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Madrid–Barajas Airport

2026-06-01T01:36:00Z

Venu ji yes: put up a pg basic info

{{Short description|International airport serving Madrid, Spain}}
{{Expand Spanish|date=July 2025|topic=transport}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = {{nowrap|Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport}}<ref>{{cite news| title=El aeropuerto de Madrid se llama desde hoy Adolfo Suárez| url=http://www.elmundo.es/madrid/2014/03/24/5330191522601db47e8b4574.html|trans-title=From today the Madrid airport will be named as Adolfo Suárez| language=es| work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]| date=24 March 2014}}</ref>
| nativename = {{small|{{lang|es|Aeropuerto Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas}}}}
| image = Aena_Madrid_logo.svg
| image-width = 200
| image2 = Madrid-Barajas - Aerial photograph.jpg
| image2-width = 250
| caption2 = Aerial view of the airport
| IATA = MAD
| ICAO = LEMD
| WMO = 08221
| type = Public
| owner-oper = [[AENA]]
| city-served = [[Madrid metropolitan area]]
| location = [[Barajas (Madrid)|Barajas]], [[Madrid]], Spain
| opened = {{start date and age|1931|04|22|df=yes}}
| hub = {{ubl|class=nowrap
| [[Air Europa]]
| [[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]]
| [[Iberia Express]]
| [[Iberia Regional]]
| [[Plus Ultra Líneas Aéreas]]
| [[World2Fly]]}}
| operating_base = {{ubl|class=nowrap
| [[Iberojet (airline)|Iberojet]]
| [[Ryanair]]
| [[Wamos Air]]}}
| elevation-f = 1,998
| elevation-m = 609
| metric-elev = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|40|28|20|N|003|33|39|W|region:ES-MD|display=it}}
| website = {{URL|www.aena.es/en/madrid-barajas-airport/index.html |Official website}}
| image_map = File:LEMD Layout.svg
| image_map_caption = Airport map
| pushpin_map = Spain
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Spain
| pushpin_label = '''MAD'''/LEMD
| r1-number = 14R/32L
| r1-length-f = 13,451
| r1-length-m = 4,100
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| r2-number = 14L/32R
| r2-length-m = 3,500
| r2-length-f = 11,482
| r2-surface = Asphalt
| r3-number = 18R/36L
| r3-length-m = 4,350
| r3-length-f = 14,271
| r3-surface = Asphalt
| r4-number = 18L/36R
| r4-length-m = 3,500
| r4-length-f = 11,482
| r4-surface = Asphalt
| metric-rwy = yes
| stat-year = 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 68,179,054 {{increase}} 3.0%
| stat3-header = Aircraft Movements
| stat3-data = 430,616 {{increase}} 2.5%
| stat5-header = Cargo (Metric tonnes)
| stat7-header = Economic impact (2012)
| stat7-data = {{nowrap|$10.9 billion<ref name=MAD_ESI>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecquants.com/2012_MAD.aspx |title=Madrid airport – Economic and social impact |publisher=Ecquants |access-date=7 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222100644/http://www.ecquants.com/2012_MAD.aspx |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>}}
| stat8-header = Social impact (2012)
| stat8-data = 130,900<ref name=MAD_ESI/>
| footnotes = Sources: Passenger Traffic, AENA<ref name=aenapax/> Spanish [[Aeronautical Information Publication|AIP]], AENA<ref name="AIP">{{cite web |url=http://www.aena.es/csee/Satellite/navegacion-aerea/en/Page/1078418725020/| title=Air Navigation |publisher=Aena |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport''' {{airport codes|MAD|LEMD}} is the main [[international airport]] serving [[Madrid]], the capital of [[Spain]], and its [[Madrid metropolitan area|metropolitan area]]. At {{convert|3050|ha|acre km2|abbr=on}} in area, it is the second-largest airport in Europe by physical size behind [[Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://city-lines.com//2012/06/11/the-largest-airports-in-the-world-i-europe/| title=The Largest Airports in the World I: Europe| website=City Lines| language=en-US| access-date=2016-04-20| archive-date=27 June 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627071401/http://city-lines.com/2012/06/11/the-largest-airports-in-the-world-i-europe/| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.abcnewspoint.com/top-10-biggest-and-largest-airports-in-the-world-2015/| title=Top 10 Biggest and Largest Airports in the World 2015| website=abcnewspoint.com| access-date=2016-04-20| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413183627/http://www.abcnewspoint.com/top-10-biggest-and-largest-airports-in-the-world-2015/| archive-date=13 April 2016}}</ref> In 2025, 68.1 million passengers travelled through Madrid–Barajas, making it the country's busiest airport as well as [[List of the busiest airports in Europe|Europe's fifth-busiest]].

The airport opened in 1931 and has grown to be one of Europe's most important aviation centres. Within the city limits of Madrid, it is {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=off}} from the city's financial district and {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=off}} northeast of the [[Puerta del Sol]] or [[Plaza Mayor, Madrid|Plaza Mayor de Madrid]], Madrid's historic centre. The airport name derives from the adjacent district of [[Barajas (Madrid)|Barajas]], which has its metro station on the same rail line serving the airport. Barajas serves as the gateway to the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of Europe and the world and is a key link between Europe and Latin America. Following the death of the first Spanish Prime Minister after [[Francisco Franco|Francisco Franco's dictatorship]], [[Adolfo Suárez]], in 2014, the Spanish [[Ministry of Development (Spain)|Ministry of Public Works and Transport]] announced<ref name="auto1">{{cite press release|title=El aeropuerto de Madrid- Barajas pasará a denominarse Adolfo Suárez, Madrid- Barajas |url=https://www.fomento.gob.es/MFOM/LANG_CASTELLANO/GABINETE_COMUNICACION/NOTICIAS1/2014/MARZO/140324-04.htm |publisher=Ministerio de Fomento de España |date=24 March 2014 |trans-title=The Madrid-Barajas airport will be renamed Adolfo Suárez, Madrid-Barajas |access-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324171225/https://www.fomento.gob.es/MFOM/LANG_CASTELLANO/GABINETE_COMUNICACION/NOTICIAS1/2014/MARZO/140324-04.htm |archive-date=24 March 2014 }}</ref> that the airport was to be renamed ''Aeropuerto Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas''. The airport is the primary hub and maintenance base for [[Iberia Airlines|Iberia]], [[Iberia Express]], [[Air Nostrum|Iberia Regional]], [[Air Europa]], [[Plus Ultra Líneas Aéreas]] and [[World2Fly]]. Consequently, Iberia is responsible for more than 40% of Barajas' traffic. The airport has five passenger terminals: T1, T2, T3, T4 and T4S.

==History==
{{Recentism|section|date=May 2023}}

===Early years===

The airport was constructed in 1927, opening to domestic and international air traffic on 22 April 1931, although regular commercial operations began two years later. A small terminal was constructed with a capacity for 30,000 passengers a year, in addition to several hangars and the building of the Avión Club. The first regular flight was established by [[Lineas Aéreas Postales Españolas]] (LAPE) with its route to [[Barcelona]]. In the 1930s, flights started to serve some European and African destinations, the first international flights from the airport.

Originally, the flight field was a large circle bordered in white with the name of Madrid in its interior, unpaved, consisting of land covered with natural grass. It was not until the 1940s that the flight field was paved and new runways were designed. The first runway which started operation in 1944 was {{Convert|1400|m|abbr=on}} long and {{Convert|45|m|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name=history>{{cite web| title=History| url=http://www.aena.es/en/madrid-barajas-airport/history.html| publisher=Aena| access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref> By the end of the decade the airport had three runways, none of which exist today. In the late 1940s, scheduled flights to Latin America and the [[Philippines]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/pr49/pr49-3.jpg|title=International Timetable 1949|publisher=Airline Timetable Images|accessdate=23 November 2021|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224210627/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/pr49/pr49-3.jpg%20|url-status=dead}}</ref> started.

In the 1950s, the airport supported over half a million passengers, increasing to five runways and scheduled flights to [[New York City]] began. The National Terminal, currently T2, began construction in 1954 and opened later that year. In the Plan of Airports of 1957, Barajas Airport is classified as a first-class international airport. By the 1970s, large jets were landing at Barajas, and the growth of traffic mainly as a result of tourism exceeded forecasts. At the beginning of the decade, the airport reached the 1.2 million passengers, double that envisaged in the Plan of Airports of 1957.

In the 1970s, with the boom in tourism and the arrival of the [[Boeing 747]], the airport reached 4 million passengers and began the construction of the international terminal (current T1). In 1974, [[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]], L.A.E. introduced the shuttle service between Madrid and Barcelona, a service with multiple daily frequencies and available without prior reservation.

The [[1982 FIFA World Cup]] brought significant expansion and modernisation of the airport's two existing terminals.<ref name=history/>

In the 1990s, the airport expanded further. In 1994, the first cargo terminal was constructed and the control tower was renovated. In 1997, it opened the North Dock, which is used as an exclusive terminal for Iberia's [[Schengen Agreement|Schengen]] flights. In 1998, it inaugurated a new control tower, {{Convert|71|m|abbr=on}} tall and then in 1999 the new South Dock opened, which implies an expansion of the international terminal. During this time, the distribution of the terminals changed: The south dock and most of the International Terminal were now called T1, the rest of the International Terminal and Domestic Terminal were now called T2 and the north dock was called T3.

In November 1998, the new runway 18R-36L started operations (replacing the previous 18–36), {{Convert|4400|m|abbr=on}} long, one of the largest in Europe under expansion plans called Major Barajas. In 2000, it began the construction of new terminals T4 and its satellite, T4S, designed by architects [[Antonio Lamela]], [[Richard Rogers]] and [[Luis Vidal (architect)|Luis Vidal]]. Two parallel runways to the existing ones were also built.

===Development since the 2000s===
The new terminals and runways were completed in 2004, but were not in service until 5 February 2006.

Terminal 4, designed by Antonio Lamela, [[Richard Rogers]] and [[Luis Vidal (architect)|Luis Vidal]], (winning team of the 2006 [[Stirling Prize]]) and [[Carillion|TPS Engineers]], (winning team of the 2006 [[IStructE Awards|IStructE Award]] for Commercial Structures)<ref>[http://www.carillionplc.com/news/news_story.asp?id=429 TPS expertise recognised at Madrid Terminal 4] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216211147/http://www.carillionplc.com/news/news_story.asp?id=429 |date=16 February 2012 }}</ref> was built by [[Ferrovial]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ferrovial.com/en/company/history/|title=History |publisher=Ferrovial.com |access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref> and inaugurated on 5 February 2006. Terminal 4 is one of the world's largest [[airport terminal]]s in terms of area, with 760,000 square meters (8,180,572 square feet) in separate landside and airside structures. It consists of a main building, T4 ({{Convert|470000|m2|0|abbr=on}}) and a satellite building, T4S ({{Convert|290000|m2|0|abbr=on}}), which are approximately {{Convert|2|km|abbr=on}} apart. The new Terminal 4 is designed to give passengers a stress-free start to their journey. This is managed through careful use of illumination, with glass panes instead of walls and numerous skylights which allow natural light into the structure. With this new addition, Barajas is designed to handle 70 million passengers annually.

During the construction of Terminal 4, two more runways (15L/33R and 18L/36R) were constructed to aid in the flow of air traffic arriving and departing from Barajas. These runways were officially inaugurated on 5 February 2006 (together with the terminals), but had already been used on several occasions beforehand to test flight and air traffic manoeuvres. Thus, Barajas came to have four runways: two on a north–south axis and parallel to each other (separated by {{Convert|1.3|km|abbr=on}}) and two on a northwest–southeast axis (and separated by {{Convert|1.9|km|4=2|abbr=on}}). This allowed simultaneous takeoffs and landings into the airport, allowing 120 operations an hour (one takeoff or landing every 30 seconds).
[[File:Ceiling in the S Terminal of the Madrid Airport.jpg|thumb|The interior of the S Terminal includes high ceilings, wood ceiling coverings and large windows.]]

Terminals 1, 2 and 3 are adjacent terminals that are home to [[SkyTeam]] and [[Star Alliance]] airlines. Terminal 4 is home to [[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]], its franchise [[Air Nostrum]] and all [[Oneworld]] partner airlines. Gate numbers are continuous in terminals 1, 2 and 3 (A1 to E89), but are separately numbered in terminal 4 (H, J, K and M, R, S, U in satellite building).

The Madrid–Barcelona [[air shuttle]] service, known as the "Puente Aéreo" (in Spanish), literally called "Air Bridge", used to be the world's busiest<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.eurocontrol.int/press-releases/west-east-traffic-shift-continues-summer-2012| title=10 busiest airport pairs per number of daily flights| publisher=[[Eurocontrol]]| date=15 November 2012| access-date=14 February 2013| archive-date=2 April 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402104456/https://www.eurocontrol.int/press-releases/west-east-traffic-shift-continues-summer-2012| url-status=dead}}</ref> with 971 flights per week in 2007.<ref>{{cite press release| url=http://www.oag.com/oag/website/com/OAG+Data/News/Press+Room/Press+Releases+2007/OAG+reveals+latest+industry+intelligence+on+the+busiest+routes+2109072 |title=OAG reveals latest industry intelligence on the busiest routes| publisher=[[OAG (Air Travel Intelligence)|OAG]]| date=21 September 2007| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026110411/http://www.oag.com/oag/website/com/OAG%2BData/News/Press%2BRoom/Press%2BReleases%2B2007/OAG%2Breveals%2Blatest%2Bindustry%2Bintelligence%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bbusiest%2Broutes%2B2109072| archive-date=26 October 2007 }}</ref> The schedule has been reduced since the February 2008 opening of the [[Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line]] which covers the distance in {{frac|2|1|2}} hours. Subsequently, the route has been [[List of busiest passenger air routes|overtaken]] by London-Dublin and Paris-Toulouse.

On the morning of 30 December 2006, [[2006 Madrid–Barajas Airport bombing|an explosion took place]] in the carpark building module D attached to Terminal 4. Authorities received a [[bomb threat]] at approximately 8:15 local time (7:15 [[GMT]]), with the caller stating that a car bomb carried with {{Convert|800|kg|abbr=on}} of explosive would explode at 9:00 local time (8:00 GMT).<ref name="reuters main">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/01/world/europe/01spain.html |title=Two Believed Dead in Madrid Airport Bombing |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=1 January 2007 |work=The New York Times |access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref> After receiving the warning, police were able to evacuate part of the airport.<ref name="CNN">{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/12/30/madrid.blast/index.html?section=cnn_latest| title=Madrid bomb shatters ETA cease-fire| agency=Reuters| date=31 December 2006| access-date=31 December 2006 }}</ref> Later, an anonymous caller stated that [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]] claims responsibility for the bombing.<ref name="ETAClaim">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6245013.stm| title=Eta claims Madrid airport attack| publisher=[[BBC News]]| date=9 January 2007 |access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref> As a result of the explosion, two Ecuadorians who were sleeping in their cars died. The whole module D of the car park was levelled creating around 40,000 tonnes of debris. It took workers six days to recover the body of the second victim from the rubble.

In 2007, the airport processed more than 52 million passengers. Barajas was voted "Best Airport" in the 2008 ''[[Condé Nast]]'' Traveller Reader Awards.<ref>{{cite journal| url=http://www.cntraveller.com/magazine/readers-travel-awards-2009/page/airports| title=Readers' Travel Awards 2009| journal=[[Condé Nast Traveller]]| access-date=30 June 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815044827/http://www.cntraveller.com/magazine/readers-travel-awards-2009/page/airports| archive-date=15 August 2017| url-status=dead}}</ref>

In December 2010, the Spanish government announced plans to tender Madrid–Barajas airport to companies in the private sector for a period of up to 40 years.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://elpais.com/diario/2010/12/02/espana/1291244416_850215.html| title=El Gobierno cambia de modelo y privatiza la gestión de aeropuertos|trans-title=Government changes its plan and privatizes airport management| work=[[El País]]| date=2 December 2010| last=Otero| first=Lara| access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref>

On 27 January 2012, [[Spanair]] suspended all flights affecting Madrid–Barajas as well as other domestic and international connections.<ref>{{cite news| title=Spain Threatens Fine After Airline's Quick Close| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/30/business/global/spanair-shutdown-strands-thousands.html| last1=Minder| first1=Raphael| last2=Clark| first2=Nicola| date=30 January 2012| work=[[The New York Times]]| access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref> On 20 September 2012, both runways 15/33 were renamed as 14R/32L (the longest) and 14L/32R (the shortest).

On 1 August 2015, the first scheduled [[Airbus A380]] flight landed in Madrid-Barajas in a daily service to [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai]] by [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]].

Following the death of former Spanish Prime Minister, [[Adolfo Suárez]], in 2014, the Spanish [[Ministry of Public Works and Transport (Spain)|Ministry of Public Works and Transport]] announced<ref name="auto1"/> that the airport would be renamed ''Aeropuerto Adolfo Suárez, Madrid–Barajas''. This renaming seeks recognition for Suárez's role as the first Prime Minister of Spain after the restoration of democracy and his key participation in the [[Spanish transition to democracy|transition to democracy]] after the dictatorship of [[Francisco Franco]].

In late 2018 and early 2019, Iberia renovated its two lounges in Terminal 4, the Dali and Velazquez lounges.

In December 2019, the airport's operator [[ENAIRE|Aena]] announced plans to expand and renovate the existing installations significantly, increasing their yearly capacity from 70 to 80 million passengers and bridging the architectural gap between the original Terminals 1, 2 and 3 and the newer Terminal 4. The project has a budget of €750 million and was scheduled to be executed over the period from 2022 to 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/economia/2019/12/26/actualidad/1577385235_928647.html|title=Aena prevé invertir 750 millones para unir las terminales 1, 2 y 3 de Barajas|last=Noceda|first=Miguel Ángel|date=2019-12-27|work=El País|access-date=2019-12-27|language=es|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==
===Passenger===

The following airlines serve regular scheduled flights to and from Madrid.<ref>[http://www.aena.es/en/madrid-barajas-airport/airport-destinations.html aena.es – Airport destinations] Retrieved 3 July 2021,</ref>

{{Airport-dest-list

| [[Aegean Airlines]] | [[Athens International Airport|Athens]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240122-a3ns24intl|title=Aegean Airlines NS24 International Network Changes – 21JAN24|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=22 January 2024|accessdate=2 January 2025|language=en-ca}}</ref>

| [[Aer Lingus]] | [[Dublin Airport|Dublin]]

| [[Aerolíneas Argentinas]] | [[Ministro Pistarini International Airport|Buenos Aires–Ezeiza]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240514-araug24mad|title=Aerolineas Argentinas Maintains Madrid Frequency Increase From Aug 2024|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=14 May 2024|accessdate=2 February 2025|language=en-ca}}</ref>

| [[Aerolíneas Estelar]] | [[Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela)|Caracas]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Estelar reanuda sus vuelos a Madrid aérea ampliando la competencia entre España y Venezuela|url=https://elaereo.com/2026/02/estelar-reanuda-sus-vuelos-a-madrid-ampliando-la-competencia-aerea-entre-espana-y-venezuela/|website=elaereo.com|access-date=February 19, 2026}}</ref>

| [[Aeroméxico]] | [[Guadalajara International Airport|Guadalajara]],<ref name="aeroroutes_221108-amns23fcomad">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221108-amns23fcomad|title=Aeromexico Resumes Rome Service in NS23|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=8 November 2022|accessdate=2 February 2025|language=en-ca}}</ref> [[Mexico City International Airport|Mexico City–Benito Juárez]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231019-amns24eu|title=Aeromexico NS24 Europe Frequency Expansion|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=19 October 2023|accessdate=2 February 2025|language=en-ca}}</ref> [[Monterrey International Airport|Monterrey]]<ref name="aeroroutes_221108-amns23fcomad"/>

| [[Air Algérie]] | [[Houari Boumediene Airport|Algiers]]

| [[Air Arabia]] | [[Mohammed V International Airport|Casablanca]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Air Arabia Maroc Adds Casablanca – Madrid From late-Oct 2024 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240923-3onw24cmnmad |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref> [[Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport|Tangier]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230222-3otng|title=Air Arabia Maroc NS23 Tangier Operation Changes|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=22 February 2023|accessdate=27 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Air Cairo]] | '''Seasonal charter:''' [[Aswan International Airport|Aswan]],<ref name="newblue.es">{{Cite web | title=Newblue - Viaja y descubre todos los azules del mundo con Newblue | url=https://www.newblue.es/es-es | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122084037/https://www.newblue.es/es-es/ | access-date=2025-08-07 | archive-date=2025-01-22}}</ref> [[Luxor International Airport|Luxor]],<ref name="newblue.es"/> [[Sharm El Sheikh International Airport|Sharm El Sheikh]]<ref>{{cite web|title=AIR CAIRO ADDS SHARM EL SHEIKH – MADRID CHARTERS IN NW23|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231018-smnw23sshmad|website=aeroroutes.com|date=18 October 2023}}</ref>

| [[Air Canada]] | [[Montréal–Trudeau International Airport|Montréal–Trudeau]]<ref name="ReferenceC">{{OAGWorldJuly2025Ref|title=Montreal, QC, Canada YMQ|pages=768-771}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Air Canada Plans Montreal – Madrid June 2024 Launch |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230626-acns24yulmad |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref> '''Seasonal:''' [[Toronto Pearson International Airport|Toronto–Pearson]]<ref>{{OAGWorldJuly2025Ref|title=Toronto, ON, Canada YTO|pages=1156-1162}}</ref>

| [[Air China]] | [[Beijing Capital International Airport|Beijing–Capital]], [[José Martí International Airport|Havana]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.plenglish.com/news/2024/04/12/air-china-will-start-direct-beijing-havana-flights-on-may-17/|title=Air China will start direct Beijing-Havana flights in May|publisher=Prensa Latina|date=April 12, 2024|accessdate=April 13, 2024}}</ref> [[São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport|São Paulo–Guarulhos]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240318-cans24gru|title=Air China Resumes Sao Paulo Service from April 2024|publisher=AeroRoutes|date=18 March 2024|accessdate=18 March 2024}}</ref>

| [[Air Europa]] | [[A Coruña Airport|A Coruña]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241230-uxns257m8|title=Air Europa Sep/Oct 2025 Boeing 737 MAX Preliminary Network – 29DEC24|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=30 December 2024|accessdate=30 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Alicante–Elche Miguel Hernández Airport|Alicante]],<ref name="aeroroutes_231010-rouxcodeshare">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231010-rouxcodeshare|title=TAROM Expands Air Europa Codeshare Service in NW23|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=10 October 2024|accessdate=27 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]],<ref name="ae1">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240812-uxns257m8 | title=Air Europa Moves 737 MAX Service Entry to March 2025 }}</ref> [[Asturias Airport|Asturias]], [[Silvio Pettirossi International Airport|Asunción]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230814-uxnw23inc">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230814-uxnw23inc|title=Air Europa NW23 Intercontinental Network Changes – 11AUG23|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=14 August 2023|accessdate=27 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Josep Tarradellas Barcelona–El Prat Airport|Barcelona]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230209-uxns23"/> [[Bilbao Airport|Bilbao]],<ref name="ae1"/> [[El Dorado International Airport|Bogotá]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230530-kuuxcodeshare|title=Kuwait Airways Adds Air Europa Codeshare to Colombia From May 2023|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=30 May 2023|accessdate=27 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Brussels Airport|Brussels]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231130-muuxcodeshare|title=China Eastern Resumes Air Europa Codeshare Partnership From late-Nov 2023|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=30 November 2023|accessdate=27 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Ministro Pistarini International Airport|Buenos Aires–Ezeiza]],<ref name="OAG_World_Nov2023_609_616">{{Cite journal|author=|journal=OAG Flight Guide Worldwide|title=Madrid|date=November 2023|volume=25|issue=5|publisher=OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited|publication-place=Luton, United Kingdom|issn=1466-8718|language=en|pages=609–616}}</ref> [[Cancún International Airport|Cancún]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230120-kuux|title=Kuwait Airways Expands Air Europa Codeshare to Mexico in 1Q23|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=20 January 2023|accessdate=27 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela)|Caracas]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Iberia tiene intención de retomar sus vuelos a Venezuela en abril pero si se dan garantías|url=https://destinopanama.com.pa/2026/01/iberia-tiene-intencion-de-retomar-sus-vuelos-a-venezuela-en-abril-pero-si-se-dan-garantias/|website=Destino Panama|access-date=February 2, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240212-juuxcodeshare|title=Air Serbia Expands Air Europa Codeshare to Venezuela From Feb 2024|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=12 February 2024|accessdate=27 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Ingeniero Aeronáutico Ambrosio L.V. Taravella International Airport|Cordoba (AR)]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230814-uxnw23inc"/> [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241007-uxsep257m8|title=Air Europa Moves 737 MAX 8 Service Entry to Sep 2025|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Geneva Airport|Geneva]] (begins 19 June 2026), [[Gran Canaria Airport|Gran Canaria]],<ref name="ae1"/> [[José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport|Guayaquil]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240411-uxnw24ec">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240411-uxnw24ec|title=Air Europa Ecuador Service Changes From late-Oct 2024|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=11 April 2024|accessdate=27 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[José Martí International Airport|Havana]],<ref name="aeroroutes_241205-muuxcodeshare">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241205-muuxcodeshare|title=China Eastern Expands Air Europa Americas Codeshare From Dec 2024|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=5 December 2024|accessdate=27 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Ibiza Airport|Ibiza]],<ref name="aeroroutes_231010-rouxcodeshare"/> [[Istanbul Airport|Istanbul]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241217-uxns25ist|title=Air Europa Adds Madrid – Istanbul Service From May 2025|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Johannesburg–O.R. Tambo]] (begins 24 June 2026),<ref>https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/251223-ux2q26jnb</ref><ref>https://aviacionaldia.com/en/2025/12/air-europa-announces-new-non-stop-route-between-madrid-and-johannesburg-starting-june-2026.html</ref> [[Lanzarote Airport|Lanzarote]],<ref name="ae1"/> [[Jorge Chávez International Airport|Lima]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241112-muuxcodeshare|title=China Eastern Adds Air Europa Peru Codeshare in NW24|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=12 November 2024|accessdate=27 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Humberto Delgado Airport|Lisbon]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240411-etuxcodeshare|title=Ethiopian Airlines / Air Europa Expands Codeshare Service in NS24|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=11 April 2024|accessdate=27 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Gatwick Airport|London–Gatwick]],<ref name="OAG_World_Nov2023_609_616"/> [[Málaga Airport|Málaga]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230209-uxns23"/> [[Marrakesh Menara Airport|Marrakesh]],<ref name="aeroroutes_221219-uxkucodeshare">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221219-uxkucodeshare|title=Air Europa / Kuwait Airways Begins Codeshare Partnership From late-Dec 2022|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=19 December 2022|accessdate=27 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[José María Córdova International Airport|Medellín–JMC]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230814-uxnw23inc"/> [[Miami International Airport|Miami]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231220-rouxcodeshare|title=TAROM Expands Air Europa Codeshare to the US From Dec 2023|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=20 December 2023|accessdate=27 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Milan Malpensa Airport|Milan–Malpensa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240625-uxnw247m8|title=Air Europa Boeing 737 MAX 8 Service Entry Update – 23JUN24|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=26 June 2024|accessdate=27 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Carrasco International Airport|Montevideo]],<ref name="OAG_World_Nov2023_609_616"/> [[Munich Airport|Munich]],<ref name="ae1"/> [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|New York–JFK]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240724-uxns24jfk | title=Air Europa June – Sep 2024 New York Aircraft Changes }}</ref> [[Palma de Mallorca Airport|Palma de Mallorca]],<ref name="aeroroutes_221219-uxkucodeshare"/> [[Tocumen International Airport|Panama City–Tocumen]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230814-uxnw23inc"/> [[Orly Airport|Paris–Orly]],<ref name="ae1"/> [[Francisco Sá Carneiro Airport|Porto]],<ref name="aeroroutes_221219-uxkucodeshare"/> [[Punta Cana International Airport|Punta Cana]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230209-uxns23">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230209-uxns23|title=Air Europa NS23 Frequency Variations – 08FEB23|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=9 February 2023|accessdate=27 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Mariscal Sucre International Airport|Quito]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240411-uxnw24ec"/> [[Rome Fiumicino Airport|Rome–Fiumicino]],<ref name="ae1"/> [[Deputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport|Salvador da Bahia]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230814-uxnw23inc"/> [[Ramón Villeda Morales International Airport|San Pedro Sula]],<ref name="OAG_World_Nov2023_609_616"/> [[Viru Viru International Airport|Santa Cruz de la Sierra–Viru Viru]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230209-uxns23"/> [[Cibao International Airport|Santiago de los Caballeros]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Air Europa Adds Seasonal Santiago Dominican Republic Service in NS24 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240212-uxns24sti |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref> [[Las Américas International Airport|Santo Domingo–Las Américas]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230309-uxsdq|title=Air Europa Adds New York – Santo Domingo Sector in 3Q23|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=9 March 2023|accessdate=27 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport|São Paulo–Guarulhos]],<ref name="aeroroutes_241205-muuxcodeshare"/> [[Sevilla Airport|Sevilla]], [[Ben Gurion Airport|Tel Aviv]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air Europa Returns to Israel: Resuming Flights Sooner Than Planned |url=https://passport.news/article/773 |access-date=26 June 2025 |work=PassportNews |date=25 June 2025 |language=he}}</ref> [[Tenerife North–Ciudad de La Laguna Airport|Tenerife–North]],<ref name="ae1"/> [[Valencia Airport|Valencia]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231010-juuxcodeshare|title=Air Serbia Expands Air Europa Codeshare Service in NW23|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=10 October 2023|accessdate=27 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Venice Marco Polo Airport|Venice]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://spainuscc.org/news/air-europa-returns-to-venice-this-summer/ | title=Air Europa Returns to Venice this Summer }}</ref> [[Vigo-Peinador Airport|Vigo]],<ref name="aeroroutes_221219-uxkucodeshare"/> [[Zurich Airport|Zürich]]<ref name="ae1"/> '''Seasonal:''' [[Athens International Airport|Athens]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221117-uxns23gr|title=Air Europa NS23 Greece Service Changes|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=17 November 2022|accessdate=27 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport|Tangier]] (begins 17 June 2026),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/251215-uxns26tng|title=AIR EUROPA PLANS MADRID – TANGIER SERVICE IN NS26|website=routesonline.com|date=16 December 2025}}</ref> [[Tunis-Carthage International Airport|Tunis]]

| [[Air France]] | [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris–Charles de Gaulle]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240122-afns24eu|title=Air France NS24 Paris European Frequency Variations – 21JAN24|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref>

| [[Air Serbia]] | [[Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport|Belgrade]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240229-juns24freq | title=Air Serbia NS24 Frequency Variations – 25FEB24 }}</ref>

| [[Air Transat]] | [[Montréal–Trudeau International Airport|Montréal–Trudeau]]<ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref>{{Cite web | title=Air Transat Makes Strategic Leap with New Rio de Janeiro Flights from Toronto and Montreal | url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/air-transat-makes-strategic-leap-with-new-rio-de-janeiro-flights-from-toronto-and-montreal-893420404.html | access-date=2025-08-07 | website=www.newswire.ca}}</ref>

| [[airBaltic]] | [[Riga International Airport|Riga]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230512-btnw23|title=airBaltic NW23 Network Expansion – 11MAY23|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=12 May 2023|accessdate=15 March 2025|language=en}}</ref>

| [[AJet]] | [[Ankara Esenboğa Airport|Ankara]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Liu |first1=Jim |title=AJet Adds Ankara – Spain Service in NW25 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250815-vfnw25esbes |website=AeroRoutes |access-date=15 August 2025 |language=en-CA |date=15 August 2025}}</ref>

| [[AlbaStar]] | '''Seasonal charter:''' [[Amílcar Cabral International Airport|Sal]]<ref name="newblue.es"/>

| [[American Airlines]] | [[Charlotte Douglas International Airport|Charlotte]], [[Dallas Fort Worth International Airport|Dallas/Fort Worth]], [[Miami International Airport|Miami]], [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|New York–JFK]], [[Philadelphia International Airport|Philadelphia]] '''Seasonal:''' [[O'Hare International Airport|Chicago–O'Hare]]<ref name=AASum25>{{cite web|url=https://www.travelandleisure.com/chicago-philadelphia-and-charlotte-are-all-getting-new-flights-to-europe-on-american-airlines-8706828|title=American Airlines Is Adding 5 New Routes to Europe — See Where|website=Travel+Leisure|date=September 5, 2024|accessdate=September 5, 2024}}</ref>

| [[Avianca]] | [[El Dorado International Airport|Bogotá]],<ref name="Avianca NW24 Bogota – Madrid Operat">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240821-avnw24mad | title=Avianca NW24 Bogota – Madrid Operations – 20AUG24 }}</ref> [[Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport|Cali]],<ref name="Avianca NW24 Bogota – Madrid Operat"/> [[José María Córdova International Airport|Medellín–JMC]]<ref name="Avianca NW24 Bogota – Madrid Operat"/>

| [[Avianca El Salvador]] | [[El Salvador International Airport|San Salvador]] (resumes 15 June 2026)<ref>{{cite web|title=Avianca’s 2026 Flight Expansion: New Routes from Colombia, Guatemala, El Salvador, and More – Here’s What You Need to Know!|url=https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/aviancas-2026-flight-expansion-new-routes-from-colombia-guatemala-el-salvador-and-more-heres-what-you-need-to-know/|website=Travel and Tour World|access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref>

| [[Azul Brazilian Airlines]] | [[Viracopos International Airport|Campinas]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aeroin.net/azul-confirma-segunda-rota-inedita-para-madri-agora-saindo-de-campinas/|title=Azul confirma segunda rota inédita para Madri, agora saindo de Campinas|website=Aeroin|date=7 March 2025|access-date=7 March 2025|language=pt}}</ref> [[Recife/Guararapes–Gilberto Freyre International Airport|Recife]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aeroin.net/governo-de-pernambuco-confirma-voos-da-azul-de-recife-para-madri/|title=Governo de Pernambuco confirma voos da Azul de Recife para Madri|website=Aeroin|date=17 February 2025|access-date=7 March 2025|language=pt}}</ref>

| [[Beijing Capital Airlines]] | [[Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport|Hangzhou]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Beijing Capital Resumes Madrid Service From July 2023 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230619-jdjul23mad |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>

| [[Binter Canarias]] | [[Gran Canaria Airport|Gran Canaria]], [[Tenerife North–Ciudad de La Laguna Airport|Tenerife–North]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Binter Launches Madrid Service From Feb 2024 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231031-ntfeb24 |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>

| [[Boliviana de Aviación]] | [[Jorge Wilstermann International Airport|Cochabamba]], [[Viru Viru International Airport|Santa Cruz de la Sierra–Viru Viru]]

| [[British Airways]] | [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241031-banw24lhreu|title=British Airways NW24 Heathrow – Europe Frequency Changes – 27OCT24|website=Aeroroutes|accessdate=31 October 2024}}</ref> '''Seasonal:''' [[London City Airport|London–City]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=British Airways adds Rabat, Graz, and expanded Madrid service to short-haul network - Aviation24.be | date=9 July 2025 | url=https://www.aviation24.be/airlines/international-airlines-group-iag/british-airways/british-airways-adds-rabat-graz-and-expanded-madrid-service-to-short-haul-network/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720010310/https://www.aviation24.be/airlines/international-airlines-group-iag/british-airways/british-airways-adds-rabat-graz-and-expanded-madrid-service-to-short-haul-network/ | access-date=2025-08-07 | archive-date=2025-07-20}}</ref>

| [[Brussels Airlines]] | [[Brussels Airport|Brussels]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221220-snns23eu|title=Brussels Airlines NS23 European Network Adjustment – 18DEC22|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref>

| [[Bulgaria Air]] | [[Sofia Airport|Sofia]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230823-fbnw23220|title=Bulgaria Air NW23 A220 Operations – 22AUG23|website=Aeroroutes.com|accessdate=2 November 2024}}</ref>

| [[Cathay Pacific]] | [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Hong Kong (SAR) China HKG|pages=543-547}}</ref>

| [[China Eastern Airlines]] | [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai–Pudong]], [[Wenzhou Longwan International Airport|Wenzhou]]<ref>{{cite web|title=China Eastern Resumes Wenzhou – Madrid Service in late-4Q24|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241202-munw24wnzmad}}</ref>

| [[China Southern Airlines]] | [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]] <ref>{{cite web |last1=Liu |first1=Jim |title=China Southern Schedules Guangzhou – Madrid Dec 2025 Launch |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250910-cznw25mad |website=AeroRoutes |access-date=10 September 2025 |language=en-CA |date=10 September 2025}}</ref>

| [[Croatia Airlines]] | '''Seasonal:''' [[Zagreb Airport|Zagreb]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250212-ouns25 |title=Croatia Airlines NS25 Network Expansion |publisher=Routesonline |date=12 February 2025 |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref>

| [[Cubana de Aviación]] | [[José Martí International Airport|Havana]]

| [[Dan Air (Romania)|Dan Air]] | '''Seasonal:''' [[George Enescu International Airport|Bacău]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://boardingpass.ro/dan-air-13-rute-de-la-bacau-cu-debut-in-noiembrie-si-decembrie-2023/ | title=Dan Air: 13 rute de la Bacău cu debut în noiembrie și decembrie 2023 | date=November 2023 }}</ref>

| [[Delta Air Lines]] | [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Atlanta]], [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|New York–JFK]] '''Seasonal:''' [[Boston Logan International Airport|Boston]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/08/28/delta-two-new-european-routes-from-boston/|title= Delta Adds Two New European Routes from Boston with A330neo|website=aviationa2z|date=August 27, 2025|access-date=August 27, 2025 }}</ref>

| [[easyJet]] | [[EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg|Basel/Mulhouse]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Bristol Airport|Bristol]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220704-u2jul22ites|title=easyJet July 2022 Italy / Spain Operation Update - 03JUL22|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=4 July 2022|accessdate=7 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> [[Edinburgh Airport|Edinburgh]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220411-u2jul22|title=easyJet July 2022 Frequency Changes as of 08APR22|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=11 April 2022|accessdate=8 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> [[Geneva Airport|Geneva]], [[Humberto Delgado Airport|Lisbon]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230102-u2lis|title=easyJet NS23 Lisbon Network Expansion – 01JAN23|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=2 January 2023|accessdate=1 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> [[Gatwick Airport|London–Gatwick]],<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220905-u2nw22lonman|title=easyJet NW22 London / Manchester Frequency Changes – 04SEP22|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=5 September 2022|accessdate=1 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> [[Luton Airport|London–Luton]],<ref name="ReferenceA"/> [[Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport|Lyon]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240423-u2ns24|title=easyJet NS24 Network Additions – 21APR24|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=23 April 2024|accessdate=1 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]],<ref>{{cite web |title=easyJet NS25 Network Additions – 19NOV24 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241120-u2ns25 |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref> [[Nantes Atlantique Airport|Nantes]],<ref>{{cite web |title=easyJet NW25 Network Additions |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250401-u2nw25 |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=1 April 2025}}</ref> [[Nice Côte d'Azur Airport|Nice]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.monacomatin.mc/transports/easyjet-ouvre-de-nouvelles-lignes-depuis-laeroport-de-nice-926870 | title=EasyJet ouvre de nouvelles lignes depuis l'aéroport de Nice | date=11 June 2024 }}</ref>

| [[Egyptair]] | [[Cairo International Airport|Cairo]],<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Cairo, Egypt CAI|pages=198-201}}</ref> [[Luxor Airport|Luxor]]

| [[El Al]] | [[Ben Gurion Airport|Tel Aviv]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240129-sklycodeshare|title=El Al / SAS Begins Codeshare Partnership From Feb 2024|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref>

| [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]] | [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]]<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Dubai, United Arab Emirates DXB|pages=337-343}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231006-eknw23|title=Emirates NW23 Network Overview/Changes – 05OCT23|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=6 October 2023|accessdate=2 February 2025|language=en-ca}}</ref>

| [[Ethiopian Airlines]] | [[Addis Ababa Bole International Airport|Addis Ababa]]<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ADD|pages=17-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopian Airlines Resumes Madrid Service From Dec 2023 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230811-etdec23mad |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref>

| [[Etihad Airways]] | [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates AUH|pages=14-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241108-eynw24|title=Etihad NW24 Service Changes – 08NOV24|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=8 November 2024|accessdate=8 November 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Eurowings]] | [[Dusseldorf Airport|Dusseldorf]]

| [[Finnair]] | [[Helsinki Airport|Helsinki]]

| [[FlyOne]] | [[Henri Coandă International Airport|Bucharest–Otopeni]] (begins 7 June 2026)<ref>{{cite news |last=Marcu |first=Vlad |title=FLYONE anunta sapte rute noi de la Bucuresti, disponibile din 2026|url=https://boardingpass.ro/flyone-anunta-sapte-rute-noi-de-la-bucuresti-disponibile-din-2026/ |access-date=24 October 2025 |work=BoardingPass |date=23 October 2025 |language=ro}}</ref> '''Seasonal:''' [[Chișinău Eugen Doga International Airport|Chișinău]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230512-5fns23kiv|title=FlyOne NS23 Chisinau Network Additions – 11MAY23|website=Aeroroutes.com|accessdate=2 November 2024}}</ref>

| [[Hainan Airlines]] | [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]], [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport|Shenzhen]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hainan Airlines Resumes Shenzhen – Madrid From Nov 2024 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240930-hunov24szxmad |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref>

| [[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]] | [[A Coruña Airport|A Coruña]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240527-ibnw24eu|title=IBERIA NW24 Madrid – Europe Frequency Changes – 26MAY24|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Houari Boumediene Airport|Algiers]], [[Alicante–Elche Miguel Hernández Airport|Alicante]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Almería Airport|Almería]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Andorra–La Seu d'Urgell Airport|Andorra/La Seu d'Urgell]],<ref name="aeroroutes_220616-qribcodeshare">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220616-qribcodeshare|title=Qatar Airways Expands Iberia Codeshare From June 2022|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Asturias Airport|Asturias]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Athens International Airport|Athens]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Badajoz Airport|Badajoz]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://transport.ec.europa.eu/document/download/9168af3e-67c7-430f-b46c-61b76236d8cb_en?filename=pso_inventory_table_2024-03.pdf|title=LIST OF PUBLIC SERVICE OBLIGATIONS|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=11 March 2024|accessdate=4 January 2025|language=en}}</ref> [[Josep Tarradellas Barcelona–El Prat Airport|Barcelona]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Berlin Brandenburg Airport|Berlin]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230918-atibcodeshare">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230918-atibcodeshare|title=Royal Air Maroc Expands Iberia Codeshare Service From mid-Sep 2023|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Bilbao Airport|Bilbao]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[El Dorado International Airport|Bogotá]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230814-ibnw23inc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230814-ibnw23inc|title=Iberia NW23 Intercontinental Network Changes – 11AUG23|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport|Bologna]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport|Bordeaux]],<ref name="aeroroutes_220616-qribcodeshare"/> [[Boston Logan International Airport|Boston]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240716-ib1q25bos | title=Iberia Doubles Boston Service in Feb/Mar 2025 }}</ref> [[Brussels Airport|Brussels]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport|Budapest]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Ministro Pistarini International Airport|Buenos Aires–Ezeiza]],<ref name="aeroroutes_231109-ibnw24fltnbr">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231109-ibnw24fltnbr|title=Iberia NW24 Systemwide Flight Number Changes|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela)|Caracas]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230814-ibnw23inc"/> [[Mohammed V International Airport|Casablanca]], [[Castellón–Costa Azahar Airport|Castellón]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230711-vyibcodeshare|title=Vueling Expands Iberia Codeshare Network in NS23|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Chicago O'Hare International Airport|Chicago–O'Hare]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230417-asib">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230417-asib|title=Alaska Airlines Expands Iberia Codeshare Partnership From April 2023|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Blaise Diagne International Airport|Dakar–Diass]],<ref name="aeroroutes_231109-ibnw24fltnbr"/> [[Dallas Fort Worth International Airport|Dallas/Fort Worth]],<ref name="aeroroutes_231109-ibnw24fltnbr"/> [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/5197734/0/iberia-inaugura-su-nueva-ruta-doha-qatar-que-supondra-un-impacto-economico-para-madrid-55-millones/|title=Iberia inaugura su nueva ruta a Doha (Qatar) que supondrá un impacto económico para Madrid de 55 millones|date=11 December 2023 }}</ref> [[Düsseldorf Airport|Düsseldorf]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Gago Coutinho Airport|Faro]], [[Florence Airport|Florence]],<ref name="aeroroutes_231109-ibnw24fltnbr"/> [[Pinto Martins International Airport|Fortaleza]],<ref name="aviationa2z.com">{{cite web|url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/03/25/iberia-launching-new-flights-to-orlando-with-a330/|title=Iberia Launching New Flights to Orlando with A330, Two A321XLR Destinations in Brazil|website=Aviation A2Z|date=March 15, 2025|accessdate=March 25, 2025}}</ref><ref name="grupo.iberia.es">{{cite web|url=https://grupo.iberia.es/news/25032025/headline-news-2?x=1|title=Orlando, Fortaleza, and Recife, New Iberia Destinations|website=Iberia|date=March 25, 2025|accessdate=December 4, 2025}}</ref> [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport|Funchal]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221129-ib3q23fnc|title=Iberia Expands Seasonal Funchal Service in 3Q23|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Geneva Airport|Geneva]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Federico García Lorca Airport|Granada]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231206-jlibcodeshare|title=JAL Expands Iberia European Codeshare From Nov 2023|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[La Aurora International Airport|Guatemala City]],<ref name="aeroroutes_231109-ibnw24fltnbr"/> [[José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport|Guayaquil]], [[Hamburg Airport|Hamburg]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[José Martí International Airport|Havana]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230814-ibnw23inc"/> [[Ibiza Airport|Ibiza]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Jerez Airport|Jerez de la Frontera]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Jorge Chávez International Airport|Lima]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230822-ayibcodeshare">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230822-ayibcodeshare|title=Finnair Expands Iberia / LEVEL Latin America Codeshare From late-August 2023|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Humberto Delgado Airport|Lisbon]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Logroño-Agoncillo Airport|Logroño]], [[Gatwick Airport|London–Gatwick]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241007-iboct24eu|title=Iberia Moves A321XLR Europe Debut to 28OCT24|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Los Angeles International Airport|Los Angeles]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230814-ibnw23inc"/> [[Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport|Lyon]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Málaga Airport|Málaga]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Marrakesh Menara Airport|Marrakesh]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230822-ibns24rak|title=Iberia NS24 Madrid – Marrakech Aircraft Changes|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Marseille Provence Airport|Marseille]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Melilla Airport|Melilla]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Menorca Airport|Menorca]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Mexico City International Airport|Mexico City–Benito Juárez]],<ref name="aeroroutes_231109-ibnw24fltnbr"/> [[Miami International Airport|Miami]],<ref name="aeroroutes_231109-ibnw24fltnbr"/> [[Linate Airport|Milan–Linate]],<ref name="aeroroutes_231109-ibnw24fltnbr"/> [[Milan Malpensa Airport|Milan–Malpensa]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Monterrey International Airport|Monterrey]] (begins 2 June 2026),<ref name="iberiamty">{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/251015-ibns26mty|title=Iberia Adds Madrid – Monterrey From June 2026|date=Oct 2025|website=AeroRoutes|access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref> [[Carrasco International Airport|Montevideo]],<ref name="aeroroutes_231109-ibnw24fltnbr"/> [[Munich Airport|Munich]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Nantes Airport|Nantes]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241031-ibnw24madeu|title=Iberia NW24 Madrid – Europe Frequency Changes – 27OCT24|website=Aeroroutes|accessdate=31 October 2024}}</ref> [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|New York–JFK]],<ref name="aeroroutes_231109-ibnw24fltnbr"/> [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark]],<ref>https://www.avionrevue.com/america/iberia-inaugurara-nuevo-vuelo-diario-a-newark-desde-madrid/</ref> [[Nice Côte d'Azur Airport|Nice]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Orlando International Airport|Orlando]],<ref name="aviationa2z.com"/> [[Oslo Airport, Gardermoen|Oslo]],<ref name="aeroroutes_231109-ibnw24fltnbr"/> [[Palma de Mallorca Airport|Palma de Mallorca]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Pamplona Airport|Pamplona]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Tocumen International Airport|Panama City–Tocumen]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230814-ibnw23inc"/> [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris–Charles de Gaulle]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Orly Airport|Paris–Orly]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Francisco Sá Carneiro Airport|Porto]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Václav Havel Airport Prague|Prague]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Mariscal Sucre International Airport|Quito]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230814-ibnw23inc"/> [[Recife/Guararapes–Gilberto Freyre International Airport|Recife]],<ref name="aviationa2z.com"/> [[Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport|Rio de Janeiro–Galeão]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230814-ibnw23inc"/> [[Rome Fiumicino Airport|Rome–Fiumicino]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Juan Santamaría International Airport|San José (CR)]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230814-ibnw23inc"/> [[Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport|San Juan]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230814-ibnw23inc"/> [[El Salvador International Airport|San Salvador]], [[San Sebastián Airport|San Sebastián]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Santander Airport|Santander]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport|Santiago de Chile]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Santiago–Rosalía de Castro Airport|Santiago de Compostela]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230814-ibnw23inc"/> [[Las Américas International Airport|Santo Domingo–Las Américas]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230822-ayibcodeshare"/> [[São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport|São Paulo–Guarulhos]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230822-ayibcodeshare"/> [[Seville Airport|Seville]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Stockholm Arlanda Airport|Stockholm–Arlanda]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230918-atibcodeshare"/> [[Strasbourg Airport|Strasbourg]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport|Tangier]], [[Narita International Airport|Tokyo–Narita]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Iberia Resumes Tokyo Service From late-Oct 2024 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231219-ibnw24nrt |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref> [[Toronto Pearson International Airport|Toronto–Pearson]] (begins 13 June 2026),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstravelnewseurope.com/Air-Travel/Iberia-to-launch-Madrid-Toronto-route-in-summer-2026|title=Iberia to launch Madrid-Toronto route in summer 2026|publisher=BTN Europe|date=November 18, 2025|accessdate=November 18, 2025}}</ref> [[Toulouse–Blagnac Airport|Toulouse]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Turin Airport|Turin]],<ref name="aeroroutes_220616-qribcodeshare"/> [[Valencia Airport|Valencia]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Venice Marco Polo Airport|Venice]],<ref name="aeroroutes_231109-ibnw24fltnbr"/> [[Vienna Airport|Vienna]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Vigo–Peinador Airport|Vigo]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Dulles International Airport|Washington–Dulles]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241225-ibns25iad|title=Iberia Moves Washington Service Resumption to Mid-April 2025|website=Aeroroutes|access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> [[Zagreb Airport|Zagreb]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230918-atibcodeshare"/> [[Zurich Airport|Zürich]]<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> '''Seasonal:''' [[Bari Karol Wojtyła Airport|Bari]], [[Bergen Airport|Bergen]], [[Bucharest Otopeni Airport|Bucharest–Otopeni]] (resumes 3 June 2026),<ref>{{cite web|last=Mark|first=Vlad|title=Iberia will fly between Bucharest and Madrid from June 2026|website=Boarding Pass News|date=2025-10-16|url=https://boardingpass.ro/iberia-va-zbura-intre-bucuresti-si-madrid-din-iunie-2026/|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref> [[Cagliari Elmas Airport|Cagliari]],<ref name="aeroroutes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231214-ib3q24eu|title=Iberia Resumes 3 European Routes in 3Q24|website=AeroRoutes}}</ref> [[Catania–Fontanarossa Airport|Catania]],<ref name="aeroroutes_220603-vyibcodeshare">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220603-vyibcodeshare|title=Vueling Expands Iberia Codeshare Network From mid-May 2022|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Corfu International Airport|Corfu]],<ref name="aeroroutes_220603-vyibcodeshare"/> [[Dubrovnik Airport|Dubrovnik]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Innsbruck Airport|Innsbruck]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Iberia Adds Seasonal Innsbruck Service in NW24 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240926-ibnw24inn |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref> [[Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport|Ljubljana]],<ref name="aeroroutes.com"/> [[Nador International Airport|Nador]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221129-ibns23ndr|title=Iberia Adds Seasonal Madrid – Nador Service in 3Q23|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Olbia – Costa Smeralda Airport|Olbia]],<ref name="aeroroutes_220603-vyibcodeshare"/> [[Falcone–Borsellino Airport|Palermo]],<ref name="aeroroutes.com"/> [[João Paulo II Airport|Ponta Delgada]],<ref name="aeroroutes_220603-vyibcodeshare"/> [[Rovaniemi Airport|Rovaniemi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230413-ibrvn|title=Iberia Adds Seasonal Rovaniemi Service in NW23|website=AeroRoutes}}</ref> [[San Francisco International Airport|San Francisco]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230417-asib"/> [[Split Airport|Split]],<ref name="aeroroutes_220603-vyibcodeshare"/> [[Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza|Tirana]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://grupo.iberia.es/news/04102023/tirana-nuevo-destino-de-iberia?ref=Home|title=Tirana, nuevo destino de Iberia|date=4 Oct 2023|website=Iberia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231017-ibns24tia|title=Iberia Schedules Madrid – Tirana late-March 2024 Launch|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Tivat Airport|Tivat]] (begins 18 July 2026),<ref name="e157">{{cite web|title=Iberia to launch Tivat service|website=EX-YU Aviation News|date=2025-10-16|url=https://www.exyuaviation.com/2025/10/iberia-to-launch-tivat-service.html|access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref> [[Tromsø Airport|Tromsø]]<ref name="SZGTOS">{{cite web | url=https://grupo.iberia.es/news/08042024/tromso-y-salzburgo-los-dos-nuevos-destinos-de-iberia | title=Tromso y Salzburgo, los dos nuevos destinos de Iberia | date=8 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240409-ibnw24tos|title=Iberia Adds Seasonal Tromsø Service in NW24|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref>

| [[Iberia Express]] | [[Cairo International Airport|Cairo]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Iberia Resumes Regular Cairo Service From Oct 2023 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230811-ibnw23cai |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref> [[Copenhagen Airport|Copenhagen]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Dublin Airport|Dublin]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Fuerteventura Airport|Fuerteventura]],<ref name="aeroroutes_220705-laibcodeshare">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220705-laibcodeshare|title=LATAM Expands Iberia European Codeshare in 3Q22|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Gran Canaria Airport|Gran Canaria]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Ibiza Airport|Ibiza]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Lanzarote Airport|Lanzarote]], [[La Palma Airport|La Palma]], [[Gatwick Airport|London–Gatwick]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220719-ibnw22lgw|title=Iberia Express Expands NW22 Madrid – London Gatwick Capacity|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport|Lyon]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Málaga Airport|Málaga]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Nantes Atlantique Airport|Nantes]], [[Naples International Airport|Naples]],<ref name="aeroroutes_220616-qribcodeshare"/> [[Nice Côte d'Azur Airport|Nice]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Palma de Mallorca Airport|Palma de Mallorca]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Ben Gurion Airport|Tel Aviv]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Iberia Express: חוזרת לישראל אך מצמצמת את לוח הטיסות - כל הפרטים |url=https://passportnews.co.il/article/199253 |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=פספורטניוז |publisher=PassportNews |date=4 September 2025 |language=he}}</ref> [[Tenerife North–Ciudad de La Laguna Airport|Tenerife–North]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Tenerife South Airport|Tenerife–South]] '''Seasonal:''' [[Edinburgh Airport|Edinburgh]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221124-ibns23edi|title=Iberia Express Resumes Edinburgh Service in NS23|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Menorca Airport|Menorca]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-ibnw24eu"/> [[Mykonos Airport|Mykonos]], [[Keflavík International Airport|Reykjavik–Keflavík]],<ref name="aeroroutes_220705-laibcodeshare"/> [[Santorini (Thira) International Airport|Santorini]]



| [[Iberojet (airline)|Iberojet]] | [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240815-e9ns25bkk | title=Iberojet Increases Madrid – Bangkok Service from April 2025 }}</ref> [[Cancún International Airport|Cancún]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240910-e94q24339">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240910-e94q24339|title=Iberojet 4Q24 A330neo Scheduled Service – 09SEP24|website=Aeroroutes.com|accessdate=2 November 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Punta Cana International Airport|Punta Cana]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240910-e94q24339"/> [[Querétaro Intercontinental Airport|Querétaro]],<ref name="iberojet">{{cite web|url=https://www.aviacionline.com/iberojet-expands-in-latin-america-with-new-direct-route-between-madrid-and-queretaro|title=Iberojet Expands in Latin America with New Direct Route Between Madrid and Querétaro|date=April 2025|website=AvaciOnline|access-date=3 May 2025}}</ref> [[Juan Santamaría International Airport|San José (CR)]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240524-e9jun24sjo|title=Iberojet Increases Costa Rica Service From June 2024|website=Aeroroutes.com|accessdate=2 November 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[El Salvador International Airport|San Salvador]] (begins 13 September 2026),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avionrevue.com/america/iberojet-conectara-a-espana-con-el-salvador/|title=Iberojet conectará a España con El Salvador|website=Avion Revue|accessdate=6 May 2026}}</ref> [[Comayagua International Airport|Tegucigalpa/Comayagua]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240531-e9nw24xpl|title=Iberojet Schedules Honduras Oct 2024 Launch|website=Aeroroutes.com|accessdate=2 November 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Seasonal:''' [[Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport|Mauritius]] '''Seasonal charter:''' [[Aristides Pereira International Airport|Boa Vista]],<ref name="pa1"/> [[Cairo International Airport|Cairo]],<ref name="pa1"/> [[Blaise Diagne International Airport|Dakar–Diass]],<ref name="pa1"/> [[Luxor International Airport|Luxor]]<ref name="pa1">{{Cite web | title=Ofertas en Grandes Viajes, Circuitos y Viajes al Caribe | url=https://paquetes.iberojet.com | access-date=2025-08-07 | website=paquetes.iberojet.com}}</ref>

| [[ITA Airways]] | [[Rome Fiumicino Airport|Rome–Fiumicino]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240219-czazcodeshare|title=China Southern / ITA Airways Expands Codeshare Network in NS24|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=19 February 2024|accessdate=29 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[JetBlue]] | '''Seasonal:''' [[Boston Logan International Airport|Boston]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wcvb.com/article/boston-logan-jetblue-madrid-edinburgh/63151121|title=JetBlue announces new routes to Madrid, Edinburgh from Boston for 2025|website=WCVB5|date=December 10, 2024}}</ref>

| [[KLM]] | [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240801-klnw2432q | title=KLM NW24 A321neo Network Expansion }}</ref>

| [[KM Malta Airlines]] | [[Malta International Airport|Malta]]<ref name="Malta">{{cite web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/new-airline-replacing-air-malta-fly-march-31.1058754|title=New airline replacing Air Malta to fly on March 31, 2024|date=2 October 2023 }}</ref>

| [[Korean Air]] | [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Seoul, Korea Republic Of SEL|pages=1186-1190}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240725-kenw24eu | title=Korean Air NW24 Europe Service Changes – 25JUL24 }}</ref>

| [[Kuwait Airways]] | [[Kuwait International Airport|Kuwait City]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/airports-networks/routes-networks-latest-rolling-daily-updates-wc-sept-1-2025 |title=Kuwait Airways will resume flights to Madrid |date=2 September 2025}}</ref>

| [[LASER Airlines]] | [[Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela)|Caracas]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Laser Airlines will restart Caracas-Madrid flights on February 18th|url=https://www.radiofeyalegrianoticias.com/laser-airlines-reiniciara-vuelos-caracas-madrid-el-18-de-febrero/#:~:text=Laser%20Airlines%20reiniciar%C3%A1%20vuelos%20Caracas%2DMadrid%20el%2018%20de%20febrero|website=Radio Noticias Venezuela|access-date=February 17, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviacionaldia.com/2024/06/laser-airlines-inaugura-su-nueva-ruta-entre-caracas-y-madrid.html|title=LASER Airlines launches flights Caracas and Madrid|website=Aviacionaldia.com|date=3 June 2024 |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref>

| [[LATAM Brasil]] | [[São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport|São Paulo–Guarulhos]]

| [[LATAM Chile]] | [[Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport|Santiago de Chile]]

| [[LATAM Perú]] | [[Jorge Chávez International Airport|Lima]]

| [[LOT Polish Airlines]] | [[Kraków John Paul II International Airport|Kraków]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/251023-lons26krk/|title=LOT Polish Airlines NS26 Krakow Network Expansion|date=23 October 2025|publisher=aeroroutes.com|accessdate=28 October 2025}}</ref> [[Warsaw Chopin Airport|Warsaw–Chopin]]

| [[Lufthansa]] | [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]],<ref name="aeroroutes_241030-lhnw24eu">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241030-lhnw24eu|title=Lufthansa NW24 Europe Frequency Changes – 27OCT24|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=30 October 2024|accessdate=1 February 2025|language=en-ca}}</ref> [[Munich Airport|Munich]]<ref name="aeroroutes_241030-lhnw24eu"/>

| [[Luxair]] | [[Luxembourg Airport|Luxembourg]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250205-lg1q26295|title=Luxair Outlines Embraer E195-E2 1Q26 Network|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=5 February 2025|accessdate=1 February 2025|language=en-ca}}</ref>

| [[Middle East Airlines]] | [[Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport|Beirut]]

| [[Norwegian Air Shuttle]] | '''Seasonal:''' [[Copenhagen Airport|Copenhagen]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221226-d8ns23|title=Norwegian NS23 Network Additions – 25DEC22|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=26 December 2022|accessdate=25 March 2025|language=en}}</ref> [[Oslo Airport, Gardermoen|Oslo]]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=|journal=OAG Flight Guide Worldwide|title=Oslo, Norway|date=August 2023|volume=25|issue=2|publisher=[[OAG (company)|OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited]]|publication-place=Luton, United Kingdom|issn=1466-8718|language=en|pages=807–814}}</ref>

| [[Pegasus Airlines]] | [[Sabiha Gökçen International Airport|Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=|journal=OAG Flight Guide Worldwide|title=November 2023|volume=25|issue=5|publisher=OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited|publication-place=Luton, United Kingdom|issn=1466-8718|language=en|pages=463–470}}</ref> [[İzmir Adnan Menderes Airport|Izmir]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://herdemaviation.com/pegasus-izmirden-ajet-ankaradan-barselona-ve-madride-ucacak/|title=https://herdemaviation.com/pegasus-izmirden-ajet-ankaradan-barselona-ve-madride-ucacak/|date=4 September 2025 |language=tr-CA}}</ref>

| [[Plus Ultra Líneas Aéreas]] | [[El Dorado International Airport|Bogotá]], [[Ezeiza International Airport|Buenos Aires–Ezeiza]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Low cost: Plus Ultra puso a la venta los pasajes de los vuelos entre Madrid y Buenos que comenzarán en mayo próximo | url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/low-cost-plus-ultra-puso-a-la-venta-los-pasajes-de-los-vuelos-entre-madrid-y-buenos-que-comenzaran-nid06112025/ }}</ref> [[Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela)|Caracas]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Iberia tiene intención de retomar sus vuelos a Venezuela en abril pero si se dan garantías|url=https://destinopanama.com.pa/2026/01/iberia-tiene-intencion-de-retomar-sus-vuelos-a-venezuela-en-abril-pero-si-se-dan-garantias/|website=Destino Panama|access-date=February 2, 2026}}</ref> [[Rafael Núñez International Airport|Cartagena]], [[Jorge Chávez International Airport|Lima]], [[Malabo International Airport|Malabo]]

| [[Qatar Airways]] | [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]

| [[Royal Air Maroc]] | [[Mohammed V International Airport|Casablanca]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=|journal=OAG Flight Guide Worldwide|title=Casablanca|date=November 2023|volume=25|issue=5|publisher=OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited|publication-place=Luton, United Kingdom|issn=1466-8718|language=en|pages=194–195}}</ref> [[Rabat–Salé Airport|Rabat]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=|journal=OAG Flight Guide Worldwide|title=Rabat, Morocco|date=August 2023|volume=25|issue=2|publisher=[[OAG (company)|OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited]]|publication-place=Luton, United Kingdom|issn=1466-8718|language=en|pages=894–895}}</ref> [[Sania Ramel Airport|Tétouan]]<ref name="g578">{{cite web | title=Nieuwe RAM-luchtbasis in Tétouan verbindt noorden Marokko met Europa | website=Marokko Nieuws | date=2026-01-07 | url=https://nieuws.marokko.nl/109892/nieuwe-ram-luchtbasis-in-tetouan-verbindt-noorden-marokko-met-europa/ | language=nl | access-date=2026-04-05}}</ref> '''Seasonal:''' [[Nador International Airport|Nador]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230628-atjun23ndrmad|title=Royal Air Maroc Adds Nador – Madrid Seasonal Service in NS23|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=28 June 2023|accessdate=8 February 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport|Tangier]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230329-atns23|title=Royal Air Maroc NS23 Spain / Germany Network Additions|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=29 March 2023|accessdate=8 February 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Royal Jordanian]] | [[Queen Alia International Airport|Amman–Queen Alia]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241105-rjnw24|title=Royal Jordanian NW24 Service Changes – 03NOV24|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=5 November 2024|accessdate=5 November 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Ryanair]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230330-frns23|title=Ryanair NS23 Network Additions Summary – 26MAR23|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> | [[Queen Alia International Airport|Amman–Queen Alia]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631">{{Cite journal|author=|journal=OAG Flight Guide Worldwide|title=Madrid, Spain|date=August 2023|volume=25|issue=2|publisher=[[OAG (company)|OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited]]|publication-place=Luton, United Kingdom|issn=1466-8718|language=en|pages=623–631}}</ref> [[Bari Karol Wojtyła Airport|Bari]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Beauvais–Tillé Airport|Beauvais]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Milan Bergamo Airport|Bergamo]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Berlin Brandenburg Airport|Berlin]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Birmingham Airport|Birmingham]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport|Bologna]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Bristol Airport|Bristol]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Brussels Airport|Brussels]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Bucharest Henri Coandă International Airport|Bucharest–Otopeni]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport|Budapest]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Catania–Fontanarossa Airport|Catania]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Brussels South Charleroi Airport|Charleroi]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Copenhagen Airport|Copenhagen]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Dakhla Airport|Dakhla]], [[Dublin Airport|Dublin]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Edinburgh Airport|Edinburgh]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230330-rkns23|title=Ryanair Moves Additional Routes to Ryanair UK in NS23|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Eindhoven Airport|Eindhoven]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Essaouira-Mogador Airport|Essaouira]],<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230330-frns23|title=Ryanair NS23 Network Additions Summary – 26MAR23|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=30 March 2023|accessdate=30 March 2025|language=en}}</ref> [[Fes–Saïss Airport|Fès]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport|Gdańsk]] (begins 25 October 2026),<ref name="New Ryanair routes from Gdańsk: Budapest, Madrid and Catania">{{cite web | url=https://twocontinents.com/blog/new-ryanair-routes-from-gdansk-budapest-madrid-and-catania |title=New Ryanair routes from Gdańsk: Budapest, Madrid and Catania
|date=19 May 2026 |website=TwoContinents.com}}</ref> [[Gran Canaria Airport|Gran Canaria]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Ibiza Airport|Ibiza]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[John Paul II International Airport Kraków–Balice|Kraków]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Lanzarote Airport|Lanzarote]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Liverpool John Lennon Airport|Liverpool]],<ref name="ReferenceB"/> [[London Stansted Airport|London–Stansted]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220922-frnw22320|title=Ryanair NW22 London Stansted A320 Network Additions|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=22 September 2022|accessdate=31 March 2025|language=en}}</ref> [[Luxembourg Airport|Luxembourg]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Malta International Airport|Malta]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Marrakesh Menara Airport|Marrakech]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Marseille Provence Airport|Marseille]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Menorca Airport|Menorca]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Milan Malpensa Airport|Milan–Malpensa]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Nador International Airport|Nador]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Naples International Airport|Naples]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Falcone Borsellino Airport|Palermo]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Palma de Mallorca Airport|Palma de Mallorca]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Pisa International Airport|Pisa]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Francisco Sá Carneiro Airport|Porto]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230223-fropo|title=Ryanair NS23 Porto Frequency Variations – 19FEB23|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Václav Havel Airport Prague|Prague]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Rabat–Salé Airport|Rabat]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Rome Fiumicino Airport|Rome–Fiumicino]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Shannon Airport|Shannon]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ilovelimerick.ie/ryanair-shannon-summer-2026/ |title=Shannon Airport Welcomes Ryanair Shannon Summer 2026 Expansion |accessdate=9 January 2026}}</ref> [[Sofia Airport|Sofia]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport|Tangier]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231218-frrkns24ma | title=Ryanair Morocco NS24 Network Expansion }}</ref> [[Treviso Airport|Treviso]],<ref name="Ryanair NW23 Network Changes – 17SE"/> [[Turin Airport|Turin]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Verona Villafranca Airport|Verona]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240716-frns24 | title=Ryanair NS24 Network Additions Summary – 14JUL24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ryanair.com/gb/en | title=Ryanair }}</ref> [[Vienna Airport|Vienna]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Warsaw Modlin Airport|Warsaw–Modlin]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Wrocław Airport|Wrocław]] (begins 26 October 2026)<ref name="Ryanair launches new route from Wrocław to Madrid">{{cite web | url=https://twocontinents.com/blog/ryanair-launches-new-route-from-wroclaw-to-madrid |title=Ryanair launches new route from Wrocław to Madrid|date=19 May 2026 |website=TwoContinents.com}}</ref> '''Seasonal:''' [[Agadir–Al Massira Airport|Agadir]],<ref name="Ryanair NW23 Network Changes – 17SE"/> [[Alghero–Fertilia Airport|Alghero]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport|Bordeaux]],<ref name="Ryanair NW23 Network Changes – 17SE"/> [[Brindisi Airport|Brindisi]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Cagliari Elmas Airport|Cagliari]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Gago Coutinho Airport|Faro]],<ref name="Ryanair NW23 Network Changes – 17SE">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230918-frnw23 | title=Ryanair NW23 Network Changes – 17SEP23 }}</ref> [[Kaunas Airport|Kaunas]],<ref name="Ryanair NW23 Network Changes – 17SE"/> [[Lamezia Terme International Airport|Lamezia Terme]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Ryanair NS25 Network Additions – 01DEC24 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241205-frns25 |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref> [[Humberto Delgado Airport|Lisbon]], [[Sania Ramel Airport|Tétouan]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_623_631"/> [[Venice Marco Polo Airport|Venice]]<ref name="Ryanair NW23 Network Changes – 17SE"/>

| [[Saudia]] | [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]],<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Jeddah, Saudi Arabia JED|pages=597-600}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241104-svnw24int|title=Saudia NW24 International Service Changes – 03NOV24|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=4 November 2024|accessdate=4 November 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]]

| [[Scandinavian Airlines]] | [[Copenhagen Airport|Copenhagen]],<ref name="SK">{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240918-skns25|title=SAS NS25 Copenhagen Network Expansion|website=AeroRoutes|date=18 September 2025}}</ref> [[Stockholm Arlanda Airport|Stockholm–Arlanda]]<ref>{{cite web | title=SAS launches most extensive summer program ever - SAS | url=https://www.sasgroup.net/newsroom/press-releases/2025/sas-launches-most-extensive-summer-program-ever/ }}</ref>

| [[Sichuan Airlines]] | [[Chengdu Tianfu International Airport|Chengdu–Tianfu]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Sichuan Airlines Adds Chengdu – Madrid in NS25|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250224-3uns25mad}}</ref>

| [[Singapore Airlines]] | [[Changi Airport|Singapore]] (resumes 27 October 2026)<ref>{{cite web |title=Singapore Airlines launches Madrid flights as part of Europe ramp-up |url= https://www.aviation24.be/airlines/singapore-airlines/singapore-airlines-expands-european-network-and-launches-madrid-flights/ |website=Aviation24.be |date=8 May 2026}}</ref>

| [[Sky Express (Greece)|Sky Express]] | [[Athens International Airport|Athens]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250616-gqnw25 |title=SKY Express NW25 Europe Network Expansion |date=16 June 2025}}</ref>

| [[SkyUp Airlines]] | [[Chișinău Eugen Doga International Airport|Chișinău]] (begins 16 April 2026)<ref>{{cite web |title=SkyUp Airlines NS26 Network Additions – 21SEP25 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250924-u5ns26 |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref>

| [[Smartwings]] | [[Václav Havel Airport Prague|Prague]]<ref name="OK_cease_to_QS">{{cite news |last1=Liu |first1=Jim |title=CSA Czech Airlines Ends OK-Coded Flight Numbers Service From late-Oct 2024 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240809-okoct24 |access-date=9 August 2024 |work=AeroRoutes |date=9 August 2024 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[SunExpress]] | '''Seasonal:''' [[İzmir Adnan Menderes Airport|İzmir]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230925-xqns24 | title=SunExpress NS24 Network Expansion – 24SEP23 }}</ref>

| {{nowrap|[[Swiss International Air Lines]]}} | [[Zurich Airport|Zürich]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241030-lxnw24eu|title=SWISS NW24 Europe Frequency Changes – 27OCT24|website=Aeroroutes|accessdate=30 October 2024}}</ref>

| [[TAP Air Portugal]] | [[Humberto Delgado Airport|Lisbon]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230331-lotp|title=LOT Polish / TAP Air Portugal Expands Codeshare Partnership in NS23|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=31 March 2023|accessdate=27 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[TAROM]] | [[Bucharest Henri Coandă International Airport|Bucharest–Otopeni]]

| [[Transavia]] | [[Montpellier–Méditerranée Airport|Montpellier]], [[Orly Airport|Paris–Orly]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230427-to320|title=Transavia France NS23 Leased Amelia A320 Operations – 25APR23|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=27 April 2023|accessdate=3 January 2025|language=en-ca}}</ref>

| [[Tunisair]] | [[Tunis-Carthage International Airport|Tunis]]

| [[Turkish Airlines]] | [[Istanbul Airport|Istanbul]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240519-wbtkcodeshare|title=Rwandair Expands Turkish Airlines Codeshare Service From mid-May 2024|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=19 May 2024|accessdate=16 March 2025|language=en}}</ref>

| [[United Airlines]] | [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark]] '''Seasonal:''' [[Dulles International Airport|Washington–Dulles]]

| [[Uzbekistan Airways]] | [[Islam Karimov Tashkent International Airport|Tashkent]],<ref name="HY_MAD_Apr25">{{cite news |last1=Liu |first1=Jim |title=Uzbekistan Airways Revises Planned Madrid Service in NS25 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241212-hyns25mad |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=AeroRoutes |date=12 December 2024 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Urgench Airport|Urgench]]<ref name="HY_MAD_Apr25" />

| [[Volotea]] | [[Asturias Airport|Asturias]],<ref name="V725">{{cite web |title=Volotea NW25 Network Additions – 21SEP25 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250923-v7nw25 |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref> [[Genoa Cristoforo Colombo Airport|Genoa]],<ref name="V725"/> [[Lille Airport|Lille]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Volotea will launch 12 new routes from France.|url=https://www.facebook.com/InTheFlightMode/posts/volotea-will-launch-12-new-routes-from-france-%F0%9D%97%99%CD%9F%F0%9D%97%BF%CD%9F%F0%9D%97%BC%CD%9F%F0%9D%97%BA%CD%9F-%F0%9D%97%9F%CD%9F%F0%9D%97%B6%CD%9F%F0%9D%97%B9%CD%9F%F0%9D%97%B9%CD%9F%F0%9D%97%B2%CD%9F-%F0%9D%90%93%F0%9D%90%A8%F0%9D%90%AE%F0%9D%90%A5%F0%9D%90%A8%F0%9D%90%A729-june-/1366119041972369/|website=Facebook|access-date=January 23, 2026}}</ref> [[Nantes Atlantique Airport|Nantes]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=|journal=OAG Flight Guide Worldwide|title=Nantes, France NTE|date=May 2025|volume=26|issue=11|publisher=[[OAG (company)|OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited]]|publication-place=Luton, United Kingdom|issn=1466-8718|language=en|pages=782–784}}</ref> [[Vitoria Airport|Vitoria]]<ref name="NAVolotea">{{cite news |title=Volotea pone a la venta sus primeros vuelos desde Vitoria a Madrid y Barcelona desde 31 euros |url=https://www.noticiasdealava.eus/gasteiz/2025/07/17/volotea-pone-venta-primeros-vuelos-9891245.html |access-date=17 July 2025 |work=Noticias de Álava |date=17 July 2025 |language=es}}</ref> '''Seasonal:''' [[Marche Airport|Ancona]],<ref name="V725"/> [[Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport|Bordeaux]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240813-v7nw24|title=Volotea NW24 Network Additions – 11AUG24}}</ref> [[Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport|Lyon]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=|journal=OAG Flight Guide Worldwide|title=Lyon, France LYS|date=May 2025|volume=26|issue=11|publisher=[[OAG (company)|OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited]]|publication-place=Luton, United Kingdom|issn=1466-8718|language=en|pages=657–660}}</ref> [[Montpellier–Méditerranée Airport|Montpellier]] (begins 6 November 2026),<ref>https://claap.fr/montpellier-madrid-volotea-annonce-une-nouvelle-ligne-directe-pour-lautomne-2026/</ref> [[Olbia – Costa Smeralda Airport|Olbia]],<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Olbia, Italy OLB|pages=838-839}}</ref> [[Toulouse–Blagnac Airport|Toulouse]], [[Verona Villafranca Airport|Verona]]<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Verona, Italy VRN|pages=1174-1174}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240207-v7ns24 | title=Volotea NS24 Network Expansion Summary – 04FEB24 }}</ref>

| [[Vueling]] | [[Florence Airport|Florence]]

| [[WestJet]] | '''Seasonal:''' [[Halifax Stanfield International Airport|Halifax]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.westjet.com/en-ca/news/2025/westjet-expands-global-connectivity-through-toronto-and-halifax- | title=WestJet expands global connectivity through Toronto and Halifax with six new international summer destinations | website=westjet.com | date=18 November 2025|accessdate=18 November 2025 }}</ref>

| [[Wizz Air]] | [[Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport|Belgrade]],<ref>{{Cite web | title=Wizz Air launching new Belgrade service, plans growth across EX-YU | url=https://www.exyuaviation.com/2025/08/wizz-air-plans-further-growth-across.html | access-date=2025-08-07 | website=www.exyuaviation.com | date=7 August 2025 }}</ref> [[Bucharest Henri Coandă International Airport|Bucharest–Otopeni]],<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Bucharest, Romania BUH|pages=184-186}}</ref> [[Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport|Budapest]],<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Budapest, Hungary BUD|pages=186-188}}</ref> [[Cluj International Airport|Cluj-Napoca]],<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Cluj, Romania CLJ|pages=267-268}}</ref> [[Craiova International Airport|Craiova]],<ref name="Wizz_NS25_Upd">{{cite news |last1=Liu |first1=Jim |title=Wizz Air NS25 Network Additions – 16JAN25 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250117-w6ns25 |access-date=17 January 2025 |work=AeroRoutes |date=17 January 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport|Gdańsk]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Trzy nowe trasy Wizz Aira. Z Gdańska i Szczecina | url=https://www.fly4free.pl/nowe-trasy-wizz-aira-z-gdanska/ }}</ref> [[Iași International Airport|Iași]],<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Iasi, Romania IAS|pages=491-491}}</ref> [[Katowice Airport|Katowice]],<ref>https://www.fly4free.pl/4-nowe-trasy-wizz-aira-z-pyrzowic-madryt-moldawia/https://www.fly4free.pl/4-nowe-trasy-wizz-aira-z-pyrzowic-madryt-moldawia/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Kutaisi International Airport|Kutaisi]],<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Kutaisi, Georgia KUT|pages=569-569}}</ref><ref name="Wizz_NS25_Upd"/> [[Larnaca International Airport|Larnaca]] (begins 24 September 2026),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2026/04/23/new-wizz-air-routes-to-athens-and-madrid-hailed-as-vote-of-confidence-for-cyprus | title=New Wizz Air routes to Athens and Madrid hailed as vote of confidence for Cyprus }}</ref> [[London Luton Airport|London–Luton]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Wizz Air lanza una nueva ruta entre Sevilla y Londres | date=23 July 2025 | url=https://www.aionsur.com/wizz-air-lanza-una-nueva-ruta-entre-sevilla-y-londres }}</ref> [[Milan Malpensa Airport|Milan–Malpensa]],<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Milan, Italy MIL|pages=728-737}}</ref> [[Naples Airport|Naples]] (begins 14 December 2026),<ref name="Wizz Air : a Napoli arriva il terzo aereo e tre nuove rotte. Sei voli per Salerno in 4 anni">{{cite web | url=https://italiavola.com/2026/05/18/wizz-air-a-napoli-arriva-il-terzo-aereo-e-tre-nuove-rotte-sei-voli-per-salerno-in-4-anni/|title=Wizz Air : a Napoli arriva il terzo aereo e tre nuove rotte. Sei voli per Salerno in 4 anni |date=18 May 2026 |website=Italiavola.com |language=Italian}}</ref> [[Rome Fiumicino Airport|Rome–Fiumicino]],<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Rome, Italy ROM|pages=965-972}}</ref> [[Sibiu International Airport|Sibiu]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Wizz Air: șase rute noi de la Sibiu din august 2025 | date=22 January 2025 | url=https://boardingpass.ro/wizz-air-sase-rute-noi-de-la-sibiu-din-august-2025 }}</ref> [[Skopje Airport|Skopje]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Wizz Air launching five new Skopje routes | date=31 July 2025 | url=https://www.exyuaviation.com/2025/07/wizz-air-to-launch-five-new-skopje.html }}</ref> [[Sofia Airport|Sofia]],<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Sofia, Bulgaria SOF|pages=1074-1075}}</ref> [[Traian Vuia International Airport|Timișoara]],<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Timisoara, Romania TSR|pages=1129-1129}}</ref> [[Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza|Tirana]],<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Tirana, Albania TIA|pages=1129-1131}}</ref> [[Turin Airport|Turin]] (begins 25 October 2026),<ref>{{cite web | url= https://italiavola.com/2026/04/09/i-nuovi-voli-della-base-wizz-air-a-torino/ | title= I nuovi voli della base Wizz Air a Torino| date= 9 April 2026}}</ref> [[Venice Marco Polo Airport|Venice]],<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Venice, Italy VCE|pages=1170-1172}}</ref><ref name="Wizz_NS25_Upd"/> [[Warsaw Chopin Airport|Warsaw–Chopin]],<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Warsaw, Poland WAW|pages=1187-1192}}</ref> [[Wrocław Airport|Wrocław]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=9 nowych tras Wizz Aira z Polski! Na liście urlopowe hity, "egzotyka" i duże europejskie miasta - Fly4free.pl - wydawaj mniej, podróżuj więcej - tanie loty, wczasy, hotele | url=https://www.fly4free.pl/7-nowych-tras-wizz-aira-z-polski-na-liscie-urlopowe-hity-egzotyka-i-duze-europejskie-miasta/ | access-date=2025-08-07 | website=www.fly4free.pl}}</ref>

| [[World2Fly]] | [[Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport|Cali]],<ref>{{cite web |title=WORLD2FLY SCHEDULES MADRID – CALI DEC 2024 LAUNCH |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240703-2wnw24clo |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=3 July 2024}}</ref> [[Rafael Núñez International Airport|Cartagena]] (begins 3 July 2026),<ref name="ReferenceD">{{Cite web|title=World2Fly Plans Madrid – Cartagena Service in 3Q26|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/251025-2w3q26ctg|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Cancún International Airport|Cancún]],<ref name="aeroroutes_220408-2w3pns22">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220408-2w3pns22|title=Iberojet 4Q24 A330neo Scheduled Service – 09SEP24|website=Aeroroutes.com|accessdate=2 November 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[José Martí International Airport|Havana]],<ref name="aeroroutes_220408-2w3pns22"/> [[Punta Cana International Airport|Punta Cana]],<ref name="aeroroutes_220408-2w3pns22"/> [[Islas Malvinas International Airport|Rosario]] (begins 1 October 2026),<ref name="ReferenceD"/> [[Santo Domingo Airport|Santo Domingo–Las Américas]], [[Abeid Amani Karume International Airport|Zanzibar]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240122-2wns24znz|title=World2Fly Adds Madrid – Zanzibar Service in NS24|website=Aeroroutes.com|accessdate=2 November 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Seasonal:''' [[La Romana International Airport|La Romana]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241003-3p2wns25|title=World2Fly NS25 Caribbean Network Additions|website=Aeroroutes.com|accessdate=2 November 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport|Mauritius]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241008-2wns25mru|title=World2Fly Adds Madrid – Mauritius in NS25|publisher=AeroRoutes|access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref> '''Seasonal charter:''' [[Athens International Airport|Athens]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241022-2wns25ath|title=World2Fly NS25 Madrid – Athens Charter Service|publisher=AeroRoutes|date=22 October 2024|accessdate=2 November 2024}}</ref> [[Malabo International Airport|Malabo]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241122-2wdec24ssg|title=World2Fly Schedules Madrid - Malabo Charters from Mid-Dec 2024|publisher=AeroRoutes|date=22 November 2024|accessdate=22 November 2024}}</ref> [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris–Charles de Gaulle]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250122-q41q25madcdg|title=Euroairlines/World2Fly Portugal Adds Madrid – Paris Sector in mid-1Q25|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=22 January 2025|accessdate=1 February 2025|language=en-ca}}</ref> [[Islam Karimov Tashkent International Airport|Tashkent]],<ref name="2W_UZB">{{cite news |title=World2Fly airline launches flights from Spain to Uzbekistan |url=https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/89433 |access-date=22 May 2024 |work=UzDaily.uz |date=21 May 2024 |language=ru}}</ref> [[Urgench International Airport|Urgench]]<ref name="2W_UZB" />

}}

===Cargo===
{{Airport-dest-list

| [[Air Canada Cargo]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aircargonews.net/airlines/freighter-operator/air-canada-cargo-expands-domestic-and-europe-freighter-network/ | title=Air Canada Cargo expands domestic and transatlantic freighter network | date=31 March 2022 }}</ref> | [[Toronto Pearson International Airport|Toronto–Pearson]]

| [[Air China Cargo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-08/13/c_139288363.htm|title=New air freight route links east China, Spain – Xinhua | English.news.cn|access-date=1 September 2020|archive-date=26 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126052441/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-08/13/c_139288363.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport|Hangzhou]], [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai–Pudong]]

| [[Cygnus Air]]<ref>[http://cygnusair.com/en/#!/destinos cygnusair.com – Our destinations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201140120/https://cygnusair.com/en/#!/destinos |date=1 February 2022 }} retrieved 18 July 2020</ref> | [[Gran Canaria Airport|Gran Canaria]], [[Tenerife North Airport|Tenerife–North]]

| [[Emirates SkyCargo]]<ref>[https://www.skycargo.com/network/air/ skycargo.com – Air] retrieved 18 July 2020</ref> | [[Al Maktoum International Airport|Dubai–Al Maktoum]]

| [[Etihad Cargo]] | [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]]

| [[Ethiopian Cargo]] | [[Macau International Airport|Macau]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Ethiopian begins China-Spain cargo route |url=https://www.aircargonews.net/airlines/ethiopian-begins-china-spain-cargo-route/1079907.article |access-date=3 May 2025 |work=Air Cargo News |date=3 April 2025}}</ref>

| [[FedEx Express]]<ref>[https://www.airlineroutemaps.com/maps/FedEx/Europe/Paris_CDG airlineroutemaps.com – FedEx] retrieved 14 August 2022</ref> | [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris–Charles de Gaulle]]

| [[Lufthansa Cargo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230615-lhcjul23ma|title=Lufthansa Cargo Adds Morocco A321 Freighter Service From July 2023|publisher=AeroRoutes|date=15 June 2023|accessdate=16 June 2023}}</ref> | [[Mohammed V International Airport|Casablanca]], [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]]

| [[My Freighter]] | [[Islam Karimov Tashkent International Airport|Tashkent]]<ref name='MF_InterLine'>{{cite news |last1=Brett |first1=Damian |title=My Freighter and Air Europa expand cargo networks with new tie-up |url=https://www.aircargonews.net/airlines/my-freighter-and-air-europa-expand-cargo-networks-with-new-tie-up/ |access-date=16 June 2024 |work=Air Cargo News |date=10 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|[[Qatar Airways Cargo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qrcargo.com/|title=Qatar Airways Cargo|access-date=2020-07-18}}</ref>}} | [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]

| [[Swiftair]]<ref>[https://www.swiftair.com/cargo/ swiftair.com – Cargo] retrieved 18 July 2020</ref> | [[Mohammed V International Airport|Casablanca]], [[Gran Canaria Airport|Gran Canaria]], [[Palma de Mallorca Airport|Palma de Mallorca]], [[Tenerife North Airport|Tenerife–North]]

| {{nowrap|[[Turkish Cargo]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/276359/turkish-cargo-adds-7-destinations-in-jan-2018/|title=Turkish Cargo adds 7 destinations in Jan 2018|last=UBM (UK) Ltd.|date=2018|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref> | [[George Bush Intercontinental Airport|Houston–Intercontinental]], [[Istanbul Airport|Istanbul]], [[Miami International Airport|Miami]]

}}
[[File:Madrid-Barajas Airport Destination Map.png|thumb|center|500px|Red for passenger destinations, and blue for cargo-only destinations(currently only Macau). Puerto Rico is not colored in the map.]]

==Statistics==
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=MAD}}
[[File:Barajas Airport (Madrid) (4684560779).jpg|thumb|Interior of Terminal 4]]
[[File:Barajas interior3.jpg|thumb|Entrance of Terminal 4 at Madrid Barajas Airport]]
[[File:Barajas interior7.jpg|thumb|Madrid-Barajas T4 interior]]
[[File:T3-Barajas-Airside.jpg|thumb|Madrid-Barajas T3 from airside]]
[[File:Terminal 4 del aeropuerto de Madrid-Barajas, España, 2013-01-09, DD 17.jpg|thumb|Terminal 4 Madrid-Barajas]]
[[File:Barajas Airport (Madrid) (4685194730).jpg|thumb|Interior of Terminal 4]]
[[File:Barajas terminal 4 panorama, Madrid.jpg|thumb|Barajas Terminal 4 panorama]]
[[File:Barajas-T4S-271210-1.jpg|thumb|Ground control tower at T4S]]
[[File:Madrid Barajas Airport ATC T4 2.jpg|thumb|Main [[Air traffic control|control tower]]]]
[[File:Barajas terminal 1 interior 2008.jpg|thumb|Terminal 1 interior]]
[[File:Terminal T-4 Madrid - Barajas Airport (8520153689)b.jpg|thumb|Terminal T-4 Madrid – Barajas Airport]]

===Passenger numbers===

{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
! style="width:75px"| !! style="width:100px"| Passengers !! style="width:100px"| Aircraft movements !! style="width:100px"| Cargo (tonnes)
|-
!2001
|34,050,215 || 375,558 || 295,944
|-main
!2002
|33,915,302 || 368,029 || 295,711
|-
!2003
|35,855,861 || 383,804 || 307,026
|-
!2004
|38,718,614 || 401,503 || 341,177
|-
!2005
|42,146,784 || 415,704 || 333,138
|-
!2006
|45,799,983 || 434,959 || 325,702
|-
!2007
|52,110,787 || 483,292 || 325,201
|-
!2008
|50,846,494 || 469,746 || 329,187
|-
!2009
|48,437,147 || 435,187 || 302,863
|-
!2010
|49,863,504 || 433,683 || 373,380
|-
!2011
|49,671,270 || 429,390 || 394,154
|-
!2012
|45,195,014 || 373,185 || 359,362
|-
!2013
|39,735,618 || 333,056 || 346,602
|-
!2014
|41,833,374 || 342,601 || 366,645
|-
!2015
|46,828,279 || 366,605 || 381,069
|-
!2016
|50,420,583 || 378,150 || 415,774
|-
!2017
|53,402,506 || 387,566 || 470,795
|-
!2018
|57,891,340 || 409,832 || 518,858
|-
!2019
|61,734,037 || 426,376 || 558,567
|-
!2020
|17,112,389 || 165,740 || 401,133
|-
!2021
|24,135,220 || 217,537 || 523,395
|-
!2022
|50,633,652 || 351,906 || 566,372
|-
!2023
|60,220,984
|389,179
|643,534
|-
!2024
|66,196,984
|420,182
|766,818
|-
!2025
|68,179,054
|430,616
|840,331
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| ''Source: [[Aena|Aena Statistics]]''<ref name=aenapax>{{cite web |url=https://www.aena.es/es/estadisticas/informes-anuales.html |title=Estadísticas de tráfico aereo |publisher=[[ENAIRE|Aena]] |year=2022}}</ref>
|}

===Busiest routes===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Busiest European routes (2025)
|-
! Rank
! Destination
! Passengers
! Change 2024/25
|-
| 1
| [[Rome Fiumicino Airport|Rome-Fiumicino]]
| 1,983,984
| {{increase}} 0,13%
|-
| 2
| [[Lisbon Airport|Lisbon]]
| 1,852,887
| {{decrease}} 2,84%
|-
| 3
| [[Orly Airport|Paris-Orly]]
| 1,721,951
| {{increase}} 8,6%
|-
| 4
| [[Heathrow Airport|London-Heathrow]]
| 1,500,925
| {{decrease}} 3,19%
|-
| 5
| [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]]
| 1,330,096
| {{increase}} 8,2%
|-
| 6
| [[Brussels Airport|Brussels]]
| 1,032,654
| {{increase}} 1,8%
|-
| 7
| [[Milan Malpensa Airport|Milan-Malpensa]]
| 988,752
| {{increase}} 3,2%
|-
| 8
| [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris-Charles de Gaulle]]
| 985,089
| {{decrease}} 7,0%
|-
| 9
| [[Porto Airport|Porto]]
| 977,524
| {{decrease}} 6,2%
|-
| 10
| [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]]
| 923,854
| {{increase}} 1,5%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| ''Source: [[Aena|Estadísticas de tráfico aereo]]''<ref name="Inicio">{{Cite web |title=Inicio |url=https://www.aena.es/es/estadisticas/inicio.html |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=aena.es}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Busiest intercontinental routes (2025)
|-
! Rank
! Destination
! Passengers
! Change 2024/25
|-
| 1
| [[El Dorado International Airport|Bogotá]]
| 1,658,541
| {{increase}} 3,0%
|-
| 2
| [[Ministro Pistarini International Airport|Buenos Aires-Ezeiza]]
| 1,168,847
| {{increase}} 8,4%
|-
| 3
| [[Mexico City International Airport|Mexico City]]
| 1,157,051
| {{increase}} 0,1%
|-
| 4
| [[Jorge Chávez International Airport|Lima]]
| 1,033,685
| {{increase}} 4,9%
|-
| 5
| [[São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport|São Paulo-Guarulhos]]
| 1.018.970
| {{increase}} 18,6%
|-
| 6
| [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|New York-JFK]]
| 834,440
| {{decrease}} 0,6%
|-
| 7
| [[Miami International Airport|Miami]]
| 767,356
| {{decrease}} 2,6%
|-
| 8
| [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]
| 680,698
| {{increase}} 10,3%
|-
| 9
| [[Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport|Santiago de Chile]]
| 673,434
| {{increase}} 2,9%
|-
| 10
| [[Las Américas International Airport|Santo Domingo]]
| 527,931
| {{increase}} 4,3%

|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| ''Source: [[Aena|Estadísticas de tráfico aereo]]''<ref name="Inicio"/>
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Busiest domestic routes (2025)
|-
! Rank
! Destination
! Passengers
! Change 2024/25
|-
| 1
| [[Palma de Mallorca Airport|Palma de Mallorca]]
| 2,222,189
| {{increase}} 0,7%
|-
| 2
| [[Gran Canaria Airport|Gran Canaria]]
| 1,911,302
| {{decrease}} 3,1%
|-
| 3
| [[Tenerife-North Airport|Tenerife-North]]
| 1,790,897
| {{increase}} 0,1%
|-
| 4
| [[Josep Tarradellas Barcelona–El Prat Airport|Barcelona]]
| 1,768,381
| {{decrease}} 13,1%
|-
| 5
| [[Ibiza Airport|Ibiza]]
| 935,121
| {{decrease}} 2,7%
|-
| 6
| [[Bilbao Airport|Bilbao]]
| 829,142
| {{increase}} 2,6%
|-
| 7
| [[A Coruña Airport|A Coruña]]
| 803,620
| {{increase}} 3,3%
|-
| 8
| [[Vigo–Peinador Airport|Vigo]]
| 731,757
| {{increase}} 6,5%
|-
| 9
| [[Málaga Airport|Málaga]]
| 652,841
| {{decrease}} 6,4%
|-
| 10
| [[Lanzarote Airport|Lanzarote]]
| 646,433
| {{increase}} 0,1%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| ''Source: [[Aena|Estadísticas de tráfico aereo]]''<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Inicio |url=https://www.aena.es/es/estadisticas/inicio.html |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=www.aena.es}}</ref>
|}

== Medical care ==
The airport is attached to the [[Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal|Ramón y Cajal University Hospital]] in Madrid as a referral hospital for medical and surgical emergencies requiring hospital care.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/ccaa/2017/10/21/madrid/1508604585_695481.html|title=40 años del 'Piramidón'|last=Escandón|first=Pelayo|date=23 October 2017|work=El País|access-date=2019-08-16|language=es|issn=1134-6582}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madrid.org/cs/Satellite?cid=1354484143084&language=es&pageid=1354487348381&pagename=HospitalRamonCajal%2FCM_Actualidad_FA%2FHRYC_actualidad|title=El Hospital Ramón y Cajal referente con el protocolo de manejo de portadores de drogas|website=madrid.org}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In addition, the airport itself has medical rooms and medical personnel attached to the Airport Medical Service to cover transit passengers who need medical attention.<ref name="aena.es">{{cite web|url=http://www.aena.es/en/madrid-barajas-airport/medical-care.html|title=Medical care – Aeropuerto Madrid-Barajas – Aena.es|website=aena.es|access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref> It also has 75 Cardiac Rescue Points equipped with [[Defibrillation|defibrillators]] in the event of cardiorespiratory arrest.<ref name="aena.es"/>

==Ground transport==
===Taxi===
All terminals have clearly signed taxi ranks outside the arrivals area. Official taxis are white with a red stripe and have the Madrid City Council coat-of-arms on their doors.

===Ride-hailing===
Since 2024, the [[Estonia]]n ride-hailing company [[Bolt (company)|Bolt]] has operated exclusive pickup areas at the airport, offering flat-rate fares for rides into the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clemente |first=Paula |date=2024-05-29 |title=La 'app' de coches bajo demanda Bolt gana un concurso de Aena y tendrá un espacio propio en los aeropuertos de Barcelona, Madrid y Málaga |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/economia/20240529/app-bolt-tendra-coches-aeropuerto-barcelona-madrid-102985360 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=El Periódico |language=es}}</ref>

===Rail===
The [[Madrid Metro]] Line connects the airport with city centre station [[Nuevos Ministerios Station|Nuevos Ministerios]] in Madrid's financial district. The Barajas [[Line 8 (Madrid Metro)|Line 8]] provides a fast route from the underground stations at Terminal 2 (access to T1 and T3) and Terminal 4 into central Madrid. The metro also provides links to stations on the Spanish railway network.

In October 2006, a bid was launched for the construction of a [[Cercanías Madrid|Cercanías]] link between [[Chamartín Station]] and Terminal 4. Now finished, this single Cercanías Line (C-1) links Madrid Barajas Terminal 4, with [[Chamartín Station]] and [[Madrid Atocha railway station|Atocha]] AVE high-speed train stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/014B6AD9-93FD-49C0-825F-A8E0226E4665/24660/Fe20_25.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626094130/http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/014B6AD9-93FD-49C0-825F-A8E0226E4665/24660/Fe20_25.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Fomento|archivedate=26 June 2008}}</ref> In June 2011 a decision was made to equip this link with [[dual gauge]] which will allow [[AVE|AVE high-speed trains]] to reach the airport station.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/dual-gauge-to-enable-high-speed-to-madrid-airport.html |title=Dual gauge to enable high speed to Madrid Airport |journal=[[Railway Gazette International]] |date=8 June 2011 |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728190525/https://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/dual-gauge-to-enable-high-speed-to-madrid-airport.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Nuevos Ministerios Station|Nuevos Ministerios]] metro station opened a satellite check-in center in 2002<ref name="Vía Libre">{{cite news| language=es|trans-title=Nuevos Ministerios transfer station opens in Madrid with direct metro service to the airport| url=http://www.vialibre-ffe.com/hemeroteca/454/revista/actualidad/actualidad1.htm| title=Inaugurado el intercambiador de Nuevos Ministerios en Madrid con servicio directo de metro al aeropuerto| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927233708/http://www.vialibre-ffe.com/hemeroteca/454/revista/actualidad/actualidad1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007| work=Vía Libre| number=454| date=June 2002}}</ref> right by the [[AZCA]] business area in central Madrid; the satellite check-in center was permanently closed in 2006 due to security concerns.<ref name="ABC SEPLA">{{cite news| title=Las aerolíneas descartan retomar la facturación en Nuevos Ministerios| trans-title=Airlines refuse to resume funding for Nuevos Ministerios| url=http://www.anden1.org/foro/viewtopic.php?t=1250&start=60| publisher=Andén 2| work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]| date=24 July 2007}} {{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Metropolitan bus===
EMT ([[Empresa Municipal de Transportes de Madrid|Madrid Municipal Transport Company]]) runs regular public bus services between the airport and Madrid (Avenida de América station): bus 200 runs as a complete line – dropping passengers at departures of terminals 1, 2 and 4 before collecting passengers in the reverse order at arrivals. The EMT public night bus service N4 (nicknamed "Buho", Owl) also offers services from Madrid downtown (Plaza Cibeles) to Barajas (Plaza de los Hermanos Falcó y Alvarez de Toledo, 400m from the airport through a passageway above the highway). EMT also have an express bus linking Barajas airport to Renfe's [[Madrid Atocha railway station|Atocha Station]], the main rail station in Madrid, during day and Plaza Cibeles during night. Unlike the two services mentioned above, this line runs 24 hours of the day during all the days of the year.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.emtmadrid.es/lineaAeropuerto/index.html| title=Línea Exprés Aeropuerto|trans-title=Airport Express Line| publisher=Municipal Transport of Madrid| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108115117/http://www.emtmadrid.es/lineaAeropuerto/index.html |date=8 November 2010| archive-date=8 November 2010| access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref>

CRTM ([[Consorcio Regional de Transportes de Madrid]]) runs four bus services between the airport and nearby cities in the metropolitan area:

* '''822''': T1 – [[Coslada]] – [[San Fernando de Henares]]
* '''824''': T2 – [[Torrejón de Ardoz]] – [[Alcalá de Henares]]
* '''827''': Canillejas – T4 – [[Alcobendas]] – [[Universidad Autónoma de Madrid]] – [[Tres Cantos]]
* '''828''': Canillejas – T4 – [[Alcobendas]] – [[Universidad Autónoma de Madrid]]

===Long distance coaches===
From terminals T1 and T4 the bus company Avanzabus operates routes to [[Ávila, Spain|Ávila]], [[Castellón de la Plana]], [[Salamanca]], [[Valencia]] and [[Province of Zamora]]. From terminal T4 the Alsa bus company runs services to the cities of [[Zaragoza]], [[Barcelona]], [[Valladolid]], [[León, Spain|León]], [[Murcia]], [[Alicante]], [[Gijón]], [[Oviedo]], [[Lugo]], [[A Coruña]], [[Santiago de Compostela]], [[Burgos]], [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]], [[San Sebastián]], [[Santander, Spain|Santander]], [[Bilbao]], [[Logroño]] and [[Pamplona]]. From terminal T1 the Socibus company runs services to the major cities in [[Andalusia]]: [[Huelva]], [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], [[Cádiz]], [[Jerez de la Frontera]] and [[Seville]].

{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = auto
| name = Madrid Barajas Airport People Mover
| color = cfc
| image = APM Madrid airport.JPG
| image_width = 250px
| caption =
| type = [[People mover]]
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport
| start = Terminal T4
| end = Satellite T4S
| stations = 2
| routes = 1
| daily_ridership = 27.400 (2012)
| open = 4 February 2006
| close =
| owner =
| operator = [[Bombardier Transportation]]
| character = Underground
| stock = 19 [[Bombardier Innovia APM 100]] vehicles
| linelength = 2.7 km (1.7 miles)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bombardier.com/en/media/news/bombardier-closes-sale-its-transportation-business-alstom|title=Bombardier Closes Sale of its Transportation business to Alstom|website=Bombardier|date=21 June 2023 }}</ref>
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge =
| electrification = Two centre rails
| speed = {{convert|37|mph|abbr=on}}
| elevation =
| map =
}}

=== Airport people mover ===
In early 2006, the first driverless transit system in Spain and the longest airport people mover system in Europe began transporting passengers between the new terminal (T4) and a new satellite terminal (T4S).<ref>{{cite web |date=20 June 2006 |title=En funcionamiento el primer sistema automático de transporte en un aeropuerto español |url=https://www.vialibre-ffe.com/noticias.asp?not=334 |work=Vía Libre |language=Spanish |accessdate=3 January 2022}}</ref> Deploying the CITYFLO 550 automatic train control technology, the system is the only mode of transportation for passengers between the two terminals, which are spaced two kilometres apart.<ref>{{cite press release| title=Bombardier to Run INNOVIA System at Madrid-Barajas Airport for 10 More Years| url=https://www.aviation.ca/2012122014382/news/international/europe/14382-bombardier-to-run-innovia-system-at-madrid-barajas-airport-for-10-more-years| date=20 December 2012| publisher=Aviation.ca}}</ref> Bombardier became the only contractor for the completely underground shuttle system, including the construction of the civil works, operation and maintenance of the system.

The route is {{convert|2|km|mi}} in length and can carry up to 13,000 passengers per hour.<ref>{{cite web |title=Airport Management – Automated People Mover (APM) |url=http://www.aena.es/en/corporate/airport-management.html |publisher=AENA |accessdate=22 February 2021}}</ref>

===Airport parking===
Long- and short-term car parking is provided at the airport with seven public parking areas. P1 is an outdoor car park located in front of the terminal building; P2 is an indoor car park with direct access to terminals T2 and T3. A Parking 'Express' facility, available for short periods only, is located at Terminal 2 and dedicated long-term parking is also available with 1,655 spaces; a free shuttle operates between the long-stay car park and all terminals. There are also VIP car parks.

==Incidents and accidents==
* On 4 January 1951, a [[Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar]] of ''Ejército del Aire'' crashed when an engine failed after takeoff. It was on a delivery flight to the Spanish Air Force. Both occupants were killed.<ref>{{ASN accident|id=19510104-1|accessdate=23 August 2021|title=EC-ADZ}}</ref>
* On 30 September 1972, a [[Douglas C-47]]B EC-AQE of [[Spantax]] crashed on takeoff. The aircraft was being used for training duties and the student pilot over-rotated and stalled. One of the six people on board was killed.<ref name=ASN300972>{{cite web |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19720930-0 |title=EC-AQE Accident description |publisher=Aviation Safety Network |access-date=7 September 2010}}</ref>
* On 9 May 1976, a [[Boeing 747]] of the [[History of Iranian military aviation|Imperial Iranian Air Force]] was [[Imperial Iranian Air Force Flight 48|struck by lightning]] while on approach. This caused the left wing's fuel tank to explode and the wing itself to separate, resulting in the aircraft to crash and killing all 17 passengers and crew.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Special Investigation Report – Wing Failure of Boeing 747–131, Near Madrid, Spain, May 9, 1976 |date=1978-10-06 |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR7812.pdf |language=en |access-date=2023-02-05 |publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]] |location=Washington D.C.}}</ref>
* On 27 November 1983, [[Avianca Flight 011]] crashed while attempting to land. Flight 011 struck a series of hills, causing the plane's right wing to break off. The 747 then cartwheeled, shattering into five pieces before coming to rest upside-down. Only 11 of the 169 passengers survived – there were no survivors among the 23 crew.<ref>[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19831127-0 ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-283B HK-2910 Madrid–Barajas Airport (MAD)]. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 2 May 2011.</ref>
* On 7 December 1983, an Iberia 727 operating as [[Iberia Flight 350]]<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080915135448/http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=12071983&reg=EC-CFJ&airline=Iberia Accident Database: Accident Synopsis 12071983]}}. Airdisaster.com (7 December 1983). Retrieved on 2 May 2011.</ref> collided during takeoff with [[Aviaco Flight 134]], a DC-9<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080504013248/http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=12071983&reg=EC-CGS&airline=Aviaco Accident Database: Accident Synopsis 12071983]}}. Airdisaster.com (7 December 1983). Retrieved on 2 May 2011.</ref> The Aviaco DC-9 had accidentally entered the runway as the Iberia flight was taking off.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080916185245/http://www.airdisaster.com/photos/ib350/photo.shtml Accident Photo: Iberia 350]}}. AirDisaster.Com (7 December 1983). Retrieved on 2 May 2011.</ref> Ninety-three people were killed, including 51 from the Iberia 727 and 42 from the Aviaco DC-9.
* On 15 July 2006, the winglet of a [[Thai Airways International]] Boeing 747–400 HS-TGY operating flight TG943 from Madrid Barajas Airport in Spain to Rome Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport cut off the tail of an Air France ERJ-145 while taxiing to the runway for take-off. No injuries were reported.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.asiatraveltips.com/news06/187-ThaiAirways.shtml| title=THAI clarifies incident concerning flight TG 943 routed Madrid – Rome| publisher=Travel Tips Asia| date=18 July 2006| access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref>
* On 20 August 2008, [[Spanair Flight 5022]] which was travelling to Gran Canaria, veered off to the right and into the ground while climbing immediately after lifting off from runway 36L at 14:45 local time. The [[McDonnell Douglas MD-82]] with registration "EC-HFP", was carrying 172 people, including 162 passengers.<ref>{{cite press release| title=Press conference, 21 August 2008| url=http://www.spanair.com/web/en-gb/DSite/Last-official-notice/| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408022551/http://www.spanair.com/web/en-gb/DSite/Last-official-notice/| archive-date=8 April 2009| date=21 August 2008}}</ref> In the accident, 154 people were killed, two were seriously injured and 12 were slightly injured. Prime Minister Zapatero ordered three days of national mourning.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/08/20/espana/1219237335.html| title=La tragedia aérea de Barajas se salda con 153 muertos y 19 heridos, varios de ellos graves|trans-title=The air tragedy of Barajas leaves 153 dead and 19 wounded, several seriously| work=El Mundo| date=26 August 2008| first1=Luis F.| last1=Durán| first2=Pedro| last2=Blasco| language=es| access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Adolfo Suárez Madrid-Barajas Airport}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}
* [http://www.aena.es/csee/Satellite/Aeropuerto-Madrid-Barajas/en/Home.html Official website]

{{Airports in Spain}}
{{Portal bar|Aviation|Spain}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madrid-Barajas Airport}}
[[Category:1931 establishments in Spain]]
[[Category:Madrid–Barajas Airport| ]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1931]]
[[Category:Airports in the Community of Madrid]]
[[Category:Barajas (Madrid)]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Barajas District, Madrid]]
[[Category:Richard Rogers buildings]]

Fort St. George

2026-05-07T22:32:21Z

Venu ji yes: Adding The Post Added Tags

{{Short description|Fort in Chennai, India}}
{{Other uses|Fort St. George (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name = Fort St. George
|native_name =
|owner = [[Indian Army]]
|partof = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|location = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|image = [[File:Fort St. George, Chennai 2.jpg|270px]]
|caption = Fort St. George, the seat of [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|map_type = India Chennai
|map_size = 270
|map_caption =
|type = [[Fort]]s
|coordinates = {{coord|13.079722|80.286944|type:landmark_region:IN-TN|display=inline,title}}
|code =
|built = {{start date and age|1639}}
|builder = [[British East India Company]]
|materials =
|height = {{cvt|45|m}}{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
|used = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|demolished =
|condition = Good
|open_to_public =
|controlledby = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|garrison =
|current_commander =
|commanders =
|occupants = [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly|Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly–Secretariat]]

|battles =
|events =
|image2 =
|caption2 =
}}

[[File:Plan de Madras pris par les Francais en 1746.jpg|315px|thumb|Plan of Fort St. George made during the French occupation of 1746–1749, with East at the top]]
[[File:Fort St. George, Chennai.jpg|315px|thumb|An 18th-century coloured [[engraving]] of the fort]]
[[File:Fort St. George.jpg|thumb|right|315px|Corner of Fort St. George showing the spire of [[St. Mary's Church, Chennai|St Mary's Church]], where in 1753 [[Robert Clive]] married [[Margaret Clive|Margaret Maskelyne]], the younger sister of the [[Astronomer Royal]], [[Nevil Maskelyne]]. Photo {{circa|1905}}.]]

'''Fort St. George''' (or historically, '''White Town''')<ref name="Wheeler1881">{{cite book|author=James Talboys Wheeler|title=The History of India from the Earliest Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk1HAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA489|year=1881|publisher=N. Trübner|pages=489–}}</ref> is a fortress at the coastal city of [[Chennai]], [[India]]. Founded in 1639, it was the first [[English overseas possessions|English]] (later [[British Empire|British]]) fortress in India.<ref>Roberts, "History of the World" (Penguin, 1994)</ref> The construction of the fort provided the impetus for further settlements and trading activity, in what was originally an uninhabited land.<ref>{{cite news|last=Muthiah |first=S |title=A centenary's links with Chennai |date=12 August 2002 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/12/stories/2002081200230300.htm |access-date=6 September 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031028141848/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/12/stories/2002081200230300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=28 October 2003 }}</ref> Thus, it is a feasible contention to say that the city (named Madras since before the arrival of the Europeans until July 1996) evolved around the fortress.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-monuments/fort-st-george.html|title=Fort St George - Fort St. George Chennai, Fort Saint George Chennai Tamil Nadu India|access-date=26 October 2009|archive-date=17 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017170621/http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-monuments/fort-st-george.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The fort currently houses the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] and other official buildings.

==History==
The [[East India Company]] (EIC), which had entered India around 1600 for trading activities, had begun licensed trading at [[Surat]], which was its initial bastion. However, to secure its trade lines and commercial interests in the [[spice trade]], it felt the necessity of a port closer to the [[Straits of Malacca|Malaccan Straits]]. Thanks to negotiations led by [[Francis Day (Madras)|Francis Day]] with ruler of Chandragiri in 1639, English succeeded in purchasing a piece of coastal land, originally called ''Chennirayarpattinam'' or ''Channapatnam'', where the Company began the construction of a harbour and a fort.

The fort was completed on 23 April 1644, at a cost of £3,000,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Keay|first1=John|title=The Honourable Company A History Of The English East India Company|date=1991|publisher=HarperCollinsPublishers|location=Great Britain|isbn=978-0-00-743155-7|page=69|edition=1993}}</ref> coinciding with [[Saint George's Day|St. George's Day]], celebrated in honour of the patron saint of [[England]]. The fort, hence christened Fort [[Saint George|St. George]], faced the sea and some fishing villages, and it soon became the hub of merchant activity. It gave birth to a new settlement area called [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]] (historically referred to as Black Town), which grew to envelop the villages and led to the formation of the city of Madras. It also helped to establish [[Kingdom of England|English]] influence over the [[Carnatic region]], and to keep the kings of [[Arcot]] and [[Srirangapatna]], as well as the [[France|French]] forces based at [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], at bay. In 1665, after the EIC received word of the formation of the new [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Company]], the fort was strengthened and enlarged while its garrison was increased.<ref name="Wheeler1996">{{cite book|first=James|last=Talboys Wheeler|author-link=James Talboys Wheeler|title=Madras in the Olden Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWZK3tZ8P4UC|volume=1|year=1861|location=Madras|publisher=J. Higginbotham|page=72|isbn=9788120605534|access-date=28 October 2016|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101020901/https://books.google.com/books?id=WWZK3tZ8P4UC|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the 17th-century merchant and traveller [[Thomas Bowrey]], Fort St. George was:

<blockquote>without all dispute a beneficial place to the Honourable English India Company, and with all the Residence of theire Honourable Agent and Governour all of their Affaires Upon this Coast and the Coast of Gingalee, the Kingdoms also of Orixa, ([[Orissa, India|Orissa]]) Bengala ([[Bengal]]), and Pattana ([[Patna]]), the said Governour and his Councell here resideigne, for the Honour of our English Nation keepinge and maintainneinge the place in great Splendour, Civil and good Government, Entertaineinge nobly all Foraign Embassadors, and provideinge great quantities of Muzlinge ([[Muslin]]) Callicoes ([[Calico]]) &c. to be yearly transported to England.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowrey|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Bowrey|editor-last=Temple|editor-first=Richard Carnac|editor-link=Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|title=A Geographical Account of Countries Round the Bay of Bengal, 1669 to 1679 |url=https://archive.org/details/ageographicalac00bowrgoog|year=1895|page=[https://archive.org/details/ageographicalac00bowrgoog/page/n39 4]|publisher=Printed for the Hakluyt Society}}</ref></blockquote>

The Fort is a stronghold with {{convert|6|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} walls that withstood a number of assaults in the 18th century. It briefly passed into the possession of the French from 1746 to 1749, but was restored to [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] under the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]], which ended the [[War of the Austrian Succession]].

The Fort now serves as one of the administrative headquarters for the [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu|legislative assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state and it still houses a garrison of troops in transit to various locations at South India and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman]]s. The Fort Museum contains many relics of the ''[[British Raj|Raj]]'' era, including portraits of many of the [[Governors of Madras]]. The fort is maintained by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], with the administrative support of the Indian Army.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Colonial Buildings in Chennai Circle |url=http://asichennai.gov.in/downloads/list-of-colonial-buildings.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920115911/http://asichennai.gov.in/downloads/list-of-colonial-buildings.pdf |archive-date=2020-09-20 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=asichennai.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/business-group-may-adopt-fort-st-george/article24648187.ece | title=Business group may adopt Fort St. George | date=10 August 2018 | first=Dennis S. | last=Jesudasan | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=28 December 2018 | archive-date=9 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042032/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/business-group-may-adopt-fort-st-george/article24648187.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Plan_of_Fort_St_George_and_the_City_of_Madras_1726.jpg|Plan of Fort St George & Madras in 1726
File:Fort St George Madras 1858.jpg|Fort St. George in 1858
File:In the Fort, Madras (MacLeod, p.124, 1871) - Copy.jpg|In the Fort, Madras (MacLeod, p. 124, 1871)<ref name=MacLeod>{{cite book|last1=MacLeod|first1=Norman|title=Peeps at the Far East: A Familiar Account of a Visit to India|date=1871|publisher=Strahan & Co.|location=London|url=http://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QadleVqcjfjXdbL76hLpHAlKGquS182cWZd25oDvHR0IWujwaV1l7F_v1EzHArXZcnWj3BCM-XsUlMsYj7__NZpsDu5ZTBjIEa-Je4nUviK_cS0zTCcmeWuZVce-2hlBmT0VXBzakDA55LhS7Ks7poEMlLrKnXJcMpjQup_ghtwNoJh69hUdujOZGqcU2xTzda2aMzjOgJdRtY_0_PdT9-GwCL2TmJUKyQ8Txmh1vXVRqmh8Za66nRaLrcfn3r-fz3ojiUlW_9Jn7R8VCgYAeiOWENYfQYyhGtgO9GCRXWMIQNfZiPo|access-date=2 November 2015}}</ref>
</gallery>

===The church===
[[St. Mary's Church, Chennai|St. Mary's Church]] is the oldest [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] church in India. It was built between 1678 and 1680 on the orders of the then Agent of Madras [[Streynsham Master]].<ref>{{cite book|first=James|last=Talboys Wheeler|author-link=James Talboys Wheeler|title=Madras in the Olden Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWZK3tZ8P4UC|volume=1|year=1861|location=Madras|publisher=J. Higginbotham|page=104|isbn=9788120605534|access-date=28 October 2016|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101020901/https://books.google.com/books?id=WWZK3tZ8P4UC|url-status=live}}</ref> The tombstones in its graveyard are the oldest English or British tombstones in India. This ancient prayer house solemnised the marriages of [[Robert Clive]] and Governor [[Elihu Yale]], who later became the first benefactor of [[Yale University]] in the United States.

===Museum===
The Fort Museum, which is the only ticketed institution of the Archaeological Survey of India in the complex,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fort St George Chennai - Timings, Entry Fees, Location, Facts |url=http://www.goibibo.com/destinations/chennai/places-to-visit-in-chennai/fort-st-george-7368689592210220682/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716015949/http://www.goibibo.com/destinations/chennai/places-to-visit-in-chennai/fort-st-george-7368689592210220682/ |archive-date=2018-07-16 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=www.goibibo.com}}</ref> exhibits many items of the period of English and later British rule. This building was completed in 1795 and first housed the office of the Madras Bank. The hall upstairs was the Public Exchange Hall and served as a place for public meetings, lottery draws and occasional entertainment. These relics are reminders of British rule in India. The objects on display in the museum are the weapons, coins, medals, uniforms and other artefacts from England, Scotland, France and India dating back to the colonial period. Original letters written by Clive and [[Lord Cornwallis|Cornwallis]] make fascinating reading. One set of quaint period uniforms is displayed for viewing, as well. However, the ''pièce de resistance'' is a large statue of [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]].

The [[National Flag of India]] was designed by [[Pingali Venkayya]] and adopted in its present form during the meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947, a few days before India's independence from Britain on 15 August 1947. The first ever flag flown after the independence is stored in the third floor of the museum. The public are allowed to see but not to touch or take photographs.

The museum is mentioned in the novel ''[[The Museum of Innocence]]'', by the Turkish Nobel Laureate [[Orhan Pamuk]].

<gallery widths="200" heights="160">
File:Ra 2012 018.JPG|Victoria Memorial Hall
File:Indian Embassy in London wall plaque (4).jpg|Coat of Arms of Madras Presidency depicting Fort St. George
</gallery>

===Wellesley House===
The first floor of the building includes the Banqueting Hall, which holds paintings of the Governor of the Fort and other high officials of the administration. The cannons of [[Tipu Sultan]] decorate the ramparts of the museum. The {{convert|14.5|ft|order=flip|adj=on}} statue stands at the entrance near a stairway in the museum. This statue was created by Charles Bank in England to be brought to India. The pedestal of the statue is carved with a scene depicting Tipu Sultan's emissary. The house takes its name from [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Richard Wellesley]], Governor General of India, and brother of the [[Duke of Wellington]].

===Flagstaff===
The flagstaff at the fort is one of the tallest in the country. Made of [[teakwood]], it is {{convert|150|ft|order=flip}} high.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Fort St. George, Chennai
| publisher = Maps of India
| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/chennai/places-of-interest/famous-monuments/fort-st-george.html
| access-date = 12 Jan 2013
| archive-date = 23 January 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130123073723/http://www.mapsofindia.com/chennai/places-of-interest/famous-monuments/fort-st-george.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

==Namakkal Kavignar Maligai==
{{Main|Namakkal Kavignar Maligai}}

Namakkal Kavingar Maligai is a 10-storeyed building at the campus and is the power centre of state secretariat. It houses offices of the secretaries and departments. Between 2012 and 2014, the building was renovated at a cost of {{INRConvert|280|m|year=2014|lk=r}}, with additional facilities like centralised air-conditioning and new electrical wiring system.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Mariappan
| first = Julie
| title = Jayalalithaa opens renovated exterior of Namakkal Kavignar Maligai
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 10 July 2014
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Jayalalithaa-opens-renovated-exterior-of-Namakkal-Kavignar-Maligai/articleshow/38138328.cms
| access-date = 7 February 2015
| archive-date = 14 July 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233334/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Jayalalithaa-opens-renovated-exterior-of-Namakkal-Kavignar-Maligai/articleshow/38138328.cms
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

===In recent years===
The entire complex is administered by the Department of Defence. The fort building is a three-storeyed one housing the offices of the chief minister and other ministers, the chief secretary, home ministry, treasury, etc. The remaining offices are housed in the 10-storeyed Namakkal Kavingyar Maaligai, which houses more than 30 departments.<ref name="MalaiMalar_CMToOpenRenovatedBuilding">{{Cite news
| title = புதுப்பிக்கப்பட்ட நாமக்கல் கவிஞர் மாளிகை: ஜெயலலிதா நாளை திறந்து வைக்கிறார்
| newspaper = Malai Malar
| location = Chennai
| language = ta
| date = 9 July 2014
| url = http://www.maalaimalar.com/2014/07/09082855/renewed-namakkal-kavignar-mali.html
| access-date = 7 February 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150207105816/http://www.maalaimalar.com/2014/07/09082855/renewed-namakkal-kavignar-mali.html
| archive-date = 7 February 2015
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

The Fort St. George complex housed the administrative buildings of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] till March 2010. The [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu]] and the secretariat (with headquarters of various government departments) were situated in the fort. The fort itself was open to the public however only to a certain area. The main building or the secretariat was open only to government officials and the police. The cannons and the moat which guarded this old building have been left untouched. In 2010 the legislature and the secretariat moved to a [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly-secretariat complex|new location]] and the old assembly complex was converted into a library for the [[Centre of Excellence for Classical Tamil|Central Institute of Classical Tamil]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Old Assembly Chamber to turn reference library|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article452459.ece|access-date=13 June 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 June 2010}}</ref> Following the 2011 assembly elections and the return of [[Jayalalithaa|J Jayalalithaa]] as the Chief Minister of the State, the Tamil Nadu Assembly and the Secretariat have been restored to Fort St. George.<ref>{{cite news|title=New secretariat in Chennai to be converted into hospital|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/184792/secretariat-chennai-converted-hospital.html|access-date=19 August 2011|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062007/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/184792/secretariat-chennai-converted-hospital.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Other monuments==
An arch commemorating the diamond jubilee of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly is under construction near the Fort on Rajaji Salai close to [[Napier Bridge]]. The structure is a replica of Fort St. George's façade. The arch will be rectangular in structure with a height of {{cvt|41|ft|order=flip}} and a width of {{cvt|80|m}} being built at a cost of {{INRConvert|13.3|m}}. The structure will be a mix of old and modern architecture, inspired by the frontage of Fort St. George. The legend 'Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly diamond jubilee commemorative arch' would be inscribed in English and Tamil, in addition to the words '60 years'. The chief minister J Jayalalithaa laid the foundation stone for the arch on 30 October 2012. Earlier, the arch was planned to be constructed close to the entrance of Fort St. George, but was later relocated beyond the prohibitive zone, as per [[AMASR Act]]. A public interest litigation (PIL) was filed in the [[Madras High Court]] opposing the move stating that the arch would choke Rajaji Salai that leads to the High Court. However, the petition was dismissed by a division bench on 9 January 2013.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Sasidharan
| first = S.
| title = Work begins on Assembly arch
| newspaper = The Deccan Chronicle
| location = Chennai
| date = 19 February 2013
| url = http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130219/news-current-affairs/article/work-begins-assembly-arch
| access-date = 22 Feb 2013
| archive-date = 20 February 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130220124706/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130219/news-current-affairs/article/work-begins-assembly-arch
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Heritage structures in Chennai]]
* [[History of Chennai]]
* [[List of Tamil Nadu Government Estates, Complexes, Buildings and Structures]]
* [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly-secretariat complex]]
* [[Timeline of Chennai history#17th century|Timeline of Chennai history (Section: 17th century)]]
* [[Fort William, India]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Fort St. George}}
* [https://archive.org/details/letterstoftg175859madr/page/n4?q=%22Cape+Breton%22 Letters to Fort St. George]
* [https://indiahistoryspeaks.blogspot.com/2007/12/british-and-tamil-jab-they-meet-fort-st.html Paintings of Fort St George]
* The University of Houston Digital Library has a [http://digital.lib.uh.edu/cdm4/browse.php?CISOROOT=/p15195coll29 collection of historical photographs from the magazine ''India Illustrated''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512042353/http://digital.lib.uh.edu/cdm4/browse.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp15195coll29 |date=12 May 2013 }}.

{{Chennai Topics|left}}
{{Forts in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Forts in India}}

[[Category:1644 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1644 in India]]
[[Category:British forts]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chennai]]
[[Category:Forts in Tamil Nadu|St. George]]
[[Category:Heritage sites in Chennai]]
[[Category:History of Chennai]]
[[Category:British East India Company buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu Legislature]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chennai]]
[[Category:Trading posts in India]]
[[Category:Legislative buildings in India]]

Shirur Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T22:32:35Z

Venu ji yes: Made Details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{About|the Shirur city in [[Pune district]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]| the tehsil in [[Pune district]]|Shirur tehsil}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shirur
| map_image = 198-Shirur.svg
| mla = [[Dnyaneshwar Katke]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shirur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shirur]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 198
| electors = 466,444
}}

'''Shirur Assembly constituency''' ''(formerly Sirur)'' is one of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Pune district]], and it is a segment of [[Shirur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" />

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises revenue circles Nhavare, Wadgaon Rasai
and Talegaon Dhamdhere, Shirur Saja and Karanjawane Saja of
Shirur revenue circle and [[Shirur Municipal council]] all belonging to [[Shirur taluka]] and revenue circles Wagholi and Urali Kanchan belonging to [[Haveli taluka]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-09}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Ghate Vithal Dattatraya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Shamkant Damodar More || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Raosaheb Baburao Pawar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Shamkant Damodar More || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Kokare Popatrao Haribhau || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Daundkar Baburao Bhausaheb || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Palande Suryakant Gulabrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Bapusaheb Thite || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || N. N. Alias Bapusaheb Thite || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Gawade Popatrao Hariba
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Gawade Popatrao Hairba || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Baburao Kashinath Pacharne || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Ashok Raosaheb Pawar]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Baburao Pacharne|Pacharne Baburao Kashinath]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Ashok Raosaheb Pawar]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Dnyaneshwar Katke|Dnyaneshwar Alias Mauli Aba Katke]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023)}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirur <ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Shirur">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Shirur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13198.htm |accessdate=2 January 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102070316/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13198.htm |archivedate=2 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dnyaneshwar Katke|Dnyaneshwar Alias Mauli Aba Katke]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023) |votes = 192,281 |percentage = 60.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ashok Raosaheb Pawar]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 117,731 |percentage = 36.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Daphal Tukaram Namdev |party = SaSP |votes = 3,152 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,157 |percentage = 0.68% |change = {{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 74,550 |percentage = 23.37% |change = {{increase}}7.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 321,088 |percentage = 68.84% |change = {{increase}}1.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 318,931}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 466,444 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023) |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}3.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirur <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ashok Raosaheb Pawar]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 145,131 |percentage = 56.50% |change = {{increase}}18.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Baburao Pacharne|Pacharne Baburao Kashinath]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 103,627 |percentage = 40.34% |change = {{decrease}}2.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandan Kisanrao Sondekar |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 3,148 |percentage = 1.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kailas Sambhaji Narke |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,933 |percentage = 0.75% |change = {{decrease}}5.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,827 |percentage = 0.71% |change = {{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 41,504 |percentage = 16.16% |change = {{increase}}11.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 258,688 |percentage = 67.31% |change = {{decrease}}2.33 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 256,853}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 384,323 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}13.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirur <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Baburao Pacharne|Pacharne Baburao Kashinath]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 92,579 |percentage = 43.09% |change = {{increase}}22.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ashok Raosaheb Pawar]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 81,638 |percentage = 37.99% |change = {{increase}}8.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Satav Sanjay Amrutrav |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 17,187 |percentage = 8.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhondave Sandip Uttam |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 13,621 |percentage = 6.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamlakar Gulabrao Satav |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,246 |percentage = 1.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aware Balaso Bhaskar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,925 |percentage = 0.90% |change = {{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,349 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,941 |percentage = 5.09% |change = {{increase}}0.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 216,224 |percentage = 69.64% |change = {{increase}}5.36 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 214,869}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 310,489 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}13.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirur <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ashok Raosaheb Pawar]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 53,936 |percentage = 29.43% |change = {{decrease}}13.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Kashinath Pacharne |party = Independent politician |votes = 46,369 |percentage = 25.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bandal Mangaldas Vitthalrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 37,996 |percentage = 20.73% |change = {{decrease}}28.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gavari Nivruttianna Ganpatrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,521 |percentage = 11.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prof. K. D. Kanchan |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,645 |percentage = 7.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Laxman Bapurao Yele |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,527 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vikas Sadashiv Lawande |party = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 2,486 |percentage = 1.36% |change = {{increase}}0.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Awchar Murlidhar Vitthalrao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,739 |percentage = 0.95% |change = {{decrease}}1.10 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,567 |percentage = 4.13% |change = {{decrease}}2.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 183,280 |percentage = 64.28% |change = {{decrease}}4.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 183,270}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 285,129 |ref = |change = {{increase}}36.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}19.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirur }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Kashinath Pacharne |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 70,601 |percentage = 49.12% |change = {{increase}}24.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gawade Popatrao Hariba |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 61,041 |percentage = 42.46% |change = {{increase}}1.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kudale Somnath Dnyanoba |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,951 |percentage = 2.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Phadke Laxman Sonba |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,368 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bidgar Ramkrishna Rakhmaji |party = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 968 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,560 |percentage = 6.65% |change = {{decrease}}1.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 143,897 |percentage = 68.69% |change = {{increase}}1.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 143,745}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 209,482 |ref = |change = {{increase}}31.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}7.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gawade Popatrao Hairba |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 41,957 |percentage = 41.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Baburao Pacharne|Pacharne Baburao Kashinath]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,930 |percentage = 33.43% |change = {{increase}}2.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayashreetai Ashok Palande |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 24,587 |percentage = 24.23% |change = {{increase}}7.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parbhau Baban Gawade |party = Independent politician |votes = 848 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,027 |percentage = 7.91% |change = {{increase}}7.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,197 |percentage = 67.26% |change = {{decrease}}11.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 101,482}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,388 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gawade Popatrao Hariba |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,897 |percentage = 30.78% |change = {{decrease}}8.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Baburao Pacharne|Pacharne Baburao Kashinath]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 36,219 |percentage = 30.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Palande Jayashreetai Ashokrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 20,231 |percentage = 16.88% |change = {{decrease}}8.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khaire Balasaheb Prabhakar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 18,540 |percentage = 15.47% |change = {{decrease}}12.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Major Ramkrishna Gadgil (Retd) |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,925 |percentage = 2.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadam Gautam Namdeo |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,573 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Kisanrao Narke |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,298 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sakat Chandrakant Vishwnath |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,008 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 678 |percentage = 0.57% |change = {{decrease}}9.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 123,183 |percentage = 78.28% |change = {{increase}}13.10 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,877}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 157,352 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. N. Alias Bapusaheb Thite |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,499 |percentage = 38.81% |change = {{decrease}}7.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kakade Sambhaji Sahebrao |party = Janata Dal |votes = 26,759 |percentage = 28.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sambhaji Vithoba Bhujbal |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 23,499 |percentage = 24.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suryakant Gulabrao Palande (Kaka) |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,610 |percentage = 5.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shyamlal Alaguram Kevat |party = Doordarshi Party |votes = 752 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,740 |percentage = 10.36% |change = {{increase}}4.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,922 |percentage = 65.18% |change = {{increase}}0.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 94,040}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,166 |ref = |change = {{increase}}30.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing = {{decrease}}13.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bapusaheb Thite |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 36,994 |percentage = 51.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhariwal Rasiklal Manikchand |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,880 |percentage = 46.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwa Rajendra Nathu |party = Independent politician |votes = 790 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Barmecha Santosh Kisanbhau |party = Independent politician |votes = 554 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,114 |percentage = 5.76% |change = {{decrease}}36.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,984 |percentage = 64.89% |change = {{increase}}6.32 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,389}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,473 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing = {{decrease}}16.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Palande Suryakant Gulabrao |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 38,648 |percentage = 68.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhariwal Rasiklal Manikchand |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 14,897 |percentage = 26.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Daundkar Baburao Bhausaheb |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,353 |percentage = 4.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = More Shamkant Damodhar |party = Janata Party (Secular) [[Raj Narain]] |votes = 502 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,751 |percentage = 42.11% |change = {{increase}}29.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,796 |percentage = 58.57% |change = {{decrease}}5.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,400}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,685 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}12.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Daundkar Baburao Bhausaheb |party = Janata Party |votes = 32,727 |percentage = 56.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Palande Suryakant Gulabrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,299 |percentage = 43.60% |change = {{decrease}}10.40 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,428 |percentage = 12.80% |change = {{decrease}}10.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,992 |percentage = 64.33% |change = {{increase}}10.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,026}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,263 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kokare Popatrao Haribhau |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,924 |percentage = 54.00% |change = {{increase}}15.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gujar Raikumar Bhogilal |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 12,325 |percentage = 30.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao B. Daundkar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,352 |percentage = 15.64% |change = {{increase}}8.53 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,599 |percentage = 23.64% |change = {{increase}}14.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,772 |percentage = 54.32% |change = {{decrease}}0.42 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,601}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,897 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}6.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shamkant Damodar More |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 16,814 |percentage = 47.43% |change = {{increase}}4.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raosaheb Baburao Pawar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,480 |percentage = 38.02% |change = {{decrease}}8.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao B. Daundkar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,521 |percentage = 7.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. F. Khabiya |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,010 |percentage = 5.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. B. Sarode |party = Independent politician |votes = 628 |percentage = 1.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,334 |percentage = 9.40% |change = {{increase}}5.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,930 |percentage = 54.74% |change = {{increase}}6.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,453}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,295 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Raosaheb Baburao Pawar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,395 |percentage = 46.42% |change = {{increase}}26.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shamkant Damodar More |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 11,334 |percentage = 42.45% |change = {{decrease}}25.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhavrao Wamanrao Pharate |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,566 |percentage = 5.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babanrao Balasaheb Dhumal |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,404 |percentage = 5.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,061 |percentage = 3.97% |change = {{decrease}}43.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 28,518 |percentage = 48.00% |change = {{increase}}2.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 26,699}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,409 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}21.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shamkant Damodar More |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 16,135 |percentage = 68.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gujar Rajkumar Bhogilal |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,821 |percentage = 20.40% |change = {{decrease}}23.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mokashi Mahanrao Bajirao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,681 |percentage = 11.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,314 |percentage = 47.87% |change = {{increase}}38.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 23,637 |percentage = 45.56% |change = {{increase}}7.60 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 23,637}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,877 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}23.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Shirur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ghate Vithal Dattatraya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,853 |percentage = 44.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jedhe Yeshwant Baburao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 6,248 |percentage = 35.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shamkant Damodar More |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 2,179 |percentage = 12.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Baburao Marutrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,421 |percentage = 8.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,605 |percentage = 9.07% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 17,701 |percentage = 37.96% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 17,701}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,636 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|18.83|74.37|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Pune district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Pune district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Panchagavya

2026-04-30T23:09:02Z

Venu ji yes: creating a info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Mixture used in Hindu rituals}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Alternative medicine sidebar}}
[[File:Sacred_cow2.jpg|thumb|Cow is considered very sacred in [[Hindu mythology]]. Inside the cow are drawn images of the major Hindu gods and goddesses. By [[Raja Ravi Varma]] in 1897]]
'''Panchagavya''' or '''panchakavyam''' is a mixture used in traditional [[Hindu]] rituals that is prepared by mixing five ingredients. The three direct constituents are [[cow dung]], [[cow urine]], and [[milk]]; the two derived products are [[curd]] and [[ghee]]. These are mixed and then allowed to ferment. The [[Sanskrit]] word ''panchagavya'' means "five cow-derivatives". When used in [[Ayurvedic]] medicine, it is also called '''cowpathy'''.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=R. |date=2 September 2016 |title=Of 'cowpathy' & its miracles |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/of-cowpathy-amp-its-miracles/article8994408.ece |url-access=subscription |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224180214/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/of-cowpathy-amp-its-miracles/article8994408.ece |archive-date=24 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Risks==
Proponents claim that [[cow urine]] therapy is capable of curing several diseases, including certain types of [[cancer]], although these claims have no scientific backing.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dean |date=11 February 2009 |title=India makes cola from cow urine |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/4592608/India-makes-cola-from-cow-urine.html |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=30 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Buncombe |first=Andrew |date=21 July 2010 |title=A cure for cancer – or just a very political animal? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-cure-for-cancer-ndash-or-just-a-very-political-animal-2031253.html |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=21 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722144954/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-cure-for-cancer-ndash-or-just-a-very-political-animal-2031253.html |archive-date=22 July 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> In fact, studies concerning ingesting individual components of panchagavya, such as cow urine, have shown no positive benefit, and significant [[side effect]]s, including convulsion, depressed respiration, and death.<ref name=urinepoisioning>{{cite journal |last1=Oyebola |first1=D. D. |last2=Elegbe |first2=R. A. |date=June 1975 |title=Cow's urine poisoning in Nigeria. Experimental observations in mice |volume=27 |issue=2 |journal=Tropical and Geographical Medicine |pages=194–202 |pmid=1179485 |quote=Results of the experiments show that both "cow's urine" and nicotine cause excitement in low doses and cause convulsion and/or death in higher doses. Both also depress respiration.}}</ref> Cow urine can also be a source of harmful bacteria and infectious diseases, including [[leptospirosis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=S. |last2=Vijayachari |first2=P. |last3=Sugunan |first3=A. P. |last4=Sehgal |first4=S. C. |date=October 2003 |title=Leptospiral carrier state and seroprevalence among animal population – a cross-sectional sample survey in Andaman and Nicobar Islands |journal=[[Epidemiology & Infection]] |volume=131 |issue=2 |pages=985–989 |doi=10.1017/S095026880300880X |doi-access=free |pmc=2870044 |pmid=14596541}}</ref>

==Non-medicinal applications==
Panchgavya is used as a [[fertilizer]] and [[pesticide]] in agricultural operations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dhama |first1=K. |last2=Rathore |first2=Rajesh |last3=Chauhan |first3=R. S. |last4=Tomar |first4=Simmi |year=2005 |title=Panchgavya (Cowpathy): An overview |url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijcs&volume=1&issue=1&article=001 |journal=International Journal of Cow Science |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |issn=0973-2241 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Yadav |first1=Birendra Kumar |last2=Lourduraj |first2=A. Christopher |editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=Arvind |year=2005 |chapter=Use of Panchagavya as a Growth Stimulant and Biopesticide in Agriculture |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7pjZDNbmT4C&pg=PA65 |title=Environment & Agriculture |location=New Delhi |publisher=APH Publishing |pages=65–70 |isbn=81-7648-921-2 |access-date=25 March 2011}}</ref> Proponents claim that it is a growth promoter in the poultry diet, that it is capable of increasing the growth of plankton for fish feed, and that it increases the production of milk in cows, increases the weight of pigs, and increases the egg laying capacity of poultry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ganesh Kumar |first1=K. |last2=Kumaravelu |first2=N. |last3=Sivakumar |first3=T. |last4=Gajendran |first4=K. |date=June 2006 |title=Study on Panchakavya - An indigenous formulation and its effect on the growth promotion of crossbred pigs |url=https://arccarticles.s3.amazonaws.com/webArticle/articles/ijar1402015.pdf |journal=Indian Journal of Animal Research |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=158–160 |issn=0367-6722 |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805135519/https://arccarticles.s3.amazonaws.com/webArticle/articles/ijar1402015.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is sometimes used as a base in cosmetic products.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Pradeep |last2=Malviya |first2=Sagar |date=16 September 2011 |title=Kishore Biyani to launch Panchagavya cosmetics and health remedy products in Big Bazaar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons--products/fashion-/-cosmetics-/-jewellery/Kishore-Biyani-to-launch-Panchagavya-cosmetics-and-health-remedy-products-in-Big-Bazaar/articleshow/10000385.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref>

==Religious customs==

It was reported by the Indian Antiquary in June 1895 (pages 168-169)<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRsoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA168 | title=Indian Antiquary | date=1895 | publisher=Popular Prakashan }}</ref> that cow-dung had general use in Brahman purifications and was eaten by Hindus as an atonement for sin:

<blockquote> "Cow-dung and cow-urine, with milk, curds and butter, form the five cow-products, which are worshipped in South India. New earthen pots, are cleansed by pouring into them the five cow products - milk, curds, butter, dung and urine. The five pots are set on darba grass and worshipped. They are called the god Panchgavia, and the worshipper thinks on their merit and good qualities, lays flowers on them, and mentally presents them with a golden throne. Water is sprinkled and waved over them. They are crowned with coloured rice, and are mentally presented with jewels, rich dresses, and sandal wood. Flowers, incense, a burning lamp, plantains, and betel are offered, a low bow is made, and the following prayer repeated:

"Panchgaviâ, forgive our sins and the sins of all beings who sacrifice to you and who drink you. You have come from the body of the cow; therefore I pray you to forgive my sins and to cleanse my body. Cleanse me, who offer you worship, from my sins. Pardon and save me."

After a second bow and the meditation of Hari, the five products are mixed in one cup; the priest drinks a little, pours it into the hollow hands of the worshippers and they drink. Nothing is so cleansing as this mixture. All Indians often drink it. The five nectars - milk, curds, butter, sugar and honey - are good, but much less powerful."</blockquote><ref>{{cite journal
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The ancient [[Mahabharata]] epic relates that [[Lakshmi|Shri]], the Hindu goddess of fortune and prosperity, invisibly resides in the urine and dung of cows.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_of_Religion_and_Ethics/4xXrTzO_LcUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=goddess%20fortune%20dung%20urine&pg=PA225&printsec=frontcover | title=Encyclopaedia_of_Religion_and_Ethics | date=1912 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m13/m13b047.htm | title=The Mahabharata, Book 13: Anusasana Parva, sec. 82 | date=1896 | publisher=Ganguli English translation of the Mahabharata}}
</ref>

The Panch Gangotri Temple in [[Gangotri]] instituted mandatory Panchagavya consumption for pilgrims from 19 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/dehradun-news/gangotri-temple-committee-plans-panchgavya-rule-for-pilgrims-101774284029085.html|title=Gangotri temple committee plans ‘panchgavya’ rule for pilgrims|date=23 March 2026}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments]]
* [[Prasada]]
* [[Traditional Knowledge Digital Library]]
* [[Urine therapy]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Pseudoscience}}

[[Category:Agriculture in India]]
[[Category:Alternative cancer treatments]]
[[Category:Animal products]]
[[Category:Ayurvedic medicaments]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Hinduism and cattle]]
[[Category:Foods and drinks produced with excrement]]

Oudh Bequest

2026-04-30T21:42:25Z

Venu ji yes: creating a article needs work...

{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
The '''Oudh Bequest''' is a ''[[waqf]]''<ref name="Hamid">{{cite book|last1=Algar|first1=Hamid|title=Religion and State in Iran, 1785–1906: The Role of the Ulama in the Qajar Period|date=January 1980|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520041004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVk5frfBQjIC&pg=PA237 |accessdate=19 November 2016|language=en}}</ref> which led to the gradual transfer of more than six million [[rupee]]s from the [[Indian Princely States|Indian kingdom]] of [[Oudh]] (Awadh) to the [[Shia]] holy cities of [[Najaf]] and [[Karbala]] between 1850 and 1903.<ref name="Meir">{{cite journal|last1=Litvak|first1=Meir|title=Money, Religion, and Politics: The Oudh Bequest in Najaf and Karbala', 1850–1903|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|date=1 January 2001|volume=33|issue=1|pages=1–21|doi=10.1017/S0020743801001015|jstor=259477|s2cid=155865344}}</ref> The bequest first reached the cities in 1850.<ref name="Y-N">{{cite book|last1=Nakash|first1=Yitzhak|title=The Shi'is of Iraq|date=16 February 2003|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0691115753|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXJqeTr6p78C&pg=PA228 |accessdate=13 November 2016|language=en}}</ref> It was distributed by two ''[[mujtahid]]s'', one from each city. The British later gradually took over the bequest and its distribution; according to scholars, they intended to use it as a "power lever" to influence Iranian ''ulama'' and Shia.<ref name="Meir3"/> The attempts by the British to disburse the Oudh Bequest was one of the principle causes of the rise of the [[Siege of Najaf (1918)|Society of Islamic Revival]] in 1918.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tripp|first=Charles|title=A History of Iraq|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2007|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=30–59}}</ref>

=={{anchor|History}}Background==
In 1825, when [[Burma]] experienced economic problems, Oudh king Ghazi al-Din Haydar supported the [[British East India Company]]<ref name="Meir2">{{cite journal|last1=Litvak|first1=Meir|title=The Finances of the 'ulamā' Communities of Najaf and Karbalā, 1796–1904|journal=Die Welt des Islams|date=1 January 2000|volume=40|issue=1|pages=41–66|doi=10.1163/1570060001569875|url=http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/1570060001569875?showFullText=pdf|accessdate=18 November 2016|url-access=subscription}}{{subscription required|Brill}}</ref> with a 10-million-rupee loan. Although its principal did not have to be repaid, the loan's five-percent annual interest had to be applied to specific objects (including four women: Nawwab Mubarak Mahal, [[Mary Short|Sultan Maryam Begam]], Mumtaz Mahal, and Sarfaraz Mahal, who received 10,000, 2,500, 1,100 and 1,000 rupees per month respectively). Others, including servants and associates of Sarfaraz Mahal, were to receive 929 rupees. After the women's deaths, two-thirds of the allowance (or all of it in case of "intestacy") would be given to ''mujtahids'' in Najaf and Karbala for it to reach "deserving persons". This financial aid was known as the Oudh Bequest.<ref name="Y-N"/>

The maximum amount the cities could receive was 186,148 rupees when one [[British pound]] equalled about 10 rupees. The first portion of the Oudh Bequest reached Najaf and Karbala around 1850, after Maryam Begam and Sultan Mahal's deaths. About 120,000 rupees (£10,000) annually reached the cities by the end of the 1850s.<ref name="Y-N"/>

=={{anchor|Administration of the bequest}}Administration==
From its beginning in 1850, two Iraqi religious leaders (Sayyid Ali Naqi al-Tabatabie and [[Morteza Ansari]]) transferred the bequest from India through agents. Morteza Ansari had devised a mode of distribution which included "junior ''mujtahids'', low-ranking indigent ''[[ulama]]'', Persian and Arab students, the custodians of the shrines, and the poor."<ref name="Meir2"/> Although Ansari was involved in the bequest's distribution, he withdrew in 1860 "presumably" to avoid a close relationship with the British<ref name="Meir2"/><ref name="Sacred Space">{{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=Juan|title=Sacred Space And Holy War: The Politics, Culture and History of Shi'ite Islam|date=28 June 2002|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781860647369|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ntarP5hrza0C&pg=PA95|accessdate=19 November 2016|language=en}}</ref> and was replaced by [[Sayid Ali Bahr al-Ulum]] as the distributor for Najaf. Bahr al-Ulum and al-Tabatabie made the distributions until 1903.<ref name="Meir2"/>

That year, on the eve of the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]], the British became involved in distributing the bequest.<ref name="Meir3"/> It was decided by the Indian government to change the distribution system because of allegations of misuse. Under the new system, the fund was distributed by British agents in the two cities to a group of ten ''mujtahids''<ref name="Meir2"/> in each city.<ref name="Hamid"/> Although the alleged misuse was the rationale behind the distribution-system change, another factor may have been a British goal to influence Iranian politics through the shrine cities' ''ulama''.<ref name="Meir2"/> A few opposed the bequest's British involvement, but many ''ulama'' "benefited" from it.<ref name="Evered">{{cite book|last1=Evered|first1=Emine|title=Empire and Education Under the Ottomans: Politics, Reform and Resistance from the Tanzimat to the Young Turks|date=27 May 2012|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781780761091|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hAzpTtBaPZIC&pg=PA167|accessdate=19 November 2016|language=en}}</ref>
In 1912 the British took over the bequest's distribution, shifting from a policy of leverage in Iran to "acquiring goodwill" from the Shia Muslims in India and "enhancing their prestige" in Iraq.<ref name="Meir3"/>

==British political usage==
[[Arthur Henry Hardinge]], the British [[Consul (representative)#Consul General|consul general]] in [[Tehran]] at the time, called the Oudh Bequest a "powerful lever" for promoting "good relations" with him and the Persian clerics.<ref name="Hamid"/> According to the British, the bequest was "a means to enhance their influence over the ''ulama'' in Iran"<ref name="Meir3">{{cite journal|last1=Litvak|first1=Meir|title=A Failed Manipulation: The British, the Oudh Bequest and the Shī'ī 'Ulamā' of Najaf and Karbalā'|journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies|date=1 January 2000|volume=27|issue=1|pages=69–89|jstor=826171|doi=10.1080/13530190050010994|s2cid=153498972}}</ref> enabling the British to establish [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]] territory and [[Qajar]] Iran as "buffer zones to protect British India".<ref name="Routledge"/> To use this "leverage", two British officials (Ramsay and Lorimer) tried to give more power to British residents of Baghdad by persuading the Indian government between 1909 and 1911.<ref name="Y-N"/> Najaf and Karbala ''ulamas'' were encouraged to interfere in Iranian internal affairs.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Vanessa|title=Anglo-Iranian Relations since 1800|date=13 May 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1134191987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4anH-4MLylsC&pg=PA37|accessdate=19 November 2016|language=en}}</ref> The British also tried to force Iranian ''ulama'' to move against the "Russian second loan".<ref name="Meir3"/>

According to some scholars, the British used the Oudh Bequest to manipulate the [[Shia]] by determining the ''mujtahids'' in the two shrine cities.<ref name="Meir3"/> However, British authorities could not influence [[Morteza Ansari]] through the bequest.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition: Supplement, Parts 1–2|date=January 1980|publisher=Brill|isbn=9004061673|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95Q3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA76|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref>

==Result==
According to Meir Litvak, the British attempts ended in "dismal failure" and proved that charity cannot replace "the need of religious leaders to maintain popular support by distancing themselves from foreign patronage and tutelage".<ref name="Meir3"/> Suri Pasa, the ''[[Vali (governor)|vali]]'' of Iraq at the time, expressed concern at the growth of Shia and linked it to the Oudh Bequest.<ref name="Ottoman Administration">{{cite book|last1=Çetinsaya|first1=Gökhan|title=The Ottoman Administration of Iraq, 1890–1908|date=7 September 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134294954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Rd7FKKcV0EC&pg=PA100|accessdate=20 November 2016|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:19th-century Islam]]
[[Category:Shia Islam and politics]]
[[Category:19th century in British India]]
[[Category:Loans]]
[[Category:Shrines in Iraq]]
[[Category:Shia Islam in Iraq]]
[[Category:Shia Islam in India]]
[[Category:History of Awadh]]
[[Category:19th century in India]]
[[Category:History of Karbala]]
[[Category:History of Najaf]]
[[Category:India–Iraq relations]]
[[Category:Iraq–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:19th century in Ottoman Iraq]]

Victor Smetacek

2026-04-23T08:15:49Z

Venu ji yes: Made Article

{{Short description|Indian-German oceanographer & marine biologist}}

'''Victor Smetacek''' (born 1946 in [[Kolkata]], [[India]]) is an Indian-German [[Oceanography|oceanographer]] and [[Marine biology|marine biologist]]. From 1986 to 2011, he served as professor of biological oceanography at the [[University of Bremen]] and head of the Pelagic Ecosystems Division at the [[Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research]] in [[Bremerhaven]], [[Germany]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Begehrter Preis für Ozeanographie geht an Prof. Dr. Victor Smetacek - AWI|url=https://www.awi.de/ueber-uns/service/presse/presse-detailansicht/begehrter-preis-fuer-ozeanographie-geht-an-prof-dr-victor-smetacek.html|website=awi.de|access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Victor SMETACEK {{!}} Professor Emeritus {{!}} Professor {{!}} Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven {{!}} AWI {{!}} Department of Polar Biological Oceanography {{!}} Research profile|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Victor-Smetacek|website=ResearchGate|access-date=2026-01-31|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250518015718/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Victor-Smetacek|archive-date=2025-05-18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Victor Smetacek {{!}} Centro IDEAL|url=https://centroideal.cl/en/team/dr-victor-smetacek-2/|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Victor Shahed Smetacek was born in 1946 in [[Kolkata]], [[India]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=A voyage of discovery: Victor Smetacek|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/421897a|journal=Nature|date=February 2003|issn=1476-4687|pages=897–897|volume=421|issue=6926|doi=10.1038/421897a|language=en}}</ref> He grew up in the foothills of the [[Himalayas]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Victor Smetaceks Heimat - „Zwischen Leoparden und Tigern aufgewachsen“|url=https://www.nordsee-zeitung.de/bremerhaven/victor-smetaceks-heimat-zwischen-leoparden-und-tigern-aufgewachsen-299641.html|website=NZ-Online|access-date=2026-01-31|language=de}}</ref> and developed a passion for natural history during his childhood. Motivated by a desire to address societal challenges, including famines occurring in India at the time, he pursued studies in marine biology.<ref name=":2" />

In 1964, Smetacek earned his B.Sc. in Biology and Economics from Government Degree College in [[Nainital]], which was then affiliated with [[Agra University]] (now [[Kumaun University|Kumaon University]]).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Interview mit Prof. Victor Smetacek, Forscher zum nachhaltigen Leben mit dem Ozean |url=https://archive.mundusmaris.org/index.php/de/begegnungen/wissenschaftler/529-victor-de |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=archive.mundusmaris.org}}</ref> He subsequently received a scholarship from the [[German Academic Exchange Service|German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)]] to study marine biology at [[Kiel University]] in [[Germany]].

Smetacek completed his [[Doctorate|doctoral degree]] in 1975 at [[Kiel University]] with a dissertation titled "''Die Sukzession des Phytoplanktons in der westlichen Kieler Bucht''" (The Succession of Phytoplankton in the Western Kiel Bight).<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Die Sukzession des Phytoplanktons in der westlichen Kieler Bucht|url=https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/23276/|publisher=Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel|year=1977|degree=PhD|language=de|first=Victor|last=Smetacek}}</ref> He completed his [[habilitation]] in 1985 at [[Kiel University]] with a thesis on "''Die Struktur mariner pelagischer Systeme: Ansätze zu einer Synthese von physiko-chemischen und biologischen Betrachtungsweisen''" (The Structure of Marine Pelagic Systems: Approaches to a Synthesis of Physico-chemical and Biological Perspectives).<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Die Struktur mariner pelagischer Systeme: Ansätze zu einer Synthese von physikoçhemischen und biologischen Betrachtungsweisen|url=https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/36609/|publisher=Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel|year=1985|degree=habil|language=de|first=Victor|last=Smetacek}}</ref>

== Academic career ==
Smetacek has been affiliated with the [[Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research]] in [[Bremerhaven]] since 1986, where he headed the Pelagic Ecosystems Division.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He served as chief scientist on eight interdisciplinary, international research cruises aboard the [[RV Polarstern]]. As Professor of Bio-Oceanography at the [[University of Bremen]] from 1986 to 2011, he supervised many PhD and diploma students.<ref name=":3" />

== Research and publications ==
Smetacek has published numerous papers in leading scientific journals, including [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] and [[Science (journal)|Science.]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Victor Smetacek|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=kGVkj2kAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra|publisher=Google Scholar|access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref> He is recognised for his [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] approach and innovative thinking in marine sciences, particularly his work on [[Iron fertilization|iron fertilisation]] experiments in the [[Southern Ocean]], including the EisenEx, EIFEX and [[LOHAFEX]] projects.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Iron-seeding ship sets sail|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126913-700-iron-seeding-ship-sets-sail/|website=New Scientist|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en-US}}</ref>

Beyond traditional oceanography, he has explored diverse topics. In 1992, he published a paper in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' on the connection between [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo da Vinci’s]] [[Mirror writing|mirror-writing]] and [[Handedness|left-handedness.]]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mirror-script and left-handedness|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/355118b0|journal=Nature|date=January 1992|issn=1476-4687|pages=118–119|volume=355|issue=6356|doi=10.1038/355118b0|language=en|first=Victor|last=Smetacek}}</ref> In 2010, he proposed a hypothesis about the core function of sleep, suggesting it involves recalibration and readjustment of sense organs and brain-body connections, published in [[Medical Hypotheses|Medical Hypotheses.]]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Recalibrating sleep: Is recalibration and readjustment of sense organs and brain–body connections the core function of sleep?|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987710001829|journal=Medical Hypotheses|date=2010-10-01|issn=0306-9877|pages=401–404|volume=75|issue=4|doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2010.04.008|first=Victor|last=Smetacek}}</ref> Smetacek proposed and helped develop the "whale poop" hypothesis, which describes how whales play a crucial role as ecosystem engineers in ocean nutrient cycling.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Iron defecation by sperm whales stimulates carbon export in the Southern Ocean|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rspb/article-abstract/277/1699/3527/73354/Iron-defecation-by-sperm-whales-stimulates-carbon?redirectedFrom=fulltext|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=2010-11-01|issn=0962-8452|volume=277|issue=1699|doi=10.1098/r|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251225225921/https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rspb/article-abstract/277/1699/3527/73354/Iron-defecation-by-sperm-whales-stimulates-carbon?redirectedFrom=fulltext|archive-date=2025-12-25|language=en|last1=Lavery|first1=Trish J.|last2=Roudnew|first2=Ben|last3=Gill|first3=Peter|last4=Seymour|first4=Justin|last5=Seuront|first5=Laurent|last6=Johnson|first6=Genevieve|last7=Mitchell|first7=James G.|last8=Smetacek|first8=Victor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The Power Of Poop: A Whale Story|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2014/04/03/298778615/the-power-of-poop-a-whale-story|publisher=NPR|date=2014-04-05|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en|first=Robert|last=Krulwich}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=A whale of an appetite revealed by analysis of prey consumption|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02951-3|journal=Nature|date=November 2021|pages=33–34|volume=599|issue=7883|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02951-3|language=en|first=Victor|last=Smetacek}}</ref>

In a 2003 interview with [[Nature (journal)|Nature]], he discussed his research philosophy and interdisciplinary thinking.<ref name=":2" />

In recent years, Smetacek has developed and promoted the concept of open-ocean, floating [[Sargassum]] aquafarms, which he refers to as the "third agricultural revolution."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eine Wand aus Algen auf dem Meeresgrund – 6.000 Kilometer lang|url=https://klimareporter.de/erdsystem/eine-wand-aus-algen-auf-dem-meeresgrund-6000-kilometer-lang|website=Klimareporter°|date=2023-06-29|access-date=2026-01-31|language=de-de|first=David|last=Zauner}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=„Algen können die Welt retten“|url=https://www.fr.de/politik/algen-koennen-die-welt-retten-92381590.html|website=fr.de|date=2023-07-04|access-date=2026-01-31|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Algae farms for climate protection|url=https://www.helmholtz.de/en/newsroom/article/algae-farms-for-climate-protection/|website=Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren|date=2023-05-25|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en-GB}}</ref> This vision led to the establishment of Seafields Solutions Ltd., a UK-based start-up working to implement this concept.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Seafields|url=https://www.seafields.eco/advisors|website=Seafields|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Smetacek has received several prestigious awards throughout his career:

* [[A.G. Huntsman Award for Excellence in the Marine Sciences|A. G. Huntsman Award for Excellence in the Marine Sciences]] (1995) – recognised as "one of the world's leading biological oceanographers"<ref>{{Cite web|title=1995 VICTOR SMETACEK|url=https://huntsmanaward.weebly.com/1995-victor-smetacek.html|website=A. G. HUNTSMAN AWARD FOR EXCELLENCE IN THE MARINE SCIENCES|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Manley-Bendall Medal]] (2003) – awarded by the [[Institut océanographique de Paris|Oceanographic Institute in Paris]] for his work in marine biology and expertise on plankton<ref name=":0" />
* [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]] (Overseas Indian Award) (2012) – presented by the [[Government of India]] for outstanding contributions in the field of science<ref>{{Cite news|title=MEA {{!}} Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award (PBSA)|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/pravasi-bharatiya-samman.htm|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|access-date=2026-01-31|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251007002315/https://www.mea.gov.in/pravasi-bharatiya-samman.htm|archive-date=2025-10-07|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Smetacek, Victor}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
{{improve categories|date=February 2026}}
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:German people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Bremen]]

Abdul Jalil Choudhury

2026-04-23T04:58:32Z

Venu ji yes: New a bio - done

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar and politician}}
{{Distinguish|Abdul Jalil (politician)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abdul Jalil Choudhury
| image = Abdul Jalil Choudhury Badarpuri.jpg
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = bn
| office = General Secretary of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulema-e-Assam]]
| predecessor = [[Ibrahim Chatuli]]
| term_start = 1947
| term_end = 1951
| office2 = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]]
| term_start2 = 1951
| term_end2 = 1957
| constituency2 = [[Badarpur (Assam Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badarpur]]
| predecessor3 = [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]]
| successor3 = [[Ramendra De]]
| term_start3 = 1962
| term_end3 = 1978
| constituency3 = [[Badarpur (Assam Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badarpur]]
| predecessor4 = [[Nepal Chandra Das]]
| successor4 = Sahidul Alam Chodhury
| term_start4 = 1980
| term_end4 = 1985
| constituency4 = [[Algapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Algapur]]
| party = [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] [[Indian National Congress]]
| module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed = yes
| birth_date = 1925
| birth_place = [[South Surma|Turkhola]], [[Sylhet District]], [[British Raj]]
| father =
| education = [[Sylhet Government Alia Madrasah]] [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1989|12|19|1925||}}
| death_place = [[Badarpur, Assam|Badarpur]], [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]], [[India]]
| teachers = [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]] [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]] [[Izaz Ali Amrohi]] [[Muhammad Shafi]] [[Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| movement = [[Deobandi]]}}
}}
'''ʿAbdul Jalil Choudhury Badarpuri''' ({{nowrap|1925 – }}19 December 1989) was an Indian [[Deobandi]] [[Islamic scholar]], teacher and politician. Born in what is now [[Bangladesh]], Choudhury became one of the senior disciples of [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]] from [[Sylhet District]].<ref name=kum>{{cite book|language=ar|title=كتاب البدور المضية في تراجم الحنفية|author=al-Kumillai, Muhammad Hifzur Rahman|publisher=Dar al-Salih|location=[[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]|year=2018|chapter=الشيخ الفاضل مولانا عبد الجليل البدربُوري|trans-chapter=The honourable Shaykh, Mawlānā ʿAbd al-Jalīl al-Badarbūrī}}</ref> He relocated to [[Badarpur, Assam|Badarpur]], [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]] following the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1947 and served as a member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] for seven terms.<ref>{{cite web|title=Madrasa Education System in South Assam|url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/9-education-and-careers/3700-madrasa-education-system-in-south-assam-india/|author=Khan, Bazlur Rahman|date=25 May 2021|work=The Milli Gazette}}</ref> Choudhury has many contributions in [[Northeast India]], covering Islamic and social development, and had participated in the [[Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)|Bengali Language Movement]] of the [[Barak Valley]].<ref name=bhasha/>

==Early life and education==
Abdul Jalil Choudhury was born into a [[sylheti Muslim]] family in the village of [[South Surma|Turukkhola]] in [[Sylhet District]]. His father was Muhammad Asghar Choudhury and his mother, Shamsunnessa Choudhury, was proficient in the [[Persian language]], and initially homeschooled him in his early years before enrolling him at the local primary school.<ref name=mr/>

He then proceeded to study at the local [[madrasa]] at Daudpur and subsequently at the [[Sylhet Government Alia Madrasah]] where he passed his ''Mamtazul Muhadditheen'' in 1940. He was also the general supervisor of the madrasa's [[students' union]] and took part in the [[Indian independence movement|anti-colonial independence movement]] for which he was once imprisoned. He then migrated to [[North India|Hindustan]] to study at the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] institution in [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]. He was to graduate from the Faculty of [[Hadith]] in 1942, but as a result of partaking in [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]]'s rebellions as a student leader, was arrested once again. In 1952, he finally graduated from Deoband in [[Hadith studies]]. Among his teachers were Hussain Ahmed Madani, [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], [[Izaz Ali Amrohi]], [[Muhammad Shafi]] and [[Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi]].<ref name=mr>{{cite book|language=bn|title=মাওলানা আবদুল জলীল বদরপুরী জীবন ও সংগ্রাম|trans-title=Mawlana Abdul Jalil Badarpuri Life and Struggles|publisher=Bangladesh Nadwatul Azkar|author=Rahman, Mukhlisur}}</ref>

==Career==
Choudhury's career began in [[Sylhet Government Pilot High School|Sylhet Government High School]] as teacher of the [[Persian language]]. Two years later, he was appointed the principal of [[Jessore District|Jessore Alia Madrasa]] and then as a teacher at [[Ajiria Madrasa]] in [[Golapganj Upazila|Fulbari]].<ref name=mr/>

Choudhury's activism began in his student life, and he was associated with the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] sought for independence from the [[British Raj]] while opposing the [[Partition of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Role of Akram Hussain Saikia in the freedom struggle of India|date=18 January 2015|url=https://twocircles.net/2015jan18/1421562101.html|website=Two Circles|author=Majumdar, Nurur Rahim}}</ref> His biographers mention that [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] politicians conspired against him and other influential Jamiat supporters, and thus Choudhury requested Jamiat members in [[Assam]] to help him migrate to the [[Dominion of India|Indian dominion]]. The Assam Jamiat politicians solicited his citizenship to [[Gopinath Bordoloi]], the erstwhile [[Chief Minister of Assam]], who personally sent a letter to Choudhury inviting him to Assam. As soon as Choudhury received the letter in September 1947, he settled in the village of [[Badarpur, Assam|Alaqulipur]] in [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]], leaving his parents, siblings and spouse.<ref name=mr/>

In October 1947, Choudhury was appointed the principal of [[Deorail Senior Madrasa]], under the instruction of its founder [[Shah Yaqub Badarpuri]]. During his term, the madrasa was remodelled upon [[Deobandi]] standards and gained official recognition from the [[Government of Assam]] in 1948. The Department of [[Hadith studies]] was inaugurated on 24 February 1954 by [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], and Choudhury served as the head of this department until his death.<ref name=mr/> He was also the founder of North East India Emarat-e-Saraiah and Nadwatut Tameer, a Muslim religious organisation for overall development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://muslimmirror.com/eng/ne-emarat-e-shariah-distributes-scholarship-for-higher-and-professional-studies/|title=NE Emarat-e-Shariah distributes scholarship for higher and professional studies|date=19 May 2013}}</ref>

===Political career===
In 1951, he joined the [[Indian National Congress Party|Indian National Congress]] and was an elected member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] for 27 years in total. Initially representing the [[Badarpur (Assam Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badarpur constituency]], he served his final term in the [[Algapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Algapur]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Badarpur-in-Assam|title=Badarpur assembly election results in Assam|website=elections.traceall.in|access-date=21 May 2021|archive-date=20 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120062227/https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Badarpur-in-Assam|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1957-62.html|title=Assam Legislative Assembly - MLA 1957-62|website=assamassembly.gov.in}}</ref> During the [[Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)|Bengali Language Movement]] of the [[Barak Valley]] in 1961, he publicly advocated for the movement, considering it to be an obligation for all [[Bengalis]].<ref name=bhasha>{{cite book|title=আসামে ভাষা আন্দোলন ও বাঙালি-প্রসঙ্গ ১৯৪৭-১৯৬১|trans-title=The language movement and context of Bengalis in Assam, 1947–1961|author=Bishwas, Sukumar|language=bn|isbn=9789386708250|publisher=Parul Prakashani Private Limited}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Choudhury divorced his wife as she was not willing to migrate with him to Assam after the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.<ref name=mr/>

== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}

{{Islam in South Asia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhury, Abdul Jalil}}
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:People from Karimganj district]]
[[Category:People from Dakshin Surma Upazila]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Sylhet Government Alia Madrasah alumni]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1972–1978]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Politicians from Sylhet Division]]

Adhiraj Mohan Panigrahi

2026-04-18T19:53:21Z

Venu ji yes: New info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Adhiraj Mohan Panigrahi
| image =
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 23 May 2019
| term_end =
| successor =
| predecessor3 = [[Duryodhan Majhi]]
| constituency3 = [[Khariar (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khariar]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|7|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nuapada district|Khariar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| education = Graduate
| profession = [[Social worker]], [[Film producer|Producer]], [[Politician]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]] (2024 - Present)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Priyadassini Panigrahi
| children = 1 Son
| office2 =
}}
'''Adhiraj Mohan Panigrahi''' (born 14 July 1976) is an Indian politician from Odisha, currently serving as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]. He was elected to the 16th and 17th [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Khariar Assembly constituency]] in 2019 and 2024, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Khariar, Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJD's ADHIRAJ MOHAN PANIGRAHI wins Khariar with 93246 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/khariar-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548454-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Khariar Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/khariar-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916847.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Panigrahi is from [[Khariar]] in [[Nuapada district]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-20 |title=Cong's Khariar MLA quits party ahead of polls, may join BJD |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odisha-congress-mla-adhiraj-mohan-panigrahi-resigns-from-party-ahead-of-polls/articleshow/108631057.cms |access-date=2024-06-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In the 2014 assembly elections, he was defeated in the [[Khariar Assembly constituency|Khariar Vidhan Sabha constituency]] by BJP candidate [[Duryodhan Majhi]]. However, in 2019, he was successfully elected as an MLA from [[Indian National Congress|INC]]. Before the assembly elections 2024, he resigned from INC and joined [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]], subsequently winning as an MLA from BJD.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-03-20 |title=Odisha's Khariar MLA Adhiraj Panigrahi quits Congress |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/odisha-assembly/odishas-khariar-mla-adhiraj-panigrahi-quits-congress/article67971373.ece |access-date=2024-06-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-03-20 |title=Khariar MLA Adhiraj quits Congress, likely to join BJD |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Mar/20/khariar-mla-adhiraj-quits-congress-likely-to-join-bjd |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan Panigrahi, Adhiraj}}
[[Category:People from Nuapada district]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]

Kanjong Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:32Z

Venu ji yes: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Manipur legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kanjong
|type= SLA
|state = [[Manipur]]
| established = 1972
|abolished = 1972
|electors = 9,029
|mla = K. Envey
|party = {{Party index link|Independent politician}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Kanjong Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Manipur]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || K. Envey || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}
== Election results ==
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanjong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalReport%201972%20Manipur.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130251/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalReport%201972%20Manipur.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Envey |party=Independent politician |votes=2,922 |percentage=51.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kongsoi Lutthui |party=Independent politician |votes=1,271 |percentage=22.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngazak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=810 |percentage=14.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Ningchui |party=Independent politician |votes=615 |percentage=10.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,651 |percentage=28.98% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,697 |percentage=63.10% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,029 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}

{{coord missing|Manipur}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 disestablishments in India]]

{{Manipur-geo-stub}}

H. Y. Meti

2026-04-15T05:13:53Z

Venu ji yes: minor corrected information per standard format and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian politician (1946–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Hullappa Yamanappa Meti
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end = 2025
| term_start1 = 2013
| term_end1 = 2018
| constituency1 = [[Bagalkot Assembly constituency|Bagalkot]]
| term_start2 = 2004
| term_end2 = 2008
| term_start3 = 1989
| term_end3 = 1999
| constituency3 = [[Guledgud Assembly constituency|Guledgud]]
| office4 = Minister for Excise, [[Government of Karnataka]]
| term_start4 = 21 June 2016
| term_end4 = 14 December 2016
| predecessor4 = [[Manohar Tahasildar]]
| successor4 = [[R. B. Timmapur]]
| office5 = Member of the [[11th Lok Sabha]]
| term_start5 = 1996
| term_end5 = 1998
| predecessor5 = [[Siddu Nyamagouda]]
| successor5 = Ajaykumar Sarnaik
| constituency5 = [[Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency|Bagalkot]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1946|10|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Timmapur, Gadag district|Thimmapur]], Bombay Province, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|11|4|1946|10|9|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India
| spouse = {{marriage|Smt. Laxmibai H. Meti|1964}}
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = [[Janata Dal]] (until {{circa|2013}})
}}

'''Hullappa Yamanappa Meti''' (9 October 1946 – 4 November 2025) was an Indian politician. He was a member of [[Indian National Congress]], a member of the 14th [[Karnataka]] Legislative Assembly, and a former minister in the [[First Siddaramaiah ministry|Siddaramaiah cabinet]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/karnataka-cabinet-reshuffle-cm-siddaramaiah-allocates-portfolios-retains-finance-2848168.html |title=Karnataka Cabinet reshuffle: CM Siddaramaiah allocates portfolios, retains finance |website=Firstpost |date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="t">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/karnataka-minister-hy-meti-resigns-over-sleaze-tape/articleshow/55977815.cms |title=Karnataka minister HY Meti resigns over sleaze tape |newspaper=Times of India |date=14 December 2016}}</ref> In the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]], Meti was elected from the Bagalkot assembly constituency, polling 68,216 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsreporter.in/bagalkot-constituency-election-results-2013-meti-hullappa-yamanappa-of-inc-wins-karnataka-28142 |title=Bagalkot constituency election results 2013 : Meti Hullappa Yamanappa of INC WINS - Karnataka |publisher=NewsReporter.in |date=2013-05-08}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |fix-attempted=yes |url=}}</ref> In the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]], he lost to Veerabhadrayya Charantimath of [[BJP]], by a margin of 15,934 votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/StatewiseS101.htm |title=Constituencywise Trends |website=Election Commission of India {{!}} General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Result 2018 |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-date=9 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609121710/http://eciresults.nic.in/StatewiseS101.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Prior to that, he was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for [[Guledgud Assembly constituency]] from 1989 to 1999 and 2004 to 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guledgud Assembly Constituency Election Result – Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/guledgud-karnataka-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=Result University}}</ref>

H. Y. Meti was appointed chairman of Bagalkot Urban Development Authority on 26 January 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |date=26 January 2024 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Scandal ==
Meti was appointed Excise Minister, but after a CD was published showing him engaging in a sexual act, he resigned on 7 December 2016.<ref name="thenewsminute1">{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/former-k-taka-excise-minister-hy-meti-gets-clean-chit-sex-scandal-case-62543 |title=Former K'taka Excise Minister HY Meti gets clean chit in sex scandal case |website=The News Minute |date=24 May 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Karnataka-Excise-Minister-Meti-resigns-over-sleaze-tape/article16807548.ece |title=Karnataka Excise Minister Meti resigns over sleaze tape |date=15 December 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 11 December 2016, a woman in a televised interview accused Meti of having sought sexual favours in return for a transfer, but said she was not the woman in the sex video.<ref name="n">{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2016/Dec/12/karnataka-minister-meti-on-notice-was-that-he-in-the-sex-tape-1548309.html |title=Karnataka minister Meti on notice: Was that he in the sex tape? |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=14 December 2016}}</ref>

On 12 December,<ref name="n" /> [[Right to Information|RTI]] activist Rajashekar Mulali<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2016/Dec/15/metis-nemesis-suddenly-in-the-spotlight-after-sex-tape-scandal-1549284.html |title=Meti's nemesis suddenly in the spotlight |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=14 December 2016}}</ref> complained to the police of receiving death threats from the minister and his followers for saying he had a sex CD on him.<ref name="t" /> Meti described it as a political conspiracy to malign him, claiming he was not involved in any immoral act with any woman, and challenged Mulali to release the tape.<ref name="n" />

The original video was reported missing during the investigation.<ref>{{cite web |author=Hemanth Kashyap |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/new-turn-to-meti-sex-tape-case-original-video-goes-missing/articleshow/56191663.cms |title=New turn to Meti sex tape case; original video goes missing |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |date=27 December 2016}}</ref> On 24 May 2017, the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) of the [[Karnataka Police]], which investigated the case gave him "clean chit" and reported that the video was doctored.<ref name="thenewsminute1" />

On 18 August 2017, a woman claiming that she was the one in the sex video filed a complaint of kidnapping and rape against Meti.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/hy-meti-sex-tape-case-takes-new-turn-woman-files-complaint-alleging-rape-66967 |title=HY Meti 'sex tape' case takes a new turn, woman files complaint alleging rape |website=The News Minute |date=17 August 2017}}</ref>

== Death ==
Meti died in Bengaluru on 4 November 2025, at the age of 79.<ref name=obit>{{Cite news |title=Former Karnataka minister H. Y. Meti passes away in Bengaluru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/former-karnataka-minister-h-y-meti-passes-away-in-bengaluru/article70239299.ece |date=4 November 2025 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://myneta.info/karnataka2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=129 H. Y. Meti affidavit]
* [http://www.indiapress.org/election/archives/lok11/biodata/11kn01.php Lok Sabha member bio]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meti, H. Y.}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]

Bulandshahr Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:35Z

Venu ji yes: Adding Some Post Initial Version

{{Short description|Constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bulandshahr
| constituency_no = 65
| map_image = 65-Bulandshahr.svg
| mla = Pradeep Kumar Chaudhary
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bulandshahar district|Bulandshahar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency|Bulandshahr]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 337,612 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Bulandshahr Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Bulandshahar district|Bulandshahar]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1952 after the "DPACO (1951)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1951.<ref name="DPACO (1951)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1951)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=29 October 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-51.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 65.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 29 October 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=29 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=29 October 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bulandshahr.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=29 October 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Bulandshahr Assembly constituency is KC Baran, PCs Luharli, Joligarh, Akhtayarpur, Sharifpur Bhainsroli, Lohgra, Ginora Shekh, Nimchana, Agouta, Sihi, Khangawali, Karimnagar Banboi, Partabpur, Salavatnagar Gangawali, Aulena of Agouta KC & Bulandshahr MB of Bulandshahr Tehsil.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[01st Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|01st Vidhan Sabha]] || Banarsi Das || [[Indian National Congress]] || May-1952 || Mar-1957 || 1,776 || - || <ref name="1951 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1951 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=29 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] || Raghuraj Singh || [[Praja Socialist Party]] || Apr-1957 || Mar-1962 || 1,800 || - || <ref name=" 1957 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=29 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 03 || [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]] || Irrtiza Husain || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1962 || Mar-1967 || 1,828 || - ||<ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=29 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Shamim Alam || rowspan="2" | [[Republic Party of India]] || Mar-1967 || Apr-1968 || 402 || - || <ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=29 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || - || <ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=29 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || Satyabir || [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || - || <ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=29 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || Vijai Raj Singh || [[Janata Party]] || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || - || <ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=29 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | S. Saidul Hasan || [[Indian National Congress (I)]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || - || <ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=29 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || - || <ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=29 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="3" | [[D. P. Yadav]] || [[Janata Dal]] || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || - || <ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=29 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Janata Party (Secular)]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || - || <ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=29 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Dec-1993|| Oct-1995 || 693 || - || <ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=29 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 13 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Mahendra Singh Yadav || rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || - || <ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=29 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || - || <ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=29 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 15 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | [[Mohd. Aleem Khan]] || rowspan="2" | [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || - || <ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=29 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 16 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar-2012 || Mar-2017 || - || - || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=29 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 17 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Virendra Singh Sirohi]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2017 || March 2020 (Died)|| || ||
|-
| || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] (by-poll) || [[Usha Sirohi]]|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Nov 2020 || [[Mar 22|Mar 2022]] || || ||<ref name="election2021">{{Cite web|title=बुलंदशहर की विधायक ऊषा सिरोही ने ली विधानसभा सदस्यता की शपथ|url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/bulandshahr-mla-usha-sirohi-took-oath-of-assembly-membership|access-date=2021-10-11|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|18 || [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || Pradeep Kumar Chaudhary || [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] ||Mar 2022 || Incumbent ||-|| ||
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bulandshahr<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:127076}}
|percentage = 48.94
|change = +5.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Mohammad Yunus
|votes = {{formatnum:101246}}
|percentage = 38.99
|change = +35.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohammad Mobin Kallu Qureshi
|votes = {{formatnum:24373}}
|percentage = 9.39
|change = -23.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sushil Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:2761}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change = -4.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1073}}
|percentage = 0.41
|change = -0.19
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25830}}
|percentage = 9.95
|change = -0.78
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:259670}}
|percentage = 64.95
|change = +12.96
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2020 bypoll===

{{Election box begin | title=By-elections, 2020: Bulandshahr}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Usha Sirohi]]
|votes = 88,645
|percentage = 43.81
|change = -1.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohammad Yunus
|votes = 66,943
|percentage = 33.08
|change = -3.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Mohammad Yameen
|votes = 13,530
|percentage = 6.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sushil Chaudhary
|votes = 10,319
|percentage = 5.10
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Praveen Kumar Singh
|votes = 7,286
|percentage = 3.61
|change = -3.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Dilshad Ahmad
|votes = 4,757
|percentage = 2.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtrawadi Janlok Party (Satya)
|candidate = Prithviraj Singh
|votes = 2,944
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Kranti Party
|candidate = Urmila Devi
|votes = 1,898
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = 979
|percentage = 0.48
|change = -0.19
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 21,702
|percentage = 10.73
|change = +1.31
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 202,352
|percentage = 51.99
|change = -12.28
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Bulandshahr<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Virendra Singh Sirohi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:111538}}
|percentage = 45.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Mohd. Aleem Khan|Mohammad Aleem Khan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:88454}}
|percentage = 36.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shujat Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:24119}}
|percentage = 9.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Shribhagwan Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:17216}}
|percentage = 7.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1638}}
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:23084}}
|percentage = 9.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:245082}}
|percentage = 64.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly election]]: [[Bulandshahr]]<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Mohd. Aleem Khan]]
|votes = 76,646
|percentage = 37.18
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Virendra Singh Sirohi]]
|votes = 69,699
|percentage = 33.81
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Mustafa
|votes = 21,284
|percentage = 10.32
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 11 candidates
|votes = 38,531
|percentage = 18.68
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 6,947
|percentage = 3.37
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 206,160
|percentage = 61.06
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>

==See also==
*[[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Bulandshahar district]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bulandshahr]]
[[Category:Politics of Bulandshahr district]]

Samir Naik

2026-04-13T09:15:39Z

Venu ji yes: Made New Post

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{more footnotes|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Samir Naik
| image = Xudeshuaihk.JPG
| image_size = 150
| caption = [[Xu Deshuai]] (left) and Samir Naik (right) at the [[Hong Kong Stadium]] in 2009
| fullname = Samir Subash Naik
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|8|8|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| currentclub = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]] (head coach)
| height = {{height|m=1.77}}
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
| youthyears1 = 1998–1999
| youthclubs1 = Siolim
| years1 = 1999–2017
| clubs1 = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| nationalyears1 = 2002
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2002–2012
| nationalteam2 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 39
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| manageryears1 = 2017–
| managerclubs1 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
}}

'''Samir Subash Naik''' (born 8 August 1979) is an Indian [[head coach|coach]] and former professional [[Association football|footballer]] who played as a [[Defender (association football)|defender]] for [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/md-sporting-lose-amid-missed-chances-national-league-first-half-seah-strike-boosts-dempo/cid/1040908|title=Md. Sporting lose amid missed chances – NATIONAL LEAGUE – First-half Seah strike boosts Dempo|website=telegraphindia.com|publisher=The Telegraph India|date=10 January 2004|location=Calcutta|access-date=24 March 2021|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418181441/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/md-sporting-lose-amid-missed-chances-national-league-first-half-seah-strike-boosts-dempo/cid/1040908}}</ref> and [[India national football team|India]]. He is currently coaching Dempo.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ashwin|last=Muralidharan|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/samir-naik-goa-dempo-coaching/1fymdfv2r12181p2w6hnkxwe8x|title=Former India international Samir Naik 'immensely' proud to be coaching Dempo SC|website=Goal.com|access-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418155149/https://www.goal.com/en/news/samir-naik-goa-dempo-coaching/1fymdfv2r12181p2w6hnkxwe8x|archive-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>

==Playing career==
Naik is part of successful [[Dempo SC]] squad which won 2 league titles and reached the semi-final of the [[AFC Cup]], he is also a regular for [[India national football team|India]]. He also captained the Indian team in an international friendly against [[Oman national football team|Oman]] in 2012.

==Managerial career==
Naik became the head coach of [[Dempo SC|Dempo]] in 2019,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.demposportsclub.com/club/coaches/|title=Dempo Sports Club » List of Coaches|access-date=19 October 2023|website=demposportsclub.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224203445/https://www.demposportsclub.com/club/coaches/|archive-date=24 February 2024}}</ref> and in the [[2021–22 Goa Professional League]] season, the club end decade long wait, and clinched the title in style.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/dempo-end-decade-long-wait-for-state-league-title/articleshow/91241958.cms|title=Dempo end decade-long wait for state league title|date=1 May 2022|access-date=8 May 2022|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|location=Mapusa, Goa|first=Marcus|last=Mergulhao|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502090239/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/dempo-end-decade-long-wait-for-state-league-title/articleshow/91241958.cms|archive-date=2 May 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> In the inaugural season of [[I-League 3]] in December 2023, Dempo reached play-offs and secured promotion to [[I-League 2]] and subsequently to [[I-League]] in the same season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/12/31/sports/sporting-clube-de-goa-crowned-i-league-3-champions/|title=Sporting Clube de Goa crowned I-League 3 champions|website=navhindtimes.in|publisher=The Navahind Times|location=Vasco|date=31 December 2023|access-date=1 January 2024|first1=|last1=|archive-date=31 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231132821/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/12/31/sports/sporting-clube-de-goa-crowned-i-league-3-champions/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/news/sports/year-ender-2023-goan-football-on-comeback-trail|title=YEAR ENDER 2023: Goan football on comeback trail|website=gomantaktimes.com|publisher=Gomantak Times|location=Panaji|date=31 December 2023|access-date=1 January 2023|first1=Augusto|last1=Rodrigues|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101060605/https://www.gomantaktimes.com/news/sports/year-ender-2023-goan-football-on-comeback-trail}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFclimax-lauds-sporting-clube-for-winning-ileague-3-playoffs/107828.html|date=1 January 2024|access-date=1 January 2024|website=thegoan.net|publisher=The Goan Everyday|location=Margao|title=Climax lauds Sporting Clube for winning I-League 3 Playoffs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101061020/https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFclimax-lauds-sporting-clube-for-winning-ileague-3-playoffs/107828.html|archive-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> He guided Dempo securing promotion to the [[I-League]], achieving second place finish in [[2023–24 I-League 2]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=I-LEAGUE 2 2023/2024 — Table (final standings)|url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league-2nd-division/2024/final-round/r76112/tables/|access-date=27 April 2024|website=int.soccerway.com|publisher=Soccerway|archive-date=28 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428070019/https://us.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league-2nd-division/2024/final-round/r76112/tables/}}</ref> Thus, Dempo returned to the I-League after a gap of nine years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dempo SC return to I-League after nine years|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-2-dsc-earn-promotion-202404|date=27 April 2024|access-date=27 April 2024|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now News|archive-date=28 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428073725/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-2-dsc-earn-promotion-202404}}</ref>

==Honours==
===Player===
'''India'''
* [[AFC Challenge Cup]]: [[2008 AFC Challenge Cup|2008]]
*[[SAFF Championship]]: [[2011 SAFF Championship|2011]]; runner-up: [[2008 SAFF Championship|2008]]; third place: [[2003 SAFF Gold Cup|2003]]
* [[Nehru Cup]]: [[2009 Nehru Cup|2009]]

'''India U23'''
* [[LG Cup (association football)|LG Cup]]: 2002<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesh/hcmccup.html#02 |title=Ho Chi Minh City Cups |website=RSSSF |access-date=19 September 2022 }}</ref>

===Manager===
'''Dempo'''
* [[I-League 2]] runner-up: 2023–24<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/five-time-national-champions-dempo-sc-return-to-i-league-after-nine-years/articleshow/109654475.cms|title=Five-Time National Champions Dempo SC Return To I-League After Nine Years|agency=TNN|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|location=Panaji|date=28 April 2024|access-date=28 April 2024|first1=Marcus|last1=Mergulhao|archive-date=28 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428075528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/five-time-national-champions-dempo-sc-return-to-i-league-after-nine-years/articleshow/109654475.cms}}</ref>

'''Individual'''
* [[Goa Football Association]] Best Coach Award: 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2023 |agency=TNN |first=Marcus |last=Mergulhao |title=GFA Awards Night: Socorro gets Lifetime Achievement Award; Cia, Mark Players of the Year |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/gfa-awards-night-socorro-gets-lifetime-achievement-award-cia-mark-players-of-the-year/articleshow/100733159.cms |access-date=4 June 2023 |location=Margao |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604024513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/gfa-awards-night-socorro-gets-lifetime-achievement-award-cia-mark-players-of-the-year/articleshow/100733159.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|title=After Shillong United shut shop, a look at clubs that withdrew from the I-League in the last 5 years|url=https://scroll.in/field/888836/after-shillong-united-shut-shop-a-look-at-clubs-that-withdrew-from-the-i-league-in-the-last-5-years|website=scroll.in|publisher=[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]|date=1 August 2018|access-date=26 November 2022|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228071930/https://scroll.in/field/888836/after-shillong-united-shut-shop-a-look-at-clubs-that-withdrew-from-the-i-league-in-the-last-5-years}}

==External links==
* http://goal.com/en-india/people/india/21150/sameer-naik {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127111821/https://www.goal.com/en-india/people/india/21150/sameer-naik |date=27 November 2018 }}
* {{NFT player|pid=3097}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Samir Subash}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Dempo SC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:Footballers from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian football managers]]

{{India-footy-defender-stub}}

Dhat syndrome

2026-04-13T02:34:44Z

Venu ji yes: Adding Basic Post Added Tags

{{Short description|Culture-bound medical condition}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Dhat syndrome
| field = [[Psychiatry]]
| symptoms =
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'''Dhat syndrome''' ([[Sanskrit]]: धातु दोष, [[IAST]]: Dhātu doṣa) is a condition found in the cultures of [[South Asia]] (including Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka) in which male patients report that they suffer from [[premature ejaculation]] or [[impotence]], and believe that they are [[spermaturia|passing semen in their urine]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Concept and Epidemiology of Dhat Syndrome |journal=Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society |date=2005 |volume=2 |issue=1 |url=http://www.jpps.com.pk/article/theconceptandepidemiologyofdhatsyndrome_2231.html|author=Ajit Avasthi, Om Prakash Jhirwal}}</ref> The condition has no known organic cause.<ref name=reappraisal>{{cite journal |doi=10.4103/0019-5154.49002|title=Dhat syndrome :A reappraisal|journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology|volume=54|pages=89–90|year=2009|last1=Mehta|first1=Vandana|last2=De|first2=Abhishek|last3=Balachandran|first3=C.|issue=1|pmid=20049284|pmc=2800886 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In traditional [[Hinduism|Hindu]] spirituality, semen is described as a "vital fluid". The discharge of this "vital fluid", either through [[sex]] or [[masturbation]], is associated with marked feelings of [[anxiety]] and [[dysphoria]]. Often the patient describes the loss of a whitish fluid while passing urine. At other times, marked feelings of guilt associated with what the patient assumes is "excessive" masturbation are noted.

Many doctors view dhat as a folk diagnostic term used in South Asia to refer to anxiety and hypochondriacal concerns associated with the discharge of semen, with discoloration of the urine, and feelings of weakness and exhaustion.

Dhat is thought to be a [[culture-bound syndrome]] similar to ''jiryan'' ([[South-East Asia]]), ''prameha'' ([[Sri Lanka]]), and
''[[shenkui]]'' ([[China]]).<ref>American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (4th ed., text revision). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. Pages 897-903.</ref> Dhat syndrome might be related to other post-orgasmic diseases, such as [[post-coital tristesse]] (PCT), [[postorgasmic illness syndrome]] (POIS), and [[sexual headache]].

==Signs and symptoms==
Young males are most often affected, though similar symptoms have been reported in females with excessive vaginal discharge or [[leucorrhea]], which is also considered a "vital fluid". In addition, there are symptoms of fatigue and weakness.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mehta |first1=Vandana |last2=De |first2=Abhishek |last3=Balachandran |first3=C |title=Dhat syndrome :A reappraisal |date=2009 |journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=89–90 |doi=10.4103/0019-5154.49002 |issn=0019-5154 |pmc=2800886 |pmid=20049284 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Patients with Dhat condition most normally ascribe their semen misfortune (secretion of semen in urine) to reasons like inordinate masturbation, sensual dreams, and unreasonable sexual longing. Nocturnal emission and secretion of semen in urine are considered to be the most widely recognized symptoms of semen misfortune. Patients with Dhat condition frequently dread the result of semen misfortune and regularly have the conviction that it will lead to decrease in sexual performance. The most widely recognized side effects in patients with Dhat condition are shortcoming of the body, sluggishness, low energy, and low temperament.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prakash |first1=Om |last2=Kar |first2=Sujita Kumar |date=July 2019 |title=Dhat Syndrome: A Review and Update |journal=Journal of Psychosexual Health |language=en |volume=1 |issue=3–4 |pages=241–245 |doi=10.1177/2631831819894769 |s2cid=209522985 |issn=2631-8318|doi-access=free }}</ref> Premature ejaculation and impotence are commonly seen. Other somatic symptoms like weakness, easy fatiguability, palpitations, insomnia, low mood, guilt and anxiety are often present. Males sometimes report a subjective feeling that their penises have shortened. These symptoms are usually associated with an anxious and dysphoric mood state.<ref>A., Avasthir., O. P., Jhirwai. (2005). "The concept and epidemiology of dhat syndrome".''The Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society''.''2''(6). [http://www.jpps.com.pk/article/theconceptandepidemiologyofdhatsyndrome_2231.html]</ref> Another sign of this syndrome is white discharge.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grover |first1=Sandeep |last2=Kate |first2=Natasha |last3=Avasthi |first3=Ajit |last4=Rajpal |first4=Nikita |last5=Umamaheswari |first5=V. |date=2014 |title=Females too suffer from Dhat syndrome: A case series and revisit of the concept |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=388–392 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.146537 |issn=0019-5545 |pmc=4279300 |pmid=25568483 |doi-access=free }}</ref> According to Ayurveda, an Indian medical system, men who have experienced this have shown signs of anxiety issues.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grover |first1=Sandeep |last2=Avasthi |first2=Ajit |last3=Gupta |first3=Sunil |last4=Hazari |first4=Nandita |last5=Malhotra |first5=Nidhi |date=2016 |title=Do female patients with nonpathological vaginal discharge need the same evaluation as for Dhat syndrome in males? |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=61–69 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.174376 |issn=0019-5545 |pmc=4776585 |pmid=26985107 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This disease is a culture bound syndrome. Semen loss is generally viewed as taboo and harmful.<ref name="Malhotra 519–528">{{Cite journal |last1=Malhotra |first1=H. K. |last2=Wig |first2=N. N. |date=1975-09-01 |title=Dhat syndrome: A culture-bound sex neurosis of the orient |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01542130 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |language=en |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=519–528 |doi=10.1007/BF01542130 |pmid=1191004 |s2cid=31611632 |issn=1573-2800|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is also associated with a lower socioeconomic class. Being able to produce semen is viewed as longevity of one's health and certain powers.<ref name="Malhotra 519–528"/> In Indian culture, it is important for a man to produce semen.

==Treatment==
[[Cognitive behavioral therapy]] is the mainstay of treatment. At other times counseling, anti-anxiety and antidepressant medications have been shown to be of use.<ref>Ruterbusch, K. (2012, July 20) "Dhat Syndrome in the Indian Subcontinent", Retrieved March 29, 2013, from anthropology.msu.edu.[http://anthropology.msu.edu/anp204-us12/2012/07/20/dhat-syndrome-in-the-indian-subcontinent/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407042145/http://anthropology.msu.edu/anp204-us12/2012/07/20/dhat-syndrome-in-the-indian-subcontinent/|date=2015-04-07}}</ref> Doctors have found that antidepressant medicines have shown positive results in controlling the Dhat syndrome's psychological causes."<ref>Ohman, [https://www.ohman.in/dhat-syndrome/ Dhat Syndrome Treatment]</ref>

==Epidemiology==
Dhat syndrome has been reported throughout South Asia in several communities."<ref name="Khan2005">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Nashi |title=Dhat syndrome in relation to demographic characteristics |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |date=2005 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=105–10 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.46077 |pmc=2918320 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==History==
Both in Asian and Western contexts, [[Ethnomedicine|ethnomedical]] concerns for physical ailments tied to semen loss were gradually joined and moderated by [[Cross-cultural psychiatry|ethnopsychiatric]] notions of semen loss anxiety. European proto-psychiatric interests in anxiety tied to [[spermatorrhea]] go back to the eighteenth century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=Diederik F. |date=2024-12-01 |title=Dhat Syndrome East and West: A History in Two Acts |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11013-024-09874-4 |journal=Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry |language=en |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=918–939 |doi=10.1007/s11013-024-09874-4 |pmid=39136849 |issn=1573-076X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The term ''Dhat'' gets its origin from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''Dhatu'' (धातु), which, according to the [[Sushruta Samhita]], means "elixir that constitutes the body". Indian doctor [[N. N. Wig]] coined the term Dhat syndrome in 1960,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-02 |title=Why India has a bad case of Dhat syndrome |url=https://www.firstpost.com/health/why-india-has-a-bad-case-of-dhat-syndrome-7255831.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> and described it as being characterized by vague [[psychosomatic]] symptoms of fatigue, weakness, anxiety, loss of appetite, guilt, and sexual dysfunction, attributed by the patient to loss of semen in [[nocturnal emission]], through urine or masturbation.<ref>Narendra Wig, "Problems of Mental Health in India", ''Clinical Society Journal (Lucknow)'', 1960; 17: 48–53.</ref> Literature describing semen as a vital constituent of the human body dates back to 1500 BC. The disorders of ''Dhatus'' have been elucidated in the [[Charaka Samhita]], which describes a disorder called ''Shukrameha'' (शुक्रमेह) in which there is a [[spermaturia|passage of semen in the urine]]. In China, various names such as ([[Shen K'uei]]), Sri Lanka ([[Prameha]]) and other parts of South East Asia ([[Jiryan]]) symptoms and conditions are similar to ''dhatus''.<ref name="reappraisal" /> The International Classification of diseases ICD-10 classifies Dhat syndrome as both a neurotic disorder (code F48.8) and a culture-specific disorder (Annexe 2) caused by "undue concern about the debilitating effects of the passage of semen".<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2008.00264.x|pmid = 19192133|title = Forty Meals for a Drop of Blood …|journal = Journal of Travel Medicine|volume = 16|pages = 64–65|year = 2009|last1 = El Hamad|first1 = Issa|last2 = Scarcella|first2 = Carmelo|last3 = Pezzoli|first3 = Maria Chiara|last4 = Bergamaschi|first4 = Viviana|last5 = Castelli|first5 = Francesco|issue = 1|doi-access = free}}</ref>

==Society and culture==
Some doctors believe Dhat syndrome to be either a culture-bound presentation of [[clinical depression]], as a [[somatization|somatized]] set of symptoms, or a result of Western doctors' misinterpretation of patients' descriptions of their condition.<ref name="Sumathipala">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sumathipala A, Siribaddana SH, Bhugra D |title=Culture-bound syndromes: the story of dhat syndrome |journal=Br J Psychiatry |volume=184 |issue= 3|pages=200–9 |date=March 2004 |pmid=14990517 |doi= 10.1192/bjp.184.3.200 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dhikav V, Aggarwal N, Gupta S, Jadhavi R, Singh K |title=Depression in Dhat syndrome |journal=[[J Sex Med]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=841–4 |year=2008 |pmid=17451483 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00481.x}}</ref>

Dhat syndrome is very common in Nepali culture as well. Most of them come with the complaints of "drops" and become extremely anxious about it and see it as loss of "male power". It is often related with obsessive ruminations and [[somatoform]] symptoms. According to Sumathipala et al., it is likely a distinct clinical entity which is less culture-bound than these critics assert. They describe it as one form of a syndrome of "[[semen-loss anxiety]]" which also occurs in other Eastern cultures as [[jiryan]] and [[shen-k'uei]], as well as in Western cultures.<ref name="Sumathipala"/>

[[Chlamydia infection]] might also be related to it because of similar symptoms in case of infection of the [[urethra]] ([[urethritis]]), which is usually symptomatic, causing a white discharge from the penis with or without pain on urinating ([[dysuria]]).{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

==See also==
*[[Cross-cultural psychiatry]]
*[[Koro (medicine)|Koro]]
*[[Shenkui]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*

{{Medicine}}
{{Post-orgasmic diseases}}
{{Medical resources
| ICD10={{ICD10|F|48|8|f|40}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhat Syndrome}}
[[Category:Stress-related disorders]]
[[Category:Culture-bound syndromes]]
[[Category:Sexual health]]

Bankura district

2026-04-07T17:07:55Z

Venu ji yes: minor fixed structure as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Short description|District in West Bengal, India}}
{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Bankura|other uses|Bankura (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bankura district
| native_name = {{native_name|bn|Bãkurāh Jelā}}
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]] of [[West Bengal]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|photo1a = Ras Mancha 03.jpg
|photo1b =
|photo2a = Mahadebsinan Hill.jpg
|photo2b = Bankura Town.jpg
|photo3a = 29RCCMAK - Top View from Susunia Hill.jpg
|size = 300
|foot_montage = Clockwise from top-left: [[Rasmancha, Bishnupur|Rasmancha]] in [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]], [[Mukutmanipur Dam]], old locomotive in [[Bankura]], [[Susunia|Susunia Hill]], Forest near [[Mahadebsinan Hill]]
}}
| image_map = Bankura in West Bengal (India).svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of Bankura district in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|23.25|N|87.07|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Medinipur division|Medinipur]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Bankura]]
| parts_type = District subdivisions
| parts_style = para
| p1 = {{hlist|[[Bankura Sadar subdivision|Bankura Sadar]]| [[Khatra subdivision|Khatra]]| [[Bishnupur subdivision|Bishnupur]]}}
| established_title = Formed {{nobold|(as a district)}}
| established_date = {{circa|1881|lk=yes}}<ref name=districtcensus/>
| named_for = [[Bankura]] town<ref name=districtcensus/>
| leader_title = Member of Parliament
| leader_name = [[Arup Chakraborty (politician)|Arup Chakraborty]] ([[Trinamul Congress|TMC]]) [[Saumitra Khan]] ([[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]])
| leader_party =
| leader_title1 = District Magistrate and Collector
| leader_name1 = Siyad N, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title2 = Superintendent of Police
| leader_name2 = Vaibhav Tiwari, [[India Police Service|IPS]]
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 6,882
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3,596,674
| population_footnotes = <ref name=districtcensus/>
| population_urban = 235,264
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info1 = 914/1000 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics1_title2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy rate]]
| demographics1_info2 = 70.95%
| demographics1_title3 = [[Scheduled Castes]]
| demographics1_info3 = {{percent and number|1174447|3596674|2}}
| demographics1_title4 = [[Scheduled Tribes]]
| demographics1_info4 = {{percent and number|368690|3596674|2}}
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|bankura.gov.in}}
}}

'''Bankura district''' (Pron: bãkuɽa) is an [[District#India|administrative unit]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is part of [[Medinipur division]]—one of the five [[Divisions of West Bengal|administrative divisions]] of West Bengal. Bankura district is surrounded by [[Purba Bardhaman district]] and [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the north, [[Purulia district]] in the west, [[Jhargram district]] and [[Paschim Medinipur district]] in the south, and some part of [[Hooghly district]] in the east. [[Damodar River]] flows in the northern part of Bankura district and separates it with the major part of Burdwan district.<ref name=admin>{{cite web | url = http://bankura.gov.in/location.htm | title =Bankura District | access-date = 17 April 2017 | publisher = District Administration}}</ref> The district head quarter is located in [[Bankura]] town.

The district has been described as the "connecting link between the [[Ganges Delta|plains of Bengal]] on the east and [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chota Nagpur plateau]] on the west." The areas to the east and north-east are low-lying [[Alluvium|alluvial]] plains while to the west the surface gradually rises, giving way to undulating country, interspersed with rocky hillocks.<ref name= omalley1>O’Malley, L.S.S., ICS, ''Bankura'', Bengal District Gazetteers, pp. 1-20, first published 1908, 1995 reprint, Government of West Bengal</ref>

Centre of the historic [[Mallabhum kingdom|Mallabhum]] (Malla kingdom) of western Bengal, Bankura and its surrounding regions are identified with its historical and cultural significance for the later Middle Ages. [[Vaishnavism]], which gained the status of state religion in the Malla kingdom in the seventeenth century, shaped the culture of the region. The Malla kingdom was annexed by the [[British East India Company]] in 1765 and the modern Bankura district took its form in 1881 and was named after its headquarters.

==Etymology==
There are few accepted opinions about the etymology of the word ''Bankura''. In the language of the [[Ho language|Kol]]-[[Munda languages|Mundas]], ''orah'' or ''rah'' means habitation. ''Banku'' means extremely beautiful. It may also have come from the word ''banka'' which means zig-zag. One of the most influential deities in the district is [[Dharmathakur]] and he is locally called Bankura Roy.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bankura.org/site/History.htm | title=Welcome to Historical Details of Bankura |work= Origin of Name| publisher=www.bankura.org | access-date=11 July 2009}}</ref> According to local tradition, the town, the headquarters of the district, was named after its founder, a chieftain named Banku Rai. Another legend has the town named after Bir Bankura, one of the twenty-two sons of Bir Hambir, the Raja of [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]. He divided his kingdom into twenty-two tarafs or circles and gave one to each son. Taraf Jaybelia fell to the lot of Bir Bankura. He developed the town that bears the name Bankura. It has also been suggested that the name is a corruption of the word Bankunda, meaning five tanks. The name ''Bacoonda'' is found in old official records.<ref name= omalley1/>

==History==
{{Main|History of Bankura district}}

The earliest signs of human habitation in the area are at [[Dihar]]—by about 1000 BC [[chalcolithic]] people had settled on the north bank of the [[Dwarakeswar River|Dwarakeswar]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Das |first=Dipak Ranjan |year=2012 |chapter=Dihar |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dihar |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Bankura district was inhabited by various indigenous tribes in later pre-historic times as well as [[Aryan race|Aryanised]] or assimilated with the people and culture of the [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] group, who prevailed in northern India, substantially later than rest of Bengal. These developments took place over many centuries through both conflict and cordiality.

The district was part of [[Rarh region|Rarh]] in ancient times. In the old [[Jainism|Jain]] book ''[[Acaranga Sutra]]'' (around 4th century) there is mention of [[Suhma kingdom|Sumha]] and Ladha (Rarh?) and there too the reference is to an area inhabited by uncivilised and barbaric people.<ref name=Binoy>Ghosh, Binoy, ''Paschim Banger Sanskriti'', (in Bengali), part I, 1976 edition, pp. 60-62, pp. 328-331, Prakash Bhaban</ref><ref>Ray, Nihar Ranjan, ''Bangalir Itihas Adi Parba'', (in Bengali), 1980 edition, pp. 276-281, Paschim Banga Niraksharata Durikaran Samiti</ref>

In the fourth century, [[Susunia]] edicts record in [[Prakrit]] and [[Sanskrit]] that Chandravarman, son of Simhavarman, was the ruler of Pushkarana (modern [[Pakhanna]] in Bankura district).<ref>Majumdar, R.C., ''History of Ancient Bengal'', pp. 32, 444, Tulshi Prakashani.</ref> According to the inscription on the [[Allahabad pillar]], Chandravarman was defeated by [[Samudragupta]] and the area became a part of the [[Gupta Empire]].<ref>Sengupta, Nitish, ''History of the Bengali-speaking People'', p.21, UBS Publishers’ Distributors Pvt. Ltd.</ref> The area was for many years part of [[Dandabhukti]] and [[Bardhamanbhukti]].<ref name=Ghosh>Ghosh, Binoy, ''Paschim Banger Sanskriti'', (in Bengali), part I, 1976 edition, pp. 82-86, Prakash Bhaban</ref>

Many historians opine that assimilation with Indo-Aryans took place first in northern and eastern Bengal and then in western Bengal. This has also been the broad course of the spread of Buddhism and Jainism in Bengal. There is ample evidence of pre-eminence of Indo-Aryan religion and culture in West Bengal from around the sixth century.<ref name=Binoy/>

===Bishnupur kingdom===
[[File:Dalmadal Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|thumb|right|[[Dalmadal Cannon]] at Bishnupur, commissioned by the Malla kings]]
From around the seventh century until around the advent of [[British rule]], for around a millennium, the history of Bankura district is identical with the rise and fall of the [[Hindu]] Rajas of [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]].<ref name=omalley2>O’Malley, L.S.S., ICS, ''Bankura'', ''Bengal District Gazetteers'', pp. 21-46, 1995 reprint, Government of West Bengal</ref> The area around Bishnupur was called [[Mallabhum]]. At its farthest extent Bishnupur kingdom stretched from [[Damin-i-koh]] in [[Santhal Parganas]] to [[Midnapore district|Midnapore]] and included parts of [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]] and [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chota Nagpur]]. Smaller kingdoms of aboriginal tribes, such as [[Dhalbhum]], [[Tungbhum]], [[Samantabhum]] and Varahabhumi or Varabhumi were gradually subdued and overshadowed by the Malla kings of Bishnupur.<ref name=omalley2/>

[[File:Bishnupur_Rashmancha.jpg|thumb|left|Bishnupur [[Rasmancha|Rashmancha]]]]

[[Adi Malla]] (born 695 AD), the founder of the [[Mallabhum|Malla dynasty]], ruled in Laugram, {{convert|8.4|km}} from [[Kotulpur]], for 33 years. When he was 15 years old he had no equal as a wrestler in the territory all around. It was this that earned him the sobriquet of Adi Malla, the original or unique wrestler. He was also known as [[Bagdi Raja]] and was succeeded by his son, [[Jay Malla]], who extended his domains and shifted his capital to Bishnupur. The subsequent kings steadily extended their kingdom. Among the more renowned are: Kalu Malla, Kau Malla, Jhau Malla, and Sur Malla.[[File:Jor Mandir 4 Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|thumb|right|[[Jor Mandir]] complex (c. 1726), Bishnupur]]
[[Bir Hambir]], the 49th ruler of the Malla dynasty who flourished around 1586 and ruled in the 16th-17th century, was a contemporary of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar the Great|Akbar]]. He was involved on the side of Mughals in their struggle against the Afghans and is mentioned by Muslim historians. He paid an annual tribute to the Muslim viceroys of Bengal and thus acknowledged their suzerainty. He was converted to [[Vaishnavism]] by Srinivasa and introduced the worship of [[Madan Mohan]] in Bishnupur.<ref name=omalley2/>

[[Raghunath Singha Dev]], who followed Bir Hambir, was the first Bishnupur Raja to use the Kshatriya title Singh. With exquisite palaces and temples built during the period that followed Bishnupur was reputed to be the most renowned city in the world, more beautiful than the house of Indra in heaven. However, it has also been recorded that while these royal patrons of Hindu art and religion were busy building temples they had lost much of their independence and sunk to the position of tributary princes. Bir Singh walled up alive all his sons, eighteen in number. The youngest, Durjan, alone escaped, having been kept in hiding by the servants. The status of the Raja of Bishnupur was that of a tributary prince, exempted from personal attendance at the court at [[Murshidabad]], and represented there by a resident.<ref name=omalley2/>

===Maratha raids===
[[File:Shyam_Rai_Temple,_Bankura.JPG|thumb|left|[[Shyam Ray Temple|Shyam Rai Temple]]]]
The Bishnupur Rajas who were at the summit of their fortunes towards the end of the 17th century, started declining in the first half of the 18th century. First, the [[Bardhaman Raj|Maharaja of Burdwan]] seized the Fatehpur Mahal, and then the [[Bargi|Maratha]] invasions laid waste their country. In 1742, when the Marathas, under Bhaskar Rao, attacked Bishnupur, the troops put up a spirited defence but then Gopal Singh retreated within the fort and ordered the troops and citizens to pray to Madan Mohan to save the city. It is believed that Madan Mohan responded and the cannons were fired without human assistance. The truth probably is that the Maratha cavalry were unable to pierce the strong fortifications and retired. While they failed to take the fort and pillage the treasury, the Marathas harried the less protected parts of the kingdom. Intrigue and litigation that followed ruined the Bishnupur Raj family and eventually in 1806, the estate was sold for arrears of land revenue and bought up by the Maharaja of Burdwan.<ref name=omalley2/>

===British administration===
[[File:Birbhoom and Bissunpour (1776 map by James Rennell).jpg|thumb|Birbhum and [[Bishnupur Estate|Bishnupur]] districts from 1765 to 1787, based on the 1776 map by [[James Rennell]]. These areas have since become part of the Birbhum and Bankura districts.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O’malley |first1=L. s s |title=Bengal District Gazetteers Murshidabad |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105561/page/n67/mode/1up?q=+Bishnupur |date=1914}}</ref>]]

Bishnupur was ceded to the British with the rest of Burdwan chakla in 1760. The Marathas had laid the country waste and [[Bengal famine of 1770|famine of 1770]] completed the misery of the kingdom. A large section of the population was swept away, cultivation fell, and lawlessness spread. The once powerful king had been reduced to the status of a mere [[zamindar]]. In 1787, Bishnupur was united with [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] to form a separate administrative unit, the headquarters was shifted to [[Suri, Birbhum|Suri]], and a rebellious situation prevailed. Bankura continued to be one district with Birbhum till 1793, when it was transferred to the Burdwan collectorate.<ref name=omalley2/>

[[File:The Sketch Map Showing Provincial and District Divisions to Accompany the Administration Report, 1872–73 (Cropped to Bihar, Chota Nagpur, and Odisha).jpg|thumb|Bankura District as part of the [[Burdwan Division]], [[Bengal Presidency]], 1872]]
[[File:Chota Nagpur States-b.jpg |left|thumb|Present-day Bankura district area in 1907 map of [[Bengal Presidency]]]]
Towards the end of the 18th century, certain portions of the district around Raipur was affected by the [[Chuar Rebellion]]. At the time Bankura appears to have been part of [[Jungle Mahals]]. The disturbances of the Chuars in 1832 in the western part of the Bishnupur district lead to the disbandment of the Jungle Mahals. In 1833 Bishnupur was transferred to Burdwan. In 1872, the parganas of Sonamukhi, Indas, Kotulpur, Shergarh and Senpahari were transferred from [[Manbhum]] to Burdwan. At that time Bankura has area of {{convert|1346|sqmi|sqkm}} with 526,772 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beverley |first=H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5Y7AQAAMAAJ |title=Report of the Census of Bengal 1872 |date=1872 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |pages=6–7 |language=en}}</ref> In 1879, the district acquired its present shape with the thanas of Khatra and Raipur and the outpost of Simplapal being transferred from Manbhum, and the thanas of Sonamukhi, Kotulpur and Indas being retransferred from Burdwan. Addition of those areas into Bankura district increased to {{convert|2621|sqmi|sqkm}} with 1,116,411 inhabitants in 1901. However, it was known for sometime as West Burdwan and in 1881 came to be known as Bankura district.<ref name=omalley2/>

===Post-independence===
The district is part of the [[Red Corridor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/12/naxal-menace-83-districts-under.html |title=83 districts under the Security Related Expenditure Scheme |publisher=IntelliBriefs |date=11 December 2009 |access-date=17 September 2011 |archive-date=27 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027115807/http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/12/naxal-menace-83-districts-under.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Bakura District.svg|300px|thumb|right|Map of Bankura District showing CD blocks and municipalitys]]
{{Main|Geography of Bankura district}}
[[File:Joypur_Jungle_Road.JPG|left|thumb| Dense forest in Joypur Jungle]]
Bankura district is a part of [[Medinipur division]]. It is situated between 22° 38’ and 23° 38’ north latitude and between 86° 36’ and 87° 46’ east longitude. It has an area of {{convert|6882|km2}}. On the north and north-east the district is bounded by [[Bardhaman district]], from which it is separated mostly by the [[Damodar River]]. On the south-east it is bounded by [[Hooghly district]], on the south by [[Paschim Medinipur district]] and on the west by [[Purulia district]].<ref name= omalley1/><ref>{{cite web | url= http://bankura.gov.in/Location/location.htm| title=Bankura, West Bengal |work= Location and extent| publisher=District administration | access-date=11 July 2009}}</ref><ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_13.htm |title=Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Bankura District |access-date=12 July 2009 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928204920/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_13.htm |archive-date=28 September 2011 }}</ref>
Bankura district has been described as the "connecting link between the [[Ganges Delta|plains of Bengal]] on the east and [[Chota Nagpur plateau]] on the west." The areas to the east and north-east are low-lying [[Alluvium|alluvial]] plains, similar to predominating rice lands of Bengal. To the west the surface gradually rises, giving way to undulating country, interspersed with rocky hillocks. Much of the country is covered with jungles.<ref name= omalley1/>

The western part of the district has poor, [[Iron oxide|ferruginous]] soil and hard beds of [[laterite]] with scrub jungles and ''[[Shorea robusta|sal]]'' woods. Long broken ridges with irregular patches of more recent alluvium have marks of seasonal cultivation. During the long dry season large extents of [[Ultisols|red soil]] with hardly any trees lend the country a scorched and dreary appearance. In the eastern part the eye constantly rests on wide expanses of rice fields, green in the rains but parched and dry in summer.<ref name= omalley1/>

The [[Gondwana]] system is represented in the northern portion of the district, south of the Damodar, between Mejia and Biharinath Hill. The beds covered with alluvium contains seams of coal belonging to the Raniganj system.<ref name= omalley1/>

===Hills===
[[File:Susunia.jpg|thumb|Susunia hills]]
The hills of the district consist of outliers of the Chota Nagpur plateau and only two are of any great height – [[Biharinath]] and [[Susunia]]. While the former rises to a height of {{convert|448|m}}, the latter attains a height of {{convert|440|m}}.<ref name= omalley1/>

===Rivers===
[[File:Damodar_Map.jpg|left|thumb|List of Rivers]]
The rivers of the area flow from the north-east to the south-west in courses roughly parallel to one another. They are mostly hill streams, originating in the hills in the west. The rivers come down in floods after heavy rains and subside as rapidly as they rise. In summer, their sand beds are almost always dry. The principal rivers are: Damodar, [[Dwarakeswar River|Dwarakeswar]], [[Shilabati River|Shilabati]], [[Kangsabati River|Kangsabati]], [[Sali River (West Bengal)|Sali]], Gandheswari, Kukhra, Birai, Jaypanda and Bhairabbanki. There are some small waterfalls along the course of the Shilabati near Harmasra, and along the course of the Kangsabati in the [[Raipur, Bankura|Raipur]] area.<ref name= omalley1/>

[[Kangsabati Project]] was started during the [[Five-year plans of India#Second Plan (1956-1961)|second five-year plan]] period (1956–1961). The dam across the Kangsabati has a length of {{convert|10098|m}} and a height of {{convert|38|m}}.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.abasar.net/bk_main.asp?what=B00053
|title=Sankhipta Bharatkosh
|publisher=abasar.net
|access-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927024419/http://www.abasar.net/bk_main.asp?what=B00053
|archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>
[[File:Sunset_on_the_Shilabati_banks_on_a_December_evening.jpg|right|thumb|Sunset on the Shilabati river banks]]

===Climate===
The climate, especially in the upland tracts to the west, is much drier than in eastern or southern Bengal. From the beginning of March to early June, hot westerly winds prevail, the thermometer in the shade rising to around {{convert|45|C}}. The monsoon months, June to September, are comparatively pleasant. The total average rainfall is {{convert|1400|mm}}, the bulk of the rain coming in the months of June to September. Winters are pleasant with temperatures dropping down to below {{convert|12|C}} in December.<ref name= omalley1/>

==Economy==
Bankura is economically underdeveloped and is mostly dependent on agriculture. Almost 70% of the district's income is generated through agriculture where 80% of the farmers are small & marginal in nature. Bankura is one of the most draught prone district of West Bengal. However due to protective irrigation system, land reforms and use of high fertile & hybrid crops the economic condition of the district has improved. Also, cottage and small-scale industries, such as Stone-crushing, Weaving, Oilseed-crushing, handicraft units like Dokra, Terra-cotta, Baluchari Sari play a key economic role in district.<ref name=bankura_org>{{cite web|author=bankura.org|title= Economy, An overview |publisher=bankura.org|url=http://bankura.org/site/Economy.htm|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref>

In 2006, the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Bankura one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[List of districts in India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the nineteen districts in West Bengal currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Divisions==

===Administrative divisions===
The district comprises three subdivisions: [[Bankura Sadar subdivision|Bankura Sadar]], [[Khatra subdivision|Khatra]] and [[Bishnupur subdivision|Bishnupur]]. Bankura Sadar subdivision consists of [[Bankura]] municipality and eight community development blocks: [[Bankura I]], [[Bankura II]], [[Barjora (community development block)|Barjora]], [[Chhatna (community development block)|Chhatna]], [[Gangajalghati (community development block)|Gangajalghati]], [[Mejia (community development block)|Mejia]], [[Onda (community development block)|Onda]] and [[Saltora (community development block)|Saltora]]. Khatra subdivision consists of eight community development blocs: [[Indpur (community development block)|Indpur]], [[Khatra (community development block)|Khatra]], [[Hirbandh (community development block)|Hirbandh]], [[Raipur, Bankura (community development block)|Raipur]], [[Sarenga, Bankura (community development block)|Sarenga]], [[Ranibandh (community development block)|Ranibandh]], [[Simlapal (community development block)|Simlapal]] and [[Taldangra (community development block)|Taldangra]]. Bishnupur subdivision consists of [[Bishnupur (Bankura)|Bishnupur]] and [[Sonamukhi]] municipalities and six community development blocks: [[Indas (community development block)|Indas]], [[Joypur, Bankura (community development block)|Joypur]], [[Patrasayer (community development block)|Patrasayer]], [[Kotulpur (community development block)|Kotulpur]], [[Sonamukhi (community development block)|Sonamukhi]] and [[Bishnupur, Bankura (community development block)|Bankura]].<ref name=blocdir>{{cite web
|url=http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc
|title=Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008
|date=19 March 2008 |access-date=6 December 2008 |work=West Bengal
|publisher=National Informatics Centre, India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225032419/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs%28RevisedMarch-2008%29.doc
|archive-date=25 February 2009 }}</ref>

[[Bankura]] is the district headquarters. There are 21 police stations, 22 development blocks, 3 municipalities, 190 [[gram panchayat]]s and 5187 villages in this district.<ref name=blocdir/><ref name=adminsetup>{{cite web
|url=http://bankura.gov.in/Profile/administrative_features.htm
|title=Administrative Features
|publisher=Official website of Bankura district
|access-date=6 December 2008 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725065654/http://www.bankura.gov.in/Profile/administrative_features.htm
|archive-date=25 July 2008 }}</ref>

Other than municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocs which in turn are divided into rural areas and census towns. In total there are 5 urban units: 3 municipalities and 2 [[census town]]s.<ref name=adminsetup/><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://bankura.gov.in/Census/PCA/Table-1.xls
| title = Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Density and General Sex Ratio by Residence and Sex, West Bengal/ District/ Sub District, 1991 and 2001
| access-date = 6 December 2008
| work = Bankura
| publisher = Directorate of census operations, West Bengal
}}</ref>

Bankura district is divided into the following administrative subdivisions:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017 | url-status = usurped | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||Rural Population % (2001)||Urban Population % (2001)
|-
| [[Bankura Sadar subdivision|Bankura Sadar]] ||[[Bankura]]||2596.11||1,439,148||89.27||11.43
|-
| [[Khatra subdivision|Khatra]]||[[Khatra]]||2407.49||1,045,591||100.00||0
|-
| [[Bishnupur subdivision|Bishnupur]]||[[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]||1870.75||1,111,935||91.04||8.96
|-
|[[Bankura|Bankura district]]||[[Bankura]]||6882.00||3,596,674||92.63||7.37
|-
|}

===Assembly constituencies===
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, the district is divided into 12 assembly constituencies:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=27 May 2009 |work=Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2010 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Name
!Lok Sabha Constituency
!MLA
! colspan="2" |2021 Winner
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|247
|[[Saltora Assembly constituency|Saltora (SC)]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Bankura Lok Sabha constituency|Bankura]]
|[[Chandana Bauri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|248
|[[Chhatna Assembly constituency|Chhatna]]
|[[Satyanarayan Mukhopadhyay]]
|-
|249
|[[Ranibandh Assembly constituency|Ranibandh (ST)]]
|[[Jyotsna Mandi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|250
|[[Raipur, Bankura Assembly constituency|Raipur (ST)]]
|[[Mrityunjoy Murmu]]
|-
|251
|[[Taldangra Assembly constituency|Taldangra]]
|[[Falguni Singhababu]]
|-
|252
|[[Bankura Assembly constituency|Bankura]]
|[[Niladri Sekhar Dana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|253
|[[Barjora Assembly constituency|Barjora]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Bishnupur Lok Sabha constituency|Bishnupur]]
|[[Alok Mukherjee (politician)|Alok Mukherjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|254
|[[Onda Assembly constituency|Onda]]
|[[Amarnath Shakha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|255
|[[Bishnupur, Bankura Assembly constituency|Bishnupur]]
|[[Tanmay Ghosh]]{{efn|Tanmay Ghosh was elected as a BJP MLA. However, on 30 August 2021, he defected to the Trinamool Congress}}
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|256
|[[Katulpur Assembly constituency|Katulpur (SC)]]
|[[Harakali Protiher]]{{efn|Harakali Protiher was elected as a BJP MLA. However, on 27 October 2023, he defected to the Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|257
|[[Indas Assembly constituency|Indas (SC)]]
|[[Nirmal Kumar Dhara]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|258
|[[Sonamukhi Assembly constituency|Sonamukhi (SC)]]
|[[Dibakar Gharami]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

Raipur and Ranibandh constituencies are reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Tribes (ST)]] candidates. Saltora, Katulpur, Indas and Sonamukhi constituencies will be reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC)]] candidates. Saltora, Chhatna, Ranibandh, Raipur, Taldangra, and Bankura constituencies will be part of [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which will also contain one assembly segment from [[Purulia district]]. Barjora, Onda, Bishnupur, Katulpur, Indas and Sonamukhi will be assembly segments of [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which also contains one assembly segments from [[Bardhaman district]].

==Demographics==

{{Historical population
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>
| 1901 | 1116411
| 1911 | 1138670
| 1921 | 1019941
| 1931 | 1111721
| 1941 | 1289640
| 1951 | 1319259
| 1961 | 1664513
| 1971 | 2031039
| 1981 | 2374815
| 1991 | 2805065
| 2001 | 3192695
| 2011 | 3596674
|align = left
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Bankura district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 3,596,674,<ref name="religion"/><ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Bankura |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1364/download/4470/DH_2011_1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Lithuania]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Lithuania 3,535,547 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[Connecticut]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=30 September 2011 |quote=Connecticut 3,574,097
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=19 October 2013 }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 80th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|739]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|523|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.64%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Bankura has a [[sex ratio]] of 954 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 70.95%. 8.33% of the population lives in urban areas. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] collectively account for 42.9% (SC: 32.65% and ST: 10.25%)<ref name=districtcensus/> of the district's total population. The prominent communities in this group, in terms of the district's total population, are [[Bauri (caste)|Bauri]] (9.74%), [[Santal people|Santal]] (8.31%), [[Bagdi (caste)|Bagdi]]/Duley (8.02%), [[Lohar (caste)|Lohar]] (3.18%), Sunri (excluding Saha) (2.48%), Khaira (2.2%), [[Mal (caste)|Mal]] (1.1%), [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] (1.09%), [[Chamar]] (1.05%), Dom (1.03%), [[Namasudra]] (0.76%), [[Jalia Kaibarta|Jalia Kaibartta]] (0.57%), Hari (0.53%), [[Kora (tribe)|Kora]] (0.37%), and [[Bhuiya]] (0.34%). Additionally, populations ranging between ten thousand to one hundred include [[Keot]], Mallah, Savar, [[Bhogta]], [[Mahar]], [[Lodha people|Lodha]]/[[Kharia people|Kharia]], Kaora, [[Mahli|Mahali]], [[Munda people|Munda]], Kotal, [[Rajuar|Rajwar]], Karenga/Koranga, and [[Bedia (caste)|Bedia]].<ref name=SCSTCensus2011>{{multiref2|{{cite web|title=A-11 Appendix: District wise scheduled tribe population (Appendix) [2011] |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43018/download/46686/ST-19-PCA-A11-APPENDIX.xlsx |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India }}|{{cite web|title=A-10 Appendix: District wise scheduled caste population (Appendix), West Bengal - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42898/download/46566/SC-19-PCA-A10-APPENDIX.xlsx |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}}}</ref>
Yadavs Total - 10% population in Bankura District [[Sadgop]] - 4% & [[Gowala (caste)|Gawala]]- 6%
In the 2001 census, Bankura district had a total population of 3,191,822 of which 1,634,561 were males and 1,557,261 were females. Decadal growth for the period 1991-2001 was 13.79% in Bankura district against 17.84% in West Bengal. The urban population was 235,264 against a rural population of 2,956,558. The district had a density of population of 464 persons per km2.<ref name="census" /><ref>{{cite web | url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/HouseListingF/SCST/All_distSCST(TRU1)13.htm | title = TRU for all Districts (SC & ST and Total) | access-date = 12 July 2009 | work = Census 2001 | publisher =Census Commission of India }}</ref> Bankura had a literacy rate of 63.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web |title=District Industrial Potential Report of Bankura (2003-04) |url=http://sisikolkata.gov.in/dipsr_bankura.htm |access-date=21 July 2010 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161907/http://sisikolkata.gov.in/dipsr_bankura.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The first census was taken in 1872. The district as now constituted had a population of 968,597. In the 1901 census, 90.7 per cent of the population spoke a dialect of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] known as ''[[Rarhi Bengali dialect|Rarhi Boli]]'', which was also spoken in the adjoining districts. [[Santali language|Santali]] was spoken by about 9 per cent of the population. 87.4 per cent of the population were [[Hindu]]s, 8 per cent were [[Animism|Animists]] and 5.6 per cent were [[Muslim]]s.<ref>O’Malley, L.S.S., pp. 48-52</ref>

===Religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Bankura district (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|84.34}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|8.08}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|maroon|7.25}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.33}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Religion
!Population (1941)<ref name="1941religion">{{cite web |title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI BENGAL PROVINCE |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/37365/GIPE-020591.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>{{rp|75}}
!Percentage (1941)
!Population (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
!Percentage (2011)
|-
|[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|16x16px]]
|1,078,559
|83.63%
|3,033,581
|84.34%
|-
|Tribal religion{{Efn|All tribals were counted under 'Tribal' in the 1941 census irrespective of actual religion practiced.}}
|154,246
|11.96%
|260,694
|7.25%
|-
|[[Islam]] [[File:Star_and_Crescent.svg|15x15px]]
|55,564
|4.31%
|290,450
|8.08%
|-
|Others {{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Ad-Dharmi]]s, or not stated}}
|1,271
|0.10%
|11,949
|0.33%
|-
|'''Total Population'''
|'''1,289,640'''
|'''{{Percentage|214404|214404|2}}'''
|'''3,596,674'''
|'''100%'''
|}
Hinduism is the predominant religion, and makes up nearly the entire population in urban areas. Islam is almost entirely to be found in rural areas, as are tribal religions. Muslims are most concentrated in the east of the district bordering Bardhaman and Hooghly districts, while tribal religions are largely in the south west, and form significant minorities in Ranibundh (39.44%) and Raipur (27.66%) CD blocks.<ref name="religion" />

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Bankura district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 90.68 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 7.96 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Other |value3 = 1.87 |color3 = grey
}}
According to the 2011 census, 90.68% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 7.96% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

Most people, particularly in rural areas, speak the 'Bankri', a coarser form of the [[Central Bengali dialect]].

==Culture==

===Places of interest===
[[File:Mukutmonipur.JPG|thumb|Mukutmanipur dam]]
[[Bankura]] is the headquarters of the district. [[Bishnupur (Bankura)|Bishnupur (or Vishnupur)]] is a subdivisional town of Bankura district. It was the capital of the Mallabhum kingdom, once the most important Hindu dynasty in Bengal. This town famous for the [[Terracotta]] Temples made by the local red soils. This city often called as the 'Temple City' of Bengal.

In addition to Bishnupur, many towns and villages in Bankura such as Kotulpur, Joypur, Sonamukhi, Hadal Narayanpur, and Akui have brick terracotta temples built between the 17th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aishee.org/bengal-temples-lists/bankura|title=Terracotta Temples of Bankura|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 550

| image1 = Jor Bangla Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Jor Bangla Temple]] of 16 century in Bankura

| image2 = Stone chariot of Bishnupur.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = historic stone chariot of Bankura

| image3 = Terracotta work on Jor Bangla temple, Bishnupur 3.JPG
| alt3 =
| caption3 = Terracotta relief of temple of Bankura

| image4 = Terracotta work on Shyamrai Temple Bishnupur 8.JPG
| alt4 =
| caption4 = Terracotta motif
| footer = <big>''Terracotta temple and motif of Bankura''</big>
}}
[[Susunia]] hills and [[Biharinath|Beharinath]] hills are located in the district. [[Mukutmanipur]], the second largest earthen dam in India and Sutan are tourist spots. [[Mejia (community development block)|Mejia]] power plant is the only thermal power plant of this district. Darakeshwar, Gandheswari and Kangsabati are the major rivers flow through the district. Jaipur forest is the only forest in the plains of Southern Bengal. [[Bankura Sammilani Medical College]] is the oldest medical college in this area.

==Flora and fauna==
The eastern portion of the district is a part of the rice plains of West Bengal. The land under rice cultivation contains marsh weeds of Gangetic plain. Around human habitations there are shrub species such as:
*''[[Glycosmis]]'',
*''[[Polyalthia suberosa]]'',
*''[[Clerodendrum infortunatum]]'',
*''[[Solanum torvum]]'' and various other species of the same genus,
*[[Trema (plant)|Trema]],
*[[Streblus]] and
*''[[Ficus hispida]]''.

The larger trees are:
* [[Sacred fig|papal]],
* [[banyan]],
* red cotton tree ([[Bombax ceiba|Bombax malabaricum]]),
* [[mango]] ([[Mangifera indica]]),
* {{lang|bn-Latn|jiyal}} (''[[Lannea coromandelica]]''),
* ''[[Phoenix dactylifera]]'', and
* ''[[Borassus flabellifer]]''.
Other plants found include:
*''[[Jatropha gossypifolia]]'',
*[[Urena]],
*''[[Heliotropium]]'' and
*[[Sida (plant)|Sida]].
Forests or scrub jungles contain: *[[Wendlandia exserta]],
*''[[Gmelina arborea]]'',
*''[[Haldina cordifolia]]'',
*''[[Holarrhena antidysenterica]]'',
*''[[Wrightia tomentosa]]'',
*''[[Vitex negundo]]'' and
*''[[Stephegyne parvifolia]]''.<ref name=omalley4>O’Malley, L.S.S., pp. 12-15</ref>

The western portion of the district is higher. The uplands are either bare or are covered with scrub jungle of [[Ziziphus]] and other thorny shrubs. This thorny forest gradually merges into sal ([[Shorea robusta]]) forest. Low hills are covered with [[Miliusa]], [[Schleichera]], [[Diospyros]] and other trees.<ref name=omalley4/>

Some of the common trees of economic interest found in the district are:
* Alkushi (''[[Mucuna pruriens]]''),
* amaltas (''[[Cassia fistula]]''),
* asan (''[[Terminalia tomentosa]]''),
* babul (''[[Acacia nilotica]]''),
* bair (''[[Jujube|Ziziphus jujuba]]''),
* bael (''[[Aegle marmelos]]''),
* {{lang|bn-Latn|bag bherenda}} (''[[Jatropha curcas]]''),
* bichuti (Tragia involucrate),
* bahera (''[[Terminalia belerica]]''),
* dhatura (''[[Datura stramonium]]''),
* dhaman (''[[Cordia macleodii]]''),
* gab (''[[Diospyros embryopteris]]''),
* harra (''[[Terminalia chebula]]''),
* [[tamarind|imli]] (''Tamarindus indica''),
* kuchila (''[[Strychnine tree|Strychnos nux-vomica]]''),
* mahua (''[[Madhuca longifolia|Bassia latifolia]]''),
* palas (''[[Butea monosperma|Butea frondosa]]''),
* {{lang|bn-Latn|sajina}} (''[[Moringa pterygosperma]]''),
* kend (''[[Diospyros melanoxylon]]''),
* mango,
* date-palm,
* nim,
* papal,
* banyan,
* red cotton tree and
* {{lang|bn-Latn|jiyal}}.<ref name=omalley4/>

==Education==
{{See also| List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate}}
Bankura district had a literacy rate of 70.26% as per the provisional figures of the [[census of India]] 2011. Bankura Sadar subdivision had a literacy rate of 69.56%, Khatra subdivision 69.79% and Bishnupur subdivision 71.60%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url= http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title= District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work= Data: Table 4.4, 4.5, Clarifications: other related tables | publisher= Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date= 24 November 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date= 29 July 2017 | url-status= usurped | df= dmy-all }}</ref>

Given in the table below (data in numbers) is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in Bankura district for the year 2013-14. The primary schools include junior basic schools; middle schools, high schools and higher secondary schools include madrasahs; technical schools include junior technical schools, junior government polytechnics, industrial technical institutes, industrial training centres, nursing training institutes etc.; technical and professional colleges include engineering colleges, medical colleges, para-medical institutes, management colleges, teachers training and nursing training colleges, law colleges, art colleges, music colleges etc. Special and non-formal education centres include sishu siksha kendras, madhyamik siksha kendras, centres of Rabindra mukta vidyalaya, recognised Sanskrit tols, institutions for the blind and other handicapped persons, Anganwadi centres, reformatory schools etc.<ref name=handbook2014/>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!colspan="2"|Primary School
!colspan="2"|Middle School
!colspan="2"|High School
!colspan="2"|Higher Secondary School
!colspan="2"|General College, Univ
!colspan="2"|Technical / Professional Instt
!colspan="2"|Non-formal Education
|-
!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student 
|-
|align=left|[[Bankura Sadar subdivision|Bankura Sadar]]
|align="center"|1,371
|align="center"|117,820
|align="center"|144
|align="center"|17,951
|align="center"|90
|align="center"|69,329
|align="center"|91
|align="center"|78,909
|align="center"|9
|align="center"|14,782
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|2,865
|align="center"|2,228
|align="center"|69,919
|-
|align=left|[[Khatra subdivision|Khatra]]
|align="center"|1,200
|align="center"|86,786
|align="center"|113
|align="center"|16,805
|align="center"|50
|align="center"|28,178
|align="center"|112
|align="center"|93,919
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|13,067
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|702
|align="center"|1,993
|align="center"|51,849
|-
|align=left|[[Bishnupur subdivision|Bishnupur]]
|align="center"|979
|align="center"|86,750
|align="center"|112
|align="center"|15,092
|align="center"|57
|align="center"|28,738
|align="center"|81
|align="center"|78,915
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|10,552
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|4,170
|align="center"|1,649
|align="center"|57,769
|-
|align=left|Bankura district
|align="center"|3,550
|align="center"|291,356
|align="center"|369
|align="center"|49,848
|align="center"|197
|align="center"|126,245
|align="center"|284
|align="center"|251,743
|align="center"|21
|align="center"|38,401
|align="center"|34
|align="center"|7,737
|align="center"|5,870
|align="center"|179,537
|-
|}

==Health care==
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in Bankura district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Table 3.1, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017 | url-status = usurped | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!width="160" colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Health & Family Welfare Deptt, WB

!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Other State Govt Deptts
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Local bodies
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Central Govt Deptts / PSUs
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|NGO / Private Nursing Homes
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Beds
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Doctors
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Indoor Patients
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Outdoor Patients
|-
!width="40"|Hospitals 
!width="40"|Rural Hospitals 
!width="40"|Block Primary Health Centres 
!width="40"|Primary Health Centres 
|-
|align=left|[[Bankura Sadar subdivision|Bankura Sadar]]
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|25
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|31
|align="center"|71
|align="center"|2,628
|align="center"|320
|align="center"|147,890
|align="center"|2,634,248
|-
|align=left|[[Khatra subdivision|Khatra]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|21
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|34
|align="center"|698
|align="center"|77
|align="center"|58,258
|align="center"|1,440,172
|-
|align=left|[[Bishnupur subdivision|Bishnupur]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|23
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|11
|align="center"|41
|align="center"|698
|align="center"|77
|align="center"|68,068
|align="center"|1,351,349
|-
|align=left|Bankura district
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|18
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|69
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|46
|align="center"|146
|align="center"|4,152
|align="center"|459
|align="center"|274,216
|align="center"|5,425,769
|-
|}

==Transport==
[[Bankura Junction railway station]] is managed by the [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railways]] and is on the [[Kharagpur–Bankura–Adra line|Adra-Midnapore]] rail route. It is in [[Bankura]] city. [[Rupashi Bangla Express]], [[Aranyak Express]], [[Nandan Kanan Express|Puri-New Delhi (Nandan Kanan) Superfast Express]], Ernakulam-Patna Express, [[Samarsata Express|Howrah-LTT Samarsata Express]] and [[Howrah–Purulia Express|Purulia-Howrah Express]] pass through this station. It is the originating and terminating station of [[Bankura–Masagram line|Bankura Damodar Railway]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.banglalive.com/Feature/FeatureDetail/6895/ |title=Could there be any real immersion of Pother Debota? |website=www.banglalive.com |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131101110638/http://www.banglalive.com/Feature/FeatureDetail/6895/ |archive-date=1 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> which will connect to [[Howrah–Bardhaman chord|Howrah-Bardhaman Chord]] section. Computerized reservation facility is available. Going towards north-west, [[Adra Junction railway station|Adra Junction]] Railway Station is the nearest main station and moving to south, [[Midnapore railway station|Midnapore Railway Station]] is the major station next to Bankura.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/train-to-bankura/cid/859067|title=Train to Bankura|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=11 February 2019}}</ref>

The Bankura Junction railway station and bridge over Dhaleshwari River were built by Gujarati Railway Contractors of the town Jeewan Gangji Savaria and Lalji Raja Vadher in 1900 working for Bengal Nagpur Railway.

[[National Highway 14 (India)]] running from Morgam (in [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] district) to [[Kharagpur]] (in [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]] district), [[State Highway 9 (West Bengal)]] running from [[Durgapur]] (in [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]] district) to [[Nayagram]] (in [[Jhargram district]]) and [[State Highway 5 (West Bengal)]] running from [[Rupnarayanpur]] (in [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]] district) to [[Junput]] (in [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]) pass through Bankura. NH 14 links Bankura to [[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]] and [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]]. Both NH 14 and SH 9 link Bankura to [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] ([[Grand Trunk Road]]).<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 15 September 2016}}</ref>

The district lies in very close proximity to the [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]] located in neighbouring Paschim Bardhaman.

==Notable people==
*[[Syed Muhammed Siddique|Khan Bahadur Dr. Syed Muhammed Siddique]], MLA for Bankura
*[[Mohammad Shamsuzzoha]] (1934–1969) writer, professor and proctor<ref name="Banglapedia">{{cite Banglapedia|author=Murshed, Md Mahbub|article=Shamsuzzoha, Shaheed Mohammad}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Bankura}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://bankura.gov.in/ Official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Bankura district
|North = [[Bardhaman district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Hooghly district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[West Midnapore|West Midnapore district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Purulia district]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{West Bengal topics}}
{{Bankura District}}
{{Bankura topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bankura District}}
[[Category:Bankura district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Coal mining districts in India]]
[[Category:1881 establishments in India]]

Kalyani (TV series)

2026-04-05T22:48:04Z

Venu ji yes: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| director = Gopi Kasireddy (1- 43) Kola Nageswara Rao (44 -147) Meer Hussain (148- 202)
| caption =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| editor = Samrat Pasupuleti Gunasekhar
| runtime = 20-22 minutes
| creator =
| developer =
| producer = Jasti Rabindranath Tagore Jasti Sarath
| executive_producer = Thuta Madhavudu
| writer = Munuswamy pulayalam '''Dialogues''' Chandrasekhar Azad (1- 43) Karimulla (44-147) Srinivas Palapati (148-202)
| starring = Harika [[Jay D'Souza]] [[Mamilla Shailaja Priya|Priya]] Vikas Niharika
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer = Leelamohan
| opentheme = "''Kadaliki kanulu''" [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]] (vocals) Ramachandramouli (lyrics)
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| network = [[Gemini TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2019|6|17|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 202
| image = Gemini TV Kalyani title.jpeg
| num_seasons = 1
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Family]]
| cinematography = Nagendra Kumar Gummadi
| screenplay = Rahul varma Munuswamy pulayalam
| company = Shlok & Srinika Entertainments
| last_aired = {{end date|2020|2|22|df=y}}
}}
'''''Kalyani''''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: కళ్యాణి) was an Indian [[Telugu language]] [[soap opera]] that aired on [[Gemini TV]] from 17 June 2019 to 22 February 2020 every Monday to Saturday at 1:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnetwork.in/program-details.aspx?IProgramID=Uyx%7CVL4bJqg=&ShowType=banner|title=SunNetwork - Program Detail|website=www.sunnetwork.in|access-date=2019-07-20}}</ref> The serial starred Harika<ref>{{Citation|last=Gup Chup Masthi|title=Unknown facts about Kalyani serial actress Harika {{!}} Gemini Tv {{!}} Gup Chup Masthi|date=2019-07-12|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3MOtyrsnWg|access-date=2019-07-20}}</ref> and [[Jay D'Souza]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2018/bangalore-times/most-desirable-men/jay-jujje-dsouza/articleshow/66824653.cms|title=Jay Jujje D'Souza|date=27 November 2018|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> as main protagonists and Jyothika, [[Mamilla Shailaja Priya|Priya]], Vikas, and Niharika<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onenov.in/niharika-indian-television-actress/|title=Niharika|date=2018-06-13|website=Onenov|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-20}}</ref> in pivotal roles.

==Plot==

The story revolves around the blind girl Kalyani who is abandoned by her mother Tulasi Devi, the business women due to her birth defect. Besides Kalyani was raised by her grandparents with the help of her father, without knowing her mother is alive. Unfortunately the fate brought the Kalyani to meet her mother and later conflicts arrived between them. Tulasi Devi hates Kalyani. Will the mother and daughter meet despite their disputes is main crux of the story.

==Cast==

*Harika Sadu as Kalyani
*[[Jay D'Souza]] as Aravind
*Jyothika Munirathnam as Neha
*Vikas as Raja Shekar (Kalyani and Neha's father)
*[[Mamilla Shailaja Priya]] as Tulasi Devi (Kalyani and Neha's mother)
*Niharika as Gayathri (Aravind's mother and Tulasi Devi's best friend) - deceased
*Rajendra as Bhupathi, Karthik's father and Tulasi Devi's rival
*Akhil Sarthak<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pintaram.com/u/akhilsarthak_official/2069633054352361624_1938309140|title=🌟I was actually waiting for this day to come and it's here now , revealing my look from KALYANI SERIAL ' and I promise you guys that ull love th by akhilsarthak_official|website=Pintaram|access-date=2019-07-20}}</ref> as Karthik
*Subha Aadiya

===Former cast===
*Prabhakar as Raja sekhar, Kalyani and Neha's father (replaced by Vikas)

==Airing history==
The serial started airing on [[Gemini TV]] on 17 June 2019. It aired every Monday to Friday at 9:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]. Later, a serial named [[Madhumasam (TV series)|Madhumasam]] replaced this show at 9:00PM and pushed this serial to 1:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] from 2 September 2019. The serial ended on 22 February 2020 after airing 202 episodes.

==Special appearance==
*[[Sampoornesh Babu]] in 46th episode

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sun Gemini original programming]]

Taimur ministry

2026-04-05T16:56:38Z

Venu ji yes: Made New Data

{{Short description|Government of Assam, India from 1980 to 1981}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 11th
| image =
| image_size = 150
| caption =
| date_formed = 6 December 1980
| date_dissolved = 30 June 1981
| government_head = [[Anwara Taimur]]
| government_head_title = Chief Minister
| state_head = [[Lallan Prasad Singh]]
| state_head_title = Governor
| opposition_party =
| opposition_leader =
| political_parties = {{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| election = [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| last_election =
| legislature_term =
| previous =
| successor = [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi Ministry]]
}}
The '''Taimur ministry''' was the state ministry of Assam headed by Chief Minister [[Anwara Taimur]] of the [[Indian National Congress (I)]] from 6 December 1980 until its resignation on 30 June 1981. The ministry was formed after the withdrawal of [[President's rule]] imposed in the state since 12 December 1979 in the aftermath of [[Assam Movement|Assam agitation]] against illegal foreign nationals staying in Assam under the leadership of the [[All Assam Students' Union]] (AASU) and further involvement of the [[United Liberation Front of Asom]] (ULFA) which resulted in breakdown of law and order in the state and the resignation of Chief Minister [[Jogendra Nath Hazarika]].<ref>Baruah, Sanjib (November 1986). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644315 "Immigration, Ethnic Conflict, and Political Turmoil – Assam, 1979–1985"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020143855/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644315 |date=20 October 2023 }}. ''[[Asian Survey]]''. '''26''' (11): 1193. {{jstor|2644315}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020143855/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644315 |date=20 October 2023 }}. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Darnell |first1=Alfred T. |last2=Parikh |first2=Sunita |date=1988 |title=Religion, ethnicity, and the role of the state: Explaining conflict in Assam |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01419870.1988.9993604 |journal=[[Ethnic and Racial Studies]] |publisher=Routledge |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=274 |doi=10.1080/01419870.1988.9993604 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2 May 2024 |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122614/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01419870.1988.9993604 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Anwara Taimur of the Indian National Congress (I) was elected the chief minister, thus becoming the first and only female and Muslim to serve as chief minister of Assam. She served in the position until her resignation on 30 June 1981 and the subsequent imposition of President's rule following intensification of the agitation against illegal foreign nationals.<ref>Sen, Sumanta (31 July 1981). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19810731-assam-set-for-another-spell-of-political-uncertainty-after-fall-of-congressi-ministry-773104-2013-11-15 "Assam set for another spell of political uncertainty after fall of Congress(I) ministry"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613063648/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19810731-assam-set-for-another-spell-of-political-uncertainty-after-fall-of-congressi-ministry-773104-2013-11-15 |date=13 June 2024 }}. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>

==Composition==
The ministry was formed on 6 December 1980 and was sworn in into office by Governor [[Lallan Prasad Singh]]. It consisted of Chief Minister [[Anwara Taimur]], five ministers of cabinet rank and two ministers of state. The cabinet ministers included Ramesh Chandra Saharia, [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]], [[Hiteswar Saikia]], [[Golok Rajbanshi]], [[A. F. Golam Osmani]], while the ministers of state included Mukut Sarma and [[Afzalur Rahman]]. On 7 December, two more ministers were appointed. Dhani Ram Rongpi was appointed cabinet minister while Joy Chandra Nagbanshi was appointed minister of state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/764404/1/jpi_March_1981.pdf|title=Journal of Parliamentary Information: Vol. XXVII, No. 1|date=March 1981|author=[[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Secretariat]]|page=56}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Taimur ministry|page=16|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf |publisher=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/ |accessdate=2018-11-05}}</ref>

Later, Taimur was succeeded by her Finance Minister Kesab Chandra Gogoi as the state's chief minister on 13 January 1982 after the withdrawal of the president's rule in the state.

==Ministers==
===Cabinet Ministers===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
! Constituency
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of chief ministers of Assam|'''Chief Minister''']] and also in-charge of: Department of General Administration Department of Political Department of Personnel and Appointments [[Department of Agriculture and Horticulture (Assam)|Department of Agriculture]] Department of Information and Public Relations Department of Planning and Development Department of Public Works Department of Industries Department of Revenue Department of Cabinet Affairs And all other departments and subjects not allocated to any other minister.
| minister1 = [[Anwara Taimur]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1980
| minister1_termend = 30 June 1981
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref = [[Dalgaon Assembly constituency|Dalgaon]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Home Affairs
| minister1 = Ramesh Chandra Saharia
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1980
| minister1_termend = 30 June 1981
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref = [[Panery Assembly constituency|Panery]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Finance Minister of Judicial, Legislative and Law) Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
| minister1 = [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1980
| minister1_termend = 30 June 1981
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref = [[Dibrugarh Assembly constituency|Dibrugarh]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Education Minister of Sports Minister of Cultural Affairs Minister of Supplies
| minister1 = [[Hiteswar Saikia]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1980
| minister1_termend = 30 June 1981
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref = [[Nazira Assembly constituency|Nazira]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Health and Family Welfare
| minister1 = [[Golok Rajbanshi]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1980
| minister1_termend = 30 June 1981
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref = [[Rangapara Assembly constituency|Rangapara]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Power Minister of Irrigation
| minister1 = [[A. F. Golam Osmani]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1980
| minister1_termend = 30 June 1981
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref = [[Barkhola Assembly constituency|Barkhola]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Transport Minister of Tribal Welfare
| minister1 = Dhani Ram Rongpi
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 1980
| minister1_termend = 30 June 1981
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref = [[Baithalangso Assembly constituency|Baithalangso]]
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

===Ministers of State===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
! Constituency
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State of the Department of Flood Control Minister of State of the Department of Forests Minister of State of the Department of Tourism
| minister1 = Mukut Sarma
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1980
| minister1_termend = 30 June 1981
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref = [[Nowgong Assembly constituency|Nowgong]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State of the Department of Panchayat and Community Development
| minister1 = [[Afzalur Rahman]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1980
| minister1_termend = 30 June 1981
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref = [[Jaleswar, Assam Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State of the Department of Labour
| minister1 = Joy Chandra Nagbanshi
| minister1_termstart = 7 December 1980
| minister1_termend = 30 June 1981
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| minister1_ref = [[Moran Assembly constituency|Moran]]
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Template:Assam ministries}}
[[Category:Assam ministries|Taimur]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Assam|Taimur]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1980]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1981]]

Baba Haneef Ud Din Reshi

2026-04-02T04:01:23Z

Venu ji yes: New new entry - done

{{Short description|Shrine of a Sufi at hillock in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| name = Baba Haneef Ud Din Reshi
| image = Baba Haneef Ud Din Reshi.jpg
| caption = View of shrine from the front side.
| honorific prefix = Sufi
| birth_place = [[Kashmir]]
| Sufi_order = [[Rishi order|Rishi]]<ref>{{cite book |last= Sufi|first= G. M. D.|author-link= |date= 1974|title=Kashīr: Being a History of Kashmir from the Earliest Times to Our Own, Volume 1|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kmFDAAAAYAAJ|location= |publisher= Light & Life Publishers |page= |isbn=}}</ref>
| disciple_of = [[Zain ud-Din Wali]]
| known_for =
| death_place = [[Rathsun]], [[Kashmir]]
| honorific suffix = '''Babii Seab'''
| native_name = با با حنیٖفُ الدیٖن ریٖشی
| native name lang = ks
| nationality = [[Kashmiris]]
| influenced = [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]], [[Nund Rishi]], Zain Ud Din Wali
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| disciples = Rekha Rishi
}}
'''Baba Haneef Ud Din Reshi''' ([[Kashmiri language|کٲشُر]]:با با حنیٖفُ الدیٖن ریٖشی)<ref>{{Cite web |title=G.N.Atish : سرمایہ تہٕ سام 1/3 |url=https://www.kashmirilanguage.com/WORD_Books/GN_Atish_1of3.html |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=www.kashmirilanguage.com}}</ref> popularly known as '''"Babii Seab"''', was a [[Sufism|Sufi]] of [[Rishi order]], who lived in the area of the Kohi Darwa usually known as Daresh or Darej in [[Rathsun]]-[[Manchama]], [[Budgam]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (Earlier known as Pargana Manchama) His shrine is located at the Top of Kohi Darwa or Darej .<ref>{{Cite web |title=epaper-11-09-2021 Page: 8 - ePaper Kashmir Thunder |url=https://epaper.kashmirthunder.com/epaper/edition/1004/epaper-11-09-2021%09/page/8 |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=epaper.kashmirthunder.com |page=08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2012-07-15 |title=Another Sufi shrine gutted |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/another-sufi-shrine-gutted/ |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-15 |title=Sufi Saint's shrine gutted in fire in Kashmir |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/regional/sufi-saints-shrine-gutted-in-fire-in-kashmir/ |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Behnegarsoft.com |date=2012-08-05 |title=حضرت بابا حنیف الدین ریشی کا آستانہ بھی شہید کیا گیا |url=http://www.taghribnews.com/ur/news/102102/حضرت-بابا-حنیف-الدین-ریشی-کا-آستانہ-بھی-شہید-کیا-گیا |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=تقريب خبررسان ايجنسی (TNA) |language=ur}}</ref> He was the disciple of [[Zain ud-Din Wali]] of [[Aishmuquam]] (who was the disciple of [[Nund Rishi|Sheikh Noor ud Din Noorani]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Devotees attend Hazrat Baba Hanief-ud-Din Reshi conference - Scoop News Jammu Kashmir|url=https://www.scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=20380|access-date=2022-02-13|website=www.scoopnews.in}}</ref> [[Zain ud-Din Wali]]<nowiki/>ordered him to go on the hillock of Rathsun-Manchama village, where he gets busy in the [[Religious practice]]s to gain [[Spirituality]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishi order followers |url=https://www.iqbalcyberlibrary.net/txt/100018.txt |website=Iqballibrary}}</ref>

== Shrine ==
[[File:View of Baba Hanif Uddin Rishi Peak from Apharwat peak.jpg|left|thumb|Haneef Ud din rishis peak view from Apharwat]]
His shrine is located on the top of the hill ('Da-aresh') Between Rathsun, Dragar and Manchama (earlier Pargana Manchama)villages, this shrine is about 400 year old.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shrine Of Baba Hanief-U-Din Reshi (RA) · 3J23+MR6, Rathsun, 193411|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/3J23%2BMR6+Shrine+Of+Baba+Hanief-U-Din+Reshi+(RA),+Rathsun,+193411/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x38e1bd85b0000001:0x69d1c8ba9223d77f?entry=gps|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Shrine Of Baba Hanief-U-Din Reshi (RA) · 3J23+MR6, Rathsun, 193411|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://haranbudgam-00.webself.net/home |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=haranbudgam-00.webself.net}}</ref> It is 30 km away from [[Srinagar]] and 4.5 km far away from [[Magam]] town.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-23 |title=Budgam town tense after mosque fire |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/budgam-town-tense-after-mosque-fire/story-sPGqBH9Srpwt1t6NwOdtjK.html |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Nund Rishi]]
* [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]]
* [[Bulbul Shah]]
* [[Baba Naseeb-ud-Din Ghazi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sufis]]
[[Category:Kashmir]]
[[Category:Sufi shrines]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
{{improve categories|date=May 2022}}

Vaduga

2026-04-01T11:40:54Z

Venu ji yes:

{{use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Short description|Telugu speaking castes based communities from Tamil Nadu, India}}

The '''Vaduga''' or '''Vadugar''' comprise three distinct [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Caste system in India|caste]]-based communities found in present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Their caste identities are as [[Kamma (caste)|Kammavars]], [[Balija|Balijas]], and [[Rajakambalam Nayakar|Kambalathars]]. Emerging as a dominant socio political force during the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], they transitioned from imperial military commanders to independent rulers known as [[Nayaka dynasties|Nayakas]]. Following the collapse of the central Vijayanagara authority in 1565, these communities established powerful dynasties in [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Madurai]], [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur]], [[Nayaks of Vellore|Vellore]] and [[Nayaks of Gingee|Senji]], fundamentally shaping the administrative, cultural, and architectural landscape of the Tamil country for over two centuries.<ref name="dirks">{{cite book |title=The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom |first=Nicholas B. |last=Dirks |authorlink=Nicholas Dirks |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 |isbn=0-521-32604-4 |pages=60–70, 174}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The term ''Vadugar'' is derived from the Tamil word ''Vadu'' (North), literally translating to "Northerners." [[File:Codice Casanatense Badagas.jpg|thumb|, who inhabited the southeastern coast of India]]
[[File:Codice Casanatense Orissans.jpg|thumb|People from Orissa, in the eastern coast of India]]

== History ==
The term Vadugar was used initially to refer to the people occupying the regions north of Tamil Nadu. In Sangam literature it was applied to the chief of [[Old Mysore region|Erumainadu]] (roughly Southern Karnataka) and to the people of [[Tirupati|Vengadam]] (roughly the regions around Tirupathi).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andhra Parishattu Varidhi |first=Kashi |url=http://archive.org/details/KiMm_rajata-utsava-samputamu-1911-1935-andhra-parishattu-varidhi-kashi |title=Rajata Utsava Samputamu 1911 1935 Andhra Parishattu Varidhi, Kashi}}</ref> [[Sekkilhar|Sekkiliar]] used the term "'''''Vaduka Karunadar Mannan'''''" to refer to the [[Kalabhra dynasty|Kalabhra]] invaders of Madurai in [[Periya Puranam]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Andhra Parishattu Varidhi |first=Kashi |url=http://archive.org/details/KiMm_rajata-utsava-samputamu-1911-1935-andhra-parishattu-varidhi-kashi |title=Rajata Utsava Samputamu 1911 1935 Andhra Parishattu Varidhi, Kashi|quote=This is confirmed by the fact that the Periya-Puranam refers to an invader of Madura as the king of the Vaduka Karnatakas (Vaduka Karunadar Mannan). The Vadukas are therefore here identified with the Karnatakas themselves justifying the Badagas being equated with the Vudukas of the northern frontier. This is still further confirmed by inscriptional references to the Hoysala invasions of the south being referred to as Periya Vadukan Kalaham, the confusion or the revolution created by the invasion of the great Vadukan. These references are to the Hoysala invasions. Therefore it is clear that the Kannada speaking people, Sanskritised into Karnatakas, (Kannada being known in pure Tamil Karunadam as the language) were known to the Tamils as Vudukas.}}</ref> The [[Hoysala Kingdom|Hoysalas]] invasions were called "'''''Periya Vadukan Kalaham"''''' in inscriptions.<ref name=":0" /> [[Badagas|Badaga]] is derived from Vaduga.<ref name=":0" /> Therefore historians believe the term was initially used to refer to [[Kannadigas]].<ref name=":0" /> However it was largely used to refer to [[Telugu people]] later.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andhra Parishattu Varidhi |first=Kashi |url=http://archive.org/details/KiMm_rajata-utsava-samputamu-1911-1935-andhra-parishattu-varidhi-kashi |title=Rajata Utsava Samputamu 1911 1935 Andhra Parishattu Varidhi, Kashi|quote=Somehow or other that name for the Kanarese folk seems to have been forgotten, and modern usage in Tamil restricts the term Vudukar to that section of the Vadukar who occupied the eastern borderland of the Tamil land; and the Telugus proper as well as those living to the South of them are known-now a daysas Vudukar and the language Telugu itself is known Vaduka.}}</ref>

Historical figures such as [[Veerapandiya Kattabomman]], [[Tirumala Nayaka]], [[Mangammal|Maharaani Mangammal]], and Virupatchi Gopala Naicker were prominent leaders and rulers of the Vaduga [[Nayaka dynasties|Nayaka]] kingdoms in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="dirks" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Kural Peedam Award

2026-03-26T07:54:58Z

Venu ji yes: further add references as per guidelines and added references

{{Short description|Award for scholars of classical Tamil}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
The '''Kural Peedam Award''' ({{langx|ta|குறள் பீடம் விருது}}) is a lifetime achievement presidential award given to eminent scholars of [[classical Tamil]]. The award was instituted in 2005 by the [[Central Institute of Classical Tamil]] under the aegis of the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] in [[India]].<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=71998 Press Information Bureau, India]</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/presidential-awards-for-classical-tamil-presented/article5219483.ece | title=Presidential awards for classical Tamil presented | date=10 October 2013 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref> Two awards are presented annually, one for a person of Indian origin and another for a scholar of non-Indian origin. the award includes of a cash prize of {{INR}}500,000 (just over US$8,000), a citation, and a shawl.

==Recipients==
* Dr. [[George L. Hart]] (2005–2006)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.cict.in/pdf/en_awards.pdf |title=LIST OF AWARDEES WITH CITATIONS |access-date=2013-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012045009/http://en.cict.in/pdf/en_awards.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Dr. Jaroslav Vacek
* Dr. [[John Ralston Marr]]
* Professor Francois Gros (2008–2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article1484395.ece#.UwC8zoVmy0I |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303183320/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article1484395.ece#.UwC8zoVmy0I |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2014 |title=Tamil scholar from France gets award |publisher=The New Indian Express |access-date=2014-03-27}}</ref>
* Dr. Eva Wilden<ref>Gazette_of_India (21–27 Feb 2015, page 102)</ref>

==See also==
* [[Thiruvalluvar Award]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Portal bar|Tamils|India}}

{{Tirukkural}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu awards]]
[[Category:Tirukkural]]
[[Category:Memorials to Valluvar]]
[[Category:Tamil culture]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2005]]
[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of India]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]

Akasham Kadann

2026-03-24T08:36:07Z

Venu ji yes: New new entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| director = Sidhique Kodiyathur
| writer = Sidhique Kodiyathur
| producer = Saleem Lamees Rahaman Pocker Maranchery Sidhique P Fasal Parambadan
| starring = Maqbool Salman Ibrahim Kutty Kulappulli Leela
| cinematography = Latheef Maranchery
| editing = Shameer
| music = Sheikh Ellahi
| studio = Dawn Cinemas
| released = {{film date|df=y|2023|7|21}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Akasham Kadann''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] language film written and directed by Sidhique Kodiyathur<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inspiring journey of Amal Iqbal, the hero of Sidhique Kodiyathur's 'Akasham Kadann' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/07/24/akasham-kadann-malayalam-movie-sidhique-kodiyathur-amal-iqbal.html |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=onmanorama.com}}</ref> featuring [[Maqbool Salmaan|Maqbool Salman]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-18 |title='ആകാശം കടന്ന്' ജൂലൈ 21നു തിയറ്ററുകളില്‍ |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/akasham-kadannu-movie-release-224700 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=mediaoneonline.com |language=ml}}</ref> Ibrahim Kutty<ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധ്യമം |title=ശാരീരിക പരിമിതികൾ ജീവിത വിജയത്തിന് തടസമല്ല- 'ആകാശം കടന്ന്' റിവ്യു |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/akasham-kadannu-malayalam-movie-review-1187108 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Madhyamam |date=31 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Kulappulli Leela]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=ആകാശം കടന്ന് റിലീസിന് |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1040308&u=movie-akasam-kadannu |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Jaisy |date=2023-07-18 |title='ആകാശം കടന്ന്' ജൂലൈ 21നു തിയറ്ററുകളില്‍ |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/akasham-kadannu-movie-release-224700 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Media One |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Rassal, a handicapped been avoided by his friends and neighbours due to his ability and due to his condition, his sister's marriage was getting cancelled. But his life changes when his sister marries. His brother in law finds out he have talent in remembering certain long objects.

==Cast==
*[[Maqbool Salmaan|Maqbool Salman]] as Fazal
*Ibrahim Kutty as Ummer Koya
*[[Kulappulli Leela]] as Ummikutty
*[[Nilambur Ayisha|Nilumbur Ayisha]] as Muthu's mother
*Amal Iqbal as Rassal
*[[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Rauf
*Shafi Kollam as Ameer
*Priya Sreejith as Sajna
*Sidhique Kodiyathur as Abdu
*Ansil Rahman as Muthu's Brother
*Asharaf Pilakal as Muthu's Brother
*Benna Chennamangallur as Anchor
*Rahman Maranchery as Ussan
*Fasal Parambadan as Officer
*C T Kabeer
*Prakash Payyanakkal as Sasi Sir
*Avisanna Wandoor as Headmaster
*Shivakanth Nilambur as Fahad
*Kuttippuram Latheef as Sajna's Father
*Das Tirur as Ameer's Father
*Abul Ahla Wandoor as Officer
*Ramesh Kappad as Muthu
*Bhuvaneswary Biju as Ruby
*Rajani Murali as Rabiya
*Manju Subash as Fausiya
*Davis Chiramel
*Nazar Maanu as Special School Director
*Dhwani Lakshmi as Faseela
*Anju Krishna as [[Nursing|Nurse]]
*Aswathi Anand as [[Teacher]]
*Ameer Karakkunnu as [[Clerk]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title| tt28357218}}

[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]

Dhirendranath Datta

2026-03-22T00:35:03Z

Venu ji yes:

{{Short description|Pakistani politician}}
{{use Pakistani English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dhirendranath Datta
| native_name = ধীরেন্দ্রনাথ দত্ত دھریندر ناتھ دتا
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Dhirendranath datta.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Ata ministry|Health and Social Welfare Minister of East Pakistan]]
| term_start = 19 September 1956
| term_end = 7 October 1958
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = [[Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)|Leader of the Opposition of Pakistan]]
| term_start1 = 7 May 1948
| term_end1 = 7 July 1955
| leader1 = [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]]
| predecessor1 = [[Kiran Shankar Roy]]
| successor1 = [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]
| office2 = [[Leader of the Opposition (East Pakistan)|Leader of the Opposition of East Bengal]]
| term_start2 = 15 March 1948
| term_end2 = 7 May 1948
| leader2 = [[Khwaja Nazimuddin]]
| predecessor2 = ''position created''
| successor2 = [[Basanta Kumar Das (Pakistani politician)|Basanta Kumar Das]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1886|11|2}}
| birth_place = [[Brahmanbaria]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship = [[British Raj|British India]] (1886-1947) [[Pakistan]] (1947-1971) [[Bangladesh]] (1971)
| occupation = {{hlist|Lawyer|politician}}
| party = [[Pakistan National Congress]]
}}
'''Dhirendranath Datta''' (2 November 1886 – disappeared 29 March 1971)<ref name="dream">{{cite web |url=http://opinion.bdnews24.com/2016/11/02/dhirendranath-duttaour-dream-maker/ |title=Dhirendranath Dutta...our dream maker |publisher=bdnews24.com |type=Opinion |date=2 November 2016 |access-date=2 November 2016 |author=Ahsan, Syed Badrul}}</ref>
was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] lawyer and politician from [[East Bengal]] who was a member of the 1st [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]. He is best known for proposing [[Bengali language|Bengali]] for the national language of Pakistan in the Assembly. He was also active in the politics of undivided [[Bengal]] in [[Partition of India|pre-partition]] India.<ref name=pedia>{{cite web |last1=Salam |first1=Muhammad Abdus |title=Datta, Dhirendranath |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Datta,_Dhirendranath |website=Banglapedia |access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>

==Early life==
Datta was born in an aristocratic [[Kayastha]] family on 2 November 1886 in [[Ramrail]], in [[Brahmanbaria District]],<ref name="Prothom">{{cite news |date=3 November 2007 |script-title=bn:শ্রদ্ধাঞ্জলি:এই দেশ এই মাটি যাঁর অস্তিত্ব |trans-title=A Tribute to this Country |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=bn}}</ref> Bengal Province (in today's Bangladesh). His father Jagabandhu Datta was a mukhtiyer (lower ranked pleader) who introduced Dhirendranath to the legal profession from an early age. Dhirendranath completed matriculation from [[Comilla Zilla School]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} He graduated from [[Surendranath College|Ripon College]] in 1908.<ref name="Nuruzzaman1968">{{cite book |last=Nuruzzaman |first=Mohammad |title=Who's Who |year=1968 |publisher=The Eastern Publications |oclc=46205 |pages=274–275}}</ref> Later he obtained a law degree from [[Calcutta University]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==Early career==
Datta began his career as a school teacher after passing intermediate, he eventually became assistant headmaster of the Bangora High school in [[Comilla]]. After obtaining law degree, he started law practice as an advocate. He joined the [[Comilla District Bar Association]] in 1911. Quite early in his legal career, he established himself as a successful lawyer in the Comilla district. He practiced law earnestly and uninterruptedly from 1911 to 1920. Dhirendranath's reputation as a lawyer was akin to legend due to the service he provided for the poor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rahman |first=Mohammad Afzalur |title=Dhirendranath Dutta: Portrait of a patriot |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/views/in-focus/news/dhirendranath-dutta-portrait-patriot-2224291 |work=The Daily Star |date=8 November 2021}}</ref> He continued to practice until he was advised to give up his profession in favor of politics by his political comrade [[Chittaranjan Das]]. He was very active in the local community and was a leader of the relief effort following devastating floods in 1915. He formed the ''Mukti Sangha'', a welfare organization, after becoming inspired by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Datta's relief work continued up to the [[Bengal Famine of 1943]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==Political activism==
Along with many politically active Bengalis of his time, Datta took a firm stand following the [[Bengal Partition of 1905]]. He chose to vehemently oppose partition, working closely with other anti-partition activists such as [[Surendranath Banerjee]] and [[Rabindranath Tagore]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} He took part in the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-cooperation movement]] in 1921. He was imprisoned multiple times, including in 1932 for 13 months.<ref name="Nuruzzaman1968" />

Datta joined the [[Indian National Congress]] and was elected to the Bengal Legislative Assembly in 1937. He was imprisoned for 9 months for his participation in the [[Quit India]] movement of 1942. He was reelected to the Bengal Legislative Assembly in 1946.<ref name="Nuruzzaman1968" />

Datta firmly opposed the creation of Pakistan and partition of India on religious lines; but when it became clear that partition of Bengal was inevitable and that his home district of Comilla would be in the new Muslim majority state, he opted to remain in [[East Bengal]] (unlike many other Hindu leaders), and as a result, was invited to be part of the constitutional committee to draft the legislative framework of the new country before the actual independence of Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

===The Pakistan era===
Datta continued to represent his constituency as a Hindu member of the renamed [[Pakistan National Congress]] (seats were allocated by a quota according to religion). On 23 February 1948 in the Pakistan Constituent Assembly in [[Karachi]], he made a speech calling for Bengali to be made one of the official languages of Pakistan,<ref name="Banglapedia">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Language_Movement |title=Language Movement |encyclopedia=Banglapedia – The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |access-date=26 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307033428/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Language_Movement |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> in what was to become the action he will be most remembered for by his compatriots.

In 1954, he moved an adjournment motion against the declaration of Governor's Rule in East Pakistan, and was seen as the ''de facto'' face of protest and democracy.

[[File:1954 east bengal cabinet.jpg|thumb|Datta at the 1954 cabinet standing second from right]]

He served as the Minister of Health and Social Welfare (East Pakistan) in [[Ataur Rahman Khan]]'s cabinet (1956). Because of his alleged links to the emerging underground Bengali Nationalist movement, supposed members of which included [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], he was barred from participation in national election through the imposition of EBDO (Elective Bodies Disqualification Order). After this, he refrained from active politics but kept on supporting the rising nationalist movement from behind.

==Assassination by the Pakistan Army==
Due to Datta's continued defiance of state discrimination and authoritarianism in Pakistan, at the onset of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], three days after the arrest of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Datta was arrested at his house in Comilla on 29 March 1971, and taken with his son, Dilip Kumar Datta, to [[Moynamoti]] Cantonment and [[torture]]d to death.<ref name="Prothom"/> For this reason, he is referred to as "Shaheed buddhijibi" (martyred intellectual) as a sign of respect.<ref name=pedia/>

==Personal life==
Datta had 2 sons, Sanjib and Dilip Kumar Datta.<ref name=dream/>

==See also==
*[[Shaheed Dhirendranath Datta Stadium]]

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.nvo.com/ghosh_research/nss-folder/historyoflanguageday/ Article on the history of the Bangladesh Language Movement]

{{Language Movement}}
{{1971 Bangladesh genocide}}
{{Liberation of Bangladesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Datta, Dhirendranath}}
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali language activists]]
[[Category:Pakistani Hindus]]
[[Category:Surendranath College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:People from Brahmanbaria Sadar Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Independence Award]]
[[Category:Pakistani torture victims]]
[[Category:People from Comilla]]
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1946–1947]]
[[Category:East Bengal MLAs 1947–1954]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1947–1954]]
[[Category:Surendranath Law College alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Comilla Zilla School alumni]]
[[Category:Asian politicians assassinated in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi politicians assassinated in the 20th century]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 1971]]
[[Category:Bangladesh National Congress politicians]]

2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes

2026-03-16T21:52:48Z

Venu ji yes: refine intro further and fixed typos for accuracy

{{short description|Series of armed skirmishes between India and Pakistan in Kashmir}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 2019 India–Pakistan skirmishes
| width = 420px
| partof = the [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|Indo−Pakistani conflicts]] and the [[Kashmir conflict]]
| image = Kashmir map.svg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Map of [[Kashmir]], showing the territory controlled by India and Pakistan in blue and green, respectively
| date = 14 February – 22 March 2019 (1 month and 6 days)
| place = [[Line of Control]]
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = Inconclusive
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
| commander1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| commander2 = [[Imran Khan]]
| commander3 =
| units1 = {{tree list}}
* {{armed forces|India}}
** {{army|India}}
** {{air force|India}}
** {{navy|India}}
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Central Reserve Police Forces.png}} [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]]
{{tree list/end}}
| units2 = {{tree list}}
* {{armed forces|Pakistan}}
** {{army|Pakistan}}
** {{air force|Pakistan}}
** {{navy|Pakistan}}
{{tree list/end}}
| units3 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = [[2019 Pulwama attack|Before onset of hostilities]]:{{plainlist|
* 40–46 CRPF personnel killed<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/india-pakistan-aircraft-bombing-pulwama-kashmir-balakot-fighter-jets-attack-a8796946.html|title=Indian aircraft violate Pakistan airspace 'to conduct surgical strike'|date=26 February 2019|website=The Independent|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227090741/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/india-pakistan-aircraft-bombing-pulwama-kashmir-balakot-fighter-jets-attack-a8796946.html|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47249133|title=India will 'completely isolate' Pakistan|date=15 February 2019|access-date=27 February 2019|publisher=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215232429/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47249133|archive-date=15 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and 70 wounded<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pulwama-terror-attack-timeline-of-conflict-between-india-and-pakistan-1.1551170592587|title=Pulwama terror attack: Timeline of conflict between India and Pakistan|website=Gulf News|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226155424/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pulwama-terror-attack-timeline-of-conflict-between-india-and-pakistan-1.1551170592587|archive-date=26 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
----
{{plainlist|
* 6 Indian Air Force personnel killed (including 2 by [[friendly fire]]),<ref name=defense-post>{{citation|title=India admits friendly fire downed Mi-17 helicopter in Kashmir|date=4 October 2019|location=Washington, DC|work=The Defense Post|url=https://www.thedefensepost.com/2019/10/04/india-mi-17-helicopter-kashmir-friendly-fire/|access-date=9 February 2021|last=AFP|quote=The Indian Air Force confirmed for the first time on Friday, October 4 that it shot down one of its own Mi-17 helicopters during clashes with Pakistan in February over Kashmir, killing all six on board.}}</ref> 7–12 soldiers wounded<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1090365/heavy-shelling-reported-on-india-pakistan-border-5-soldiers-injured|title=Heavy shelling reported on India-Pakistan border; 5 soldiers injured|first=The Statesman/Asia News|last=Network|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=27 February 2019|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227112754/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1090365/heavy-shelling-reported-on-india-pakistan-border-5-soldiers-injured|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=tense/><ref name="Voice of America" />
* [[Abhinandan Varthaman|1 pilot captured]] (later released)<ref name=Captured/>
* 1 [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]] shot down<ref name="BBC News"/>
* 1 [[Mi-17]] helicopter shot down ([[friendly fire]])<ref name=defense-post/>
* 4 civilians killed<ref name="Voice of America">{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/india-pakistan-again-shell-kashmir/4810490.html|title=Deadly Pakistan-India Border Skirmishes Continue in Kashmir|website=VOA|date=2 March 2019 |access-date=3 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302155937/https://www.voanews.com/a/india-pakistan-again-shell-kashmir/4810490.html|archive-date=2 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
| casualties2 = Unknown
| casualties3 = {{plainlist|
* 2 soldiers killed<ref>{{cite web |title=Kashmir: at least eight killed as India-Pakistan hostilities resume |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/02/kashmir-at-least-eight-killed-as-india-pakistan-hostilities-resume |website=The Guardian |access-date=2 March 2019 |date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302155133/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/02/kashmir-at-least-eight-killed-as-india-pakistan-hostilities-resume |archive-date=2 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 10–12 civilians killed<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47383634|title=Jet downing raises India-Pakistan tension|date=27 February 2019|access-date=27 February 2019|publisher=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227074808/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47383634|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="thenews.com.pk">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/437606-four-martyred-in-indian-shelling-at-loc|title=Six martyred in Indian shelling at LoC|website=The News International|date=27 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227095551/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/437606-four-martyred-in-indian-shelling-at-loc|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Voice of America" />
}}
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}
}}

In the aftermath of the [[2019 Pulwama attack|Pulwama attack]] on 14 February 2019, a standoff emerged between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] consisting of cross-border [[airstrike]]s and exchanges of gunfire between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] across the [[Line of Control|''de facto'' border]] in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region, which is subject to extensive [[Kashmir conflict|territorial claims]] by [[India–Pakistan relations|both countries]].<ref>{{citation|title=Modi vows action after dozens die in deadliest attack in Indian-held Kashmir in 3 decades|author1=Joanna Slater|author2=Niha Masih|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=15 February 2019|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/indias-modi-promises-retaliation-after-worst-attack-in-kashmir-in-three-decades-kills-dozens/2019/02/15/f5dd55d6-309e-11e9-8781-763619f12cb4_story.html|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217015242/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/indias-modi-promises-retaliation-after-worst-attack-in-kashmir-in-three-decades-kills-dozens/2019/02/15/f5dd55d6-309e-11e9-8781-763619f12cb4_story.html|archive-date=17 February 2019|url-status=live}} Quote: "Both India and Pakistan claim the Himalayan region of Kashmir, but it has been divided between them for more than 70 years."</ref>

The Pulwama attack in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] had killed 40 Indian [[Central Reserve Police Force]] personnel. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by a [[Pakistan]]-based militant group, [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Safi |first1=Michael |last2=Farooq |first2=Azhar |date=15 February 2019 |title=Dozens of Indian paramilitaries killed in Kashmir car bombing|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/14/indian-paramilitaries-killed-in-suicide-car-bombing-in-kashmir |url-status=live |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404033022/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/14/indian-paramilitaries-killed-in-suicide-car-bombing-in-kashmir |archive-date=4 April 2019 |issn=0261-3077 |quote=The Pakistan-based militant group Jaish-e-Mohammed claimed responsibility for the bombing. It said it was carried out by Adil Ahmad Dar, a locally recruited fighter from south Kashmir’s Pulwama district. The group released a video showing Dar delivering his will and a photograph of him surrounded by guns and grenades}}</ref> India blamed Pakistan for the attack and promised a robust response, while the latter condemned the attack and denied having any connection to it.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Safi |first1=Michael |last2=Farooq |first2=Azhar |date=15 February 2019 |title=Dozens of Indian paramilitaries killed in Kashmir car bombing|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/14/indian-paramilitaries-killed-in-suicide-car-bombing-in-kashmir |url-status=live |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404033022/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/14/indian-paramilitaries-killed-in-suicide-car-bombing-in-kashmir |archive-date=4 April 2019 |issn=0261-3077 |quote=We will give a befitting reply, our neighbour will not be allowed to de-stabilise us", Modi said}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Abi-Habib |first1=Maria |last2=Yasir |first2=Sameer |last3=Kumar |first3=Hari |date=15 February 2019 |title=India Blames Pakistan for Attack in Kashmir, Promising a Response|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/15/world/asia/kashmir-attack-pulwama.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223135448/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/15/world/asia/kashmir-attack-pulwama.html |archive-date=23 February 2019 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=Pakistan has denied involvement in the attack, in which at least 40 Indian soldiers were killed Thursday when a driver slammed an explosives-packed vehicle into a paramilitary convoy.}}</ref>

Twelve days later, in the early morning of 26 February 2019, [[2019 Balakot airstrike|India carried out a cross-border airstrike]] near [[Balakot]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan.<ref name="slater1">{{citation|author=Joanna Slater|title=India strikes Pakistan in severe escalation of tensions between nuclear rivals|date=26 February 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Safi |first1=Michael |last2=Zahra-Malik |first2=Mehreen |date=27 February 2019 |title='Get ready for our surprise': Pakistan warns India it will respond to airstrikes|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/26/pakistan-india-jets-breached-ceasefire-line-kashmir-bomb |url-status=live |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331102419/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/26/pakistan-india-jets-breached-ceasefire-line-kashmir-bomb |archive-date=31 March 2019 |issn=0261-3077 |quote=Pakistan, said the war planes made it up to five miles [eight kilometres] inside its territory}}</ref>

[[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistan's military]], the first to announce the airstrike that same morning,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Safi |first1=Michael |last2=Zahra-Malik |first2=Mehreen |date=27 February 2019 |title='Get ready for our surprise': Pakistan warns India it will respond to airstrikes|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/26/pakistan-india-jets-breached-ceasefire-line-kashmir-bomb |url-status=live |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331102419/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/26/pakistan-india-jets-breached-ceasefire-line-kashmir-bomb |archive-date=31 March 2019 |issn=0261-3077 |quote=Pakistan, which was the first to announce the incursion}}</ref> claimed that Indian warplanes had crossed the [[India–Pakistan border|international border]] and dropped their payload in an uninhabited wooded hilltop area near Balakot in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Abi-Habib |first1=Maria |last2=Ramzy |first2=Austin |date=26 February 2019 |title=Indian Jets Strike in Pakistan in Revenge for Kashmir Attack|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jets.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227012148/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jets.html |archive-date=27 February 2019 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=A spokesman for Pakistan’s armed forces, Maj. Gen. Asif Ghafoor, on Tuesday posted on Twitter four images of a forested area pockmarked with small craters and debris, which he said was the site of Indian airstrikes.}}</ref> India, confirming the airstrike later that day, characterized it to be a [[Preemptive war|preemptive strike]] directed against a [[terrorist training camp]], and claimed that it had caused the deaths of a "large number" of terrorists.<ref name="mea-balakot">{{cite web |title=Statement by Foreign Secretary on 26 February 2019 on the Strike on JeM training camp at Balakot |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31091/Statement_by_Foreign_Secretary_on_26_February_2019_on_the_Strike_on_JeM_training_camp_at_Balakot |website=mea.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |access-date=28 February 2019 |date=26 February 2019 |quote=a very large number of JeM terrorists, trainers, senior commanders and groups of jihadis who were being trained for fidayeen action were eliminated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227221920/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F31091%2FStatement_by_Foreign_Secretary_on_26_February_2019_on_the_Strike_on_JeM_training_camp_at_Balakot |archive-date=27 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SlaterConstable2019">
{{cite news |last1=Slater |first1=Joanna |last2=Constable |first2= Pamela |author2-link=Pamela Constable
|title=Pakistan captures Indian pilot after shooting down aircraft, escalating hostilities |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/pakistan-says-it-has-shot-down-two-indian-jets-in-its-airspace/2019/02/27/054461a2-3a5b-11e9-a2cd-307b06d0257b_story.html
|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=27 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227172333/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/pakistan-says-it-has-shot-down-two-indian-jets-in-its-airspace/2019/02/27/054461a2-3a5b-11e9-a2cd-307b06d0257b_story.html |archive-date=27 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|second airstrike]], a retaliatory one by Pakistan,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kazmin |first=Amy |date=1 March 2019 |title=India and Pakistan engage in a high-stakes game of brinkmanship |work=Financial Times|location=London |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3705ee32-3c17-11e9-b856-5404d3811663 |url-access=subscription |access-date=1 July 2023 |quote=A day after India’s strike, Pakistan retaliated, sending planes to attack military installations in India.}}</ref> was conducted in the daytime on 27 February, inside Indian-administered Kashmir. During this airstrike, a [[dogfight]] between Indian and Pakistani fighter jets resulted in the downing of an Indian [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21 Bison]] by the [[Pakistan Air Force]]. Its pilot, [[Wing commander|Wing Commander]] [[Abhinandan Varthaman]], was captured by the Pakistani military and later returned to India on 1 March.<ref name=slater-constable>{{citation|title=Pakistan captures Indian pilot after shooting down aircraft, escalating hostilities|author1=Joanna Slater |author2=Pamela Constable|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=27 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |last3=Yasir |first3=Sameer |date=2 March 2019 |title=Deadly Shelling Erupts in Kashmir Between India and Pakistan After Pilot Is Freed|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/world/asia/kashmir-shelling-india-pakistan.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042824/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/world/asia/kashmir-shelling-india-pakistan.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author1=Joanna Slater|title=Pakistan captures Indian pilot after shooting down aircraft, escalating hostilities|date=27 February 2019|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pakistan-says-indian-fighter-jets-crossed-into-its-territory-and-carried-out-limited-airstrike/2019/02/25/901f3000-3979-11e9-a06c-3ec8ed509d15_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315093125/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pakistan-says-indian-fighter-jets-crossed-into-its-territory-and-carried-out-limited-airstrike/2019/02/25/901f3000-3979-11e9-a06c-3ec8ed509d15_story.html|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=15 March 2019|author2=Pamela Constable|url-status=live}} Quote: The two days of tit-for-tat airstrikes ... the first since 1971, were triggered by a 14 Feb terrorist bombing in Indian-controlled Kashmir that killed 40 Indian security personnel."</ref>

On the same hours of PAF retaliatory strikes on 27 February 2019, an Indian [[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]] helicopter was brought down by [[friendly fire]] in which all IAF airmen on board were killed, including Squadron Leaders Siddharth Vashisht and Ninad Mandavgan.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=1 June 2019 |title=How did an Indian Air Force Mi-17 helicopter get shot down by the IAF? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/how-did-an-indian-air-force-mi-17-helicopter-get-shot-down-by-the-iaf/article27400844.ece |access-date=24 February 2024 |work=The Hindu|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> IAF Chief [[R. K. S. Bhadauria|RKS Bahaduria]] acknowledged IAF's failure only a year later on 4 October 2019, terming friendly fire as "a big mistake".<ref name="auto7">{{Cite news |date=4 October 2019 |title=Shooting down of Mi-17 was a big mistake, admits IAF chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/shooting-down-our-own-chopper-big-mistake-says-iaf-chief/article29593737.ece |access-date=24 February 2024 |work=The Hindu|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="auto4"/> Resultantly Group Captain Suman Roy Choudhry Chief Operations Officers (COO) of [[Srinagar Air Force Station]] was dismissed from his service in 2023.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |title=Balakot shooting down of chopper: Why IAF panel recommended court martial of Group Captain |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/balakot-shooting-down-of-chopper-iaf-panel-court-martial-group-captain-2358893-2023-04-12 |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=India Today|date=12 April 2023 }}</ref>

Aftermath analysis of open-source [[satellite imagery]] by the American [[Atlantic Council]]'s Digital Forensics Laboratory,<ref name=Atlantic-Countil-DFL>
{{citation|title=Surgical Strike in Pakistan a Botched Operation? Indian jets carried out a strike against JEM targets inside Pakistani territory, to questionable effect|author=@DFRLab|date=28 February 2019|url=https://medium.com/dfrlab/surgical-strike-in-pakistan-a-botched-operation-7f6cda834b24|journal=Medium|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304154449/https://medium.com/dfrlab/surgical-strike-in-pakistan-a-botched-operation-7f6cda834b24|archive-date=4 March 2019|url-status=live}} Quote: "Indian fighter jets carried out strikes against targets inside undisputed Pakistani territory, but open-source evidence suggested that the strike was unsuccessful."
</ref> [[San Francisco]]-based [[Planet Labs]],<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Howell |first1=Martin |last2=Doyle |first2=Gerry |last3=Scarr |first3=Simon |date=6 March 2019 |title=Satellite images show buildings still standing at Indian bombing site|work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-airstrike-insi-idUSKCN1QN00V |url-status=live |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316082151/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-airstrike-insi/satellite-images-show-buildings-still-standing-at-indian-bombing-site-idUSKCN1QN00V |archive-date=16 March 2019 |quote=The images produced by Planet Labs Inc, a San Francisco-based private satellite operator, show at least six buildings on the madrasa site on March 4, six days after the airstrike. There are no discernible holes in the roofs of buildings, no signs of scorching, blown-out walls, displaced trees around the madrasa or other signs of an aerial attack.}}</ref> European Space Imaging<ref>{{citation|title=PAKISTAN: Satellite Imagery confirms India missed target in Pakistan airstrike|date=8 March 2019|author=European Space Imaging|url=https://www.euspaceimaging.com/pakistan-satellite-imagery-confirms-india-missed-target-in-pakistan-airstrike/|access-date=20 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327172447/https://www.euspaceimaging.com/pakistan-satellite-imagery-confirms-india-missed-target-in-pakistan-airstrike/|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}} Quote: " ... said Managing Director Adrian Zevenbergen. '... The image captured with Worldiew-2 of the buildings in question shows no evidence of a bombing having occurred. There are no signs of scorching, no large distinguishable holes in the roofs of buildings and no signs of stress to the surrounding vegetation.' "</ref> and the [[Australian Strategic Policy Institute]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hellyer |first1=Marcus |last2=Ruser |first2=Nathan |last3=Bachhawat |first3=Aakriti |date=27 March 2019 |title=India's strike on Balakot: a very precise miss? |url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/indias-strike-on-balakot-a-very-precise-miss/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412064021/https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/indias-strike-on-balakot-a-very-precise-miss/ |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=The Strategist|quote=But India’s recent air strike on a purported Jaish-e-Mohammad terrorist camp in Balakot in Pakistan on 26 February suggests that precision strike is still an art and science that requires both practice and enabling systems to achieve the intended effect. Simply buying precision munitions off the shelf is not enough.}}</ref> concluded that India did not hit any targets of significance on the Jaba hilltop site near Balakot in Pakistan.<ref name=WaPo1>{{citation|author1=Sameer Lalwani|author2=Emily Tallo|title=Did India shoot down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This just became a big deal.|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=17 April 2019|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/17/did-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal/}} Quote: " Open-source satellite imagery suggests India did not hit any targets of consequence in the airstrikes it conducted after the terrorist attack on the paramilitaries.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Safi |first1=Michael |last2=Zahra-Malik |first2=Mehreen |date=5 March 2019 |title=Kashmir's fog of war: how conflicting accounts benefit both sides|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/05/kashmir-fog-of-war-how-conflicting-accounts-benefit-india-pakistan |url-status=live |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305122254/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/05/kashmir-fog-of-war-how-conflicting-accounts-benefit-india-pakistan |archive-date=5 March 2019 |issn=0261-3077 |quote=Analysis of open-source satellite imagery has also cast doubt on India’s claims. A report by the Atlantic Council’s Digital Forensic Research Lab was able to geolocate the site of the attack and provide a preliminary damage assessment. It compared satellite images from the days before and after India’s strike and concluded there were only impacts in the wooded areas with no damage visible to surrounding structures.}}</ref>

On 10 April 2019, one and a half months later, a group of international journalists, who were taken to the Jaba hilltop in a tightly controlled trip arranged by the [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistani government]], although unable to make a knowledgeable evaluation,<ref name="reuters-11april-inconclusive">{{Cite news |last1=Howell |first1=Martin |last2=Salahuddin |date=11 April 2019 |title=Inside the Pakistani madrasa where India said it killed hundreds of 'terrorists'|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-madrasa-idUSKCN1RN0XT |access-date=1 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite news |last=Heanue |first=Siobhan |date=13 April 2019 |title=School or terror training camp? The madrasa that brought the world closer to nuclear war|publisher=ABC News|location=United States |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-14/india-pakistan-tensions-the-remote-school-at-centre-of-dispute/10996826 |url-status=live |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413195826/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-14/india-pakistan-tensions-the-remote-school-at-centre-of-dispute/10996826 |archive-date=13 April 2019 |quote=It was at the centre of a clash that almost brought two nuclear nations to war, but exactly what goes on inside a small madrasa on a hilltop near Kashmir remains a mystery. One thing is clear: India's claim that it destroyed a militant training camp and killed more than 300 extremists cannot be backed up by the evidence. More than a month after India launched airstrikes inside Pakistan in retaliation for a militant attack that killed 40 paramilitary troops in Kashmir, foreign media have been allowed to see the areas hit.}}</ref> found the largest building there to show no evidence of damage or recent rebuilding efforts.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Howell |first1=Martin |last2=Salahuddin |date=11 April 2019 |title=Inside the Pakistani madrasa where India said it killed hundreds of 'terrorists'|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-madrasa-idUSKCN1RN0XT |access-date=1 July 2023 |quote=Those visiting the site on Wednesday didn't see any signs that there had been significant building work to either clear structures or erect new ones. And the vegetation didn't appear to have suffered the stress that might be expected from a missile attack. The main madrasa building itself doesn't appear to be reinforced in any major way – it has a metal roof with some modest wooden beams.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 April 2019 |title=Balakot air strike: Pakistan shows off disputed site on eve of India election|publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47882354 |url-status=live |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411163315/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47882354 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |quote=They were given access to an Islamic school in Balakot, where Indian media say militants were killed in retaliation for an attack in Kashmir. The large building appeared to be fully intact}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2019 |title=Pakistan takes media, diplomats on visit to Indian strike site |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190411-pakistan-takes-media-diplomats-visit-indian-strike-site |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419094356/https://www.france24.com/en/20190411-pakistan-takes-media-diplomats-visit-indian-strike-site |archive-date=19 April 2019 |access-date=1 July 2023 |publisher=France 24|quote=International outlets which visited the Indian air strike site in Pakistan found no evidence of a major terrorist training camp -- or of any infrastructure damage at all.}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/>

The US count of PAF's F-16 fleet confirmed PAF lost no aircraft during its dogfight with IAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Strategic Implications of India's Illiberalism and Democratic Erosion |url=https://www.nbr.org/publication/the-strategic-implications-of-indias-illiberalism-and-democratic-erosion/ |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=The National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR)}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Seligman |first=Lara |date=28 February 2024 |title=Did India Shoot Down a Pakistani Jet? U.S. Count Says No. |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/04/did-india-shoot-down-a-pakistani-jet-u-s-count-says-no/ |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=Foreign Policy}}</ref> The claim of IAF of shooting down a F-16 was also rejected by various international observers.<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web |title=IAF Did Not Shoot Down Pak F-16 in Balakot Aftermath, Says US Scholar Christine Fair |url=https://thewire.in/security/christine-fair-iaf-balakot-pakistan-f16 |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{See also|Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|Kashmir conflict}}
India and Pakistan have long been at odds with each other, having engaged in several wars, conflicts, and military standoffs. The roots of the continued tension are complex, but have centred mainly around the erstwhile princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. After the 1947 [[Partition of India]], the newly formed independent states of Pakistan and India squabbled over it, which led to the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]] and a subsequent sharing of the state. The settlement was non-agreeable to both the parties and since then, this had become an ongoing intractable issue leading to a [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|war in 1965]]. The nations also partook in another war in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]] which led to the formation of Bangladesh. Both countries developed nuclear weapons in the 1990s and this had a sobering effect on the next major conflict {{En dash}} the [[Kargil War|1999 Kargil War]].<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399992/A-brief-history-of-the-Kashmir-conflict.html|title= A brief history of the Kashmir conflict|journal= The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date= 24 September 2001|access-date= 2 March 2019|issn= 0307-1235|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190108075331/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399992/A-brief-history-of-the-Kashmir-conflict.html|archive-date= 8 January 2019|url-status= live}}</ref>

As of now, the [[Line of Control]] demarcates the areas of administration: Pakistan administers the [[Azad Kashmir|territory to the northwest]] of the line; India administers the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|territory to the southeast]].<ref name="nytimes0305">{{Cite news |last=Engle |first=Jeremy |date=6 March 2019 |title=Learning With: 'Why Do India and Pakistan Keep Fighting Over Kashmir?'|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/06/learning/learning-with-why-do-india-and-pakistan-keep-fighting-over-kashmir.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701150737/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/06/learning/learning-with-why-do-india-and-pakistan-keep-fighting-over-kashmir.html |archive-date=1 July 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Since 1989, a [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|militant-fueled insurgency]] has raged in Indian-administered Kashmir, driven by a desire for either independence or union with Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 February 2019 |title=Why India and Pakistan dispute Kashmir|publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286 |url-status=live |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224045738/https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286 |archive-date=24 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Future of Kashmir? |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/south_asia/03/kashmir_future/html/6.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118091301/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/south_asia/03/kashmir_future/html/6.stm |archive-date=18 November 2018 |access-date=6 March 2019 |publisher=BBC }}</ref> The [[United Nations]] has stated Pakistan was providing material support to the militants<ref>{{citation|author1=Joanna Slater|title=Modi vows action after dozens die in deadliest attack in Indian-held Kashmir in 3 decades|date=15 February 2019|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/indias-modi-promises-retaliation-after-worst-attack-in-kashmir-in-three-decades-kills-dozens/2019/02/15/f5dd55d6-309e-11e9-8781-763619f12cb4_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217015242/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/indias-modi-promises-retaliation-after-worst-attack-in-kashmir-in-three-decades-kills-dozens/2019/02/15/f5dd55d6-309e-11e9-8781-763619f12cb4_story.html|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-date=17 February 2019|author2=Niha Masih|url-status=live}} Quote: "India and the United States accuse Pakistan of supporting and sheltering militants who launch attacks into Indian-held territory, something Pakistan denies."</ref> and stated India was committing human rights violations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zutshi |first=Chitralekha |date=5 March 2019 |title=Why the Kashmir conflict is not just an India-Pakistan border dispute |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/why-the-kashmir-conflict-is-not-just-an-india-pakistan-border-dispute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305231154/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/why-the-kashmir-conflict-is-not-just-an-india-pakistan-border-dispute |archive-date=5 March 2019 |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=PBS NewsHour}}</ref>

The standoff occurred ahead of the [[2019 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrigo |first=Billy |date=26 February 2019 |title=What to Know About Rising Tensions Between India and Pakistan |url=https://time.com/5538756/india-pakistan-kashmir-tensions-airstrikes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228031451/http://time.com/5538756/india-pakistan-kashmir-tensions-airstrikes/ |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=1 July 2023 |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref name="Kumar">{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Nikhil |date=27 February 2019 |title=Why being seen as tough on Pakistan helps India's Modi |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/26/india/india-pakistan-kashmir-analysis-intl/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226183258/https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/26/india/india-pakistan-kashmir-analysis-intl/index.html |archive-date=26 February 2019}}</ref> After the Pulwama attack, Pakistan's PM attributed Indian government's desire to retaliate against Pakistan to the upcoming election.<ref name=bbc/><ref>
{{cite web |date=19 February 2019 |title=Pakistan will address actionable evidence if shared by Delhi, PM Khan tells India after Pulwama attack |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1464783 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224101859/https://www.dawn.com/news/1464783 |archive-date=24 February 2019 |access-date=26 February 2019 |work=Dawn|location=Pakistan}}
</ref> The Indian government rejected the allegation.<ref name=bbc>
{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47290107|title=Pakistan warns India against attacking|publisher=BBC News|date=19 February 2019|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223090151/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47290107|archive-date=23 February 2019|url-status=live}}
</ref> Many analysts have stated that a military response to Pakistan would improve the electoral prospects of India's ruling party.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gramer |first1=Robbie |last2=Seligman |first2=Lara |date=27 February 2019 |title=Amid Re-Election Campaign, Modi Takes the Fight to Pakistan |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/02/27/india-kashmir-airstrikes-jem-battling-for-re-election-modi-takes-the-fight-to-pakistan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228114926/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/02/27/india-kashmir-airstrikes-jem-battling-for-re-election-modi-takes-the-fight-to-pakistan/ |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Biswas |first=Soutik |date=6 March 2019 |title='War' and India PM Modi's muscular strongman image|publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47439101 |url-status=live |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306184357/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47439101 |archive-date=6 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=Kumar/><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Das |first1=Krishna N. |last2=Ghoshal |first2=Devjyot |date=26 February 2019 |title=Air strike on Pakistan sparks celebrations in India, seen boosting Modi support|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-election-idUSKCN1QF1H1 |url-status=live |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306063501/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-election/air-strike-on-pakistan-sparks-celebrations-in-india-seen-boosting-modi-support-idUSKCN1QF1H1 |archive-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>

==Military events==

===Pulwama attack===
{{Main|2019 Pulwama attack}}

The 2019 India–Pakistan military standoff was a result of<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47370608|title=Viewpoint: India strikes in Pakistan a major escalation|date=26 February 2019|access-date=27 February 2019|publisher=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227061938/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47370608|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> a militant attack in February 2019, when a [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) convoy carrying security personnel on the [[Jammu–Srinagar National Highway]] was attacked by a [[car bomb|vehicle-borne suicide bomber]] at [[Lethpora]] in the [[Pulwama district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. Over 40 CRPF personnel and the perpetrator were killed in the attack, which [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] took responsibility for. The attacker was identified as Adil Ahmad Dar, a militant from Jammu and Kashmir, and a member of Jaish-e-Mohammed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pulwama Attack 2019, everything about J&K terror attack on CRPF by terrorist Adil Ahmed Dar, Jaish-e-Mohammad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-attack-2019-everything-about-jammu-and-kashmir-terror-attack-on-crpf-by-terrorist-adil-ahmed-dar-jaish-e-mohammad-1457530-2019-02-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218104624/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-attack-2019-everything-about-jammu-and-kashmir-terror-attack-on-crpf-by-terrorist-adil-ahmed-dar-jaish-e-mohammad-1457530-2019-02-16 |archive-date=18 February 2019 |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=India Today|date=16 February 2019 }}</ref> This was the deadliest attack on Indian forces in Kashmir since 1989.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 February 2019 |title=Deadliest Kashmir militant attack on troops|publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47240660 |url-status=live |access-date=1 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301102835/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47240660 |archive-date=1 March 2019 }}</ref>

===Balakot airstrike===
{{Main|2019 Balakot airstrike}}

On 26 February 2019, the [[Indian Air Force]] conducted airstrikes at [[Balakot]] in Pakistan. The strikes were subsequently stated to be "non-military" and "preemptive" in nature; targeting a [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] facility within Pakistan. The Indian government stated that the airstrike was in retaliation to the [[2019 Pulwama attack|Pulwama attack]] and that "a very large number of JeM terrorists, trainers, senior commanders and groups of jihadis" were eliminated who were preparing for launching another suicide attack targeting Indian assets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/iaf-struck-jems-biggest-training-camp-at-balakot-says-foreign-secretary-vijay-gokhale-on-indias-operation-in-pakistan-6154411.html|title=IAF struck 'JeM's biggest training camp' at Balakot, says Foreign Secretary Vijay Gokhale on India's operation in Pakistan|website=Firstpost|date=26 February 2019|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140256/https://www.firstpost.com/india/iaf-struck-jems-biggest-training-camp-at-balakot-says-foreign-secretary-vijay-gokhale-on-indias-operation-in-pakistan-6154411.html|archive-date=1 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Indian media reported to have confirmed from official sources that twelve [[Mirage 2000]] jets were involved in the operation and that they struck multiple militant camps in [[Balakot]], [[Chakothi]] and [[Muzaffarabad]] operated by [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and [[Hizbul Mujahideen]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/surgical-strike-on-pakistan-exact-target-of-iaf-operation-identified-as-jaba-top-air-force-carried-out-several-hits-around-site-6154391.html|title=Surgical strike on Pakistan: Exact target of IAF operation identified as Jaba Top; air force carried out several hits around site|website=Firstpost|date=26 February 2019|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228003539/https://www.firstpost.com/india/surgical-strike-on-pakistan-exact-target-of-iaf-operation-identified-as-jaba-top-air-force-carried-out-several-hits-around-site-6154391.html|archive-date=28 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> killing about 350 militants. The exact figures varied across media-houses.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chacko |first=Johann |date=1 March 2019 |title=Both India and Pakistan may be lying, and that may breed worse disasters |url=https://qz.com/india/1563323/india-pakistan-lying-on-balakot-jem-will-breed-disaster/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302152537/https://qz.com/india/1563323/india-pakistan-lying-on-balakot-jem-will-breed-disaster/ |archive-date=2 March 2019 |access-date=2 March 2019 |website=Quartz India}}</ref>

Pakistani officials acknowledged the intrusion of Indian aircraft into the country's airspace but rejected the statements about the results. They stated that the Indian jets were intercepted and that the payloads were dropped in unpopulated areas and resulted in no casualties or infrastructural damage.<ref name="BBC26Feb">{{cite news |date=26 February 2019 |title=Indian strikes target militants in Pakistan |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47366718 |url-status=live |access-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226193007/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47366718 |archive-date=26 February 2019 }}</ref> [[Pervez Khattak]], the Pakistani Defence Minister, stated that the Pakistani Air Force did not retaliate at that time because "they could not gauge the extent of the damage".<ref name="Anderson2019">{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Claire |title=Pakistan defence minister mocked after saying it was 'Too Dark' for airstrike retaliation |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1092994/pakistan-india-airstrike-latest-news-Kashmir-terror-attack-nuclear |work=[[Daily Express]] |access-date=28 February 2019|date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228065741/https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1092994/pakistan-india-airstrike-latest-news-Kashmir-terror-attack-nuclear |archive-date=28 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today India]]'' stated that the area around Balakot had been cordoned off by the Pakistan Army and evidences such as the dead bodies were being cleared from the area.<ref name="BT_26_feb">{{cite news |date=26 February 2019 |title=Pakistan trying to hide dead bodies of terrorists in Balakot, debunks India's claims: Source |work=Business Today |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/pakistan-trying-to-hide-dead-body-of-terrorists-in-balakot-tries-to-debunk-india-claims-source-171684-2019-02-2622532.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301080433/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/pakistan-trying-to-hide-dead-body-of-terrorists-in-balakot-tries-to-debunk-india-claims-source/story/322532.html |archive-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> [[Praveen Swami]] writing for [[Firstpost]] said that Indian intelligence estimated a figure of about 20 casualties and that there were five confirmed kills per burial records.<ref name="firstpost0302">{{Cite web |last=Swami |first=Praveen |date=1 March 2019 |title=Property records nail Pakistani lie on Jaish-e-Mohammed HQ in Bahawalpur, finds Firstpost investigation |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/property-records-nail-pakistani-lie-on-jaish-e-mohammed-hq-in-bahawalpur-finds-firstpost-investigation-6177441.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306053543/https://www.firstpost.com/india/property-records-nail-pakistani-lie-on-jaish-e-mohammed-hq-in-bahawalpur-finds-firstpost-investigation-6177441.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=2 March 2019 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> He also said there was a JeM rally in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa on 28 February, wherein [[Masood Azhar]]'s brother, Abdul Rauf Rasheed Alvi mentioned India's attack of their headquarters and vowed revenge.<ref name="firstpost0302" /> In another piece he stated that RAW analysts estimated 90 casualties including three Pakistani Army trainers, based on intercepted communications.<ref name=":1" /> Swami also said there was a lack of witness testimony to independently assess the validity of above statements.<ref name=":1" />

This airstrike was the first time since the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] that aerial attacks had been carried out across the Line of Control.<ref name=":1" />

Villagers from the area said that four bombs struck a nearby forest and a field resulting in damage to a building and injuring a local man around 3:00 am.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1919080/1-no-blood-no-bodies-no-debris-no-tragedy/|title=No blood. No bodies. No debris. No tragedy|date=27 February 2019|website=The Express Tribune|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227234154/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1919080/1-no-blood-no-bodies-no-debris-no-tragedy/|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last1=Shahzad |first1=Asif |last2=Naqash |first2=Abu Arqam |date=1 March 2019 |title=Pakistani village asks: Where are bodies of militants India says it bombed?|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-village-idUSKCN1QH298 |url-status=live |access-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302111622/https://in.reuters.com/article/india-kashmir-village-idINKCN1QH29B |archive-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Hashim |first=Asad |date=28 February 2019 |title=At raid site, no casualties and a mysterious school |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/indian-air-raid-site-casualties-mysterious-madrassa-190227183058957.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228140436/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/indian-air-raid-site-casualties-mysterious-madrassa-190227183058957.html |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=28 February 2019 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> On 28 February 2019, Pakistani [[Reuters]] reporters Asif Shahzad, Abu Arqam Naqash reported that the structure and its vicinity (of the bomb site) to be intact from the rear,<ref name=":2" /> however on 8 March 2019, the Reuters media team was prevented for third time from climbing hill to the closely guarded madrasa site in Balakot.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2019 |title=Reuters team prevented for third time from climbing hill to madrasa site in Balakot|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-denies-reuters-access-to-madarasa-targetted-by-iaf/article26471697.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331224442/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-denies-reuters-access-to-madarasa-targetted-by-iaf/article26471697.ece |archive-date=31 March 2019 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Some diplomats and analysts have raised doubts about the efficacy of the strike, stating that the terrorist groups along the border would have vacated the area, after the Indian Prime Minister vowed to retaliate against the Pulwama attack.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Abi-Habib |first1=Maria |last2=Ramzy |first2=Austin |date=26 February 2019 |title=Indian Jets Strike in Pakistan in Revenge for Kashmir Attack|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jets.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527130621/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jets.html |archive-date=27 May 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The local people varied as to the purpose of the facility.<ref name=":3" /> Whilst some stated it being an active Jaish training camp, others stated it to have been a mere school for the local kids and that such militant camps had used to exist far earlier.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Satellite-data analysis by Nathan Ruser, from the [[Australian Strategic Policy Institute]] said there was an absence of any apparent evidence to verify Indian statements.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruser |first=Nathan |date=1 March 2019 |title=Did Balakot Airstrikes Hit Their Target? Satellite Imagery Raises Doubts |url=https://thewire.in/security/balakot-airstrikes-india-pakistan-satellite-images |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302152240/https://thewire.in/security/balakot-airstrikes-india-pakistan-satellite-images |archive-date=2 March 2019 |access-date=2 March 2019 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref name=cnbctv18>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/eyewitnesses-say-indian-air-strike-on-balakot-killed-dozens-of-terrorists-including-former-isi-agents-2465611.htm|title=Eyewitnesses say Indian air strike on Balakot killed terrorists, former ISI agents|website=cnbctv18.com|date=2 March 2019|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043807/https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/eyewitnesses-say-indian-air-strike-on-balakot-killed-dozens-of-terrorists-including-former-isi-agents-2465611.htm|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Michael Sheldon, a digital forensics analyst at the [[Atlantic Council]], did an independent investigation on the issue, in which he said that no damage was caused to any infrastructure around the target site. He concluded that "something appears to have gone wrong in the targeting process", which was mysterious in light of the autonomous nature of the missiles reportedly used.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last1=Safi |first1=Michael |last2=Zahra-Malik |first2=Mehreen |date=5 March 2019 |title=Kashmir's fog of war: how conflicting accounts benefit both sides|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/05/kashmir-fog-of-war-how-conflicting-accounts-benefit-india-pakistan |url-status=live |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305122254/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/05/kashmir-fog-of-war-how-conflicting-accounts-benefit-india-pakistan |archive-date=5 March 2019 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2019 |title=Surgical Strike in Pakistan a Botched Operation? |url=https://medium.com/dfrlab/surgical-strike-in-pakistan-a-botched-operation-7f6cda834b24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304154449/https://medium.com/dfrlab/surgical-strike-in-pakistan-a-botched-operation-7f6cda834b24 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=DFRLab}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slater |first=Joanna |date=1 March 2019 |title=In crisis with Pakistan, India's Modi keeps eye on elections |newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/modi-india-no-longer-helpless-in-face-of-terror-after-crisis-with-pakistan/2019/03/01/31d6667c-3c20-11e9-b786-d6abcbcd212a_story.html|url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306084810/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/modi-india-no-longer-helpless-in-face-of-terror-after-crisis-with-pakistan/2019/03/01/31d6667c-3c20-11e9-b786-d6abcbcd212a_story.html |archive-date=6 March 2019}}</ref> However, Pakistan had to close the site for one and a half month or 43 days before opened to foreign delegates and media.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gurung |first=Shaurya Karanbir |date=29 March 2019 |title=A month after Indian air strike, Pakistan takes journalists to Balakot site |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/a-month-after-indian-air-strike-pakistan-takes-journalists-to-balakot-site/articleshow/68636173.cms |website=The Economic Times }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1475189|title=Foreign journalists given access to madressah near site of Balakot strike|date=10 April 2019|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/pakistan-takes-media-to-balakot-air-strike-site-curtails-interactions-2096733.html|title=43 Days After Balakot Air Strike by IAF, Pakistan Takes Media Team And Diplomats to 'Site'|date=10 April 2019|website=News18}}</ref>

The Indian officials stated that [[synthetic aperture radar]] showed that four buildings had been destroyed.<ref name="cnbctv18" /> Vice-Marshal RGK Kapoor of the Indian Air Force said on 28 February 2019 that though it was "premature" to provide details about the casualties, they had "fairly credible evidence" of the damage inflicted on the camp by the air strikes.<ref name=":2" />

In April 2019, [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Indian External Affairs Minister]] [[Sushma Swaraj]] officially revealed that no Pakistani soldier or civilian was hurt in Balakot air raids.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=18 April 2019 |title=No Pak. soldier or civilian died in Balakot: Sushma Swaraj |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/no-pak-soldier-or-civilian-died-in-balakot/article61560652.ece |access-date=24 February 2024 |work=The Hindu|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2019 |title=No Pakistan soldier or citizen died in Balakot air strike, says Sushma Swaraj |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/no-pakistan-soldier-or-citizen-died-in-balakot-air-strike-says-sushma-swaraj-3004951.htm |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=CNBCTV18}}</ref>

===Border skirmishes===
Heavy skirmishes between Pakistani and Indian forces occurred along the Line of Control on 26 February, with small arms and mortar fire being exchanged.<ref>{{cite news |title=Heavy firing by Pakistan along LoC, Army strongly retaliates |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/heavy-firing-by-pakistan-along-loc-army-strongly-retaliates/story-KmTBaM2e26NGJPw4YXKAYI.html |access-date=26 February 2019 |work=Hindustan Times|date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226175021/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/heavy-firing-by-pakistan-along-loc-army-strongly-retaliates/story-KmTBaM2e26NGJPw4YXKAYI.html |archive-date=26 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pakistani officials reported that at least four civilians were killed, and eleven were wounded.<ref name=dawn>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1466171|title=4 AJK civilians dead, 11 wounded in 'indiscriminate' Indian shelling across LoC|first=Tariq|last=Naqash|date=27 February 2019|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227095047/https://www.dawn.com/news/1466171|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Naqash |first1=Abu Arqam |last2=Miglani |first2=Sanjeev |date=26 February 2019 |title=India launches air strike in Pakistan; Islamabad denies militant camp hit|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan/india-launches-air-strike-inside-pakistan-islamabad-denies-militant-camp-hit-idUSKCN1QF07B |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226171744/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan/india-launches-air-strike-inside-pakistan-islamabad-denies-militant-camp-hit-idUSKCN1QF07B |archive-date=26 February 2019}}</ref> A 55-year-old woman and her two children were killed in the [[Nakyal]] sector. In the Khuiratta sector, a 40-year-old woman was killed.<ref name="dawn" />

Throughout 27 February, heavy exchanges of fire between Indian and Pakistani forces continued along the [[Line of Control]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India-Pakistan reportedly exchange heavy fire on Line of Control – USD/INR may extend gains |url=https://www.forexcrunch.com/india-pakistan-reportedly-exchange-heavy-fire-on-line-of-control-usd-inr-may-extend-gains/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227194659/https://www.fxstreet.com/news/india-pakistan-reportedly-exchange-heavy-fire-on-line-of-control-usd-inr-may-extend-gains-201902271402 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=FXStreet|date=27 February 2019 }}</ref> Ten Indian soldiers were injured along with two residential houses being destroyed in the skirmishes.<ref name="tense">{{cite news |title=J&K: Pakistan army uses tanks on LoC in Sialkot sector, situation tense, say sources |newspaper=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/j-k-pakistan-army-tanks-loc-sialkot-sector-situation-tense-sources-1465911-2019-02-27 |url-status=live |access-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228130304/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/j-k-pakistan-army-tanks-loc-sialkot-sector-situation-tense-sources-1465911-2019-02-27 |archive-date=28 February 2019 }}</ref> The Pakistani Army stated that on 1 March, two of its soldiers were killed by firing from the Indian Army at the Line of Control.<ref name="ChicagoTribune">{{cite web |last1=Mughal |first1=Roshan |last2=Hussain |first2=Aijaz |date=2 March 2019 |title=8 killed in India-Pakistan fighting after return of downed Indian fighter pilot |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-india-pakistan-kashmir-20190302-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302215616/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-india-pakistan-kashmir-20190302-story.html |archive-date=2 March 2019 |access-date=3 March 2019 |work=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Shelling across the Line of Control reportedly killed a [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Kashmiri]] woman and her two sons after a shell landed on their home, with another civilian being critically wounded.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-03 |title=India, Pakistan resume shelling along volatile Kashmir border |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190303-india-pakistan-shelling-kashmir-border |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> On 6 and 7 March, Pakistani and Indian forces exchanged heavy artillery fire along the line of control, with Pakistani forces using 130 mm and 105 mm artillery and 120 mm mortars.<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes">{{cite news |last1=Gurung |first1=Shaurya Karanbir |title=Army uses Bofors guns to respond to border shelling by Pakistan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-uses-bofors-guns-to-respond-to-border-shelling-by-pakistan/articleshow/68296755.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=7 March 2019}}</ref> In response to the Pakistani artillery fire, the Indian army began utilizing [[Haubits FH77|155mm FH77B Bofors]] cannons against Pakistani positions.<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes"/>

===Retaliatory airstrikes, capture and release of pilot, and friendly fire===
{{main|2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes}}

[[File:Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman in a MiG-21 Trainer aircraft, at Air Force Station Pathankot, Punjab on September 02, 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Indian Air Force pilot [[Abhinandan Varthaman]], who was captured in Pakistan after his aircraft was shot down in an aerial dogfight. He was later released.]]
On 27 February, Pakistani military officials announced that Pakistan had carried out an airstrike against multiple targets in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. A military spokesman claimed that the [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) was able to lock onto Indian military installations, but opted to drop weapons into open areas instead, "to avoid human loss and collateral damage.{{Unbalanced opinion|date=July 2021}}<ref name="nation.com.pk">{{cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/27-Feb-2019/pakistan-has-capability-but-wants-peace-dg-ispr|title=Pakistan had no choice but to respond, says DG ISPR|date=27 February 2019|website=The Nation|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227124156/https://nation.com.pk/27-Feb-2019/pakistan-has-capability-but-wants-peace-dg-ispr|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistan's Prime Minister [[Imran Khan]] said that the airstrikes only aimed to "send a message" and appealed for negotiations to avoid a full-blown war.<ref name="guardian">{{Cite news |last1=Safi |first1=Michael |last2=Zahra-Malik |first2=Mehreen |date=2019-02-28 |title=India demands safe return of pilot shot down by Pakistan over Kashmir|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/27/pakistan-pm-imran-khan-appeals-talks-india-war-kashmir |url-status=live |access-date=2023-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227175649/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/27/pakistan-pm-imran-khan-appeals-talks-india-war-kashmir |archive-date=27 February 2019 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The spokesman further said that the Pakistan Air Force had shot down two Indian aircraft after they encroached on Pakistan's airspace, one of which fell in Pakistan administered Kashmir while the other fell in Indian administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hashim |first=Asad |date=27 February 2019 |title=Pakistan shoots down two Indian fighter jets: Military |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/pakistan-shoots-indian-fighter-jets-military-190227055937142.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228124544/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/pakistan-shoots-indian-fighter-jets-military-190227055937142.html |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1466347|title=2 Indian aircraft violating Pakistani airspace shot down; pilot arrested|date=2019-02-27|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|access-date=2019-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227111650/https://www.dawn.com/news/1466347|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also stated that [[Pakistan Army]] had captured two Indian pilots, one of whom was said to be injured and taken to the Combined Military Hospital.<ref name="cnn-27feb">{{cite news |last1=Regan |first1=Helen |last2=Kumar |first2=Nikhil |last3=Raja |first3=Adeel |last4=Gupta |first4=Swati |date=28 February 2019 |title=Pakistan says it shot down two Indian jets as Kashmir border crisis deepens |publisher=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/27/india/india-pakistan-strikes-escalation-intl/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227081256/https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/27/india/india-pakistan-strikes-escalation-intl/index.html |archive-date=27 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 February 2019 |title=2 Indian aircraft violating Pakistani airspace shot down; 2 pilots arrested |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1466347 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227094831/https://www.dawn.com/news/1466347 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |work=Dawn|location=Pakistan}}</ref> But a subsequent statement revised the count down to one–[[Abhinandan Varthaman]], a Wing Commander.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan claims IAF's Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman in its custody, releases video |newspaper=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pakistan-claims-iafs-wing-commander-abhinandan-varthaman-in-its-custody-releases-video-1466166-2019-02-27 |url-status=live |access-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182047/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pakistan-claims-iafs-wing-commander-abhinandan-varthaman-in-its-custody-releases-video-1466166-2019-02-27 |archive-date=27 February 2019 }}</ref> According to Indian media allegations, the other pilot the Pakistan Army claimed to have captured and taken to the Combined Military Hospital is claimed to be the downed F-16 pilot.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Joshi|first=Sameer|date=7 April 2019|title=In PAF lies & subterfuge, an F-16 tail number & a PAF pilot -both hidden to serve a myth|work=The Print|url=https://theprint.in/defence/in-paf-lies-subterfuge-f-16-tail-number-paf-pilot-both-hidden-to-serve-myth/218125/|access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-04-08|title=With radar images, IAF proves F-16 was shot down, exposes Pakistan|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/with-radar-images-iaf-proves-f-16-was-shot-down-exposes-pakistan-119040801312_1.html|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharan|first=Sunil|date=2019-05-01|title=The mystery of the missing F-16|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/strategic-insights/the-mystery-of-the-missing-f-16/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-20|website=The Times of India Blog|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070457/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/strategic-insights/the-mystery-of-the-missing-f-16/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 }}</ref> On the other hand, according to ''The National Bureau of Asian Research'', such claims of an F-16 being shot down by India are said to be ''"debunked"''.<ref name="Daniel S. Markey (27 January 2022).">Daniel S. Markey (27 January 2022). ''[https://www.nbr.org/publication/the-strategic-implications-of-indias-illiberalism-and-democratic-erosion/ The Strategic Implications of India’s Illiberalism and Democratic Erosion]''. pg. 100-101. The National Bureau of Asian Research. Article in Asia Policy 17.1. ''[https://www.nbr.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/publications/asiapolicy17-1_markey_jan2022.pdf Free Article Access Link]''. Archived ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220129095109/https://www.nbr.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/publications/asiapolicy17-1_markey_jan2022.pdf Version of Free Access Link]''. Retrieved 29 January 2022.</ref> US count of PAF's F-16 fleet and Independent media reports confirmed that no F-16 was shot down during aerial dogfight between IAF and PAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Count Found No Pak F-16s Missing, Contradicts India's Claim: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/us-count-found-no-pakistan-f-16s-missing-contradicts-indias-claim-foreign-policy-report-2018244 |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> The Indian claim of shooting down of a PAF F-16 was also rebutted by the prominent geo-political and military analyst Professor [[C. Christine Fair|Christina Fair]] who stated while rejecting IAF claims "IAF narrative is not based on an empirical body of facts but dictated more by things deployed by politicians to win elections".<ref name="auto6"/>

India rejected this version of events and stated to have "successfully foiled" Pakistan's attempt to "target military installations".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pandit |first1=Rajat |last2=Parashar |first2=Sachin |date=28 February 2019 |title=Tension in the air: IAF, PAF lose a jet each; pilot in Pakistan custody |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tension-in-the-air-iaf-paf-lose-a-jet-each-pilot-in-pakistan-custody/articleshow/68192759.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228031452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tension-in-the-air-iaf-paf-lose-a-jet-each-pilot-in-pakistan-custody/articleshow/68192759.cms |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=The Times of India }}</ref> An [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) official statement hours after the airstrike stated that bombs had been dropped on Indian army [[Compound (fortification)|formation compounds]], but there was no damage to military installations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/tri-services-speak-in-one-voice-against-pakistani-misadventurism/articleshow/68205750.cms?from=mdr|title=We are on heightened state of readiness: Defence forces|website=The Economic Times|access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref> The Indian military later stated that three Pakistan Air Force jets had crossed the Line of Control (LoC) from [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir]] and had dropped bombs over Nadian, Laam Jhangar, Kerri in [[Rajouri District]] and Hamirpur area of Bhimber Galli in [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]], before being pushed back by six Indian airforce jets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/02/27/pakistan-jets-violate-indian-air-space-kashmir-nowshera-drop-bombs.html|title=Pakistan jets violate Indian airspace in Kashmir's Nowshera, drop bombs|website=The Week|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227100228/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/02/27/pakistan-jets-violate-indian-air-space-kashmir-nowshera-drop-bombs.html|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian pilot 'missing in action'; IAF shoots down Pakistan's jet: What we know so far |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pakistani-jets-violate-indian-air-space-in-jks-nowshera/articleshow/68179676.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227111730/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pakistani-jets-violate-indian-air-space-in-jks-nowshera/articleshow/68179676.cms |archive-date=27 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=The Times of India|date=27 February 2019 }}</ref> There were no damage or casualties.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite news |title=Pakistani jets cross LoC, Indian Air Force takes down one F-16 |newspaper=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pakistan-fighter-jets-violate-loc-indian-air-force-airstrike-jammu-kashmir-nowshera-rajouri-1466040-2019-02-27 |url-status=live |access-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227071807/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pakistan-fighter-jets-violate-loc-indian-air-force-airstrike-jammu-kashmir-nowshera-rajouri-1466040-2019-02-27 |archive-date=27 February 2019 }}</ref> Raveesh Kumar from the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Indian Ministry of External Affairs]] also stated that a Pakistani aircraft of the sortie was shot down by the [[Indian Air Force]] in the process.<ref name="mea.gov.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/31098/Statement_by_Official_Spokesperson_on_27_February_2019|title=Statement by Official Spokesperson on 27 February 2019|website=mea.gov.in|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227181051/https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl%2F31098%2FStatement_by_Official_Spokesperson_on_27_February_2019|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47383634|title=India Pakistan: Kashmir fighting sees Indian aircraft downed|date=27 February 2019|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227074808/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47383634|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Indian Ministry of External Affairs confirmed<ref name="mea.gov.in" /> that an Indian pilot was missing in action after a MiG-21 Bison fighter plane was lost while engaging with Pakistani jets.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 February 2019 |editor-last=Kirti |editor-first=Sumedha |title=India-Pak Tensions LIVE: IAF Wing Commander Missing After MiG-21 Crash, Pakistan Claims He is in Their Custody, Says Govt |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/india-pak-tensions-live-iaf-wing-commander-missing-after-mig-21-crash-pakistan-claims-he-is-in-their-custody-says-govt-2049727.html |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=News18}}</ref>

The retaliatory air strikes coupled with the capture of the Indian pilot led to a heightened state of military alert. Tanks were deployed to the border in the Pakistani side whilst several Kashmiri residents reportedly fled their homes and painted their homes with red-cross signs to avert air-strikes.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Abi-Habib |first1=Maria |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |date=27 February 2019 |title=Pakistani Military Says It Downed Two Indian Warplanes, Capturing Pilot|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/27/world/asia/kashmir-india-pakistan-aircraft.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302112340/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/27/world/asia/kashmir-india-pakistan-aircraft.html |archive-date=2 March 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Pakistan released the captured pilot on 1 March, describing the move as a gesture of peace.<ref name="Captured">{{cite news|title=Abhinandan: Captured Indian pilot handed back by Pakistan|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-47412884|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301173217/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-47412884|archive-date=1 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2019 |title=Pakistan will release Indian Pilot Abhinandan tomorrow as a gesture of peace: Prime Minister Imran Khanpic.twitter.com/6aUN4S9JVb |url=https://twitter.com/pid_gov/status/1101077823987613697 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228211548/https://twitter.com/pid_gov/status/1101077823987613697 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=@pid_gov}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=April 2024}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2019 |title=Pakistan 'to free Indian pilot on Friday'|publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47399126 |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228144841/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47399126 |archive-date=28 February 2019 }}</ref> The Indian Air Force though stated that the pilot's release was an obligation under the [[Geneva Conventions]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2019 |title=No goodwill gesture to return pilot Abhinandan, was expected under Geneva Conventions, says IAF |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/abhinandan-varthaman-indian-air-force-pakistan-geneva-conventions-1467436-2019-02-28 |url-status=live |access-date=1 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228220126/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/abhinandan-varthaman-indian-air-force-pakistan-geneva-conventions-1467436-2019-02-28 |archive-date=28 February 2019 }}</ref> The Indian media also criticized Pakistan's release of his photographs and interrogation videos to be against the protocols of the convention.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Debayan |date=1 March 2019 |title=Did Geneva Conventions Make Pakistan Release IAF Pilot or Was it A Peace Gesture? News18 Explains |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/did-geneva-conventions-make-pakistan-release-iaf-pilot-or-was-it-a-peace-gesture-news18-explains-2052599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302024818/https://www.news18.com/news/india/did-geneva-conventions-make-pakistan-release-iaf-pilot-or-was-it-a-peace-gesture-news18-explains-2052599.html |archive-date=2 March 2019 |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2019 |title=Captured IAF pilot handed over to Delhi as 'peace gesture' |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1466951 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301165512/https://www.dawn.com/news/1466951 |archive-date=1 March 2019 |access-date=1 March 2019 |work=Dawn|location=Pakistan}}</ref> A video published by the state just prior to his release that showed him praising Pakistani Army and condemning Indian media was criticized for being heavily edited.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/01/pakistan-hands-back-indian-pilot-shot-down-over-kashmir-in-peace-gesture|title=Pakistan returns Indian pilot shot down over Kashmir in 'peace gesture'|last=Safi|first=Michael|date=1 March 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=2 March 2019|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302120826/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/01/pakistan-hands-back-indian-pilot-shot-down-over-kashmir-in-peace-gesture|archive-date=2 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 March 2019 |title=Pakistan hands back captured Indian pilot|publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47412884 |url-status=live |access-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302131948/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47412884 |archive-date=2 March 2019 }}</ref>

=== Friendly fire against Indian Air Force Mi-17 Helicopter ===
In the same hours of PAF retaliatory airstrikes in Jammu and Kashmir on 27 February 2019, [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] mistakenly shot down its own [[Mil Mi-17|MI-17]] helicopter, mistaking it an enemy aircraft.<ref name="auto4"/> Resultantly, six (6) IAF personnel who were serving as a crew of IAF MI-17 lost their lives including MI-17 pilots, namely, Squadron Leaders Siddharth Vashisht and Ninad Mandavgan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=25 January 2020 |title=Pilots of IAF chopper shot down in friendly fire in Budgam awarded gallantry medals |url=https://theprint.in/defence/pilots-of-iaf-chopper-shot-down-in-friendly-fire-in-budgam-awarded-gallantry-medals/354529/ |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=ThePrint}}</ref> IAF Chief [[R. K. S. Bhadauria|RKS Bahaduria]] admitted IAF's negligence only a year latter in 2019, terming it "a big mistake".<ref name="auto7"/> IAF convened an enquiry commission in which Group Captain Suman Roy Choudhry Chief Operations Officers (COO) of [[Srinagar Air Force Station]] during PAF airstrikes, was dismissed from his service in 2023.<ref name="auto5"/>

=== Alleged Indian naval intrusion ===
On 5 March, the [[Pakistani Navy]] claimed to have successfully warded off an intrusion attempt by an Indian submarine into its [[territorial waters]] and released a video of a surfaced submarine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pakistan-navy-claims-it-thwarted-indian-submarine-from-entering-its-waters/story-Bh2jiJolHkHK8dnPthmj6O.html|title=Pakistan Navy claims it thwarted Indian submarine from entering its waters|date=5 March 2019|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305123212/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pakistan-navy-claims-it-thwarted-indian-submarine-from-entering-its-waters/story-Bh2jiJolHkHK8dnPthmj6O.html|archive-date=5 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pakistan-navy-indian-navy-submarine-video-1470645-2019-03-05|title=Pakistan claims it chased away Indian Navy submarine, releases video|work=India Today|access-date=5 March 2019|date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305105951/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pakistan-navy-indian-navy-submarine-video-1470645-2019-03-05|archive-date=5 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1467778|title=Pakistan Navy foils attempt by Indian submarine to enter Pakistani waters|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=5 March 2019|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|location=Pakistan|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305123659/https://www.dawn.com/news/1467778|archive-date=5 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Indian Navy]] subsequently rejected these statements as "false propaganda."<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan's claims on Indian submarine false propaganda: Navy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/false-propaganda-navy-rubbishes-pak-claims-on-indian-submarine/articleshow/68272945.cms |access-date=5 March 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=5 March 2019}}</ref>

==Other incidents==
===Closure of Pakistani airspace===
On 27 February, Pakistan cancelled all commercial flights and closed its airspace until the midnight of 28 February.<ref name="DawnStranded">{{cite news |title=Thousands stranded in Thailand, a day after Pakistan closes airspace |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1466654/thousands-stranded-in-thailand-a-day-after-pakistan-closes-airspace |access-date=28 February 2019 |work=Dawn|location=Pakistan |date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228104801/https://www.dawn.com/news/1466654/thousands-stranded-in-thailand-a-day-after-pakistan-closes-airspace |archive-date=28 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DawnAirspace">{{cite news |first1=Sirajuddin |last1=Qazi Hassan |title=Pakistani airspace to remain closed till Thursday midnight |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1466348 |access-date=28 February 2019 |work=DAWN |date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227200352/https://www.dawn.com/news/1466348 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[NOTAM]] was issued by the [[Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority]] to close the airspace.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AirportPakistan/status/1100668226386649089|title=Civil Aviation Authority of #Pakistan has officially closed its airspace until further notice & issued NOTAM. pic.twitter.com/qGZBMiKxvG|last=Pakistan|first=C. A. A.|date=27 February 2019|website=@AirportPakistan|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228105317/https://twitter.com/AirportPakistan/status/1100668226386649089|archive-date=28 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=April 2024}} Airlines were required to reroute or cancel their flights with routes planned over Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=India-Pakistan tensions force airlines to cancel and reroute flights {{!}} DW {{!}} 28 February 2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-pakistan-tensions-force-airlines-to-cancel-and-reroute-flights/a-47720001 |access-date=28 February 2019 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228100204/https://www.dw.com/en/india-pakistan-tensions-force-airlines-to-cancel-and-reroute-flights/a-47720001 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 1 March, the NOTAM closing the airspace was extended until 8:00 AM ([[UTC]]) on 4 March with 23 exceptions listed.<ref>https://www.caapakistan.com.pk/upload/Notams/A210-19.txt{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pakistan's airspace was closed for flights crossing the country's airspace except for arriving and departing flights at major airports in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caapakistan.com.pk/NOTAMS/NotamView.aspx|title=Notices to Airmen (NOTAMS)|website=caapakistan.com.pk}}</ref> The airspace closure was again repeatedly extended,.<ref name="DT_airspace">{{cite news |title=Pakistan closes its airspace till March 11 |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/363185/pakistan-closes-its-airspace-till-the-march-11/ |access-date=10 March 2019 |work=Daily Times |date=9 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="HinduAirspace">{{cite news |last1=Haidar |first1=Suhasini |last2=Chandra |first2=Jagriti |title=Pakistan airspace closure hits Afghan, Kazakh, Russian airlines |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/pakistan-airspace-closure-hits-afghan-kazakh-russian-airlines/article26714533.ece |access-date=3 April 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403071712/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/pakistan-airspace-closure-hits-afghan-kazakh-russian-airlines/article26714533.ece |archive-date=3 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TH_aispaceBan">{{cite news |last1=Chandra |first1=Jagriti |title=Pakistan extends ban on use of its airspace for flights till June 15 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistan-extends-ban-on-use-of-its-airspace-for-flights-to-june-15/article27282736.ece |access-date=29 May 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=29 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pakistan-airspace-closure-costs-over-rs-548-crore-to-indian-airlines-1562254701059.html|title=Pakistan airspace closure costs over ₹548 crore to Indian airlines|date=4 July 2019|website=Livemint}}</ref> The Pakistan finally opened its airspace for all civilian aircraft on 15 July 2019, after 140 days.<ref name="AirspaceOpens">{{cite news |title=Pakistan reopens airspace for all civilian traffic; Indian flights to operate soon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistan-opens-airspace-for-all-civilian-traffic-indian-flights-to-operate-soon/article28462590.ece |access-date=16 July 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=16 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="140Days">{{cite news |title=Normal air traffic resumes as India follows Pakistan, lifts ban on airspace |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-pakistan-airspace-ban-lifted-normal-air-traffic-resumes-1569840-2019-07-16 |work=India Today}}</ref>

India did not close down its civilian air traffic and only the [[Srinagar]] airspace was closed for 2–3 hours on the day of the skirmish.<ref name="DhanoaHindu">{{cite news |last1=Peri |first1=Dinakar |title=Did not let tensions with Pakistan dictate our civil aviation: Air Chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/did-not-let-tensions-with-pakistan-dictate-our-civil-aviation-air-chief-bs-dhanoa/article28124276.ece |access-date=16 July 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=24 June 2019}}</ref> However the Pakistani flights were allowed usage of Indian airspace only after 15 July when Pakistan opened up its airspace.<ref name="IndiaRestoresTraffic">{{cite news |title=Normal air traffic resumes as India follows Pakistan, lifts ban on airspace |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-pakistan-airspace-ban-lifted-normal-air-traffic-resumes-1569840-2019-07-16 |access-date=16 July 2019 |work=India Today |date=16 July 2019}}</ref>

The airspace closure led to a loss of {{US$|100 Million}} for Pakistan due to the skipping of its airspace by an average of 400 aircraft daily.<ref name="Toi_Loss">{{cite news |title=Pakistan lost millions in airspace closure post Balakot strike: Here's how countries earn from thin air |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/70067762.cms |access-date=16 July 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Air India suffered loss of {{INR|491 Crore}} till 2 July, as it had to reroute its flights that were affected by the closure of Pakistani airspace. Similarly private Indian airlines [[SpiceJet]] lost ₹ 30.73 crore, [[IndiGo]] lost ₹ 25.1 crore and [[GoAir]] lost ₹ 2.1 crore.<ref name="ITPak">{{cite news |title=Pakistan reopens airspace for {{sic|civi|llian|nolink=y}} traffic 140 days after Balakot airstrike |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pakistan-reopens-airspace-civillian-traffic-140-days-balakot-airstrike-1569810-2019-07-16 |access-date=16 July 2019 |work=India Today |date=16 July 2019}}</ref>

===Suspension of Samjhauta Express===
On 28 February, [[Samjhauta Express]], a train that runs twice weekly between India and Pakistan, was suspended by the government of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=LIVE: Pakistan suspends cross-border Samjhauta Express |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/live-updates-india-pakistan-iaf-surgical-strike-pakistan-suspends-cross-border-samjhauta-express-3582911.html |publisher=[[Moneycontrol.com]] |access-date=28 February 2019|date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228044505/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/live-updates-india-pakistan-iaf-surgical-strike-pakistan-suspends-cross-border-samjhauta-express-3582911.html |archive-date=28 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was scheduled to depart from [[Lahore]] with 16 passengers, who were stranded there.<ref name="IT_Samjahuta">{{cite news |title=Amid tensions with India, Pakistan suspends Samjhauta Express |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-pakistan-tension-samjhauta-express-suspend-train-railways-1466832-2019-02-28 |access-date=28 February 2019 |work=India Today |date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228081125/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-pakistan-tension-samjhauta-express-suspend-train-railways-1466832-2019-02-28 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 4 March, Pakistan, and consequently India, resumed the operations of Samjhauta Express.<ref>{{cite web |title=Samjhauta Express train resumes operation today |url=https://nation.com.pk/04-Mar-2019/samjhauta-express-resumes-operation-carries-151-passengers-from-lahore |work=The Nation |access-date=4 March 2019|date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304160341/https://nation.com.pk/04-Mar-2019/samjhauta-express-resumes-operation-carries-151-passengers-from-lahore |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Pakistan arrests suspected militants===
On 5 March, Pakistan arrested 44 members of various groups, including the Jaish-e-Muhammad. Some of those arrested had been named by India in a dossier it gave to Pakistan in the aftermath of the Pulwama attack.<ref name="Asghar">{{Cite web |last=Hashim |first=Asad |date=5 March 2019 |title=Pakistan arrests scores in fresh crackdown on armed groups |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/3/5/pakistan-arrests-scores-in-fresh-crackdown-on-armed-groups |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306074615/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/190305135807274.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=1 July 2023 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Pakistan said those arrested will be held for at least 14 days, and if India provided further evidence they would be prosecuted.<ref name="Asghar" /> Among those arrested were relatives of JeM leader [[Masood Azhar]], including his son Hamad Azhar and his brother Abdul Rauf.<ref name=Asghar/>

==Peace offer==

Both Prime Minister Imran Khan of Pakistan and Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi agreed on a peace offer on 22 March 2019 ending hostilities and vowed to fight against terrorism together.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Gul |first=Ayaz |date=22 March 2019 |title=Pakistani PM Receives National Day Greetings from Indian Counterpart |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/pakistani-pm-receives-national-day-greetings-from-indian-counterpart/4843592.html |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=VOA}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/03/22/time-to-work-together-indias-modi-messages-pm-imran/|title=Pakistan welcomes India's peace offer | Pakistan Today|website=Pakistan Today}}</ref>

==Aftermath and analysis==

=== Revocation of special status and August border clashes ===
{{main|2019 Kashmir lockdown}}

On 5 August 2019, the [[Government of India]] [[Indian revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status|revoked]] the [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India#Autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir: Structure and limitations|special status]] granted to [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir>{{citation|last1=Akhtar|first1=Rais|last2=Kirk|first2=William|title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir |access-date=7 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947."</ref>

On 15 August Pakistan and Indian forces exchanged fire over the disputed frontier in Kashmir, leaving 3 Pakistani soldiers dead and two civilians.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farmer |first=Ben |date=15 August 2019 |title=Five killed as Pakistan and India trade fire amid Kashmir tension |newspaper=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/08/15/pakistani-prime-minister-warns-ethnic-cleansing-kashmir/ }}</ref>

On 21 August the Indian-administered Kasmir police informed about a gun battle that left a rebel and a police officer killed.<ref name="aljazeera.com">{{Cite web |title=Two killed in first Kashmir gun battle since lockdown began |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/killed-gun-battle-indian-administered-kashmir-190821062557343.html |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> The deceased militant was a member of [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] a terror organization.<ref name="aljazeera.com"/>

== Legacy ==
In 2023, [[Mike Pompeo]], who served as [[United States Secretary of State]] during the crisis, claimed that U.S. diplomacy prevented the dispute from sparking a nuclear war. According to Pompeo, he was informed by [[Sushma Swaraj]] in February 2019 that the Indian government believed Pakistan was preparing a nuclear attack, and that India was preparing an escalatory response. Pompeo claimed that he and then-national security advisor [[John Bolton]] spoke with then-Pakistani Army Chief [[Qamar Javed Bajwa]] in "the tiny secure communications facility in our hotel" to deescalate the dispute. Neither the Indian Ministry of External Affairs or Pakistani Foreign Office commented on Pompeo's claims.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2023 |title=India, Pakistan came close to a nuclear war, claims former U.S. Secretary of State in new book|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-pakistan-came-close-to-a-nuclear-war-claims-former-us-secretary-of-state-in-new-book/article66429650.ece |access-date=25 January 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==International reaction==
A number of nations, including Australia,<ref>{{cite news |title=Australia Asks India, Pak To 'Exercise Restraint', Engage in Dialogue |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/world-news-australia-asks-india-pak-to-exercise-restraint-engage-in-dialogue/326180 |work=Outlook |date=26 February 2019 |access-date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227053325/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/world-news-australia-asks-india-pak-to-exercise-restraint-engage-in-dialogue/326180 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Canada,<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2019/02/canada-calls-for-de-escalation-between-india-and-pakistan.html| title=Canada calls for de-escalation between India and Pakistan| date=27 February 2019| publisher=Government of Canada| archive-date=3 March 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303044240/https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2019/02/canada-calls-for-de-escalation-between-india-and-pakistan.html| url-status=live| access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> China,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/china-soft-on-pakistan-always-opposed-terrorism-1466070-2019-02-27|title=China goes soft on Pakistan, says it has always opposed terrorism|date=27 February 2019|work=[[India Today]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228065725/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/china-soft-on-pakistan-always-opposed-terrorism-1466070-2019-02-27|archive-date=28 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Indonesia,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khaliq |first1=Riyaz ul |title=Indonesia calls on India, Pakistan to reduce tensions |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/indonesia-calls-on-india-pakistan-to-reduce-tensions/1405064 |access-date=28 February 2019 |publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]] |date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228191926/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/indonesia-calls-on-india-pakistan-to-reduce-tensions/1405064 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Malaysia,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/malaysia-expresses-concern-over-indiapakistan-tensions|title=Malaysia expresses concern over India-Pakistan tensions|agency=Bernama|publisher=The Edge Markets|date=27 February 2019|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140028/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/malaysia-expresses-concern-over-indiapakistan-tensions|archive-date=1 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Sri Lanka,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking_news/Ensure-stability-of-entire-region:-SL-tells-India--Pakistan/108-163001|title=Ensure stability of entire region: SL tells India, Pakistan|date=27 February 2019|work=Daily Mirror|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228130359/http://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking_news/Ensure-stability-of-entire-region:-SL-tells-India--Pakistan/108-163001|archive-date=28 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> the United Arab Emirates,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/abu-dhabi-crown-prince-calls-pm-modi-imran-khan-amid-rising-tensions-2000876|title=Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Calls PM Modi, Imran Khan Amid Rising Tensions|date=28 February 2019|publisher=[[NDTV]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013406/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/abu-dhabi-crown-prince-calls-pm-modi-imran-khan-amid-rising-tensions-2000876|archive-date=1 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and the United States,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2019/02/289733.htm|title=Concern Regarding India-Pakistan Tensions|website=U.S. Department of State|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227033509/https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2019/02/289733.htm|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> expressed their concern, with some calling for restraint. Iran and Turkey have each offered to mediate the crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samaa.tv/global/2019/02/iran-offers-mediation-between-pakistan-and-india-amid-rising-tensions/|title=Iran offers mediation between Pakistan and India amid rising tensions|publisher=Samaa TV|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228005917/https://www.samaa.tv/global/2019/02/iran-offers-mediation-between-pakistan-and-india-amid-rising-tensions/|archive-date=28 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1919584/9-turkey-offers-mediation-pakistan-india-tensions-escalate/|title=Turkey offers mediation between Pakistan, India as tensions escalate|date=27 February 2019|website=The Express Tribune|access-date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228200650/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1919584/9-turkey-offers-mediation-pakistan-india-tensions-escalate/|archive-date=28 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Media coverage of 2019 India–Pakistan standoff]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{India-Pakistani relations}}
{{Military of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Pakistan border skirmishes, 2019}}
[[Category:Indian–Pakistani border conflicts|2019 border skirmishes]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Kashmir conflict|2019 border skirmishes]]
[[Category:2010s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:21st century in Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Attacks in India in 2019]]
[[Category:Attacks in Pakistan in 2019]]
[[Category:February 2019 in India]]
[[Category:March 2019 in India]]
[[Category:February 2019 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:March 2019 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Naval history of India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:Operations involving the Indian Air Force]]
[[Category:Mansehra District]]
[[Category:2019 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Friendly fire incidents]]

Mango

2026-03-16T05:31:53Z

Venu ji yes: brief update details for accuracy also and added references as per guidelines

{{short description|Tropical fruit}}
{{About|the fruit}}
{{good article}}
{{pp-move}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
[[File:Mangos - single and halved.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Mango fruits – single and halved]]

A '''mango''' is an edible [[drupe|stone fruit]] produced by the tropical tree ''[[Mangifera indica]]''. It originated in the northeastern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]], in what is now Bangladesh, [[Northeast India|northeastern India]] and [[Myanmar|Myanmar.]] ''M. indica'' has been cultivated in [[South Asia|South]] and Southeast Asia since ancient times, resulting in two modern mango cultivar lineages: the "Indian" and the "Southeast Asian" types.<ref name="Warschefsky"/> Other species in the genus ''[[Mangifera]]'' also produce edible fruits called "mangoes," most of which are found in the [[Malesia]]n ecoregion.<ref name="Sherman">{{cite journal |last1=Sherman |first1=Amir |last2=Rubinstein |first2=Mor |last3=Eshed |first3=Ravit |last4=Benita |first4=Miri |last5=Ish-Shalom |first5=Mazal |last6=Sharabi-Schwager |first6=Michal |last7=Rozen |first7=Ada |last8=Saada |first8=David |last9=Cohen |first9=Yuval |last10=Ophir |first10=Ron |title=Mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.) germplasm diversity based on single nucleotide polymorphisms derived from the transcriptome |journal=BMC Plant Biology |date=December 2015 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=277 |doi=10.1186/s12870-015-0663-6 |pmid=26573148 |pmc=4647706 |bibcode=2015BMCPB..15..277S |doi-access=free}}</ref>

There are several hundred [[List of mango cultivars|cultivars of mango]] worldwide. Depending on the cultivar, mango fruit varies in size, shape, sweetness, skin colour, and flesh colour, which may be pale yellow, gold, green, or orange. Mango is the [[national fruit]] of [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and the [[Philippines]], while the mango tree is the [[List of national trees|national tree]] of Bangladesh.

== Etymology ==

The English word ''mango'' (plural ''mangoes'' or ''mangos'') originated in the 16th century from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] word {{lang|pt|manga}}, from the [[Malayalam]] {{lang|ms|manga}}, and ultimately from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] {{lang|ta-Latn|mā}} ({{lang|ta|மா}}, 'mango tree') + {{lang|ta-Latn|kāy}} ({{lang|ta|ங்காய்}}, 'unripe fruit/vegetable').<ref name="oed">{{cite web |title=Mango |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/mango |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=14 April 2024 |date=2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabricius |first=J. P. |date=1972 |title=J. P. Fabricius's Tamil and English dictionary. 4th ed., rev.and enl |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/fabricius_query.py?page=230 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref><ref name="prakash">{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Om |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAc_Pp6ahK8C&dq=mango+tamil+manga&pg=PR14 |title=A Tryst with Mango: Retrospect, Aspects, Prospects |date=2005 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-912-6 |pages=xiv |language=en}}</ref><ref name="OxfordED">{{cite web |title=mango ''n.'' (1) |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/113430 |work=[[Oxford English Dictionary#Electronic versions|OED Online]] |url-access=subscription |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=June 2021}}</ref> The scientific name, ''[[Mangifera indica]],'' can be translated as "a plant bearing mangoes in India".<ref name=prakash/>

== Description ==

Mango trees grow to {{convert|30|–|40|m|ft|abbr=off}} tall, with a crown radius of {{convert|10-15|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The trees are long-lived, as some specimens still fruit after 300 years.<ref name=Californiararefruitgrowers>{{cite web |title=Mango |work=California Rare Fruit Growers |url=http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/mango.html |access-date=4 November 2015 |archive-date=19 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019172713/http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/mango.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In deep soil, the [[taproot]] descends to a depth of {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}}, with profuse, wide-spreading feeder roots and anchor roots penetrating deeply into the soil. The [[leaves]] are [[evergreen]], alternate, simple, {{convert|15|–|35|cm|in|abbr=off|frac=2}} long, and {{convert|6|–|16|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=2}} broad; when the leaves are young they are orange-pink, rapidly changing to a dark, glossy red, then dark green as they mature. The [[flower]]s are produced in terminal [[panicle]]s {{convert|10|–|40|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=2}} long; each flower is small and white with five petals {{convert|5|–|10|mm|in|frac=16}} long, with a mild, sweet fragrance. Over 500 [[Variety (botany)|varieties]] of mangoes are known,<ref name="Morton">{{cite book |last=Morton |first=Julia Frances |date=1987 |title=Mango. In: Fruits of Warm Climates |publisher=NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University |pages=221–239 |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html |isbn=978-0-9610184-1-2}}</ref> many of which ripen in summer, while some give a double crop.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://toptropicals.com/html/toptropicals/articles/fruit/varieties_mango.htm |title=Mango (Mangifera indica) varieties |website=toptropicals.com |access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref> The fruit takes four to five months from flowering to ripening.<ref name=Morton/>

The ripe fruit varies according to cultivar in size, shape, colour, sweetness, and eating quality. Depending on the cultivar, fruits are variously yellow, orange, red, or green. The fruit has a single flat, oblong [[Pyrena|pit]] that can be [[fibre|fibrous]] or hairy on the surface and does not separate easily from the pulp. The fruits may be somewhat round, oval, or [[kidney]]-shaped, ranging from {{convert|2|–|10|in|cm|0|order=flip}} in length and from {{convert|5|oz|g|order=flip}} to {{convert|5|lbs|kg|0|order=flip}} in weight per individual fruit. The skin is leather-like, waxy, smooth, and fragrant, with colours ranging from green to yellow, yellow-orange, yellow-red, or blushed with various shades of red, purple, pink, or yellow when fully ripe.<ref name=Morton/>

Ripe intact mangoes give off a distinctive [[resin]]ous, sweet smell.<ref name=Morton/> Inside the [[Pyrena|stone]] with its {{convert|1|–|2|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick woody [[endocarp]] is a single [[seed]], {{convert|4|–|7|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. Mangoes have [[recalcitrant seed]]s which do not survive freezing and drying.<ref name="osu">{{cite web |title=Physiology of Recalcitrant Seeds |url=http://seedbiology.osu.edu/HCS631_files/12B%20Recalcitrant%20Seeds.pdf |last=Marcos-Filho |first=Julio |publisher=Ohio State University |access-date=3 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124220404/http://seedbiology.osu.edu/HCS631_files/12B%20Recalcitrant%20Seeds.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2014}}</ref> Mango trees grow readily from seeds, with [[germination]] success highest when seeds are obtained from mature fruits.<ref name=Morton/>

<gallery class="center" mode="nolines" heights="180" widths="180">
File:Manguier portant des mangues bien mures.jpg|Tree
MangoImmatureFruits.JPG|Flowers and immature fruits
Mango tree with fruit in Rincón, Puerto Rico.jpg|Unripe mangoes
Mangifera indica pit.jpg|Fruit with single seed, cut open
'Himsagar' mango stone (seed).jpg|[[Pyrena|Stone]] ([[endocarp]], surrounding the seed)
</gallery>

== Taxonomy ==

Mangoes originated from the region between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, and northeastern India.<ref name="Kuhn"/><ref name="Warschefsky"/> The mango is considered an [[evolutionary anachronism]], whereby [[seed dispersal]] was once accomplished by a now-[[Extinction|extinct]] evolutionary [[foraging|forager]], such as a [[megafauna]] mammal.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spengler|first=Robert N. |date=April 2020 |title=Anthropogenic Seed Dispersal: Rethinking the Origins of Plant Domestication |journal=Trends in Plant Science |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=340–348 |doi=10.1016/j.tplants.2020.01.005 |pmid=32191870 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020TPS....25..340S |hdl=21.11116/0000-0005-C7E0-D |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

From their center of origin, mangoes diverged into two genetically distinct populations: the subtropical Indian group and the tropical Southeast Asian group. The Indian group is characterized by having [[monoembryonic]] fruits, while the Southeast Asian group is characterized by [[polyembryonic]] fruits.<ref name="Kuhn">{{cite journal |last1=Kuhn |first1=David N. |last2=Bally |first2=Ian S. E. |last3=Dillon |first3=Natalie L. |last4=Innes |first4=David |last5=Groh |first5=Amy M. |last6=Rahaman |first6=Jordon |last7=Ophir |first7=Ron |last8=Cohen |first8=Yuval |last9=Sherman |first9=Amir |title=Genetic Map of Mango: A Tool for Mango Breeding |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |date=20 April 2017 |volume=8 |article-number=577 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2017.00577 |pmid=28473837 |pmc=5397511 |bibcode=2017FrPS....8..577K |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Warschefsky">{{cite journal |last1=Warschefsky |first1=Emily J. |last2=Wettberg |first2=Eric J. B. |title=Population genomic analysis of mango (''Mangifera indica'') suggests a complex history of domestication |journal=New Phytologist |date=June 2019 |volume=222 |issue=4 |pages=2023–2037 |doi=10.1111/nph.15731 |pmid=30730057 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019NewPh.222.2023W |hdl=20.500.14849/285 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

It was previously believed that mangoes originated from a single [[domestication]] event in South Asia before being spread to Southeast Asia, but a 2019 study found no evidence of a center of diversity in India. Instead, it identified a higher unique genetic diversity in Southeast Asian cultivars than in Indian cultivars, indicating that mangoes may have originally been domesticated first in Southeast Asia before being introduced to South Asia. However, the authors cautioned that the diversity in Southeast Asian mangoes might be the result of other reasons (like [[interspecific hybridization]] with other ''[[Mangifera]]'' species native to the [[Malesia]]n ecoregion). Nevertheless, the existence of two distinct genetic populations identified by the study indicates that the domestication of the mango is more complex than previously assumed and would at least indicate multiple domestication events in Southeast Asia and South Asia.<ref name="Kuhn"/><ref name="Warschefsky"/>

=== Cultivars ===

{{Main|List of mango cultivars}}

There are hundreds of named mango cultivars. In mango [[orchard]]s, several cultivars are often grown to improve pollination. Many desired cultivars are [[Monoembryony|monoembryonic]] and must be propagated by [[grafting]], or they do not breed true. A common monoembryonic cultivar is [[Alphonso (mango)|'Alphonso']], an important export product, considered "the king of mangoes".<ref name="NYTAllen" />

Cultivars that excel in one climate may fail elsewhere. For example, Indian cultivars such as 'Julie,' a prolific cultivar in Jamaica, require annual [[fungicide]] treatments to escape the lethal [[fungal disease]] [[anthracnose]] in Florida. Asian mangoes are resistant to anthracnose.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hunsberger |first1=Adrian |last2=Balerdi |first2=Carlos |title=DOORYARD DISEASE CONTROL FOR MANGOS IN FLORIDA |url=https://sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/miami-dade/documents/insect-pests-amp-diseases/Mango-Disease-Cntrl-HomeownersF.S..pdf |publisher=University of Florida/IFAS Miami-Dade County Extension |access-date=10 March 2023 |date=February 2012 |quote=Mango varieties that are susceptible to anthracnose are: 'Cogshall', 'Graham', 'Haden', 'Irwin', 'Julie', 'Kent', 'Mallika', 'Valencia Pride', 'Zill', and others. Those that are susceptible to powdery mildew are: 'Alphonso', 'Carrie', 'Glenn', 'Haden', 'Keitt', 'Kent', 'Nam Doc Mai', 'Zill' and a few others. These will most likely need to be sprayed with fungicides each year.}}</ref>

The current [[Western world|western]] market is dominated by the cultivar [[Tommy Atkins (mango)|'Tommy Atkins']], a seedling of [[Haden (mango)|'Haden']] that first fruited in 1940 in southern Florida and was initially rejected commercially by Florida researchers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Susser |first=Allen |title=The Great Mango Book |publisher=[[Ten Speed Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-58008-204-4 |location=New York}}</ref> Growers and importers worldwide have embraced the cultivar for its excellent productivity and disease resistance, [[shelf life]], transportability, size, and appealing colour.<ref name="star">{{cite news |last=Mintz |first=C. |date=24 May 2008 |title=Sweet news: Ataulfos are in season |url=https://www.thestar.com/life/2008/05/24/sweet_news_ataulfos_are_in_season.html |access-date=1 August 2015 |newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]}}</ref> Although the Tommy Atkins cultivar is commercially successful, other cultivars may be preferred by consumers for eating pleasure, such as Alphonso.<ref name="NYTAllen"/><ref name="star"/>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:09251jfFilipino foods fruits Bulacan landmarksfvf 37.jpg|[[Carabao mango|'Carabao']], a typical "Southeast Asian type" [[polyembryonic]] cultivar
File:Mango LangraBenarsi Asit fs8.jpg|[[Langra mango|'Langra']], a typical "Indian type" [[monoembryonic]] cultivar
File:Mangoes sold in India.jpg|Many varieties from India
</gallery>

== Distribution and habitat ==

From tropical Asia, mangoes were introduced to East Africa by [[Arab]] and [[Persia]]n traders in the ninth to tenth centuries. The 14th-century Moroccan traveler [[Ibn Battuta]] reported it at [[Mogadishu]].<ref name="watson">{{Cite book |last=Watson |first=Andrew J. |author-link=Andrew Watson (historian) |title=Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world: the diffusion of crops and farming techniques, 700–1100 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1983 |pages=72–3 |isbn=978-0-521-24711-5}}</ref> It was spread further into other areas around the world during the [[Colonial Era]]. The [[Portuguese Empire]] spread the mango from their colony in [[Goa]] to East and West Africa. From West Africa, they introduced it to Brazil from the 16th to the 17th centuries. From Brazil, it spread northwards to the [[Caribbean]] and eastern Mexico by the mid to late 18th century. The [[Spanish Empire]] also introduced mangoes directly from the Philippines to western Mexico via the [[Manila galleon]]s from at least the 16th century. Mangoes were only introduced to Florida by 1833.<ref name="Warschefsky"/><ref name=pg>{{cite web |url=http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/gepts/pb143/crop/mango/mango.htm |title=PLB143: Crop of the Day: Mango, ''Mangifera indica'' |last=Gepts |first=P. |work=The Evolution of Crop Plants |publisher=Dept. of Plant Sciences, Sect. of Crop & Ecosystem Sciences, [[University of California, Davis]] |access-date=8 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206095819/http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/gepts/pb143/CROP/MANGO/mango.htm |archive-date=6 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Cultivation ==

The mango is cultivated in most [[frost]]-free tropical and warmer subtropical climates. It is cultivated extensively in South Asia, Southeast Asia, [[East Africa|East]] and West Africa, the tropical and subtropical Americas, and the [[Caribbean]].<ref name="Altendorf">{{cite book |last=Altendorf |first=S. |title=Major Tropical Fruits: Market Review 2018 |date=2019 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |location=Rome |url=http://www.fao.org/3/ca5692en/ca5692en.pdf}}</ref> Mangoes are also grown in [[Andalusia]], Spain (mainly in [[Province of Málaga|Málaga province]]), as its coastal subtropical climate is one of the few places in mainland Europe that permits the growth of tropical plants and fruit trees. The [[Canary Islands]] are another notable Spanish producer of the fruit. Other minor cultivators include North America (in South Florida and the California [[Coachella Valley]]), Hawai'i, and Australia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Litz |first=Richard E. |title=The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-84593-489-7 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Wallingford, UK |pages=606–627}}</ref>

Many commercial [[cultivar]]s grown in Europe are grafted onto the cold-hardy rootstock of the ''Gomera-1'' mango cultivar, originally from Cuba. Its root system is well adapted to a coastal Mediterranean climate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=820_2 |title=actahort.org |publisher=actahort.org |access-date=31 January 2013 |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228000410/http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=820_2 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

A breakthrough in mango cultivation was the use of [[potassium nitrate]] and [[ethrel]] to induce flowering in mangoes. The discovery was made by [[Filipino people|Filipino]] [[horticulturist]] [[Ramon Barba]] in 1974 and was developed from the unique traditional method of inducing mango flowering using smoke in the Philippines. It allowed mango plantations to induce regular flowering and fruiting year-round. Previously, mangoes were seasonal because they only flowered every 16 to 18 months. The method is now used in most mango-producing countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Scientist, the Patent and the Mangoes – Tripling the Mango Yield in the Philippines |url=https://www.wipo.int/ipadvantage/en/details.jsp?id=2516 |website=World Intellectual Property Organization |access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="nagao">{{cite book |first1=Mike A. |last1=Nagao |first2= Melvin S. |last2=Nishina |editor1-first=C.L. |editor1-last=Chia |editor2-first=D.O. |editor2-last=Evans |title=Proceedings, Conference on Mango in Hawaii; March 9-11, 1993 |chapter =Use of Potassium Nitrate on Mango Flowering |publisher=University of Hawaii |year=1993 |pages=61–66 |hdl=10125/16493 |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/16493}}</ref>

=== Diseases ===

Mango trees are subject to [[List of mango diseases|many diseases]], including [[Alternaria alternata|alternaria rot]], [[anthracnose]], [[Xanthomonas campestris|bacterial black spot]], and [[Oidium mangiferae|powdery mildew]].<ref name="Prakash 2004">{{cite book |last=Prakash |first=Om |title=Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables Volume I |chapter=Diseases and Disorders of Mango and their Management |publisher=Springer Netherlands |publication-place=Dordrecht |date=2004 |isbn=978-1-4020-1822-0 |doi=10.1007/1-4020-2606-4_13 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/1-4020-2606-4_13 |access-date=2026-03-06 |page=511–619}}</ref><ref name="Ploetz 2003">{{cite book |last=Ploetz |first=R. C. |title=Diseases of tropical fruit crops |chapter=Diseases of mango. |publisher=CABI Publishing |publication-place=UK |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-85199-390-4 |doi=10.1079/9780851993904.0327 |url=http://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/9780851993904.0327 |access-date=2026-03-06 |page=327–363}}</ref> Spongy tissue is a ripening disorder correlated with [[Calcium deficiency (plant disorder)|calcium deficiency]] and characterized by spongy, brown-black flesh beginning near the seeds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Xiaowei |last2=Liu |first2=Bin |last3=Zhang |first3=Yuehua |last4=Su |first4=Muqing |last5=Zheng |first5=Bin |last6=Wang |first6=Songbiao |last7=Wu |first7=Hongxia |title=Unraveling correlations between calcium deficiency and spongy tissue in mango fruit flesh |journal=Scientia Horticulturae |date=2023 |volume=309 |article-number=111694 |doi=10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111694 |bibcode=2023ScHor.30911694M }}</ref> It was estimated in 1989 to affect approximately 30% of Alphonso mangoes.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Katrodia |first=J.S. |date=August 1989 |title=Spongy Tissue in Mango – causes and control measures |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1989.231.49 |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=231 |pages=814–826 |doi=10.17660/actahortic.1989.231.49 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Among the pests of the fruit's cultivation is the [[mango mealybug]]; it sucks sap from inflorescences, causing reduced fruit set and seriously harming crop production.<ref name="Karar Sayyed 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Karar |first1=Haider |last2=Sayyed |first2=Ali H. |last3=Arif |first3=M. Jalal |last4=Ashfaq |first4=M. |last5=Aslam |first5=M. |title=Integration of cultural and mechanical practices for management of the mango mealybug Drosicha mangiferae |journal=Phytoparasitica |volume=38 |issue=3 |date=2010 |doi=10.1007/s12600-010-0094-8 |pages=223–229}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Bacterial black spot of mango - 9077467185.jpg|[[Xanthomonas campestris|bacterial black spot of mango]]
File:Mango-anthracnose (cropped).jpg|[[Anthracnose]] in fruit
File:Mango anthracnose 1a (cropped).jpg|Anthracnose in inflorescence
File:Mango powdery mildew severe leaf blight with mycelium 1.jpg|[[Oidium mangiferae|Powdery mildew]] causing leaf blight
</gallery>

{|class="wikitable floatright" style="width:12em; text-align:center;"
|+ Mango* production {{small|2023, millions of tonnes}} 
|-
| {{IND}} ||26.2
|-
| {{IDN}} ||4.1
|-
| {{CHN}} ||3.9
|-
| {{MEX}} ||2.7
|-
| {{PAK}} ||2.6
|-
| {{BRA}} ||2.3
|-
| {{MWI}} ||2.1
|-
| '''World''' || '''61.1'''
|-
|colspan=2|{{small|*Includes mangosteens and guavas; Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the United Nations<ref name="faostat">{{cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL|title= Production of mangoes, mangosteens, and guavas in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|year=2025|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref>}}
|}

== Production ==
In 2023, world production of mangoes, [[mangosteen]]s and [[guava]]s was 61 million [[tonne]]s, led by India with 43% of the total, and [[Indonesia]] and China as secondary producers.<ref name="faostat"/>

== Culinary uses ==

Mangoes are generally sweet, although the taste and texture of the flesh vary across cultivars; some, such as [[Alphonso (mango)|Alphonso]], have a soft, pulpy, juicy texture similar to an overripe [[plum]], while others, such as [[Tommy Atkins (mango)|Tommy Atkins]], are firmer with a fibrous texture.<ref name="clark">{{cite news |last=Clark |first=Melissa |title=For everything there is a season, even mangoes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/06/dining/06appe.html |access-date=24 November 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1 April 2011}}</ref>

Mangoes are used in many cuisines. Sour, unripe mangoes are used in side dishes in [[Indian cuisine]] such as [[mango chutney]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Recipe: Raw mango chutney |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/recipes/Recipe-Raw-mango-chutney/articleshow/13034557.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India|The Times Of India]] |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref> and [[Mango pickle|pickles]] such as [[avakaya]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/mar/18/ode-to-the-humble-garlic-pickle-1952450.html |title=Ode to the humble garlic pickle |date=18 March 2019 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |first=Hriday |last=Ranjan |access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref>

A summer drink called ''[[aam panna]]'' is made with mangoes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aam Panna Recipe |url=https://food.ndtv.com/recipe-aam-panna-13 |publisher=NDTV Food |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref> [[Mango lassi]] is consumed throughout South Asia, prepared by mixing ripe mangoes or mango pulp with [[buttermilk]] and sugar.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kurlansky |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Kurlansky |date=2018 |title=Milk! A 10,000-Year Food Fracas |url={{Google books|6htCDwAAQBAJ|page=PA266|plainurl=yes}} |location=New York |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-1632863829 |page=266}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Shah |first=Niraalee |date=2021 |title=Indian Etiquette: A Glimpse Into India's Culture |url={{Google books|7YdUEAAAQBAJ|page=PT289|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Notion Press |pages=289}}</ref>

In [[Indonesian cuisine]], unripe mango is processed into ''[[asinan]]'', ''[[rojak|rujak]]'' and ''[[sambal#Indonesia|sambal pencit/mangga muda]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sendari |first1=Anugerah Ayu |title=8 Resep Olahan Mangga Muda Menyegarkan, dari Manisan Sampai Sambal |url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/5307201/8-resep-olahan-mangga-muda-menyegarkan-dari-manisan-sampai-sambal?page=9 |website=liputan6.com |date=8 June 2023 |access-date=22 August 2024 |language=Indonesian}}</ref> or eaten with [[Salt#Edible salt|edible salt]].<ref>{{cite web |title=7 Khasiat Tidak Terduga Rutin Mengonsumsi Mangga Muda Campur Garam |trans-title=7 Unexpected Benefits of Regularly Consuming Unripe Mangoes Mixed with Salt |url=https://m.jpnn.com/news/7-khasiat-tidak-terduga-rutin-mengonsumsi-mangga-muda-campur-garam |website=jpnn.com |access-date=22 August 2024 |language=Indonesian}}</ref>

Raw green mangoes can be sliced and eaten like a salad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |pages=66 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref> In most parts of Southeast Asia, they are commonly eaten with [[fish sauce]], vinegar, soy sauce, or with a dash of salt (plain or spicy){{Snd}}a combination usually known as "mango salad" in English.<ref name="Valente">{{cite news |last1=Valente |first1=Anabela |title=Oh, the Fruits in Southeast Asia! |url=https://www.diariesofmagazine.com/fruits-southeast-asia/ |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=Diaries of Travel Inspirations |date=2 April 2020 |archive-date=20 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920171831/https://www.diariesofmagazine.com/fruits-southeast-asia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the Philippines, green mangoes are eaten with savory condiments such as ''[[bagoong]]'' (salty [[Seafood|fish]] or [[shrimp paste]]), [[soy sauce]], vinegar, or chilis.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pedrosa |first1=Kannalyn Joy |title=Green Mangoes and Shrimp Paste (The mouth-watering food tandem) |url=https://thevascollections.co/2020/02/25/green-mangoes-and-shrimp-paste-the-most-salivating-food-tandem/ |website=The VA Collections |date=25 February 2020 |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509050349/https://thevascollections.co/2020/02/25/green-mangoes-and-shrimp-paste-the-most-salivating-food-tandem/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Green Mango & Bagoong |url=http://www.marketmanila.com/archives/green-mango-bagoong |website=Market Manila |date=5 October 2008 |access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> [[Mango float]] and [[mango cake]], which use slices of ripe mangoes, are eaten in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tan |first1=Joanne Catherine |title=Top 12 Cakes To Try In The Philippines |website=When in Manila |date=5 June 2015 |url=https://www.wheninmanila.com/top-12-cakes-to-try-in-the-philippines/6/ |access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines heights=160 widths=160>
Carabao mangoes (Philippines).jpg|The "hedgehog" style of preparation on [[Carabao mango]]es
Mango inner.png|Alphonso mango chunks
MANGO SEASON (562892060).jpg|Sliced [[Ataulfo (mango)|Ataulfo]] mangoes
Glass of Mango Juice.jpg|A glass of mango juice
File:Mango Chutney.jpg|Mango [[chutney]]
File:Green mangoes with vinegar, chili, salt, and soy sauce (Philippines) 01.jpg|Sour unripe mangoes eaten with [[shrimp paste]], salt, chili, vinegar or [[soy sauce]] in the [[Philippines]]
</gallery>

== Phytochemistry ==

[[File:Flavor chemicals of "Alphonso" mango.jpg|thumb|Major flavour chemicals of the 'Alphonso' mango from India]]

Numerous [[phytochemical]]s are present in mango [[peel (fruit)|peel]] and pulp, such as the [[triterpene]] [[lupeol]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=P.K. |last2=Bhui |first2=K. |last3=Shukla |first3=Y. |year=2008 |title=Lupeol: connotations for chemoprevention |journal=Cancer Lett |volume=263 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1016/j.canlet.2008.01.047 |pmid=18359153}}</ref> Mango peel pigments under study include [[carotenoid]]s, such as the [[provitamin A]] compound, [[beta-carotene]], [[lutein]] and [[alpha-carotene]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Berardini |first1=N |last2=Fezer |first2=R. |last3=Conrad |first3=J. |year=2005 |title=Screening of mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.) cultivars for their contents of flavonol ''O'' – and xanthone ''C''-glycosides, anthocyanins, and pectin |journal=J Agric Food Chem |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=1563–1570 |doi=10.1021/jf0484069 |pmid=15740041 |bibcode=2005JAFC...53.1563B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gouado |first1=I. |last2=Schweigert |first2=F.J. |last3=Ejoh |first3=R.A. |year=2007 |title=Systemic levels of carotenoids from mangoes and papaya consumed in three forms (juice, fresh and dry slice) |journal=Eur J Clin Nutr |volume=61 |issue=10 |pages=1180–1188 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602841 |pmid=17637601 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[polyphenols]], such as [[quercetin]], [[kaempferol]], [[gallic acid]], [[caffeic acid]], [[flavan-3-ol|catechins]] and [[tannin]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mahattanatawee |first1=K. |last2=Manthey |first2=J.A. |last3=Luzio |first3=G. |year=2006 |title=Total antioxidant activity and fiber content of select Florida-grown tropical fruits |journal=Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry |volume=54 |issue=19 |pages=7355–63 |doi=10.1021/jf060566s |pmid=16968105|bibcode=2006JAFC...54.7355M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=U.P. |last2=Singh |first2=D.P. |last3=Singh |first3=M. |year=2004 |title=Characterization of phenolic compounds in some Indian mango cultivars |journal=International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=163–169 |doi=10.1080/09637480410001666441 |pmid=14985189 |s2cid=22576447}}</ref> Mango contains a unique [[xanthonoid]] called [[mangiferin]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Andreu |first1=G.L. |last2=Delgado |first2=R. |last3=Velho |first3=J.A. |year=2005 |title=Mangiferin, a natural occurring glucosyl xanthone, increases susceptibility of rat liver mitochondria to calcium-induced permeability transition |journal=Archive of Biochemistry and Biophysics |volume=439 |issue=2 |pages=184–193 |doi=10.1016/j.abb.2005.05.015 |pmid=15979560}}</ref>

Phytochemical and nutrient content appears to vary across mango [[cultivar]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rocha Ribeiro |first1=S.M. |last2=Queiroz |first2=J.H. |last3=Lopes Ribeiro de Queiroz |first3=M.E. |year=2007 |title=Antioxidant in mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.) pulp |url=http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/19301 |journal=Plant Foods Hum Nutr |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=13–17 |doi=10.1007/s11130-006-0035-3 |pmid=17243011 |bibcode=2007PFHN...62...13R |s2cid=27051096 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Up to 25 different carotenoids have been isolated from mango pulp, the densest of which was beta-carotene, which accounts for the yellow-orange [[pigmentation]] of most mango cultivars.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=J.P. |last2=Tai |first2=C.Y. |last3=Chen |first3=B.H. |year=2004 |title=Improved liquid chromatographic method for determination of carotenoids in Taiwanese mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.) |journal=J Chromatogr A |volume=1054 |issue=1–2 |pages=261–268 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(04)01406-2 |pmid=15553152}}</ref> Mango leaves also have significant polyphenol content, including [[xanthonoid]]s, mangiferin and gallic acid.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barreto |first1=J.C. |last2=Trevisan |first2=M.T. |last3=Hull |first3=W.E. |year=2008 |title=Characterization and quantitation of polyphenolic compounds in bark, kernel, leaves, and peel of mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.) |journal=J Agric Food Chem |volume=56 |issue=14 |pages=5599–5610 |doi=10.1021/jf800738r |pmid=18558692|bibcode=2008JAFC...56.5599B }}</ref>

=== Flavor ===

The [[Flavor (taste)|flavor]] of mango fruits is conferred by several volatile organic chemicals, mainly [[terpene]]s, [[furanone]]s, [[lactone]]s, and [[ester]]s. Different varieties or [[list of mango cultivars|cultivars of mangoes]] can have flavours made up of different volatile chemicals or the same volatile chemicals in different quantities.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Cultivar relationships in mango based on fruit volatile profiles |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=114 |pages=363–372 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.09.107 |year=2009 |last1=Pandit |first1=Sagar S. |last2=Chidley |first2=Hemangi G. |last3=Kulkarni |first3=Ram S. |last4=Pujari |first4=Keshav H. |last5=Giri |first5=Ashok P. |last6=Gupta |first6=Vidya S. |issue=1 |bibcode=2009FoodC.114..363P }}</ref> In general, [[New World]] mango cultivars are characterized by the dominance of δ-3-carene, a monoterpene flavorant; whereas, high concentration of other monoterpenes such as (Z)-ocimene and myrcene, as well as the presence of lactones and furanones, is the unique feature of [[Old World]] cultivars.<ref name="culti">Pandit, S.S., Chidley, H.G., Kulkarni, 2009, [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814608011849/ Cultivar relationships in mango based on fruit volatile profiles], Food Chemistry, 144, 363–372.</ref><ref>Narain, N., Bora, P.S., Narain, R. and Shaw, P.E. (1998). Mango, In: Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edt. by Shaw, P.E., Chan, H.T. and Nagy, S. Agscience, Auburndale, Florida, pp. 1–77.</ref> In India, [[Alphonso (mango)|'Alphonso']] is one of the most popular cultivars. In 'Alphonso' mango, the lactones, and furanones are synthesized during ripening, whereas terpenes and the other flavorants are present in both the developing (immature) and ripening fruits.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1002/jsfa.3692 |title=Changes in volatile composition during fruit development and ripening of 'Alphonso' mango |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |volume=89 |issue=12 |pages=2071–2081 |year=2009 |last1=Pandit |first1=Sagar S. |last2=Kulkarni |first2=Ram S. |last3=Chidley |first3=Hemangi G. |last4=Giri |first4=Ashok P. |last5=Pujari |first5=Keshav H. |last6=Köllner |first6=Tobias G. |last7=Degenhardt |first7=Jörg |last8=Gershenzon |first8=Jonathan |last9=Gupta |first9=Vidya S. |bibcode=2009JSFA...89.2071P}}</ref><ref>Gholap, A. S., Bandyopadhyay, C., 1977. Characterization of green aroma of raw mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 28, 885–888</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Geographic variation in the flavour volatiles of Alphonso mango |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=130 |pages=58–66 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.06.053 |year=2012 |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Ram S. |last2=Chidley |first2=Hemangi G. |last3=Pujari |first3=Keshav H. |last4=Giri |first4=Ashok P. |last5=Gupta |first5=Vidya S.}}</ref> [[Ethylene]], a ripening-related hormone well known to be involved in ripening of mango fruits, causes changes in the flavor composition of mango fruits upon exogenous application, as well.<ref>Lalel, H.J.D., Singh, Z., Tan, S., 2003, The role of ethylene in mango fruit aroma volatiles biosynthesis, Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 78, 485–496.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Spatial and temporal changes in the volatile profile of Alphonso mango upon exogenous ethylene treatment |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=136 |issue=2 |pages=585–594 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.029 |pmid=23122101 |year=2013 |last1=Chidley |first1=Hemangi G. |last2=Kulkarni |first2=Ram S. |last3=Pujari |first3=Keshav H. |last4=Giri |first4=Ashok P. |last5=Gupta |first5=Vidya S. |s2cid=42523345}}</ref> In contrast to the huge amount of information available on the chemical composition of mango flavour, the biosynthesis of these chemicals has not been studied in depth; only a handful of genes encoding the enzymes of flavour biosynthetic pathways have been characterized to date.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Expression profiling of various genes during the development and ripening of Alphonso mango |journal=Plant Physiology and Biochemistry |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=426–433 |doi=10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.02.012 |pmid=20363641 |date=June 2010 |last1=Pandit |first1=S. S. |last2=Kulkarni |first2=R. S. |last3=Giri |first3=A. P. |last4=Köllner |first4=T. G. |last5=Degenhardt |first5=J. |last6=Gershenzon |first6=J. |last7=Gupta |first7=V. S. |s2cid=22915293}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Differential expression of the mango alcohol dehydrogenase gene family during ripening |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=71 |issue=13 |pages=1485–1494 |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.05.024 |pmid=20598721 |year=2010 |last1=Singh |first1=Rajesh K. |last2=Sane |first2=Vidhu A. |last3=Misra |first3=Aparna |last4=Ali |first4=Sharique A. |last5=Nath |first5=Pravendra |bibcode=2010PChem..71.1485S}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Characterization of three novel isoprenyl diphosphate synthases from the terpenoid rich mango fruit |journal=Plant Physiology and Biochemistry |volume=71 |pages=121–131 |doi=10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.07.006 |pmid=23911730 |year=2013 |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Ram |last2=Pandit |first2=Sagar |last3=Chidley |first3=Hemangi |last4=Nagel |first4=Raimund |last5=Schmidt |first5=Axel |last6=Gershenzon |first6=Jonathan |last7=Pujari |first7=Keshav |last8=Giri |first8=Ashok |last9=Gupta |first9=Vidya |display-authors=5 |bibcode=2013PlPB...71..121K |s2cid=46320747}}</ref><ref>Kulkarni, R.S., Chidley H.G., Deshpande, A., Schmidt, A., Pujari, K.H., Giri, A.P., Gershenzon, Jonathan, Gupta, V.S., 2013, [http://www.springerplus.com/content/2/1/494 An oxidoreductase from 'Alphonso' mango catalyzing biosynthesis of furaneol and reduction of reactive carbonyls], SpringerPlus, 2, 494.</ref>

{{nutritional value | name=Mango
| kJ=250
| water=83.5 g
| protein=0.82 g
| fat=0.38 g
| satfat= 0.092 g
| monofat= 0.14 g
| polyfat=0.071 g
| omega3fat=0.051 g
| omega6fat=0.019 g
| carbs=15 g
| fiber=1.6 g
| sugars=13.7
| calcium_mg=11
| iron_mg=0.16
| magnesium_mg=10
| phosphorus_mg=14
| potassium_mg=168
| sodium_mg=1
| copper_mg=0.111
| selenium_ug=0.6
| zinc_mg=0.09
| manganese_mg=0.063
| vitC_mg=36.4
| thiamin_mg=0.028
| riboflavin_mg=0.038
| niacin_mg=0.669
| pantothenic_mg=0.197
| vitB6_mg=0.119
| folate_ug=43
| choline_mg=7.6
| vitA_ug=54
| betacarotene_ug=640
| lutein_ug=23
| vitE_mg=0.9
| vitK_ug=4.2
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/1102670/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

===Toxicity===

Contact with oils in mango leaves, stems, sap, and skin can cause [[dermatitis]] and [[anaphylaxis]] in susceptible individuals.<ref name="Morton" /><ref name="Sareen">{{cite journal | last1=Sareen | first1=Richa | last2=Shah | first2=Ashok | title=Hypersensitivity manifestations to the fruit mango | journal=Asia Pacific Allergy| volume=1 | issue=1 | pages=43–49 | year=2011 | issn=2233-8276 | doi=10.5415/apallergy.2011.1.1.43 |pmid=22053296 |pmc=3206236}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miell |first1= J. |last2=Papouchado |first2=M. |last3= Marshall |first3=A. |year=1988 |title=Anaphylactic reaction after eating a mango |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |volume=297 |issue=6664 |pages=1639–1640 |doi=10.1136/bmj.297.6664.1639 |pmc=1838873 |pmid=3147776}}</ref> Those with a history of contact dermatitis induced by [[urushiol]] (an allergen found in [[poison ivy]], [[poison oak]], or [[poison sumac]]) may be most at risk for mango contact dermatitis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1= Hershko |first1= K. |last2= Weinberg |first2= I. |last3= Ingber |first3= A. |year=2005 |title=Exploring the mango – poison ivy connection: the riddle of discriminative plant dermatitis |journal=Contact Dermatitis |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=3–5 |doi=10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00454.x |pmid=15701120 |s2cid=31162401}}</ref> Other mango compounds potentially responsible for dermatitis or allergic reactions include [[mangiferin]].<ref name="Morton" /> Cross-reactions may occur between mango allergens and urushiol.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Oka |first1= K. |last2= Saito |first2= F. |last3= Yasuhara |first3= T. |last4= Sugimoto |first4= A. |year=2004 |title=A study of cross-reactions between mango contact allergens and urushiol |journal=Contact Dermatitis |volume=51 |issue=5–6 |pages=292–296 |doi=10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.00451.x |pmid=15606656 |s2cid=6115016}}</ref> Sensitized individuals may not be able to eat peeled mangoes or drink mango juice safely.<ref name="Morton" />

When mango trees are flowering in spring, local people with allergies may experience breathing difficulty, itching of the eyes, or facial swelling, even before flower [[pollen]] becomes airborne. In this case, the irritant is likely to be the [[vapor]]ized [[essential oil]] from flowers. During the primary ripening season of mangoes, contact with mango plant parts – primarily [[sap]], leaves, and fruit skin<ref name="Morton"/> – is the most common cause of plant dermatitis in Hawaii.<ref name="autogenerated365">{{Cite journal |last1=McGovern |first1=T. W. |last2=LaWarre |first2=S. |year=2001 |title=Botanical briefs: the mango tree—''Mangifera indica'' L. |journal=Cutis |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=365–366 |pmid=11381849}}</ref>

==Nutrition==

A raw mango is 84% water, 15% [[carbohydrate]]s, 1% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]], and has negligible fat (table). In a reference amount of {{cvt|100|g}}, raw mango supplies 60 [[calorie]]s and is a rich source of [[vitamin C]] (40% of the [[Daily Value]], DV) with moderate amounts of [[folate]] (11% DV) and [[Copper in biology|copper]] (12% DV), while other [[micronutrient]]s are low in content (table).

== Culture ==

The mango is the [[List of national fruits|national fruit]] of India,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_fruit.php | title=National Fruit | work=Know India | publisher=Government of India | access-date=17 August 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820044013/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_fruit.php | archive-date=20 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=13|title=National Fruit|access-date=4 November 2015 |archive-date=20 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420013005/https://archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Pakistan]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistani mango: The king of fruits | date = 13 August 2019 | url = https://www.arabnews.com/node/1539616/world |publisher = ArabNews}}</ref> and the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mangoes In The Philippines |url=https://croplife.org/news-views/sharing-the-story/mangoes-from-the-philippines/ |website=CropLife}}</ref>It is the [[List of national trees|national tree]] of Bangladesh.<ref name="bd">{{cite news |work=bdnews24.com |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/mango-tree-national-tree |title=Mango tree, national tree of Bangladesh |date=15 November 2010 |access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref> In India, the harvesting and sale of mangoes is during March–May and this is annually covered by news agencies.<ref name=NYTAllen>{{cite news |last=Allen |first=Jonathan |date=10 May 2006 |title=Mango Mania in India |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/05/10/travel/10mumbailetter.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> In [[Tamil Nadu]], the mango is one of the three royal fruits, along with [[banana]] and [[jackfruit]], for their sweetness and flavour.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Subrahmanian |first1=N. |last2=Hikosaka |first2=S. |last3=Samuel |first3=G.J. |title=Tamil Social History |year=1997 |page=88 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=PXXsAAAAIAAJ}} }}</ref>

The mango has a traditional context in the culture of South Asia. In his [[Edicts of Ashoka|edicts]], the Mauryan emperor [[Ashoka]] references the planting of fruit- and shade-bearing trees along imperial roads in his Major Pillar Edict No.5:<ref name="Inscriptions of Asoka p.119">{{cite book |last1=Hultzsch |first1=Eugen |author-link=Eugen Hultzsch |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch |page=119}}</ref>

<blockquote>"On the roads [[banyan]]-trees were caused to be planted by me, (in order that) they might afford shade to cattle and men, (and) mango-groves were caused to be planted."</blockquote>

In medieval India, the Indo-Persian poet [[Amir Khusrau]] termed the mango "''Naghza Tarin Mewa Hindustan''" – "the fairest fruit of Hindustan".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Johar |first1=Roshni |title=The mango reigns supreme |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/musings/the-mango-reigns-supreme-411518/ |access-date=6 March 2026 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |date=16 January 2025}}</ref> The Mughal Empire was especially fond of the fruits: the emperor [[Babur]] praises the mango in his ''[[Baburnama]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mangoes, Mughals, Hindu & Buddhist Traditions |url=https://madrascourier.com/insight/mangoes-mughals-hindu-buddhist-traditions/ |work=Madras Courier |date=13 June 2022}}</ref> Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] (1556–1605) is said to have planted a mango orchard of 100,000 trees near [[Darbhanga]], Bihar.<ref name="MJMorgan">{{cite news |last=Morgan |first=Curtis |date=22 June 1995 |title=The Nation Is Discovering What South Floridans Have Long Known: Mango Is the Sexiest Fruit on Earth |newspaper=[[Miami Herald]] |department=Food |page=1E |quote="Mango culture owes much to Akbar, emperor of India's Mogul conquerors from 1556 to 1605, who planted an orchard of 100,000 trees near Darbhanga in Eastern India."}}</ref> Mango flowers and leaves are used in the worship of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] goddess [[Saraswati]] at the spring festival of [[Vasant Panchami]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Dilipsinh |first=K. S. |chapter=8 The Festival of Spring |title=Kutch in Festival and Custom |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-241-0998-4 |page=98}}</ref> The leaves are used as decorations in celebrations of [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] for the elephant-headed god [[Ganesha]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sami |first=Adnan |display-authors=etal |chapter=Mango: Botany, Importance, and Uses |title=Handbook of Research on Mango Fruit: Postharvest Science, Production, Nutrition, and Processing Technology |publisher=Apple Academic Press |year=2025 |isbn=978-1779643384 |pages=59-88}}</ref> The [[Jain]] goddess [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] is traditionally represented as sitting under a mango tree.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.exoticindia.com/book/details/ambika-in-jaina-art-and-literature-IDH453/|title=Ambika In Jaina Art And Literature|via=exoticindiaart.com}}</ref> The classical Sanskrit poet [[Kalidasa]] sang the praises of mangoes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/his-highness--mango-maharaja--an-endless-obsession.html |title=His highness, Mango maharaja: An endless obsession – Yahoo! Lifestyle India |publisher=Yahoo! |date=29 May 2012 |access-date=14 June 2013 |archive-date=16 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316215241/http://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/his-highness--mango-maharaja--an-endless-obsession.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Paisley (design)|Paisley patterns]], with a teardrop-shaped motif or ''[[boteh]]'' on shawls and [[sari]]s, are named for the unripe mango in languages across the [[Indian subcontinent]], such as ''kalka'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Niaz |first=Zaman |title=The Art of Kantha Embroidery| edition=Second Revised |year=1993 |page=82 |publisher=The University Press |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh |isbn=978-984-05-1228-7}}</ref><ref name="Pathak 2024"/>  ''ambi'' in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/singh_query.py?qs=ambi&matchtype=default |title=The Punjab Dictionary |date=22 January 1895 |access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref> and ''kairi'' in [[Hindi]].<ref name="Pathak 2024">{{cite journal |last=Pathak |first=Anamika |title=Mango-Kairi-Kalka-Paisley: Design in Indian art from architecture to textiles |url=https://www.globalinch.org/article/mango-kairi-kalka-paisley-design-inindian-art-from-architecture-to-textiles/ |journal=Asia InCH |volume=43 |issue=1 |year=2024 |quote='Kairi' (unripe mango) was adopted as design ... first seen as the decorative design in architecture ... later on, it was extensively used in textiles ... Kashmiri shawls.}}</ref> [[E. M. Forster]]'s 1924 novel ''[[A Passage to India]]'' has the character Dr. Aziz suggest to the English character Cyril Fielding "For you I shall arrange a lady with breasts like mangoes".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Forster |first1=E. M. |author1-link=E. M. Forster |title=A Passage to India |date=1924 |publisher=[[Edward Arnold (publisher)|Edward Arnold]] |chapter=11}}</ref> Mangoes were the subject of the [[mango cult]] in China during the [[Cultural Revolution]] as symbols of chairman [[Mao Zedong]]'s love for the people.<ref name="tele_HowC">{{cite news |title=How China came to worship the mango during the Cultural Revolution |last=Moore |first=Malcolm |others=Additional reporting by Valentina Luo |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=7 March 2013 |access-date=28 September 2015 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9914895/How-China-came-to-worship-the-mango-during-the-Cultural-Revolution.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9914895/How-China-came-to-worship-the-mango-during-the-Cultural-Revolution.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Ellora cave34 001.jpg|Image of [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] under a mango tree in Cave 34 of the [[Ellora Caves]]
File:Paisley pattern BK-NM-3658.jpg|[[Paisley (design)|Paisley patterns]] are named for the mango in languages of the [[Indian subcontinent]].
</gallery>

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |last=Ensminger |first=Audrey H. |title=The Concise Encyclopedia of Foods & Nutrition |publisher=CRC Press |year=1995 |page=[https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00ensm/page/651 651] |isbn=978-0-8493-4455-8 |display-authors=etal |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00ensm/page/651 |ref=none}}
* Litz, Richard E. (editor, 2009). ''The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses''. 2nd edition. CABI. {{ISBN|978-1-84593-489-7}}
* Susser, Allen (2001). ''The Great Mango Book: A Guide with Recipes''. Ten Speed Press. {{ISBN|978-1-58008-204-4}}

== External links ==

{{Commons and category}}

{{Wikispecies|Mangifera}}

* [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Mangifera.html Sorting ''Mangifera'' species]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180305150208/http://www.tropicalfruitnursery.com/mango/ Pine Island Nursery's Mango Variety viewer]

{{Authority control}}
{{Mangoes}}
{{Agriculture country lists}}
{{Symbols of Bangladesh}}
{{Symbols of India}}
{{Symbols of the Philippines}}

[[Category:Mangoes| ]]
[[Category:Crops]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Asia]]
[[Category:Indian spices]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:National symbols of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]]
[[Category:South Asian cuisine]]
[[Category:Southeast Asian cuisine]]
[[Category:Drupes]]
[[Category:Edible fruits]]

Hero No. 1

2026-03-03T23:33:27Z

Venu ji yes: basic cleaned up lead for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hero No. 1
| image = Hero No. 1 Poster.jpg
| director = [[David Dhawan]]
| producer = [[Vashu Bhagnani]]
| writer = Rumi Jaffrey
| narrator =
| starring = [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] [[Karisma Kapoor]] [[Paresh Rawal]] [[Satish Shah]] [[Kader Khan]]
| music = [[Anand-Milind]]
| cinematography = [[K. S. Prakash Rao]]
| editing = A. Muthu
| distributor = S K Enterprise haslingden LTD
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1997|02|21}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INRConvert|6.7|c|year=1997}}<ref>{{Cite web | title=Boxoffice | url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/hero_no_1#.ViUhfn7hDIU | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317210411/http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/hero_no_1 | access-date=2026-02-03 | archive-date=2015-03-17}}</ref>

}}

'''''Hero No.1''''' is a 1997 Indian Hindi-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[David Dhawan]]. It stars [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] and [[Karishma Kapoor]] in lead roles. Most of the film's story is inspired by ''[[Bawarchi]]'', a comedy film directed by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]. It was remade in Telugu as ''[[Goppinti Alludu]].''

==Synopsis==
Rajesh Malhotra ([[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]) is the son of a wealthy businessman Dhanraj Malhotra ([[Kader Khan]]). However, he is not happy at his home since his father does not let him live his life his way. He escapes from his home and reaches Europe.
Meena ([[Karishma Kapoor]]) is the granddaughter of Dinanath ([[Paresh Rawal]]) and has secured a scholarship to study in
Europe. She travels to Europe with her aunt Shanno ([[Himani Shivpuri]]).

Rajesh and Meena meet and fall in love. Dhanraj Malhotra reaches Europe in search of his son with assistant Sharma ([[Rakesh Bedi]]) and discovers his son is in love. They return to India so that Rajesh and Meena can get married. However, destiny has something else in store for them. As Dhanraj is on his way to discuss about his son's marriage, he accidentally splashes mud on a pedestrian and both end up quarreling. To Dhanraj's surprise, the pedestrian unfortunately turns out to be Dinanath himself, who, upset and angry with the incident, refuses to Dhanraj's proposal of his son's marriage.

Dinanath's house has a problem. They are a joint family and recently the servant Babu ([[Shakti Kapoor]]) ran away. They are now in search for a new servant. Rajesh, on realising that his father did a mess up of the meeting with Dinanath, decides to disguise as a servant named Raju and work at Dinanath's home.

Everybody in that home has some problem or the other, which Raju ([[Govinda Ahuja|Govinda]]) solves through his wit. Dinanath's elder son Vidya Nath ([[Tiku Talsania]]) is teacher in a local college, but is always late and bears the College Principal's brunt. Raju helps him to stop his transfer with the help of Education Minister. Dinanath's second son Jeevan Nath(Anil Dhawan), is an insurance agent but does not have many customers. Raju helps him by asking all employees in his father's office to open insurance policies with Jeevan Nath. The younger son, Pappi ([[Satish Shah]]) is a struggling music composer. Raju makes him prepare some good music which he uses as his own and gets a break for a film's music. The elder daughter, Shanno is not in good terms with her husband, Sunil, so she stays away from him in her father's home. Raju makes her meet her husband and unites them again. The younger granddaughter, Dimple ([[Prachi]]) is a party animal. One day Raju saves her from goons and she becomes a homely girl.

Dinanath is impressed with Raju's acts but one day he finds some valuables missing from his house. Police arrive and find Dhanraj, in the guise of a Chowkidar (portraying Raju's uncle), hiding behind the fridge. Raju and Dhanraj are insulted by the family members and are about to be taken away when Meena reveals Raju's true identity and the sacrifices he has been through for his love.

Dinanath realises Meena and Raju's true love for each other. The next day, as he is going in his car along with Meena to Dhanraj's place, Dhanraj comes along with Rajesh in their way and nearby mud comes splashing over Dhanraj, thus completing Dinanath's revenge. Rajesh and Meena get married.

==Cast==
* [[Govinda Ahuja|Govinda]] as Rajesh 'Raju' Malhotra: Meena's love-interest
* [[Karisma Kapoor]] as Meena Nath Tripathi: Rajesh's love-interest
* [[Kader Khan]] as Dhanraj Malhotra: Rajesh's father
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as Dinanath Tripathi: Meena's grandfather
* [[Tiku Talsania]] as Vidya Nath Tripathi: Meena's eldest paternal uncle
* [[Rita Bhaduri]] as Laxmi Tripathi: Vidya Nath's wife and Meena's eldest paternal aunt
* [[Anil Dhawan]] as Jeevan Nath Tripathi: Meena's second paternal uncle
* [[Himani Shivpuri]] as Shanno Tripathi / Shanno Mishra: Meena's fraternal aunt
* Shashi Kiran as Sunil Mishra: Shanno's husband and Meena's fraternal uncle
* [[Shagufta Ali]] as Paro Tripathi: Jeevan Nath's wife and Meena's second paternal aunt
* [[Satish Shah]] as Somnath 'Pappi' Tripathi: Meena's youngest paternal uncle
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Babu (Special Appearance)
* [[Rakesh Bedi]] as Sharma ji: Dhanraj Malhotra's secretary
* [[Omkar Kapoor]] as Shekhar 'Rinku' Jeevan Nath Tripathi: Jeevan Nath and Paro's son and Meena's cousin
* [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish Kumar]] as Meena's prospective husband

==Soundtrack==

[[Anand-Milind]] came up with a chart-topping score yet again for a Govinda-David Dhawan film. The music, especially the song, "Sona Kitna Sona Hain", emerged a winner on countdown shows and is remembered till date. The other songs also gained popularity like "Saaton Janam", "Maine Paidal", "Main Tujko Bahga Laya", "Mohobbat Ki Nahi" and "U P Wala". [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]] earned herself a Zee Cine awards nomination for "Sona Kitna Sona Hain" but lost to [[Lata Mangeshkar]] for [[Dil To Pagal Hai]]. The song was remade for the 2024 film ''[[Crew (film)|Crew]]''.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! # !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
| 1
| "Sona Kitna Sona Hai"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sushma Shreshta|Poornima]]
| 04:52
|-
| 2
| "Main Paidal Se Jaa Raha"
| [[Vinod Rathod]], [[Sushma Shreshta|Poornima]]
| 05:38
|-
| 3
| "Main Tujhko Bhaga Laya"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| 05:06
|-
| 4
| "Saton Janam Tujko"
| [[Kumar Sanu]]
| 05:20
|-
| 5
| "Mohabbat Ki Nahin Jaati"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| 05:50
|-
| 6
| "Tum Humpe Marte Ho"
| [[Vinod Rathod]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| 05:14
|-
| 7
| "U.P Wala Thumka"
| [[Sonu Nigam]]
| 05:12
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0119285}}

{{David Dhawan}}

[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]
[[Category:Films directed by David Dhawan]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]

Ummareddy Venkateswarlu

2026-02-28T15:17:50Z

Venu ji yes: quick update

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1935)}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Ummareddy Venkateswarlu
| image =
| caption =
| residence =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1935|07|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kondubhotla Palem Village, [[Bapatla]], [[Guntur district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[India]] (now [[Bapatla district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Chief Whip of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ummareddy Venkateswarlu Appointed As Council Chief Whip |url=https://www.ysrcongress.com/top-stories/ummareddy-venkateswarlu-68245 |website=ysrcongress.com |date=19 June 2019}}</ref>
| term_start = 18 June 2019
| term_end = 4 June 2024<ref>{{cite web|title=Chief Whip and Whips|url=https://aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/chief-whip-/-whips|website=aplegislature.org|language=en|access-date=24 July 2024|archive-date=18 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418102120/http://aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/chief-whip-/-whips|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| office1 = Leader of Opposition of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ummareddy Takes Charge As Leader Of Opposition In AP Council |url=https://www.ysrcongress.com/others/ummareddy-takes-charge-leader-24330 |website=ysrcongress.com |date=22 April 2017}}</ref>
| term_start1 = 20 April 2017
| term_end1 = 8 June 2019
| 1blankname1 = Chairman
| 1namedata1 = [[A. Chakrapani]] [[N. M. D. Farooq]]
| 2blankname1 = Leader of the House
| 2namedata1 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor1 = ''position reestablished''
| successor1 = [[Yanamala Ramakrishnudu]]
| office2 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start2 = 2011<ref>Bureau, Andhra Pradesh (19 June 2015). "Ummareddy, Prabhakar elected MLCs unanimously". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 27 May 2022.</ref>
| term_end2 =
| 1blankname2 = Chairman
| 1namedata2 = [[A. Chakrapani]] [[N. M. D. Farooq]] [[Shariff Mohammed Ahmed]] [[Koyye Moshenu Raju]]
| 2blankname2 = Leader of the House
| 2namedata2 = [[Kiran Kumar Reddy]] [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| constituency2 = elected from local authorities
| successor3 =
| office4 = [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of State for Urban Affairs and Employment]]<ref name=profile>{{cite web|title=Ummareddy Venkateswarlu |url=https://theleaderspage.com/ummareddy-venkateswarlu/ |website=The Leaders Page|date=2 July 2020 }}</ref>
| term_start4 = 9 June 1997
| term_end4 = 19 March 1998
| primeminister4 = [[I. K. Gujral]]
| predecessor4 = [[I. K. Gujral]]
| successor4 = [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| office5 = [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of State for Urban Affairs and Employment]]
| term_start5 = 29 June 1996
| term_end5 = 9 June 1997
| primeminister5 = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] [[I. K. Gujral]]
| alongside5 = [[M. P. Veerendra Kumar]] (1997)
| predecessor5 = [[S. S. Ahluwalia]]
| successor5 = [[M. P. Veerendra Kumar]]
| office6 = [[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister of State for Agriculture]]<ref name=profile/>
| term_start6 = 1 June 1996
| term_end6 = 29 June 1996
| primeminister6 = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
| alongside6 = [[Samudrala Venugopal Chary]]
| predecessor6 = [[Mohd. Ayub Khan]]
| successor6 = [[Samudrala Venugopal Chary]]
| office7 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start7 = 1999
| term_end7 = 2004<ref>"General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III)". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</ref>
| predecessor7 = [[P. Shivashankar]]
| successor7 = [[Balashowry Vallabhaneni]]
| constituency7 = [[Tenali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenali]]
| term_start8 = 1996
| term_end8 = 1998
| predecessor8 = {{nobr|[[Daggubati Venkateswara Rao]]}}
| successor8 = [[N. Janardhana Reddy]]
| constituency8 = [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
| term_start9 = 1991
| term_end9 = 1996
| predecessor9 = Basavapunnaiah Singam
| successor9 = [[Sarada Tadiparthi]]
| constituency9 = [[Tenali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenali]]
| office10 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start10 = 1985
| term_end10 = 1989
| predecessor10 = C. V. Ramaraju
| successor10 = Chirala Govardhan Reddy
| constituency10 = [[Bapatla (Assembly constituency)|Bapatla]]
| parents =
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]] {{small|(since 2012)}}
| otherparty = [[Telugu Desam Party]] {{small|(1983–2012)}}
| spouse = Smt. Sarojini Devi
| children = 4
}}

'''Ummareddy Venkateswarlu''' (born 1 July 1935) is an Indian politician who has served as Chief Whip in Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council since June 2019. He joined [[YSR Congress party]] in November 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-11-28 |title=Ummareddy joins YSR Congress |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh//article60013289.ece |access-date=2022-05-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was an MLA and senior leader in Telugu Desam Party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/127582/|title=TDPP choices made, Balayogi likely to return as Speaker|date=18 October 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/TDP-to-agitate-on-urea-price-hike/article15988539.ece|title=TDP to agitate on urea price hike|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 February 2010|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Life==
He is a native of Kondubhotla Palem of Bapatla Mandal in [[Guntur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He belongs to [[Kapu (caste)]] which falls under OC category . He holds a doctorate in agriculture and was educated at Andhra Pradesh Agriculture University and [[Banaras Hindu University]].{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

He along with his family owns DPS ( Delhi Public School ) , Hyderabad branches in khajaguda ( gachibowli) , Secunderabad (Diamond Point) and Miyapur (Bowrampet) .

==Positions==
* 1985–89 Member, [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* 1986 Member, Select Committee to Amend the Andhra Pradesh Co-operatives Act
* 1987–89 Member, Estimates Committee Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
* 1989–91 Secretary, [[Telugu Desam Party]] (T.D.P.), [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* 1991 Elected to [[10th Lok Sabha]] (Tenali seat)
* 1991–94 Member, Consultative Committee, [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Ministry of Agriculture]]
* 1991–95 Vice-President, T.D.P., Andhra Pradesh
* 1993–94 Member, Committee on Papers Laid on the Table
* 1993–96 Member, Committee on Human Resource Development
* 1994–96 Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Communications
* 1995–96 Member, Committee on Government Assurances
* 1996 Re-elected to [[11th Lok Sabha]] (2nd term) (Bapatla seat)
* Member, [[Politburo]], T.D.P.
* President, T.D.P. (Publicity wing)
* 1996–98 Union Minister of State, Agriculture
* Union Minister of State, Urban Affairs, Employment and Parliamentary Affairs (Independent Charge)
* 1999 Re-elected to [[13th Lok Sabha]] (3rd term) (Tenali seat)
* 1999–2000 Member, Committee on Energy
* Member, Joint Committee on the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers'
* Rights Bill, 1999
* Member, General Purposes Committee
* 1999–2000 Chairman, Committee on Estimates 2000-2001
* 2015 Member of Legislative Council, Andhra Pradesh<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-06-19 |title=Ummareddy, Prabhakar elected MLCs unanimously |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/ummareddy-prabhakar-elected-mlcs-unanimously/article7335132.ece |access-date=2022-05-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 2019 Opposition Floor Leader, Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council
* 2021 Member of Legislative Council, Andhra Pradesh
* 2022 Chief Whip for Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkateswarlu, Ummareddy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Union ministers from United Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]

Ugna Mahadev

2026-02-18T14:31:49Z

Venu ji yes: Made A Data

{{Short description|Incarnation of Lord Shiva in Mithila}}
{{See also-text|[[Vidyapati]]|[[Bisfi Vidyapati Dih]]|[[Ugna Mahadev, Bhawanipur]]}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Ugna
| image =
| caption =
| other_names = Ugna
| era = 14th Century CE
}}

'''Ugna''' or '''Ugna Mahadev''' (उगना महादेव) is believed to be an incarnation of [[Shiva]] as the servant of his devotee, the [[Maithili language|Maithili]] poet [[Vidyapati]] around the 14th century in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ugana Mahadev {{!}} District Madhubani, Government Of Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://madhubani.nic.in/tourist-place/ugana-mahadev/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=40 हजार श्रद्धालुओं ने उगना महादेव पर किया जलाभिषेक |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-40-thousand-pilgrims-perform-on-agna-mahadev-jalabhishek-2658740.html |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बिस्फी के भैरवा में 20 हजार श्रद्धालुओं ने उगना महादेव पर चढ़ाया जल |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-20-thousand-devotees-in-bheirwa-of-bisphi-raise-water-on-ugna-mahadev-2645102.html |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref> According to legend, the people of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] generally remember and worship Shiva by the name of Ugna, which is among the deity's [[Shiva Sahasranama|thousand names]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Pankaj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xl9DwAAQBAJ&q=ugna+Mahadev |title=A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century |date=2018-11-20 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909535-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&q=ugna+Mahadev |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |date=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-034-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu61AAAAIAAJ |title=Civilizational Regions of Mithila & Mahakoshal |date=1982 |publisher=Capital Publishing House |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIcKAQAAMAAJ |title=Literary Onomastics Studies |date=1975 |publisher=State University College. |language=en}}</ref>

== Legend ==

It is believed that Shiva was so pleased and fascinated with the devotion of Vidyapati to him, he decided to meet the poet on the earth in human incarnation as Ugna. Shiva took the incarnation in human being wearing custum like servant. He reached the house of the poet Vidyapati in search of jobs. He met the poet and asked for job at his home. But Vidyapati was not so prosperous by wealth to provide job for him. Then Ugna agreed to work at the poet house on cost of two times daily food.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidyapati : Shiv Prem |url=https://ignca.gov.in/coilnet/vp002.htm |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=ignca.gov.in}}</ref> Once a time Vidyapati was going to the king [[Shiva Simha Singh|Shiv Singh]] court for meeting with the king in a very hot summer, then he felt very thirsty for water and asked Ugna to bring some water. Ugna went few distances out of the sight of Vidyapati and full his lota with water from the [[Ganges|Ganga]] from his jatta. Then he came back to Vidyapati and give the full [[Lota (vessel)|lota]] of water to the poet to drink the water. When Vidyapati drank the water, he recognised the taste of the water as from the Ganga. After drinking the water, Vidyapati looked around at a far distance in search of the source of the water but he found no such source of water around him and he astonished. Then he asked Ugna to show the source of water but Ugna was unable to show the source of the water. Then Vidyapati prayed to Ugna and asked him to clearify his true identity. After many appeals from Vidyapati Ugna finally showed his true identity as Shiva. Then Shiva asked Vidyapati to promise him not to reveal his true identity to anyone and Vidyapati agreed to not reveal his true identity to anyone. But one day the wife of the poet was very angry with Ugna and tried to beat him by burning wood. Vidyapati saw this incident and suddenly revealed the true identity of Ugna to stop his wife from beating him by the burning wood. And then Ugna showing his true identity disappeared from there forever.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ugana Mahadev {{!}} District Madhubani, Government Of Bihar {{!}} India|url=https://madhubani.nic.in/tourist-place/ugana-mahadev/|access-date=2021-11-06|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=नवभारतटाइम्स.कॉम -|first=Meenakshi Jha {{!}}|date=2018-05-07|title=जानें, त्रिकालदर्शी भगवान शिव ने किस भक्त के लिए नौकर बन की सेवा|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/dharam-karam/religion-and-spiritualism/story-of-mahakavi-vidyapati-and-ugna-mahadev-29132/|access-date=2021-11-06|website=नवभारत टाइम्स}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=...जब चूल्हे की जलती लकड़ी से हुई भगवान शिव की पिटाई, हुआ ये अंजाम|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/spirituality/religion/story-of-ugna-mahadev-temple-in-bhawanipur-village-at-madhubani|access-date=2021-11-06|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=शिव जी इस कवि के घर पर कर रहे थे चाकरी, बीवी ने जलते चूल्हे की लकड़ी से की थी भोलेनाथ की पिटाई|url=https://www.patrika.com/weird-news/ugna-mahadev-mandir-in-madhubani-district-bihar-4263068/|access-date=2021-11-06|website=Patrika News|date=11 March 2019 |language=hindi}}</ref>

== Related places ==
*[[Ugna Mahadev, Bhawanipur|Ugna Mahadev Mandir]], [[Bhavanipur]]: It is said that, Ugna appeared in the form Shiva in front of [[Vidyapati]] at [[Bhavanipur]] village of [[Madhubani district]] in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region of [[Bihar]].<ref name=":1" />
*[[Bisfi Vidyapati Dih]], [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]: Similarly it is believed that Shiva took the incarnation of Ugna at [[Bisfi]] village of [[Madhubani district]] in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region of [[Bihar]]. It is also the birthplace of [[Vidyapati]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=...जब चूल्हे की जलती लकड़ी से हुई भगवान शिव की पिटाई, हुआ ये अंजाम |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/spirituality/religion/story-of-ugna-mahadev-temple-in-bhawanipur-village-at-madhubani |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Forms of Shiva]]
[[Category:Shaivism]]

Shivaram

2026-02-11T07:26:02Z

Venu ji yes: quick fix page based on references also and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian actor (1938–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shivaram
| image = S. Shivaram.jpg
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|1|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Choodasandra, [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| occupation = Actor, film producer, director
| years active = 1958-2021
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|12|04|1938|1|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| spouse = Padma
| relatives = [[S. Ramanathan (film director)|S. Ramanathan]] (brother)
| awards =
}}

'''S. Shivaram''' (28 January 1938 – 4 December 2021),<ref>{{cite video |title=Shivaram |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lK5TwjvOBOw |publisher=KARNATAKA INFORMATION |time=0:14 |date=3 August 2019}}</ref> popularly known simply as '''Shivaram''' or '''Shivaramanna''', was an Indian actor, producer and director whose [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]] career has spanned six decades.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=25 April 2014 |title=He's loved by all |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/hes-loved-by-all/article5944848.ece |access-date=4 December 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He has played roles including lead hero performances, character roles, comedic roles, as well as supporting parts. He teamed up with his elder brother, [[S. Ramanathan (film director)|S. Ramanathan]] and produced several films under the name '''Rashi Brothers''' apart from directing ''[[Hrudaya Sangama]]'' in 1972. They together produced movies directed by [[Puttanna Kanagal]] like ''[[Gejje Pooje]]'' and ''[[Upasane]]''. They also produced [[Dr. Rajkumar]] 's 175th movie ''[[Nanobba Kalla]]'' and the Tamil movie ''[[Dharma Durai (1991 film)|Dharma Durai]]'' starring [[Rajinikanth]] which was a remake of the 1989 Kannada movie ''[[Deva (1989 film)|Deva]]''.
The brothers together produced few [[Bollywood]] films as well including the 1985 movie ''[[Geraftaar]]'' which is known to be the only Indian movie to star three stalwarts - [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Rajinikanth]] - in a single movie.<ref>[http://www.chakpak.com/content/news/veteran-director-s-ramanathan-dead Veteran director S Ramanathan dead]</ref> As an actor, Shivaram has the distinction of working with many stalwart directors out of which his association with [[Puttanna Kanagal]] is much remembered. He has acted in all the seven Kannada movies directed by [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] starring [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]].

==Early life==
Shivaram was born in a middle class [[Hindu]] family in Choodasandra Village in [[Madras Presidency]], a place bordering the [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] states.<ref>{{cite news |title=Born on January 28, 1938 in a Tamil Brahmin family, Shivaram |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/veteran-kannada-film-actor-s-shivaram-dies-at-83/article37838262.ece |work=The Hindu |date=4 December 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Veteran Kannada film actor S Shivaram dies at 83, to get state funeral |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/veteran-kannada-film-actor-s-shivaram-dies-at-83-to-get-state-funeral-101638644117956.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> After having his primary education completed, he moved to [[Bangalore]] city along with his elder brother Srikanteshwara, who was running, esteemed Vani typewriting & Commerce Institute. Influenced by the theater screenings of [[Gubbi Veeranna]], Shivaram developed a strong liking towards the film-making and acting. He began to act in several stage plays and migrated to cinema in 1958 assisting various directors such as [[Ku. Ra. Seetharama Sastry]]. He also worked as a camera assistant to the veteran cinematographer Boman D. Irani.

Shivaram's first appearance as an actor on the silver screen was with ''[[Beratha Jeeva]]'' in 1965 directed and co-produced by [[K. R. Seetharama Sastry]]. Meanwhile, he was assisting various prominent directors like [[K. S. L. Swamy]], [[Geethapriya]], [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] and [[Puttanna Kanagal]].

==Career==
After his stint as the assistant director from 1958 through 1965, he got his acting break in supporting role in Seetharama Shastry's ''Beretha Jeeva'' starring [[Kalyan Kumar]]. From then on, he acted with almost all the directors of the 1970s and 1980s through 2000s. Some of his most memorable performances as a character actor include ''[[Sharapanjara]]'', ''[[Naagarahaavu]]'', ''[[Shubhamangala]]''; all of which are directed by [[Puttanna Kanagal]]. His comic roles were appreciated in many films such as ''[[Chalisuva Modagalu]]'', ''[[Shravana Banthu]]'', ''[[Haalu Jenu]]'', ''[[Hombisilu]]'', ''[[Hosa Belaku]]'', ''[[Guru Shishyaru (1981 film)|Guru Shishyaru]]'', ''[[Simhada Mari Sainya]]'', ''[[Makkala Sainya]]'' to name a few. He appeared in the lead role in ''[[Driver Hanumanthu]]'' (1980) which was also co-produced by him. Post 2000 year, he switched to character roles performing in major blockbusters such as ''[[Apthamitra]]'' , ''[[Huchcha]]'' and parallel cinemas such as ''[[Bara (1982 film)|Bara]]'' and ''[[Thaayi Saheba]]''. He also acted in television series ''Grihabhanga'', directed by [[Girish Kasaravalli]] and ''Baduku'' directed by Ravikiran.<ref>[http://www.viggy.com/english/current_shivaram.asp Shivaram - saga of a multifaceted actor]</ref>

Associating with his brother, S. Ramanathan and forming a home production named "Rashi Brothers", Shivaram co-produced many of the blockbuster and critically acclaimed movies such as ''[[Gejje Pooje]]'' (1970), ''[[Upasane]]'' (1974), ''[[Nanobba Kalla]]'' (1979), ''[[Driver Hanumanthu]]'' (1980) and ''[[Bahala Chennagide]]'' (2001).

== Death ==
Shivaram died from [[Intracerebral hemorrhage|brain haemorrhage]] on 4 December 2021 at the age of 83 in a private hospital in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 December 2021 |title=Veteran actor Shivaram passes away |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/veteran-actor-shivaram-passes-away/article37837660.ece |access-date=4 December 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 December 2021 |title=Veteran Kannada actor Shivaram no more |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/veteran-kannada-actor-shivaram-no-more-1057531.html |access-date=4 December 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===As director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Direction Filmography
|-
! Year !! Film
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Hrudaya Sangama]]''
|-
|}

===As producer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Production Filmography
|-
! Year !! Film
!Notes
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Gejje Pooje]]''
|
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Upasane]]''
|
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Nanobba Kalla]]''
|
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Driver Hanumanthu]]''
|
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Dharma Durai (1991 film)|Dharma Durai]]''
|Tamil film
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Bahala Chennagide]]''
|
|}

===As actor (partial)===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Beratha Jeeva]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Mavana Magalu]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Dudde Doddappa]]'' (1966)
* ''Sri Purandara Dasaru'' (1967)
* ''[[Lagna Pathrike]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Namma Makkalu]]'' (1969)
* ''Anireekshita'' (1970)
* ''Mukti'' (1970)
* ''[[Sharapanjara]]'' (1971)...Bhatta
* ''[[Bhale Adrushtavo Adrushta]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Sipayi Ramu]]'' (1972)...Lakhan Singh
* ''[[Naagarahaavu]]'' (1972)...Varadha
* ''[[Naa Mechida Huduga]]'' (1972)...Shankar
* ''[[Hrudaya Sangama]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Mooroovare Vajragalu]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Edakallu Guddada Mele]]'' (1973)...Nanjunda's uncle
* ''[[Upasane]]'' (1974)...Shankarabharana
* ''[[Bangaarada Panjara]]'' (1974)
* ''Hennu Samsarada Kannu'' (1975)
* ''[[Shubhamangala]]'' (1975)...Thimma
* ''[[Onde Roopa Eradu Guna]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Devara Gudi]]'' (1975)...Kitty
* ''Hudugatada Hudugi'' (1976)
* ''Mangalya Bhagya'' (1976)
* ''[[Besuge]]'' (1976)...Ranga
* ''[[Bangarada Gudi]]'' (1976)...Shami
* ''[[Bayasade Banda Bhagya]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Nagarahole (film)|Nagarahole]]'' (1977)...Gundu Rao
* ''[[Sneha Sedu]]'' (1978)
* ''Premayana'' (1978)...Raman
* ''[[Muyyige Muyyi]]'' (1978)...Shiva
* ''[[Kiladi Kittu]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Hombisilu]]'' (1978)...Dr. Srinath
* ''[[Priya (1978 film)|Priya]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Chithegu Chinthe]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Nanobba Kalla]]'' (1979)...Puttappa
* ''[[Kaadu Kudure]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Dharmasere]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Driver Hanumanthu]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Maria My Darling]]'' (1980)...Sunder Rao
* ''[[Makkala Sainya]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Bangarada Jinke]]'' (1980)...lecturer
* ''[[Simhada Mari Sainya]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Mareyada Haadu]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Guru Shishyaru (1981 film)|Guru Shishyaru]]'' (1981)...Vishwa
* ''[[Geetha (1981 film)|Geetha]]'' (1981)...Linganna
* ''[[Gharjane]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Tony (1982 film)|Tony]]'' (1982)...[[Colonel]] Donald Malcolm (cameo)
* ''[[Hosa Belaku]]'' (1982)...Raja Rao
* ''[[Bara (1982 film)|Bara]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Haalu Jenu]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Hasyaratna Ramakrishna]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Chalisuva Modagalu]]'' (1982)...Judge
* ''[[Baadada Hoo]]'' (1982)...Raghavendra Rao
* ''[[Pallavi Anu Pallavi]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Gedda Maga]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Hosa Theerpu]]'' (1983)...Govindayya
* ''[[Eradu Nakshatragalu]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1983 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' (1983)...Prahlada's teacher
* ''Chandi Chamundi'' (1983)...Jattappa
* ''Bekkina Kannu'' (1984)
* ''[[Mugila Mallige]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Chiranjeevi Sudhakar]]'' (1988)
* ''Balu Hombale'' (1989)...Subba Rao
* ''[[Raja Kempu Roja]]'' (1990)
* ''Halliya Surasuraru'' (1990)...Qasim
* ''[[Gandu Sidigundu]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Halli Rambhe Belli Bombe]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Mangalya (film)|Mangalya]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Dharma Durai (1991 film)|Dharma Durai]]'' (1991; Tamil)
* ''[[Sahasi (film)|Sahasi]]'' (1992)
* ''Ksheera Sagara'' (1992)
* ''[[Prema Sangama]]'' (1992)
* ''Bhagavan Sri Saibaba'' (1993)...[[Narada]]
* ''[[Kona Edaithe]]'' (1995)...Baba
*''[[Karnataka Suputra]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Ammavra Ganda]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Thaayi Saheba]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Prathyartha]]'' (1999)...Madhav
* ''[[Hats Off India]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Yajamana (2000 film)|Yajamana]]'' (2000)...Hotel owner
* ''[[Lankesha]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Jipuna Nanna Ganda]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Simhadriya Simha]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Hrudayavantha]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Raja Narasimha]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Apthamitra]]'' (2004)...Rangajja
*''[[Paramasivan]]'' (2006; Tamil)
* ''[[Sajni (film)|Sajni]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Ghauttham]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Bellary Naga]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Breaking News (2012 film)|Breaking News]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Bhajarangi]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Mugila Chumbana]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Shivam (2015 Kannada film)|Shivam]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Care of Footpath 2]]'' (2015)
* ''[[...Re (film)|...Re]]'' (2016)...Govinda Rao Sharmana "Samskrutha"
* ''[[Hey Sarasu]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Mukunda Murari]]'' (2016)...Swamiji
* ''Sri Omkara Ayyappane'' (2016)
* ''[[Bangara s/o Bangarada Manushya]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Once More Kaurava]]'' (2017)
* ''Snehitha'' (2021)
* ''[[Drishya 2]]'' (2021)...Tea shop owner
* ''Vidhi (Article) 370'' (2023)
* ''Gadhayuddha'' (2023)...Astrologer
{{div col end}}

==Awards==

* 2013 - Padmabhushan Dr. B. Sarojadevi National Award.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/actor-shivaram-stresses-need-for-unity-in-kannada-film-industry/article4473575.ece Actor Shivaram stresses need for unity in Kannada film industry]</ref>
* 2010-11 - [[Dr. Rajkumar Award|Dr. Rajkumar Lifetime Achievement Award]] from [[Karnataka Government]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-puneeth-rajkumar-gets-best-actor-award-1672249 |title=Puneeth Rajkumar gets best actor award |date=6 April 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1157160|Shivaram}}
*[http://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/shivaram/filmography.html Shivaram filmography]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130626000445/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jul132008/state2008071278522.asp Kannada filmdom's Shivaram turns 70]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivaram}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Film producers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

P. Kausalya

2026-02-09T05:02:01Z

Venu ji yes: creating a stub nd citations...

{{Short description|Indian HIV activist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P Kausalya
| image = P. Kausalya Nari Shakti award (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = c. 1975
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| education =
| occupation =
| employer = Advocate for Positive Women Network
| known_for = First Indian woman to admit to being HIV positive
| spouse = Died
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| website =
| awards = [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''P Kausalya,''' aka '''Periasamy Kousalya''' (born c. 1975) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] HIV activist. She came to notice as the first woman to talk to the media about being one of India's [[HIV-positive people]]. She was awarded the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] in 2015 by the Indian government. She was one of four people who started the Positive Women Network to champion the rights of women who were HIV+.

== Life ==
She was born in about 1975 and when she was twenty she married her first cousin.<ref name="first"/> She had been brought up by her father and his wife as her mother had died when she was two. She didn't get on with her step mother and she was assured that her mother before she died had wanted her to marry her cousin.<ref name=coz>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Deepannita|date=2019-03-28|title=HIV+ At 20 And At 46 Her Positive Voice Is Helping 30,000+ HIV Positive Woman To Live Without Stigma|url=https://lifebeyondnumbers.com/kousalya-perisamy-positive-women-network-helping-30000-hiv-positive-woman-to-live-without-stigma/|access-date=2020-07-04|website=LifeBeyondNumbers|language=en-US}}</ref> Two weeks after the wedding she felt ill and investigations revealed that she was HIV positive. She had contracted the infection from her husband and they were both soon taking what was said to be "cures". Information was not available, she says that a doctor told her to have her uterus removed. Her husband, a lorry driver, had known he was HIV positive before the marriage. They separated and he tried, unsuccessfully to marry again.<ref name=coz/> He killed himself and the media began taking interest in her story. They encouraged her to speak out and she made the brave decision that made her the first woman in India to identify herself as being HIV positive.<ref name=first>{{Cite web|title=World AIDS Day: Meet the first Indian Woman to come out openly as an AIDS victim|url=https://www.edexlive.com/people/2017/dec/01/world-aids-day-meet-the-first-indian-woman-to-come-out-openly-as-an-aids-victim-1702.html|access-date=2020-07-04|website=The New Indian Express|date=December 2017 }}</ref>

She was confused and scared and it was the news of Dr [[Suniti Solomon]]'s work that allowed her to get her life back in order. She continued to talk to the press but she would not allow her photo to be published. She and her family were worried by stories of HIV people being killed in India. After her housemates found out about her status then they shunned her.<ref name=coz/> In 1999 she became very ill with [[Tuberculosis]] and [[Meningitis]]. Drugs that would later cost 300 rupees then cost 7,500 rupees. Subsidised drugs would not be available for another five years.<ref name=first/> Luckily her uncle agreed to pay for her medicines.<ref name=coz/>

As one of the few HIV positive people willing to talk to the media she became involved in discussing discrimination and the marriage of HIV positive people to "innocent" partners.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Das|first=Dilip K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vbSIDwAAQBAJ&dq=+kausalya+hiv&pg=PA98|title=Teaching AIDS: The Cultural Politics of HIV Disease in India|date=2019-02-18|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-13-6120-3|language=en}}</ref>

She was one of the founders of [[Positive Women Network]] with Varalakshmi, Jones and Hema. They created pressure on government organisations to supply information on HIV.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Manian|first=Sunita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uv8nDwAAQBAJ&dq=Kausalya+&pg=PT255|title=HIV/AIDS in India: Voices from the Margins|date=2017-06-14|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-80648-0|language=en}}</ref> They have used India's commitment to the [[Millennium Development Goals]] to persuade the government to supply homes to destitute women and to argue for special treatment for widows who are HIV positive.

When ARV drugs were introduced as part of the [[Management of HIV/AIDS]] then the PWN arranged for one of their volunteers to monitor the delivery of treatment inside hospitals to improve the behaviour of staff.<ref name=":0" />

On [[International Women's Day]] in 2015 she received the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]].<ref name=first/> She was one of the first eight [[Nari Shakti Puraskar|Nari Shakti Awards]] for her leadership and achievement the year before.<ref name="delhi">{{Cite magazine|date=March 9, 2015 |title=Stree Shakti Puraskar and Nari Shakti Puraskar presented to 6 and 8 Indian women respectively|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/stree-shakti-puraskar-and-nari-shakti-puraskar-presented-to-6-and-8-indian-women-respectively-243468-2015-03-09|access-date=2020-07-03|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The award was made on [[International Women's Day]] from the then Indian President [[Pranab Mukherjee]].<ref>{{cite web|date=9 March 2017|title=Nari Shakti Puraskar awardees full list|url=https://www.bestcurrentaffairs.com/nari-shakti-puruskar-awardees-full-list|access-date=2020-07-03|website=Best Current Affairs}}</ref>

In 2020 she was President of the PWN and still arguing to resist discrimination against people who are HIV positive.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HIV+ patients can get drugs for other health problems at ART clinics|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/jan/11/hiv-patients-can-get-drugs-for-other-health-problems-at-art-clinics-2088075.html|access-date=2020-07-04|website=The New Indian Express|date=11 January 2020 }}</ref> She sells red ribbons to wear of [[World AIDS day]] for twenty rupees. She notes that the money is important, but so is wearing the ribbons as it shows that people support the cause.<ref name=first/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kausalya, P.}}
[[Category:Indian HIV/AIDS activists]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]

Vikaspedia

2026-02-06T14:41:52Z

Venu ji yes: Made Details

{{Short description|Indian Government online encyclopedia}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}{{use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Vikaspedia
| logo = Vikaspedia logo.jpg
| logocaption =
| screenshot =
| collapsible =
| collapsetext =
| caption =
| url = {{URL|vikaspedia.in}}
| commercial =
| type = Information and knowledge portal
| registration =
| language =
| num_users =
| content_license =
| programming language =
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| author =
| editor =
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2014|02|18|df=yes}}<ref name="ta">{{cite news | url=http://www.techinasia.com/indian-government-launches-homemade-wikipedia/ | title=Indian government launches Vikaspedia | work=Techinasia | date=19 February 2014 | accessdate=20 February 2014}}</ref>
| revenue =
| alexa = 
| current_status =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Vikaspedia''' is an Indian [[online encyclopedia|online encyclopaedia]], launched by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="DNA 18 Feb">{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-government-launches-vikaspedia-as-online-information-guide-1963221 | title=Government launches Vikaspedia as online information guide | work=DNA | date=18 February 2014 | accessdate=19 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="NDTV 18 Feb">{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/government-launches-vikaspedia-website-for-local-content-development-tools-485118 | title=Government launches Vikaspedia, website for local content development tools | work=NDTV | date=18 February 2014 | accessdate=19 February 2014}}</ref> The website was implemented by [[C-DAC Hyderabad]] and is run by the [[Department of Electronics and Information Technology]], [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]]. It is built as a portal for the social sectors, and offers information in 23 languages: [[English language|English]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], [[kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref name="Livemint 18 Feb">{{cite web | url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/zQAIYEPdiDq62R2y9G9ZXO/Govt-launches-Vikaspedia-as-online-information-guide.html | title=Govt launches Vikaspedia as online information guide | publisher=Livemint | date=18 February 2014 | accessdate=19 February 2014}}</ref>

It was started on 18 February 2014 and has information in the domains of Agriculture, Health, Education, Social Welfare, Energy and e-Governance.<ref name="TOI 18 Feb">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/internet/Government-launches-online-information-guide-Vikaspedia/articleshow/30629322.cms | title=Government launches online information guide Vikaspedia | work=Times of India | date=18 February 2014 | accessdate=19 February 2014}}</ref> The name of the portal is a portmanteau of the words ''Vikas'' ([[Sanskrit]] for "Development") and encyclo''pedia''. The portal provides information in local languages in all six given sectors. {{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://vikaspedia.in/ Official website]
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Government services web portals in India]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2014]]
[[Category:Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)]]
[[Category:Multilingual online encyclopedias]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Meitei-language websites]]
[[Category:Tamil-language websites]]
[[Category:Tamil-language encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Telugu-language websites]]
[[Category:Indian encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Nepali-language encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Hindi-language encyclopedias]]

Crossbelt Mani

2026-02-06T06:22:48Z

Venu ji yes: refined lead and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian film director and cinematographer (1935–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Crossbelt Mani
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = K. Velayudhan Nair
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1935|04|22}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]], [[British India]] (present day [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2021|10|30|1935|04|22}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|Cinematographer}}
| years_active = 1968 – 1990
| spouse = Sreemathiyamma
| children = 2
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|Krishna Pillai|Kamalamma}}
}}

'''K. Velayudhan Nair''', better known by his [[stage name]] '''Crossbelt Mani''' (22 April 1935 – 30 October 2021), was an Indian film director and cinematographer, who worked in the [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/07/04/stories/2002070402690200.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140906174012/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/07/04/stories/2002070402690200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 September 2014|title=Throwback to a love saga|date=4 July 2002|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Anand|first=Shilpa Nair|date=2 September 2015|title=Never at cross purposes|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/velayudhan-nair-aka-cross-belt-mani-on-his-blockbuster-film-that-completes-45-years-this-year/article7607751.ece|access-date=30 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/CrossBelt%20Mani-2598 |title=CrossBelt Mani:Profile and Biography, Malayalam Movie Director CrossBelt Mani latest Photo Gallery | Video Gallery, Malayalam Movie Director CrossBelt Mani, CrossBelt Mani Filimography, CrossBelt Mani Films and Cinemas, CrossBelt Mani Awards and Nominations |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906205417/http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/CrossBelt%20Mani-2598 |archive-date=6 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He directed more than 40 Malayalam movies and worked as a cinematographer for ten movies.<ref name="malayalachalachithram">{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=1889|title=Cross Belt Mani|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com|accessdate=6 September 2014}}</ref> He became popular with his second movie ''[[Cross Belt (film)|Cross Belt]]'' in 1970 and adopted ''Crossbelt'' to his name.<ref name="spicyonion">{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/person/crossbelt-mani-movies-list/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906203715/http://spicyonion.com/person/crossbelt-mani-movies-list/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 September 2014|title=Complete List of Crossbelt Mani Movies | Crossbelt Mani Filmography | Spicyonion.com|publisher=spicyonion.com|accessdate=6 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="nthwall">{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ml/Crossbelt-Mani/celebrities/4564102769|title=Crossbelt Mani's Movies, Latest News, Video Songs, wallpapers, New Images, Photos, Biography, Upcoming Movies.- Nth Wall|publisher=nthwall.com|accessdate=6 September 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906203958/http://www.nthwall.com/ml/Crossbelt-Mani/celebrities/4564102769|archivedate=6 September 2014}}</ref> Veteran director [[Joshiy]] worked as an assistant director under him.

==Personal life==

Velayudhan Nair with the [[stage name]] Crossbelt Mani hailed from [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite news|title=ക്രോസ്‌ബെല്‍റ്റ് മണി ആക്ഷന്‍ സിനിമകളിലെ ഒറ്റയാന്‍|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/article-malayalam-news-1.633158|publisher=mathrubhumi.in|accessdate=29 October 2015}}</ref> He was born to Valiyashalayil Madhavivilasathu Krishna Pillai and Kamalamma on 22 April 1935. He was married to Iranayil Bhagavathimandirathu Sreemathiyamma. They had a son, Krishnakumar, and a daughter, Roopa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=സിനിമാ സംവിധായകന്‍ ക്രോസ് ബെല്‍റ്റ് മണി he also married raj kokila and lived with her for a considerable time. അന്തരിച്ചു|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/crossbelt-mani-passes-away-1.6134603|access-date=30 October 2021|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref><ref name="msidb">{{cite web|title=Profile of Malayalam Director Cross Belt Mani|url=https://en.msidb.org/qSearch.php?q=Cross%20Belt%20Mani|url-status=live|publisher=en.msidb.org|accessdate=6 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030182836/https://en.msidb.org/qSearch.php?q=Cross%20Belt%20Mani |archive-date=30 October 2021 }}</ref>

Mani died on 30 October 2021, at the age of 86 at his home in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{Cite news|title=സംവിധായകൻ ക്രോസ്ബെൽറ്റ് മണി അന്തരിച്ചു; വിടവാങ്ങിയത് ആദ്യകാല ഹിറ്റ്‌മേക്കർ|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2021/10/30/malayalam-movie-director-crossbelt-mani-passes-away.html|access-date=30 October 2021|website=|publisher=Malayala Manorama}}</ref> He was suffering from various illnesses associated with old age at the time of his death.

==Filmography==

===Direction===
{{Div col}}
* [[Midumidukki]] (1968)
* [[Cross Belt (film)|Cross Belt]] (1970)
* [[Manushyabandhangal]] (1972)
* [[Puthrakameshti]] (1972)
* [[Naadan Premam]] (1972)
* [[Sakthi (1972 film)|Shakthi]] (1972)
* [[Kaapaalika]] (1973)
* [[Nadeenadanmaare Aavasyamundu]] (1974)
* [[Velicham Akale]] (1975)
* Penpada (1975)
* Kuttichaathan (1975)
* Thaamarathoni (1975)
* Chottaanikkara Amma (1976)
* Yudhabhoomi (1976)
* Neethipeedham (1977)
* Penpuli (1977)
* [[Pattaalam Janaki]] (1977)
* [[Aanayum Ambaariyum]] (1978)
* Black Belt (1978)
* [[Pancharathnam]] (1979)
* [[Youvanam Daaham]] (1980)
* [[Eettappuli]] (1983)
* Thimingalam (1983)
* [[Bullet (1984 film)|Bullet]] (1984)
* [[Chorakku Chora]] (1985)
* Black Mail (1985)
* Revenge (1985)
* Ottayan (1985)
* Kulambadikal (1986)
* Pensimham (1986)
* Urukkumanushyan (1986)
* Naaradan Keralathil (1987)
* Devadas (1989)
* Commander (1990)
{{div col end}}

===Cinematography===
* Bullet (1984)
*[[Chorakku Chora]] (1985)
*[[Black Mail (1985 film)|Black Mail]] (1985)
* Revenge (1985)
*[[Ottayan]] (1985)
*[[Kulambadikal]] (1986)
*[[Urukku Manushyan|Urukkumanushyan]] (1986)
*[[Naradhan Keralathil|Naaradan Keralathil]] (1987)
* Commander (1990)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0542339}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mani, Crossbelt}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Kerala]]

Anjali Parvati Koda

2026-02-06T05:37:48Z

Venu ji yes: New a bio - done

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}

==Biography==

'''Anjali Parvati Koda''' is a playwright, a writer-director in Telugu films, and a stand-up comedian. She has acted in plays such as ''[[Hamlet]]'' and [[The Bear (play)|Anton Chekov's ''The Bear'']].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youandi.com//Backstage_Pass.aspx?PAGE|title=Backstage Pass|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516155207/http://www.youandi.com/Backstage_Pass.aspx?PAGE|archive-date=16 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/drama-queens/article5078941.ece|title=Drama queens|first=Prabalika M.|last=Borah|date=1 September 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

{{Infobox person
| name = Anjali Parvati Koda
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| occupation = Director, Writer, Playwright
| years_active = 2004–Present
}}

==Theatre==

*''[[The Importance of Being Earnest]]'' by [[Oscar Wilde]] (English) (Producer)
*''[[Court Martial]]'' by [[Swadesh Deepak]] (Hindi) (Producer)
*''The Bear'' by [[Anton Chekhov]] (English) (Actor)
*''The Proposal'' by [[Anton Chekhov]] (English) (Producer)
*''[[Hamlet]]'' by [[William Shakespeare]] (English) (Actor)
*''Dominic Wesley'' by Anjali Parvati Koda (English) (Writer)
*''[[The Zoo Story]]'' by [[Edward Albee]] (English) (Producer)
*''Purushotham'' by Anjali Parvati Koda (English) (Writer)
*''The Crest of the Peacock'' by Sarada Devi (English) (Actor-Dancer)
*''Maranoparanth'' by Surendra Varma (Hindi) (Actor)
*''Taj Mahal Ka Tender'' by Ajay Shukla (Hindi) (Producer)
*''Karna'' by Anjali Parvati Koda (English) (Writer)
*''12 Angry Men'' by Reginald Rose (English) (Producer)
*''Gregor Samsa'' by Anjali Parvati Koda (English) (Writer)
*''The Good Doctor'' by [[Neil Simon]] (English) (Producer)
*''Farewell'' by Team Samahaara (Multilingual) (Producer)
*''The Last Wish Baby'' Adapted by Anjali Parvati Koda and Team Samahaara (Multilingual) (Writer-Editor)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koda, Anjali Parvati}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu-language dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Women writers from Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]

Shaheber Chithi

2026-02-05T18:19:09Z

Venu ji yes: Made Entry

{{Short description|2022 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Shaheber Chithi.png
| image_alt =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = [[Acropoliis Entertainment]]
| based_on =
| developer = [[Acropoliis Entertainment]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = [[Pratik Sen]] Debchandrima Singha Roy Subhadra Mukherjee Devlina Kumar
| theme_music_composer =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 210
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Acropoliis Entertainment]]
| network = [[Star Jalsha]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2022|06|27|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2023|01|22|df=yes}}
| endtheme =
| opentheme = "Shaheber Chithi"
}}

'''''Shaheber Chithi''''' is a 2022 show which premiered on [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[general entertainment]] channel [[Star Jalsha]] from 27 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=বৌমা একঘরের জায়গায় আসছে প্রতীক-দেবচন্দ্রিমার 'সাহেবের চিঠি', সুস্মিতার কী হবে? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/shaheber-chithi-will-go-on-air-from-27-june-6-30-pm-bouma-ekghor-will-shift-to-10-30-pm-31655443417928.html |access-date= |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The show is produced by [[Acropoliis Entertainment]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=চিঠির হাত ধরে কি উঠে দাঁড়াতে পারবেন সাহেব? আসছে নতুন ধারাবাহিক 'সাহেবের চিঠি' |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/upcoming-bengali-serial-saheber-chithi-has-lost-letter-writing-passion-as-its-subject-arc-804252.html |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=News18 Bengali |date=16 May 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> starring [[Pratik Sen]] and Debchandrima Singha Roy in the lead roles,<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Serial Saheber Chithi : প্রতীক-দেবচন্দ্রিমা জুটির নতুন ধারাবাহিক 'সাহেবের চিঠি' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/entertainment/tv-and-theater/new-serial-saheber-chithi-to-start-its-journey-soon/wb20220519102210500500962 |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=ETV Bharat News|date=19 May 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> alongside Devlina Kumar, Oindrila Bose,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Oindrila Bose bags a new project - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-oindrila-bose-bags-a-new-project/articleshow/91634501.cms |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=The Times of India |date=18 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Madhupriya Chowdhury in supporting roles.

== Plot ==
Shaheb is a famous singer and an icon of Bengal, while Chithi, a sweet girl full of life is a postmaster. Chithi delivers letters, even though the world has become electronic, and the use of emails have risen considerably. Shaheb loses his leg in an accident and decides to retire permanently from singing and stay away from the public eye forever. Destiny brings these two souls together, and the pure-hearted Chithi promises to help him get back to singing and lead a normal life. Navigating the various obstacles and conspiracies that are put in their path, they begin to understand each other, support each other and in the process fall in love.<ref>{{cite news |title=Upcoming show 'Saheber Chithi' to narrate an interesting love story - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/upcoming-show-saheber-chithi-to-narrate-an-interesting-love-story/articleshow/91612376.cms |access-date=18 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Pratik Sen]] as Shaheb Mukherjee<ref name="a">{{cite news |title=নতুন সিরিয়াল 'সাহেবের চিঠি'তে জুটি বাঁধলেন প্রতীক ও দেবচন্দ্রিমা, দেখুন আগাম ঝলক |url=https://m.sangbadpratidin.in/article/bengali-actor-pratik-sen-paired-with-debchandrima-in-shaheber-chithi-serial/702982 |access-date=18 June 2022 |work=www.sangbadpratidin.in |publisher=[[Sangbad Pratidin]]|language=bn}}</ref> – a famous singer and icon of Bengal, footballer, hero, Chithi's husband
* [[Debchandrima Singha Roy]] as Chithi Mukherjee (née Sanyal)<ref name="a" /> – Shaheb's wife, a postwoman and peon
* [[Devlina Kumar]] as Raima Chatterjee – an actress, Shaheb's rival, a greedy girl. (Main antagonist)
* Vivaan Ghosh as Ankush Roy Chowdhury aka Roy - Shaheb's younger cousin brother and rival, Mithila's estranged son. (Main Antagonist) (2023)

=== Recurring ===
'''Saheb's family'''

*Oindrila Bose as Sara Sanyal (née Mukherjee) – Shaheb's sister, Bunty's wife, Abhi's fake ex-wife (Former antagonist)
*Sagnik Chatterjee as Arijit Mukherjee – Shaheb's father (Former Antagonist)
*Mallika Banerjee as Bidipta Mukherjee – Shaheb's mother
* Chandicharan as Shaheb's paternal grandfather
* Suchanda Chowdhury as Shucha Mukherjee - Shaheb's paternal grandmother
* Dipanjan Jack Bhattacharya as Indrajit Mukherjee – Shaheb's uncle
* Rajasree Bhowmick as Rupanjana Mukherjee – Indrajit's wife, Saheb's aunt
* Moumita Chakraborty as Swarno- Shaheb's younger grandmother who await for her husband's letter
* Tanuka Chatterjee as Mithila Mukherjee – Shaheb's aunt (Antagonist)
* [[Ananya Raj|Ananya Sengupta]] as Parna Mukherjee - Shaheb's aunt
* Sreetama Roy Chowdhury as Sritama – Shaheb's cousin sister
* Indranil Mallick as Abhi – Shaheb's friend, Bhumi's husband, Sara's fake ex-husband
* Arunava Dey as Mihir Mukherjee – Shaheb's cousin brother
* Piyali Sasmal as Sukriti Mukherjee – Mihir's wife
*Pritam Das as Sunny Mukherjee - Shaheb's cousin brother
'''Chithi's family'''
* Sanjib Sarkar as Subimal Sanyal- former post master, Chithi, Bhumi and Bunty's father
* Subhadra Mukherjee as Kaberi Sanyal (née Chakraborty) – Chithi, Bhumi and Bunty's mother
*Madhupriya Chowdhury as Bhumi Sanyal – Chithi's sister, Abhi's wife
*Ritwick Purakait as Bunty Sanyal – Chithi's brother

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*''[https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/saheber-chithi/1260106013 Shaheber Chithi]'' on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
{{Acropoliis Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.}}

[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]
[[Category:Acropoliis films]]

K Bhogishayana

2026-01-31T23:54:35Z

Venu ji yes: new

{{short description|Indian Academic}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. Bhogishayana
| image = Bhogi Wiki.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1926|6|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mysore, Karnataka]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2003|7|14|1926|6|1|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Solapur, Maharashtra]]
| death_cause =
| alma_mater = [[Mysore University]] [[Maharaja’s College]]
| known_for = Vice-Chancellor of [[Shivaji University]]
}}

'''K Bhogishayana''' (1 June 1926 – 14 July 2003) was an Indian educator and teacher, who served as a vice-chancellor of [[Shivaji University]].

==Early life and education==
Bhogishayana was born in [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]] on 1 June 1926 in an orthodox [[Hinduism|Hindu]] family. He was the youngest of 9 children. Born in a strict household, he had to concentrate on his studies from a very young age. He studied at the [[University of Mysore]] where he obtained an M.A. in English, earning the Purna Krishna Rao Gold Medal for graduating at the top of his class.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==Professional life==
Early in his career, Bhogishayana was a lecturer in English at various colleges in Mysore, [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Belgaum]] and [[Solapur]]. His professional career took off in Solapur at [[Sangameshwar College]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangameshwar College (Autonomous), Solapur |url=https://www.sangameshwarcollege.ac.in/ |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=www.sangameshwarcollege.ac.in}}</ref> He began as a lecturer at Sangameshwar College in 1953 and was promoted to principal in 1960.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Saptasagar |first=S S |date=1995 |title=Collegiate Education under K.L.E. Society |url=http://ir.unishivaji.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2672/9/09_Chapter%204.pdf |website=Institutional Repository of Shivaji University |page=86}}</ref>

Bhogishayana was responsible for much of the growth of the college in his role as principal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Principal's Desk : Sangameshwar College (Autonomous), Solapur |url=https://sanmcs.com/pages/principal_desk.aspx |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=sanmcs.com}}</ref> An [[intellectual]] himself, he valued students who were athletes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Education Ascetic: Principal K Bhogishayana Special Edition, Collection of Essays |publisher=Kolapur Printing Press |year=2002 |location=Solapur, India}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=Vice-Chancellor P. G. Patil pp 25–26}} Bhogishayana was awarded the Ideal Teacher Award for College and University Teachers by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] in 1976–77.

As principal of Sangameshwar College, he was involved in the work of the administration of [[Shivaji University]], with several positions on the [[Academic senate|Senate]] and several boards of the University. As a member of the Senate, he often presented the budget.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|location=Vice Chancellor P. G. Patil, 24-25}} Bhogishayana was elected the [[Dean (education)|Dean]] of the Faculty of Arts,<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|location=Vice-Chancellor P. G. Patil 24-25}} which led to him serving as the Interim [[Vice-Chancellor]] in 1973, 1979 and 1980. Bhogishayana was appointed as the Vice-Chancellor of Shivaji University in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Vice Chancellors, About_suk, Shivaji University, Kolhapur |url=https://www.unishivaji.ac.in/about_suk/Former-Vice-Chancellors |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=www.unishivaji.ac.in}}</ref> He also served on the Academic Council of [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|Pune University]]. He retired at the end of his term as Vice-Chancellor in 1986.

===Student Strike at Sangameshwar College===
In 1972 students at the [[Dr. V. M. Government Medical College]] went on [[Student strike|strike]] to eliminate capitation fees.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anjungikar |first=M. B. |url=http://ir.unishivaji.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/3497/8/08_Chapter%204.pdf |title=Mill workers movement in Solapur after independence |year=1985 |pages=Chpt 4, p 27 |via=Shiv Dnyansagar: Institutional Repository of Shivaji University}}</ref> This spread across all the colleges in Solapur, and the students rallied in Sangameshwar College. Police in [[riot gear]] threatened the students who were inside. Bhogishayana stood at the college gate and informed the armed police that they would have to get past him before they got to the students.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-07-15 |title=Bhogishayana, literary luminary |volume=195 |work=[[Sakal]] |publisher=Sakal Media Group}}</ref>

==Volunteering work==
===Rotary club===
Bhogishayana joined the [[Rotary International|Rotary Club]] of Solapur in 1967.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|location=Dr M. G. Pradhan pp 22-24}} Soon after joining, he became the branch's president.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wNpFSRH0mfQC&dq=K+bhogishayana&pg=PA154 |title=1979 Proceedings: Seventieth Annual Convention of Rotary International |publisher=Rotary International |language=en}}</ref> He was unanimously elected the District Governor of Rotary International District 3170 in 1979.<ref>{{Cite book |last=International |first=Rotary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDQEAAAAMBAJ&dq=K+bhogishayana&pg=PA58 |title=The Rotarian |date=2003-10-01 |publisher=Rotary International |language=en}}</ref> He represented the Rotary International President at district conferences and served at Rotary Institutes.

In his honor, the Rotary Club of Solapur holds an oration by a renowned speaker each year. In 2023, the speaker was [[Uday Umesh Lalit]], the former chief justice of the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-01 |title=Community Service Detail |url=https://rid3182.rotaryindia.org/ProjectDetail.aspx?pid=23376&type=CP&Trans=Club&grp=1552 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=rid3182.rotaryindia.org}}</ref>

===Other===
In addition to Bhogishayana's extensive work in the Rotary, he served on several boards and government commissions<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pujari |first=Dr Suhas |title=के. भोगीशयना (K. Bhogishayana) |url=https://maharashtranayak.in/bhaogaisayanaa-kae |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=महाराष्ट्र नायक (Maharashtra Leader) |language=Marathi}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Pujari |first=Dr Suhas |title=भोगीशयना स्मरणार्थ व्याख्यान, २६ जुलै रोजी आयोजन (Bhogishaya Memorial Lecture, organized on 26th July), IN Solapur News channel on You-Tube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCUzWDfSHwY |access-date=2023-11-08 |language=Marathi}}</ref>
*Member of the District Vigilance Committee for [[Other Backward Class|Backward Classes]] appointed by the Government of [[Government of Maharashtra]]
*Member of the Divisional [[Rail transport|Railway]] Users Consultative Committee
*Member of the Tope Commission appointed to investigate the [[Dr. V. M. Government Medical College]] in Solapur, which was taken over by the Government of Maharastra in 1974
*President of the Sangameshwar Education Society<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography of Sangameshwar College - Sangameshwar Junior College, Solapur |url=https://sangameshwarcollege.in/About/Biography |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=sangameshwarcollege.in}}</ref>
*President of the [[Family planning in India|Family Planning]] Association of India, Solapur Branch
*Served on the board of management of the Solapur branch of the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]]
*In 1989 co-founded the LEPRA society,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Society |first=Lepra |title=Home |url=https://leprasociety.in/ |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=LEPRA |language=en-US}}</ref> a partner of the UK based [[Lepra (charity)|Lepra]] charity. dedicated to reduce the incidence and impact of [[leprosy]] and other diseases in India.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Fifth Estate, Vol II |publisher=Roli Books |year=2018 |isbn=978-81-936260-6-1 |editor-last=Gill-Rai |editor-first=Raymond |location=New Delhi |pages=69}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1952 he married Vedavathi, the daughter of the mathematician [[A. A. Krishnaswami Ayyangar]] and the sister of poet and linguist [[A. K. Ramanujan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A A Krishnaswami Ayyangar - Biography |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ayyangar/ |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref> Ramanujan was a colleague and had introduced him to Vedavathi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/ead/rlg/ICU.SPCL.RAMANUJANAK.pdf|title=Guide to the A. K. Ramanujan Papers 1944-1995}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=When Mirrors Are Windows: A View of A.K. Ramanujan's Poetics [1 ed.] 9780199463602 |url=https://dokumen.pub/when-mirrors-are-windows-a-view-of-ak-ramanujans-poetics-1nbsped-9780199463602.html |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}</ref>

Bhogishayana died on 14 July 2003 at the age of 77. He is survived by his wife and daughters.

== External links ==

* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVXmIygW1d0 |title=ज्ञानयोगी कुलगुरू के. भोगीशयना |language=marathi |access-date=2024-04-19 |via=www.youtube.com|date=16 April 2024|last=Chavan|first=Chandrakant|type=Video|trans-title=Jñānayōgi Vice Chancellor K. Bhogishayana}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhogishayana, K}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from Mysore]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Rotary International leaders]]
[[Category:Shivaji University people]]

Vipulkumar Patel

2026-01-16T14:18:56Z

Venu ji yes: Made A Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Vipulkumar Vinubhai Patel''' (born 1969)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Patel Vipulkumar Vinubhai(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SOJITRA(ANAND) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6163 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a former member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Sojitra Assembly Constituency in [[Anand district|Anand District]]. He was elected in the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Sojitra Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: BJP Candidate PATEL VIPULKUMAR VINUBHAI wins from Sojitra , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/sojitra-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568256 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Patel is from [[Sojitra]], Anand district, Gujarat. He is the son of Vinubhai Shivbhai Patel. He studied Class 12 at BB Patel High School, Dabhoi and passed the examinations in 1988. He later, discontinued his studies.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Patel was first elected as an MLA from [[Sojitra Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 87,300 votes and defeated his nearest rival and two time sitting MLA, Poonambhai Madhabhai Parmar of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 29,519 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06114.htm?ac=114 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131164420/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06114.htm?ac=114 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sojitra Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Patel Vipulkumar Vinubhai Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/sojitra-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562969.html |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sojitra Assembly Seat, Gujarat Election 2022 – Get Sojitra constituency news updates and complete details {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/sojitra-114 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203040342/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/sojitra-114 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> Earlier in the 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, he lost to the same candidate, Poonambhai Madhabhai Parmar of the Congress Party, by a margin of 2,246 votes. In 2017, Patel polled votes 69,639 votes against 71,885 votes to Parmar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-04 |title=Sojitra assembly constituency |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sojitra-assembly-constituency/articleshow/95299254.cms |access-date=2025-05-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He first contested the Sojitra seat in the 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election and lost to the same Congress candidate Parmar.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Vipulkumar}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Anand district]]

Budhni Manjhiyain

2026-01-09T12:17:26Z

Venu ji yes: Adding New Pg From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian woman from the Santhali tribe}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Budhni Manjhiyain''', also known as '''Budhni Mejhan''' and called '''Nehru's tribal wife''', was a woman from the Santhali tribe. She became famous and also gained infamy after as a 15-year-old she garlanded [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] during the inauguration of a dam. She was ostracized by her community.<ref name="Angad 2023 e259">{{cite web | last=Angad | first=Abhishek | title=Nehru’s ‘tribal wife’, who was ostracised by village for exchanging garlands with ex-PM, dies at 80 | website=The Indian Express | date=21 Nov 2023 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nehru-tribal-wife-budhni-manjhiyain-dies-9036382/ | access-date=24 Nov 2023}}</ref><ref name="Ashutosh 2023 c539">{{cite web | last=Ashutosh | first=Anil | title=Ostracised for life, ‘Nehru’s tribal wife’ passes away | website=The Times of India | date=21 Nov 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/ostracised-for-life-nehrus-tribal-wife-passes-away/articleshow/105365924.cms | access-date=24 Nov 2023}}</ref><ref name="Desk 2023 f487">{{cite web | last= | first=| title=Who Was Budhni Mejhan? Know About Jawaharlal Nehru’s ‘Tribal Wife’ Who Passed Away At 80 | website=Free Press Journal | date=21 Nov 2023 | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/who-was-budhni-mejhan-know-about-jawaharlal-nehrus-tribal-wife-who-passed-away-at-80 | access-date=24 Nov 2023}}</ref>

==Background==
[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the prime minister, wanted a women working in [[Damodar Valley Corporation]] to be present during the inauguration in 1959 of the [[Panchet Dam]] over the Damodar river. Budhni Manjhiyain and the Santholi man Ravan Manjhii were selected to welcome him. Here she garlanded him and in reciprocation Nehru garlanded her. After the function, when she returned to her village Karbona she was told by the village elders that by garlanding Nehru she married him and as she married a non Santhali, she was banished by the Santhali elders and told to leave her village. She was sacked from Damodar Valley Corporation in 1962. She later worked as a daily-wager in Purulia. Her plight came to the notice of [[Rajiv Gandhi]] who meet her in 1985 and later she was reinstated to her job in Damodar Valley Corporation where she worked until her retirement in 2005. But she could never return to her village.<ref name="Explainers 2023 g031">{{cite web | last=| first=| title=The sad tale of Budhni Manjhiyain, Nehru’s ‘tribal wife’, who died in exile | website=Firstpost | date=21 Nov 2023 | url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/budhni-manjhiyain-nehru-tribal-wife-who-passes-away-ostracised-life-13411532.html | access-date=24 Nov 2023}}</ref><ref name="News18 2023 t405">{{cite web | title=Meet Budhni Manjhiyain: 'Nehru's Tribal Wife', Who Was Ostracised for Life | website=News18 | date=21 Nov 2023 | url=https://www.news18.com/india/meet-budhni-manjhiyain-nehrus-tribal-wife-who-was-ostracised-for-life-why-shes-in-news-8670270.html | access-date=24 Nov 2023}}</ref><ref name="टीम 2023 k472">{{cite web | last=टीम | first=नवभारत गोल्ड | title=Nehru Tribal Wife: क्या पंडित नेहरू ने आदिवासी महिला बुधनी मंझियाइन से की थी शादी? | website=Navbharat Gold | date=21 Nov 2023 | url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/navbharatgold/breaking-news-in-hindi/did-pandit-nehru-marry-tribal-woman-budhani-manjhiyain/story/105374365.cms | language=hi | access-date=24 Nov 2023}}</ref><ref name="சி. அர்ச்சுணன் 2023 l792">{{cite web | last=சி. அர்ச்சுணன் | first=பிரேம் குமார் எஸ்.கே. | title=Budhni Manjhiyain, `Tribal wife' of Ex PM Nehru died, what story behind him | website=Vikatan| date=22 Nov 2023 | url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/budhni-manjhiyain-tribal-wife-of-ex-pm-nehru-died-what-story-behind-him | language=ta | access-date=24 Nov 2023}}</ref><ref name="BBC News हिंदी 2016 m362">{{cite web | title=नेहरू को माला पहनाने की सज़ा भुगत रही महिला | website=BBC News हिंदी | date=1 Nov 2016 | url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/international-37815302 | language=hi | access-date=24 Nov 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manjhiyain, Budhni}}
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru| ]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]

Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-07T20:56:54Z

Venu ji yes: creating a post

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Chandigarh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chandigarh {{Small|CH-1}}
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Chandigarh.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency
| map_alt =
| state =
| union_territory = [[Chandigarh]]
| established = 1967
| abolished =
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Manish Tewari]]
| incumbent_image = Manish Tewari.jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| electors = 6,59,805 (2024)
| preceded_by =
}}

'''Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] parliamentary [[constituency]] and covers the entire [[Union Territory]] of [[Chandigarh]].

{{Pie chart|value1=53.33|value2=26.66|value3=6.66|value4=6.66|value5=6.66|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC'''(8 times)]]|label2=[[Bhartiya Janta Party|'''BJP'''(4 times)]]|label3=[[Bhartiya Jana Sangh|'''BJS'''(1 time)]]|label4=[[Janata Party|'''JP'''(1 time)]]|label5=[[Janata Dal|'''JD'''(1 time)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|color3={{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}|color4={{party color|Janata Party}}|color5={{party color|Janata Dal}}|caption=Most successful parties from Chandigarh lok sabha}}

== Members of Parliament ==

The '''Chandigarh''' Lok Sabha constituency was created in 1968. The list of Member of Parliament (MP) is as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| [[Srichand Goyal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| [[Amarnath Vidyalankar|Amarnath Vidyalanakar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[Krishan Kant]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Jagannath Kaushal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| [[Harmohan Dhawan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Satya Pal Jain]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Kirron Kher]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Manish Tewari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==

=== General elections 2024 ===
{{Election box begin
| title = [[2024 Indian general election in Chandigarh|2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Chandigarh]] }}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Manish Tewari]]
| votes = 216,657
| percentage = 48.22
| change = {{increase}}7.87
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = BJP
| candidate = [[Sanjay Tandon]]
| votes = 214,153
| percentage = 47.67
| change = {{decrease}}2.97
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ritu Singh
| votes = 6,708
| percentage = 1.49
| change = {{decrease}}0.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 2,912
| percentage = 0.65
| change = {{decrease}}0.30
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,504
| percentage = 0.55
| change = {{decrease}}9.74
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 4,49,275
| percentage = 67.98
| change = {{decrease}}2.63
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseU021.htm

=== General elections 2019 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Chandigarh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU021.htm?ac=1|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-date=28 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628101806/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU021.htm?ac=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultU02.htm?st=U02|title=Partywise Trends & Results|publisher=ECI|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-date=28 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628133022/http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultU02.htm?st=U02|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Kirron Anupam Kher]]
| votes = 2,31,188
| percentage = 50.64
| change = {{increase}}8.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]
| votes = 1,84,218
| percentage = 40.35
| change ={{increase}}13.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Harmohan Dhawan]]
| votes = 13,781
| percentage = 3.82
| change = {{decrease}}20.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Parveen Kumar
| votes = 7,396
| percentage = 1.62
| change = {{decrease}}1.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 4,335
| percentage = 0.95
| change = {{increase}}0.27
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 46,970
| percentage = 10.29
| change = {{decrease}}5.07
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 4,56,637
| percentage = 70.61
| change = {{decrease}}3.10
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2014 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Chandigarh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU021.htm?ac=1|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-date=28 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628101806/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU021.htm?ac=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultU02.htm?st=U02|title=Partywise Trends & Results|publisher=ECI|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-date=28 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628133022/http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultU02.htm?st=U02|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Kirron Anupam Kher]]
| votes = 1,91,362
| percentage = 42.20
| change = {{increase}}12.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]
| votes = 1,21,720
| percentage = 26.84
| change = {{decrease}}20.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Gul Panag|Gulkirat Kaur Panag]]
| votes = 1,08,679
| percentage = 23.97
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Jannat Jahan-Ul-Haq
| votes = 15,934
| percentage = 3.51
| change = {{decrease}}14.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Reena Sharma
| votes = 2,643
| percentage = 0.58
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 3,106
| percentage = 0.68
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 69,642
| percentage = 15.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 4,53,455
| percentage = 73.71
| change ={{increase}}8.20
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing ={{increase}}16.26
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2009 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Chandigarh]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]
| votes = 1,61,042
| percentage = 46.87
| change = {{decrease}}5.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Satya Pal Jain]]
| votes = 1,02,075
| percentage = 29.71
| change ={{decrease}}5.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = [[Harmohan Dhawan]]
| votes = 61,434
| percentage = 17.88
| change = {{increase}}15.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| candidate = Haffiz Anwar-Ul-Haq
| votes = 11,549
| percentage = 3.36
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = S. K. Suri
| votes = 2,776
| percentage = 0.81
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 58,967
| percentage = 17.16
| change ={{increase}}0.32
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 3,43,557
| percentage = 65.51
| change = {{increase}}14.61
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = {{decrease}}5.19
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2004 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2004 Indian general elections]]: Chandigarh
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]
| votes = 1,39,880
| percentage = 52.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Satya Pal Jain]]
| votes = 94,632
| percentage = 35.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Lok Dal
| candidate = [[Harmohan Dhawan]]
| votes = 17,762
| percentage = 6.61
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Hem Raj
| votes = 6,203
| percentage = 2.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 45,248
| percentage = 16.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 2,68,670
| percentage = 50.91
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<ref name="Election Results 2014: Top 10 High-Profile Contests and Victory Margins">{{Cite news |last1=NDTV |date=16 May 2014 |title=Election Results 2014: Top 10 High-Profile Contests and Victory Margins |work= |url=https://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/election-results-2014-top-10-high-profile-contests-and-victory-margins-562324 |access-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109195341/https://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/election-results-2014-top-10-high-profile-contests-and-victory-margins-562324 |archive-date=9 November 2022}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Chandigarh elections}}
{{Coords|30.7|76.8|display=title}}

[[Category:Constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Elections in Chandigarh]]

Rohan Banerjee

2026-01-04T19:36:41Z

Venu ji yes: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
|name=Rohan Banerjee
|fullname=Rohan Bijesh Banerjee
|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1988|12|10|df=yes}}
|birth_place=[[Bijpur, North 24 Parganas|Bijpur]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|heightft=5
|heightinch=8
|source=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/rohan-banerjee-27014 Cricinfo
}}
'''Rohan Bijesh Banerjee''' (born 10 December 1988) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/18/stories/2009111851801800.htm|title=The Hindu : Sport / Cricket : Rohan Banerjee and Manoj Tiwary revive Bengal|date=23 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123192821/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/18/stories/2009111851801800.htm |archive-date=23 November 2009 }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130125055707/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Whatmore-Raman-to-arrive-in-Kolkata-tomorrow/Article1-596094.aspx Hindustan Times: Whatmore, Raman to arrive in Kolkata tomorrow]</ref> He played for [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] and [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in [[Indian Premier League]] 2008. He is an opening batsman.

On his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for Bengal against [[Services cricket team|Services]] he scored 176.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/12/12758/12758.html CricketArchive]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Rohan}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Bengal cricketers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Cricketers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Heramba Chandra College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1988-stub}}

Indian football clubs in Asian competitions

2025-12-21T13:52:48Z

Venu ji yes: creating new bio...

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
'''[[List of football clubs in India|Indian football clubs]]''' have entered several '''Asian football competitions''' since the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/asiancupwinnerscup.html|title=Indian Clubs in the Asian Cup Winners Cup|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022024207/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/asiancupwinnerscup.html|archive-date=22 October 2020|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref> The Asian Champion Club Tournament started in [[1967 Asian Champion Club Tournament|1967]], but there was no Indian representative during that inaugural season. Indian teams have participated every year in Asia, except for the early years between the 1990s and early 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mukherjee, Soham; Easwar, Nisanth V|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-clubs-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup/3dj1qowtkdxc1pzji71c49vnz|title=How have Indian clubs fared in AFC Champions League and AFC Cup?|date=1 April 2020|access-date=23 March 2021|website=goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415045019/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-clubs-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup/3dj1qowtkdxc1pzji71c49vnz}}</ref>

==Slots for Asian competitions==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;" |Competition
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;" |Slots
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;" |Teams
|-
!colspan=3|Men's
|-
|[[AFC Champions League Two]] Group Stage
|[[Indian Super League]] champion
|1
|-
|[[AFC Champions League Two]] Qualifier
|[[AIFF Super Cup]] champion
|1
|-
!colspan=3|Women's
|-
|[[AFC Women's Champions League]] Qualifier
|rowspan=2|[[Indian Women's League]] champion
|1
|-
|[[SAFF Club Women's Championship]]
|1
|}

==AFC competitions record==
===[[AFC Champions League Elite]]/[[AFC Champions League|AFC Champions League/Asian Club Championship/Asian Champion Club Tournament]]===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"| Year
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Team
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Progress
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Score
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Opponents
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Venue(s)
|-
| colspan=6 style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Asian Champion Club Tournament'''1'''
|-
| [[1967 Asian Champion Club Tournament|1967]]
| [[Railways football team|Railways]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |<s>Semi-finals</s>
| [[walkover|w/o]]
| {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.|Hapoel Tel Aviv]]
| ''Withdrew due to excessive travel costs''
|-
| [[1969 Asian Champion Club Tournament|1969]]
| [[Karnataka football team|Mysore State]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| Fourth Place
| 0–2
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Toyo Kogyo]]
| [[National Stadium (Thailand)|National Stadium]], [[Bangkok]]
|-
| [[1970 Asian Champion Club Tournament|1970]]
| [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
| 3rd in Group Stage
| N/A
| colspan="2"| {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.|Hapoel Tel Aviv]] {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[PSMS Medan]] {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Insee Police United F.C.|Royal Thai Police]]
|-
| [[1971 Asian Champion Club Tournament|1971]]
| [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
| 4th in Group Stage
| N/A
| colspan="2"| {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok Bank F.C.|Bangkok Bank]] {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]] {{flagicon|Iraq|1963}} [[Aliyat Al-Shorta SC|Aliyat Al-Shorta]]
|-
| 1972–84
| colspan=5 | ''The tournament was not held''
|-
| colspan=6 style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Asian Club Championship'''2'''
|-
| [[1985 Asian Club Championship|1985]]
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| style="background:#D0E6FF;"|3rd in Group Semi's
| N/A
| colspan="2"| {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Al-Ahli SC (Jeddah)|Al-Ahli]] {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Krama Yudha Tiga Berlian]]
|-
| [[1986 Asian Club Championship|1986]]
| colspan="5"| ''None Entered''
|-
| [[1987 Asian Club Championship|1987]]
| [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|2nd in Group Stage
| N/A
| colspan="2"| {{flagicon|IRQ|1963}} [[Al-Rasheed SC|Al-Rasheed]] {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Dhaka)|Dhaka Mohammedan]] {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Manang Marsyangdi Club|Manang Marsyangdi]] {{flagicon|PAK}} [[PAF FC|PAF]]
|-
| [[1988–89 Asian Club Championship|1988–89]]
| [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| style="background:#D0E6FF;"|4th in Group Semi's
| N/A
| colspan="2"| {{flagicon|Iraq|1963}} [[Al-Rasheed SC|Al-Rasheed]] {{flagicon|China}} [[Guangdong Hongyuan F.C.|Guangdong Wanbao]] {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kazma Sporting Club|Kazma]]
|-
| [[1989–90 Asian Club Championship|1989–90]]
| [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]
| 2nd in Group Stage
| N/A
| colspan="2"| {{flagicon|Oman}} [[Fanja SC|Fanja]] {{flagicon|Pakistan}} Punjab {{flagicon|Nepal}} Kathmandu
|-
| [[1990–91 Asian Club Championship|1990–91]]
| [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]
| 2nd in Group Stage
| N/A
| colspan="2"| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Dhaka)|Dhaka Mohammedan]] {{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Club Lagoons]]
|-
| [[1991 Asian Club Championship|1991]]
| rowspan=3 colspan="5"| ''None Entered''
|-
| [[1992–93 Asian Club Championship|1992–93]]
|-
| [[1993–94 Asian Club Championship|1993–94]]
|-
| [[1994–95 Asian Club Championship|1994–95]]
| [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| 2nd Round
| 0–7
| {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Thai Farmers Bank F.C.|Thai Farmers Bank]]
| 0–4 in [[Thailand]] 0–3 ([[walkover|w/o]]) as Mohun Bagan refused to travel
|-
| [[1995 Asian Club Championship|1995]]
| [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| 1st Round
| 2–2
| {{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Club Valencia]]
| 2–1 in First Match 0–1 in Second Match
|-
| [[1996–97 Asian Club Championship|1996–97]]
| [[JCT FC|JCT]]
| 2nd Round
| 1–2
| {{flagicon|Maldives}} [[New Radiant SC|New Radiant]]
| 1–0 in First Match 0–2 in Second Match
|-
| [[1997–98 Asian Club Championship|1997–98]]
| [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| 1st Round
| 1–2
| {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[TDCS Đồng Tháp F.C.|Cao su Đồng Tháp]]
| 0–1 in First Match 1–1 in Second Match
|-
| [[1998–99 Asian Club Championship|1998–99]]
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| 1st Round
| 0–6
| {{flagicon|China}} [[Dalian Shide F.C.|Dalian Wanda]]
| 0–6 in First Match 0–0 in Second Match
|-
| [[1999–2000 Asian Club Championship|1999–00]]
| [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| 2nd Round
| 0–8
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Júbilo Iwata]]
| 0–8 at [[Yamaha Stadium]], [[Iwata, Shizuoka|Iwata]] cancelled as Mohun Bagan refused to host
|-
| [[2000–01 Asian Club Championship|2000–01]]
| rowspan=2 colspan="5"| ''None Entered''
|-
| [[2001–02 Asian Club Championship|2001–02]]
|-
| colspan=6 style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"| AFC Champions League
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[2002–03 AFC Champions League|2002–03]]
| [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| Qualifying Round 3
| 4–7
| {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Osotsapa FC|Osotsapa]]
| 1–1 Home 3–6 Away
|-
| [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| Qualifying Round 3
| 1–8
| {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Daejeon Citizen]]
| 6–0 Away 1–2 Home
|-
| [[2004 AFC Champions League|2004]]
| rowspan=5 colspan="5"| ''None Entered''
|-
| [[2005 AFC Champions League|2005]]
|-
| [[2006 AFC Champions League|2006]]
|-
| [[2007 AFC Champions League|2007]]
|-
| [[2008 AFC Champions League|2008]]
|-
| [[2009 AFC Champions League|2009]]
| [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| Play-off round
| 0–3
| {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} [[Al Sharjah SC|Sharjah]]
| [[Sharjah Stadium (football)|Sharjah Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
|-
| [[2010 AFC Champions League|2010]]
| [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| Qualifying play-off
| 2–5
| {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} [[Al-Wahda S.C.C.|Al-Wahda]]
| [[Al-Nahyan Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
|-
| [[2011 AFC Champions League|2011]]
| [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| Qualifying play-off
| 0–2
| {{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Sadd Sports Club|Al-Sadd]]
| [[Jassim bin Hamad Stadium]], [[Doha]]
|-
| [[2012 AFC Champions League|2012]]
| rowspan=2 colspan="5"| ''None Entered''
|-
| [[2013 AFC Champions League|2013]]
|-
| [[2014 AFC Champions League|2014]]
| [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| Qualifying play-off Round 1
| 0–3
| {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Hà Nội T&T F.C.|Hà Nội T&T]]
| [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]], [[Pune]]
|-
| [[2015 AFC Champions League|2015]]
| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| Preliminary Round 1
| 1–2
| {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C.|Johor Darul Ta'zim]]
| [[Tan Sri Dato Haji Hassan Yunos Stadium|Larkin Stadium]], [[Johor Bahru]]
|-
| [[2016 AFC Champions League|2016]]
| [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| Preliminary Round 2
| 0–6
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shandong Luneng Taishan F.C.|Shandong Luneng Taishan]]
| [[Jinan Olympic Sports Center Stadium]], [[Jinan]]
|-
| [[2017 AFC Champions League|2017]]
| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| Preliminary Round 2
| 1–2
| {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Al-Wehdat SC|Al-Wehdat]]
| [[King Abdullah II Stadium]], [[Amman]]
|-
| [[2018 AFC Champions League|2018]]
| [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| Play-off round
| 1–3
| {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Zob Ahan Esfahan F.C.|Zob Ahan]]
| [[Foolad Shahr Stadium]], [[Isfahan]]
|-
| [[2019 AFC Champions League|2019]]
| [[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]
| Preliminary Round 2
| 0–4
| {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Saipa F.C.|Saipa]]
| [[Shahr-e Qods Stadium]], [[Qods, Iran|Qods]]
|-
| [[2020 AFC Champions League|2020]]
| [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]
| Preliminary Round 1
| 0–1
| {{flagicon|Bahrain}} [[Riffa SC|Al-Riffa]]
| [[The Arena (Ahmedabad)|The Arena]], [[Ahmedabad]]
|-
| [[2021 AFC Champions League|2021]]
| [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| 3rd in Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Persepolis F.C.|Persepolis]] {{flagicon|QAT}} [[Al-Rayyan SC|Al-Rayyan]] {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Al Wahda FC (UAE)|Al-Wahda]]
| [[Fatorda Stadium]], [[Margao]]
|-
| [[2022 AFC Champions League|2022]]
| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| 2nd in Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|KSA}} [[Al Shabab FC (Riyadh)|Al Shabab]] {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Al Jazira FC|Al Jazira]] {{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya]]
| [[Prince Faisal bin Fahd Stadium]], [[Riyadh]] [[King Fahd International Stadium]], [[Riyadh]]
|-
| [[2023–24 AFC Champions League|2023–24]]
| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| 4th in Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|KSA}} [[Al Hilal SFC|Al Hilal]] {{flagicon|UZB}} [[FC Navbahor|Navbahor]] {{flagicon|IRN}} [[F.C. Nassaji Mazandaran|Nassaji Mazandaran]]
| Various
|-
| colspan=6 style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"| AFC Champions League Elite
|-
| [[2024–25 AFC Champions League Elite|2024–25]]
| rowspan=2 colspan="5"| ''Not Eligible''
|-
| [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Elite|2025–26]]
|}
1 [[Santosh Trophy]] winners entered tournament. 
2 [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] winners entered tournament.

===[[Asian Cup Winners' Cup]]===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Year
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Team
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Progress
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Score
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Opponents
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Venue(s)
|-
| [[1990–91 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1990–91]]
| [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| First Round
| 0–5
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Dalian Haichang|Dalian]]
| 0–1 in First leg 0–4 in Second leg
|-
| [[1991–92 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1991–92]]
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| style="background:#D0E6FF;"|Quarterfinals
| 1–7
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nissan Motors FC|Nissan]]
| 1–3 in First leg 0–4 in Second leg
|-
| [[1992–93 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1992–93]]
| [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| First Round
| [[walkover|w/o]]'''1'''
| {{flagicon|OMN}} [[Fanja SC|Fanja]]
| ''Withdrew''
|-
| [[1993–94 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1993–94]]
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| Second Round
| 1–5
| {{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[South China AA|South China]]
| 0–1 in First leg 1–4 in Second leg
|-
| [[1994–95 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1994–95]]
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| First Round
| [[walkover|w/o]]'''2'''
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[TOT FC|Telephone Org. Thailand]]
| 1–4 in First leg ''Withdrew after first leg''
|-
| [[1995–96 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1995–96]]
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| Second Round
| 2–3
| {{flagicon|MDV}} [[New Radiant]]
| 0–3 in First leg 2–0 in Second leg
|-
| [[1996–97 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1996–97]]
| colspan=5 | ''None Entered''
|-
| [[1997–98 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1997–98]]
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| Second Round
| 3–5
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Verdy Kawasaki]]
| 2–5 in First leg 1–0 in Second leg
|-
| [[1998–99 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1998–99]]
| [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
| First Round
| 1–4
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing Guoan]]
| 1–0 in First leg 0–4 in Second leg
|-
| [[1999–2000 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1999–2000]]
| rowspan=3 colspan="5" | ''None Entered''
|-
| [[2000–01 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|2000–01]]
|-
| [[2001–02 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|2001–02]]
|-
|}
1 [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] withdrew. 
2 [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] withdrew after first leg.

===[[AFC Champions League Two]]/[[AFC Cup]]===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Year
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Team
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Progress
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Score
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Opponents
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Venue(s)
|-
| colspan=6 style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|AFC Cup'''1'''
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[2004 AFC Cup|2004]]
| [[Mahindra United]]
| 3rd in Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|Syria|1980}} [[Al-Wahda SC (Syria)|Al-Wahda]] {{flagicon|Oman}} [[Dhofar S.C.S.C.|Dhofar]]
|
|-
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| style="background:#D0E6FF;"| Quarter finals
| 0–3
| {{flagicon|Syria|1980}} [[Al-Jaish SC (Damascus)|Al-Jaish]]
| 0–0 at [[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]] 0–3 at [[King Abdullah Stadium]], [[Amman]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[2005 AFC Cup|2005]]
| [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| 3rd in Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Al-Hussein (Irbid)|Al-Hussein]] {{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Al Ahed]]
|
|-
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| 3rd in Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Al-Faisaly Club (Amman)|Al-Faisaly]] {{flagicon|Turkmenistan}} [[FC Balkan|Nebitçi Balkanabat]] {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Muktijoddha Sangsad KS]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[2006 AFC Cup|2006]]
| [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| 2nd in Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|Oman}} [[Al-Nasr Club (Salalah)|Al-Nasr]] {{flagicon|Turkmenistan}} [[FC Merw|Merv Mary]]
|
|-
| [[Mahindra United]]
| 3rd in Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|Bahrain}} [[Al-Muharraq SC|Al-Muharraq]] {{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Al Ahed]] {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Brothers Union]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[2007 AFC Cup|2007]]
| [[Mohun Bagan]]
| 2nd in Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Tampines Rovers FC|Tampines Rovers]] {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Osotspa Saraburi F.C.|Osotspa]] {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Pahang FA]]
|
|-
| [[Mahindra United]]
| style="background:#D0E6FF;"| Quarter-Final
| 4–5
| {{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Nejmeh SC|Al-Nejmeh]]
| 1–2 at [[Fatorda Stadium]], [[Margao]] 3–3 at [[Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium|Sports City Stadium]], [[Beirut]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[2008 AFC Cup|2008]]
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| 3rd in Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Al-Safa' SC|Safa]] {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Al-Wehdat SC|Al-Wehdat]] {{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Al-Ahli Club Sana'a]]
|
|-
| [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| Semi-Final
| 1–5
| {{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Al-Safa' SC|Safa]]
| 0–1 at [[Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium|Sports City Stadium]], [[Beirut]] 1–4 at [[Gachibowli Athletic Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[2009 AFC Cup|2009]]
| [[Mohun Bagan]]
| 4th in Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait SC|Al-Kuwait]] {{flagicon|Syria|1980}} [[Al-Karamah SC|Al-Karamah]] {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Al-Wehdat SC|Al-Wehdat]]
|
|-
| [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| Round of 16
| 1–3
| {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait SC|Al-Kuwait]]
| [[Al Kuwait Sports Club Stadium]], [[Kuwait City]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[2010 AFC Cup|2010]]
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| 4th in Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Qadsia SC|Al-Qadsia]] {{flagicon|Syria|1980}} [[Al-Ittihad Aleppo|Al-Ittihad]] {{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Nejmeh SC|Al-Nejmeh]]
|
|-
| [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| Round of 16
| 1–2
| {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Qadsia SC|Al-Qadsia]]
| [[Mohammed Al-Hamad Stadium]], [[Hawally, Kuwait|Hawally]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[2011 AFC Cup|2011]]
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| 4th in Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Chonburi F.C.|Chonburi]] {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Persipura Jayapura]] {{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[South China AA]]
|
|-
| [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| Round of 16
| 0–1
| {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Duhok SC|Duhok]]
| [[Duhok Stadium]], [[Duhok]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[2012 AFC Cup|2012]]
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| 4th in Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Erbil SC|Arbil]] {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kazma Sporting Club|Kazma]] {{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Al-Oruba (Zabid)|Al-Oruba]]
|
|-
| [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]
| 4th in Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Al-Wehdat SC|Al-Wehdat]] {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[FK Neftchi Farg'ona|Neftchi Farg'ona]] {{flagicon|Oman}} [[Al-Oruba SC|Al-Oruba]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[2013 AFC Cup|2013]]
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| Semi-Final
| 2–7
|{{flagicon|KUW}} [[Kuwait SC|Al-Kuwait]]
| 2–4 at [[Al Kuwait Sports Club Stadium]], [[Kuwait City]] 0–3 at [[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|-
| [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| 3rd in Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Kitchee SC|Kitchee]] {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Semen Padang F.C.|Semen Padang]] {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Warriors F.C.|Warriors]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[2014 AFC Cup|2014]]
| [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| Round of 16
| 2–4
|{{flagicon|VIE}} [[Vissai Ninh Bình F.C.|Vissai Ninh Bình]]
|
|-
| [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| 4th in Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Kitchee SC|Kitchee]] {{flagicon|MYA}} [[Nay Pyi Taw F.C.|Nay Pyi Taw]] {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Tampines Rovers FC|Tampines Rovers]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[2015 AFC Cup|2015]]
| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| Round of 16
| 0–2
| {{flagicon|HKG}} [[South China AA|South China]]
| [[Mong Kok Stadium]], [[Hong Kong]]
|-
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| 3rd in Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C.|Johor Darul Ta'zim]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Kitchee SC|Kitchee]] {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Balestier Khalsa FC|Balestier Khalsa]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[2016 AFC Cup|2016]]
| [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| Round of 16
| 1–2
| {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Tampines Rovers]]
| [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]], [[Guwahati]]
|-
| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| style="background:silver;"| Runners-Up
| 0–1
| {{Flagicon|IRQ}} [[Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya]]
| [[Saoud bin Abdulrahman Stadium]], [[Al Wakrah]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[2017 AFC Cup|2017]]
| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| style="background:lightgreen;"| Inter-zone play-off final
| 2–3
| {{flagicon|TJK}} [[FC Istiklol|Istiklol]]
| 0–1 at [[Pamir Stadium|Central Stadium]], [[Dushanbe]] 2–2 at [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
|-
| [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| 3rd in Group stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Dhaka Abahani]] {{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maziya S&RC]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[2018 AFC Cup|2018]]
| [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| 4th in Group stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Dhaka Abahani]] {{flagicon|MDV}} [[New Radiant S.C.|New Radiant]]
|
|-
| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|style="background:#D0E6FF;"| Inter-zone play-off semi-final
| 2–5
| {{nowrap|{{flagicon|TKM}} [[Altyn Asyr FK|Altyn Asyr]]}}
| 2–3 at [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]] 0–2 at [[Köpetdag Stadium]], [[Ashgabat]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[2019 AFC Cup|2019]]
| [[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]
| 3rd in Group stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Abahani Limited Dhaka|Dhaka Abahani]] {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Manang Marshyangdi Club]]
|
|-
| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| 2nd in Group stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]] {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Abahani Limited Dhaka|Dhaka Abahani]] {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Manang Marshyangdi Club]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[2020 AFC Cup|2020]]
| [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]
| Group Stage
| Cancelled
| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bashundhara Kings]] {{flagicon|MDV}} [[Maziya S&RC|Maziya]] {{flagicon|MDV}} [[T.C. Sports Club]]
| ''Season suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic''
|-
| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| Play-off
| 4–4 (3–4 [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|p]])
| {{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maziya S&RC|Maziya]]
| 2–1 at [[National Football Stadium (Maldives)|National Football Stadium]], [[Malé]] 3–2 at [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[2021 AFC Cup|2021]]
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
| style="background:#D0E6FF;"| Inter-zone play-off semi-final
| 0–6
| {{fbaicon|UZB}} [[FC Nasaf|Nasaf]]
|[[Markaziy Stadium (Qarshi)|Markaziy Stadium]], [[Qarshi]]
|-
| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| 3rd in Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|ATK Mohun Bagan]] {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bashundhara Kings]] {{flagicon|MDV}} [[Maziya S&RC|Maziya]]
| [[National Football Stadium (Maldives)|National Football Stadium]], [[Malé]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[2022 AFC Cup|2022]]
| [[Gokulam Kerala]]
| 4th in Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bashundhara Kings]] {{flagicon|MDV}} [[Maziya S&RC|Maziya]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
| [[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|-
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
| style="background:#D0E6FF;"| Inter-zone play-off semi-final
| 1–3
|{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kuala Lumpur City F.C.|Kuala Lumpur City]]
| [[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[2023–24 AFC Cup|2023–24]]
| [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| style="background:#D0E6FF;"| Inter-zone play-off semi-final
| 0–4
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Central Coast Mariners]]
| 0–4 at [[Central Coast Stadium]], [[Gosford]] 0–0 at [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
|-
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| 3rd in Group stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bashundhara Kings]] {{flagicon|MDV}} [[Maziya S&RC|Maziya]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|
|-
| colspan=6 style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|AFC Champions League Two
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[2024–25 AFC Champions League Two|2024–25]]
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| <s>Group stage</s>
| N/A
| {{fbaicon|TJK}} [[Ravshan Kulob]] {{fbaicon|QAT}} [[Al-Wakrah SC|Al-Wakrah]] {{fbaicon|IRN}} [[Tractor S.C.|Tractor]]
| ''Withdrawn after failing to appear for their fixture''
|-
| [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| Qualifying playoff
| 2–3
| {{nowrap|{{flagicon|TKM}} [[Altyn Asyr FK|Altyn Asyr]]}}
| 2–3 at [[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two|2025–26]]
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| <s>Group stage</s>
| N/A
| {{fbaicon|IRN}} [[Sepahan S.C.|Sepahan]] {{fbaicon|JOR}} [[Al-Hussein SC (Irbid)|Al-Hussein]] {{fbaicon|TKM}} [[Ahal FK|Ahal]]
| ''Withdrawn after failing to appear for their fixture''
|-
| [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| 4th in Group stage
| N/A
| {{fbaicon|SAU}} [[Al-Nassr FC|Al-Nassr]] {{fbaicon|IRQ}} [[Al-Zawraa SC|Al-Zawraa]] {{fbaicon|TJK}} [[FC Istiklol|Istiklol]]
|
|}

===[[AFC Challenge League]]/[[AFC President's Cup]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Year
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Team
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Progress
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Score
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Opponents
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Venue(s)
|-
| colspan=6 style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|AFC President's Cup'''1'''
|-
| [[2005 AFC President's Cup|2005]]
| rowspan=10 colspan="5"| ''None Entered''
|-
| [[2006 AFC President's Cup|2006]]
|-
| [[2007 AFC President's Cup|2007]]
|-
| [[2008 AFC President's Cup|2008]]
|-
| [[2009 AFC President's Cup|2009]]
|-
| [[2010 AFC President's Cup|2010]]
|-
| [[2011 AFC President's Cup|2011]]
|-
| [[2012 AFC President's Cup|2012]]
|-
| [[2013 AFC President's Cup|2013]]
|-
| [[2014 AFC President's Cup|2014]]
|-
| colspan=6 style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|AFC Challenge League
|-
| [[2024–25 AFC Challenge League|2024–25]]
| [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| style="background:#D0E6FF;"|Quarterfinals
| 1–3
| {{fbaicon|TKM}} [[FK Arkadag|Arkadag]]
| 0–1 at [[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]] 1–2 at [[Arkadag Stadium]], [[Arkadag]]
|-
| [[2025–26 AFC Challenge League|2025–26]]
| colspan="5"| ''None Entered''
|}

==AFC women's competitions record==
===[[AFC Women's Champions League]]/[[AFC Women's Club Championship]]===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"| Year
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Team
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Progress
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Score
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Opponents
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Venue(s)
|-
| colspan=6 style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|AFC Women's Club Championship'''1'''
|-
| [[2019 AFC Women's Club Championship|2019]]
| colspan="5"| ''None Entered''
|-
| [[2021 AFC Women's Club Championship|2021]]
| [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]2
| bgcolor="#cc9966" | Third place
| N/A
|{{flagicon|JOR}} [[Amman SC (women)|Amman]] {{flagicon|IRN}} Shahrdari Sirjan {{flagicon|UZB}} Bunyodkor
| Aqaba Development Corporate Stadium, [[Amman]]
|-
| [[2022 AFC Women's Club Championship|2022]]
| [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| <s>Group stage</s>
| N/A
| {{fbaicon|IRN}} [[Bam Khatoon F.C.|Bam Khatoon]] {{fbaicon|UZB}} [[FC Sogdiana|Sogdiana]] {{fbaicon|JOR}} <s>[[Orthodox Club (women's football)|Orthodox]]</s>
| [[Markaziy Stadium (Qarshi)|Markaziy Stadium]], [[Qarshi]] ''Could not participate due to AIFF suspension''
|-
| [[2023 AFC Women's Club Championship#Group A|2023]]
| [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| 2nd in Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Urawa Red Diamonds Ladies|Urawa Red Diamonds]] {{flagicon|TPE}}Hualien {{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok W.F.C.|Bangkok]]
| [[Chonburi Stadium]], [[Chonburi]]
|-
| colspan=6 style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|AFC Women's Champions League
|-
| [[2024–25 AFC Women's Champions League#Group stage|2024–25]]
| [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
| 4th in Main Group Stage
| N/A
| {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Taichung Blue Whale]] {{flagicon|JAP}} [[Urawa Red Diamonds Ladies|Urawa Red Diamonds]] {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Hồ Chí Minh City I W.F.C.|Hồ Chí Minh City]]
| [[Thống Nhất Stadium]], [[Ho Chi Minh City]]
|-
| {{nowrap|[[2025–26 AFC Women's Champions League|2025–26]]}}
| [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
| 3rd in Main Group Stage
| N/A
| {{fbaicon|CHN}} [[Wuhan Jianghan University F.C.|Wuhan Jiangda]] {{flagicon|UZB}} [[FC Sevinch (women)|Nasaf]] {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Bam Khatoon F.C.|Bam Khatoon]]
| Tazihu Football Training Centre, [[Wuhan]]
|}

==SAFF mens's competitions record==
===[[SAFF Club Championship]]===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"| Year
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Team
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Progress
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Score
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Opponents
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Venue(s)
|-
| colspan=6 style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|SAFF Club Championship'''1'''
|}
==SAFF women's competitions record==
===[[SAFF Club Women's Championship]]===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"| Year
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Team
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Progress
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Score
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Opponents
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Venue(s)
|-
| colspan=6 style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|SAFF Women's Club Championship'''1'''
|-
| [[2025 SAFF Women's Club Championship|2025]]
| [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=gold| 1st in Group Stage & Playoffs : Champion
| N/A
| {{flagicon|NEP}} [[APF F.C. (women)|APF]] {{fbaicon|BAN}} [[Nasrin Sporting Academy|Nasrin]] {{nowrap|{{flagicon|BHU}} [[Transport United FC|Transport United]]}} {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Karachi City WFC|Karachi City]]
| [[Dasharath Rangasala]], [[Kathmandu]]
|}

==Other Asian competitions record==
===Invitational competitions won by Indian clubs/teams===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Clubs/teams!!Tournaments!!Confederation!!Countries!!Years!!Notes
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Army Red football team|Indian Army]]
|align=left|[[Tribhuvan Challenge Shield]]
|align=left|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
|align=left|{{NEP}}
|align=left|1955, 1956
|align=left|<ref name="Indian clubs in Nepal">{{cite web|title=Nepal — List of Champions and Cup Winners: Tribhuvan Challenge Shield – Other Cup Tournaments|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nepalchamp.html|website=[[RSSSF]]|author=Atsushi Fujioka |author2=Biplav Guatam |author3=Malik Riaz Hai Naveed |date=1996|access-date=6 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712145240/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nepalchamp.html|archive-date=12 July 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|align=left|[[Aga Khan Gold Cup]]
|align=left|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
|align=left|{{BAN}}
|align=left|1960
|align=left|<ref>{{cite web|author=Tom Lewis |author2=Neil Morrison |author3=Novan Herfiyana |author4=Karel Stokkermans |title=Aga Khan Gold Cup (Dhaka, Bangladesh): Aga Khan Gold Cup 1960|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/agakhan.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726210207/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/agakhan.html|archive-date=26 July 2014|date=2003|access-date=4 February 2021|website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref>
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|Birpur XI
|align=left|[[Tribhuvan Challenge Shield]]
|align=left|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
|align=left|{{NEP}}
|align=left|1967
|align=left|<ref name="Indian clubs in Nepal"/>
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|Brothers Club Kerala
|align=left|[[Tribhuvan Challenge Shield]]
|align=left|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
|align=left|{{NEP}}
|align=left|1969
|align=left|<ref name="Indian clubs in Nepal"/>
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|Bangalore XI
|align=left|[[Tribhuvan Challenge Shield]]
|align=left|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
|align=left|{{NEP}}
|align=left|1982
|align=left|<ref name="Indian clubs in Nepal"/>
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|Punjab Electricity Board
|align=left|[[Tribhuvan Challenge Shield]]
|align=left|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
|align=left|{{NEP}}
|align=left|1984
|align=left|<ref name="Indian clubs in Nepal"/>
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|Darjeeling United
|align=left|[[Football in Nepal|Birthday Cup]]
|align=left|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
|align=left|{{NEP}}
|align=left|1985
|align=left|<ref name="Indian clubs in Nepal"/>
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|align=left|[[Central Asia Champions' Cup]]
|align=left|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
|align=left|{{SRI}}
|align=left|[[1985–86 Asian Club Championship|1985]]
|align=left|<ref>{{cite web|first=Sabyasachi|last=Chakraborty|date=29 May 2020|url=https://www.badgeb.com/throwback-when-east-bengal-fc-became-the-champions-of-central-asia/|title=THROWBACK: When East Bengal FC became the Champions of Central Asia!|work=BADGEB|access-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023055529/https://www.badgeb.com/throwback-when-east-bengal-fc-became-the-champions-of-central-asia/|archive-date=23 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|align=left|Wai Wai Cup
|align=left|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
|align=left|{{NEP}}
|align=left|1993
|align=left|<ref>{{cite web|author=The World Sports Today|date=1 August 2020|url=https://theworldsportstoday.com/100-years-of-east-bengal-a-timeline-of-kolkata-giants-key-milestones/|title=100 years of East Bengal: A timeline of Kolkata giant's key milestones|work=The World Sports Today|access-date=29 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627161358/https://theworldsportstoday.com/100-years-of-east-bengal-a-timeline-of-kolkata-giants-key-milestones/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|Kerala SC
|align=left|[[POMIS Cup]]
|align=left|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
|align=left|{{MDV}}
|align=left|1993
|align=left|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/maledcuphist.html|title=Maldives - List of Cup Winners: POMIS Cup (President of Maldives Invitational Soccer Cup)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625104120/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesm/maledcuphist.html|archive-date=25 June 2018|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=1997|access-date=1 March 2021|author=Hoodh Ali |author2=Mikael Jönsson |author3=Hans Schöggl }}</ref>
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|Belgeria SC
|align=left|[[Budha Subba Gold Cup]]
|align=left|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
|align=left|{{NEP}}
|align=left|1999
|align=left|<ref name="Indian clubs in Nepal"/>
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|align=left|[[ASEAN Club Championship]]
|align=left|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
|align=left|{{IDN}}
|align=left|[[2003 ASEAN Club Championship|2003]]
|align=left|<ref>{{Cite web|first=Nicolai|last=Nayak|url=https://scroll.in/field/968097/making-a-mark-in-asia-east-bengals-2003-asean-cup-win-a-defining-moment-for-indian-club-football|title=Making a mark in Asia: East Bengal's 2003 Asean Cup win – a defining moment for Indian club football|website=www.scroll.in|publisher=[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]|date=26 July 2020|access-date=25 September 2021|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127192359/https://amp.scroll.in/field/968097/making-a-mark-in-asia-east-bengals-2003-asean-cup-win-a-defining-moment-for-indian-club-football|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]]
|align=left|[[POMIS Cup]]
|align=left|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
|align=left|{{MDV}}
|align=left|[[2003 POMIS Cup|2003]]
|align=left|<ref>{{Cite news|first=Mohamed|last=Shahyb|date=21 September 2003|title=Local teams struggle while foreign teams confirm participation in POMIS Cup|website=haveeru.com|publisher=Haveeru Daily|url=http://www.haveeru.com.mv/sports/2196|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231813/http://www.haveeru.com.mv/sports/2196|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|align=left|San Miguel International Cup
|align=left|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
|align=left|{{NEP}}
|align=left|2004
|align=left|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.footballasia.com/en/regional/Central/index.asp?id=37988&mth=1&yr=2005&cc=NEP|title=East Bengal win Nepal tournament|work=Football Asia|date=3 January 2005|archive-date=12 January 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112011011/http://www.footballasia.com/en/regional/Central/index.asp?id=37988&mth=1&yr=2005&cc=NEP|access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref>
|}

==Statistics==
===Head to head (men's)===

Head-to-head records against clubs form 35 nations whom they have played to date only in AFC Competitions.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;font-size:90%;"
|-
! Against
! Region
! {{abbr|P|Played}}
! {{abbr|W|Won}}
! {{abbr|D|Drawn}}
! {{abbr|L|Lost}}
! {{abbr|GF|Goals for}}
! {{abbr|GA|Goals against}}
! {{abbr|GD|Goal difference}}
! %Win
|-
|{{fb|AUS}}
|AFF
{{WDL|2|0|1|1|for=0|against=4|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|BAN}}
|SAFF
{{WDL|35|16|11|8|for=57|against=33|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|BHR}}
|WAFF
{{WDL|7|1|2|4|for=4|against=10|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|BHU}}
|SAFF
{{WDL|6|4|2|0|for=19|against=3|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|CHN}}
|EAFF
{{WDL|9|1|1|7|for=1|against=29|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|HKG}}
|EAFF
{{WDL|17|4|5|8|for=23|against=32|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|IDN}}
|AFF
{{WDL|12|1|4|7|for=10|against=23|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|IRN}}
|CAFA
{{WDL|7|1|0|6|for=5|against=18|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|IRQ}}
|WAFF
{{WDL|14|4|0|10|for=11|against=27|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|ISR}}
|–
{{WDL|3|0|0|3|for=3|against=13|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|JPN}}
|EAFF
{{WDL|7|1|0|6|for=4|against=39|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|JOR}}
|WAFF
{{WDL|14|4|0|10|for=16|against=36|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|KUW}}
|WAFF
{{WDL|14|0|1|13|for=12|against=49|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|LAO}}
|AFF
{{WDL|2|1|0|1|for=3|against=3|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|LIB}}
|WAFF
{{WDL|17|3|4|10|for=18|against=35|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|MAS}}
|AFF
{{WDL|14|5|2|7|for=19|against=23|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|MDV}}
|SAFF
{{WDL|46|33|4|9|for=111|against=49|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|MYA}}
|AFF
{{WDL|7|4|3|0|for=20|against=12|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|NEP}}
|SAFF
{{WDL|14|10|4|0|for=49|against=11|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|OMA}}
|WAFF
{{WDL|11|5|0|6|for=19|against=20|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|PRK}}
|EAFF
{{WDL|2|1|1|0|for=3|against=0|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|PAK}}
|SAFF
{{WDL|5|4|1|0|for=16|against=1|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|PHI}}
|AFF
{{WDL|1|1|0|0|for=2|against=1|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|QAT}}
|WAFF
{{WDL|3|0|2|1|for=1|against=3|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|KSA}}
|WAFF
{{WDL|7|0|0|7|for=2|against=25|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|SIN}}
|AFF
{{WDL|25|13|4|8|for=22|against=31|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|SYR}}
|WAFF
{{WDL|10|1|2|7|for=5|against=21|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|KOR}}
|EAFF
{{WDL|3|0|0|3|for=1|against=13|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|SRI}}
|SAFF
{{WDL|10|8|1|1|for=24|against=6|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|TJK}}
|CAFA
{{WDL|3|0|1|2|for=2|against=5|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|THA}}
|AFF
{{WDL|10|2|4|4|for=12|against=23|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|TKM}}
|CAFA
{{WDL|10|2|1|7|for=20|against=23|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|TPE}}
|EAFF
{{WDL|1|1|0|0|for=0|against=4|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|UAE}}
|WAFF
{{WDL|6|0|2|4|for=2|against=11|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|UZB}}
|CAFA
{{WDL|8|0|1|7|for=3|against=32|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|VIE}}
|AFF
{{WDL|10|3|2|5|for=12|against=15|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|YEM}}
|WAFF
{{WDL|8|4|1|3|for=9|against=10|diff=yes}}
|-
|{{fb|CAM}}
|AFF
{{WDL|1|1|0|0|for=1|against=0|diff=yes}}
|- class="sortbottom"
! style="text-align:left;"|Total
! 36 nations
{{WDL|376|136|66|174|for=555|against=685|diff=yes}}
|}
----
*''Last Updated on 27 November 2025''.
----

===Top scorers===
{{updated|30 June 2019}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Pos
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Player
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Team
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|[[AFC Champions League Two|ACL2/AC]]
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|[[AFC Champions League Elite|ACL/ACC]]
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|[[AFC Cup Winners Cup|ACWC]]
! style="background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;"|Total
|-
| 1
| {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Ranti Martins]]
| [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| 22
<ref name=AC06>{{cite web|title=Afc Cup 2006|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/ascup06.html|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-date=14 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514032534/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/ascup06.html#afc|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=AC08>{{cite web|title=Afc Cup 2008|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/ascup08.html|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-date=23 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023045004/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/ascup08.html#afc|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=RMS>{{cite web|title=Ranti Martins Profile|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ranty-martins-soleye/66049/|website=Soccerway.com|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703053807/http://int.soccerway.com/players/ranty-martins-soleye/66049/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| —
| —
| 22
|-
|rowspan=1 | 2
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
| [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] [[Bengaluru FC]]
| 18
<ref name=SC>{{cite web|title=Sunil Chhetri Profile|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sunil-chhetri/64395/|website=Soccerway.com|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=10 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910121819/http://int.soccerway.com/players/sunil-chhetri/64395/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/sunil-chhetri-named-among-13-strikers-to-choose-all-time-best-three-in-afc-cup/articleshow/81723770.cms|title=Sunil Chhetri named among 13 strikers to choose all-time best three in AFC Cup|access-date=28 March 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=4 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704180728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/sunil-chhetri-named-among-13-strikers-to-choose-all-time-best-three-in-afc-cup/articleshow/81723770.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1
| —
| 19
|-
|rowspan=1 | 3
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhaichung Bhutia]]
|[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] [[JCT F.C.|JCT]] [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| 4
<ref name=AC04>{{cite web|title=Afc Cup 2004|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/ascup04.html|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-date=25 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225122521/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/ascup04.html#afc|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=AC05>{{cite web|title=Afc Cup 2005|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/ascup05.html|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-date=7 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007202356/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/ascup05.html#afc|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=AC07>{{cite web|title=Afc Cup 2007|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/ascup07.html|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222152134/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/ascup07.html#afc|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 2
| 8
| 14
|-
|rowspan=2 | 4
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sisir Ghosh
| [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| —
| 11
| 2
| 13
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]
| [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| 12
<ref name=JJ16>{{cite web|title=Jeje Lalpekhlua Profile|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/jeje-lalpekhlua/100674/|website=Soccerway.com|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218092532/http://int.soccerway.com/players/jeje-lalpekhlua/100674/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1
<ref name=JJ16/>
| —
| 13
|-
| 6
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Roberto Mendes Silva|Beto]]
| [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| 12
<ref name=AC06/><ref name=AC08/>
| —
| —
| 12
|-
| 7
|{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Chidi Edeh]]
|[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| 9
<ref name=AC08/>
<ref name=CE>{{cite web|title=Chidi Edeh Profile|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/chidi--edeh-/67778/|website=Soccerway.com|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703052739/http://int.soccerway.com/players/chidi--edeh-/67778/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| —
| —
| 9
|-
| 8
| {{flagicon|IND}} Debasish Roy
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| —
| 8
| —
| 8
|-
|rowspan=4 | 9
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Carlton Chapman]]
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] [[JCT F.C.|JCT]]
| —
| 1
| 5
| 6
|-
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Cristiano Junior]]
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| 6
<ref name=AC04/>
| —
| —
| 6
|-
| {{flagicon|HAI}} [[Sony Norde]]
| [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| 6<ref name=SN>{{cite web|title=Sony Norde Profile|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sony-norde/128626/|website=Soccerway.com|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120174754/https://int.soccerway.com/players/sony-norde/128626/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| —
| —
| 6
|-
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Yusif Yakubu]]
|[[Mahindra United]] [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| 6<ref name=AC06/><ref name=AC07/>
| —
| —
| 6
|}

== See also ==
* [[AFC Champions League Elite]]
* [[AFC Champions League Two]]
* [[AFC Challenge League]]
* [[Indian Super League]]
* [[I-League]]
* [[Indian football league system]]
* [[Australian soccer clubs in continental competitions]]
* [[Bangladeshi football clubs in Asian competitions]]
* [[Chinese football clubs in Asian competitions]]
* [[Hong Kong football clubs in Asian competitions]]
* [[Indonesian football clubs in Asian competitions]]
* [[Iranian football clubs in Asian competitions]]
* [[Iraqi football clubs in Asian competitions]]
* [[Japanese football clubs in Asian competitions]]
* [[Malaysian football clubs in Asian competitions]]
* [[Myanmar football clubs in Asian competitions]]
* [[Philippine football clubs in Asian competitions]]
* [[Qatari football clubs in Asian competitions]]
* [[Saudi Arabian football clubs in Asian competitions]]
* [[South Korean football clubs in Asian competitions]]
* [[Thai football clubs in Asian competitions]]
* [[Vietnamese football clubs in Asian competitions]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-clubs-in-asia-the-historic-runs-that-inspired-us-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023012035/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-clubs-in-asia-the-historic-runs-that-inspired-us-all|title=The Last Goal – Remembering Cristiano Junior|first=Soumo|last=Ghosh|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|date=22 September 2021|access-date=15 February 2023|archive-date=23 October 2021|location=New Delhi}}

{{Football in India}}
{{Indian Super League}}
{{I-League}}
{{AIFF Super Cup}}
{{Indian Women's League}}
{{Association football clubs in Asian competitions}}

[[Category:Indian football clubs in international competitions| ]]
[[Category:Asian football clubs in international competitions]]
[[Category:Indian Super League]]
[[Category:I-League]]

Sector-17, Chandigarh

2025-12-17T17:38:12Z

Venu ji yes: Made A Post

{{short description|Retail hub in Chandigarh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sector-17, Chandigarh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Retail hub
| image_skyline = File:Sector-17 chandigarh.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Sector-17 Chandigarh
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chandigarh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|30.73|N|76.78|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = District
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chandigarh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 =Indian Standard Time
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 160017
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = English
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
}}

'''Sector-17''' or '''Sector-17 Plaza''' is a [[retail]] and entertainment hub in [[Chandigarh]].<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/by-the-way-how-chandigarh-s-sector-17-is-stuck-with-its-self-image/story-DgaSeAdBwPRbfv0NFA7sNO.html|title=Story of Sector 17: Chandigarh's heart has grown older than the city|work=Hindustan Times|date=28 August 2016|access-date=2021-10-27}}</ref> It is a tree-lined [[pedestrian]] plaza with fountains and stores.

==History==
Sector-17 was constructed at the same time when the city of Chandigarh was built. It was turned into a retail hub after the emergence of three theatres (Neelam, Jagat, KC), offices, Parade Ground, the Inter State Bus Terminus, general post office and many open spaces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/guest-column-reinvent-chandigarh-s-sector-17-the-bryant-park-way/story-eabHTkH09Ri1dpGdo0pNoM.html|title=Guest Column: Reinvent Chandigarh's Sector 17, the Bryant Park way|work=Hindustan Times|date=12 December 2020|access-date=2021-10-27}}</ref>

==Facilities==
Sector-17 is also called Chandigarh's heart.<ref name="Hindustan Times"/> No vehicles are allowed at the plaza, instead there is a multilevel [[parking lot]] to park vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/chandigarh-sector-17-multi-level-parking-lot-launch-2791205/|title=Chandigarh Sector 17 multi-level parking lot launch today|work=Indian Express|date=9 May 2016|access-date=2021-10-27}}</ref> The plaza has a fountain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://airportchandigarh.com/about-chandigarh/shopping/sector-17-chandigarh|title=Sector 17 Market in Chandigarh|work=airportchandigarh.com|access-date=2021-10-27}}</ref> It is a no-vending zone.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/vendors-out-sec-17-plaza-a-walkers%E2%80%99-paradise-again-10303|title=Vendors out, Sec 17 Plaza a walkers' paradise again|work=Tribune India|access-date=2021-10-27|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027051823/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/vendors-out-sec-17-plaza-a-walkers%E2%80%99-paradise-again-10303|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has a huge [[parade ground]] where [[Independence Day (India)|Independence day]] as well as [[Republic Day (India)|Republic day]] celebrations are organised every year. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-14 |title=I-Day celebrations in Chandigarh: Avoid these roads |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/iday-celebrations-in-chandigarh-avoid-these-roads-101660425338440.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of tourist attractions in Chandigarh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Chandigarh district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Le Corbusier]]
[[Category:Le Corbusier buildings in India]]

{{Chandigarh-geo-stub}}

Habra

2025-12-15T14:21:14Z

Venu ji yes: slightly adjust details per standard format and updated info

{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Habra
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Habra.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Habra Jessore Road traffic
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.83|N|88.63|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date Unknown =
| founder British Indian Government =
| named_for None =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Habra Municipality
| leader_title1 = Municipality Chairman
| leader_name1 = Narayan Chandra Saha
| leader_title2 = Municipality Vice Chairman
| leader_name2 = Sitangshu Das
| leader_title3 = MLA
| leader_name3 = [[Jyotipriyo Mullick]], {{small|Minister of State, Forest Department}} [[Government of West Bengal|Govt. of WB]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Habra City'>{{cite web|title=Habra City|url=http://www.habramunicipality.com/}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 21.82
| area_rank = UA: 8th in West Bengal
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 13
| population_total = 147,221
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name='Habra City'/>
| population_metro = 304,584
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 743269,743271,743263
| area_code = +91 3216
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Habra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Habra]]
| website =
{{URL|
http://www.habramunicipality.com/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Habra''' is a city and a municipality in [[Barasat sadar subdivision]]<ref>[http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm District-wise list of statutory towns] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163402/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |date=2011-07-21 }}</ref> of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=500| height=500| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|22|46|0|N|88|36|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Barasat subdivision, North 24 Parganas''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|48|55|N|88|37|48|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Anarbaria | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Anarbaria]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|44|26|N|88|31|20|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Bamangachhi| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Bamangachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|48|49|N|88|36|1|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Bara Bamonia| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Bara Bamonia]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|50|51|N|88|44|54|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Betpuli| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Betpuli]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|47|13|N|88|34|24|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Bira| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Bira, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|44|4|N|88|28|29|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Chak Barbaria| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Chak Barbaria]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|45|48|N|88|32|8|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Chandrapur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Chandrapur, West Bengal]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|46|42|N|88|33|45|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Chatta Baria| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Chatta Baria]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|38|25|N|88|29|15|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Deara| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Deara]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|41|40|N|88|41|4|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10= Deulia| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Deulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|54|40|N|88|32|4|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Dhania| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Dhania, West Bengal]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|45|19|N|88|31|29|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Digha| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Digha, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|46|32|N|88|33|10|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Duttapukur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Duttapukur]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|47|10|N|88|32|22|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Gangapur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Gangapur, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|54|13|N|88|44|28|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Gobardanga| numbered15=M| mark-title15=[[Gobardanga]] (M)| shape-color15= #800000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|49|20|N|88|36|36|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Guma| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Guma, India]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|46|15|N|88|34|10|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Joypul| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Joypul]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|48|23|N|88|35|47|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Khorddabamonia| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Khorddabamonia]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|45|35|N|88|26|34|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Kokapur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Kokapur, West Bengal]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|42|22|N|88|32|28|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Koyra| numbered20=CT| mark-title20=[[Koyra, West Bengal]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|45|5|N|88|31|2|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Kulberia| numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Kulberia]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|51|20|N|88|44|40|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Maslandapur| numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Maslandapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|52|23|N|88|44|22|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Nokpul| numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Nokpul]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|47|50|N|88|35|0|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Purbba Narayanpur| numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Purbba Narayanpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|51|46|N|88|45|0|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Sadpur| numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Sadpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|46|0|N|88|31|10|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26= Shibalaya| numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Shibalaya]] (CT)
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|42|40|N|88|29|10|E}}| label-pos27=left|label27= Barasat| numbered27=M| mark-title27= [[Barasat]] (M)| shape-color27= #800000
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|49|58|N|88|37|58|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Ashoknagar Kalyangarh| numbered28=M| mark-title28=[[Ashoknagar Kalyangarh]] (M) | shape-color28= #800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|50|42|N|88|39|1|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Habra| numbered29=M| mark-title29=Habra (M) |shape-color29=black| label-size29=13|label-color29=black 
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|42|0|N|88|27|0|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Madhyamgram| numbered30=M| mark-title30=[[Madhyamgram]] (M) | shape-color30= #800000
|mark-coord31={{coord|22|42|37|N|88|41|18|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31=Chandraketugarh| numbered31=H| mark-title31= [[Chandraketugarh]] (H)| shape-color31=#AA6666
|mark-coord32={{coord|22|48|18|N|88|30|23|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32=Amdanga| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Amdanga, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|22|45|0|N|88|27|0|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33=Barbaria| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Barbaria (village)]] (R) |shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|22|42|5|N|88|41|24|E}} | label-pos34=left|label34=Berachampa| numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Berachampa]] (R) |shape-color34=#C40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|22|43|41|N|88|27|12|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35=Berunanpukuria| numbered35=R| mark-title35= [[Berunanpukuria]] (R) |shape-color35=#C40000
|mark-coord36={{coord|22|44|50|N|88|32|7|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36=Chhota Jagulia| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Chhota Jagulia]] (R) |shape-color36=#C40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|22|41|39|N|88|38|58|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37= Deganga| numbered37=R| mark-title37= [[Deganga, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color37=#C40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|22|40|11|N|88|31|16|E}} | label-pos38=left|label38= Krishnapur Madanpur| numbered38=R| mark-title38= [[Krishnapur Madanpur]] (R) |shape-color38=#C40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|22|50|39|N|88|34|5|E}} | label-pos39=left|label39= Sabdalpur| numbered39=R| mark-title39= [[Sabdalpur]] (R) |shape-color39=#C40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|22|39|56|N|88|34|57|E}} | label-pos40=right|label40= Shasan| numbered40=R| mark-title40= [[Shasan, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color40=#C40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|22|38|30|N|88|37|0|E}} | label41= Bidyadhari River| label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= 10| label-pos41=right| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|mark-coord42={{coord|22|54|0|N|88|43|30|E}} | label42= Jamuna |labela42=River| label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 60| label-pos42=right| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none}}

===Location===
Habra is located at {{Coord|22.83|N|88.63|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Habra.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Habra]</ref> It has an average elevation of 13 metres (42.6509 feet).

===Area overview===
The area covered in the map alongside is largely a part of the north Bidyadhari Plain. located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref> The country is flat. It is a little raised above flood level and the highest ground borders the river channels.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7Hkj2xOrEwkC&q=24+parganas+district+gazetteer&pg=PA1|title = Bengal District Gazetteers: 24 Parganas|last = LSS O’Malley|work= p 1-4|year = 2009| publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn = 9788172681937| access-date = 3 May 2018 }}</ref> 54.67% of the people of the densely populated area lives in the urban areas and 45.33% lives in the rural areas.<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Habra had a total population of 147,221, of which 74,592 (51%) were males and 72,629 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 11,696. The total number of literate persons in Habra was 121,952 (89.98% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 29 May 2018 }}</ref>

According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Habra Urban Agglomeration had a total population of 304,584, of which 154,863 (51%) were males and 149,723 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 23,023. The total number of literate persons in Habra UA was 256,313 (91.03% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomeration/ Cities having population above 1 lakh | work = Provisional Population Totals, Census of India, 2011| publisher = Government of India | access-date = 3 June 2018}}</ref> The constituents of Habra Urban Agglomeration were Habra (M), [[Ashoknagar, North 24 Parganas|Ashoknagar Kalyangarh]] (M), [[Bara Bamonia]] (CT), [[Guma, India|Guma]] (CT), [[Anarbaria]] (CT) and [[Khorddabamonia]] (CT).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title = Constituents of Urban Agglomeration having population of 1 lakh and bove | work = Provisional Population Totals, Census of India, 2011 | publisher = Government of India | access-date = 3 June 2018}}</ref>

As of 2001 India census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Habra had a population of 127,695. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Habra has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 83%, and female literacy is 74%. In Habra, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Administration==

=== Municipality ===
Habra Municipality is responsible for the well-being of its residence. Habra Municipality recently installed tower lights from the [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] fund of [[Jyotipriyo Mullick]].

=== Police station ===
Habra [[police station]] is one of the most important police stations in [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]] District. It has jurisdiction over Habra municipality, [[Gobardanga]] municipality and [[Habra I]] CD Block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://n24pgspolice.in/home/police-station.php | title = North 24 Parganas Dist. Police | work = Know Your Police Station | publisher = District Police | access-date = 3 June 2018 | archive-date = 7 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180607033433/http://n24pgspolice.in/home/police-station.php | url-status = dead }}</ref>

=== Others ===
[[Habra I (community development block)]] is headquartered at Prafulla Nagar, Habra.
Habra [[Telephone Exchange]] is also headquartered at Habra. Habra is one of the 100 selected cities in India which will be developed as a [[smart city]] within 2022 though this has been in question recently when [[Government of India|Govt of India]] published an updated list and Habra did not appear in that apparently.<ref>[http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/know-all-100-upcoming-smart-cities-of-india-50276.html Reference ]</ref>

==Transport==

===Railway System===

[[File:Habra Station.jpg|thumb|right|[[Habra railway station]]]]
[[Habra railway station|Habra Railway Station]] is 45 km from [[Sealdah Station]] and 25 km from [[Barasat]] on the [[Sealdah–Hasnabad–Bangaon–Ranaghat line|Sealdah-Bangaon branch line]] of [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]].<ref>Eastern Railway time table</ref> It is part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system. Habra, [[Thakurnagar]], [[Gobardanga]] and [[Bangaon]] local connects this town to [[Sealdah Station]] and other stations of the [[Sealdah–Bangaon line|Sealdah-Bangaon]] branch line. Habra Station Road is directly connected on [[National Highway 35 (India)|NH 35]] ([[Jessore Road]]). It is a major railway station between [[Bangaon Junction railway station|Bangaon]] and Barasat railway station.

==Education==

*[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, North 24 Parganas|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya (Banipur)]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jnv24pargana.bih.nic.in/ |title=Index |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701235306/http://jnv24pargana.bih.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[https://www.ststephenshabra.com/ St. Stephen's School, Habra]
*[https://stratforddayschool.com/index Stratford Day School, Habra]

==See also==
* [[Habra I]] [[Community development block in India|CD Block]]
* [[Habra II]] CD Block
* [http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf Map of Habra I CD Block] on Page 289 of District Census Handbook. It also shows the location of Habra.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Page 289 -Map of Habra I CD Block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 1 June 2018}}</ref>
*[[Bongaon]]
*[[Barasat]]
*[[Barrackpore]]
*[[Basirhat]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

Power Couple (Indian TV series)

2025-11-25T07:06:24Z

Venu ji yes: creating the article first draft...

{{short description|2015 Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[reality television|Reality]]
| creator = Colosceum Media Pvt Ltd
| based_on = [[Power Couple (Israeli TV series)|Power Couple]]
| developer =
| writer =
| director = T V Vinod
| creative_director = Devika Sanghvi, Stuthi Raghavan
| presenter = {{ubl|[[Arbaaz Khan]]|[[Malaika Arora]]}}
| starring =
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 26
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Lalit Sharma
| editor =
| location = [[Goa]]
| cinematography = Akshay Rajput
| camera =
| runtime =
| company = [[Colosceum Media]]
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|12|12|}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2016|3|12|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Power Couple''''' is an Indian reality show which aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television]], it was launched on 12 December 2015. The series is produced by Lalit Sharma of Colosceum Media Pvt Ltd. The series is the Indian adaptation of the [[State of Israel|Israeli]] television series ''[[Power Couple (Israeli TV series)|Power Couple]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/09/01/power-couple-india_n_8070252.html |title=Hit Israeli Reality TV Show 'Power Couple' Is Coming To India |newspaper=[[The Huffington Post]] |date=1 September 2015 |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>

The series features 10 popular celebrity couples from across fields, who will compete with each other over various challenges. They will be tested in one roof whether these couples love and trust each other or not. The series is shot in Goa and is hosted by [[Arbaaz Khan]] and [[Malaika Arora Khan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/is-india-ready-for-power-couple-260848-2015-09-02 |title=Is India ready for Power Couple? |newspaper=[[India Today]] |date=2 September 2015 |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-09-05/Top-couples-being-approached-for-Indian-Power-Couple-174449 |title=Top couples being approached for Indian Power Couple |newspaper=[[The Hans India]] |date=5 September 2015 |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> The first season of Power Couple India was won by Naved and Sayeeda. Shahwar Ali and Marcella were the runner-up.

==Couple Status==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!Couples
! rowspan="1"|Status
|-
|Naved & Sayeeda
|{{Won|Winner}}
|-
|[[Shawar Ali|Shawar]] & Marcela
|{{Runner-up|Runner-up}}
|-
|[[Vindu Dara Singh|Vindu]] & Dina
| style="background:#FF8072" |Eliminated 8th
|-
|[[Aamir Ali|Aamir]] & [[Sanjeeda Sheikh|Sanjeeda]]
| style="background:#FF8072" |Eliminated 7th
|-
|[[Salil Ankola|Salil]] & Ria
| style="background:#FF8072" |Eliminated 6th
|-
|[[Ashmit Patel|Ashmit]] & [[Mahek Chahal|Mahek]]
| style="background:#FF8072" |Eliminated 5th
|-
|[[Apurva Agnihotri|Apurva]] & [[Shilpa Saklani|Shilpa]]
| style="background:#FF8072" |Eliminated 4th
|-
|Percy & [[Delnaaz Irani|Delnaaz]]
| style="background:#FF8072" |Eliminated 3rd
|-
|[[Sandip Soparrkar|Sandip]] & [[Jesse Randhawa|Jesse]]
| style="background:#FF8072" |Eliminated 2nd
|-
|Rahul R. & [[Pratyusha Banerjee|Pratyusha]]
| style="background:#FF8072" |Eliminated 1st
|-
|[[Rahul Dev|Rahul D]]. & [[Mugdha Godse|Mugdha]]
|{{Quit|Quit}}
|}

==See also==
* ''[[I Can Do That (Indian TV series)|I Can Do That]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.setindia.com/in-en/shows/power-couple Power Couple on Sony Entertainment Television]
* [http://www.sonyliv.com/watch-power-couple-online SonyLIV Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106072755/http://www.sonyliv.com/watch-power-couple-online |date=6 November 2015 }}

{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Power Couple (Indian TV series)}}
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]

Hindupat Singh

2025-11-13T21:36:55Z

Venu ji yes: new

{{short description|Raja of Panna (1758–1778)}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Raja]]
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]]
| reign = {{circa|1758}} – {{circa|1777}}
| predecessor = [[Aman Singh Ju Deo|Aman Singh]]
| successor = [[Anirudh Singh Ju Deo|Anirudh Singh]]
| father = [[Sabha Singh]]
| issue = Sarnet Singh [[Anirudh Singh Ju Deo|Anirudh Singh]] [[Dhokal Singh]]
| house = [[Panna State|Panna]]
| dynasty = [[Bundela]]
| death_date = {{circa|1777}}
}}
'''Hindupat Singh''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]] from 1758 until his death in 1777.

==Biography==
Although Hindupat was the eldest son of [[Sabha Singh]], his father superseded his right of succession to the title, rank, and dignity in favor of his younger and beloved son, [[Aman Singh Ju Deo|Aman Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lorimer |first=John Gordon |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gazetteer_of_the_Persian_Gulf_%CA%BBOm%C4%81n_an/NL0sAQAAMAAJ |title=Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, ʻOmān, and Central Arabia: Historical. 4 v |date=1970 |publisher=Gregg |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Bhagavānadāsa |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Ma/p2YeAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of the Rise and Fall of the Marathas in Bundelkhand, 1731-1804: Based on Original Sources |date=1987 |publisher=Neha Prakashan |pages=95 |language=en}}</ref> He murdered his brother, [[Aman Singh Ju Deo|Aman Singh]], in 1758 and succeeded him as the [[Raja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India/xQC2AAAAIAAJ |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series |date=1908 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |pages=367 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Ruling_Chiefs_Nobles_and_Zamindars_o/LfoxAQAAMAAJ |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=305 |language=en}}</ref> Immediately after, he banished his younger brother, Khet Singh, from [[Panna State|Panna]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Andhare |first=B. R. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Bundelkhand_Under_the_Marathas_1720_1818/qWYeAAAAMAAJ |title=Bundelkhand Under the Marathas, 1720-1818 A.D.: A Study of Maratha-Bundela Relations |date=1984 |publisher=Vishwa Bharati Prakashan |pages=108–109 |language=en}}</ref> On 1 July 1758, [[Shamsher Bahadur I|Shamsher Bahadur]] and [[Govind Pant Bundela|Govind Ballal]] visited [[Bundelkhand]] and reached an agreement with him.<ref name=":2" /> They also spoke to him about the injustice done to his brother Khet.<ref name=":2" /> After hearing them, he granted Khet a portion of his territory for his maintenance.<ref name=":2" /> [[Govind Pant Bundela|Govind Ballal]], on behalf of [[Balaji Baji Rao|Nana Saheb I]], proclaimed him the legitimate ruler of [[Panna State|Panna]].<ref name=":2" /> To have the [[Tilaka|tika]] applied to his forehead by the [[Peshwa]], he paid a nazrana ({{Translation|gift or tribute}}) of Rs. 5,01,000 in three installments: Rs. 1,67,000 in 1759, Rs. 1,67,000 in 1760, and Rs. 1,67,000 in 1761.<ref name=":2" />

He decisively defeated Himmat Bahadur when the latter waged war against him in 1762.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5398/ |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire |date=1934 |publisher=M.C. Sarkar, Calcutta |pages=313,320}}</ref>

He married and had three sons: Sarnet Singh, [[Anirudh Singh Ju Deo|Anirudh Singh]], and [[Dhokal Singh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=T |first=J. P. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Juvenile_History_of_Charkhari/eTSy_conpsQC |title=“A” Juvenile History of Charkhari |date=1886 |publisher=Babus Ganés Das & Company, Booksellers |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref>

He died in 1777 and was succeeded by his son [[Anirudh Singh Ju Deo|Anirudh Singh]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1777 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajas of Panna]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology

2025-11-05T06:19:31Z

Venu ji yes: done

{{Short description|Engineering college in Jorhat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox university|
| name = Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology
| native_name =
| image = Jorhat Institute of Science & Tech Logo.png
| motto = {{lang|sa-la|Yogaḥ karmasu kauśalam}}
| motto_lang = Sanskrit
| mottoeng = Excellence in Action is Yoga
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1971}}
| type = Government Engineering College
| principal = Dr. Aditya Bihar Kandali
| city = [[Jorhat]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = [[Rural area|Rural]]
| coor = {{Coord|26.782422 | 94.294162 |type:edu|display=inline, title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| free_label = Acronym
| free = JIST
| free_label2 = Approvals
| free2 = [[AICTE]]
| affiliations = [[Assam Science and Technology University]]
| undergrad = 504 (per year)
| postgrad = 77 (per year)
| faculty =
| website = {{URL|http://jist.ac.in/}}
}}

'''Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology''', formerly '''Jorhat Science College''' is an engineering college established in 1971 by the [[government of Assam]]. It is located in Sotai, on the outskirts of [[Jorhat]] city.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Jorhat District, Assam|url = http://jorhat.gov.in/technical-institutes-in-jorhat.html|website = jorhat.gov.in|accessdate = 2015-10-28}}</ref> It is the first science college of [[Upper Assam]] and the third state-government-run engineering college of [[Assam]]. It is affiliated to [[Assam Science and Technology University]]. It is also the only government engineering college of Assam which offers both engineering and basic science courses.

== History ==
[[File:Jorhat institute of science and technology.png|thumb|JIST - Bird's Eye View (Front)]]
[[File:JIST aerial view.png|thumb|Another aerial view of JIST (Top)]]
Jorhat Science College was established by Govt. of Assam in 1971. In 2008, the Government of Assam upgraded the college and renamed it as Jorhat Institute of Science & Technology registered under the [[Societies Registration Act, 1860]].

The college until then was offering only undergraduate courses in subjects of Science (Honours in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics). From the academic session 2007-08, a three-year degree course, B.Sc. in Information Technology (IT) was introduced with an intake capacity of 30. From the academic session 2009-10, two technical courses, B.E. in Electronics & Telecommunication (ETC) and Power Electronics & Instrumentation (PEI), were introduced, in addition to the existing B.Sc. courses, with prior approval from AICTE, with an intake of 60 seats in each course. From 2016 onwards, the institute offers B.E. course in Mechanical and Civil Engineering.<ref>{{Cite web|title = HISTORY {{!}} Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology|url = http://jistassam.in/history/|website = jistassam.in|accessdate = 2015-10-28|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160326232616/http://jistassam.in/history/|archive-date = 26 March 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref> With the change of affiliation from ''[[Dibrugarh University|Dibrugarh University (DU)]]'' to ''[[Assam Science and Technology University|Assam Science and Technology University (ASTU)]],'' from the session 2017-18, the previous B.E. courses have been changed to B.Tech along with changes in curricula and grading system.

== Academics ==

The college offers bachelor's courses: [[Bachelor of Science]] in Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Information Technology, and [[Bachelor of Technology]] in the fields of [[Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering]], Power Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering. From academic year 2016-17, the institute has started offering [[Master of Science|M.Sc.]] in Physics and Mathematics and [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech.]] in [[Civil Engineering]] and [[Mechanical Engineering]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Latest News{{!}} Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology|url = http://jistassam.in/history/|website = jistassam.in|accessdate = 2016-06-09|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160326232616/http://jistassam.in/history/|archive-date = 26 March 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref> From the academic session 2017-18, JIST introduced [[Master of Science|M.Sc.]] in [[Chemistry]] with the approval of [[Dibrugarh University]]. In 2019, the institution has started [[PhD]] courses in [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]] and [[Mathematics]] with the approval of [[Assam Science and Technology University|ASTU]].

Formerly, all the courses were affiliated to [[Dibrugarh University]] until 2017. From 2017-18 session, the institute is affiliated to [[Assam Science and Technology University]].

== Departments ==

=== Engineering departments ===

* Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
* Power Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
* Civil Engineering
* Mechanical Engineering

=== Non-Engineering departments ===

* Information Technology
* Physics
* Mathematics
* Chemistry
* Humanities and Social Science

==Facilities==
=== Computer lab ===
The college has a modern computational laboratory with the facilities of many branded PCs connected with each other through LAN. Each core department has its own computing facilities.

=== Hostels===
At present JIST has two boys' hostels and two girls' hostel. The total strength of the boys' hostels is 240 and that of the girls' hostel is 150. Construction of a new hostel is likely to be started. Private hostels and accommodations are also available near the institute campus.

CAFES Boys' Hostel and New Girls' Hostel are only for 1st year students.

All the hostels are connected with WI-FI wireless network with 24 x 7 internet facility.

=== Library===
JIST has a well-maintained library with more than 11,000 books on different subjects (curriculum and non-curriculum) catering to the needs of the students and teachers. The library is also furnished with scientific journals, monthly magazines and daily newspapers for in-house reading.

===Canteen===
A college canteen is available with freshly prepared food during breakfast and lunch. It remains open during events at college even if it's not an official working day.

=== Health Center ===
The college has a Dispensary with a Doctor (presently vacant), a nurse and a pharmacist within the campus for First-Aid and emergency treatment.

=== Bus Services===
JIST provides for the transportation needs of the students and staff with three buses that run through the heart of [[Jorhat]] city.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Facilities{{!}} Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology|url = http://jistassam.in/history/|website = jistassam.in|accessdate = 2016-06-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160326232616/http://jistassam.in/history/|archive-date = 26 March 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref>

== Student Activity Centre ==
JIST focuses on integrating knowledge, skills, and attitudes in students, preparing them to excel in the diverse environments of India and beyond while keeping societal and environmental considerations in mind. The Student Activity Centre (SAC) at JIST offers a space for students to express their innovative ideas, talents, and cultural interests, enabling them to reach their full potential. Various clubs within the SAC allow students to venture into new territories and perform at their best.

* Tinkering Lab
* Electronics Hobby Club
* Robotics Club
* Entrepreneurship Cell (E-Cell)
* Google Developer Students Club (GDSC)
* JIST Coding Club
* JIST Anime Club
* JIST Cultural and Welfare Society
* JIST Literary and Symposium Society

==Training & Placement Cell==
The Training & Placement Cell of JIST handles the task of campus recruitment for its graduating students. Established in 2010, the T&P Cell represents the ever-growing roots of JIST. Its tasks involve establishing contacts with companies, conducting workshops for the students to train them on both technical and non-technical aspects, conducting preliminary tests, group discussions, personality development talks and all other kinds of placement-related activities. Equipped with all the facilities, the T&P Cell holds pride in meeting all the requirements of different companies as a part of the placement process. It has provided many jobs to its final year students <ref>{{Cite web|title = Training & Placement Cell {{!}} Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology|url = http://jistassam.in/history/|website = jistassam.in|accessdate = 2016-06-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160326232616/http://jistassam.in/history/|archive-date = 26 March 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Abeyaantrix==

{{main article|Abeyaantrix}}
''Abeyaantrix'' (Assamese: অভিযান্ত্ৰিক্স, Hindi: अभियांत्रिक्ष) is the national-level annual technical festival of Jorhat Institute of Science & Technology. The name is derived from Sanskrit word "अभियांत्रिकी", which means "engineering". The root word is "अभियंता" in Sanskrit/Hindi or "অভিযন্তা" in Assamese, which means "engineer".

''Abeyaantrix'' is one of the best Techno-Cultural fest in North-East India along with ''[[Techxetra]]'', ''Alecheringa'', ''Incandescence''.

This is one of the common platforms in [[North-East India]] to showcase knowledge and intellect. It is a blend of different technical and cultural events, and has social events as well. ''Abeyaantrix'' attracts enthusiasts from various parts of India. It is one of the technical festivals of North-East India which reaches out to both engineering and non-engineering students.<ref>{{URL| jistassam.in/jist-abyntrix-2016/ JIST Official Website}}</ref> It is sometimes abbreviated as ''Abx'' on social networking websites. The latest addition, ''Abeyaantrix''-''2018'', was held in March 2018.

''Abeyaantrix'' was halted by the college authority in 2019 for an indefinite period due to some unforeseen issues that arose in that edition.
===Mayaan===
''Mayaan'' is the souvenir of Abeyaantrix. It is published annually by team ''Abeyaantrix'' to commemorate the events held during the fest. It is usually released at the inauguration ceremony of ''Abeyaantrix'' in the presence of the guests. ''Mayaan'' contains articles poems and other writing by the students and faculty members of JIST. The souvenir also publishes writings by guest writers.

''Mayaan'' is a Hebrew word which means "fountain". It was chosen to convey "a fountain of knowledge".

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
=== [https://www.linkedin.com/company/ecell-jist/ Entrepreneurship Cell (E-Cell)] ===
[https://www.linkedin.com/in/tpcjist Training & Placement Cell]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Education in Jorhat district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Assam]]

Khawar Naqeeb

2025-10-30T21:26:51Z

Venu ji yes:

{{Short description|Indian Urdu poet and writer (born 1965)}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Khawar Naqeeb
| birth_name = Syed Mashooq Ilahi
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|df=y|1965|12|6}}
| birth_place = Daryapur, Sungra, [[Cuttack district]], Odisha, India
| occupation = Poet, prose writer, researcher, critic, journalist
| language = [[Urdu]]
| nationality = Indian
| notableworks = ''Salaakhon Ke Peechhe'', ''Sareer-e-Khaama'', ''Qalam-e-Firdous'', ''Odisha Ka Pehla Urdu Akhbar''
| awards = Odisha Urdu Academy Award (1997), Najmi Academy Award, Swagatika Award, Cultural Sangam Academy Award
}}
'''Khawar Naqeeb''' (born 6 December 1965) is an Urdu poet, prose writer, researcher, critic, and journalist from the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. He is the editor of the literary magazine ''Tarweej'' and the children's magazine ''Jugnu'', and the author and compiler of several poetry, critical, and research books.

== Early and academic life ==
Khawar Naqeeb was born on 6 December 1965 in the locality of Daryapur, Sungra, [[Cuttack district]], Odisha.<ref name="Nazish">{{Cite book |last=Nazish |first=Motiullah |author-link=Motiullah Nazish |title=Odisha mein Urdu Nasr Nigari |trans-title=Urdu Prose Writing in Odisha |date=2018 |edition=1st |publisher=[[Odisha Urdu Academy]] |location=Bhubaneswar |language=ur |page=207}}</ref> His father, Syed Abdul Haleem Naqeeb, was a recognized poet of Odisha, and his elder brother, Syed Noor Elahi Natiq, is also a poet.<ref name="Rahmani1">{{cite book |last=Rahmani |first=Saeed |title=Odisha mein Urdu Shayari (Tazkira) |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/odisha-mein-urdu-shairi-saeed-rahmani-ebooks |date=2018 |publisher=[[Odisha Urdu Academy]] |location=Bhubaneswar |language=ur |page=91}}</ref> After completing his education, he began teaching at the government institution Madrasah Alia, [[Cuttack]], where he continues to serve.<ref name="Nazish" /> Among his mentors in poetry was [[Karamat Ali Karamat]].<ref name="Amin" />

== Literary Life ==
Khawar Naqeeb began his literary career in 1982.{{Sfn|Rahmani|2018|p=91}} He has written poetry in various genres, but he is particularly known for his nazms (poetic compositions in free verse or thematic verse), many of which have been translated into English, Arabic, Hindi, Odia, Kashmiri, and Punjabi.{{Sfn|Rahmani|2018|p=91}} According to [[Motiullah Nazish]], his poetry is noted for fresh imagery, distinctive metaphors and symbols, and thematic depth.{{Sfn|Nazish|2018|p=208}}{{Sfn|Rahmani|2018|p=91}}

=== Publications ===
Khawar Naqeeb's notable books include:{{Sfn|Nazish|2018|p=207}}{{Sfn|Rahmani|2018|p=91}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Naqueeb|first1=Khawar|title=Bayāz e Rahmat (A poetry collection of Rahmat Ali Rahmat [1891–1963])|chapter=The book's compiler's story|chapter-url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/bayaz-e-rahmat-rahmat-ali-rahmat-ebooks#8 |edition=1st|date= 2014|location =[[Delhi]]|publisher =Educational Publishing House|language=ur}}</ref>
* ''Salaakhon Ke Peechhe'' — The prison diary of Syed Muhammad Athar Nadir Sungravi (1995)
* ''Sareer-e-Khaama'' — A collection of selected letters written to him by eminent personalities, with annotations (2008)
* ''Qalam-e-Firdous'' — Poetry (2008)
* ''Urdu-e-Mu’alla'' — Masnavi (2010)
* ''Aawaaz Jaara Sewra'' — Compilation of Persian and Urdu translations of [[Sitakant Mahapatra]]’s Odia poems (2008<ref name="Amin">{{Cite web |last=Qasmi |first=Ruhul Amin |date=2024-08-18 |title=Karamat Ali Karamat (1936–2022): Life and services |url=https://abulmahasin.com/کرامت-علی-کرامت-1936-2022ء-حیات-و-خدمات/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820172905/https://abulmahasin.com/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA-1936-2022%D8%A1-%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA/ |archive-date=20 August 2024 |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=abulmahasin.com |language=ur |edition=2nd}}</ref>)
* ''Dil Kush Urdu'' — Textbooks (Grades 1–6, jointly edited under the aegis of TE & SCERT, Government of Odisha)
* ''Dil Kush Farsi'' — Textbook (Grade 8, jointly edited)
* ''Dhanak'' — Research journal of Anjuman Taraqqi Urdu, Odisha (2010)
* ''Bayaaz-e-Rahmat'' — Poetry collection of Rahmat Ali Rahmat (compiled, 2014)
* ''Odisha Ka Pehla Urdu Akhbar'' — A research work on the ''Muslim Gazette'' (2023)

=== Research and Criticism ===
Khawar Naqeeb's work includes poetry, journalism, research, and criticism. He compiled ''Bayaaz-e-Rahmat'', the poetry collection of [[Rahmat Ali Rahmat]], and published several special issues of ''Tarveej'' on figures such as Faizi Sambalpuri and Aulad-e-Rasool Qudsi.{{Sfn|Nazish|2018|p=209}} [[Motiullah Nazish|Nazish]] describes his criticism as showing a keen understanding of poetic devices and embellishments.{{Sfn|Nazish|2018|pp=208–209}}

=== Journalism and Literary Activities ===
Khawar Naqeeb preserved 13 issues of Odisha’s first Urdu newspaper, ''[[Muslim Gazette]]'', and published them under the title ''Odisha Ka Pehla Urdu Akhbar''. In this book, he also discusses in detail Urdu journalism during British India.<ref>{{cite book|last=Naqeeb|first=Khawar|title=Odisha ka Pehla Urdu Akhbar|trans-title=Odisha's First Urdu Newspaper|chapter=Foreword by Syed Mushir Alam|chapter-url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/odisha-ka-pehla-urdu-akhbar-khawar-naqeeb-ebooks#8|publisher=Odisha Urdu Academy|location=Odisha, India|date=2023|language=ur|edition=1st|pages=8–9}}</ref> As secretary of “Haida” and “Gulshan-e-Adab”, he worked for the promotion of Urdu language and literature.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rahmani |first=Saeed |title=Aiwan-e-Naat (Volume Two — A Biographical Account of Poets of Hamd) |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/aiwan-e-naat-volume-002-saeed-rahmani-ebooks-1 |date=June 2011 |publisher=Akhbar Odisha Publications |location=Diwan Bazar, Cuttack|page=86|language=ur}}</ref> He is also the editor of the literary magazine ''Tarweej'' and the children's magazine ''Jugnu''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harganvi |first=Manazir Ashiq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdFjAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A8 |title=مدير شعراء كى غزليں |publisher=Nirali Duniya Publications |year=2002 |page=27 |language=ur |trans-title=Ghazals of Poets Who Serve as Editors}}</ref>{{Sfn|Nazish|2018|p=207}}

== Awards ==
Khawar Naqeeb has been honored with the following awards:{{Sfn|Nazish|2018|p=207}}{{Sfn|Rahmani|2018|p=91}}
* Odisha Urdu Academy Award (1997)
* Najmi Academy Award
* Swagatika Award
* Cultural Sangam Academy Award

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naqeeb, Khawar}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack district]]
[[Category:Poets from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Urdu-language journalists]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]

Association of Friends of India and South Asia

2025-10-22T05:55:59Z

Venu ji yes: small fix

{{Infobox organization
|name = Association of Friends of India and South Asia ''Shamiana''
|image = Shamiana-logo-2014.jpg
|size = 260px
|caption = Logo of the Association of Friends of India and South Asia ''Shamiana'' (2014)
|motto =
|formation =
|type = [[Non-governmental organization]]
|status =
|purpose =
|headquarters = [[Warsaw]]
|region_served = [[Poland]]
|membership =
|leader_title = President
|leader_name = Anna Piekarska
|leader_title2 = Secretary
|leader_name2 = Manoj Nair
|affiliations =
|num_staff =
|num_volunteers =
|remarks =
}}
'''Association of Friends of India and South Asia ''Shamiana''''' ({{langx|pl|Stowarzyszenie Przyjaciół Indii i Azji Południowej – Shamiana}})<ref name="kon-w">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191041/http://kontynent-warszawa.pl/streetparty/2007/wykonawcy.php?w=Shamiana Stowarzyszenie Przyjaciół Indii i Azji Południowej – Shamiana, ul. Wolska 87/16 Warszawa.] Kontynent-Warszawa.pl, Poland. Retrieved 15 August 2015. {{in lang|pl}}</ref> is a [[Non-governmental organization|non-governmental]] [[Poland|Polish]] umbrella organization of various cultural groups of South Asian origin, aimed at organizing seminars, shows at art galleries, music concerts in Poland and promoting Poland and its culture in South Asian countries.<ref name="arch.org1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080226023156/http://www.shamiana.org/Nowe.htm W dziale Wydarzenia : Artykuły i informacje o celu działań i historii.] Internet Archive 26 February 2008. {{in lang|pl}}</ref> Shamiana, the Association of Friends of South Asia, promotes and fosters the integration of the Polish and [[South Asia]]ns in [[Poland]]. Moreover, it plans to acquaint South Asians with Polish customs and traditions.<ref name="arch.org2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080118180823/http://www.shamiana.org/index_1.htm Shamiana, the Association of Friends of South Asia, promotes and fosters the integration of the Polish and South Asians in Poland.] Internet Archive, 18 January 2008.</ref>

==History==
The Association of Friends of India and South Asia "SHAMIANA" was formed in Warsaw by a group of five Polish and Indian activists in an effort to bring the cultures of Poland and South Asia together. The participating countries are [[India]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. The head of the Association (as of 2009) has been Anna Piekarska, with Manoj Nair, as General Secretary.<ref name="arch.org3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071009124936/http://www.shamiana.org/czlonkow_stowarzyszenie.htm Członkowie Stowarzyszenia : Zarząd. Założyciele.] Internet Archive, 3 February 2009. {{in lang|pl}}</ref>

Relations between Poland and the countries of Indian subcontinent are deeply rooted characterized by understanding and cooperation. In 1820 the first "History of Ancient India" by Polish historian [[Joachim Lelewel]] was published. A chair of [[Sanskrit]] was set up at the [[Jagiellonian University]] of [[Kraków]] as far back as 1893.<ref name="arch.org4">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071023095848/http://shamiana.org/Artykuly/ABC_Indii.htm ABC Indii – Dominika Wójcik.] Shamiana - [https://web.archive.org/web/20080118180813/http://www.shamiana.org/artykuly.htm Connecting Cultures.] Internet Archive, 18 January 2008. {{in lang|pl}}</ref>

==Aims and objectives==
Shamiana is a voluntary, incorporated [[NGO]] association based in Poland and strives to be a not-for-profit, non-political and non-sectarian organization and to be transparent and accountable for its activities. Shamiana aims to promote and catalyse universal education among underprivileged children, create the process to embrace these children into mainstream in a sustained manner, facilitate them to emerge as productive assets, and set the foundation for nation building. The objectives of the Association are:
*Enriching, projecting and promoting the positive image of the Republic of India and other South Asian countries in Poland.
*Promoting Indian and South Asian culture and art in Poland.
*Organizing symposia and conferences dedicated to Polish and South Asian countries and their mutual cooperation.
*Supporting cultural and educational initiatives concerning the culture of India and other South Asian countries.
*Educating the Polish media and the general public about the message of Indian and South Asian culture and civilization in order to strengthen the attitude of tolerance and understanding towards the culturally different nations and societies.
*Promoting bilateral and multilateral cooperation between the Republic of Poland and the Republic of India as well as other South Asian countries.
*Offering solutions concerning the economic cooperation between South Asian countries and the government of the Republic of Poland.
*Educating the media and the general public in India and other South Asian countries about the Polish culture.
*Promoting Polish culture and art in India and South Asia.
*Fostering the exchange of experiences and cooperation in the field of science, culture, tourism, economy and sports between Poland and India and other South Asian countries.
*Offering help and support to the business community from India and South Asia planning to invest in Poland and vice versa.
*Granting awards to outstanding personalities from Poland and South Asian countries as well as to institutions contributing to the development of cooperation and establishing cultural links between Poland and India and other South Asian countries.
*Providing a forum for participation in matters of South Asian and Polish culture, science and economy organizing presentations of papers, lectures, courses, conferences, festivals, congresses, exhibitions and other cultural activities including annual conferences of the Society members.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080321194538/http://shamiana.org/ Official website stored by the Internet Archive.] 26 February 2008.

[[Category:Organisations based in Warsaw]]
[[Category:India friendship associations]]
[[Category:Pakistan friendship associations]]
[[Category:Diaspora organisations in Poland]]
[[Category:India–Poland relations]]
[[Category:Pakistan–Poland relations]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–Poland relations]]
[[Category:Afghanistan–Poland relations]]

Guru Ka Tal

2025-10-07T11:31:18Z

Venu ji yes: Adding A Stub and Citations

{{Short description|Sikh pilgrimage place in Agra, Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
[[File:Guru-ka-Tal wikijib-14.jpg|thumb|Guru ka Tal]]
'''Guru ka Tal''' is a historical Sikh pilgrimage place dedicated to the memory of ninth Guru [[Sri Guru Tegh Bahudar Ji]]. Guru ka Taal is near [[Sikandra, Agra|Sikandra]], in [[Agra]]. The [[Gurudwara]] was built over the place where the Guru Tegh Bahadur offered voluntary arrest to [[Aurangazeb]], the Mughal Emperor. Several devotees gather every year to pay homage to the great Sikh guru (who was martyred along with his followers for sake of freedom to practice one's faith) in this Gurudwara.

==History==
This historic structure dates back to the 17th century. Earlier it was a Taal (reservoir) in the area near [[Sikandra, Agra|Sikandra]]. It was built in 1610 AD to collect and conserve rainwater in [[Agra]] during [[Jehangir]] reign. The water of the reservoir was used for irrigation purposes during the dry season. The reservoir was ornamented with stone carvings. This is said to be the place where the Guru Tegh Bahadur laid down his arms to offer arrest to [[Aurangazeb]]. The Gurudwara called Guru Ka Taal was built in the 1970s due to the contributions and arduous efforts of Sant Baba Sadhu Singhji "Mauni".

==Architecture==
There were twelve towers in the Tal, but only eight towers have survived the test of time and have now been retrieved. This red stone structure bears similarity to many other magnificent structures of the Mughals, like the [[Agra Fort]], [[Fatehpur Sikri]], etc.

==See also==
*[[Taj Mahal]]
*[[Agra Fort]]

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://wikimapia.org/1888201/Guru-Ka-Tal-Agra Aerial View of Guru Ka Tal]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081220122542/http://www.gurukataalagra.com/ Gurudwara, Guru Ka Tal, Agra]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110525061000/http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.jsp?document_id=4923 https://web.archive.org/web/20110525061000/http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.jsp?document_id=4923]
*[[Guru Tegh Bahadur]]
{{Tourist attractions in Agra}}
{{Agra Division topics}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Agra district]]
[[Category:History of Sikhism]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Agra]]

{{Sikhism-stub}}
{{India-struct-stub}}

Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2013-14

2025-09-24T15:48:05Z

Venu ji yes: creating a bio...

#REDIRECT [[:Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2013–14]]

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Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar

2025-08-27T02:32:40Z

Venu ji yes: typo fix

{{Short description|Neighborhood in Mumbai, India}}
{{distinguish|text=Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar, Delhi, also known as [[Kingsway Camp]]}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{Coord|19.034331|N|72.864203|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
'''Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar (GTB Nagar)''', formerly known as ''Koliwada'', is a neighbourhood in [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]], [[Mumbai]], named after [[Guru Tegh Bahadur|Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji]], the ninth [[Sikh gurus|Guru]] of [[Sikhism]].

Originally home to Mumbai's indigenous [[Kolis|Koli community]], it is also known as [[Koliwada]]. A colony was constructed for the rehabilitation of Sikh and Hindu [[Partition of India#Resettlement of refugees: 1947–1951|refugees]] who came from [[North West Frontier Province]] of Pakistan after the [[Partition of India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/partition-punjabi-imprint-on-bombay/|title=Partition’s Punjabi imprint on Bombay|date=2 December 2016|publisher=Gateway House}}</ref>

Today, many of the buildings and tenements originally constructed for the refugees are in a dilapidated state, and are awaiting demolition and redevelopment.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/sion-buildings-housing-47-refugees-face-hammer/articleshow/64549586.cms|title=Sion buildings housing '47 refugees face hammer - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-10-05}}</ref>

The neighborhood's residents, however, have been protesting the order to vacate the property and its subsequent demolition because they are looking for a different rental and redevelopment arrangement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-sion-koliwada-punjabi-colony-refugees-protest-hc-eviction-order/1312480|title=Mumbai: Sion-Koliwada Punjabi colony refugees protest HC eviction order {{!}} Free Press Journal|date=2018-07-09|work=Free Press Journal|access-date=2018-10-15|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Location==
Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar is in South Central Mumbai, with the nearest railway station being [[Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar railway station]] on the [[Harbour Line]] of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]].

==Religion==
GTB Nagar and its surrounding area has seven [[gurdwara]]s, notable among which is the Gurdwara Dashmesh Darbar; and temples which were built for the worship of Punjabi Hindus notable one being Shree Geeta Bhavan Hari Mandir.

The gurdwaras are known for their charitable trusts and community service initiatives, particularly for their responsiveness during natural calamities and the [[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]] meals served throughout the day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/887276/facing-eviction-residents-of-mumbais-partition-era-colony-fear-they-will-become-refugees-again|title=Facing eviction, residents of a Mumbai Partition-era colony fear they will become homeless again|last=Johari|first=Aarefa|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2018-10-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Colleges ===
* [[Guru Nanak College, GTB Nagar, Mumbai|Guru Nanak College of Arts, Science and Commerce]]

==Notable people==

* [[Akshay Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-is-a-punjabi-by-nature/story-qkHbuECAg6r1QHpsBTiw4I.html|title=Akshay Kumar is a Punjabi by nature|date=2007-03-22|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-10-05|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Johny Lever]]{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}
* [[Veeru Devgan]]
* [[Prithviraj Kapoor]]
* [[Kuldeep Singh (music director)|Kuldeep Singh]], music director

==See also==
*[[Koli People]]
*[[King Mandhata]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai]]

R. Suryaprakash

2025-08-19T03:58:58Z

Venu ji yes: creating a article w/ refs

{{BLP sources|date=August 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| embed =
| image =
| name = R. Suryaprakash
| caption = Suryaprakash performing in the Chennai December music season.
| origin = [[Chennai|Chennai, India]]
| genre = [[Carnatic music]]
| occupation = [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] vocalist, composer, lyricist
| years_active = 1990 – Present
| website = {{URL|http://www.rsuryaprakash.com}}
| label = Purnima Records
}}

'''R. Suryaprakash ''' is a [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] vocalist, composer, and lyricist. An 'A Grade' artist of [[All India Radio]], he has travelled extensively and received accolades for his performances.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://www.kutcheris.com/artist.php?id=170|title = R. Suryaprakash|date = 13 August 2013|website = kutcheris.com}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Suryaprakash began studying music at the age of seven from his uncle Tirukkodikaval Shri V. Rajamani, a disciple of [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]]. Later, he learned under Shri M. A. Venugopalan, another disciple of Semmangudi. He received his advanced training from [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] [[T. V. Sankaranarayanan]]. He further enriched his repertoire by working with Smt. Sulochana Pattabiraman and Dr. V. V. Srivatsa, both eminent musicologists.<ref name=":1">Suryaprakash, Ramachandran. "Thaniavarthanam – R. Suryaprakash." Interview.Youtube. Google, 21 November 2012. Web. 14 August 2013. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09-NohmBlDg>.</ref>

Suryaprakash holds a master's degree in Carnatic music from [[Madras University]].
He was also awarded the doctorate degree in March 2020 by [[Madras University]] for his thesis titled "Structured and Systematic Approach to Manodharma Sangeetham".

==Career==
Suryaprakash is a regular performer in the Carnatic music circuit. He has been accompanied by leading stalwarts such as [[Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman]], [[Mannargudi Easwaran]], [[Thiruvarur Bhakthavatsalam]], [[V. V. Ravi]], Subhash Chandran.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Cosmic vision of Khambodi|date = 23 December 2011|first = M. V.|last = Ramakrishnan|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/cosmic-vision-of-khambodi/article2739621.ece|publisher = Hindu|work = [[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Suryaprakash has performed extensively both in India and abroad in many countries such as Australia, Singapore, US, [[New Zealand]], South Africa. He is a sought-after performer at international Carnatic music festivals, some of which being the [[Cleveland Thyagaraja Festival]] and the 'Festival of Asia' in [[Melbourne|Melbourne, Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://rsuryaprakash.com/tours.php|title = Tours Abroad|website=rsuryaprakash.com|first = Ramachandran|last = Suryaprakash}}</ref>

Suryaprakash is both a concert performer and a teacher, much sought after. He has conducted several workshops for aspiring students.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Duke-UNC South Asian Classical Music Partnership, UNC Sangeet: R. Suryaprakash, Carnatic vocalist|date = 19 March 2012|url = http://cvnc.org/eventDetail.cfm?eventId=5131|journal = CVNC|accessdate = 13 August 2013|publisher = Online Publications, Inc.|department = World Music}}</ref>

Suryaprakash has composed [[thillana]]s [[ragamalika]]s [[krithi]]s. He has composed lyrics and set musical score for three Australian dance productions.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Spread the glory of traditional music among the uninitiated|date = 4 July 2010|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/spread-the-glory-of-traditional-music-among-the-uninitiated/article499437.ece|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]|accessdate = 13 August 2013|others = Photo: S. Siva Saravanan}}</ref>

==Awards==
* Kalaimamani Award, Tamil Nadu Iyal Isai Nataka Mandram, Chennai, 2018
*G. Ramanathan Award, Sri Parthasarathy Swami Sabha, Chennai, 2013<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/sri-parthasarathy-swami-sabha-honours-artistes/article5463315.ece|title =Sri Parthasarathy Swami Sabha honours artistes|accessdate = 22 January 2014|website = The Hindu|date =16 December 2013}}</ref>
* Gana Kala Vipanchee, [[Padma Vibushan]] [[M. Balamuralikrishna]], 2007
* Nada Chintamani, Chintamani Gayana Samaja, Chennai, 2007
* Best Vocalist, [[Madras Music Academy]], Chennai, 2006
* Ganamrutha Sagara, Gana Mukundhapriya, Chennai, 2006
* Gambhira Gana Siromani, ABC, Sydney, 2005
* Best Vocalist, [[Madras Music Academy]], Chennai, 2004
* Youth Excellence Award, Rotary Club of Madras, Chennai, 2004
* Ariyakudi Memorial Award, Sriragam Fine Arts, Chennai, 2004
* Nadachudhar, Nadabrahmam Music Journal, 2003
* Madhura Gana Tilaka, Indian Arts Academy, Melbourne, 2003
* Youth Excellence Award, Maharajapuram Viswanatha Iyer Trust, 2002
* Best Vivadhi Raga Exposition, [[Madras Music Academy]], Chennai, 2001
* Yuva Kala Bharathi, Bharat Kalachar, Chennai, 1999
* Maharajapuram Sri Viswanatha Iyer Prize for Best Raga Alapana, Sri Krishna Gana Sabha, Chennai, 1996
* Best Vocalist, Indian Fine Arts Society, Chennai, 1995
* Best Vocalist, Sri Krishna Gana Sabha, Chennai, 1991<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.rsuryaprakash.com/awards.php|title = Awards, Titles and Prizes|accessdate = 13 August 2013|website = R Suryaprakash's Official Website|first = Ramachandran|last = Suryaprakash}}</ref>

==Discography==
* 1995 – one-hour recording, released by Kalavardhini. Accompaniment: [[V. V. Ravi|V V Ravi]] and Thiruvarur Bhakthavatsalam.
* 1998 – one-hour recording, released by Kalavardhini. Accompaniment: V V Srinivasa Rao and Mannarkoil Balaji.
* 2000—CD and cassette titled "Shining Pearls of Swati Tirunal" by Carnatica. Accompaniment: Mullaivasal Chandramouli and Mannarkoil Balaji.
* 2004—CD and cassette titled "Legendary Melodies," consisting of classical hits of [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]], [[S. G. Kittappa]], [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar|M M Dandapani Desikar]], [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]], and others. Released by Purnima Records. Accompaniment: V Suresh Babu, Tanjore Murugabhoopathi, R Ganapathi, & N Sundar.
* 2005 – CD and cassette titled "Maestro's Popular Melodies". Released by Kosmic Music. Accompaniment: M A Krishnaswamy, Karukurichi Mohanram, and N Sundar.
* 2006—CD titled "Shanmatha Sunaadam of Dikshithar". Released by Purnima Records. Accompaniment: [[Vittal Ramamurthy]], [[Srimushnam V. Raja Rao]] and Vaikom R Gopalakrishnan.
* 2007 – CD titled "Suryaprakash Live Concert – Bharat Sangeet Utsav 2007." Recorded and Released by Carnatica. Accompaniments: [[Nagai Sriram]], [[Srimushnam V. Raja Rao]] and [[E. M. Subramaniam (ghatamist)|E. M. Subramaniam]]. [[E. M. Subramaniam (ghatamist)| ]]
* 2009 – CD—Suryaprakash's first Tamil devotional twin album "Ethanai Kodi Inbam" and "Ananda Vilakku." Recorded and released by Guru Maharaji Trust, New Delhi.
* 2009 – CD titled "Consonance." Released by Purnima Records. Accompaniment: Raghavendra Rao, Tanjore Murugaboopathi, Murali
* 2009 – CD titled [[Sri Rush Kshetram]] Tamil kritis/ compositions of [[Neduntheevu Ponn Suhir]] on [[Sri Rajarajeswari Peetam]], Rush, NY, USA rendered by Suryaprakash. Recorded and released by Swati Soft Solutions.
* 2010 – CD titled "Raagangale...Paadalgale.." Carnatic Double CD Album. Accompaniment: B Ananthakrishnan and S J Arjun Ganesh Released by Purnima Records.
* 2012 – CD titled "Madhura Gaanam". Carnatic album. Accompaniment: [[Nagai Sriram]] and Tanjore Murugaboopathi<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.rsuryaprakash.com/albums.php|title = Albums|accessdate = 14 August 2013|website = R Suryaprakash's Official Website|first = Ramachandran|last = Suryaprakash}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/both-original-and-traditional/article2147187.ece
* http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/blazing-tower-of-music/article2368526.ece
* http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/cosmic-vision-of-khambodi/article2739621.ece
* http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/resonating-with-bhakti/article2714487.ece
* http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/music-is-perfect-harmony-of-the-heart-and-mind/article658470.ece
* http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/spread-the-glory-of-traditional-music-among-the-uninitiated/article499437.ece

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suryaprakash, R.}}
[[Category:Tamil singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Tenors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]

Jabalpur–Ambikapur Intercity Express

2025-08-04T04:09:24Z

Venu ji yes: stub

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Jabalpur-Ambikapur Intercity Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Madhya Pradesh]] & [[Chhattisgarh]]
| first = {{start date and age|2010|03|24}}
| last =
| operator = [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Jabalpur Junction}} (JBP)
| stops = 12
| end = {{rws|Ambikapur}} (ABKP)
| distance = {{convert|428|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 10 hours 15 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC Chair car, Chair Car, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack = Overhead racks
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 11265 / 11266
| speed = {{convert|44|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}
The 11265 / 11266 '''Jabalpur-Ambikapur Intercity Express''' is an intercity train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Jabalpur Junction railway station|Jabalpur]] near Jabalpur city in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Ambikapur railway station|Ambikapur]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].

[[File:(Jabalpur - Ambikapur) Express route map.png|thumb|350px|(Jabalpur - Ambikapur) Express route map]]

==Number and nomenclature==

The train was announced in the railway budget 2009–2010 by railway minister [[Mamata Banerjee]]. The train number is 11265/11266.
This train has great importance specially for the passengers travelling from Jabalpur to Ambikapur as time taken to reach Ambikapur has reduced drastically. To decongest the load of train in Jabalpur Railway station, the train was recently shifted to its new terminal, Madan Mahal

==Departure and arrival==

The train departs from Madan Mahal daily at 13:40 and reaches Ambikapur at 23:00.
It departs from Ambikapur every day at 6:15 and reaches Madan Mahal at 15:15

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{rws|Jabalpur Junction}}
* {{rws|Sihora Road}}
* {{rws|Katni Junction}}
* {{rws|Umaria}}
* {{rws|Shahdol}}
* {{rws|Anuppur Junction}}
* {{rws|Ambikapur}}

==Coach composite==

The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 15 coaches:

* 1 AC III Tier Chair Car
* 10 Chair Car
* 2 General
* 2 Second-class Luggage/parcel van

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Jabalpur to Ambikapur and vice versa.

== Rake sharing ==

This train shares its rake with
* 11651/11652 [[Madan Mahal–Singrauli Intercity Express|Jabalpur-Singrauli Intercity Express]]
* 22189/22190 [[Madan Mahal-Rewa Intercity Express|Jabalpur-Rewa Intercity Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==See also==

* [[Sarguja Express]]
* [[Jabalpur - Singrauli Intercity Express]]
* [[Jabalpur - Habibganj Intercity Express]]
* [[Jabalpur–Rewa Intercity Express]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madan Mahal-Ambikapur Intercity Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Transport in Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2009]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}