva Kartikeya Sarma |title=Temples of the Gangas of Karnataka |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-19560-686-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Srinivas |first1=Smriti |title=Landscapes of Urban Memory: The Sacred and the Civic in India's High-tech City |edition=revised |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-8-12502-254-1 |ref=Sri2004}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web |author=Archaeological Survey of India |author-link=Archaeological Survey of India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.22764/page/n1/mode/1up |title=Annual Report of the Archaeological researches in Mysore during the year 1914–15 |publisher=Central Archaeological Library |location=New Delhi}}
* {{cite book |first1=Edgar |last1=Thurston |first2=K. |last2=Rangachari |title=Castes and tribes of southern India |year=1993 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788120602885 |ref=EdgarThurston}}
* {{cite book |last=Rice |first=B. Lewis |title=Mysore : a gazetteer compiled for government. |url=https://archive.org/details/mysoregazetteerc0000rice |year=2001 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8120609778 |ref=MysoreGazetteer}}
* {{cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |title=The New Cambridge History of India. |year=1989 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-26693-2 |ref=BurtonStein |title-link=The New Cambridge History of India}}
* {{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Fazlul |title=Bangalore Through The Centuries |location=Bangalore |publisher=Historical Publications |date=1970}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Vagale |first=Uday Kumar |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9941 |title=Public Space in Bangalore: Present and Future Projections |date=6 May 2004 |publisher=Virginia Tech |hdl=10919/9941 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605195117/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012 |type=Thesis |url-status=live}} {{small|(792 kB)}}. Digital Libraries and Archives. 2006. Virginia Tech. 27 April 2004.
* {{cite book |last1=Meyer |first1=William Stevenson |last2=Burn |first2=Richard |last3=Cotton |first3=James Sutherland |last4=Risley |first4=Herbert Hope |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=2006 |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |orig-year=1909}}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bangalore|volume=3|page=315|short=1}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bdabangalore.org/ Official website of Bangalore Development Authority]
* {{Britannica|51705}}
* {{GovPubs|Bangalore}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|7902476}}
{{Bengaluru topics}}{{Geographic location
|Centre=Bangalore
|North=[[Maharashtra]]
|East=[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|South=[[Tamil Nadu]]
|West=''[[Arabian Sea]]''
}}
{{Navboxes
| title=Articles related to Bengaluru
| list =
{{Navboxes
| title=[[File:Gnome-globe.svg]]{{nbsp}}Geographic locale
| list =
'''[[Geographic coordinate system|Lat. and Long.]] {{Coord|12|58|44|N|77|35|30|E|display=inline}}'''
}}
{{Bengaluru Urban district}}
{{Schools in Bangalore}}
{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}
{{Megacities}}
{{Million-plus cities in India}}
{{World's most populated urban areas}}
}}
{{Subject bar|India|Bangalore|Geography|commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Bangalore |n=yes |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |v=yes |voy=yes |d=yes }}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bengaluru| ]]
[[Category:1537 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Cities in Karnataka]]
[[Category:High-technology business districts in India]]
[[Category:Indian capital cities]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1537]]
[[Category:Geographical articles missing image alternative text]]

Ministry of Forest (Maharashtra)

2026-03-07T17:39:19Z

Veronagqc:

{{Short description|Government department of Maharashtra, India}}{{Use dmy dates|date= June 2021}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry of Forests
 [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| nativename = '''मंत्रालय वनविभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| type =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| formed = {{Start date and age|1960}}
| preceding1 = Forests Department
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| jurisdiction = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| coordinates =
| motto =
| employees =
| budget = State budget of Government of Maharashtra
| minister1_name = '''[[Ganesh Naik]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra| Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister2_name = '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| deputyminister2_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]] 
| chief1_name =
| chief1_position = Principal Secretary
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position = Joint Secretary
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position = Deputy Secretary
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| agency_type =
}}

The '''Ministry of Forests (Maharashtra)''' is a Ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=मुख्यपृष्ठ - महाराष्ट्र वन विभाग |url=https://mahaforest.gov.in/ |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=mahaforest.gov.in}}</ref> It is headed by Cabinet Minister Ganesh Ramachandra Naik.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-04 |title=After teen killed by leopard in Pune, Maharashtra govt announces slew of measures to address human-leopard conflicts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/leopard-attack-maharashtra-govt-announces-slew-of-measures-10345994/ |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Office bearers==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = Ministry of Forests Department
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Forests Department}} '''मंत्री वन विभाग'''
| image = Ganesh Naik 2.jpg
| incumbent = [[Ganesh Naik]]
| incumbentsince = 21 December 2024
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]], 
[[Maharashtra Legislature]]
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = '''D. S. Palaspagar''' 
(1960-1962)
| precursor = Devendra Fadnavis
| deputy = *'''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Forests Department
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''B. G. Gadhe''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Jalna North Constituency No. 101]]- [[Jalna District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''D. S. Palaspagar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''D. S. Palaspagar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''R. J. Deotale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Bhadrawati Constituency No. 72]]- [[Chandrapur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''R. J. Deotale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Bhadrawati Constituency No. 72]]- [[Chandrapur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}"|
|
|'''[[Nashikrao Tirpude]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara Constituency No. 61]]- [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Sadanand Varde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Vandre Assembly constituency|Vandre Constituency No. 176]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|18 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1979|11|19}}
|[[Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|
|
|'''[[Ganpatrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangola Assembly constituency|Sangola Constituency No. 235]]- [[Solapur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|19 November}} 1979
|{{small|18 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1979|11|19|1980|02|18}}
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Forests Department and Minister of Social Forestry
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''S. M. I. Aseer''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Ahmednagar South Constituency No. 223]]- [[Ahmednagar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|rowspan="1"|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Chhedilal Gupta''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Gondiya Constituency No. 134]]- [[Gondiya District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|01|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Datta Meghe]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 15 - [[Wardha District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1991|01|25|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukarrao Pichad''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Akole Constituency No. 213]]- [[Ahmednagar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|26 December}} 1991
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1991|12|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="2" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Shankarrao Genuji Kolhe''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopargaon Assembly constituency|Kopargaon Constituency No. 219]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 December}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|12|26|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Forests Department
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|18 November}} 1994
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1994|11|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Ganesh Naik 2.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Ganesh Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Belapur Assembly constituency|Belapur Constituency No. 151]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Gopinath Munde.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Gopinath Munde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Renapur Assembly constituency|Renapur Constituency No. 236 ]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhir Joshi (politician)|Sudhir Joshi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 21 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2003|01|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Vijaysinh Mohite Patil 2014-05-19 00-16.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vijaysinh Mohite–Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras Constituency No. 254]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Babanrao_Pachpute.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Babanrao Pachpute]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrigonda Assembly constituency|Shrigonda Constituency No. 226]]- [[Ahmednagar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Babanrao_Pachpute.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Babanrao Pachpute]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrigonda Assembly constituency|Shrigonda Constituency No. 226]]- [[Ahmednagar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Patangrao Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon Constituency No. 285]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Patangrao Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon Constituency No. 285]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Sudhir Mungantiwar1.png|75px]]
|'''[[Sudhir Mungantiwar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ballarpur Assembly constituency|Ballarpur Constituency No. 72]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2019|11|12}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
| '''[[Sanjay Rathod]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Digras Assembly constituency|Digras Constituency No. 79]]- [[Yavatmal District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|28 February}} 2021
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2021|02|28}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Uddhav Thackeray]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 25 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|28 February}} 2021
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2021|02|28|2022|06|29}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Sudhir Mungantiwar1.png|75px]]
|'''[[Sudhir Mungantiwar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ballarpur Assembly constituency|Ballarpur Constituency No. 72]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|45
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|05}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|46
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Ganesh Naik 2.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Ganesh Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Airoli Assembly constituency|Airoli Constituency No. 150]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Forest
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Dattatray Bharane.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Dattatray Vithoba Bharne]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur Constituency No. 200]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|
*[[Sanjay Rathod]] (2019 - 2021)
*[[Uddhav Thackeray]] (2021 - 2022)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant '''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Sudhir Mungantiwar]] (2022 - 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"|[[Ganesh Naik]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:1960 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:State forest departments of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1960]]

Deep6

2026-03-04T00:16:20Z

Veronagqc: Started New Article V1

{{Short description| 2021 Indian Bengali drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Deep6
| image =
| caption = Official Poster
| director = Madhuja Mukherjee
| writer = Madhuja Mukherjee
| producer = [[Shoojit Sircar]] Ronnie Lahiri [[Avik Mukhopadhyay]] Harcharan Singh
| starring = [[Tillotama Shome]] [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] Maya Ghosh [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]]
| cinematography = [[Avik Mukhopadhyay]]
| editing = Madhuja Mukherjee Ankur
| music = Prabuddha Banerjee
| studio = Editfx Studios Rising Sun Pvt. Ltd.
| released = {{film date|df=y|2021|10|7|BIFF}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
}}

'''''Deep6''''' is a 2021 Indian Bengali [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by Madhuja Mukherjee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deep6 |url=https://asianfilmfestival.barcelona/2022/film-item/deep6/ |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=Asian Film Festival Barcelona |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-17 |title=JU prof’s ‘Deep 6’ makes it to Busan film festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ju-profs-deep-6-makes-it-to-busan-film-festival/articleshow/86242350.cms |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film, produced under the banner of Rising Sun Pvt Ltd production and Editfx Studios, stars [[Tillotama Shome]], [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]] and Maya Ghosh, with pivotal roles by Sumanta Mukherjee, [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] and Sumeet Thakur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-15 |title=Tillotama Shome starrer Deep6 to have its world premiere at the Busan International Film Festival |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/tillotama-shome-starrer-deep6-to-have-its-world-premiere-at-the-busan-international-film-festival/ |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=EasternEye |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shoojit Sircar's 'Deep6' to have world premiere at Busan International Film Festival |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/shoojit-sircars-deep6-to-have-world-premiere-at-busan-international-film-festival20210915190806/ |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> It premiered under the "A Window on Asian Cinema" section at [[26th Busan International Film Festival]] on 7 October 2021 and was also screened in 'Indian Cinema Now' section at [[International Film Festival of Kerala#IFFK 2022|26th International Film Festival of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhuja Mukherjee's DEEP6 to premier at Busan Intl Film Fest |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/other/madhuja-mukherjee-s-deep6-to-premier-at-busan-intl-film-fest/ar-AAOt2pa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809065806/https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/other/madhuja-mukherjee-s-deep6-to-premier-at-busan-intl-film-fest/ar-AAOt2pa |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Glamsham |language=en-IN |via=MSN}}</ref><ref name="iffk">{{Cite web |title=26th International Film Festival of Kerala – Indian Cinema Now: Deep6 |url=https://www.iffk.in/filmdetail/MjE1MzgzMzQuODQ= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519094616/https://www.iffk.in/filmdetail/MjE1MzgzMzQuODQ= |archive-date=19 May 2022 |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=IFFK |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
In 2011, Calcutta witnesses the end of three decades of leftist party rule. Despite this monumental shift, life seemingly continues as usual. However, Mitul, a solitary young woman, finds her personal and political world deeply impacted by the new context. Additionally, she must confront the ghost of her deceased grandmother and deal with her ex-partner, who refuses to end their relationship or give up his political ambitions.<ref name="iffk" />

== Cast ==

* [[Tillotama Shome]]
* [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]]
* Maya Ghosh
* Sumanta Mukherjee
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
* Sumeet Thakur

== Release ==
''Deep6'' had its world premiere at [[26th Busan International Film Festival]] under the 'A Window on Asian Cinema' section on 7 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shoojit Sircar-produced 'Deep6' to premiere at 26th Busan International Film Festival |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/shoojit-sircar-produced-deep6-to-premiere-at-26th-busan-international-film-festival/articleshow/86228278.cms |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biff.kr/eng/html/archive/arc_history_tsearch.asp?mode=view&idx=54608&piff_code=2021|title=Deep6 |work=BIFF|date=7 October 2021|access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref> It was screened in 'Indian Cinema Now' section at [[International Film Festival of Kerala#IFFK 2022|26th International Film Festival of Kerala]] held from 18 to 25 March 2022<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2022/mar/13/19-directors-to-make-their-debut-at-26th-international-film-festival-of-kerala-2429493.html |title=19 directors to make their debut at 26th International Film Festival of Kerala|work=New Indian Express| date=13 March 2022 |access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref> and in 'Innovation in Moving Images' segment at 27th [[Kolkata International Film Festival|Kolkata international Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Roushni |title=The Rapist, Deep6, Nazarband, Manikbabur Megh to be screened at 27th Kolkata International Film Festival |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/dec/27/32645/the-rapist-deep6-nazarband-manikbabur-megh-to-be-screened-at-27th-kolkata-international-film-festival |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

== Reception ==

* [[Shoma Chatterji]], an Indian film scholar, criticized inordinate length of the film funded by significant names like [[Shoojit Sircar]], Ronnie Lahiri, [[Avik Mukhopadhyay|Avik Mukhopadhayay]], Harcharan Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indiablooms |title=Madhuja Mukherjee's Deep 6 screened at 27th KIFF offers a distinct perspective on life and death {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz-details/IC/15382/madhuja-mukherjee-s-deep-6-screened-at-27th-kiff-offers-a-distinct-perspective-on-life-and-death.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Indiablooms.com |language=en}}</ref>
* In 'Into the depths of her survival' by journalist Rupeshree IV reviews that the "film is about a financially independent woman's choices, decisions and struggles have a burning heat that no one can beat. [[Tillotama Shome|Tilothama Shome]]'s portrayal of Mithul demonstrates her acting prowess once more".<ref>{{Cite web |title=അവളുടെ അതിജീവനത്തിന്റെ ആഴങ്ങളിലേക്ക് {{!}} Deep 6 Review |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/iffk-2022/review/deep-6-movie-review-international-film-festival-of-kerala-iffk-2022-1.7366330 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Mathrubhumi |date=22 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Imdb title|id=tt15428708}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 drama films]]
[[Category:2021 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films set in 2011]]
[[Category:Bengali-language drama films]]

Neeti Nijayiti

2026-03-03T20:24:59Z

Veronagqc: added article

{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Neeti-Nijayiti
| image = Neeti-Nijayiti.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
| producer = M. Lakshmikanta Reddy H. V. Sanjeeva Reddy
| writer = Singeetam Srinivasa Rao
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Pingali Nagendra Rao]]
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Krishnam Raju]] [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]]
| narrator =
| music = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| cinematography = [[Kamal Ghosh]]
| editing = Vasu
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1972|08|11|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Neeti-Nijayiti''''' ({{Translation|Victory of Morality}}) is a 1972 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] written and directed by [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] and produced by M. Lakshmikanta Reddy and H. V. Sanjeeva Reddy. The film stars [[Krishnam Raju]] and [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]]. The dialogues were written by [[Pingali Nagendra Rao]]. The music was composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]. The lyrics were penned by [[C. Narayana Reddy]]. It is the debut film of Singeetam Srinivasa Rao.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=2014-06-28 |title=Four decades later, a flashback |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/four-decades-later-a-flashback/article6157589.ece |access-date=2021-01-22 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dharap |first=B. V. |title=Indian Films |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1973 |isbn= |location= |pages=206}}</ref>

==Cast==
Source<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neethi Nijayithi (1972) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PEV |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
*[[Krishnam Raju]] as Ramesh
*[[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] as Lakshmi
*[[Satish Arora (actor)|Satish Arora]] as Anand
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Bhujanga Rao
*[[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]] as G.G. Bose
*[[Raavi Kondala Rao]] as Punyakoti
*[[V. Nagayya|Nagayya]] as Venkanna
*[[Rajanala (actor)|Rajanala]] as [[Indra]] in skit
*[[Ram Mohan (actor)|Ram Mohan]] as [[Chandra]] in skit

==Soundtrack==
*"Bhale Mazaale"
*"Babullaaga Bratakalante"
*"Dubu Dubu Dub"
*"Maatalakandani Bhavalu"
*"Nee Madilo Daagina Paata"

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0265389}}

{{Singeetam Srinivasa Rao}}

[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:1972 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. Rajeswara Rao]]
[[Category:1972 directorial debut films]]

Chinna Mani

2026-03-03T05:02:09Z

Veronagqc: Started Some Post And Citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chinna Mani
| image = Chinna Mani.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = M. Thilakarajan
| writer = M. Thilakarajan
| producer = K. S. Srinivasan K. S. Sivaraman
| starring = {{ubl|[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]]|[[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]]}}
| cinematography = Shiva
| editing = A. R. Pandiyan
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Shivashree Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|03|03}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Chinna Mani''''' is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] directed by M. Thilakarajan in his debut. The film stars [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] and [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]] with R. P. Viswam, [[Srividya]], [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Vadivelu]] and [[Anusha (actress)|Anusha]] in supporting roles. It was released on 3 March 1995,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinnamani (Tamil) |url=http://actornepoleon.com/cinema/filmography/tamil-films/257-chinnamani |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510044436/http://www.actornepoleon.com/cinema/filmography/tamil-films/257-chinnamani |archive-date=10 May 2023 |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[Napoleon (actor)|actornepoleon.com]]}}</ref> and was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sitaraman |first=Sandya |date=9 January 1996 |title=Tamil Movie News--1995 Review |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/soc.culture.tamil/fwLpyN6aWTk/R4FfCjmQ3AsJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409053619/https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/fwLpyN6aWTk/m/R4FfCjmQ3AsJ |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=7 October 2016 |website=[[Google Groups]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=August 2022}}
Duraisamy Thevar is a kind-hearted village chief while his father Pulikesi Thevar is the nearby wicked village chief. Duraisamy hates his father since he betrayed his mother and married another woman. Chinna Mani is a poor maid who is rejected by the villagers. Being married and a widow at her young age, the villagers think that she brings bad luck. Soon, Pulikesi Thevar's first wife falls sick and compels her son to marry as soon as possible. In a hurry, Duraisamy Thevar marries Chinna Mani to soothe his sick mother. The entire village is left in shock. Later, Duraisamy tells Chinna Mani the reason why he didn't get married for so many years. In the past, Duraisamy was in love with a Christian woman Princy. Her brothers opposed to their love. Her despair to marry her lover increased; she immolated herself. Duraisamy accepts to live with Chinna Mani but doesn't want to touch her. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==

{{cast listing|
*[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as Duraisamy Thevar
*[[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]] as Chinna Mani
*R. P. Viswam as Pulikesi Thevar
*[[Srividya]] as Pulikesi Thevar's first wife
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] as Pulikesi Thevar's second wife
*[[S. S. Chandran]]
*[[Vadivelu]] as Pechimuthu
*[[Anusha (actress)|Anusha]] as Princy
*Raghavi as Parvathy
*Vizhuthugal Latha as Kaveri
*Vimalraj
*K. Kannan
*[[Pasi Narayanan]] as Narayanan
*[[Meesai Murugesan]]
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]]
*Swamikannu as Manikkam
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]]
*[[Halwa Vasu]]
*[[Joker Thulasi]] as Saavu Kodangi
*Kadayam Raju
*Sathish
*[[Singamuthu]]
*Roopa
*[[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeetha]]
*[[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1951)|Vijay Babu]] in a guest appearance
*[[Balaji Sakthivel]] as doctor (uncredited)
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]], Kalidasan, Kadhal Mathi, S. Malar Maran and [[R. V. Udayakumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1995 |title=Chinnamani (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/za/album/chinnamani-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1599123916 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230301131329/https://music.apple.com/za/album/chinnamani-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1599123916 |archive-date=1 March 2023 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
| 'Chithirai Maasathu' || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], Ranga Babu || 4:57
|-
| 'Eesawari Unaiye' || [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:42
|-
| 'Kiliye Kiliye' || Deva, K. S. Chithra || 4:53
|-
| 'Saarayam Venenga Saamy' || Bhuvana || 4:01
|-
| 'Vanthathu' || Krishnaraj, K. S. Chithra || 5:02
|}

== Reception ==
R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the debutant director for elegant screenplay, crisp dialogues and neatly done twists while also praising Deva for his unique background score.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர்.பி.ஆர். |date=2 April 1995 |title=சின்னமணி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-04-02/page/n18/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230301131302/https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-04-02/page/n18/mode/2up |archive-date=1 March 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1995 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1995 drama films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Aalaap

2026-03-02T09:22:25Z

Veronagqc: added a post

{{about||the beginning section of a North Indian classical music performance|Alap|the 1977 Bollywood film|Alaap}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aalaap
| image = AALAAP.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Manish Manikpuri<ref>{{cite web|title=Aalaap – Movie Review|url=http://www.movietalkies.com/movies/reviews/20682/aalaap|publisher=Movie Talkes|accessdate=28 July 2012|archive-date=20 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520233657/http://www.movietalkies.com/movies/reviews/20682/aalaap|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| producer = {{ubl|Nishant Tripathi|Abhishek Mishra|Jai Prakash Upadhyay}}
| writer = Dilip Shukla
| starring = [[Amit Purohit]] [[Harsh Rajput]] Aabid Shamim [[Pitobash]] [[Ruhi Chaturvedi]] [[Rituparna Sengupta]] [[Abhimanyu Singh]] [[Raghubir Yadav]] [[Omkar Das Manikpuri]] [[Vijay Raaz]] [[Murli Sharma]]
| music = [[Agnee (band)|Agnee]]
| cinematography = Sunita Radia
| editing = Vikas Tiwari Manish Manikpuri
| distributor = Shree Shankaracharya Arts Pvt Ltd
| released = {{Film date|2012|07|27|df=y|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/550375|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402201509/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/550375|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2012|title=Aalaap|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Aalaap''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[musical drama film]] directed by Manish Manikpuri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/aalaap-11597|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902160127/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/aalaap-11597|url-status=live|archive-date=2 September 2019|title=Aalaap (2012) – Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref> The film is set and shot in and around present day [[Chhattisgarh]] with the main protagonists being college students with a passion for music.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/aalaap/movie-review/15197582.cms|title=Aalaap Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Aalaap by Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=September 2024}}

==Cast==
* [[Amit Purohit]] as Rahul
* [[Pitobash Tripathy]] as Subhash
* Sunil Tiwari
* [[Harsh Rajput]] as Prashant
* Aabid Shamim as Brajesh
* [[Ruhi Chaturvedi]]
* [[Rituparna Sengupta]] as Bharti
* [[Omkar Das Manikpuri]]
* [[Raghubir Yadav]]
* [[Vijay Raaz]] as Bachchi bhaiyya
* [[Abhimanyu Singh]]
* [[Murli Sharma]] as Anna Reddy
* Aashish Patil
* Mohan Sagar
* [[Gamya Wijayadasa]] as item number "Chadhti Jawani"
* Kamesh Rao

==Production==

===Development===
''Aalaap'' is a [[Bollywood]] film produced under the banner of Shri Shankaracharya Arts Pvt. Ltd., [[Mumbai]]. The film which is based on youth and music has the potential to spread youth awareness across all corners of the nation. It has been jointly produced by renowned educationalists of Chhattisgarh Mr. Nishant Tripathi and Late Mr. Abhishek Mishra from SSCET group.

===Casting===
[[Raghubir Yadav]], [[Ruhi Chaturvedi]] [[Vijay Raaz]], Krishna Srivastava and Onkar Das Manikpuri were roped in initially. Manish Manikpuri cites that "casting is one of the film's strengths". [[Amit Purohit]], [[Pitobash Tripathy]], [[Harsh Rajput]] and Aabid Shamim, Mohan lal sagar play the lead roles. Miss Sri Lanka 2009, [[Gamya Wijayadasa]] is making her [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] debut with an item song called "Chadti Jawaani Mazedaar".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/yet-another-sri-lankan-beauty-enters-bollywood/232943-8-113.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225090314/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/yet-another-sri-lankan-beauty-enters-bollywood/232943-8-113.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 February 2012 |title=Another Sri Lankan Beauty Enters Bollywood |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref>

===Filming===
''Aalaap'' has got a specific significance as it portrays the youth in the background of [[Chhattisgarh]]. It has been produced and directed by the people of Chhattisgarh's origin and major part of the shooting has been done in the [[Chhattisgarh]] state itself.

==Soundtrack==
The music director of this film is [[Agnee (band)|Agnee]] with lyrics from Panchhi Jalonvi, K Mohan, Shailendra Singh Sodhi and Nawaldas Manikpuri. The first look of the song "Pa Paraa Paa" from the film has been revealed in a promo. Guitars and programming on all songs by Koco, additional Acoustic Guitar parts on all songs by K Mohan and bass Guitar on all songs by Among Jamir.
All Songs mixed at [[Yash Raj Films|YRF Studios]] by Shantanu Hudiker and Abhishek Khandelwal. All recordings at Nishaad, the Agnee Studio except Vocal recordings at YRF Studios & Audio Garage Studio.

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ff9; text-align:center;"
! # !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
|1 || "Ek Nai Roshni" || K. Mohan Back-up Vocals : Koco, Yamini Lavanian || Panchhi Jalonvi || 4:08
|-
|2 || "Dil Yeh Awaaz De" || Meera Shenoy & K Mohan Back-up Vocals : Koco, Shruti Jakati & Parashar Joshi || Panchhi Jalonvi || 5:31
|-
|3 || "Paa Paraa Paa" || [[Nikhil D'Souza]], [[Bonnie Chakraborty]], Dhruv Shrikent (Druv Kent), K Mohan || K Mohan || 5:13
|-
|4 || "Soniye Soniye" || K Mohan || Shailendra Singh Sodhi (Shellee) || 5:34
|-
|5 || "Shuruaat Pyaar Ki" || Nikhil D'Souza, Yamini Lavanian || Panchhi Jalonvi || 4:57
|-
|6 || "Chadhti Jawani" || Bonnie Chakraborty, Kanika Joshi || Nawaldas Manikpuri || 5:45
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt2243336}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:2010s musical drama films]]
[[Category:2012 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2012 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:2012 musical films]]

Kuttumukku

2026-02-25T09:35:52Z

Veronagqc:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kuttumukku
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City residential suburb
| image_skyline = File:SANDEEPANI.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Sandeepani Vidyanikethan
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.548761|N|76.239989|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thrissur District|Thrisuur]]
| subdivision_type3 = Area
| subdivision_name3 = Thrissur City
| established_title = Kuttumukku
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Thrissur|Thrissur Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title1 = Councillor
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = KL
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 =
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| blank4_name_sec1 = Distance from Thrissur [[Railway Station]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = {{convert|7.5|km|mi}} N (Road)
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kuttumukku''' is a ward of [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]] situated in the north-east side of the Corporation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Municipal Council|url=http://corporationofthrissur.org/municipal-council|website=Thrissur Corporation|access-date=8 November 2015}}</ref> It is a residential area with only a few institutions of importance.

==Some institutions located in Kuttumukku==

*[[Vimala College]], a first grade women's college under the CMC Management, affiliated to [[University of Calicut]] and established in 1967.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vimala College, Thrissur|url=http://www.vimalacollege.edu.in/|access-date=8 November 2015}}</ref>
*[[Kuttumuck Siva Temple|Kuttumukku Siva temple]], a [[temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]] and worshipped as Kiratha Moorthy.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Kuttumuck Mahadeva Temple|url=http://www.templeadvisor.com/temples/info/10250|access-date=8 November 2015}}</ref>
*Sandeepani Vidya Nikethan is a private school managed by the Thiruvambady Devaswom at Thrissur and started in the year 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sandeepani Vidyanikethan|url=http://sandeepanividyanikethan.com/|access-date=8 November 2015}}</ref>
Kasthurbha smaraka vayanasala
50 year's of old library.

Kuttumukk Paddy Field..

Inside the Thrissur corporation we have only the largest paddy Field is situates in Kuttumukk.

==Cherumukk sreekrishna temple ==
*[[List of Thrissur Corporation wards]]

==References==
<references/>

{{Thrissur topics}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Thrissur city]]

Maya Tandon

2026-02-24T08:36:42Z

Veronagqc: added a stub

{{Short description|Indian anesthesiologist and social activist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| image = Maya Tandon.jpg
| caption = Tandon in 2024
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1936}}
| birth_place = [[Ajmer]], India
| alma_mater = [[Sawai Man Singh Medical College]]
| known_for = Road safety activism, CPR training
| awards = Padma Shri (2024)
}}

'''Maya Tandon''' (born 1936) is an Indian [[Anesthesiology|anesthesiologist]] and road safety activist from Rajasthan. She's awarded [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest [[Indian honours system|Indian civilian honour]], for her extensive work in road safety awareness and training.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2024 |title=Jaipur doctor conferred with Padma Shri for raising awareness on road safety training |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/padma-shri-award-doctor-road-safety-activist-maya-tandon-jaipur-2494029-2024-01-27 |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Tandon completed her schooling from Sophia School in [[Ajmer]] and later studied at [[Sawai Man Singh Medical College]] in [[Jaipur]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career and activism ==
Tandon is a retired Superintendent of JK Lawn Hospital in Jaipur.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=28 January 2024 |title=Padma Shri Dr Maya Tandon is on a mission to save lives |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/padma-shri-dr-maya-tandon-saving-lives-through-road-safety-training/articleshow/107196598.cms |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Following her retirement as an [[Anesthesiology|anesthesiologist]], she dedicated over 30 years to promoting [[Road traffic safety|road safety]] awareness through her organisation, "Sahayata Trust."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Freese |first=Tina |date=16 May 2024 |title=Why an 87-YO Trained 1 Lakh Indians On How to Save Lives After Road Accidents |url=https://thebetterindia.com/350309/dr-maya-tandon-padma-shri-sahayta-trust-road-safety-training-cpr-accident-first-aid-emergency-save-lives/ |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=etv>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!lifestyle/sadak-suraksha-abhiyan-and-dr-maya-tandon-from-jaipur-who-receives-padma-shri-for-road-safety-awareness-campaigns-enn25012502572|title=Road Safety Campaign and Dr Maya Tandon from Jaipur|publisher=ETV Bharat|access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref> Her work has focused on providing free training to over 100,000 individuals in road safety, [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation|CPR]], accident response, and emergency protocols.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/good-news/87-year-old-padma-shri-awardee-trained-over-1-lakh-indians-to-save-lives-after-road-accident-article-110212547|title=87-year-old Padma Shri awardee trained over 1 lakh Indians to save lives after road accident|date=19 May 2024 |publisher=Times Now|access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref> She has also been a former member of the National Road Safety Council.<ref name =patrika>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/patrika-women-guest-editor-dr-maya-tandon-former-member-of-national-road-safety-council-8717041|title=Dr. Maya Tandon former member of national road safety council|date=9 February 2024 |publisher=Patrika|access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref> Her efforts are particularly focused on minimising mortality rates caused by Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) through widespread public education on life-saving techniques.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान की डॉ. माया टंडन को मिलेगा पद्मश्री, पढ़ें ऐसा क्या किया है उन्होंने |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/jaipur/doctor-maya-tandon-who-saved-lives-in-road-accidents-will-get-padma-shri-know-how-she-took-this-campaign-forward/amp_articleshow/107183434.cms |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=zee>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/video/jaipur-news-dr-maya-tandon-selected-for-padmashree-award-in-field-of-social-service/2080518|title=Dr. Maya Tandon PadmaShree award|publisher=Zee News|access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref name=zeebiz>{{cite web|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/hindi/trending/lifestyle/how-important-is-cpr-training-amid-increasing-cases-of-heart-attacks-know-what-padmashree-dr-maya-tandon-said-166309|title=Dr. Maya Tandon on importance of CPR training|publisher=ZeeBiz|access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref>

In 2024, she was awarded [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest [[Indian honours system|Indian civilian honour]] for her social work.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

== Personal life ==
Tandon met her husband while doing an internship in Ajmer, and they married and moved to Jaipur. In 1968, she gave birth to their son.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.sahaytatrust.org/awards-dr-maya-tondon}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tandon, Maya}}
[[Category:Indian anaesthesiologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Sawai Man Singh Medical College alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]

Our Lady of Fatima Senior Secondary School, Aligarh

2026-02-22T01:07:17Z

Veronagqc: New Some Bio Nd Citations - done

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Our Lady of Fatima Senior Secondary School
| image =
| caption = The School's Logo
| motto = Absorb and Radiate
| established = 1961
| type = Private
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| grades = [LKG] – [[12th grade|Class 12]]
| principal = Sister Jyotsana (2016-till date)
| campus_type = Non-residential
| campus_size =
| location = Ramghat Road, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|27.88|N|78.08|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| website = {{URL|https://www.ourladyfatima.org}}
}}

'''Our Lady of Fatima Senior Secondary School''' is a [[Catholic school]] in [[Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh]], India affiliated from the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE Board) located at Ramghat Road, Aligarh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.ourladyfatima.org/ |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Our Lady of Fatima Senior Secondary School, Aligarh |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-16 |title=Awareness Drive and Inter-school Quiz Held on Global Hand Hygiene Day |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/awareness-drive-and-inter-school-quiz-held-on-global-hand-hygiene-day/ |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=India Education Diary |language=en}}</ref> The principal is Sr. Jyotsana.

Our Lady of Fatima was established in 1961,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Information of the School |url=https://www.ourladyfatima.org/information-of-the-school/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Our Lady of Fatima Senior Secondary School, Aligarh |language=en-GB}}</ref> and was the first [[English Medium School|English medium school]] in Aligarh.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} It is managed by Catholic nuns of the Franciscan Sisters of St. Mary of the Angels (F.S.M.A) order. The school runs a program for educating underprivileged children in the evenings.

==History==
The school began in 1961 on the suggestion of Dominic Athaide, [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra|the Archbishop of Agra]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Flashes from Past |url=https://www.ourladyfatima.org/flashes-from-past/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Our Lady of Fatima Senior Secondary School, Aligarh |language=en-GB}}</ref> Sister Stanislaus, a founding member, rented four rooms in a house, to conduct classes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=न्याय, सत्य, प्रेम और सेवा भाव भरा रहा सिस्टर स्टेंसलॉस का जीवन: आर्कबिशप |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/aligarh/our-lady-fatima-senior-secondary-school-sister-stenslos-died-aligarh-news-ali223939991 |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> As demand for admission grew, the founding sisters using a loan from the diocese and personal funds purchased land on Ramghat Road for construction of the current school site, to which the school relocated in 1967. In that year, Sister Stanislaus was made the first principal.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The school attained provincial affiliation with CBSE in 1969, which became permanent in 1978.<ref name=":0" /> The first batch of students to clear standard X examination was in 1971.<ref name=":0" /> [[Tariq Mansoor]], [[State legislative councils of India|MLC]], was one of the 13 students in the second batch to pass out in 1972.<ref name=":1" />

For most of its history the school educated students till standard X. In 2018, the school received CBSE approval to teach standard XI and XII courses as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ओएलएफ को इंटर की मान्यता दाखिला जून से - |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/aligarh-city-olf-school-got-permission-upto-inter-17767394.html |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

In 2020, the school received media coverage for waiving fees for 2 months due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=अलीगढ़ में ओएलएफ स्कूल के विद्यार्थियों की दो माह की फीस माफ - Two months fee waived for children at Our Lady Fatima School in Aligarh - Uttar Pradesh Aligarh City General News |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/aligarh-city-two-months-fee-waived-for-children-at-our-lady-fatima-school-in-aligarh-21039848.html |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> In 2021, the school celebrated its 60th anniversary by opening a garden gym facility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ओएलएफ में शुरू हुआ गार्डन जिम विद्यार्थियों व स्टाफ बनेंगे सेहतमंद Aligarh news - Garden gym started in OLF students and staff will become healthy |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/aligarh-city-garden-gym-started-in-olf-students-and-staff-will-become-healthy-21551978.html |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

==Academics==
[[File:Olf recess.JPG|thumb|Students during lunch break.|alt=]]
The school follows the CBSE curriculum, and offers courses in [[Mathematics]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] or [[Sanskrit]] as third language (in Classes VI to VIII), [[Social studies]] (history, civics, geography, economics), [[Science]] (physics, chemistry, biology), and [[Art]]. Other subjects include [[computer science]], moral science and physical health education.

The school has a strong academic reputation in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of UP Education, Uttar Pradesh Education APEX Bodies |url=https://www.uttarpradesh.shiksha/profile |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=www.uttarpradesh.shiksha}}</ref> A number of its students were placed among the top 10 rank holders in the district for the [[All India Secondary School Examination|10th]] and [[All India Senior School Certificate Examination|12th board examinations]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aligarh News: सीबीएसई के कक्षा 10 और 12 के जिला टॉपर्स की लिस्ट आई सामने, ये हैं टॉपर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/aligarh/cbse-class-10-12-aligarh-district-toppers-list-2023-05-12 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

==Extracurricular activities==

=== Sports and Athletics ===
Besides the mandatory [[Health education|Physical Health Education]] classes, the school provides opportunities for sports, such as [[cricket]], [[soccer|football]], [[basketball]] and [[volleyball]]. The students have won many awards both at the State and National level over the years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ओएलएफ को जीत का क्रिसमस गिफ्ट |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/aligarh/olf-wines-hindi-news |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

=== Intellectual Competitions ===
Students participate in Science and [[General knowledge|General Knowledge]] quizzes held among the local schools.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} They also participate in competitions held by [https://ncert.nic.in/national-talent-examination.php National Talent Search Examination] and [[International Competitions and Assessments for Schools|ICAS]] (formerly conducted by the University of New South Wales). Other competitions are held in [[debating]], [[elocution]], [[dramatics]] and [[creative writing]]. In 2023, a sixth standard student received national media coverage for winning Rajsabha Hindi Writing competition organised by [[Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Muslim Girl Alisha Zainab wins first position in Hindi competition, honored by Hindi Prachar Sanstha |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/muslim-girl-alisha-zainab-wins-first-position-in-hindi-competition-honored-by-hindi-prachar-sanstha-article-97122133 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

==Subject of Research Studies==
The school has been the subject of several scientific and sociological studies. In 1983, the school students were studied to evaluate the factors that affect academic performance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Siddiqui |first1=A.Q. |last2=Tewari |first2=S.G. |last3=Sultana |first3=M. |last4=Malik |first4=M.A. |last5=Ahmad |first5=P. |date=1983 |title=Factors Affecting Academic Achievement of School Children |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/146642408310300203 |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Health |language=en |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=50–52 |doi=10.1177/146642408310300203 |pmid=6876060 |s2cid=26171318 |issn=0264-0325|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Researchers at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], also in 1983, studied the school to understand sociological differences between co-educational schools and single-sex schools, within an Indian context.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Begum |first=Mumtaz |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144511735.pdf |title=A comparative study of the environmental press and value-climate of co-educational and single-sex high schools of Aligarh city |publisher=Dissertation: Aligarh Muslim University |year=1983}}</ref> Another study at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] studied the effect of the principal's leadership style on teacher morale.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zain |first=Mariya |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144522625.pdf |title=A study of leadership behaviour and its impact on teacher's morale |publisher=Dissertation: Aligarh Muslim University}}</ref> In 2019, the school students participated in a study analysing the impact of violent gaming on child welfare.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khalil |first1=Salman |last2=Sultana |first2=Farheen |last3=Muzammil |first3=Khursheed |last4=Alim |first4=Farzana |last5=Nasir |first5=Nazim |last6=Hassan |first6=Atiq ul |last7=Mahmood |first7=Syed Esam |date=2019-09-30 |title=Impact of Playing Violent Video Games Among School Going Children |url=https://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/1217 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045740/https://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/1217 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2 June 2020 |journal=Indian Journal of Community Health |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=331–337 |doi=10.47203/IJCH.2019.v31i03.007 |s2cid=249839536 |issn=2248-9509|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Annu Raj Singh]], a sport shooter
* [[Tariq Mansoor]], former Vice-Chancellor of [[Aligarh Muslim University|AMU]], and member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[Our Lady of Fátima|Our Lady of Fatima]]
* [[List of schools in Aligarh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.ourladyfatima.org}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Our Lady Of Fatima Secondary School, Aligarh}}
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Primary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Schools in Aligarh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Khoa

2026-02-15T09:21:24Z

Veronagqc:

{{short description|Indian dairy food}}
{{ref improve|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Khoa
| image = Khuwa vendor nepal.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Khoa vendor in Nepal
| alternate_name = Khoya, khowa, teeyagaundi mawa
| country = Indian subcontinent
| region = South Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan)
| creator =
| type = [[Cheese]]
| course = Dessert, main ingredient for sweets
| main_ingredient = Whole milk
| calories = Approximately 1318 kJ (315 kcal) per 100 g
| variations = Batti, chikna, daanedaar, pindi, dhap
| national_cuisine = [[Indian cuisine|Indian]], [[Nepalese cuisine|Nepalese]], [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistani]].
| no_recipes = yes
| no_commons = yes
}}
'''Khoa''', '''khoya''', '''khowa''' or '''mawa'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tadka |first=Zayka Ka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4MYQEAAAQBAJ&dq=Mawa+khoya+milk&pg=PT29 |title=Easy Sweets and Snacks Recipes |publisher=Zayka Ka Tadka |language=en}}</ref> is a soft cheese widely used in the [[cuisines of the Indian subcontinent]], encompassing India, Nepal, and Pakistan. It is made of either dried whole milk or milk thickened by heating in an open iron pan. It is lower in moisture than typical fresh cheeses such as [[ricotta]].<ref>indiacurry.com [http://www.indiacurry.com/desserts/reducingmilkmath.htm Fuzzy Math for reducing milk] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012054451/http://www.indiacurry.com/desserts/reducingmilkmath.htm |date=2007-10-12 }} Retrieved 2008-02-24.</ref> It is made from [[whole milk]] instead of [[whey]].

==Preparation==
A concentration of milk to one-fifth volume is normal in the production of khoa. Khoa is used as the base for a wide variety of [[Indian sweets]]. About 600,000 metric tons are produced annually in India. Khoa is made from both cow and [[domestic buffalo|water buffalo]] milk. Khoa is made by simmering full-fat milk in a large, shallow iron pan for several hours over a medium fire. The gradual evaporation of its water content leaves only the milk solids. The ideal temperature to avoid scorching is about {{convert|80|C|sigfig=2}}.<ref name="making"/> Another quick way of making khoa is to add full-fat milk powder to skimmed milk and mixing and heating it until it becomes thick. This may, however, not have the same characteristics as traditionally made khoa.

Khoa is normally white or pale yellow. If prepared in the winter, it may be saved for use in the summer, and may acquire a green tinge and grainier texture from a harmless surface mould. This is called ''hariyali'' (green khoa) and is used in recipes where the khoa is thoroughly cooked, e.g., ''[[gulab jamun]]''.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} With the advent of refrigeration, the production of hariyali is rare.

== Types ==
[[File:Pal Khovva in Krishnarajanagara, Mysore.jpg|thumb|Milk Khoa in [[Mysore, India]]]]
Khoa is classified into different types, based on moisture content. Different types of khoa are used for different preparations.

* ''Batti'', meaning "rock", has 20% moisture by weight and is the hardest of the three types; it can be grated like cheese. It can be aged for up to a year, during which it develops a unique aroma and a mouldy outer surface.<ref name="making">indiacurry.com [http://www.indiacurry.com/dairy/d006khoya.htm Making khoya mawa Recipe] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012054445/http://www.indiacurry.com/dairy/d006khoya.htm |date=2007-10-12 }} Retrieved 2008-02-24.</ref>
* ''Chikna'' ("slippery" or "squishy") khoa has 50% moisture.<ref name="making"/>
* ''Daanedaar'' is a grainy variety. The milk is coagulated with an acid during the simmering; it has a moderate moisture content.<ref name="making"/> It is used for preparing [[kalakand]], gourd barfi and other sweets.<ref name="SNM_2009">{{cite book |title=Milk & Milk Products |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eLkT-kJ2pj8C&pg=PA23 |publisher=APH |isbn=978-81-313-0414-3 |page=23 |author=SN Mahindru |year=2009 }}</ref>
* ''Pindi'', dry khoa, is used for preparing [[barfi]] and [[peda]].<ref name="SNM_2009"/>
* ''Dhap'', a less dried version, is used for preparing [[gulab jamun]] and [[pantua]].<ref name="SNM_2009"/>

==Uses==
[[File:Almond Khoa based burfi Mumbai India.jpg|thumb|Assortment of [[Sweets from the Indian subcontinent|mithai]]: [[pedha]], [[barfi]] and [[Sandesh (confectionery)|sandesh]] made of khoa, sugar and various flavorings, in [[Mumbai, India]]]]
Khoa is used in various types of sweets:
*[[Pedha]] is sweetened khoa formed into balls or thick disks (like patties) with flavourings such as saffron or cardamom added.
* [[Gulab jamun]], a very common Indian sweet, consists of a round ball made from khoa and then deep-fried and soaked in rose-flavoured sugar or honey syrup.
*[[Barfi]] (or burfi) is also flavoured, but khoa is not the only ingredient. Typically, another ingredient, such as thickened fruit pulp or coconut shavings, is added to khoa and slow-cooked until the moisture evaporates sufficiently to give the consistency of [[fudge]], so it can be flattened and cut into rectangles, parallelograms or diamond shapes.
* [[Gujia]], a sweet, fried dumpling stuffed with khoa and nuts, is very commonly prepared during [[Holi]].
* [[Halwa]] is essentially a fudge made by adding khoa to wheat starch or cornstarch and sugar syrup to give a dairy-like taste and texture and act as a thickening agent. Most halwa recipes, however, omit the khoa, relying only on starch and sugar plus slivered nuts, spices such as [[cardamom]] or [[saffron]], and flavorings such as [[rose water]] and [[screwpine]].
* Main course north Indian dishes like [[khoya paneer]], makhmali kofte and khoya matar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://food.ndtv.com/topic/khoya/recipes|title=Khoya Dishes – Khoya Recipes – NDTV Food|website=food.ndtv.com}}</ref>
*Naan roti stuffed with khoa is a specialty of the bakers of [[Bangalore]].{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Chhena}}
* {{annotated link|List of water buffalo cheeses}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0251e/T0251E05.htm FAO document discussing many dairy products including khoa]

[[Category:Punjabi cuisine]]
[[Category:Nepalese cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian dairy products]]
[[Category:Pakistani cuisine]]

Ravishankar Vyas

2026-02-10T03:00:15Z

Veronagqc: updated page

{{Short description|Indian independence activist, social worker and Gandhian}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravishankar Maharaj
| image = Ravisankar maharaj.jpg
| alt = Ravishankar Maharaj portrait
| caption =
| birth_name = Ravishankar Vyas
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1884|02|25}}
| birth_place = Radhu village, [[British India]] (now in [[Kheda district]], [[Gujarat]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1984|07|01|1884|02|25}}
| death_place = [[Borsad]], Gujarat, India
| other_names =
| occupation = Activist, social worker
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse = Surajba
| parents = Pitambar Shivram Vyas, Nathiba
| signature = Ravishankar Maharaj Sign.jpg
}}

'''Ravishankar Vyas''', better known as '''Ravishankar Maharaj''', was an Indian independence activist, social worker and [[Gandhian]] from [[Gujarat]].

==Life==
Ravishankar Vyas was born on 25 February 1884, [[Mahashivaratri]], in Radhu village (now in [[Kheda district]], [[Gujarat]], India) to Pitambar Sivram Vyas and Nathiba, a Vadara [[Brahmin]] peasant family. His family was native of [[Sarsavani]] village near [[Mahemdavad]]. He dropped out after the sixth standard to help his parents in agriculture work.<ref name="Lal1992">{{cite book|last=Lal|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4607|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|pages=4607–4608}}</ref><ref name="Kamath1996">{{cite book|author=M. V. Kamath|title=Milkman from Anand: the story of Verghese Kurien|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGjtAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Konark Publishers|page=24}}</ref> He married Surajba. His father died when he was 19 and his mother died when he was 22.<ref name="WG2014">{{cite web | title=પ.પૂ.રવિશંકર મહારાજ | website=WebGurjari | date=1 May 2014 | url=http://webgurjari.in/2014/05/01/ravishankar-maharaj/ | language=gu | access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref>

He was influenced by [[Arya Samaj]] philosophy.<ref name="Kamath1996"/> He met [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1915 and joined his independence and social activism.<ref name="Kamath1996"/> He was one of the earliest and closest associates of Gandhi and [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], and along with [[Darbar Gopaldas Desai]], [[Narhari Parikh]] and [[Mohanlal Pandya]], the chief organizer of nationalist revolts in Gujarat in the 1920s and 1930s. He worked for years for rehabilitation of [[Baria Koli|Baraiya Koli]] and Patanvadiya Kolis of coastal central Gujarat.<ref name="Hardiman1981">{{cite book|author=David Hardiman|title=Peasant nationalists of Gujarat: Kheda District, 1917–1934|url=https://archive.org/details/peasantnationali0000hard|url-access=registration|year=1981|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/peasantnationali0000hard/page/175 175], 272–273}}</ref><ref name="Weber1996">{{cite book|author=Thomas Weber|title=Gandhi's Peace Army: The Shanti Sena and Unarmed Peacekeeping|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ2B1TY6dL8C&pg=PA74|year=1996|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-2684-8|pages=74, 108, 125}}</ref> He founded Rashtriya Shala (National School) in Sunav village in 1920. He left his rights on ancestral property against wish of wife and joined [[Indian Independence Movement]] in 1921. He participated in Borsad Satyagraha in 1923 and protested against Haidiya Tax. He also participated in [[Bardoli Satyagraha]] in 1928 and was imprisoned by British authority for six months. He participated in relief work of flood in 1927 which earned him recognition. He joined Gandhi in [[Salt March]] in 1930 and was imprisoned for two years.<ref name="Weber1997">{{cite book|author=Thomas Weber|title=On the Salt March: The Historiography of Gandhi's March to Dandi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5BtuAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1997|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-81-7223-263-4|page=166}}</ref> In 1942, he also participated in [[Quit India Movement]] and also tried to pacify communal violence in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name="Lal1992"/><ref name="Hardiman1981"/><ref name="WG2014"/>

After independence of India in 1947, he devoted himself to social work. He joined [[Vinoba Bhave]] in [[Bhoodan Movement]] and travelled 6000 kilometres between 1955 and 1958. In 1960s, he organised and supported [[Sarvodaya#Sarvodaya movement|Sarvodaya Movement]].<ref name="Weber1996"/> Ravishankar Maharaj inaugurated Gujarat state when it was created on 1 May 1960.<ref name="Ghassem-Fachandi2012">{{cite book|author=Parvis Ghassem-Fachandi|title=Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFnjJa_xefsC&pg=PA295|date=8 April 2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-4259-9|page=295}}</ref> He also opposed [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] in 1975. Until his death, it was a tradition that every newly appointed [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]] visit him for blessings after taking oath of office. He died on 1 July 1984 in [[Borsad]], [[Gujarat]].<ref name="Lal1992"/><ref name="WG2014"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Bhavan's Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8u0DAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.|page=71}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Sarvodaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nuwrAAAAIAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Sarvodaya Prachuralaya.|page=94}}</ref> The memorial dedicated to him is located at Adhyapan Mandir, Vallabh Vidyalaya, Bochasan.<ref name="Adhyapan Mandir">{{cite web | title=Our Motivator | website=Adhyapan Mandir | url=http://adhyapanmandirbochasan.org/gandhi_sardar_maharaj.html | access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref>

==Works==
He wrote about education, rural reconstruction and [[Kolkata]].<ref name="Das2000">{{cite book|author=Sisir Kumar Das|title=History of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&pg=PA618|year=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-006-5|page=618}}</ref><ref name="Lal1992"/>

==Recognition==
[[File:Ravishankar Vyas 1985 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Ravishankar Vyas on a 1985 stamp of India]]

The [[Government of India]] released postal stamp in his honour in 1984. Ravishankar Maharaj Award for social work, worth {{INR}}1 [[Lakh]], is instituted by Department of Social Justice, [[Government of Gujarat]] in his honour.<ref name="Aw">{{cite web | last=Justice | first=Department of Social | title=બીસીકે-૨૯૯ : પૂ. રવિશંકર મહારાજ એવોર્ડ | website=Department of Social Justice, Government of Gujarat| url=https://sje.gujarat.gov.in/ddcw/showpage.aspx?contentid=1550 | language=gu | access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
[[Jhaverchand Meghani]] has written ''Manasai Na Diva'' based on his experiences with him during his social work among tribals.<ref name="NatarajanNelson1996">{{cite book|author1=Nalini Natarajan|author2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA114|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|page=114}}</ref> [[Pannalal Patel]] has also written a biographical novel ''Jene Jivi Janyu'' (1984) on him.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ravishankar Vyas}}
* [http://www.aksharnaad.com/2013/05/01/gujarati-state-establishment/ Gujarat inaugural speech by Ravishankar Vyas (Gujarati)]

{{Gandhi|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vyas, Ravishankar}}
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Indian pacifists]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]
[[Category:People from Kheda district]]

Central College, Bengaluru

2026-02-08T18:16:26Z

Veronagqc: Started New Article And Citations

{{Short description|College in Bangalore, Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
[[File:Bangaloreuniversity.jpg|thumb|right|Central College building in Bengaluru]]
'''Central College Bengaluru''' (1858) is one of the oldest colleges in India. This college was originally affiliated to [[University of Mysore]] in [[Mysore State]]. Rev. [[John Garrett (linguist)|John Garrett]] was the founder and first principal of the Central High School, which was afterwards renamed '''Central College'''. In 1964, with the reorganization of the Indian state and the formation of Karnataka, '''Central College''' was transferred to [[Bangalore University]], a new university formed in 1965 to meet the needs of the people of [[Bengaluru]]. Initially, the two colleges of the city, the '''Central College''' (CC) and the [[University of Visvesvaraya College of Engineering]] (UVCE) formed the nucleus of Bangalore University.

==History==
The Central College, Bengaluru was first started as Central High School by Rev. [[John Garrett (linguist)|John Garrett]] in 1858.

In 1886, the British government converted it to a college to award University Degrees. It was renamed as the Bangalore University from Central College, Bangalore by the [[University Grants Commission (India)]] on 10 July 1964 by the government under the then State of [[Mysore]] to consolidate institutions of higher education in the city of Bangalore. The Bangalore University, which was created out of [[University of Mysore]] in 1964, was operated for many years from the Central College till 1973, when the Jnana Bharathi campus was established. [[Sir C. V. Raman]], Nobel Laureate Physicist, was associated with the University while working at the [[Indian Institute of Science]]. He had announced his Nobel winning work at the University premises based in Central College, Bengaluru in 1927. He was awarded the Nobel prize in 1930. The Central College Campus retained as the City Campus of [[Bangalore University]] houses the City offices of the Vice Chancellor, Registrar, Registrar (Evaluation), Finance (Examination part), UGC Academic Staff College, Directorate of Correspondence Courses and Distance Education Centre, Directorate of College Development Council, Directorate of Physical Education and a few post graduate departments and support services, with a state of the art Jnana Jyothi Auditorium. Besides, the Central College also has the Central College Cricket Pavilion where the Karnataka State Cricket Association was first established and trained several cricketers of International repute.

==Notable Teachers==
* [[B. S. Madhava Rao]], Principal (1952–55) of Central College and Professor of Mathematics
* [[E. P. Metcalfe]], Principal of Central College
* [[P. C. Mahalanobis]]
* [[C. N. S. Iyengar]], Founder Head of the Department of Mathematics, [[Karnataka University Dharwad]]
* [[John Guthrie Tait]], Teacher of famous men including [[C. Rajagopalachari]] & [[Navaratna Rama Rao]]
* [[M. J. Thirumalachar]], [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate
* [[T. S. Venkannayya]]
* [[A. R. Krishnashastry]]

==Notable students==
* [[Bharat Ratna]] [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya]]
* Harshavardhan Mudaliar, Prof In English
* [[Bharat Ratna]] [[C. Rajagopalachari]]
* [[Bharat Ratna]] [[C. N. R. Rao]], Indian chemist
* [[Shivakumara Swami]]
* [[Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju]], Maharaja of Vizianagaram
* [[H. Narasimhaiah]]
* [[Guruswami Mudaliar]]
* [[Hospet Sumitra]]
* [[N. Santosh Hegde]], Justice<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kar.nic.in/lokayukta/newlok.pdf |title=Biodata of Justice Nitte Santosh Hegde |accessdate=2009-09-07 |publisher=www.kar.nic.in |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517060335/http://www.kar.nic.in/lokayukta/newlok.pdf |archivedate=17 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[Navaratna Rama Rao]], leading administrator, author and founder of the Sericulture Department
*[[N. S. Subba Rao]]
* [[Maya Rao]] (1928-2014), Kathak guru <ref name=toijuly>{{cite web | title = Maya Rao took forbidden dance to a new level | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/Maya-Rao-took-forbidden-dance-to-a-new-level/articleshow/40863459.cms |author=GS Kumar|date= 25 August 2014| accessdate = 2014-09-01 | work = The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[K. M. Koushik]], politician
* [[Rajeshwari Chatterjee]], pioneer in Indian microwave engineering
* [[Rahul Dravid]], former India and Karnataka cricket player and captain
* [[B. G. L. Swamy]], Indian botanist and Kannada writer.
* [[T. Madiah Gowda]],<ref>[[T. Madiah Gowda]]</ref> Politician

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bangaloreuniversity.ac.in/ Bangalore University Website ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525033804/https://bangaloreuniversity.ac.in/ |date=25 May 2021 }}

{{Universities in Karnataka}}

{{Coord missing|Karnataka}}

{{Universities in Karnataka}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:Colleges in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Science colleges in India]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]

Faisal Raza Khan

2026-02-07T19:02:48Z

Veronagqc: Started Some Data More To Come

{{short description|Indian television actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Faisal Raza Khan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], India
| spouse = [[Gajala]] (2016 - present)
| occupation = [[wikt:director|Director]], Actor, Photographer
| years_active = 2006 - present
| height =
}}
'''Faisal Raza Khan''' is an Indian television actor, director, photographer. He is better known for his roles in the TV series [[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai|''Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai'' Season 3]], ''[[Do Saheliyaan]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tc02.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/bad-man-faisal-raza-khan-returns-after-nine-months|title=Bad man Faisal Raza Khan returns after nine months|work=Tellychakkar|date=2 April 2010|accessdate=26 April 2015}}</ref> ''Sapno Ke Bhanwar Mein''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forum.punjabijunktion.co.in/f487/faisal-raza-khan-enters-sapno-ke-bhawar-mein-283637/|title=Faisal Raza Khan enters 'Sapno Ke Bhawar Mein'!|work=Punjabi Junction|date=21 April 2012|accessdate=26 April 2015}}</ref> and ''[[Gustakh Dil]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tc02.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/faisal-raza-khan-enter-life-oks-gustakh-dil-594|title=Faisal Raza Khan to enter Life OK's Gustakh Dil|work=Tellychakkar|date=16 May 2014|accessdate=26 April 2015}}</ref>

==Television==
*[[STAR One|Star One]]'s [[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai|''Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai'' Season 3]]
*[[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Do Saheliyaan]]''
*[[Life OK]]'s ''Sapno Ke Bhanwar Mein'' and ''[[Gustakh Dil]]''
*[[Zee TV|Zee TV's]] [[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann|Banoo main teri Dulhan]]
*DD National 's Yeh Hawayein

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Faisal Raza}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Dhruv Choudhry

2026-02-07T18:45:03Z

Veronagqc: Started Initial Entry And Citations

{{Short description|Indian television actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dhruv Choudhry
| birth_name = Chaitannya Choudhry
| image = Chaitanya Choudhury.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 18 April<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birthday greetings to Debina Bonnerjee and Chaitanya Choudhury |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/birthday-greetings-debina-bonnerjee-and-chaitanya-choudhury |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Honey |date=2023-04-18 |title=Chaitanya Choudhury Birthday – A Renowned Actor especially for Yeh Hai Mohabatein |url=https://filmycharcha.com/television/chaitanya-choudhury-birthday-a-renowned-actor-especially-for-yeh-hai-mohabbatein/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=THE FILMY CHARCHA |language=en-US}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor
| known_for = ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
| spouse = Vaishali Rajpal Choudhry<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=2019-09-05 |title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein's Chaitanya Choudhary Aka 'Raman Bhalla' Travels By Mumbai Local With Real Life Wife Vaishali Rajpal |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-actor-chaitanya-choudhary-aka-new-raman-bhalla-travels-by-mumbai-local-with-real-life-wife-vaishali-rajpal-1067851 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>
| years_active = 2004–present
}}

'''Dhruv Choudhry''' (born 18 April; formerly '''Chaitannya Choudhry''') is an Indian Indian television and film actor. He has appeared in several Hindi-language television series and films, and gained recognition for roles including Harsh in ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]'', Kanha Chatterjee in ''[[Uttaran]],'' and Shardul Sinha in [[Star Plus]]'s {{lang|hi-latn|[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]}}.

== Early life ==
Choudhry was born in [[Mumbai, India]], on 18 April. Under his birth name Chaitannya Choudhry, he began his acting career in the mid-2000s.<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
In 2025, he announced on Instagram that he had changed his name to Dhruv Choudhry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I've decided to embrace a new journey as Dhruv Choudhry. |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DJnvxwyS9Ph/ |website=Instagram |access-date=2025-07-06}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Love at Times Square]]''
| Bobby
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Akira (2016 Hindi film)|Akira]]''
| Ajay Sharma
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Sukhee]]''
| Guru Kalra
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Sikandar (2025 film)|Sikandar]]''
|
|-
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Ref
|-
| 2004–2006
| ''[[Kahiin To Hoga]]''
| Akshat Shergill
| <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/lucknow-times/Acting-is-in-my-blood-Chaitanya/articleshow/2298734.cms|title=Acting is in my blood: Chaitanya - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
| Kabir Patel
|
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''[[Kkavyanjali]]''
| Vayu Kapoor
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006; 2014
| rowspan="2" | ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]''
| Arvind
| Episode 424, "The Mysterious Mr. Arvind"
|-
| Chintu
| Episodes 1059 and 1060, "Bus Hijack: Part 1 & Part 2"
|-
| 2006–2007
| ''[[Kuch Apne Kuch Paraye]]''
| Uday Raichand
|
|-
| 2007–2009
| ''[[Sangam (TV series)|Sangam]]''
| Sagar Bhatia
|
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
| Harsh
| Lead role<ref>{{cite news |title=Television was initially a compromise for me - Chaitanya Chaudhary |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/interviews/television-was-initially-compromise-me-chaitanya-chaudhary |access-date=14 December 2020 |work=Tellychakkar.com |date=21 May 2010 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Sarvggun Sampanna]]''
| Aditya Deshmukh
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''
| Abhishek
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Haunted Nights]]''
| Rahul (Episode 1 – Episode 5)
|
|-
| 2012–2014
| ''[[Uttaran]]''
| Kanha Chatterjee
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Badalte Rishton Ki Dastaan]]''
| Akhil Asthana
|
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2014
| ''[[Gustakh Dil]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Do Dil Bandhe Ek Dori Se]]''
| Veerpratap Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Captain Vikram
| Episode 804
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''[[Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera]]''
| Professor Rahul
|
|-
| ''[[Dream Girl (TV series)|Dream Girl]]''
| Abhimanyu
|
|-
| 2017–2019
| ''[[Paramavatar Shri Krishna]]''
| [[Vasudeva]]
|
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Dil Hi Toh Hai]]''
| Rishabh
|
|-
| 2019
| {{lang|hi-latn|[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]}}
| Shardul Sinha
| Lead negative role<ref>{{cite news |title='Yeh Hai Mohabbatein': Here's how Chaitanya Choudhary will take over Karan Patel's character Raman Bhalla |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-here-s-how-chaitanya-choudhary-will-take-over-karan-patel-s-character-raman-bhalla-2774747/amp |access-date=29 January 2021 |work=DNA |date=22 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Swaraj (TV series)|Swaraj]]''
| [[Kanhoji Angre]]
|
|-
|}

== Reality shows ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2008
| ''[[Kaho Na Yaar Hai]]''
| rowspan ="3" | Contestant
|-
| ''[[Zara Nachke Dikha]]''
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''Box Cricket League''
|-
|}

== Web series ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Hush Hush (TV series)|Hush Hush]]''
| Ranveer
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm1428277}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhry, Dhruv}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]

Labour Progressive Federation

2026-02-06T23:59:50Z

Veronagqc: updated citations for clarity and improved wording

{{short description|Political party Labour wing in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Labour Progressive Federation
| logo = [[File:Dmk lpf flag.png|250px]]
| colorcode = {{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| abbreviation = '''LPF'''
| leader = [[M. K. Stalin]] {{small|(convener)}} Perur A Natarasan {{small|(President)}} [[M. Shanmugam]] MP {{small|(Secretary-General)}} K.Natarajan {{small|(Treasurer)}}
| founder = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1969}}
| position =
| international = [[International Labour Organization]]
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} Red
| ideology =
| newspaper = Uzhaippali
| wing1_title = Labour
| wing1 = Labour Progressive Federation (LPF) [[M. Shanmugam]] {{small|(Secretary-General)}}
| membership = {{nowrap|{{Increase}}611,506 (2002)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.labourfile.org/superAdmin/Document/113/table%201.pdf|title=Membership|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409191235/http://www.labourfile.org/superAdmin/Document/113/table%201.pdf|archivedate=9 April 2011|url-status=dead|accessdate=2011-04-09}}</ref>
| headquarters = '''Kalaingeragam''', [[T. Nagar]], [[Chennai]] 600017, [[Tamil Nadu]]
| website = [http://www.lpf.org.in/ www.lpf.org.in]
| flag = Flag DMK.svg
| country = India
}}

{{Dravidian politics-col}}
The '''Labour Progressive Federation''' is a [[trade union]] federation in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The LPF is politically attached to the ruling Tamil Nadu party [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=DORAIRAJ |first=S. |date=November 19, 2010 |title=Spirited fight |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/article30182503.ece |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, LPF had a membership of 611,506 in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.labourfile.org/superAdmin/Document/113/table%201.pdf|title=Membership|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409191235/http://www.labourfile.org/superAdmin/Document/113/table%201.pdf|archivedate=9 April 2011|url-status=dead|accessdate=2011-04-09}}</ref>

== Leadership ==
* All India President – Thiru. Perur A. Natarajan, ex-MLA (Expired)
* All India General Secretary – Thiru. Shanmugam
* All India Treasurer – Thiru. K. Natarajan
* All India Labour Progressive Federation Election Commissioner – Thiru. S. Viswanathan
* Election Commissioner – S. Viswanathan

== Affiliates ==
[[File:Dmk lpf flag.png|thumb|Dmk official LPF Flag]]
The Workers Progressive Union (WPU) represents NLC workers of India.

It is headed by All India Secretary & General Secretary Thiru. Rajavannian S.

Employees Progressive Union "EPU" represents BHEL workers of India. It is headed by Thiru. P Sathish Kumar No 1 Vice President.

Telecom Employees Progressive Union "TEPU" represents BSNL workers of India. It is headed by V. Subburaman, All India Secretary & General Secretary TEPU.

National Progressive Defence Employees Federation is a joint venture of LPF & TUCC

Thozhilalar Munnetra Sangam, Padaithurai Udaithozhirsalai, is a recognized Union. Thiru. V.Veluswamy is the President and Thiru. A, Mohd Meera is the General Secretary.

All India General Labour Progressive Union represents Un-Organised Sector Labours of India. It is headed by Thiru. T. K. Thamizh Nenjam, All India General Secretary, All India General Labour Progressive Union.

==External links==
*[http://lpf.org.in/ Labour Progressive Federation Official website]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Trade unions in India navbox}}

[[Category:Trade unions in India]]
[[Category:Labour Progressive Federation| ]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Trade unions established in 1969]]

Thanu Padmanabhan

2026-01-29T21:57:13Z

Veronagqc: added info

{{Short description|Indian physicist and cosmologist (1957–2021)}}
{{for|the writer|T. Padmanabhan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Thanu Padmanabhan
| image = ThanuPadmanabhan.png
| birth_date = 10 March 1957<ref name="Homepage of Padmanabhan">{{Cite web|title=Homepage of Padmanabhan|url=http://www.iucaa.in/~paddy/|access-date=19 September 2020|website=www.iucaa.in|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024060318/http://www.iucaa.in/~paddy/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2021|09|17|1957|03|10}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| field = [[Physics]], [[astronomy]]
| work_institution = [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]]<ref name="Homepage of Padmanabhan" />
| alma_mater = • [[Kerala University]], • [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Jayant Narlikar]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| prizes = • [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]] (1996) • [[Padma Shri]] (2007) • [[Infosys Prize|Infosys Science Foundation Prize]] (2009)
| footnotes =
| other_names =
}}

'''Thanu Padmanabhan''' (10 March 1957 – 17 September 2021) was an Indian [[theoretical physicist]] and [[cosmologist]] whose research spanned a wide variety of topics in [[gravitation]], [[structure formation]] in the [[universe]] and [[quantum gravity]]. He published nearly 300 papers and reviews in international journals and ten books in these areas. He made several contributions related to the analysis and modelling of [[dark energy]] in the universe and the interpretation of gravity as an [[emergent phenomenon]]. He was a Distinguished Professor at the [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]] (IUCAA) at [[Pune]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=IUCAA - People |url=http://www.iucaa.in:8080/iucaa/jsp/N-People.jsp |website=IUCAA |access-date=8 September 2019 |archive-date=11 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111015055/http://www.iucaa.in:8080/iucaa/jsp/N-People.jsp |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Life and career==
Born to Thanu Iyer and Lakshmi on 10 March 1957 in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] (then Trivandrum), Padmanabhan attended school there. He earned his [[B.Sc.]] (1977) and [[M.Sc.]] (1979) in [[Physics]] from the [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]], part of [[Kerala University]].<ref name="Homepage of Padmanabhan" /> He published his first research paper (on [[general relativity]]) when he was still a B.Sc. student, at the age of 20.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02846243 |title=T.Padmanabhan, Solutions of scalar and electromagnetic wave equations in the field of gravitational and electromagnetic waves, Pramana, (1977), 9, 371. |journal=Pramana |date=October 1977 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=371–384 |doi=10.1007/BF02846243 |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603150132/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02846243 |url-status=live |last1=Padmanabhan |first1=T. |s2cid=123557221 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> He joined the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR) in [[Mumbai]] in 1979 for his [[Ph.D.]] and became a faculty member there in 1980.<ref name="Homepage of Padmanabhan" /> He held various faculty positions at TIFR from 1980 to 1992 and also spent a year (in 1986–87) at the [[Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge]]. He moved to Pune to work at the [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]] in 1992 and served as its Dean, Core Academic Programmes, for 18 years (1997–2015).<ref name=":0" />

Padmanabhan served as adjunct faculty of TIFR, the [[Harish-Chandra Research Institute]] ([[Allahabad]]), the [[Raman Research Institute]] ([[Bangalore]]) and the [[IISER|Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research]] (IISER, Pune) at different periods in his career. He was adjunct faculty of IISER, [[Mohali]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Prof. Padmanabhan: A Personal and Professional History|url=http://www.iucaa.in/~paddy/biodata/bio60.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=19 September 2021|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008070415/http://www.iucaa.in/~paddy/biodata/bio60.pdf}}</ref>

Padmanabhan served as chairman (2006–09) of the Time Allocation Committee<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncra.tifr.res.in/ncra/gmrt/gtac |title=GMRT Time Allocation Committee |access-date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202140143/http://www.ncra.tifr.res.in/ncra/gmrt/gtac |url-status=live }}</ref> of the Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope of NCRA. He was chairman (2008–11) of the Indian National Science Academy's National Committee<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/com.php |title=INSA |access-date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115182700/http://www.insaindia.res.in/com.php |url-status=live }}</ref> which interfaces with the activities of the International Astronomical Union. In addition to advising the Government on policy issues, this also required him to coordinate the International Year of Astronomy 2009 activities in the country.<ref name=":1" />

He was elected president of the Cosmology Commission (2009–2012) of the [[International Astronomical Union]] (IAU) and provided advice to IAU activities in this field. He was elected in 2011 as chairman of the Astrophysics Commission (2011–2014) of the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]] (IUPAP)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://iupap.org/members-liaisons/ |title=Members & Liaisons | IUPAP: The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics |access-date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124093009/http://iupap.org/members-liaisons/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and co-ordinated the activities of IUPAP in this area. He was also a visiting faculty at many institutes including the [[California Institute of Technology]], [[Princeton University]], and a Sackler Distinguished Astronomer of the [[Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge]]. He was an elected fellow of [[The World Academy of Sciences]] and of all three National Academies of Science in India (the [[Indian National Science Academy]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]).<ref name=":1" />

In addition to his scientific research, Padmanabhan worked actively to popularize science and gave over 300 popular science lectures and authored more than 100 popular science articles. He did a comic strip serial ''The Story of Physics''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scipop.iucaa.in/Literature/tsop/tsop01.html|title=The Story of Physics|access-date=17 September 2021|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917194711/https://scipop.iucaa.in/Literature/tsop/tsop01.html|url-status=live}}</ref> aimed at school children. Published by Vigyan Prasar (New Delhi), it was translated into half a dozen regional Indian languages and made available at an affordable price at Indian schools. To commemorate the International Year of Astronomy (IYA) in 2009, he published (with [[Jayant Narlikar|J. V. Narlikar]] and Samir Dhurde) the IYA Astronomical Diary 2009,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~scipop/Literature/iyadiary.html |title=IYA Diary: 2009 |website=www.iucaa.ernet.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205014219/http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~scipop/Literature/iyadiary.html |archive-date=5 December 2012 }}</ref> which comprises 53 illustrated pages of astronomical information. In 2019, he co-authored with Vasanthi Padmanabhan ''The Dawn of Science'' (published by Springer<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030175085 |title=The Dawn of Science |year=2019 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-17509-2 |access-date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120052412/https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030175085 |url-status=live |last1=Padmanabhan |first1=Thanu |last2=Padmanabhan |first2=Vasanthi |isbn=978-3-030-17508-5 |s2cid=167177582 }}</ref>).

He was married to Vasanthi Padmanabhan, who has a Ph.D. in astrophysics from TIFR, Mumbai, and they had one daughter, Hamsa Padmanabhan, who herself has a Ph.D. in astrophysics from IUCAA, Pune.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Scientific community in Kerala mourns Thanu Padmanabhan's demise {{!}} Kochi News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/scientific-community-in-kerala-mourns-thanu-padmanabhans-demise/articleshow/86312578.cms|url-status=live|access-date=19 September 2021|website=The Times of India|date=18 September 2021 |language=en|archive-date=19 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919080340/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/scientific-community-in-kerala-mourns-thanu-padmanabhans-demise/articleshow/86312578.cms}}</ref>

He died on 17 September 2021 at the age of 64 after a heart attack at his residence in Pune.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=17 September 2021|title=Renowned astrophysicist Thanu Padmanabhan passes away|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/renowned-astrophysicist-thanu-padmanabhan-passes-away/article36513555.ece|access-date=17 September 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008070416/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/renowned-astrophysicist-thanu-padmanabhan-passes-away/article36513555.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 September 2021|title=Theoretical physicist Thanu Padmanabhan passes away in Pune|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/theoretical-physicist-thanu-padmanabhan-passes-away-in-pune-7514922/|access-date=17 September 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917153742/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/theoretical-physicist-thanu-padmanabhan-passes-away-in-pune-7514922/|url-status=live}}</ref> A tribute article written by his former graduate students and post-doctoral fellows and physics friends from college days has been posted on the Physics arXiv.<ref>{{cite arXiv|last1=Bagla|first1=Jasjeet Singh|last2=Bhattacharya|first2=Krishnakanta|last3=Chakraborty|first3=Sumanta|last4=Engineer|first4=Sunu|last5=Faraoni|first5=Valerio|last6=Kolekar|first6=Sanved|last7=Kothawala|first7=Dawood|last8=Lochan|first8=Kinjalk|last9=Modak|first9=Sujoy|last10=Nair|first10=V. Parameswaran|last11=Paranjape|first11=Aseem|date=2021-10-07|title=The Life and Science of Thanu Padmanabhan|class=physics.hist-ph|eprint=2110.03208}}</ref>

==Key awards and distinctions==
Padmanabhan received several national and international awards including:<ref>{{Cite web|title=padmanabhan_cv.dvi|url=http://www.iucaa.in/~paddy/biodata/padmanabhan_cv.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=17 September 2021|archive-date=9 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009021552/http://www.iucaa.in/~paddy/biodata/padmanabhan_cv.pdf}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* Kerala Shastra Puraskaram, 2021<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kerala's prestigious science honor for M S Swaminathan and Thanu Padmanabhan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/keralas-prestigious-science-honor-for-m-s-swaminathan-and-thanu-padmanabhan/articleshow/85402647.cms|access-date=17 September 2021|website=The Times of India|date=17 August 2021 |archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827173942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/keralas-prestigious-science-honor-for-m-s-swaminathan-and-thanu-padmanabhan/articleshow/85402647.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* M. P. Birla Memorial Award, 2019<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/physics-scientists-thanu-padmanabhan-receives-m-p-birla-memorial-award-in-cosmology-7424631.html |title=Physics scientist Thanu Padmanabhan receives M P Birla Memorial Award in cosmology |date=30 September 2019 |access-date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017064228/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/physics-scientists-thanu-padmanabhan-receives-m-p-birla-memorial-award-in-cosmology-7424631.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Homi Bhabha Lecturer at UK (IoP-IPA award), 2014<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tifr.res.in/~ipa1970/exlist.php |title=Indian Physics Association |access-date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127145103/https://www.tifr.res.in/~ipa1970/exlist.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[TWAS Prize]] in Physics (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://twas.org/article/twas-announces-2011-prize-winners |title=Announcement of TWAS Prize in Physics (2011) |date=21 November 2011 |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-date=10 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110112833/http://twas.org/article/twas-announces-2011-prize-winners |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Infosys Prize|Infosys Science Foundation Prize]] for Physical Sciences (2009)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/laureates/2009/index.asp |title=List of Laureates – Infosys Prize 2009 |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315091225/http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/laureates/2009/index.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>
* J. C. Bose National Fellowship ([[Science and Engineering Research Board]], DST<ref name="SERB_JCBoseFellowship" />) (2008)<ref name="IndiaTimes_Physicist_dies_at_64" />
* [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] [[Vainu Bappu]] Gold Medal (2007)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insaindia.org/recipients.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140404115326/http://www.insaindia.org/recipients.php|url-status=unfit|title=Recipients|archive-date=4 April 2014|website=INSA India}}</ref>
* [[Padma Shri]] (from the [[President of India]], 2007)<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>
* Miegunah Fellowship Award ([[University of Melbourne]], [[Australia]], 2004)
* Homi Bhabha Fellowship (2003)
* [[G. D. Birla Award for Scientific Research]] (2003)
* [[Khwarizmi International Award|Al-Khwarizmi International Award]] (2002)
* The Millennium Medal ([[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]], 2000)
* [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]] (1996)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=218 |title=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize: Profile of the Awardee |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008070424/https://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=218 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The Birla Science Prize (1991)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.birlasciencecentre.org/awards/birlaSciencePrizes/ |title=List of B. M. Birla Science Prizes |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128175901/http://www.birlasciencecentre.org/awards/birlaSciencePrizes/ }}</ref>
* Young Scientist Award, ([[Indian National Science Academy]]) (1984)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.org/youngmedal.php |title=List of recipients of INSA medal for young scientists 1974-2014 |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131011230428/http://www.insaindia.org/youngmedal.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col end}}
His research work won prizes nine times (in 1984, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2014, 2018 and 2020) including the First Prize in 2008 from the [[Gravity Research Foundation]], USA.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.2physics.com/2008/09/gravity-emergent-perspective.html |title=Gravity: An Emergent Perspective |access-date=9 July 2012 |archive-date=7 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407060622/http://www.2physics.com/2008/09/gravity-emergent-perspective.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

A Stanford study in 2020, listing top scientists in different fields, ranked Padmanabhan as 24th in the world in his research area.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators |year=2020 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000918 |last1=Ioannidis |first1=John P. A. |last2=Boyack |first2=Kevin W. |last3=Baas |first3=Jeroen |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=18 |issue=10 |article-number=e3000918 |pmid=33064726 |pmc=7567353 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-stanford-universitys-list-of-top-2-per-cent-scientists-7013248/ |title=Explained: Why Stanford University has a list of the top 2 per cent scientists|work=The Indian Express |date=19 November 2020 |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201181838/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-stanford-universitys-list-of-top-2-per-cent-scientists-7013248/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Research==
Padmanabhan's research was on the fields of gravitation and cosmology which includes [[quantum gravity]] and nature of [[dark energy]].<ref name="Physics Reports 2003">{{cite journal |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0370157303001200 |last1=Padmanabhan |first1=T. |title=Cosmological constant—the weight of the vacuum |journal=Physics Reports |date=July 2003 |volume=380 |issue=5–6 |pages=235–320 |doi=10.1016/S0370-1573(03)00120-0 |arxiv=hep-th/0212290 |bibcode=2003PhR...380..235P |s2cid=119440437 |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527142325/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0370157303001200 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Padmanabhan |first=T. |date=January 2020 |title=Gravity and quantum theory: Domains of conflict and contact |url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218271820300013 |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics D |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=2030001–2030745 |doi=10.1142/S0218271820300013 |arxiv=1909.02015 |bibcode=2020IJMPD..2930001P |s2cid=202537535 |issn=0218-2718}}</ref> During 2002–2015, he provided a clear interpretation of [[gravity]] as an emergent phenomenon (like elasticity or fluid dynamics) and showed that this paradigm extends to a wide class of theories of gravitation including, but not limited to, general relativity.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1088/0034-4885/73/4/046901| title=Thermodynamical aspects of gravity: New insights| year=2010| last1=Padmanabhan| first1=T.| journal=Reports on Progress in Physics| volume=73| issue=4| article-number=046901| arxiv=0911.5004| bibcode=2010RPPh...73d6901P| s2cid=209835245}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1007/s10714-014-1673-7| title=General relativity from a thermodynamic perspective| year=2014| last1=Padmanabhan| first1=T.| journal=General Relativity and Gravitation| volume=46| issue=3| article-number=1673| arxiv=1312.3253| bibcode=2014GReGr..46.1673P| s2cid=119177380}}</ref> Padmanabhan could show that several peculiar aspects of classical gravitational theories find natural interpretations in this approach.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1088/1742-6596/306/1/012001|title = Lessons from classical gravity about the quantum structure of spacetime|year = 2011|last1 = Padmanabhan|first1 = Thanu|journal = Journal of Physics: Conference Series|volume = 306|issue = 1|article-number = 012001|arxiv = 1012.4476|bibcode = 2011JPhCS.306a2001P|s2cid = 119249958}}</ref> Such an interpretation also provides a novel solution to the cosmological constant problem.<ref>{{Cite journal|arxiv=1404.2284|last1= Padmanabhan|first1= T.|title= Cosmological Constant from the Emergent Gravity Perspective|journal= International Journal of Modern Physics D|volume= 23|issue= 6|pages= 1430011–1430458|last2= Padmanabhan|first2= Hamsa|year= 2014|doi= 10.1142/S0218271814300110|bibcode= 2014IJMPD..2330011P|s2cid= 119181469}}</ref> He gave two lectures at the Oxford–Cambridge collaborative conference on "Cosmology and the Constants of Nature" about this.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pcd911qSTBk |title=Video: Cosmological constants – Part 1 (Thanu Padmanabhan) |website=[[YouTube]] |date=4 June 2014 |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425140012/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pcd911qSTBk&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPkspt1XrKQ |title=Video: Cosmological constants – Part 2 (Thanu Padmanabhan) |website=[[YouTube]] |date=4 June 2014 |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=23 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423150450/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPkspt1XrKQ&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

Popular (non-technical) descriptions of Padmanabhan's research have been published in [[Scientific American]] (India),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140722003933/http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~paddy/research/SAfinalarticle.pdf Article : ''Scientific American'' (India)]</ref> and a more technical description is available in an article from the [[Gravity Research Foundation]] in 2008, that describes his First Prize work. Another popular article about his work which appeared in a German science magazine<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaas |first=Rüdiger |date=2014-11-18 |title=Die Atome der Raumzeit |url=https://www.wissenschaft.de/astronomie-physik/die-atome-der-raumzeit/ |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=wissenschaft.de |language=de}}</ref> along with the English translation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Atoms of Space-Time |url=http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~paddy/research/german-article.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131081918/http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~paddy/research/german-article.pdf |archive-date=2016-01-31 |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=iucaa.ernet.in}}</ref> An interview of Padmanabhan by George Musser about his work can be found [https://spookyactionbook.com/2015/12/23/an-interview-with-thanu-padmanabhan-video/ here].

In the earlier part of Padmanabhan's career (1980–2001), he made important contributions to [[quantum cosmology]], [[structure formation]] in the universe and statistical mechanics of gravitating systems. In the 1980s, he came up with an interpretation of the [[Planck length]] as the 'zero-point length' of the [[spacetime]] based on very general considerations.<ref name="AnnalsPhysics1985">{{cite journal |last1=Padmanabhan |first1=T. |title=Physical significance of planck length |journal=Annals of Physics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000349168580004X |date=November 1985 |volume=165 |issue=1 |pages=38–58 |doi=10.1016/S0003-4916(85)80004-X |bibcode=1985AnPhy.165...38P |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918202751/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000349168580004X |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This result, established by theoretical considerations and well-chosen thought experiments,<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1088/0264-9381/4/4/007|title = Limitations on the operational definition of spacetime events and quantum gravity|year = 1987|last1 = Padmanabhan|first1 = T.|journal = Classical and Quantum Gravity|volume = 4|issue = 4|pages = L107–L113|bibcode = 1987CQGra...4L.107P| s2cid=250887977 }}</ref> finds an echo in more recent results in several other candidate models for [[quantum gravity]]. He developed the complex path method (in 1998<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.60.024007| title=Particle production and complex path analysis| year=1999| last1=Srinivasan| first1=K.| last2=Padmanabhan| first2=T.| journal=Physical Review D| volume=60| issue=2| article-number=024007| arxiv=gr-qc/9812028| bibcode=1999PhRvD..60b4007S| s2cid=53450120}}</ref>) to study [[black hole thermodynamics]] which was a precursor to the 'tunneling paradigm' that became quite popular later on. He was a recognized authority in the subject of the statistical mechanics of gravitating systems<ref name="Physics Reports 1990">{{cite journal |last1=Padmanabhan |first1=T. |title=Statistical mechanics of gravitating systems |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0370157390900513 |journal=Physics Reports |date=April 1990 |volume=188 |issue=5 |pages=285–362 |doi=10.1016/0370-1573(90)90051-3 |bibcode=1990PhR...188..285P |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008070418/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0370157390900513 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and was a pioneer in the systematic application of these concepts to study the [[gravitational clustering]] in an [[expanding universe]].<ref>{{Cite book |doi = 10.1007/3-540-45835-2_7|chapter = Statistical Mechanics of Gravitating Systems in Static and Cosmological Backgrounds|title = Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Systems with Long-Range Interactions|series = Lecture Notes in Physics|year = 2002|last1 = Padmanabhan|first1 = Thanu|volume = 602|pages = 165–207|arxiv = astro-ph/0206131|isbn = 978-3-540-44315-5}}</ref> He was invited to lecture twice at the Les Houches Schools (in 2002 and 2008) to a broader community about this subject.

In November 2016, Padmanabhan published research studies advocating a new [[paradigm shift]] in understanding [[gravity]].<ref name="ARX-20161110">{{cite journal |last=Padmanabhan |first=Thanu |author-link=Thanu Padmanabhan |title=Do We really Understand the Cosmos? |arxiv=1611.03505 |year=2017 |doi=10.1016/j.crhy.2017.02.001 |volume=18 |issue=3–4 |journal=Comptes Rendus Physique |pages=275–291|bibcode=2017CRPhy..18..275P |s2cid=119214901 }}</ref><ref name="ENS-20161115">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Research shows paradigm shift in understanding of gravity |url=http://epaper.indianexpress.com/c/14675133 |date=15 November 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=19 November 2016 |archive-date=20 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120010313/http://epaper.indianexpress.com/c/14675133 |url-status=live }}</ref> A key question in quantum gravity lies in understanding the primordial, pre-geometric phase of the universe, from which the classical, geometric phase described by Einstein's equations emerges along with the notions of space and time themselves.
Padmanabhan introduced the notion of Cosmic Information (called 'CosmIn'), which allows these two phases to be connected in a fascinating manner. CosmIn, which is a [[conserved quantity]], measures the total information transferred from the quantum gravitational phase to the classical phase of the universe. Quantum gravitational considerations advocate an astonishingly simple value for CosmIn: 4π, the number of information 'bits' on the surface of a sphere of unit radius. Using these considerations, CosmIn was able to relate the numerical value of the [[cosmological constant]] – possibly the deepest unsolved problem in [[theoretical physics]] today – to the energy scale at which the universe made the quantum-to-classical transition.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269317306408 |title=Cosmic information, the cosmological constant and the amplitude of primordial perturbations |journal=Physics Letters B |date=10 October 2017 |volume=773 |pages=81–85 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2017.07.066 |bibcode=2017PhLB..773...81P |access-date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917113228/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269317306408?via%3Dihub |url-status=live |last1=Padmanabhan |first1=T. |last2=Padmanabhan |first2=Hamsa |arxiv=1703.06144 |s2cid=118886523 }}</ref> This is the first time that a model with no adjustable parameters is able to provide a holistic explanation for both these observations, which has far-reaching implications for the quantum structure of spacetime. A non-technical account covering this latest development in Padmanabhan's research was published in the magazine ''Nautilus''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nautil.us/issue/53/monsters/the-universe-began-with-a-big-melt-not-a-big-bang |title=The Universe Began with a Big Melt, Not a Big Bang |date=5 October 2017 |access-date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=21 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121134711/http://nautil.us/issue/53/monsters/the-universe-began-with-a-big-melt-not-a-big-bang |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Publications==

===Books authored===
Padmanabhan authored several advanced level textbooks. In addition, he authored several popular-level science books.
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030175085 ''The Dawn of Science: Glimpses from History for the Curious Mind''], Springer, Heidelberg (2019)
* [https://www.springer.com/in/book/9783319281711 ''Quantum Field Theory: The Why, What and How''], Springer, Heidelberg (2016)
* [https://www.springer.com/in/book/9783319134420 ''Sleeping Beauties in Theoretical Physics: 26 Surprising Insights''], Springer, Heidelberg (2015)
* [http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item2709751 ''Gravitation: Foundations and Frontiers''], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (2010)
* [https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/6010 ''An Invitation to Astrophysics''], World Scientific, Singapore, (2006)
* [http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521562423 Theoretical Astrophysics - Volume III : ''Galaxies and Cosmology''], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (2002)
* [http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521562416 Theoretical Astrophysics - Volume II : ''Stars and Stellar Systems''], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (2001)
* [http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521566322 Theoretical Astrophysics - Volume I : ''Astrophysical Processes''], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (2000) - [https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2001Obs...121..197P Review]
* [http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item1146022/ ''Cosmology and Astrophysics through Problems''], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (1996) [http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0264-9381/14/4/019 Review]
* [http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item1142185/ ''Structure Formation in the Universe''], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (1993) - [https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13818765.200-review-on-the-origin-of-the-lumpy-bits.html Review]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=XC_dfPLWz4AC ''Gravity, Gauge Theories and Quantum Cosmology''], (co-authored with [[Jayant Narlikar|J.V. Narlikar]]), Reidel (1986)
* [http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/7047.html ''Quantum Themes: The Charms of the Microworld''], World Scientific, Singapore, (2009)
* [http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521620390 ''After the First Three Minutes - The Story of Our Universe''], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (1998)
{{div col end}}

===Selected technical review articles===
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218271820300013 ''Gravity and Quantum Theory: Domains of Conflict and Contact''], Invited Review, IJMPD (2020) 2030001
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1631070517300269?via%3Dihub ''Do We really Understand the Cosmos?''], Comptes Rendus Physique, 18 (3–4): 275–291, arXiv:1611.03505, Bibcode:2017CRPhy..18..275P. doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2017.02.001
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/1410.6285 ''Emergent Gravity Paradigm: Recent Progress''], Mod. Phys. Letters A, 30, 1540007 (2015)
* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0370157390900513 ''Statistical Mechanics of Gravitating Systems''], Physics Reports, Vol.188, pp. 285–362 (1990)
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0212290 ''Cosmological Constant - the Weight of the Vacuum''], Physics Reports, Vol. 380, pp. 235–320 (2003)
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/0911.5004 ''Thermodynamical Aspects of Gravity: New insights''], Reports in Progress of Physics, 73, 046901 (2010)
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/1012.4476 ''Lessons from Classical Gravity about the Quantum Structure of Spacetime''], J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 306:012001 (2011)
* [http://hdl.handle.net/11007/50 ''Physical significance of Planck length''], Annals of Physics, Vol. 165, pp. 38, (1985)
{{div col end}}

===Selected popular science articles===
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
*[http://nautil.us/issue/53/monsters/the-universe-began-with-a-big-melt-not-a-big-bang ''The Universe Began With a Big Melt, Not a Big Bang''], Nautilus, Issue 53, 5 October 2017
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140722003933/http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~paddy/research/SAfinalarticle.pdf ''Grappling with Gravity''], Scientific American India, January 2011, 30-35
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121205014219/http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~scipop/Literature/iyadiary.html The IYA Astronomical Diary - 2009], 53 illustrated pages of astronomical information, celebrating the [[International Year of Astronomy]] (2009) (with [[Jayant Narlikar|J.V.Narlikar]] and Samir Dhurde).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150715010432/http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~scipop/Literature/tsop/tsop01.html ''The Story of Physics''], a comic strip serialised in the magazine Science Age, from Sept. 1984 to Dec. 1986; published in book form by [[Vigyan Prasar]], New Delhi, (2002) and now translated into several Indian regional languages.
{{div col end}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="IndiaTimes_Physicist_dies_at_64">{{cite news | last1= Khanna | first1= Monnit | title= World-Renowned Physicist Prof Thanu Padmanabhan Dies From Heart Attack At 64 | date= 2021-09-17 |newspaper= [[India Times]] | url= https://www.indiatimes.com/technology/news/world-renowned-physicist-prof-thanu-padmanabhan-dead-at-64-549669.html |access-date= 2021-09-29 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210920034405/https://www.indiatimes.com/technology/news/world-renowned-physicist-prof-thanu-padmanabhan-dead-at-64-549669.html |archive-date= 2021-09-20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="SERB_JCBoseFellowship">{{cite web | title= J.C. Bose Fellowship | website= [[Science and Engineering Research Board]] |year = 2021 | url = https://serbonline.in/SERB/jcbose_fellowship | access-date = 2021-09-29 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210928231602/https://serbonline.in/SERB/jcbose_fellowship |archive-date= 2021-09-28 |url-status=live }}</ref>
</references>

==External links==
* [http://www.iucaa.in/~paddy/ Thanu Padmanabhan's Home page]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xCZFk0ycrM A 50-hour course by Padmanabhan on Quantum Field Theory] (available on YouTube)
* [https://gr-lectures-paddy.blogspot.in/2009_07_21_archive.html A one-semester course of lectures] on general relativity by Padmanabhan
* [http://pcc2341f.unige.ch/videos/VideosPadmanabhan.htm Another set of lectures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110115239/http://pcc2341f.unige.ch/videos/VideosPadmanabhan.htm |date=10 January 2018 }} (15 hours) by Padmanabhan on Advanced Topics in general relativity at the 'troisieme cycle de la physique en suisse romande' course (Geneva, Switzerland).

{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}
{{Scientific Research in Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Kerala}}
{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padmanabhan, Thanu}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian astronomers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian astronomers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Indian cosmologists]]
[[Category:Indian theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Scientists from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research alumni]]
[[Category:TWAS laureates]]
[[Category:University College Thiruvananthapuram alumni]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:People associated with the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]]

Shree Somnath Sanskrit University

2026-01-22T17:37:22Z

Veronagqc: expanded content

{{Short description|University in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = '''Shree Somnath Sanskrit University'''
| image = SSSU logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| other_name = SSSU
| motto = पूर्णतागौरवाय
| motto_lang = Sanskrit
| established = {{start date and age|2005}}
| chancellor = [[Governor of Gujarat]]
| vice_chancellor = Sukanta Kumar Senapati
| city = [[Veraval]], [[Gujarat]] 362266
| country = [[India]]
| students =
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| academic_affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| website = {{url|sssu.ac.in}}
| mapframe =
}}

'''Shree Somnath Sanskrit University''' (SSSU) is a [[Public university|public]] university located in [[Veraval, Gujarat]] , [[India]]. It was created by the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] through the ''Shree Somnath Sanskrit University Act'' in 2005 for the research and teaching of [[sanskrit literature]], with objectives to preserve India’s cultural and linguistic heritage. It is accredited A+ by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]].

The main campus in Veraval is home to seven departments, or faculties, which, together with 110 affiliated colleges, research institutes, and centers across Gujarat, award nine different degrees, including B.A., M.A., and PhD, in a variety of fields. Shree Somnath Sanskrit University publishes a quarterly research publication, Somajyoti, and organize regular workshops and conferences to promote discourse and research in Sanskrit language and culture.

== History ==
Shree Somnath Sanskrit University, located in [[Veraval]], [[Gujarat]], is the only Sanskrit University in the state of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Parikh|first=Margie|date=April 2011|title=Development at Somnath Temple: Administrative leadership?|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/65287845/development-somnath-temple-administrative-leadership|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725211951/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/65287845/development-somnath-temple-administrative-leadership|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-07-25|journal=Decision|volume=38|pages=141|via=EBSCO}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Shree Somnath Sanskrit University Details|journal=SSSU}}</ref> This public university was established in 2005 by the state of Gujarat’s passage of the Shree Somnath Sanskrit University Act for the scientific research and teaching of Sanskrit literature.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=April 1, 2005|title=The Shree Somnath Sanskrit University Act, 2005|url=https://prsindia.org/acts_bills/acts_state/files/pdf/gujarat/2005/2005GUJARAT25.pdf|website=PRS India}}</ref> The university’s objectives include the preservation of India’s cultural and linguistic heritage, promoting the appreciation of this heritage within India, and integrating traditional and contemporary knowledge systems.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=About University - Shree Somnath Sanskrit University|url=https://sssu.ac.in/index.php/about-university|access-date=2020-07-25|website=sssu.ac.in}}</ref> The Shree Somnath Sanskrit University Act stipulated that the languages and literatures of [[Prakrit]], [[Magahi language|Magadhi]], [[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit|Ardhamagadhi]], and [[Pali]] should be considered a part of the broader Sanskrit linguistic heritage that the university should seek to nurture.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Moreover, the university’s founding charter specified that to fulfill the mission to integrate traditional and contemporary knowledge systems, the university should develop classes exploring the connections between [[Ayurveda]] and modern medicine, Vastu śāstra and modern architecture, Arthaśāstra and modern economics and political science, and Vyākaraṇa, and modern grammar and linguistics.<ref name=":0" /> The university seeks to promote an ethos emphasizing the attainment of completeness and excellence as embodied by the motto, “Pūrṇatā Gauravāya”, literally, wholeness begets excellence, articulated in Sanskrit poet Kalidasa’s famous poem, [[Meghadūta|Meghaduta]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home - Shree Somnath Sanskrit University|url=https://sssu.ac.in/index.php/home#motto|access-date=2020-07-25|website=sssu.ac.in}}</ref>

== Academics ==

=== Degree Programs ===
The university blends both traditional and modern forms of Sanskrit education.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title=Shree Somnath Sanskrit University Brochure}}</ref> The languages of instruction are Hindi, Sanskrit, Gujarati, and English for lower-level courses, which gradually transitions to Sanskrit as the sole medium of instruction for higher-level courses.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The university confers nine different degrees, including certificate, diploma, B.A., B. Ed., M.A., M. Phil, and Ph.D. The B.A. and M.A. degrees are also known as Shastri and Acharya degrees, respectively.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" |Academic Degrees offered at Shree Somnath Sanskrit University in 2020<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|title=Somnath Parichay}}</ref>
|-
!Degree
!Subjects
!Eligibility
!Duration
|-
!Ph.D.
|Sāhitya, Veda, Purāṇa, Jyotisha, Vāstuśāstra, Paurohitya, Nyaya, Vedānta, and Vyākaraṇa
|M.A. in Sanskrit
|No fixed duration
|-
!M. Phil.
|Sāhitya, Veda, Purāṇa, and Vyākaraṇa
|M.A. in Sanskrit
|2 Years
|-
!M.A.
|Sāhitya, Veda, Purāṇa, Jyotisha, Vāstuśāstra, Paurohitya, Vedānta, Nyaya, Vyākaraṇa,Sarvadarshan, Dharmaśāstra, and Yoga
|Graduation in Sanskrit
|2 Years
|-
!Postgraduate Diploma in Computer Application
|Computer and Compulsory Sanskrit
|Graduation in any subject
|1 Years
|-
!B. Ed.
|Sanskrit
|Graduation in Sanskrit
|2 Year
|-
!B.A.
|Sāhitya, Veda, Purāṇa, Jyotisha, Vāstuśāstra, Paurohitya, Nyaya, Vedānta, and Vyākaraṇa
|12th Standard (in any stream)
|3 Years
|-
!Postgraduate Diploma
|Sanskrit and Hindu Religious Studies
|Graduation in any Subject
|1 Years
|-
!Diploma
|Yoga, Temple Management, Vāstuśāstra, Sanskrit Teaching, Jyotisha, Vedic Mathematics, Music, Sanskrit and Hindu Religious Studies
|12th Standard (in any stream)
|1 Years
|-
!Certificate
|Yoga, Vedic Mathematics, and Music
|10th Standard
|6 Months
|}
In the B.A. degree (Shastri), students are required to study: Sanskrit (Vyākaraṇa, Sāhitya, and Darśana), English, Digital Literacy, Hindi or Gujarati, Sociology, Economics, History, and Political Science. In addition, students choose a primary and secondary emphasis from the following: Navya-Vyākaraṇa, Sarvadarśana, Rāmānuja Vedānta, Swāminārāyaṇ Vedānta, Navya-Nyāya, Sāhitya, Purāṇa, Dharmaśāstra, Veda, Jyotiṣa, Vāstuśāstra, and Paurohitya.<ref name=":4" />

In the M.A. degree (Acharya), the following subjects are studied: Sanskrit (study of various texts of religious history and linguistics), three primary textual emphases chosen from within the fields of Navya-Vyākaraṇa, Sarvadarśana, Rāmānuja Vedānta, Swāminārāyaṇ Vedānta, Navya-Nyāya, Sāhitya, Purāṇa, Dharmaśāstra, Veda, Jyotiṣa, Vāstuśāstra, and Paurohitya, and a secondary textual emphasis chosen from Navya-Vyākaraṇa, Sarva-Darśana, Sāhitya, Purāṇa, Dharma-śāstra, Veda, and Jyotiṣa.<ref name=":4" />

The university offers a PhD in the following fields of study: Sāhitya, Veda, Purāṇa, Jyotiṣa, Vāstu-śāstra, Paurohitya, Nyāya, Vedānta, and Vyākaraṇa.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The university is developing plans to offer a M.Ed. degree and open a College of Ayurveda in collaboration with other institutions.<ref name=":1" />

=== Academic Departments ===
Shree Somnath Sanskrit University has seven main academic departments, or faculties, in which the following courses and degrees are offered.<ref name=":1" /> In its Veraval campus during the 2019-2020 academic year, under the leadership of Vice-Chancellor Dr. Gopabandhu Mishra, 50 faculty and staff taught approximately 318 students.<ref name=":1" />

In 2020, the academic departments at the Veraval campus were:<ref name=":1" />

* Faculty of Ved and Vedanga (Vedas and Auxiliary Disciplines)
* Faculty of Sāhitya (Literature)
* Faculty of Vyākaraṇa,a (Grammar and Linguistics)
* Faculty of Vijnan and Abhinav Vidya (Science and Innovation)
* Faculty of Purāṇa (Ancient Sanskrit Texts)
* Faculty of Darśana (Theology)
* Faculty of Shiksha Shastri (Education)

=== Academic Exchange Programs ===
In 2019, Shree Somnath Sanskrit University signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Heidelberg University, Wurzburg University, and Leipzig University—three German universities that have a long tradition of Sanskrit scholarship. The MoU specifies that the universities will foster academic exchange of cultural and religious studies, Sanskrit, and other South Asian languages between faculty and students.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 22, 2019|first=Nimesh|last=Khakhariya|title=Sanskrit University signs MoUs with three German varsities|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/sanskrit-university-signs-mous-with-three-german-varsities/articleshow/71694607.cms|access-date=2020-07-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Campuses ==

=== Veraval campus ===
The Veraval Campus is the main branch of Shree Somnath Sanskrit University.<ref name=":1" />

==== Student facilities ====
SSSU provides free lodging and boarding to all its students.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=SSSU Library - About SSS University|url=https://sites.google.com/view/sssulibrary/home/about-sss-university|access-date=2020-07-30|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The campus also has a gymnasium and a large area for indoor and outdoor recreation.<ref name=":5" />

==== Library ====
The SSSU library, called Sharada Bhavan, was established in 2007. The Triveni Reference Library, a reading room, was inaugurated in October 2013.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> The library houses approximately 22,000 books and 25 serial publications.<ref name=":5" /> The library is open to students, faculty, non-teaching staff, affiliated colleges, and daily visitors.<ref name=":5" />

=== Affiliated Colleges and Centers ===
The university also offers various degree, diploma, and certificate courses across a number of campuses in Gujarat. The courses include temple management, paurohitya, jyotisha, vastu śāstra, yoga, spoken Sanskrit, and a post-graduate diploma in computer applications. These courses are conducted through academic affiliation with 110 colleges, universities and research institutes across Gujarat.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|title=Shree Somnath Sanskrit University|url=https://www.unirank.org/in/uni/shree-somnath-sanskrit-university/|accessdate=26 September 2014|publisher=www.unirank.org}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> These include:

* Tattvagnan Mandir Research Institute in Modasa <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />
* Akshardham Centre for Applied Research in Social Harmony in Gandhinagar <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />
* Santshri Sandhyagiribapu Sanskrit Pathshala in Jamnagar<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wel come to Shree Anandabawa Seva Sanstha-Jamnagar|url=http://anandabawa.org/sanskrit_pathshala.php|access-date=2020-07-31|website=anandabawa.org}}</ref>
* Shri Bhagwat Vidyapith Trust Shiksha-Shastri (B.Ed.) College in Ahmedabad<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=B. Ed Collage – Just another WordPress site|url=http://sbvtbedcollege.org/|access-date=2020-07-31|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Shri Brahmarshi Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya in Nadiad<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-25|title=Three from Gujarat among Padma awardees|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/three-from-gujarat-among-padma-awardees/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* Shri Darśanam Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya in Ahmedabad<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Darshanam Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya|url=https://sites.google.com/sgvp.org/dss|access-date=2020-07-31|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Shri Jhanvi Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya in Amreli<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=5 colleges seek Junagadh Sanskrit varsity's affiliation - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/5-colleges-seek-junagadh-sanskrit-varsitys-affiliation/1139408/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>
* Shri Muktanand Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya in Magod<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri Muktananda Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya|url=https://www.shantimandir.com/charitable-works/shri-muktananda-sanskrit-mahavidyalaya/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=Shanti Mandir}}</ref>
* Shri Narayan Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya in Petlad<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shree Narayan Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya, petlad|url=http://www.shreenarayansanskritmahavidyalaya.com/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=www.shreenarayansanskritmahavidyalaya.com}}</ref>
* BAPS Swaminārāyaṇ Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya in Sarangpur<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-14|title=BAPS introduces two new courses in Sanskrit at Sarangpur|url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2015/04/14/baps-introduces-two-new-courses-in-sanskrit-at-sarangpur/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=DeshGujarat|language=en-US}}</ref>
* N. S. Patel Arts College in Anand<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=N S Patel Arts College|url=http://nspatelartscollege.org/home.html|access-date=2020-07-31|website=N.S.Patel Arts College|language=en}}</ref>

== Research activities ==

=== Publications ===
Somajyoti is a quarterly publication created by the University to share news about the academic and cultural events of the University. The publication includes articles in Sanskrit, Hindi, and English. The chief editor in 2020 was Gopabandhu Mishra.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=SOMAJYOTI (सोमज्योतिः) - Shree Somnath Sanskrit University|url=https://sssu.ac.in/index.php/somajyoti|access-date=2020-07-31|website=sssu.ac.in}}</ref>

=== Conferences ===
Shree Somnath Sanskrit University frequently organizes local, state-level, national, and international conferences to promote scholarship on Sanskrit language and literature by faculty and other eminent scholars.

The “Traditions of Commentary and the Dynamics of Knowledge” international conference was held in February 2020. The conference included papers in Hindi, Sanskrit, and English on topics covering the definition and interpretation of commentaries as well as digital methods and standards for analyzing Sanskrit texts.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=SSSU Brochure (English)|journal=SSSU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=SSSU Invitation to International Conference}}</ref>

The university organizes an annual conference on Sanskrit grammar to discuss new research on specific texts from within the university’s curriculum. In the September 2018 conference, participants discussed selections from the Laghu-śabdendu-śekhara, a Sanskrit text by Nagesh Bhatt (18th Century) commenting on the aphorisms of the Ashṭādhyāyī, the seminal text of Paninian Grammar containing approximately 4000 aphorisms. The conference featured ten presentations, each of which elaborated on an aphorism from a section of the text along with the sajñā-prakaraṇa of the Ashṭādhyāyī.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Somjyoti|url=https://sssu.ac.in/images/SOMJYOTI/Somjyoti---Issue_17_&_18_(May-2018_to_December-2018).pdf|journal=SSSU|volume=17 & 18|pages=5}}</ref>

In May 2018, SSSU organized the All India Oriental Conference, which has been a national forum for scholars interested in Indological studies since 1918.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Summary of research papers|url=https://aioc100.net/images/index/Vedic.pdf|access-date=July 31, 2020}}</ref> The conference brought together scholars of Vedic studies and Classical Sanskrit, along with scholars of Iranian, Islamic, Arabic, and Persian studies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sign in - Google Accounts|url=https://accounts.google.com/ServiceLogin?passive=1209600&osid=1&continue=https://groups.google.com/g/samskrita/c/aPEvw7BvmwU?pli%3D1&followup=https://groups.google.com/g/samskrita/c/aPEvw7BvmwU?pli%3D1|access-date=2020-07-31|website=accounts.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018|title=All India Conference Bulletin No. 1|url=http://fileserver2.mkcl.org/AIOC2019/OasisModules_Files/Files/19.pdf|access-date=July 31, 2020}}</ref>

In September 2017, a national conference was hosted by SSSU entitled the “Vaidika-sangoṣti” (‘Conference on the Vedas’). The three-day conference featured presentations focused on the methods of Vedic rituals and ceremonies. The research conducted by the presenters was compiled into a book published following the conference.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Somjyoti|url=https://sssu.ac.in/images/SOMJYOTI/Somjyoti---Issue_16_(May-2017_to_April-2018).pdf|journal=SSSU|volume=March 2017|pages=4}}</ref>

From January 20 to January 22, 2016, SSSU organized a conference entitled Darśana-Saṅkāya whose purpose was to promote and discuss new research on traditional Hindu scriptures. Bhadreshdas Swami, the author of the Swaminārāyaṇ Vedānta commentaries on the Prasthānatrayī, gave one of the presentations, which featured a line-by-line discussion of the section on inference in the tarkasaṃgraha (a Navya-Nyāya text). Dr. Janakisharan Acharya, Assistant Professor of Sanskrit at SSSU, presented on the Adhyāsa Bhaṣya of Shankara (8th Century). Shrutiprakashdas Swami, director of the Akshardham Center for Applied Research in Social Harmony, presented on the differences and similarities between Ramanuja and Swaminārāyaṇ’s theologies. Other presentations focused on elucidating various sections of the tarkasaṃgraha and the Swaminārāyaṇa-Brahmasūtra-Bhaṣyam.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=Somjyoti|url=|journal=|volume=13|pages=12|via=SSSU}}</ref>

=== Workshops ===
SSSU also organizes regular workshops in order to inspire students, faculty, and other scholars to inquire more deeply into their research areas and broaden their interests <ref>{{Cite journal|date=August 2014|title=Somjyoti|url=https://sssu.ac.in/images/SOMJYOTI/Somjyoti---Issue_11_(August-2014_to_March-2015)%20(1).pdf|journal=SSSU|volume=11|pages=5}}</ref>

In January 2019, a five-day workshop was held that focused on various discussions within the field of Jyotiṣa. Approximately 35 scholars of Jyotiṣa, along with many students, attended the workshop. Scholars from several Indian institutions participated, including authorities in Jyotiṣa studies like Vinay Kumar Pandey of the Banaras Hindu University and Devendranath Pandey of SSSU.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Somjyoti|url=https://sssu.ac.in/images/SOMJYOTI/Somjyoti---Issue_19_(January-2019_to_March-2019).pdf|journal=SSSU|volume=19|pages=3}}</ref>

In August 2017, a workshop entitled “alaṅkāra-nirṇaya” (or ‘Discussion on the Aesthetic Qualities of Poetry) was organized, in which about 25 students participated. The workshop featured sessions on how rhetorical elements are used in Sanskrit [[belles-lettres]] and texts that elucidate the aesthetic qualities of poetry. To increase students’ familiarity with how Sanskrit poets have employed figurative language and rhetorical elements, excerpts of their works were discussed.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=April 2018|title=Somjyoti|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RaWDKYykhBQ9jnZybxsZr_MQtdvKT0gS/view|journal=SSSU|volume=16|pages=8|via=}}</ref>

In July 2017, the university organized a workshop on English speaking and writing, as a part of its broader mission to ensure that students gain a comprehensive education, becoming proficient in languages and skills in addition to Sanskrit. The workshop involved interactive sessions on English grammar, speaking, and writing.<ref name=":7" />

=== Honorary Degrees ===
In 2018, SSSU conferred upon Viveksagar Swami of the Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha a D.Litt for his contributions to Hindu philosophy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=May–June 2018|title=Somnath Sanskrit University Honours Pujya Viveksagar Swami|url=https://download.baps.org/Data/Sites/1/Media/Otherfiles/may_june_2018.pdf|journal=Swaminarayan Bliss|volume=|pages=52|via=}}</ref>

On October 28, 2017, Arknath Chaudhary, Vice-Chancellor of SSSU, awarded Bhadreshdas Swami of the Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha the title Abhinava-Bhāskara, in recognition of his contribution to the Indian dārśanika tradition: namely, reviving interest in the Sanskrit language and inspiring a new lineage of scholars, by composing a set of commentaries on the Prasthānatrayī.<ref name=":7" />

=== Cultural and Social Impact ===

==== Cultural Activities ====
At the university, students participate in activities such as cultural programs, youth festivals, and Annual Day celebrations.<ref name=":5" /> The university’s annual youth festival is called Yuvak Mahotsava, and includes various literary, cultural, and sports activities.<ref name=":1" /> The university also organizes a “Day of Yoga” yearly.<ref name=":4" /> The university also hosts competitions for its students, such as elocution competitions and shloka-chanting competitions, along with organizing conventions for the learning of spoken Sanskrit.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> In adherence to Vedic tradition, yajna is performed daily in the university’s yajnashala.<ref name=":1" />

The university annually hosts a Sanskrit-Saptahotsava (a seven-day Sanskrit festival). As a part of the festival, various competitions are organized.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|date=June 2015|title=Somjyoti|url=https://sssu.ac.in/images/SOMJYOTI/Somjyoti---Issue_12_(June-2015_to_December-2015).pdf|journal=SSSU|volume=12|pages=3}}</ref> In the 2015 Sanskrit-Saptahotsava, 255 students took part in competitions involving essay-writing, delivering speeches, singing, teaching, and storytelling.<ref name=":9" /> The purpose of these competitions, SSSU states, is to inspire students to learn Sanskrit, and to increase students’ awareness of how Sanskrit studies may enrich their studies within other fields.<ref name=":9" />

==== Social Impact ====
In 2011, the university allocated 22.5 lakh rupees towards teaching the knowledge of Hindu priesthood rituals to students from Dalit and tribal families.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Yagnik|first=Bharat|date=July 15, 2014|first2=Parth |last2=Shastri |title=Social revolution takes huge leap in Gujarat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Social-revolution-takes-huge-leap-in-Gujarat/articleshow/38402842.cms|access-date=2020-08-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> At least 80 such students subsequently enrolled in a 3-year diploma course of priesthood.<ref name=":8" /> The diploma includes the study of the Vedas, Vedant, Sāhitya, dharma śāstras, Nyāya, jyotish, shikshā, Vyākaraṇa, mimamsa, darshan, vastu, Purāṇa, English, and computer science. This first cohort graduated in 2015.<ref name=":8" />

SSSU also organizes projects contributing to the planting of trees, public health, and sanitation, and voting awareness.<ref name=":4" />

==See also==
*[[List of Sanskrit universities in India]]
*[[Sanskrit revival]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sssu.ac.in/index.php Official website]

{{Universities in Gujarat}}
{{Sanskrit Universities in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:State universities in Gujarat]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2005]]
[[Category:Gir Somnath district]]
[[Category:Sanskrit universities in India]]

John Macpherson Macleod

2026-01-22T02:46:42Z

Veronagqc: adding first biography added tags

'''Sir John Macpherson Macleod''', [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India|KCSI]], [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|PC]] (14 January 1792 – 1 March 1881) was an East India Company official.

== Biography ==
Macleod was born in Ardarden, [[Dunbartonshire]], the eldest son of Donald Macleod of St. Kilda, colonel in the Madras army, by his wife, Diana, daughter of Donald Macdonald of Tormore in Invernessshire. He was educated at the [[University of Edinburgh]] and [[East India Company College]], and obtained a writership in the Madras civil service on 27 July 1811.

On 7 January 1814, he was appointed second assistant to the secretary to government in the several civil departments, and on 8 July was promoted to be first assistant. In 1816 he was nominated secretary and member of the committee for revising the customs laws. After a three years' visit to England he was appointed acting secretary to government in the financial and general departments on 27 June 1823, and on 6 July 1824 he was permanently confirmed as secretary. In 1825 he became Tamil translator to government, and member of the college board, of the board of public instruction, and of the mint committee. On 14 April 1826 he was nominated Persian translator to government, and on 20 February 1827 he became secretary in the revenue and judicial departments. On 16 January 1829 he was appointed a temporary member of the board of revenue, and he afterwards was permanently confirmed third member.

On 22 June 1832 he received the post of commissioner for the government of Mysore, and in 1834 he was deputed to Hyderabad on special duty by the governor-general. Macleod's work in Mysore was of special importance. The province had in the previous year been transferred from native rule to English superintendence. The task of organising the financial and political administration fell largely upon him and was carried out with ability and success. On 19 February 1835 he became a member of the Indian law commission, and in 1836 member of the committee for revising the system of prison discipline throughout India.

He returned to England in July 1838 and retired from the service in 1841. In 1866 he was appointed KCSI, and in 1871 a privy councillor. He died on 1 March 1881 at his London residence, 1 Stanhope Street, Hyde Park. In 1822 he married Catharine, daughter of William Greig of Thornhill in the county of Stirling.

== References ==
{{DNBSupp|wstitle=Macleod, John Macpherson}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macleod, John Macpherson}}
[[Category:1792 births]]
[[Category:1881 deaths]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]
[[Category:British East India Company civil servants]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]

Marathi theatre

2025-12-28T20:15:15Z

Veronagqc:

{{Short description|Indian theatre in the Marathi language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2016}}
[[File:Marathi theatrical group, Mumbai, 1870.jpg|240px|thumb|A Marathi theatrical group, Mumbai, 1870.]]
'''Marathi theatre''' is theatre in the [[Marathi language]], mostly originating or based in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in India, and elsewhere with [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|diaspora]]. Starting in the middle of the 19th century, it flourished in the 1950s and 1960s. Today, it continues to have a marked presence in the State of [[Maharashtra]] with a loyal audience base, when most theatre in other parts of India have had tough time facing the onslaught of cinema and television. Its repertoire ranges from musicals, humorous social plays, [[farce]]s, historical plays like 'Vedat Marathe Veer Daudale Saat'<ref name="ReferenceA">"लोककला जिवंत ठेवणारी लेखणी विसावली", ‘दै. लोकमत- पुणे’, दि. १४-नोव्हेंबर-२०२१</ref> by [[Bashir Momin Kavathekar]],<ref>“अवलि या लोकसाहित्यीक”, "दै. सकाळ”, पुणे, 21-Nov-2021</ref> to experimental plays and serious drama of the 1970s onwards, by [[Vijay Tendulkar]], [[P. L. Deshpande]], [[Mahesh Elkunchwar]] and [[Satish Alekar]], which have influenced theatre throughout India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Modern Marathi theatre had milestones, limitations.. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Modern-Marathi-theatre-had-milestones-limitations-Expert/articleshow/8753808.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507082416/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-07/pune/29628840_1_marathi-theatre-caste-politics-satish-alekar |url-status=live |archive-date=7 May 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 June 2011 }}</ref> In the post-[[independence of India|independence era]], [[Bengali theatre]], and Marathi theatre have been at the forefront of innovations and significant [[dramaturgy]] in [[Indian theatre]].<ref>[[#Ru|Rubin, p. 196]]</ref><ref name="RubinPong2001">{{cite book|author1=Don Rubin|author2=Chua Soo Pong|author3=Ravi Chaturvedi|author4=Ramendu Majundar|author5= Minoru Tanokura|title=The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia/Pacific|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=maGU4ziPQJQC&pg=PA156|year=2001|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-26087-9|page=155}}</ref>

==History==
===Ancient and medieval period===
The region of Maharashtra, has had long theatrical tradition, one of the early references is found in the cave inscriptions at [[Nashik]] by Gautami Balashri, the mother of 1st-century [[Satavahana]] ruler, [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]]. The inscription mention him organizing Utsava and Samaja forms of theatrical entertainment for his subjects.<ref name=va163>[[#Va|Varadpande, p. 163]]</ref>

There are sources mentioning plays from 17th-century like ''Lakshmaikalyanam,'' and ''Ganga-Kaveri Samvad, '' in the Marathi-language staged for the [[Bhosale]] ruler of [[Tanjore]] in present-day [[Tamil Nadu]] state. However, these were plays performed in the royal court.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=Indira Viswanathan |title=Multilingual Dramas at the Tanjavur Maratha Court and Literary Cultures in Early Modern South India |journal=The Medieval History Journal |date=30 September 2011 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=285–321 |doi=10.1177/097194581101400207|s2cid=162845441 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nias.res.in/event/nias-public-lecture-ganga-kaveri-samvad-multilingual-dance-dramas-and-cultural-pluralism|title=multilingual dance dramas in Tanjore courts|website=nias|access-date=31 May 2019|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623230733/https://www.nias.res.in/event/nias-public-lecture-ganga-kaveri-samvad-multilingual-dance-dramas-and-cultural-pluralism|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===British colonial period (1818-1947)===
The first public performance of a stage play in Marathi was ''Sita Swayamvar'' (Marriage of [[Sita]]) by [[Vishnudas Bhave]], based on a popular episode of the epic [[Ramayana]]. Staged in 1843 in [[Sangli]], with ruler of the [[princely state]] of [[Sangli]] in audience, it was an experimental play, based on folk theatre form called [[Yakshagana]] from the neighbouring [[Karnataka]] region. After the success of his play, he staged many more plays about other episodes of Ramayana. His plays were largely influenced by the [[Shakespearean theatre|Shakespearean]] and [[Parsi theatre|Parsi]] theatres. Bhave went on to form a travelling theatre troupe.<ref name=Da1087>[[#Da|Datta, p. 1087]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prominent Personalities: Vishnudas Bhave |url=http://sangli.gov.in/htmldocs/prominet_personalities1.htm |website=Sangli.gov.in |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314030303/http://sangli.gov.in/htmldocs/prominet_personalities1.htm |archive-date=14 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The coming decades saw notable plays like ''Jhansichya Raniche Naatak'' (1870), ''Sawai Madhavravancha Mrutyu'' (1871), ''AfjhalKhanachya Mrutyuche Naatak'' (1871) and ''Malharrav Maharaj'' (1875). However, Marathi stage took a distinct theatre form with the musical ''Shakuntal'' by [[Annasaheb Kirloskar]] in 1880, based on a classical work, [[Abhijnanasakuntalam]] by [[Kalidasa]].The success of his theatre company, ''Kirloskar Natya Mandali'' paved way for commercial repertories in Marathi theatre, and subsequently the formation of ''Natak Companies''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=68&smid=21&id=489|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319053558/https://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=68&smid=21&id=489|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 March 2012|title=Marathi Theatre|date=19 March 2012|access-date=31 July 2017}}</ref>

The early period of Marathi theatre was dominated by playwrights like Kolhatkar, [[Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar]], [[Govind Ballal Deval]], [[Ram Ganesh Gadkari]] and [[Annasaheb Kirloskar]] who enriched the Marathi theatre for about half a century with excellent musical plays known as [[Sangeet Natak]]. The genre of music used in such plays is known as [[Natya Sangeet]]. It is during this era of the Marathi theatre that great singer-actors like [[Bal Gandharva]], [[Keshav Vaman Bhole|Keshavrao Bhole]], Bhaurao Kolhatkar and [[Deenanath Mangeshkar]] thrived.

===Post-independence period===
In the second half of the 20th century, some theatre practitioners have incorporated the traditional forms like tamasha and dashavatar into their plays. In the 1970s, the tamasha form was employed as narrative device and style in several notable plays like ''[[Ghashiram Kotwal]]'' by [[Vijay Tendulkar]], [[Vijaya Mehta]]'s Marathi adaptations of [[Bertolt Brecht]]'s ''[[The Good Woman of Setzuan]]'' as ''Devajine Karuna Keli'' (1972) and ''[[Caucasian Chalk Circle]]'' as ''Ajab Nyaya Vartulacha'' (1974), [[Bashir Momin Kavathekar]]'s historical "Bhangale Swapna Maharastra" (1976)<ref name="ReferenceA"/>& "Vedat Marathe Veer Daudale Saat"(1977),<ref>“बहूआयामी साहित्यिक मोमीन कवठेकर: डॉ शेळके”, "दै. पुण्यनगरी”, पुणे, १३-नोव्ह-२०१०.</ref>
[[P. L. Deshpande]]'s ''Teen paishacha Tamasha'' (1978), an adaptation of Brecht's ''[[The Threepenny Opera]]''.<ref name="RubinPong2001"/> Mehta also adapted and [[Eugène Ionesco|Ionesco]] with ''[[Les Chaises|Chairs]]''.<ref>[[#Dh|Dharwadker, p. 368]]</ref><ref>[[#Dh|Dharwadker, p. 314]]</ref> Varyavarchi Varat" the most famous and
comedy play written by "Pu.la.Deshpande" and also this play is still in theaters with new cast & crew . Although the characters created by Pu.La. were fictional many people still relate to them.

==Marathi Rangabhoomi Din==
5 November is Celebrated as "Marathi Rangabhoomi Din".

==See also==
* [[List of Marathi theatre actors]]
* [[Theatre in India]]

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |title=Western influence on Marathi drama: a case study|author=Anand Patil|publisher=Rajahaṃsa|year=1993|isbn=81-85854-06-8 }}
* {{cite book |title=Balgandharva and the Marathi theatre|author=Dnyaneshwar Nadkarni|publisher=Roopak Book |year= 1988}}
* {{cite book |title=Playwright at the Centre: Marathi drama from 1843 to the present|author=Shanta Gokhale |author-link=Shanta Gokhale |author2=National School of Drama |publisher=Seagull Books|year=2000|isbn=81-7046-157-X }}
* {{cite web |title=Mapping Marathi theatre |author=Shanta Gokhale|url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2008/588/588_shanta_gokhale.htm |year=2008 |publisher=India-seminar|access-date=27 February 2016 }}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book |title=McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of world drama (Vol. 3)|author=Stanley Hochman|publisher=VNR AG|year=1984|isbn=0-07-079169-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zo5os6d0rvMC&q=Marathi+theatre&pg=PA38|ref=Ho }}
* {{cite book|author=Manohar Laxman Varadpande|title=History of Indian Theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZrjC24PuDQC&pg=PA167|year=1992|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-278-9|ref=Va}}
* {{cite book |title=The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia|author= Don Rubin|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year= 1998|isbn=0-415-05933-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MUiXjMUl34C&q=Marathi+theatre&pg=PA197 |ref=Ru }}
* {{cite book |title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Vol. 2)|author= Amaresh Datta|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year= 2006|isbn=81-260-1194-7|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=Marathi+theatre&pg=PA1089 |ref=Da }}
* {{cite book |title=The Columbia encyclopedia of Modern Drama, (Vol. 1)|author= Gabrielle H. Cody|author2=Evert Sprinchorn|publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2007|isbn=978-0-231-14422-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYfH1tOwsHcC&q=Marathi+drama&pg=PA665 |ref=Co }}
* {{cite book|author=Aparna Bhargava Dharwadker|title=Theatres of Independence: Drama, Theory, and Urban Performance in India Since 1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQaz-12Eo8C&pg=PA378|year=2009|publisher=University of Iowa Press|isbn=978-1-58729-642-0|ref=Dh}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Theatre of Maharashtra}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120130071747/http://www.marathitheatre.com/history-marathi-theatre/ History of Marathi theatre]
*[https://archive.today/20130216064827/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-29/news-interviews/36050911_1_marathi-theatre-prashant-damle-grants For grants, get a good grade]

{{Marathi Theatre}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Asia topic|Theatre of}}
{{Theatre}}

[[Category:Marathi theatre| ]]
[[Category:Theatre of India]]
[[Category:Culture of Pune]]
[[Category:Culture of Mumbai]]

Kolkata Metropolitan Region

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#REDIRECT [[Kolkata metropolitan area]]

{{Redirect category shell|
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}}

Francis Slacke

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{short description|English civil servant in India}}
'''Francis Slacke''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}} (6 June 1853 – 8 August 1940) was a senior officer in the [[Indian Civil Service]] and later became [[List of governors of Bengal Presidency#Lieutenant Governors of Bengal (1854–1912)|Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal]].

==Early life==
Francis Alexander Slack (post Slacke) was born in the parish of [[Saint Saviour, Jersey|Saint Saviour]] in [[Jersey]] and educated at [[Blundell's School]] in [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]], [[University College, Oxford]] and [[St John's College, Cambridge]].<ref>{{acad|id= SLK872FA|name=Slack (post Slacke), Francis Alexander}}</ref> On 19 November 1879 Slacke married Caroline Elizabeth Cave, 2nd daughter of [[Thomas Cave (Liberal politician)|Thomas Cave]], [[Member of Parliament|M.P.]] and sister of Viscount Cave.

==Career==
Slacke entered the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1874 and was admitted at the [[Inner Temple]] on 27 May 1875. His appointments included:
* Magistrate and Collector - 1892
*Secretary to the Board of Revenue – 1896
*Secretary to the Government of Bengal (Revenue and General Department) – 1900
*Commissioner – 1903
*Major, [[Calcutta Light Horse]] (1905-8)
*Member of Board of Revenue – 1906
*Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal - 1906
*Vice-president of Bengal Legislative Council - 1910
*Vice-president of Bengal Executive Council - 1911

Slacke retired from the Indian Civil Service in 1912 and was subsequently appointed Fellow of [[Calcutta University]] (1907) and President of Fisheries Advisory Committee (1908).

==References==
{{reflist}}
*Obituary of Mr F.A. Slacke, ''[[The Times]]'', Friday, 9 August 1940 (pg. 7; Issue 48690; col F)
*{{cite web |url=http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search.pl?sur=Slack&suro=c&fir=Francis&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&tex=&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50 |title=Slack (post Slacke), Francis Alexander |website=[[Alumni Cantabrigienses]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008142102/http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search.pl?sur=Slack&suro=c&fir=Francis&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&tex=&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50 |archive-date=8 October 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Slacke, Francis}}
[[Category:1853 births]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Blundell's School]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Lieutenant-governors of Bengal]]
[[Category:Members of the Inner Temple]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:People from St Saviour, Jersey]]
[[Category:Indian Defence Force officers]]

Shahpuri dialect

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{{Short description|Dialect of Punjabi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=June 2013}}

{{Infobox language
| name = Shahpuri
| alt = Map of Punjabi dialects in overlapping shades of green, yellow, blue, pink, and purple. Shahpuri is a thin green strip towards the northwest, bordering Dhani, Potohari, Ghebi, Thlochi, Changvi, and Majhi.
| caption = Khalid Mahmood's map of Punjabi dialects
| image = Dialects_Of_Punjabi.jpg
| pronunciation = {{IPA|pa|ʃaː(ɦ)pʊɾi|}}
| nativename = {{lang|pnb|{{nq|شاہپوری}}}}
| states = [[Pakistan]]
| region = [[Sargodha Division|Sargodha Division, Punjab]]
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]]
| fam5 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| script = [[Shahmukhi]]
| map =
| mapcaption =
| isoexception = dialect
| glotto = shah1266
| ethnicity = Punjabis
}}
'''Shahpuri''' ({{resize|{{lang|pnb|{{nq|شاہپوری}}}}}}; {{IPA|pa|ʃaː(ɦ)pʊɾi|pron}}) is a [[Punjabi language#Western Punjabi|western dialect]] of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], primarily spoken in the former [[Shahpur District]] in what are now [[Sargodha District|Sargodha]] and [[Khushab District|Khushab]] districts.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=8}}

==Geographic distribution and classification==
Its name is derived from the former [[Shahpur District]]. [[G.A. Grierson|Grierson]] (1919) considered Shahpuri to be representative of [[Lahnda]] (Western Punjabi), but later opinions by [[Christopher Shackle|Shackle]] (1976) and [[Colin Masica|Masica]] (1991) have re-classified it as a general dialect of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], with certain Multani dialect features.{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=442}}{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=8}}{{sfn|Shackle|1979|p=201}} Wagha (1997) rejects the validity of Shahpuri as a distinct linguistic entity, and instead suggests all the intermediate dialects spoken in the [[Bar region|Bars]] from Sargodha to [[Pakpattan District|Pakpattan]], including [[Jhangvi dialect|Jhangi]], to be merged into one.{{sfn|Wagha|1997|pp=220, 229}}

It is mostly spoken in [[Sargodha District]] and [[Khushab District]].<ref name="District Website" /> It is also spoken in the neighbouring districts of [[Jhang District|Jhang]], [[Chiniot District|Chiniot]], [[Mandi Bahauddin District|Mandi Bahauddin]], [[Khanewal District|Khanewal]], [[Sahiwal Division|Sahiwal]] and [[Bhakkar District|Bhakkar]]. It is mainly spoken on western end of [[Sindh River]] to [[Chenab River]], traversing the [[Jhelum River]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=sikhchic.com {{!}} Article Detail | url=https://www.sikhchic.com/history/mother_tongue_the_many_dialects_of_punjabi | access-date=2025-01-05 | website=www.sikhchic.com}}</ref><ref name="District Website">{{Cite web|url=http://sargodha.dc.lhc.gov.pk/?page_id=1335|title=District Website|access-date=31 December 2012|archive-date=2 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002221533/http://sargodha.dc.lhc.gov.pk/?page_id=1335|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Jatki language|Jatki dialect]] is a common name for the [[Jhangvi dialect]], Shahpuri dialect and [[Dhani dialect]]. Sometimes also termed as [[Rachnavi|Rachnavi dialect]], the glotlog codes for these are:
* shah1266<ref>{{cite web | url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/shah1266 | title=Glottolog 4.7 - Shahpuri }}</ref>
* jatk1238<ref>{{cite web | url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jatk1238 | title=Glottolog 4.7 - Jatki }}</ref>
* jang1253<ref>{{cite web | url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jang1253 | title=Glottolog 4.7 - Jhangi }}</ref>
* dhan1272<ref>{{cite web |title=Glottolog 4.7 - Dhanni |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dhan1272}}</ref>

== Notable Features ==
In its phonology Shahpuri has the same tonal pattern as [[Standard Punjabi]].{{sfn|Shackle|1979|p=202}}

In common with [[Thali dialect|Thali]] and [[Hindko]], there is a class of two-syllable nouns that mark [[Grammatical case|case]] distinctions by [[vowel alternation]]. The case suffixes of the older language have dropped, leaving the assimilated root vowels as the only indicator of the case: /jʌŋɡʊl/ ~ /jʌŋɡəl/ /jʌŋɡɪl/. [[G.A. Grierson|Grierson]] explains this by [[Substrate language|substratal]] [[Dardic languages|Dardic]] influence, whereas Shackle (1979) finds it more plausible that it is the result of Shahpuri's central position between areas favouring one or another vowel in these contexts.{{sfn|Shackle|1979|p=205}}

== Grammar ==

=== Continuous Tense ===
Like most [[Punjabi varieties|Punjabi dialects]], Shahpuri also uses the past-tense inflections of ''paiṇā'' (''peyā, paī, paye, paiyā̃'') to signify the continuous tense.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=J. Wilson |url=https://archive.org/details/WesternPunjabiShahpurDistrict |title=Western Punjabi ( Shahpur District) |year=1898 |page=54 |language=English |quote=me venda pyā̃, me kamm pya karendā̃.}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |'''English'''
! colspan="3" |'''Jatki'''
|-
!'''Transliteration'''
![[Shahmukhi alphabet|'''Shahmukhi''']]
!'''[[Gurmukhi]]'''
|-
|I am doing
|Mãi karda pya aan
Mãi kareynda pya aan
|میں کردا پیا آں
میں کریندا پیا آں
|ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਆਂ
ਮੈਂ ਕਰੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਆਂ
|-
|We are doing
|Asī̃ karday paye haen
Asī̃ kareynday paye haen

("aan" may also be used)
|اسِیں کردے پئے ہائیں
اسِیں کریندے پئے ہائیں
|ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਹਾਏਂ
ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ ਹਾਏਂ
|-
|You are doing (sing, m.)
|Tū̃ karda pya ain
Tū̃ kareynda pya ain
|تُوں کردا پیا ایں
تُوں کریندا پیا ایں
|ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐਂ
ਤੂੰ ਕਰੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐਂ
|-
|You are doing (sing, f.)
|Tū̃ kardi pyi ain
Tū̃ kareyndi pyi ain
|تُوں کردی پئی ایں
تُوں کریندی پئی ایں
|ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦੀ ਪਈ ਐਂ
ਤੂੰ ਕਰੇਂਦੀ ਪਈ ਐਂ
|-
|You are doing (plural)
|Tusī̃ karday paye o
Tusī̃ kareynday paye o
|تُسِیں کردے پئے او
تُسِیں کردے پئے او
|ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਓ
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ ਓ
|-
|He is doing
|Ó karda pya ae
Ó kareynda pya ae
|اوہ کردا پیا اے
اوہ کریندا پیا اے
|ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
ਉਹ ਕਰੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|-
|She is doing
|Ó kardi pyi ae
Ó kareyndi pyi ae
|اوہ کردی پِئی اے
اوہ کریندی پِئی اے
|ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀ ਪਈ ਐ
ਉਹ ਕਰੇਂਦੀ ਪਈ ਐ
|-
|They are doing (m.)
|Ó karday paye no
Ó kareynday paye hin
|اوہ کردے پئے نوں
اوہ کریندے پئے ہِن
|ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ
ਉਹ ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ
|-
|They are doing (f.)
|Ó kardiyan pyian no
Ó kareyndiyan pyian hin
|اوہ کردِیاں پئِیاں نوں
اوہ کردِیاں پئِیاں ہِن
|ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਨੋਂ
ਉਹ ਕਰੇਂਦੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਹਿਨ
|}
The place of "''pyā"'' may sometimes be switched with respect to the verb.

''"Tusī̃ bahoon changā kamm paye karenday o"'', meaning "You (plural) are doing a very good thing"

''"Tū̃ bahoon changā kamm krendā ain pyā"'', meaning "You (sing, m) are doing a very good thing"

''"Sāḍā hāl kehṛā puchhdā ãi, mar mar ke paye aan jeenday'', meaning "What do you ask about us? We are living in great distress" (a song by Mansoor Malangi)

''"Paye aapna vanjeynday visaah o"'', meaning "You are wasting the trust people have in you" (from "Tusi changean naseeban de shah")

''"Eh dohven aape vich larde hin paye"''. meaning "These two are fighting amongst themselves"

''"Ethay seklaan pyiaan vikkdiyaan hin"'' or ''"Ethay seklaan vikkdiyaan ne pyiaan"'', meaning "Bicycles are being sold here"

=== Future Tense ===
The future tense in Jatki Punjabi is formed by adding -s as opposed to the Eastern Punjabi ''gā.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi |url=https://archive.org/details/WesternPunjabiShahpurDistrict/page/n63/mode/2up |website=archive.org |page=50 |quote="The future tense is formed by adding to the root the letter -s with the general personal endings"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Dictionary of the Jatki or Western Punjabi Language|url=https://archive.org/details/204912920SaraikiDictionary |website=archive.org|date=9 December 2023 }}</ref>

This tense is also utilized in [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pothwari]], [[Hindko]], [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] and other Western Punjabi dialects.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |'''English'''
! colspan="3" |'''Jatki'''
|-
!'''Transliteration'''
![[Shahmukhi alphabet|'''Shahmukhi''']]
!'''[[Gurmukhi]]'''
|-
|I will do
|Mãi karsā̃
Mãi kareysā̃
|میں کرساں
میں کریساں
|ਮੈਂ ਕਰਸਾਂ
ਮੈਂ ਕਰੇਸਾਂ
|-
|We will do
|Asī̃ karsā̃ / Asī̃ karsā̃e
Asī̃ kareysā̃ / Asī̃ kareysā̃e
|اسِیں کرساں / اسِیں کرسائیں
اسِیں کریساں / اسِیں کریسائیں
|ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਸਾਂ / ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਸਾਏਂ
ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰੇਸਾਂ / ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰੇਸਾਏਂ
|-
|You will do (singular)
|Tū̃ karsãi
Tū̃ kareysãi
|تُوں کرسیں
تُوں کریسیں
|ਤੂੰ ਕਰਸੈਂ
ਤੂੰ ਕਰੇਸੈਂ
|-
|You will do (plural)
|Tusī̃ karso
Tusī̃ kareyso
|تُسِیں کرسو
تُسِیں کریسو
|ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਸੋ
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰੇਸੋ
|-
|He/She will do
|Ó karsi
Ó kaeyrsi
|اوہ کرسی
اوہ کریسی
|ਓਹ ਕਰਸੀ
ਓਹ ਕਰੇਸੀ
|-
|They will do
|Ó karsan
Ó kareysan
|اوہ کرسن
اوہ کریسن
|ਓਹ ਕਰਸਨ
ਓਹ ਕਰੇਸਨ
|}

=== Past Tense ===
The past tense in the Jatki dialects differs from that of [[Eastern Punjabi Bharatpedia|Eastern Punjabi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=J. Wilson |url=https://archive.org/details/WesternPunjabiShahpurDistrict |title=Western Punjabi ( Shahpur District) |page=46 |language=English}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |English
! colspan="2" |Jatki
! rowspan="2" |[[Pahari-Pothwari|Pothohari]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Majhi dialect|Majhi]]
|-
!Shahpuri/[[Jhangvi dialect|Jhangochi]]
![[Dhanni dialect|Dhanni]]
|-
|I was doing
|میں کریندا پیا ہمُوں (جھنگوچی)
میں کردا پیا ہاسُو (شاہپُوری)

ਮੈਂ ਕਰੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਮੂੰ (ਝੰਗਵੀ)

ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਸੂ (ਸ਼ਾਹਪੂਰੀ)
|میں کریندا پیا اوس
ਮੈਂ ਕਰੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਓਸ
|میں کرنا پیا ساں
ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਸਾਂ
|میں کردا پیا ساں
ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸਾਂ
|-
|We were doing
|اسِیں کریندے/کردے پئے ہاسے
ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ/ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ ਹਾਸੇ
|اسِیں کریندے پئے اوس
ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ ਓਸ
|اساں کرنے پئے سیاں
اساں کرنے پئے ساں

ਅਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਸਿਆਂ/ਸਾਂ
|اسِیں کردے پئے ساں
ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਸਾਂ
|-
|You were doing (sing.)
|تُوں کردا/کردیندا پیا ہائیں
ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ/ਕਰੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਏਂ
|تُوں کریندا پیا ایاں
ਤੂੰ ਕਰੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਅਇਆਂ
|تُوں کرنا پیا سَیں
ਤੂੰ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੈਂ
|تُوں کردا پیا سیں
ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੈਂ
|-
|You were doing (pl.)
|تُسِیں کردے/کریندے پئے ہائے (جھنگوچی)
تُسِیں کردے/کریندے پئے ہاؤ (شاہپُوری)

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ/ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ ਹਾਏ (ਝੰਗਵੀ)

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ/ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ ਹਾਓ (ਸ਼ਾਹਪੂਰੀ)
|تُسِیں کریندے پئے اَو

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ ਆਓ
|تُساں کرنے پئے سیو
تُساں کرنے پِئے سو

ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਸਿਓ/ਸੋ
|تُسِیں کردے پئے سو
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਸੋ
|-
|He was doing
|اوہ کردا/کریندا پیا ہا
ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ/ਕਰੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾ
|اوہ کریندا پیا آیا
ਉਹ ਕਰੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਆਇਆ
|اوہ کرنا پیا سا
اوہ کرنا پیا سی

ਉਹ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਸਾ/ਸੀ
|اوہ کردا پیا سی
ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੀ
|-
|She was doing
|اوہ کردی/کریندی پئی ہائی
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀ/ਕਰੇਂਦੀ ਪਈ ਹਾਈ
|اوہ کریندی پئی آئی
ਉਹ ਕਰੇਂਦੀ ਪਈ ਆਈ
|اوہ کرنی پئی سی
ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀ ਪਈ ਸੀ
|اوہ کردی پئی سی
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀ ਪਈ ਸੀ
|-
|They were doing (m.)
|اوہ کردے/کریندے پئے ہان
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ/ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ ਹਾਨ
|اوہ کریندے پئے آہے
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ/ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ ਆਏ
|اوہ کرنے پئے سے
اوہ کرنے پئے سن

ਉਹ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਸੇ/ਸਨ
|اوہ کردے پئے سن
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਸਨ
|-
|They were doing (f.)
|اوہ کردِیاں/کریندِیاں پئیاں ہان
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ/ਕਰੇਂਦੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਹਾਨ
|اوہ کریندِیاں پئیاں آئیاں
ਉਹ ਕਰੇਂਦੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਆਈਆਂ
|اوہ کرنِیاں پئیاں سِیاں
اوہ کرنِیاں پئیاں سن

ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਸੀਆਂ/ਸਨ
|اوہ کردِیاں پئیاں سن
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਸਨ
|}

=== Present Tense ===
The present tense of non-causative verbs in Jatki may involve the addition of '''''-eyndā''''', while causative verbs may attain either ''-eyndā'' or ''-āandā''. The future tense changes accordingly.

Verbs that have a causative form, rarely acquire -''eyndā'', for example, ''Mardā'' (dies) cannot become ''Mareyndā'' (kills/hits) as that is the present form of ''Maarnā'' (killing/hitting).

However, ''Mannnā'' (to be convinced) and ''Mannāvnā'' (to convince) both can be said as ''Maneyndā'' in the present form.

Verbs like ''āvan'' (to come) and ''lyāvan'' (to bring) will not take -eyndā, as they lack a passive form, so they are either said as -'''''āndā''''' or -'''''aundā'''''
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |English
! colspan="3" |Jatki Punjabi
|-
!Present
!Future
!Present Passive
|-
|Dividing
|''Vanḍeyndā / Vanḍdā''
|''Vanḍeysi / Vanḍdsi''
|''Vanḍeendā''
|-
|Doing
|''Kareyndā / Kardā''
|''Kareysi / Karsi''
|''Kareendā''
|-
|Throwing
|''Saṭṭeyndā / Saṭṭdā''
|''Saṭṭeysi / Saṭṭsi''
|''Saṭṭeendā''
|-
|Removing
|''Kaḍḍheyndā / Kaḍḍhdā''
|''Kaḍḍheysi / Kaḍḍhsi''
|''Kaḍḍheendā''
|-
|Scattering
|''Ruleyndā / Roldā''
|''Ruleysi / Rolsi''
|''Roleendā''
|-
|To be making one cry
|''Ruveyndā / Ruvaandā''
|''Ruveysi / Ruvaasi''
|''Ruvāveedā''
|-
|To feed
|''Khaveyndā / Khavaandā''
|''Khaveysi / Khavaasi''
|''Khaveendā''
|-
|Beating
|''Mareyndā / Maardā''
|''Mareysi / Maarsi''
|''Mareendā/Māreendā''
|-
|Moving
|''Ṭureyndā / Ṭordā''
|''Ṭureysi / Ṭorsi''
|''Ṭureendā''
|-
|Using
|''Varteyndā / Vartdā''
|''Varteysi / Vartsi''
|''Varteendā''
|-
|Cutting
|''Kapeyndā / Kappdā''
|''Kapeysi / Kappsi''
|''Kapeendā''
|-
|Chopping
|''Vaḍḍheyndā / Vaḍḍhdā''
|''Vaḍḍheysi/ Vaḍḍhsi''
|''Vaḍḍheendā''
|-
|To be making one understand
|''Samjheyndā / Samjhaandā''
|''Samjheysi / Samjhaasi''
|''Samjhaaveedā''
|-
|Raising/Lifting
|''Cheyndā / Chaandā''
|''Cheysi / Chaasi''
|''Chaveendā''
|-
|Putting/Pouring/Adding
|''Peyndā / Paandā''
|''Peysi / Paasi''
|''Paveendā''
|-
|Bringing
|''Aaṅdā / Aṅeydā''
|''Aaṅsi / Aṅeysi''
|''Aaṅeā veyndā''
|-
|Being
|''Hondā''
|''Hosi''
|''Hoveendā''
|-
|Giving
|''Deyndā''
|''Deysi''
|''Deyveendā (is given)''
''Ḍheendā (is obtained)''
|-
|Calls
|''Sadd'da / Sadeynda''
|''Sadeysi''
|''Sadeenda''
|}
The progressive tense is built upon the present tense, and is used in all Punjabi dialects. It is made by ending the verb with '''''-eān''''' in the present form.

For example, "to be doing" or "while doing", can be either '''''kardeān''''' or '''''kareyndeān'''''.

=== Passive Tense ===
The Jatki dialects have a special passive tense for most verbs.

The present passive is made by adding '''''-eendā''''', past passive by adding '''''-eevyā/eeyā''''', subjunctive by adding '''''-eevay''''' (s.) and '''''-eevan''''' (pl), progressive by adding '''''-eendeān''''' , gerundive passive by adding '''''-eevna/eejna''''' and future passive by adding '''''-eesi'''''. The continuous passive is built upon the present passive by adding '''''pyā''''', while perfect passive is built by adding '''''gyā''''' to the past passive.

''Varteendā'' (is used), ''Varteenday'' (are used), ''Varteevay/Varteejay'' (to be used, sing), ''Varteevan/Varteejan'' (to be used, pl), ''Varteevyā'' (was used), ''Vartee-gyā'' (has been used), ''Varteenda-pyā'' (is being used), ''Varteendeān'' (while being used), ''Varteevna/Varteejna'' (its "being used"), ''Varteesi'' (will be used), ''Vartee-veysi'' or ''Vartee-jaasi'' (will have been used/will end up being used), ''Vartee-veynda'' or ''Vartee-jaanda'' (gets used).

Note: The past passive in Shahpuri is made by adding '''''-eevyā''''', in Jhangochi by adding '''''-eeyaā''''', [[Dhanni dialect|Dhani]] is made by adding '''''-eetā''''', and in [[Thalochi]] it is made by adding '''''-eechā'''''.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Active
! colspan="2" |Passive
|-
!English
!Jatki Punjabi
!English
!Jatki Punjabi
|-
|Is cutting
|کٹّدا پیا اے / کٹیندا پیا اے
ਕੱਟਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ / ਕਟੇੰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|Is being cut
|کٹِیندا پیا اے
ਕਟੀਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|-
|To cut
|کٹّنا
ਕੱਟਣਾ
|To be cut
|کٹِیوَنا / کٹِیجنا
ਕਟੀਵਣਾ / ਕਟੀਜਣਾ
|-
|If he cuts
|جے اوہ کٹّے
ਜੇ ਉਹ ਕੱਟੇ
|If it is cut
|جے اوہ کٹِیوے/کٹِیجے
ਜੇ ਉਹ ਕਟੀਵੇ/ਕਟੀਜੇ
|-
|Shall I cut?
|میں کٹّاں؟
ਮੈਂ ਕੱਟਾਂ?
|Shall I be cut?
|میں کٹِیواں/کٹِیجاں؟
ਮੈਂ ਕਟੀਵਾਂ?
|-
|Will cut (sing.)
|کٹّسی / کٹیسی
ਕੱਟਸੀ / ਕਟੇਸੀ
|Will be cut (sing.)
|کٹِیسی
ਕੱਟੀਸੀ
|-
|He cut it
|اُس کٹیا
ਉਸ ਕੱਟਿਆ
|Was cut by him
|اوہندے کولُوں کٹِیا (کٹی آ) / کٹِیجا
ਓਂਹਦੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਕਟੀਆ/ਕਟੀਜਾ
|-
|I will beat
|میں مارساں / میں مریساں
ਮੈਂ ਮਾਰਸਾਂ / ਮੈਂ ਮਰੇਸਾਂ
|I will be beaten
|میں مرِیساں
ਮੈਂ ਮਰੀਸਾਂ
|-
|I did not hear
|میں سُنیا نہیں
ਮੈਂ ਸੁਣਿਆ ਨਹੀਂ
|Was not heard by me
|مینُوں سُنِیجا نہیں
ਮੈਨੂੰ ਸੁਣੀਜਾ ਨਹੀਂ
|-
|Let him use first
|اوہ پہلوں ورتے تاں سہی
ਉਹ ਪਹਿਲੋਂ ਵਰਤੇ ਤਾਂ ਸਹੀ
|Let it be used first
|اوہ پہلوں ورتِیوے تاں سہی
ਉਹ ਪਹਿਲੋਂ ਵਰਤੀਵੇ ਤਾਂ ਸਹੀ
|-
|Uses
|ورتدا / ورتیندا
ਵਰਤਦਾ/ਵਰਤੇਂਦ
|Under use
|ورتِیندا
ਵਰਤੀਂਦਾ
|-
|Does not give
|نہیں دیندا
ਨਹੀਂ ਦੇਂਦਾ
|Is not to be given
|نہیں دیوِیندا / نہیں دیوی دا
ਨਹੀਂ ਦੇਵੀਂਦਾ/ਨਹੀਂ ਦੇਵੀਦਾ
|-
|Does not give
|نہیں دیندا
ਨਹੀਂ ਦੇਂਦਾ
|Is not obtained
|نہیں ڈھِیندا
ਨਹੀਂ ਢੀਂਦਾ
|-
|They (f.) uproot it
|اوہ پٹّدِیاں نو / اوہ پٹیندِیاں ہِن
ਉਹ ਪੱਟਦੀਆਂ ਨੋਂ

ਉਹ ਪਟੇਂਦੀਆਂ ਹਿਨ
|They (f.) are to be uprooted
|او اجے پٹِیونِیاں نو
ਉਹ ਅਜੇ ਪਟੀਵਣੀਆਂ ਨੋਂ
|-
|Friends do not agree
|سنگّی نہیں منّدے/منیندے
ਸੰਗੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਮੰਨਦੇ/ਮਨੇਂਦੇ
|Friends cannot be convinced
|سنگّی نہیں منِیندے
ਸੰਗੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਮੰਨੀਂਦੇ
|-
|He came and chopped it
|اوہ وڈھّ گیا
ਉਹ ਵੱਢ ਗਿਆ
|It was chopped
|اوہ وڈھی گیا / وڈھِیج گیا
ਉਹ ਵੱਢੀ/ਵੱਢੀਜ ਗਿਆ
|-
|He catches
|اوہ پھڑدا اے
ਉਹ ਫੜਦਾ ਐ
|They were caught
|اوہ پھڑی/پھڑِیج گئے
ਉਹ ਫੜੀ/ਫੜੀਜ ਗਏ
|-
|I am not reading
|میں پڑھدا نہیں پیا
ਮੈਂ ਪੜ੍ਹਦਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਪਿਆ
|It is not being read by me
(I cannot understand it)
|میتھُوں پڑھِیندا نہیں پیا
ਮੈਥੂੰ ਪੜ੍ਹੀਂਦਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਪਿਆ
|-
|When will he use?
|کدوں ورتسی/ورتیسی؟
ਕਦੋਂ ਵਰਤਸੀ/ਵਰਤੇਸੀ?

|When will it be used?
|کدوں ورتِیسی؟
ਕਦੋਂ ਵਰਤੀਸੀ?

|-
|He wil come and use it tomorrow
|کلّ ورت ویسی
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਵਰਤ ਵੇਸੀ

|It will end up being used tomorrow
|کلّ ورتی ویسی
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਵਰਤੀ ਵੇਸੀ

|-
|He is not eating or driking
|اوہ کُجھ کھاندا پِیندا نہیں پیا
ਓਹ ਕੁਝ ਖਾਂਦਾ ਪੀਂਦਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਪਿਆ
|Nothing is being eaten or drunk by him
|اوہندے کولُوں کُجھ وی کھوِیندا پِوِیندا نہیں پیا
ਓਂਹਦੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਕੁਝ ਵੀ ਖਵੀਂਦਾ ਪਵੀਂਦਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਪਿਆ

|-
|To forgive
|بخشنا
ਬਸ਼ਣਾ
|To be forgiven
|بخشِیوݨا
ਬਖ਼ਸ਼ੀਵਣਾ
|}
Some verbs may attain this form without any change in usage or meaning, such as:

ਬਵ੍ਹਣਾ ਉਠੀਵਣਾ / بہوَنا اُٹھِیونا, being the same as ਉੱਠਣਾ / اُٹھّنا

ਦਿਸੀਂਦਾ / دِسِیندا, being the same as ਦਿੱਸਦਾ / دِسّدا

Proverb example: '''''Heṭṭhon utton vaḍḍheeveeye taan ḍakk sadeendaa''''' (ہیٹھوں اُتّوں وڈھِیوِیئے تاں ڈکّ سدِیندا)

''(If we are cut from top to bottom, then are to be called a cane)''

Note: The past tense of ''Marnā'' is '''''Moyā''''' (dead) and the past passive tense is '''''Mareejā''''' (killed)

=== Agentive Tense ===
The agentive tense of verb in Punjabi is either shown in the standard manner by adding the words "''āalā" or "laggeā".''

For example, "He is to come" or "He is about to come" is spoken as ''Oh aavan aalā/laggeā ae.''

In Jatki, another manner exists where the root verb is suffixated by adding '''''-oo'''''

Examples:

''Tun kitthay '''jaaoo/vanjoo''' ain?'' (Where are you to go?)

''Oh kay '''karoo''' ae?'' (What is he up to)

''Ajj mein tuhānu hik ehjihi gall '''sunāoo''' aan'' (Today I am about to tell you such a thing...)

''Tuseen ohnu '''deoo''' o ke menu '''deoo''' o?'' (You are to give him or me?)

''Ghaabarda kyon pya ain? Saanu vi '''miloo''' ae'' (Why are you worried? We too are to get it)

== Vocabulary ==

=== Present Plural Marker ===
The dialects of [[Jatki language|Jatki Punjabi]] use '''''Hin'' (ہِن)''' or '''''No'' (نو)''' to signify the present plural tense. These are dialectal forms of "Han" (ہَن) and "Ne" (نے) respectively.

''"Do janey hin/no"'' (دو جنے ہِن/نو), meaning "There are two people".

The word "hin" may be attached with the verb colloquially.

''"Oh menū̃ dassdin"'' (اوہ مینُوں دسّدِن), meaning "They tell me".

''"Bahū̃ vādey keetin"'' (بہُوں وعدے کِیتِن)، meaning "Made many promises"

The word '''''Heņ'' (ہَیڻ)''' may also be used.

=== Words for "Then/Again" ===
Words like ''Vatt'' (وتّ) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Maya |date=1895 |title=The Panjabi dictionary. |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/singh_query.py?qs=watt&searchhws=yes&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |quote=WATT ਵੱਤ ad. Again, afterwards}}</ref> or ''Muṛ'' (مُڑ) and its variant pronunciation Munṛ (مُنڑ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi |url=https://archive.org/details/WesternPunjabiShahpurDistrict/page/n63/mode/2up |website=archive.org |page=31 |quote="Vatt, Mur, Then, Again" |ref=Vatt, Mur, Then, Again}}</ref> are used instead of the [[Standard Punjabi]] ''Phir'' (پھیر).

''"Halā vatt ki hoya?"'' (ہلا وتّ کی ہویا؟), meaning "Alright, what happened then?".

''"Tenu vatt vii aas praai rahi"'' (تَینُوں وتّ وی آس پرائی رہی), meaning "Even then, you had hopes for some other", a lyric from "Changean Naseeban de Shah", by Talib Hussain Dard

=== Words for "Going" ===
Words like ''Vaj̈aṇ'' (ونجن) and ''Jāwaṇ'' (جاوَن) are both used.<ref>{{Cite book |last=J. Wilson |url=https://archive.org/details/WesternPunjabiShahpurDistrict |title=Western Punjabi ( Shahpur District) |page=54 |language=English |quote=Vanj (Go).}}</ref>

''"Kithay vendā/jāndā pyā ain?"'' (کِتھّے ویندا/جاندا پیا ایں؟), meaning "Where are you going?"

=== Words for "Someone" and "What" ===
For "what", Jatki either uses the common word ''Kii'' (کی) or the Western word '''''Kay'' (کے)'''

For "someone", Jatki may use either the standard ''Kisay'' (کِسے) or another word that is '''''Kaheeṇ'' (کہِیں)'''

=== Words for "That" ===
'''''Ba'', ''Bai''''' or '''''Jo''''' are used, as opposed to ''ke'' in Standard Punjabi. (بہ، بئی، جو)

''Mein tuhaanu dassaan '''bai''' (ke) aes ton changga mein pehlon kaday nhi vekhya''

(Let me tell you that I have never seen one better than this)

''Kaday vi mein nahi aakhya '''jo''' (ke) tun menu kujh desein taahin mein tenu kujh desaan''

(Never did I say that you must first give only then to receive from me)

''Tuseen inj keeta karo '''ba''' (ke) menu dass ditta karo''

(You should do it as such that you should inform me)

''Menu pata ae '''ba''' (ke) khoon rattaa ae, tey hetna rattaa ae '''jo''' (ke) teray hatthaan tey mehndi lagsi''

(I know that blood is red, and it is so much that it will look like henna on your hands)

Similarly, '''''Kyunjo''''' ''(or '''Kyunjay''')'' is used for ''Kyunke, and '''Taanjo''' (or '''Taanjay''') is used for Taake.''

=== Supporting Verbs ===
In Jatki, many verbs exist to support the adjoining verb, giving the same meaning as ''de/dittaa/devay/desi''.

''De chaa'' (دے چا), is the same as ''De de'' (دے دے), meaning "Give it"

''Rakkh chhaḍḍ'' (رکھّ چھڈّ), is the same as ''Rakkh de'' (رکھّ دے), meaning "Place it"

''Chaa karay'' (چا کرے), is the same as Kar devay (کر دیوے), meaning "Someone do it"

Other examples:

''Chaa keetaa'' (چا کیتا), meaning "Done it"

''Mukaa chhoryaa'' (مُکا چھوڑیا), meaning "Finished it"

''Pivaa chaa'' (پِوا چا), meaning "Get me (something) to drink"

''Laah satto'' (لاہ سٹّو), meaning "Remove it"

''Bhann sattyaa'' (بھنّ سٹّیا), meaning "Broke it"

''Hun dass vi chhaḍḍo'' (ہُن دسّ وی چھڈّو), meaning "Now tell already"

''Koi ghatt chhaḍḍay'' (کوئی گھتّ چھڈّے), meaning "Someone come and pour it"

''Mein ohnu de chhaḍḍsaan'' (میں اوہنُوں دے چھڈّساں), meaning "I will give him"

''Maar ghattsan'' (مار گھتّسن), meaning "Will come and beat"

=== The verb "Vattnā" ===
In its past form '''''Vadā''''', it can either show continuous action (like ''pyā'') or a state of being (like ''hoyā''), depending on the main verb's form.

In the latter case, '''''Khalā''''' and '''''Khlotā''''' (both meaning "standing") may also be used.

''Menu bhukkh laggi '''vadi/khali/pyi''' ae'' (I have hunger)

''Menu bhukkh laggdi '''vadi/pyi''' ae'' (I am getting hungry)

''Oh chendā '''vadā/pyā''' ae'' (He is picking it up)

''Oh chaai '''vadā/khalā''' ae'' (He has it picked up)

''Ukkā moye '''vaday''' āen'' (We are completely dead)

''Oh khādhi '''khalā''' hosi'' (He must have eaten)

''Ohnu treh laggi '''vadi/khloti''' ae'' (He has thirst)

''Mein kamm mukaai '''vadā/khalā/khlotā''' aa'n'' (I have finished the work)

''Mein dhammi da progam keeti '''khalā/vadā/khlotā/pyā''' aa'n (I have decided it for morning)''

''Rujjhay '''vaday''' o, naveān saangeān vich'' (You are busy in your new attachments, a lyric from "Tusi Changean Naseeban de Shah", a song by Talib Hussain Dard)

In other forms, the verb '''''Vattnā''''', (literally meaning "to wander") depicts a continuity in an action, and is synonymous with the word ''Phirnā''.

''Hyaati saari nassdyān '''vattnā/phirnā''''' (Running for all life)

''Oh tenu kay kujh ghalldā '''vattdā/phirdā''' ee?'' (What does he keep on sending you?)

''Beyli ruṭṭhā '''vadā''' hove tey aseen jeende '''vateeye/phireeye'''?'' (The friend is unhappy and we are to keep on living?)

''Mein injay tue'n magar laggya '''vattaa'n/phiraa'n'''?'' (I should stay after you for no reason?)

=== Personal Pronouns ===
Jatki uses special personal pronouns such as ''Kãi'' (''Kihne/Kis''), and ''Jãi'' (''Jihne/Jis'').

''Kãi aakhya?'' کَیں آکھیا؟, meaning "Says who?"

''Jãi vii aakhya hovay'' جَیں وی آکھیا ہووے, meaning "Whomsoever might have said it"

''Eh kãinda ghar ae?'' ایہہ کَیندا گھر اے؟, meaning "Whose house is this?"

''Kãi kãi janay eh aali kheyḍ kheyḍi ee?'', کیں کیں جنڑے ایہہ آلی کھیڈ کھیڈی ہئی؟ meaning "Who has played this game?"

''Jãi kahen vii karna hovay'' جَیں کہیں وی کرنا ہووے or ''Jis kisay vii karna hovay'' جِس کِسے وی کرنا ہووے, meaning "Whomsoever wants to do"

''Jainda vii mann kareynda'' or ''Jain kahen da vii mann kareynda''

=== Pronominal Affixes ===
''Eh ki keetum'' (What have I done?)

''Eh ki keeto-ee'' (What have you done?)

''Eh ki keeta-nhay'' (What have you done? plural/respect)

''Eh ki keeta-nay'' (What have they done?)

''Eh ki keeto-say'' (What have we done?)

''Eh ki keetus'' (What has he done?)

''Kii naa'n-us?'' (What is his name?)

''Nisay keeta'' (We did not do)

''Nimoo keeta'' (I did not do)

''Tenu aakhyam'' (I have told you)

''Bhiraa nisay?'' (Are we not brothers?)

''Jehri naveen film kaddhi nay, ḍiṭṭhi hayi?'' (The new film they released, have you seen it?)

''Punjabi aapni dhi nu sikhaai koi nhoo'n?'' (You did not teach your daughter Punjabi?)

''Bhalla honay'' (respectfully, "Thank you")

''Bhalla hovi'' (Thankh you)

=== Counting ===
Counting is generally the same throughout Punjabi dialects, but with some notable deviations being:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |English
! colspan="2" |Jatki Punjabi
! colspan="2" |Standard Punjabi
|-
!Numbers
!Numerals
!Transliteration
!Shahmukhi
!Transliteration
!Shahmukhi
|-
|One
|1
|Hikk
|ہِکّ
|Ikk
|اِکّ
|-
|Three
|3
|Trae
|ترَے
|Tinn
|تِنّ
|-
|Ten
|10
|Dāh
|داہ
|Das
|دس
|-
|Eleven
|11
|Yārā̃
|یاراں
|Gyārā̃
|گیاراں
|-
|Twenty three
|23
|Trei
|ترئی
|Tei
|تئی
|-
|Twenty four
|24
|Chavvhi
|چوّھی
|Chauvi
|چَووی
|-
|Twenty five
|25
|Panji
|پنجی
|Pachchi
|پچّی
|-
|Thirty
|30
|Trih
|ترِیہہ
|Tih
|تِیہہ
|-
|Forty four
|44
|Churtāli
|چُرتالی
|Chotaali
|چوتالی
|-
|Forty six
|46
|Chhatāli
|چھتالی
|Chhiāli
|چھیالی
|-
|Fifty six
|56
|Chhivanjā
|چھِوَنجا
|Chhapanjā
|چھپنجا
|-
|Eighty five
|85
|Panjāsi
|پنجاسی
|Pachāsi
|پچاسی
|}
Note:

* The counting used in Jhangochi, Shahpuri and Dhanni is almost the same as in Majhi and Pothohari with the main difference being the use of "'''''Dāh'''''" for 10 instead of '''''"Das"'''''.
* Standard Punjabi in the above table is more closer to the [[Malwai dialect|Malvai dialect]] (which also uses Biatāli instead of Batāli)

==== Oblique form ====
The numbers in their oblique form function the same throughout Punjabi dialects.
{| class="wikitable"
!English
!Pothohari
!Jhangochi
!Majhi
|-
|I got it for forty-four
|میں ایہہ چُرتالیاں نا آندا آ
|میں ایہہ چُرتالیاں دا آندا اے
|میں ایہہ چوتالیاں دا آندا آ
|-
|Above twenty-five or thirty
|پنجِیاں ترِیہاں توں اپّر
|پنجِیاں ترِیہاں توں اُتّے
|پنجِیاں ترِیہاں توں اُتّے
|-
|After two or four days
|دوَنہہ چَونہہ دیہاڑیاں بعد
|دَونہہ چَونہہ دیہاڑیاں پِچھّوں
|دَونہہ چَونہہ دیہاڑیاں پِچھّوں
|-
|At 8:46
|اٹھّ چھتالیاں اپّر
|اٹھّ چھتالیاں تے
|اٹھّ چھتالیاں تے
|-
|For almost five lac
|پنجاں اِک لکھّاں نا
|پنجاں اِک لکھّاں دا
|پنجاں اِک لکھّاں دا
|-
|Nearing twenty
|وِیہاں نے نیڑے
|وِیہاں دے نیڑے
|وِیہاں دے نیڑے
|}

=== General Vocabulary ===
Jatki dialects have several words that differ from Standard Punjabi.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |English
! colspan="2" |Jatki
! colspan="2" |Standard Punjabi
|-
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
|-
|Many
|بہُوں
|ਬਹੂੰ
|بہت
|ਬਹੁਤ
|-
|Cried / To Cry
|رُنّا، رووَنا
|ਰੁੰਨਾ, ਰੋਵਣਾ
|رویا، رونا
|ਰੋਇਆ, ਰੋਣਾ
|-
|Happening
|ہووَنا
|ਹੋਵਣਾ
|ہونا
|ਹੋਣਾ
|-
|Lifting
|چاوَنا
|ਚਾਵਣਾ
|چُکّنا
|ਚੁੱਕਣਾ
|-
|Again/Then
|وتّ / مُڑ
|ਵੱਤ / ਮੁੜ
|پھیر
|ਫੇਰ
|-
|Wandering
|وتّنا
|ਵੱਤਣਾ
|پھِرنا
|ਫਿਰਨਾ
|-
|Day
|دینْہہ
|ਦੇਂਹ
|دِن
|ਦਿਨ
|-
|Quickly
|ٹھَوہ / جھب
|ਠਹੁ / ਝਬ
|چھیتی
|ਛੇਤੀ
|-
|More
|چوکھا / گھنا
|ਚੋਖਾ / ਘਣਾ
|زیادہ
|ਜ਼ਿਆਦਾ
|-
|To sleep
|سَیں ونج
|ਸੈਂ ਵੰਜ
|سَوں جا
|ਸੌਂ ਜਾ
|-
|Placing
|پیا، پوَنا، پوندا، پوسی
|ਪਿਆ, ਪਵਣਾ, ਪੋਂਦਾ, ਪੋਸੀ
|پیا، پینا، پَیندا، پویگا
|ਪਿਆ, ਪੈਣਾ, ਪੈਂਦਾ, ਪਵੇਗਾ
|-
|To lose
|ونجاوَنا
|ਵੰਞਾਵਣਾ
|گواؤنا
|ਗਵਾਉਣਾ
|-
|Going
|ونج، ویندا، ویسی
جا، جاندا، جاسی
|ਵੰਜ, ਵੇਂਦਾ, ਵੇਸੀ
ਜਾ, ਜਾਂਦਾ, ਜਾਸੀ
|جا، جاندا، جاویگا
|ਜਾ, ਜਾਂਦਾ, ਜਾਵੇਗਾ
|-
|Alright / Okay
|ہلا
|ਹਲਾ
|اچھا
|ਅੱਛਾ
|-
|Wife
|سوانی، ٹبّری
|ਸਵਾਣੀ, ਟੱਬਰੀ
|زنانی
|ਜ਼ਨਾਨੀ
|-
|Boy
|چھوہَر / جاتک
|ਛੋਹਰ / ਜਾਤਕ
|مُنڈا
|ਮੁੰਡਾ
|-
|Life
|حیاتی
|ਹਿਆਤੀ
|زندگی
|ਜ਼ਿੰਦਗੀ
|-
|To pull
|چھِکّنا
|ਛਿੱਕਣਾ
|کھِچّنا
|ਖਿੱਚਣਾ
|-
|To beat
|ماردا / مریندا
مارسی / مریسی
|ਮਾਰਦਾ / ਮਰੇਂਦਾ
ਮਾਰਸੀ / ਮਰੇਸੀ
|ماردا، ماریگا
|ਮਾਰਦਾ / ਮਾਰੇਗਾ
|-
|To cut
|کپّنا / وڈھّنا
|ਕੱਪਣਾ / ਵੱਢਣਾ
|کٹّنا
|ਕੱਟਣਾ
|-
|For
|کاݨ / آسطے
|ਕਾਣ / ਆਸਤੇ
|لئی
|ਲਈ
|-
|Due to
|پارُوں
|ਪਾਰੂੰ
|کرکے / کارن
|ਕਰਕੇ / ਕਾਰਨ
|-
|May
|شالا
|ਸ਼ਾਲਾ
|رب کرے
|ਰੱਬ ਕਰੇ
|-
|Lest
|متاں
|ਮਤਾਂ
|کِتّے ایہہ نہ ہووے
|ਕਿੱਤੇ ਇਹ ਨਾ ਹੋਵੇ
|-
|Friendship
|سن٘گت
|ਸੰਗਤ
|دوستی
|ਦੋਸਤੀ
|}

=== Words for "Taking" and "Bringing" ===
Commonly observed in the [[Lahnda dialects]] is the use of ''Ghinṇā'' (گھِننا)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Maya |date=1895 |title=The Panjabi dictionary. |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/singh_query.py?qs=ghinna&searchhws=yes&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |quote=GHINNAṈÁ ਘਿੱਨਣਾ v. a. To take}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6910 |title=Grammar and dictionary of Western Panjabi, as spoken in the Shahpur district with proverbs, sayings and verses |date=1899 |publisher=Punjab Government Press, Lahore |page=1 |quote=Ghinn for Le (Take).}}</ref> and ''Aaṇnā'' (آننا)<ref>{{Cite book |last=A. Jukes |url=https://archive.org/details/204912920SaraikiDictionary |title=Dictionary of the Jatki or Western Panjábi Language |date=1900 |page=22 |quote=آننْڑ / Anan, v. t. To bring.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Salah-ud-Din Panjabi dictionary |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/salah-ud-din_query.py?qs=%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%86&searchhws=yes&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> instead of the Eastern Punjabi words ''Laiṇā'' (لَینا) and ''Lyāṇā'' (لیانا).

Jatki makes usage of both sets. The Dhani dialect however, seems to lean more towards the former.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |English
! colspan="2" |[[Jatki language|Jatki]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Pothohari]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Hindko]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]
|-
!Shahpuri/[[Jhangvi dialect|Jhangochi]]
![[Dhanni dialect|Dhanni]]
|-
|From tomorrow onwards, I'll also bring it for you, just cope for today.
|کلّ توں میں تُہانُوں وی لیا دِتّا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر لوو
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਲਿਆ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਕਰਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਲਵੋ
|کلّ توں میں تُسانُوں وی آݨ دِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਆਣ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਕਰੇਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਘਿਨੋ
|کلّ توں میں تُساں کی وی آݨی دیا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کری گھِنو
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕੀ ਵੀ ਆਣੀ ਦਿਆ ਕਰਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰੀ ਘਿਨੋ
|کلّ توں میں تُساں آں وی آݨ دیا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਆਂ ਵੀ ਆਣ ਦਿਆ ਕਰਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਘਿਨੋ
|کلّ توں میں تُہاکُوں وی آݨ ڈِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਹਾਕੂੰ ਵੀ ਆਣ ਡਿੱਤਾ ਕਰੇਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਘਿਨੋ
|-
|Bring him along as well.
|اوہنُوں وی نال لَے آوو
ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਆਵੋ
|اوہنُوں وی نال گھِن آوو
ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਆਵੋ
|اُسکی وی نال گھِنی اچھو
ਉਸਕੀ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਅਛੋ
|اُساں وی نال گھِن آؤ
ਉਸਾਂ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਆਓ
|اُوکُوں وی نال گھِن آوو
ਊਕੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਆਵੋ
|-
|They took it from me as well
|اُنھاں میرے کولُوں وی لَے لیا
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੇਰੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਲੈ ਲਿਆ
|اُنھاں مینڈھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੈਂਢੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨ ਘਿਦਾ
|اُنھاں مہاڑے کولُوں وی گھِنی گھِدا
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮਹਾੜੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨੀ ਘਿਦਾ
|اُنھان مڑھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੜ੍ਹੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨ ਘਿਦਾ
|اُنھاں میڈے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੈਂਡੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨ ਘਿਦਾ
|-
|He is bringing
|اوہ لیاندا پیا اے
ਓਹ ਲਿਆਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|اوہ اݨیدا پیا اے
ਓਹ ਅਣੇਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|اوہ آݨنا پیا اے
ਓਹ ਆਣਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|اوہ آݨدا پیا اے
ਓਹ ਆਣਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|اوہ اݨیدا پیا اے
ਓਹ ਅਣੇਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|-
|We will also have to bring them back
|اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی لیاوَݨا ہوسی
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਲਿਆਵਣਾ ਹੋਸੀ
|اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ
|اُنھاں کی واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਕੀ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ
|اُنھاں آں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਆਂ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ
|اُنھاں کُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਕੂੰ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ
|-
|Eat it
|کھا لَے
ਖਾ ਲੈ
|کھا گھِن
ਖਾ ਘਿਨ
|کھائی گھِن
ਖਾਈ ਘਿਨ
|کھا گھِن
ਖਾ ਘਿਨ
|کھا گھِن
ਖਾ ਘਿਨ
|-
|Bring it
Brought it
|چا لیاؤ
چا لیاندا

ਚਾ ਲਿਆਓ

ਚਾ ਲਿਆਂਦਾ
|چا آݨو
چا آندا

ਚਾ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾ ਆਂਦਾ
|چائی آݨو
چائی آندا

ਚਾਈ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾਈ ਆਂਦਾ
|چا آݨو
چا آندا

ਚਾ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾ ਆਂਦਾ
|چا آݨو
چا آندا

ਚਾ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾ ਆਂਦਾ
|-
|Take it
Took it
|چا لوو
چا لیا

ਚਾ ਲਵੋ

ਚਾ ਲਿਆ
|چا گھِنو
چا گھِدا

ਚਾ ਘਿਨੋ

ਚਾ ਘਿਦਾ
|چائی گھِنو
چائی گھِدا

ਚਾਈ ਘਿਨੋ

ਚਾਈ ਘਿਦਾ
|چا گھِنو
چا گھِدا

ਚਾ ਘਿਨੋ

ਚਾ ਘਿਦਾ
|چا گھِنو
چا گھِدا

ਚਾ ਘਿਨੋ

ਚਾ ਘਿਦਾ
|}

=== Retention of the irrgeular past tense ===
In Jatki Punjabi, as well as in [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]], the irregular Punjabi past tense form of verbs is retained when used with the verb ''Karnā'', a feature that is not present in [[Punjabi dialects#Eastern_Punjabi|Eastern dialects]] such as [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]], or even in other [[Lahnda]] varieties such as [[Pothohari]] and [[Hindko]].

The irregular past tense is generally the same throughout the Punjabi dialects (e.g. ''khādhā, peetā, nahātā, dhotā, moyā, latthā, khalotā, ḍaṭṭhā, suttā, keetā, dittā, ghidā, seetā, baddhā'').

Jatki does seem to have some additional ones as well, such as '''''runnā''''' for ''royā'' (cried) '''''ḍiṭṭhā''''' for ''vekhya'' (seen), and '''''syātā''''' for ''syāneā'' (recognized).

Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
!English
![[Jatki language|Jatki]]
![[Majhi dialect|Majhi]]
![[Pahari-Pothwari|Pothohari]]
|-
|Eat less rotis
|روٹِیاں گھٹّ کھادھِیاں کرو
ਰੋਟੀਆਂ ਘੱਟ ਖਾਧੀਆਂ ਕਰੋ
|روٹِیاں گھٹّ کھایا کرو
ਰੋਟੀਆਂ ਘੱਟ ਖਾਇਆ ਕਰੋ
|روٹِیاں گھٹّ کھایا کرو
ਰੋਟੀਆਂ ਘੱਟ ਖਾਇਆ ਕਰੋ
|-
|I will also be taking tea with you from tomorrow onwards
|کلّ توں میں وی تُہاڈے نال چاء پِیتی کرساں
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਵੀ ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਨਾਲ ਚਾਹ ਪੀਤੀ ਕਰਸਾਂ
|کلّ توں میں وی تُہاڈے نال چاء پیا کرانْگا
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਵੀ ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਨਾਲ ਚਾਹ ਪੀਆ ਕਰਾਂਗਾ
|کلّ توں میں وی تُساں نال چاء پیا کرساں
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਵੀ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਚਾਹ ਪੀਆ ਕਰਸਾਂ
|-
|You should also do it as such
|تُسِیں وی اِنج/ایویں کِیتا کرو
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਵੀ ਇੰਜ/ਐਵੇਂ ਕੀਤਾ ਕਰੋ
|تُسِیں وی اِنج/ایویں کریا کرو
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਵੀ ਇੰਜ/ਐਵੇਂ ਕਰਿਆ ਕਰੋ
|تُساں وی اِسراں کریا کرو
ਤੁਸਾਂ ਵੀ ਇਸਰਾਂ ਕਰਿਆ ਕਰੋ
|-
|Don't be giving me such tasks.
|مینُوں اِنج دے/ایجہے کمّ نہ دِتّے کرو
ਮੈਨੂੰ ਇੰਜ ਦੇ/ਅਜਿਹੇ ਕੱਮ ਨਾ ਦਿੱਤੇ ਕਰੋ
|مینُوں اِنج دے/ایجِہے کمّ نہ دیا کرو
ਮੈਨੂੰ ਇੰਜ ਦੇ/ਅਜਿਹੇ ਕੱਮ ਨਾ ਦਿਆ ਕਰੋ
|میکی ایہے جِہے کمّ نہ دیا کرو
ਮਿਕੀ ਇਹੇ ਜਿਹੇ ਕੱਮ ਨਾ ਦਿਆ ਕਰੋ
|-
|Tell him that he needs to eat and drink well.
|اوہنُوں آکھو بہ اوہ کُجھ کھادھا پِیتا کرے
ਓਹਨੂੰ ਆਖੋ ਬਾ ਓਹ ਕੁਝ ਖਾਧਾ ਪੀਤਾ ਕਰੇ
|اوہنُوں آکھو کہ اوہ کُجھ کھایا پیا کرے
ਓਹਨੂੰ ਆਖੋ ਕਿ ਓਹ ਕੁਝ ਖਾਇਆ ਪੀਆ ਕਰੇ
|اُسکی آکھو کہ اوہ کُجھ کھایا پیا کرے
ਉਸਕੀ ਆਖੋ ਕਿ ਓਹ ਕੁਝ ਖਾਇਆ ਪੀਆ ਕਰੇ
|-
|He wants that I should sleep on time
|اوہ چاہندا اے میں ویلے نال سُتّا کراں
ਉਹ ਚਾਹੰਦਾ ਐ ਮੈਂ ਵੇਲੇ ਨਾਲ ਸੁੱਤਾ ਕਰਾਂ
|اوہ چاہندا اے میں ویلے نال سَونْیا کراں
ਉਹ ਚਾਹੰਦਾ ਐ ਮੈਂ ਵੇਲੇ ਨਾਲ ਸੌਂਇਆ ਕਰਾਂ
|اوہ چاہنا اے میں ویلے نال سیا کراں
ਉਹ ਚਾਹਣਾ ਐ ਮੈਂ ਵੇਲੇ ਨਾਲ ਸਿਆ ਕਰਾਂ
|-
|Do talks of truth
|گلّاں سچّیاں کیتِیاں کرو
ਗੱਲਾਂ ਸੱਚੀਆਂ ਕੀਤੀਆਂ ਕਰੋ
|گلّاں سچّیاں کریا کرو
ਗੱਲਾਂ ਸੱਚੀਆਂ ਕਰਿਆ ਕਰੋ
|گلّاں سچّیاں کریا کرو
ਗੱਲਾਂ ਸੱਚੀਆਂ ਕਰਿਆ ਕਰੋ
|-
|You should listen to what I have to say
|کدے میری گلّ وی سُن لئی کر
کدے مینڈی گلّ وی سُن گھِدی کر

ਕਦੇ ਮੇਰੀ ਗੱਲ ਵੀ ਸੁਣ ਲਈ ਕਰ

ਕਦੇ ਮੈਂਡੀ ਗੱਲ ਵੀ ਸੁਣ ਘਿਦੀ ਕਰ
|کدے میری گلّ وی سُن لیا کر
ਕਦੇ ਮੇਰੀ ਗੱਲ ਵੀ ਸੁਣ ਲਿਆ ਕਰ
|کدے مہاڑی گلّ وی سُنی گھِنیا کر
ਕਦੇ ਮਹਾੜੀ ਗੱਲ ਵੀ ਸੁਣੀ ਘਿਨਿਆ ਕਰ
|}

==== This is also observed with the verbs ''"Rakkhnā"'' and ''"Jānā/Vanjnā"''. ====
Examples:

''Asī̃ ohnū̃ '''ditti''' rakhie?'' (اسِیں اوہنُوں '''دِتّی''' رکھّیئے؟) instead of ''Asī̃ ohnū̃ '''dei''' rakhie?'' (اسِیں اوہنُوں '''دئی''' رکھّیئے؟)

(meaning, "Shall we keep on giving him?")

and

''Oh '''keeti''' jāndā ae'' (اوہ '''کِیتی''' جاندا اے) instead of ''Oh '''kari''' jāndā ae'' (اوہ '''کری''' جاندا اے)

(meaning, "He keeps on doing")

''Kalla mai-aan kamm '''keeti''' jaavan?'' instead of ''Kalla maiiyon kamm '''kari''' jaavan?''

(meaning, "I alone am to keep on doing?)

==== This can be further observed with the verbs ''Aanā'' (to come) and ''Jānā/Vanjnā'' (to go), when used in this manner. ====
''Ohnu ohndey pesay taan '''ditti''' aa'' (اوہنُوں اوہندے پیسے تاں دِتّی آ), meaning "Give him his money and come back"

''Pesay taan mere '''ditti''' vanj'' (پیسے تاں میرے دِتّی ونج), meaning "Give my money as you go"

''Pesay taan '''ditti''' veynda/jaanda'' (پیسے تاں دِتّی ویندا/جانا), meaning "You could have at least given the money as you went"

''Mein hikk kamm '''keeti''' aavaan'' (میں ہِکّ کمّ نہ کیتی آواں), meaning "I'll be back after one task"

''Mein veyndean do trae moṭian moṭian gallaan bas '''keeti''' jaavan'' (میں ویندیاں دو ترۓ گلّاں بس کیتی جاواں), meaning "I'm just going to say a few things as I go"

''Ajj kujh baahroon na '''khaadhi''' aaveeye?'' (اجّ کُجھ باہرُوں نہ کھادی آوِیئے؟), meaning "Shouldn't we eat something from outside today?"

''Aseen gall kareynde haaen, pehlon booha taan band '''keeti''' aa'' (اسِیں گلّ کریندے ہائیں، پہلوں بُوہا تاں بند کیتی آ), meaning "We will talk, first go close the door"

''Booha band '''keeti''' jaaveen'' (بُوہا بند کیتی جاوِیں), meaning "Close the door when you go"

''Oh '''ditti''' aaya karay'' (اوہ دِتّی آیا کرے), meaning "He can give (and come back)"

''Oh '''ditti''' jaaya karay'' (اوہ دِتّی کرے), meaning "He can give give (while he is passing/leaving)"

''Mein '''ḍiṭṭhi aavaan''''' (میں ڈِتھّی آواں), meaning "I'll be back after a look"

''Jaa '''nahaati''' aa'' (جا نہاتی آ), meaning "Go take a bath"

The words in bold would be "de", "kar", "khaa", "dekhya", and "nahaaya" in Standard Punjabi as well as in Urdu-Hindi translation.

==== With the verb ''Baiṭhnā'' ====
''"Hun taan mein '''keeti''' baitha aan"'' instead of "''Hun taan mein karii '''baitha''' aan".''

(meaning, "Now I have done it" [So now what?])

''"'''Peeti''' baitha ae"'' instead of ''"'''Pee''' baitha ae"''

(meaning, "He has drunk")

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = The Siraiki language of central Pakistan : a reference grammar| date = 1976| location = London| publisher = School of Oriental and African Studies}}
* {{Cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab| journal = Transactions of the Philological Society| date = 1979| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x| issn = 0079-1636| volume = 77| issue = 1| pages = 191–210}}
* {{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7}}
*{{cite thesis|last= Wagha|first= Muhammad Ahsan|date= 1997|title= The development of Siraiki language in Pakistan|type= Ph.D.|publisher= School of Oriental and African Studies|url= http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267685|access-date= 2016-11-12|archive-date= 2017-02-14|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170214205829/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267685|url-status= dead}} (requires registration)

==Further reading==
* {{Cite LSI|8|1}}
* {{Cite book| last = Wilson| first = James| title = Grammar and dictionary of western Panjabi, as spoken in the Shahpur district with proverbs, sayings, & verses| location = Lahore| publisher = Panjab Govt. Press| date = 1898| url = http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=8503&CategoryID=1}}
{{Punjabi dialects}}

[[Category:Punjabi language in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Punjabi dialects]]

Sindhi diaspora

2025-10-31T07:27:55Z

Veronagqc:

{{Short description|Ethnic Sindhis and their descendants living outside of the Sindh province of Pakistan}}
{{refimprove|date=July 2011}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Sindhi Diaspora
| native_name = ٻاهري ملڪي سنڌي
| native_name_lang =
| regions = [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Kashmir]], [[Baluchistan]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]], [[India]], [[United States|America]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]] and [[Gibraltar]]
| langs = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]|religions [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Islam]] , [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] and [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]] [[Sikhism]]
| related_groups =
}}
{{Sindhis}}

The '''Sindhi diaspora''' ({{Langx|sd|ٻاهري ملڪي سنڌي}}) consists of [[Sindhi people]] who have emigrated from the historical [[Sind Province (1936–55)|Sindh]] province of [[British India]],<ref name="Markovits2000">{{cite book|last=Markovits|first=Claude|title=The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750–1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama|url=https://archive.org/details/globalworldindia00mark|url-access=limited|date=22 June 2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|language=en |isbn=9781139431279|page=[https://archive.org/details/globalworldindia00mark/page/n294 277]|quote=The partition of British India brought in its wake a large-scale exodus of non-Muslims from Sind to independent India.}}</ref> as well as the modern [[Sindh]] province of [[Pakistan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/222691-The-Sindhi-diaspora|title=The Sindhi diaspora|last=Rajpar|first=Mushtaq|date=10 August 2017|publisher=[[The News International]]|language=en|access-date=28 January 2018|quote=Sindhis living abroad have attempted to have an organised one voice for decades. In many ways those who migrate from Sindh to North America remain connected to and deeply concerned about Sindh.}}</ref> to other countries and regions of the world, as well as their descendants.

Apart from the [[Indian subcontinent]], Sindhi communities exist in [[Malaysia]], [[Oman]], [[Singapore]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], [[United States|USA]] and [[United Kingdom|UK]],{{cn|date=December 2024}} where they have established themselves as a trade diaspora.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=‘The Sindhis — Selling Anything, Anywhere’ is story of the quintessential Sindhi businessman |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/the-sindhis-%E2%80%94-selling-anything-anywhere-is-story-of-the-quintessential-sindhi-businessman-428441 |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aggarwal |first=Saaz |author-link=Saaz Aggarwal |date=August 19, 2022 |title=For Sindhis, Partition Meant Loss of a Homeland, of a Culture and a Language |url=https://thewire.in/history/for-sindhis-partition-meant-loss-of-a-homeland-of-a-culture-and-a-language |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

==India==
{{See also|Sindhis in India}}
After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, about half of the [[Sindhi Hindu]] community had to migrate to the [[Dominion of India]] from the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. {{As of|pre=the|2011}} census, there were about 2.7 million Sindhis living in the [[Republic of India]] settled mostly in Western states like [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|title=2011 Indian Census}}</ref>

==Sri Lanka==
{{See also|Sindhis in Sri Lanka}}
Earliest groups of [[Sindhis]] came to the island of [[British Ceylon]] (modern-day [[Sri Lanka]]) estimated two centuries ago in hopes for business and trade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nazim |first=Aisha |title=Why the Partition of India was a tectonic event for Sri Lankan Sindhis |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/845217/why-the-partition-of-india-was-a-tectonic-event-for-sri-lankan-sindhis |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> A majority of them had migrated from [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad city of Sindh]] via the [[Arabian Sea]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-20 |title=The story of the Lankan Sindhis |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/the-story-of-the-lankan-sindhis/story-y8boKWXJt1i9BZeXiIJDqJ.html |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and most were [[Hindus]] who had come for business.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proud of their heritage; proud to be Lankans |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/180204/plus/proud-of-their-heritage-proud-to-be-lankans-279390.html |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=The Sunday Times Sri Lanka}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Ministry External Affairs |title=India-Sri Lanka Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/MEA_Website_Brief_-_August_2015_en.pdf |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=MEA.gov.in}}</ref>

==Foreign lands==
{{See also|Sindhi Americans|British Sindhis|Sindhi Australians|Sindhis in Afghanistan|Sindhi Canadians}}
Outside the subcontinent, it is estimated that around 24,000 Sindhi of [[Afghanistan]] are part of a much larger Sindhi people group. Almost all of the Sindhis in Afghanistan are [[Hanafi school|Hanafite Muslim]].{{cn|date=December 2024}}

There is also a sizeable overseas population of [[Sindhis]] in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[United States]], other populations include in [[Australia]] and [[Canada]].

[[Kenya]] has a small, established Sindhi trading community of about 45 families (200 people) of shop-keepers from [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], Sindh (in present-day Pakistan) rooted in a migration which began around 1887.

==See also==
*[[Hinduism in Gibraltar|Sindhi Hindus in Gibraltar]]
*[[Hinduism in Ghana]]
*[[Hinduism in Sindh Province]]
*[[Hinduism in Australia]]
*[[Hinduism in Afghanistan]]
*[[Indians in Afghanistan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Overseas Asians}}
{{overseas Pakistani}}
{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Sindh topics}}
{{Sindhi diaspora}}

[[Category:Sindhi diaspora| ]]
[[Category:Pakistani diaspora]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by ethnic group]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]

Oscar Fernandes

2025-10-20T09:41:53Z

Veronagqc:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1941–2021)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Oscar Fernandes at launch of the Pilot Project for Cashless Treatment of Road Accident Victims on Gurgaon-Jaipur Stretch of NH-8.jpg
| caption = Fernandes in 2013
| image_size = 150

| office = [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways]]
| term_start = 17 June 2013
| term_end = 26 May 2014
| primeminister = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor = [[C. P. Joshi]] Manmohan Singh (acting)
| successor = [[Nitin Gadkari]]

| office1 = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour and Employment]]
| term_start1 = 15 December 2013
| term_end1 = 26 May 2014
| primeminister1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor1 = [[Sis Ram Ola]]
| successor1 = [[Narendra Singh Tomar]]
| term_start2 = 24 October 2006
| term_end2 = 3 March 2009 (as Minister of State, Independent Charge)
| predecessor2 = Manmohan Singh (acting)
| successor2 = [[G. K. Vasan]]

| office3 = [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Statistics and Programme Implementation]]
| term_start3 = 23 May 2004
| term_end3 = 29 January 2006
| predecessor3 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| successor3 = [[G. K. Vasan]]

| office4 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start4 = 1 July 1998
| term_end4 = 13 September 2021
| constituency4 = [[Karnataka]]
| successor4 = [[Lehar Singh Siroya]]

| office5 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start5 = 1980
| term_end5 = 1998
| constituency5 = [[Udupi Lok Sabha constituency|Udupi]]
| predecessor5 = [[T. A. Pai]]
| successor5 = [[I. M. Jayarama Shetty]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1941|3|27}}
| birth_place = [[Udupi]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|9|13|1941|3|27|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/congress-veteran-and-former-union-minister-oscar-fernandes-passes-away/articleshow/86164185.cms | title=Congress veteran and former Union minister Oscar Fernandes passes away. | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Vinobha K T | date=13 September 2021 | accessdate=13 September 2021}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| cause of death =
| residence = Doris Rest Haven, Ambalpady, [[Udupi]]
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = {{marriage |Blossom Fernandes|1981}}
| children = 2
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Oscar Fernandes''' (27 March 1941 – 13 September 2021) was an Indian politician, a senior [[Indian National Congress]] leader and was the Union Cabinet [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (India)|Minister for Transport, Road and Highways and Labour and Employment]], [[Government of India]] in UPA government. He was one of the closest confidants of the former Congress President [[Rahul Gandhi]] and one of the major leaders involved in the decision making process related to Congress Party.
He was closely associated with the late Mogaveera community leader Mr.Ananda Mendon and both together worked for the social upliftment of rural areas of coastal Karnataka.

==Political life and career==

Fernandes was the Chairman of Central Election Authority of the [[All India Congress Committee]]. He was previously the AICC General Secretary, the Minister of State (Independent charge) of the [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]] in Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]]'s first UPA government in India. He served as Parliamentary Secretary to [[Rajiv Gandhi]].

He was elected to the [[7th Lok Sabha]] in 1980 from [[Udupi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udupi constituency]] in [[Karnataka]]. He was re-elected to the Lok Sabha in 1984, 1989, 1991 and 1996 from the same constituency. Later, he was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] in 1998. He was re-elected to the Rajya Sabha in 2004. He was a Union Minister from 2004 to 2009, holding a number of portfolios such as Statistics and Programme Implementation, NRI Affairs, Youth and Sports Affairs and Labour and Employment.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 13, 2021|title=Congress leader and former Union Minister Oscar Fernandes passes away at 80|work=[[Business Line]]|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/congress-leader-and-former-union-minister-oscar-fernandes-passes-away-at-80/article36430896.ece|access-date=September 13, 2021}}</ref> He served two terms as a member of the Council of the [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bangalore.

Name of Oscar Fernandes is also figured in the National Harold case.

==Personal life==

[[File:The President Dr. A.P. J. Abdul Kalam administering the oath as Minister of State (Independent Charge) to Shri Oscar Fernandes at a Swearing-in Ceremony in New Delhi on May 22, 2004.jpg|thumb|[[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]], then President of India, administering the oath as Minister of State (Independent Charge) to Fernandes at a Swearing-in Ceremony in New Delhi, May 22, 2004.]]

Oscar was born to Roque Fernandes, the head of Government Composite PU College and the first President of Manipal Institute of Technology and Leonissa M. Fernandes, the first female magistrate in India, at the family estate at [[Udupi]]. Fernandes was one of 12 children in his family, and grew up with a strong Catholic background. As a child he was an altar boy, and as a youth he was active in Church activities. His family belongs to the Fernandes-Prabhu clan, a [[Mangalorean Catholics|Mangalorean Catholic]] clan from [[Udyavara]] in [[Udupi district]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lobo|2000|p=250}}</ref> He married Blossom Mathias Prabhu on 26 August 1981 and had one son Oshan and one daughter Oshanie. His son Oshan is married to Frazil Quadros and Oscar's daughter Oshanie is married to Mark Saldanha.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alva|first=H R|date=16 September 2021|title=Oscar Fernandes: A Noble Leader|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusiveDisplay?articlesID=5654|access-date=2021-09-19|website=[[Daijiworld Media]]|language=en}}</ref> In 2002 Fernandes inaugurated the Glowinstar Academy, an integrated development school, in Ambalpady, dedicated to his father, Roque.

==Death==
Fernandes died on 13 September 2021 at the age of 80, due to age related ailments at Yenepoya hospital in [[Mangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shantanu|first=Shashank|date=13 September 2021|title=Oscar Fernandes, senior Congress leader, passes away in Mangaluru|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/oscar-fernandes-senior-congress-leader-rajya-sabha-mp-passes-away-in-mangaluru-733674|access-date=14 September 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref> He was undergoing treatment there since 19 July, following a clot in brain due to a fall at his home.

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=50em}}
*{{Cite book
|last=Lobo
|first=Michael
|author-link=Michael Lobo
|publisher=Camelot Publishers
|title=Distinguished Mangalorean Catholics, 1800–2000: a historico-biographical survey of the Mangalorean Catholic community
|year=2000
|isbn=978-81-87609-01-8
}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}

* [http://india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=173 Detailed Profile: Oscar Fernandes] in India.gov.in website
*[http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2726.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef | before = [[C. P. Joshi]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways (India)|Minister of Road Transport and Highways]]
| years = 17 June 2013 – 25 May 2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Nitin Gadkari]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Cabinet of Manmohan Singh}}
{{commons category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Oscar}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Mangaloreans]]
[[Category:People from Udupi]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka municipal councillors]]
[[Category:People from Chitradurga]]
[[Category:Labour ministers of India]]
[[Category:Presidents of Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee]]

National Council for Vocational Education and Training

2025-10-17T02:09:21Z

Veronagqc: added info

{{Short description|Indian regulatory body}}
'''National Council for Vocational Education and Training''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]], non-[[Statute|statutory]] and [[Regulation|regulatory]] body under [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]] for monitoring the [[Institution|institutions]] engaged in providing short term and long term [[Education|educational]] training in [[vocational education]] and designing the basic standards required for operations of such institutions. The chairman and two executive and non executive members will be appointed by a committee consisting of [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|home minister]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|finance minister]], agriculture minister and minister for [[rural development]] who are part of Cabinet Committee on Employment and Skill Development. The National Council for Vocational Education and Training will be controlling authority of institutions imparting education and training to 15 million students each year.

== History and Objective ==

National Council for Vocational Education and Training was formed on 10 October 2018 by clubbing National Council for Vocational Training (NCVT) and National Skills Development Agency (NSDA),<ref name="nc2">{{cite news |title=Cabinet nod to merger of Skill development bodies |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/BMcJFaADnfcc10MmT0NO9M/Cabinet-nod-to-merger-of-skill-development-bodies.html |access-date=9 September 2022 |publisher=livemint.com/ |date=11 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="nc5">{{cite news |title=Centre Merges Skill Training Bodies, Forms New Council |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/national-council-for-vocational-education-and-training-ncvet-skill-training-bodies-ncvt-nsda-merged-1929856 |access-date=9 September 2022 |publisher=ndtv.com |date=10 October 2018}}</ref> as non-statutory and regulatory institution for designing basic guidelines for working of institutions engaged in providing short term and long term vocational education and training.<ref name="nc1">{{cite news |title=With eyes on skilling, ministry invites applications for NCVET |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/with-eye-on-skilling-ministry-invites-applications-for-ncvet/articleshow/70604500.cms?from=mdr |access-date=9 September 2022 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=9 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="nc3">{{cite news |title=National Council for Vocational Training: A long-awaited step to strengthen India’s skill ecosystem |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/national-council-for-vocational-training-a-long-awaited-step-to-strengthen-indias-skill-ecosystem/1356394/ |access-date=9 September 2022 |publisher=financialexpress.com |date=22 October 2018}}</ref> The institutions under National Council for Vocational Education and Training impart vocational education to 15 million students every year.<ref name="nc2" />

== Composition ==

National Council for Vocational Education and Training to consist of a chairperson and two executive members and two non-executive members who will be appointed by a committee headed by Prime Minister. The council will also have a nominated member and designated staff with officers and consultants.<ref name="nc4">{{cite news |title=Cabinet approves merger of NCVT and NSDA to establish NCVET to further strengthen India’s skill ecosystem |url=https://content.timesjobs.com/cabinet-approves-merger-of-ncvt-and-nsda-to-establish-ncvet-to-further-strengthen-indias-skill-ecosystem/articleshow/66161798.cms |access-date=9 September 2022 |publisher=timesjobs.com |date=10 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="nc1" />

== See also ==

* [[Industrial training institute|Industrial Training Institute]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://ncvet.gov.in/ Official Website]



[[Category:Vocational education]]
[[Category:Regulatory agencies of India]]

Sabri Azit

2025-09-30T21:48:22Z

Veronagqc: cleanup

{{short description|Malaysian politician}}
{{BLP one source|date=July 2021}}
{{use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{use American English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Malay styles and titles#Honorary styles|Yang Berhormat]] [[Malay styles and titles#State titles|Tuan]]
| name = Sabri Azit
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=MYS|JSM|SDK|PJK (Kedah)|MP|size=100%}}
| native_name = {{nobold|صبري ازيت}}
| office2 = Faction represented in [[Dewan Rakyat]]
| subterm2 = 2018–2020
| suboffice2 = [[Malaysian Islamic Party]]
| subterm3 = 2020–
| suboffice3 = [[Perikatan Nasional]]

|office5 = Other roles
|subterm5 = 2020–2023
|suboffice5 = Chairman of Malaysian Institute of Translation and Books
| birth_name = Sabri bin Azit
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|4|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Guar Chempedak]], Kedah, Malaysia
| party = [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS)
| otherparty = [[Perikatan Nasional]] (PN)
| occupation = Politician, teacher
| alma_mater = [[University Malaya]]
}}

'''Sabri bin Azit''' is a [[Malaysian people|Malaysian]] [[politician]] who has served as [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Jerai (federal constituency)|Jerai]] since May 2018 and Chairman of the Translation and Book Institute from 2020 to 2023. He is a member of the [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS), a component party of the [[Perikatan Nasional]] (PN) coalition.<ref>[https://twitter.com/rakanITBM/status/1261216215084630017] (May 10, 2020) Retrieved on July 24, 2021</ref>

==Election results==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+ [[Dewan Rakyat|Parliament of Malaysia]]<ref name="GE14 results">{{cite web|url=https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|title=SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE – 14|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|language=ms|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=September 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913134822/https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|url-status=dead}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="The Star GE14">{{cite web|url=https://election.thestar.com.my/|title=The Star Online GE14|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|access-date=24 May 2018}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref>
!|Year
!|Constituency
!colspan=2|Candidate
!|Votes
!|Pct
!colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
| rowspan=2|[[2018 Malaysian general election|2018]]
| rowspan="5" |'''P012 [[Jerai (federal constituency)|Jerai]]'''
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/PAS}} |
| rowspan=2|'''Sabri Azit''' ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
| rowspan=2 align="right"| '''22,312'''
| rowspan=2| '''33.94%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
| [[Jamil Khir Baharom]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" | 21,773
| 33.12%
| rowspan=2| 66,748
| rowspan=2| 539
| rowspan=2| 83.68%
|-
|{{Party shading/Keadilan}} |
|Akhramsyah Muammar Ubaidah Sanusi ([[Malaysian United Indigenous Party|BERSATU]])
|align="right" | 21,651
| 32.94%
|-
|rowspan=3|[[2022 Malaysian general election|2022]]
|rowspan=3 bgcolor={{party color|Perikatan Nasional}} |
|rowspan=3|{{nowrap|'''Sabri Azit'''}} ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|rowspan=3 align="right" |'''49,461'''
|rowspan=3|'''60.10%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|[[Jamil Khir Baharom]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |16,269
|19.77%
|rowspan=3|82,293
|rowspan=3|33,192
|rowspan=3|78.37%
|-
|{{Party shading/PH}} |
|Zulhazmi Shariff ([[Democratic Action Party|DAP]])
|align="right" |15,590
|18.94%
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Homeland Fighter's Party}}|
|Mohd Nizam Mahsyar ([[Homeland Fighter's Party|PEJUANG]])
|align="right" |973
|align=right|1.18%
|}

==Honours==
===Honours of Malaysia===
* {{flag|Malaysia}}
** [[File:Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia - SSM.svg|50px]] Companion of the [[Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia#Companion|Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia]] (JSM) (2021)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.istiadat.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/7.-Senarai-Media-Penerima-DKBPP-Tahun-2021-J.S.M..pdf|title=Senarian Penerima Johan Setia Mahkota Tahun 2021|website=www.istiadat.gov.my}}</ref>
** [[File:MY Pingat Pertabalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong XVII ribbon.png|50px]] Recipient of the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Malaysia#Honorary orders and medals|17th Yang di-Pertuan Agong Installation Medal]] (2024)
* {{flag|Kedah}}
** [[File:MY-KED Order of Loyalty to the Royal House of Kedah - Companion (SDK).svg|50px]] Companion of the [[Order of Loyalty to the Royal House of Kedah]] (SDK) (2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eservices.kedah.gov.my/epingat/index.php?page=page_wrapper&menuID=150|title=Carian Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat|website=eservices.kedah.gov.my}}</ref>
** [[File:MY-KED Meritorious Service Medal (PJK).svg|50px]] Recipient of the Meritorious Service Medal (PJK) (2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://govdocs.sinarproject.org/documents/state-governments/kedah/government-of-kedah-darul-aman-gazette/kdhgn09-01-y2012.pdf|title=SENARAI DARJAH KEHORMATAN SEMPENA ULANG TAHUN HARI KEPUTERAAN KEBAWAH DULI YANG MAHA MULIA TUANKU SULTAN NEGERI KEDAH DARUL AMAN TAHUN 2012|language=ms|publisher=Warta Kerajaan Negeri Kedah}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{Malaysia 15th FedRep}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sabri Azit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malaysian Islamic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 2018–2022]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 2022–]]

{{Malaysia-MP-stub}}

Tawa River

2025-08-25T21:38:41Z

Veronagqc: page edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Tawa River
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image = Tawa river mp India.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_caption = Tawa River
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]], [[india]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length_km = 172
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = [[Satpura Range]]
| source1_location = [[Junnardeo]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Narmada River]]
| mouth_location = Bandra Bhan, [[Hoshangabad district]]
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right = Denwa and Maachana
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
The '''Tawa River''' is a tributary of the [[Narmada River]] of [[Central India]].

==Course==
The Tawa is the Narmada's largest tributary, at {{convert|172|km|mi|abbr=on}}. It rises in the [[Satpura Range]] of [[Betul District|Betul]] and flowing north and west, joins the Narmada at the village of Bandra Bhan in [[Hoshangabad District]].<ref name=india9>{{cite web|url = http://www.india9.com/i9show/Tawa-River-65822.htm | title = Tawa River |publisher =India9 |access-date = 2010-08-19 }}</ref>

==Dam==
In 1958, construction began on Tawa Dam, which was completed in 1978 in [[Tawa Nagar]] to create Tawa Reservoir in southern [[Hoshangabad district|Hoshangabad]] District. Forty-four villages were submerged by the reservoir.<ref name=india9/>

==Surroundings==
India's oldest forest preserve, the [[Bori Reserve Forest]], was established in 1865 along the Tawa. The Bori Reserve Forest is part of the [[Bori Sanctuary]], which is part of the [[Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve]], established in 1999, which covers much of the upper watershed of the Tawa.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Narmada basin}}
{{Hydrography of Gujarat}}

{{coord|22|48|N|77|48|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Rivers of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Narmada River]]

{{India-river-stub}}

Bhojasar Bara, Sikar

2025-08-10T14:56:29Z

Veronagqc: added a info

{{Other uses|Bhojasar (disambiguation){{!}}Bhojasar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhojasar Bara
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.755|N|74.977|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sikar district|Sikar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 360
| population_total = 2785
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sikar district|Sikar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Laxmangarh]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{convert|10|km|mi}} ([[National highways of India|land]])
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Sikar]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|23|km|mi}} ([[National highways of India|land]])
| blank1_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank1_info_sec2 = 44-48 °C
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = 0-1 °C
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 332312
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-1573
| registration_plate = RJ-23
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bhojasar Bara''' or '''Bara Bhojasar''' is a village within the [[Laxmangarh]] [[tehsil|administrative region]] of [[Sikar district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. The village lies {{Convert|23|km}} north-west of [[Sikar district|Sikar]] and {{Convert|10|km}} south from [[Laxmangarh]].

The {{convert|1349|hectare|km2}} village has an overall population of about 2785.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhojasar Bara Village Population - Lachhmangarh - Sikar, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/81456-bhojasar-bara-rajasthan.html |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1071/download/3298/DH_2011_0813_PART_B_DCHB_SIKAR.pdf |title=Census of India 2011: DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK |publisher=DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS |year=2011 |pages=110 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Nearby other villages are [[Bhojasar Chhota, Sikar|Bhojasar Chhota]] (south), Hapas (west) and Hameerpura (east).

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Villages in Sikar district]]

{{Rajasthan-geo-stub}}

Assam at the North East Games

2025-07-18T02:41:52Z

Veronagqc: added a details - done

{{Short description|Sporting event delegation}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
[[Assam]] is one of the eight [[States and union territories of India|states of India]] that competes in the [[North East Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyrwa |first=Kenny |title=Shillong hosts 2nd edition of North East Olympic Games 2022 |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/meghalaya/story/shillong-hosts-2nd-edition-north-east-olympic-games-2022-469202-2022-11-11 |date=11 November 2022 |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=indiatodayne.in |publisher=[[India Today]] |quote=The NEOG 2022 is participated by all Eight states from the Northeast - Meghalaya (Host), Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur, Tripura, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.}}</ref>

==History==
Assam first competed at the [[2018 North East Olympic Games]] at [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leivon |first=Jimmy |date=24 October 2018 |title=First edition of North East Olympic Games begins in Imphal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-cm-declares-open-first-north-east-olympic-games-2018-5416949/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The team end up being the runner up with total of 140 Medals, out of which 46 were gold medals, 53 silver medals and 41 bronze medals.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-emerge-overall-champions-in-first-north-east-olympic-games-5422429/|title=Manipur emerge overall champions in first North East Olympic Games|last=Levion|first=Jimmy|date=28 October 2018|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref> In [[2022 North East Olympic Games]], Assam ranks second at medal tally being the runner up with a total of 203 medals including 79 gold medals.<ref name=":1">{{Cite tweet |user=neolygames |number=1592874371798142979 |title=FINAL OVERALL MEDAL TALLY - Date : 16th November 2022 |access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur wins North East Olympic 2022 |url=https://www.morungexpress.com/manipur-wins-north-east-olympics-2022 |date=16 November 2022 |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=morungexpress}}</ref> At the [[2024 North East Olympic Games]], Assam came third at medal tally while Manipur emerges as overall champion and Nagaland being the runner up.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 March 2024|title=North East Games 2024: Manipur Emerges As Overall Champion|url=https://nagalandpage.com/north-east-games-2024-manipur-emerges-as-overall-champion/ |access-date=19 April 2024|website=nagalandpage.com}}</ref> Assam won 140 medals including 43 gold, 44 silver and 53 bronze medals.<ref name=":2">{{Cite tweet |user=NagalandOlympic |number=1771555896080158723 |title=...Meanwhile, Assam displayed commendable resilience and skill, securing the 3rd position with a total of 139 medals. With 43 Gold, 44 Silver, and 52 Bronze medals, Assam's journey to the top spot was intense until the very last game, demonstrating the competitive spirit and dedication of their athletes... |access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref>

==Medal table==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!style="background-color: #FFD700;"|Gold
!style="background-color: #C0C0C0;"|Silver
!style="background-color: #CD7F32;"|Bronze
!Total
!{{Abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
|[[2018 North East Olympic Games|2018]]
|46
|53
|41
|140
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[2022 North East Olympic Games|2022]]
|79
|61
|63
|203
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[2024 North East Olympic Games|2024]]
|43
|44
|53
|140
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''168'''
|'''158'''
|'''157'''
|'''483'''
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[North East Games]]
* [[Manipur at the North East Games]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:North East Games]]
[[Category:Sport in Assam]]

Safari TV

2025-07-05T15:40:01Z

Veronagqc:

{{short description|Indian-Malayalam language exploration channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Safari TV Channel
| logo = Safari logo new 25-07-2015.png
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2013
| headquarters = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| founder = [[Santhosh George Kulangara]]
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2013|11|1|df=yes}}
| owner = Safari Multimedia Private Limited
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| website = {{url|https://safaritvchannel.com}}
}}
'''Safari TV''' is an Indian [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit]] [[Free-to-air|free to air]] television channel broadcasting in [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam language]]. It is an exploration channel based in [[Marangattupilly]], [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]].<ref name="safaritvchannel.com">{{Cite web|title=SAFARI TV - ABOUT US|url=https://www.safaritvchannel.com/about.html|access-date=28 March 2021|website=Safari TV}}</ref> The channel is part of Safari Multimedia Pvt.Ltd, India. A TV channel running without advertising, Safari TV does not accept ads.

Safari showcases the world through [[travel documentary|travelogue]]s, [[exploration]]s and programs highlighting [[history]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Ks |first=Mochish |date=22 May 2022 |title=How Safari TV Is Experimenting With Television Content In Kerala |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/how-safari-tv-is-experimenting-with-television-content-in-kerala-news-197913 |access-date=28 May 2022 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |language=en}}</ref>

Safari TV Channel has production facilities and studios in [[Marangattupilly]] and [[Marine Drive, Kochi|Marine Drive]], [[Ernakulam]].

== History ==
Safari TV was launched by [[Santhosh George Kulangara]] on 1 November 2013.

== Branding ==
The [[Swahili language|Swahili]] word ''safari'' means journey. It originated from the [[Arabic]] word ''safar''. These words became used for any type of journey.

The theme song, ''Neelakasha pookkal nullan'' was written by poet [[P. K. Gopi]], composed and sung by Nandhu Kartha.

== Programmes ==
Safari TV presents diverse programmes that provide entertainment and knowledge. It offers a variety of genres including world travel, Indian travel, other journeys, history, [[geography]], [[culture]], [[Film|movies]], [[art]] and [[adventure]].<ref name=":0" />

Programmes include:

* [[Sancharam (TV series)|Sancharam]]
* Oru Sanchariyude Diary Kurippukal
* [[Charithram Enniloode]]
* History
* Aa Yathrayil
* Around the World in 30 Minutes
* [[Animal Kingdom (TV series)|Animal Kingdom]]
* Opera House
* Charithram Chalachithram
* Smrithi
* Movies on the Road
* Location Hunt
* Movie Classics
* Face to Face
* World War II
* Irupathaam Noottandu
* Juthan
* Freedom At Midnight
* Mission Space
* The History of Cinema
* Club Class
* Sancharam series (Caribbean kadalyatrakal, Baltic Diary etc..)
* Sukritham Yoga (2013 - 2014)
* Madhupalinte Yatrakal (2013 - 2014)
* Weekend Destinations (2014)
* The Story of [[United States|USA]]
* Military
* Chaveer (Suicide bomber/Suicide squad)
* Palestine
* Sahasam (story of Adventure)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Malayalam-language television channels]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2013]]
[[Category:Television stations in Kerala]]
[[Category:Kottayam]]