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Sachan

2026-05-06T20:07:03Z

Vemareddy: started new stub

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Indian sub caste belonging to Maratha Kurmi Kshatriya}}
{{AI-generated|date=November 2025}}
'''Sachan''' is one of the sub-castes within the [[Kurmi]] caste in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjO6DQAAQBAJ&dq=gangwar+kurmi&pg=PT49|title=The Other Lucknow|last=Hasnain|first=Nadeem|date=2016|publisher=Vani Prakashan|isbn=9789352294206|language=en}}</ref> Sachans belong to one of the 96 kul of [[Marathas]], that is Dharmaraj kul. While some claim ancestry from the [[Bundela]] [[Rajput]] lineage.

The Sachan community belongs to the [[Suryavansha]] lineage of [[Kshatriya|Kshatriyas]], linking their ancestry to the solar dynasty in Hindu tradition.<ref name=bgs>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Babu Guptnath |title=Kurmi Jamat Ka Itihas |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |year=2013 |language=hi}}</ref> The term "Sachan" is believed to originate from the Hindi word सचाँदा (Sachānḍā), meaning “बाज़” (hawk or falcon).<ref name=bgs/>

The Sachans attained prominence during the [[Third Battle of Panipat]], where they demonstrated their combat skills and strategic ingenuity. Their involvement in this significant confrontation highlighted their prowess as formidable warriors. However, in the aftermath of the Maratha defeat, many Sachans transitioned from the battlefield to the agrarian sphere, redirecting their focus toward agricultural livelihoods while preserving the valorous legacy of their lineage.

During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857 |1857 Revolt]], the Sachans were initially part of the Gwalior Contingent. In contrast to the rest of the Gwalior state army, which refrained from participating due to royal directives, the Sachans defied these orders. Under the aegis of [[Tatya Tope]], they engaged in combat against the [[British people|British]] at Masawanpur in [[Kanpur]].Thakur Virbhan Singh Sachan, is venerated as a hero and martyr of 1857 who fought for freedom and local sovereignty. Despite their valorous efforts, they faced defeat and were compelled to retreat to [[Bhognipur]] which is now in [[Kanpur Dehat district]], while other units of their regiment were stationed in [[Ghatampur]].

Throughout the pivotal revolt in [[Kanpur]], the Sachans emerged as crucial allies of [[Tatya Tope]] and [[Nana Saheb Peshwa II|Nana Saheb]]. Their unwavering commitment to their leaders was evident in their willingness to relinquish their zamindaries in support of the uprising, showcasing steadfast loyalty and determination in the face of adversity. This act not only reflected their allegiance but also played a pivotal role in prolonging resistance against British forces, effectively preventing their incursion into the rural Kanpur region for an entire year following the conclusion of the revolt.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cawnpore: a Gazetteer of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh| url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3109}}</ref>

The Sachans migration to [[Kanpur]] for administrative purposes, coupled with their establishment in the region's fertile lands after the [[Third Battle of Panipat]], further solidified their ties to [[Kanpur]]. Additionally, it is believed that following [[Baji Rao II|Peshwa Bajirao II's]] exile to [[Bithoor]], some Sachans migrated to Kanpur, reinforcing their historical connections to the area.

The Sachans are revered not only as formidable warriors but also as guardians of their land. Their multifaceted history exemplifies a narrative of resilience, martial excellence, and unwavering fealty to their lineage.
<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjO6DQAAQBAJ&dq=gangwar+kurmi&pg=PT49|title=The Other Lucknow|last=Hasnain|first=Nadeem|date=2016|publisher=Vani Prakashan|isbn=9789352294206|language=en}}</ref>

== Historical figure of Virbhan Sachan ==

Leader among the Sachan combatants who fought with Tatya Tope and gave up zamindari privileges during the Kanpur uprising.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasnain |first=Nadeem |title=The Other Lucknow: Socio‑cultural History, 1775‑1857 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |year=2016}}</ref>

Contingent Sachan soldiers – As a group, they are recognized for collective defiance and sacrifice during the Gwalior army revolt.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasnain |first=Nadeem |title=The Other Lucknow: Socio‑cultural History, 1775‑1857 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |year=2016}}</ref>

Khanderao Sachan – Said to have served as a Maratha officer in Rohilkhand campaigns (1771 mission).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maratha Empire – Rohilkhand campaign |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire |access-date=2025-07-19}}</ref>

Baji Sachan – Reputed local commander aligned with Maratha forces in Bundelkhand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maratha Empire – Rohilkhand campaign |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire |access-date=2025-07-19}}</ref>

Ganpat Singh Sachan – Guerrilla leader active in the transitional late‑18th‑century resistance against British influence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasnain |first=Nadeem |title=The Other Lucknow: Socio‑cultural History, 1775‑1857 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |year=2016}}</ref>

Jai Singh Sachan (Raja) – 17th‑century local chieftain known in clan genealogies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurmi Kshatriya Mahasabha |title=Sub-divisions of Kurmis |url=https://kurmisamaj.wordpress.com/2013/11/09/the-kurmis-sub-divisions-of-kurmis/ |access-date=2025-07-19}}</ref>

"Sachanda" warriors – Traditional designation for the clan’s early Maratha-era soldiers.; Original name traceable via the Hindi term Sachanda (सचांदा), described in community etymologies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Community sources|title=Sachan etymology|url=https://gangwarhistory.blogspot.com/2012/07/sachan.html|access-date=2025-07-19}}</ref>

Rohilkhand mission participants – Collective term for Sachan fighters dispatched during the 1771 Maratha campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Capture of Delhi (1771) – Maratha Rohilkhand campaign |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Delhi_%281771%29 |access-date=2025-07-19}}</ref>

Gwalior Contingent insurgents – The broader group of Sachans who rebelled under Tatya Tope in 1857.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasnain |first=Nadeem |title=The Other Lucknow: Socio‑cultural History, 1775‑1857 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |year=2016}}</ref>

== Notable people ==


* [[Rakesh Sachan]]

== See also ==

* [[Awadhiya (caste)|Awadhiya]]
* [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]]
* [[Kshatriyas|Kshatriya]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]

A. Thanglura

2026-05-05T22:32:55Z

Vemareddy: created new stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician (1926–1994)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Aloysius Thanglura
| image = Aloysius Thanglura.png
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Rajya Sabha members from Assam|Assam]]
| term_start = 20 June 1962
| term_end = 2 March 1964<ref name="rs"/>
| term_start1 = 3 March 1964
| term_end1 = 2 February 1967
| office2 = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = Aijal West
| constituency2 = Aijal West
| successor2 = [[Ch. Chhunga]]
| term_start3 = 1957
| term_end3 = 1962
| term_start2 = 1967
| term_end2 = 1972
| successor3 = ''Constituency abolished''
| birth_date = {{#statements:P569}}
| death_date = {{death date|1994|9|9|df=yes}} (aged 67)
| birth_place = [[Saitual]], [[Lushai Hills District]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Mizoram]], [[India]])
| spouse = Agnes Dengchhungi{{sfn|Thanglura|1982|p=172}}
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] [[Mizo Union]]
| death_place = [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]], [[India]]
}}
{{Mizo name|Thanglura}}

'''Aloysius Thanglura''' (3 December 1926 – 9 September 1994) was an Indian politician from modern-day [[Mizoram]]. He was a [[Member of parliament|Member of Parliament]], representing [[Assam]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of [[Parliament of India|India's parliament]].<ref name="rs">{{cite web |title=RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 1952-2019 |url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Member_Biographical_Book.pdf |website=cms.rajyasabha.nic.in |access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref> He was the first [[Mizo people|Mizo]] law graduate, first Mizo advocate in the [[Gauhati High Court|Assam High Court]]. He was also the first and last Mizo Cabinet Minister in the government of Assam.{{sfn|Thanglura|1982|loc=KA NGAIHDAN}}

==Early life==
Aloysius Thanglura was born on 3 December 1926 in [[Sairang]] village, [[Lushai Hills District]], [[British Raj|British India]].{{sfn|Thanglura|1982|p=1}} He passed his Intermediate in science at St. Anthony's College and continued his studies with English Honours at [[Cotton University|Cotton College]], [[Gauhati]]. A. Thanglura did his [[Bachelor of Law]] at [[Gauhati University]] in 1950. Before joining politics, he wrote articles in the [[Assam Tribune]].<ref name="carf">{{cite web |last1=Sangkima |first1=Luke |title=Contributions of the Roman Catholic Church in Mizoram in 73 Years (1947- 2020) |url=https://www.necarf.org/home/articles/183/contributions-of-the-roman-catholic-church-in-mizoram-in-73-years-1947-2020 |website=necarf.org |access-date=29 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415220306/https://www.necarf.org/home/articles/183/contributions-of-the-roman-catholic-church-in-mizoram-in-73-years-1947-2020|archive-date=15 April 2025}}</ref>

==Political career ==
Thanglura contested in the MLA elections as a [[Mizo Union]] and was elected in [[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]].<ref>{{cite web |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1957 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ASSAM |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3991-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-1957/?do=download&r=9462&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=1f880e00c9a58bc7c9df2ebb219ba5b9 |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref> He was given the post of Parliamentary Secretary and later he was promoted as Chief Parliamentary Secretary. Simultaneously he also held the post of [[Deputy Chief Whip]] of [[Assam Pradesh Congress Committee|Congress Party of Assam]].

He was one of the leaders of the Hill State Movement which demanded a separate tribal state in [[Northeast India]] and became the first chairman of the [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference|APHLC]] in 1960. However, Thanglura left the APHLC to form the [[Mizoram Pradesh Congress Committee|Mizoram District Congress]] at Aizawl in 1961.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=138}}

He was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] in [[1962 Rajya Sabha elections|1962]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|access-date=29 March 2025|archive-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214083532/http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the [[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967 elections]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 : To the Legislative Assembly of Assam | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref> he was elected as MLA from [[Aizawl]] East and West constituencies and as a result of which he relinquished his Rajya Sabha and Aizawl East seats and was subsequently sworn in as a Cabinet Minister of Assam. Thus, A. Thanglura became the first and last Cabinet Minister of Assam from
the [[Mizo District]] before it was elevated into a [[Union Territory of Mizoram|Union Territory]].<ref name="carf"/>

==Personal life==
He died on 9 September 1994.<ref name="rs"/>

==Legacy==
Thanglura was known for his oratory skills, his statements often drawing a mix of ire and amusement. After his retirement from active politics he wrote two books:<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizo Thu leh Hla a Sulsutute - A. Thanglura, Mizo Zinga Law Graduate Hmasa Ber |url=https://www.timesofmizoram.com/2018/12/mizo-thu-leh-hla-sulsutute-thanglura.html |website=timesofmizoram.com |access-date=30 March 2025 |language=lus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103222929/https://www.timesofmizoram.com/2018/12/mizo-thu-leh-hla-sulsutute-thanglura.html|archive-date=3 Nov 2024}}</ref>
*''Zoram politik inlumlet dan''
*''Mihrâng leh Sahrâng I & II''
"Zoram politik inlumlet dan" provides an important insight to the political history of Mizoram. It is widely recognized as one of the best Mizo work of history written.<ref>{{cite web |title=TUNLAI LEHKHABU|url=https://www.vanglaini.org/guest-writer/writer/7/post/73809 |website=vanglaini.org |publisher=Vanglaini |access-date=30 March 2025 |language=lus}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Mizo Union]]
*[[Raymond Thanhlira]], fellow Mizo Union member and [[Rajya Sabha]] member
*[[R. Rothuama]], fellow MP from Mizoram

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Books==
*{{cite book |last1=Thanglura |first1=A. |title=ZORAM POLITIC INLUMLET DAN |trans-title=The Unfurling of the Politics of Zoram|date=1982 |location=Shillong |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25021 |access-date=29 March 2025}}
*{{cite book |last=Nunthara |first=C |date=1996 |title=Mizoram: Society and Polity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jksn3c85KOkC&dq=mizo+chief&pg=PA24 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |isbn=81-7387-059-4|access-date=29 March 2025}}

[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Assam]]
[[Category:Mizo people]]

Sevayat

2026-05-03T14:59:54Z

Vemareddy: started entry

{{About|temple servitors in the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]|the general term|Sewak (disambiguation){{!}}Sewak}}
{{Short description|Caste system in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{infobox caste
| caste_name = Sevayat
| caste_name_in_local = ସେବାୟତ
| image = File:Sevayat of Lord Jagannath on Nandighosha in 2024.jpg
| caption = ''Sevayats of [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] engaged in ritual service on the chariot during [[Ratha Yatra (Puri)|Ratha Yatra]]''
| abbreviation =
| varna = Mixed {{efn|Primarily Brahmin and Karan, with other service groups}}
| jati = Multiple hereditary service groups
| classification = Temple servitor community
| gotra = Varies by subgroup
| veda = Varies {{efn|Primarily [[Rigveda]] and [[Yajurveda]] among Brahmin sevayats}}
| kula_daivat = [[Jagannath]]
| kula_devi = [[Subhadra]]
| guru = Traditionally hereditary or temple-affiliated gurus
| mantra = Vaishnavite mantras {{efn|e.g., "''Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya''"}}
| nishan =
| devak =
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| languages = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| populated_states = Odisha
| region = [[Puri]]
| ethnicity = [[Odia people]]
| India_migration = Limited {{efn|Primarily localized to temple regions}}
| population = Not officially recorded
| family_names = [[Panda (surname)|Panda]], Dash, [[Mishra]], [[Mahapatra]], etc. {{efn|Varies by role}}
| feudal_title =
| heraldic_title =
| lineage = [[Hereditary]] {{efn|Service-based lineage}}
| color = {{color box|#FF0000}} Red (''nali'') {{color box|#FFFFFF}} White (''dhala'') {{color box|#FFFF00}} Yellow (''haladia'')<ref name="dash-2013" />{{efn|Varies by [[#Ritual attire and colours|occasion]]}}
| throne =
| victory_weapon =
| endogamous = Generally endogamous within subgroups
| notable_members =
| subdivisions = 119 {{efn|e.g., ''Pujapanda'', ''Suara'', ''Mekap'', ''Khuntia''}}{{efn|See ''[[#Classification of Sevayats|Classification of Sevayats]]''}}
| related = Temple servitor communities in other Hindu temples
| historical_grouping = Gajapati-era temple administration
| disputed_grouping =
| status = Traditional servitor class
| education_reservation =
| employment_reservation =
| other_reservation =
| original_kingdom = [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]
| other_kingdom = [[Gajapati Kingdom]]
| official_website =
| footnotes = The '''''Sevayat system''''' is a part of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] tradition and includes both [[Inheritance|hereditary ritual]] and [[Management|administrative roles]].
}}

'''Sevayat'''{{efn|Also known by [[#Variant_spellings|other spellings]].}} ({{langx|sa|सेवायत|translit=sevāyat}}, {{langx|or|ସେବାୟତ|lit=One who performs service|translit=sebāyata}}) is a term for a group of hereditary temple servants who work at the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] in Puri and do [[Ritual|ritual]], [[administrative]], and [[Service worker|service work]] in a [[Caste system in India|structured caste system]].<ref name="dash-2013">{{cite journal |last=Dash |first=Abhimanyu |date=July 2013 |title=Social Life of the Sevayats of Puri in the Cult of Lord Jagannath |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/jul/engpdf/71-76.pdf |journal=Odisha Review |publisher=Government of Odisha |pages=71–76 |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Swain |first1=Meera |last2=Satapathy |first2=Debashrebad |date=September–October 2025 |title=Life and Livelihood of the Sevayat Community of Puri, Odisha |url=https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2025/5/55838.pdf |journal=International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research |volume=7 |issue=5 |doi=10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i05.55838 |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganesh |date=2024-12-20 |title=Sevayats of Shri Jagannath Temple: Roles and Responsibilities |url=https://justkalinga.com/shri-jagannath-sevayats/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> The Sevayat community is made up of many different caste groups, such as [[Brahmin|''Brahmins'']], ''non-Brahmin'' service castes, and [[Tribal casteism|''tribal groups'']] like the ''Daitas''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sevas and Sevakas of Jagannath Temple, Sevayats, Sevakas, Jagannath Temple Sevayats, Temple Seva |url=https://www.shreekhetra.com/sriseva.html |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.shreekhetra.com}}</ref> Each group has its own hereditary roles based on long-standing temple traditions. Their jobs include [[Priest|priestly]] [[worship]] and preparing [[offering|offerings]], as well as managing the logistics of rituals and festivals.<ref name="samantha-2019">{{cite journal |last1=Samanta |first1=S. |last2=Nanda |first2=R. K. |last3=Rautaray |first3=P. |date=June–July 2019 |title=The Ritual Functionaries (Sevaks) of World Famous Shri Jagannath Temple, Puri |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissareview/2019/Jun-July/engpdf/The-Ritual-functionaries-Sevaka-46-54.pdf |journal=Odisha Review |publisher=Government of Odisha |pages=46–54 |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref> They are an important part of the temple's daily operations and annual events like the [[Ratha Yatra]]. The Sevayat system is an example of a ritual-occupational hierarchy in Hindu temple institutions.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Ganguly |first=Ramanuj |year=2013 |title=Social Dynamics in a Religious Milieu: The Sevayats of the Jagannath Temple at Puri |url= |journal=Politics and Religion Journal |publisher=Centre for the Study of Religion and Religious Tolerance |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=133–149 |access-date=}}</ref> It is based on [[customary law|customary laws]] and written records like the temple's [[Human rights|Record of Rights]]. It combines [[Religious profession|religious duty]] with [[Social identity theory|social identity]] and hereditary privilege. Sevayats traditionally use specific ritual colours in their attire and temple practice.{{efn|As described in ''[[#Ritual attire and colours|Ritual attire and colours]]''}}

== Terminology and Variants ==
=== Etymology ===
[[File:Sevayats taking water from the well for Adharapana Ritual.jpg|thumb|200px|Sevayat taking water from the well for Adharapana Ritual]]
The word "Sevayat" (also spelled ''Sewayat, or Sebayat'') comes from the Sanskrit word ''seva'', which means ''service'', ''attendance'', or ''devotional duty'', and a suffix ''-yat'' that means ''agent'' or ''practitioner.'' In this context, a Sevayat literally means "''one who performs service''," especially in a [[religious]] or [[ritual]] setting.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Birla |first=Ritu |title=Stages of capital: law, culture, and market governance in late colonial India |date=2009 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-9247-7 |location=Durham}}</ref> In eastern India, especially in [[Odisha]], the term is closely linked to [[Hindu temple|temple traditions]]. Being also called as ''Sevak'', it came to mean people who were given certain tasks to do in the [[Servant of God|service of gods]].

Historically, the term evolved within the institutional context of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] in [[Puri]], where it developed a more specific connotation pertaining to hereditary temple servitors. Over time, ''Sevayat'' became more than just a [[Job (role)|job title]]; it also became a way for people to identify themselves [[Society|socially]], showing both their jobs and their [[caste]] ties within the temple hierarchy.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Ganguly |first1=Dibyajyoti |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=Sumahan |date=April 2016 |title=Temple and Occupational Specialization: Identity of Brahmin and Sevayat in Puri, Odisha, India |url= |journal=The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=252–257 |access-date=}}</ref>

=== Variant spellings ===
Because of differences in transliteration, regional pronunciation, and colonial-era documentation, the term exists in several variant forms, including:
* '''Sevayat''' ({{IPA|/seːʋaːjət/}}; {{respell|say|VAA|yut}})
* '''Sebayat''' ({{IPA|/sebaːjət/}}; {{respell|say|BAA|yut}})
* '''Sewayat''' ({{IPA|/seːwaːjət/}}; {{respell|say|WAA|yut}})

These variations are mostly due to phonetic differences arising from the interaction between Sanskrit, Odia and English transliteration systems and do not indicate different meanings. The spelling ''Sebayat'' is particularly common in Odia usage, where the phoneme ''"/v/"'' is often realised as ''"/b/"''.

The term '''''Sevak''''' (सेवक) is, on the other hand, a more general Sanskrit-derived term meaning ''servant'' or ''devotee'', and is employed in many Hindu traditions more broadly without necessarily implying a formal or hereditary role.<ref name="Samanta2019"/>

== Historical Background ==
[[File:Festival in Puri, India (from a book Published in 1931) P.127.png|thumb|Ratha Yatra at the Jagannath Temple, Puri {{circa|1931}}]]
The Sevayat system came about around the same time that the Jagannath Temple in Puri became a major religious center in [[East India|eastern India]]. The structure of hereditary temple service can usually be traced back to the [[Middle Ages]], especially during the rule of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] (12th–15th centuries),<ref>{{Cite book |title=The cult of Jagannath and the regional tradition of Orissa |date=2005 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-617-9 |editor-last=Eschmann |editor-first=Anncharlott |edition=Reprinted |series=South Asian studies |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="kulke-1978">{{cite book
|title = The Cult of Jagannath and the Regional Tradition of Orissa |editor1-first = Anncharlott |editor1-last = Eschmann |editor2-first = Hermann |editor2-last = Kulke |editor3-first = Gaya Charan |editor3-last = Tripathi |date = 1978 |publisher = Manohar |location = New Delhi |series = South Asian Studies|volume = 8 |pages = 537 |oclc = 5892372
|lccn = 79902801 |url = https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Cult_of_Jagannath_and_the_Regional_T.html?id=cM96wwEACAAJ
}}</ref> when the temple emerged as a center of [[Fount of honour|royal patronage]] and [[Ritual#Characteristics|ritual authority]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dash |first=Gaganendra Nath |date=November 2016 |title=The Cult of Jagannath |journal=Odisha Review |pages=1–7 |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2016/November/engpdf/1-7.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Starza |first=Olgierd Maria Ludwik |title=The Jagannatha temple at Puri: its architecture, art and cult |date=1993 |publisher=E.J. Brill |isbn=978-90-04-09673-8 |series=Studies in South Asian culture |location=Leiden New York Köln}}</ref> The [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati kings]] made temple administration organized, and different groups were given specific service roles. This was the start of the Sevayat system.<ref name="dash-2013"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Patnaik |first=Himanshu S. |title=Lord Jagannath: his temple, cult and festivals |date=1994 |publisher=Aryan books international |isbn=978-81-7305-051-0 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=K. C. |title=The Cult of Jagannatha |publisher=K. L. Mukhopadhyay |year=1971 |location=Calcutta |language=en}}</ref>

The Sevayats' work was guided by temple records and customary practices. The ''[[Madala Panji]]'', the temple's traditional chronicle, was the most important of these. These records show how the duties, privileges, and hierarchies of servitors changed over time. They also show that there was a clear system of occupational specialization based on [[Lineage (anthropology)|lineage]] and [[caste]]. As time went on, the Sevayat roles became [[hereditary]], passing from one generation to the next. This made the institutional structure more stable.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ganguly |first=Ramanuj |date=2013 |title=SOCIAL DYNAMICS IN A RELIGIOUS MILIEU: THE SEVAYATS OF THE JAGANNATH TEMPLE AT PURI |url=http://politicsandreligionjournal.com/index.php/prj/article/view/249 |journal=Politics and Religion Journal |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=133–149 |doi=10.54561/prj0701133g |issn=1820-659X}}</ref><ref name="Patnaik1994">{{Cite book |last=Patnaik |first=Nityananda |title=Sacred Complex of Orissa: Study of Three Major Aspects of the Sacred Complex |date=2000 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0680-8 |edition=1st |location=Lanham}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In the colonial period the British administrators intended to control temple affairs indirectly, generally accepting the existing servitor rights but imposing administrative controls.<ref name="kulke-1978" /> This resulted in partial codification of roles and disputes regarding authority and entitlement between different Sevayat groups.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Copley |first=A. R. H. |title=Religions in conflict: ideology, cultural contact, and conversion in late-colonial India |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563676-5 |location=Delhi ; New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee-Dube |first=Ishita |title=Divine affairs: religion, pilgrimage, and the state in colonial and postcolonial India |last2=Banerjee-Dube |first2=Ishita |date=2001 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-81-85952-88-8 |location=Shimla}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> After independence a major development took place in the form of enactment of [[Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955]] whereby the temple was brought under a statutory management but at the same time traditional rights and duties of the Sevayats as recorded in the Record of Rights of the temple were preserved.<ref>{{cite act
|title = Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955 |number = 11 |year = 1955 |jurisdiction = Odisha |url = https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/5950/1/shri_jagannath_temple_act%2C_1955.pdf |language = English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Orissa Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1956 (Orissa Act 12 of 1956) |url=https://law.odisha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-12/act_1091881239_1444889141.pdf |publisher=Law Department, Government of Odisha |website=law.odisha.gov.in |format=PDF |language=English |access-date=April 26, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955 (Orissa Act No. 11 of 1955) | url = https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/5950/1/shri_jagannath_temple_act%2C_1955.pdf | publisher = India Code: Digital Repository of All Central and State Acts | website = indiacode.nic.in | access-date = October 22, 2023 | format = PDF | language = English}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Today, the Sevayat system represents a continuity of medieval temple traditions adapted within a modern legal and administrative framework, maintaining its central role in the ritual and cultural life associated with the Jagannath tradition.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="kulke-1978" />

== Record of Rights ==
{{Main|Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955}}
[[File:Map of the Jagannath Temple complex, Puri (Record of Rights, c. 1955).jpg|thumb|Map of the temple complex of the Jagannath Temple, Puri, published in Record of Rights: Sri Jagannath Temple, Puri (Government of Odisha, {{circa|1955}}).]]
The ''Record of Rights'' (RoR) of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]] was prepared under the Shri Jagannath Temple (Administration) Act, 1952 (Orissa Act XIV of 1952) and published in the ''Orissa Gazette'' in 1954–55.<ref>Record-of-Rights, Shri Jagannath Temple, Puri, Orissa Gazette (Extraordinary), 1954–55. Available at [https://archive.org/details/record-of-rights-sri-jagannath-temple-puri-v01- Internet Archive]. Retrieved 30 April 2026.</ref> It constitutes the primary legal document governing the duties, privileges and customary rights of ''sevayats''. The Record was prepared by a Special Officer appointed under the Act, and objections to its entries were permitted before the District Judge of Puri within a prescribed period.<ref>Orissa Gazette Notification, August 14, 1954.</ref>

=== Structure of the Record ===
The Record of Rights is indexed into two primary parts:

;Part I – Record of Temples and Properties
Part I provides a detailed survey and listing of the temple complex and its associated religious establishments. It features:
* Lord Jagannath Main Temple (with plot numbers and plans)
* Temples and locations inside temple premises
* Temples, subsidiary shrines and associated institutions

These are recorded in tabular form (Form A) giving serial number, plot number, name of temple, its location and remarks. This portion deals with the institutional and spatial framework for the performance of sevayat duties.<ref>Record of Rights, Part I (Form A), pp. 2–18. Available at [https://archive.org/details/record-of-rights-sri-jagannath-temple-puri-v01- Internet Archive]. Retrieved 30 April 2026.</ref>

;Part II – Record of ''Nitis'' (Rituals)
Part II is a systematic record of all ''Nitis'' (ritual services) and includes:
* Daily rituals
* Periodical rituals
* Ceremonies of the festival

These are listed in ''Form B'' which separates each ritual into:
* Name of the ritual
* Time and sequencing
* Responsible sevayat or servitor group
* Materials and procedure information

This section clearly defines ritual responsibilities of certain classes of sevayats. Their functional roles are defined in operational terms.<ref>Record of Rights, Part II (Form B), pp. 22 onwards. Available at [https://archive.org/details/record-of-rights-sri-jagannath-temple-puri-v01- Internet Archive]. Retrieved 30 April 2026.</ref>

=== Codification of Sevayat Roles ===
The RoR does not speak of sevayats in generalities, but gives duties at the level of individual ritual components. Each ''niti'' has stages and different sevayat groups are given for each stage. The document thus continues:
* Defining the exact nature of each ''seva''
* Prescribing the order and timing of ritual performance
* Identifying the responsible sevayat category for every ritual act

Part II also identifies numerous specialised sevayat roles in a lengthy Odia text, suggesting a highly differentiated and function-specific service system.<ref>Record of Rights, Part II, detailed Odia sections. Available at [https://archive.org/details/record-of-rights-sri-jagannath-temple-puri-v01- Internet Archive]. Retrieved 30 April 2026.</ref>

=== Hereditary and Conditional Rights ===
The Record considers sevayatship largely hereditary, with rights traditionally vested in certain families or groups. But the rights are inseparable from the obligation to perform the corresponding services. It reads:
* Entitlement to perform specified rituals
* Associated honours, perquisites and shares
* Mandatory performance of duties according to established customs

Thus the RoR formalizes customary practices into what is subject to statutory regulation, which makes service a legal condition for the enjoyment of rights.<ref>Record of Rights, explanatory sections, Part II. Available at [https://archive.org/details/record-of-rights-sri-jagannath-temple-puri-v01- Internet Archive]. Retrieved 30 April 2026.</ref>

== Organisation and hierarchy ==
[[File:Maharana Sevayata making Side Idols or Ratha at Puri.jpg|thumb|Maharana Sevayata making Side Idols or Ratha at Puri]]
The Sevayat system operates on a thoroughly structured ritual and occupational hierarchy that was created within the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]'s institutional framework. Sevayats are split into different service groups, each with its own set of roles, privileges, and responsibilities that are spelled out in the temple's ''Record of Rights.''<ref name="Samanta2019">{{cite journal |last=Samanta |first=S. |last2=Nanda |first2=R. K. |last3=Rautaray |first3=P. |year=2019 |title=The Ritual Functionaries (Sevaks) of Shri Jagannath Temple |journal=Odisha Review |pages=46–54}}</ref>

The hierarchy is based on a mix of ritual status, caste, and specialization in a certain area. Brahmin Sevayats usually work as priests, while non-Brahmin groups do logistical, artisanal, and support work.<ref name="Ganguly2016">{{cite journal |last=Ganguly |first=Dibyajyoti |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=Sumahan |year=2016 |title=Temple and Occupational Specialization: Identity of Brahmin and Sevayat in Puri, Odisha, India |journal=International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=252–257}}</ref> Authority is also affected by family lineage, with positions passed down through generations.

=== ''Adya Sevak'' (the principal sevak) ===
[[File:Chhera_Pahanra_by_Gajapati_Maharaja_in_2021_Ratha_Jatra.jpg|alt=Chhera_Pahanra_by_Gajapati_Maharaja_in_2021_Ratha_Jatra|thumb|Chhera Pahanra{{Efn|Sweeping of the Chariots.}} by Gajapati Maharaja [[Dibyasingha Deba]] in Ratha Yatra, 2021]]

Gajapati is another common name for Maharaja of Puri, commonly known as the King of Puri. He is the primary Sevak, and he plays a significant part in the Car Festival, Snana Yatra, Dola Yatra, and Chandan Yatra. Additionally, he plays a significant part in Navkalebar, which occurs once every 19 years. He is the Temple Managing Committee's hereditary chairman.
=== Other sevaks ===
[[File:Portrait of a Divine Love.jpg| thumb|Modern portrait of ''Devadasi'']]
There are 119 other types of servants besides the King. However, according to the official Record of Rights, only 119, including the king himself, is mentioned. One seva which was not recorded in the Record of Rights was revived in the year 1988 by the Temple administration i.e. ''Beherakaran Seva''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ratha |first=P. C. |year=2010 |chapter=Ritual functionaries, their duties and functions |editor-last=Mohanty |editor-first=G. |title=Cultural heritage of Odisha |volume=3 |edition=8th |pages=445–452 |publisher=State Level Vyasakabi Fakirmohan Smruti Sansad |location=Bhubaneswar
}}</ref> There are 14 sevas (ritual services) are not being performed nowadays. They include ''Panikikata'', ''Daudibandha'', ''Binakar'', ''Gitagovind'', ''Bhitargayani'', ''Madeli'', ''Patarabindha'', ''Sankhua'', ''Kalabethia'', ''Kumbharibisoi'', ''Malachula'', ''Banua'', ''Mapasaitakaran'', ''Charchakaran''. The temple officials have given a number of explanations for why some ''sevas'' have been discontinued. These include the system's hereditary character, which caused some ''sevayat'' families without male heirs to stop performing the rituals, and the lack of procedures for enlisting people from outside the ''sevayat'' society, which ultimately contributed to their downfall. Furthermore, several ''sevas'' were modest in character and did not generate enough revenue to support a livelihood, which led to their termination. Furthermore, as societal conditions changed, some traditions, like the ''Devdasi seva,'' which required new ''[[Devdasi|Devadasis]]'' to be introduced by practitioners, progressively stopped.<ref>{{cite book |last=Acharya |first=S. |year=2012 |title=Sri Jagannath nka seva O Sevak Parampara – Part II |publisher=Shree Nilachala Tatwa Sandhana Sansada |location=Puri}}</ref>

== Ritual system ''(Nitis)'' ==
[[File:Adharapana Neeti on Nandighosha of Lord Jagannath in 2023.jpg|thumb|Sevayats performing ''Adhara Pana Niti'', 2013]]
The rituals or ''nitis'' system of Lord Jagannath is incredibly detailed and involves more than 100 categories of sevayat or servitors, who all through the year, take their specified turn to perform their seva. The ritual or niti are so much interlinked and interdependent with one another that the performance of a particular service is a ''sine qua non'' for the performance of the next service. The whole system of ritual is divided into three categories.

These are daily rituals, periodical or special occasion rituals and the major festival rituals. Daily Rituals are something fixed or observed every day. Special or periodical rituals are according to the specialty and occurrence on certain days and months. Throughout the year, a varying number of festival rituals are conducted regularly both inside and outside the temple. The main temple sanctum sanctorum is famous for its main deitis Lord Jagannath, Lord Baladhara, Goddess Subhadra and Lord [[Sudarshana Chakra|Sudharshan]]. There are more than 20 Gods and Goddess in the temple complex like Goddess [[Lakshmi|Mahalaxmi]], Goddess [[Vimala Temple|Bimala]], Lord [[Ganesha|Ganesh]] (at 3 places in different poses) and the famous [[Kalpavriksha|''Kalpa Bata'']] (The wish-fulfilling oldest banyan tree) in the center of the temple.<ref name="samantha-2019" />

=== Daily rituals ===
{{For|list of Sevayat categories|Sevayat#Classification of Sevayats}}
The rules and regulations for the daily rituals of Jagannath Temple is mentioned in the Record of Rights. The ROR descriptively mentions the daily rituals, the work performed and the involvement of the sevayat categories.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Every day rituals of Jagannath temple<ref name="samantha-2019"/><ref name="Tripathy2010">{{cite book |last=Tripathy |first=M. |title=Cultural heritage of Odisha |date=2010 |publisher=State Level Vyasakabi Fakirmohan Smruti Sansad |editor-last=Mohanty |editor-first=G. |volume=XII |location=Bhubaneswar |pages=437–442 |chapter=Daily rituals}}</ref>{{efn|Based on Record of Rights of Jagannath Temple, Puri.}}
|-
! Time of the Day !! Name of the Ritual !! Description of the Seva !! Categories of Sevayats involved
|-
| 05:00-06:00 || ''Dwara Phita''{{efn|Opening of the main doors of the Shri Jagannath temple.}} and ''Mangal Arati''{{efn|Lamp-waving ritual.}} || According to the temple's Record of Rights, the doors must be opened by five in the morning, also called as Dwara Phita. The lamp-waving rite, also known as ''Mangala Aarati'' in the local tongue, comes after the temple door is opened.||
* Akhand Mekap,
* Bhitarachha Mohapatra,
* Palia Mekap,
* Pratihari,
* Pushpalak{{efn|The door was opened by Bhitarachha Mohapatra, Pratihari, Muduli, Akhand Mekap, and Palia Mekap. The auspicious waving of the lamps is done by Bhitarachha Mohapatra and two other Pushpalak servants.}}
|-
| 06:00-06:15 || ''Mailam''{{efn|Changing of clothes of deities}} || After the clothing are changed, the flowers and tulsi leaves—a sacred basil plant—that were worn the night before are taken off. The Deities put on new garments. ||
* Dhoba,
* Changada Mekap,
* Khuntia,
* Pushpalak{{efn|Pushpalak needs to be three people in count.}}
|-
| 06:15-06:45 || ''Abakash''{{efn|Purification of deities}}|| This ritual is for the purification of deities. It usually includes teeth brushing, and taking bath by the deities. ||
* Pushpalak,
* Suarabadu,
* Panipat,
* Mukhapakhal,
* Pratiharidhiary,
* Amla Ghatuary,
* Bhandar Mekap,
* Mahabhoi,
* Khuri Nayak
* Darpania
|-
| 06:45-07:00 || ''Mailam'' || An another set of dress is worn by the deities after going through the ''Abakash''. ||
* Pushpalak,
* Changada Mekaj,
* Akhanda Mekap,
* Suara Badu
* Dhoba{{efn|Five different kinds of servants are needed to light the lamp that burns till midnight.}}
|-
| 07:00-08:00 || ''Sahan Mela''{{efn|Darshan of the deities to the devotees.}} || Sight of the deities is carried out for the devotees. ||
* Pushpalak,
* Khuntia Mekap,
* Tadau Karan,
* Gochhikar,
* Pratihari
* Suara Badu
|-
| 08:00-08:30 || ''Vesha Ullagi'' || The deities change their clothes again || {{Efn|Same as ''Sahan Mela''.}}
|-
| 08:30-09:00 || ''Rosha Homa'',{{efn| Fire sacrifice ritual before cooking begins.}} Sun worship, ''Dwarapal Puja''{{efn|Worship to the gatekeeper of the temple.}}|| The ritual that takes place first in this time frame is ''Rosha Homa'' (Fire sacrifice) in the kitchen of Deities before the cooking of food is started. The worship of Lord Surya is done near the ''Mukti Mandap''. At last, Dwarapala is performed at the Jay Vijay gate. ||
* Puja Panda,
* Dhopakhalia,
* Mekap{{Efn|Puja Panda Sevak, Dhopakhalia, and Mekap do Rosha Homa, while Puja Panda performs Sun devotion and Divine Gatekeeper devotion.}}
|-
| 09:00 || ''Ballav Gopal Dhupa''{{efn|Breakfast for deities}}|| The ''Ballav Gopal Dhupa'', is the breakfast food offered to the gods. The foods include sweet popcorn (''khai''), ladoos, coconut, sweets, chipped coconut, ripe banana and curd ||
* Puja Panda,
* Sudu Suara,
* Ballav Jogania,
* Suara Badu,
* Patri Badu,
* Gara Badu{{Efn|To present food to the gods, three Puja Panda Sevaks and seven different other kinds of sevaks are needed.}}
|-
| 10:00 || ''Sakala Dhupa''{{efn|Morning meal for the deities.}} || This is also called the ''Raja Bhog'' or ''Koth Bhog,'' is the morning meal offered to deities that consists rice, kanika, khichudi, dal, vegetable curries, cakes like ''pitha puli'', ''hansakeli'' and ''jhili'', ''ada pachedi'' (ginger tonic) etc. ||
* Pujapanda,
* Suarabadu,
* Paniapata,
* Pradhani,
* Pratihari,
* Palia Mahasuara,
* Pantibadu,
* Garabadu,
* Rosha Paika,
* Palia Patri,
* Chagada Mekap,
* Muduli,
* Chandan Ghantuary,
* Palia Mekap,
* Palia Khuntia,
* Hadap Nayak,
* Bidia Jogania,
* Sudu Suar,
* Gochhikar,
* Dakhinghar Pratihari,
* Ghantua,
* Vijayanti,
* Dhukudidwar Pratihari, etc.
|-
| 11:00 || ''Mailam'' and ''Bhog Mandap Puja''{{efn|Worship of the [[Mahaprasad (Jagannath Temple)|Mahaprasad]]}}|| Changing of the clothes of deities, followed by the start of ''Puja'' for the [[Mahaprasad (Jagannath Temple)|Mahaprasad]], that generally includes rice, dal, curries, leafy vegetable and cakes of different types. The Mahaprasad is generally prepared for general public ||
* Pujapanda,
* Mahasuar,
* Suar,
* Changada Mekap,
* Palia Mekap,
* Palia Puspalak,
* Bhog Mandap Pratihari,
* Suarabadu,
* Khuntia,
* Pratihari, etc.
|-
| 12:30-13:00 || ''Dwiprahara Dhupa''{{efn|Afternoon meal for the deities}} || The ''Mahaprasad'' after ''Bhog Mandap Puja'' is offered to the deities near ''Ratna Bedi'', similar to the ''Sakala Dhupa''. || {{Efn|Same as ''Sakala Dhupa''.}}
|-
| 14:00-14:30 || ''Dipa Pahada''{{efn|Afternoon nap for gods. The entry is closed for everyone during this time, excluding Sevayats classes who are allowed}} ||Usually, between 13:00-13:30 is allocated for afternoon nap. In case, the rituals get delayed, the ''Sandhiya Dhupa'' is performed after the afternoon ceremonial worship. ||
* Taluchha Mohapatra
* Puspalak
|-
| 19:00-20:00 || ''Sandhiya Dhupa''{{efn|Evening meals for deities}} || The Prasad items have fewer variety and quantity, but the procedure is exactly the same as the morning and afternoon meals. The majority of the food is watery rice and cakes like ''amalu,'' ''puli,'' and ''sakara.'' The lamp offering is carried out following the ceremonial service.
|{{Efn|Same as ''Sakala Dhupa'' and ''Dwiprahara Dhupa''.}}
|-
| 20:00-20:30 || ''Mailam'' and ''Chandanlaagi''{{efn|Ceremony for applying sandal to gods.}}|| The deities change their dress and applied with sandal (''chandan'') pasted with camphor, saffron (''keshar'') and deer musk (''kasturi'') ||
* Puspalak,
* Suarabadu,
* Ghantuary,
* Muduli,
* Palia Mekap,
* Palia Padhiary,
* Garabadu,
* Hadap Naik,
* Palia Khuntia
|-
| 23:00 || ''Badasinghar Besha''{{efn|Silk-clothes dress up ceremony for deities.}} || The deities are dressed up again for ''Badasingha Besha'' by wearing ''pata'' (silken robes), headgear made with flower and floral garland, and decorated with flowers. ||
* Puspalak
|-
| 23:15-23:45 || ''Badasinghar Dhupa''{{efn|Last food offering of the day to God}} || This involves the last food offering of the day. The foods include watered rice, green banana fry, ''khiri'' and ''kanji''. ||
* Puja Panda
|-
| 23:45-00:00 || ''Khata Saja Laagi''{{efn|Bed setting ritual for deities.}} and ''Pahada''{{efn|Entry closure for ordinary people}} || This ritual includes the arrangements of bed for deities. Near the statue of Lord Jagannath is a metallic coupled idol of Lord Vishnu and Goddess Laxmi. Betel, camphor, and green coconut are availed to gods. ||
* Puspalak
|-
| 00:00 || ''Duara Banda''{{efn|Closure of main gates of the temple.}} || The gate closure ceremony, includes locking and sealing of the temple door. ||
* Talichha Mohapatra
|}

=== Periodic rituals ===
According to scriptures, there are some periodical rituals also. Each Thursday Lord ''[[Jagannath]]'' and Goddess ''[[Laxmi]]'' meet in the afternoon, which is believed to discuss the affairs of the world. On each ''[[Ekadashi]]'' (11th day as per Lunar calendar) evening, lamps are taken to the top of the temple and circumnutated around neela chakra. On each ''[[Amavasya|Amabasya day]]'' (last day of the dark fortnight) Lord Jagannath goes to the seashore to perform a special ritual as ''Mahodadhi Arati'' as the sacred sea is believed to be his father-in-law as per ''[[Skanda Purana]]''. This ritual is performed by ''Sabat Nijoga'' a particular class of servitors earmarked for the purpose.<ref name="Samanta et al, 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Samanta |first1=S |last2=Nanda |first2=Ravi |last3=Rautaray |first3=P |title=A socio-economic study of ritual functionaries (SEVAKS) of world-famous shri Jagannath temple, Puri, India |journal=Cogent Social Sciences |date=2019 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1-39 |doi=10.1080/23311886.2019.1669382 |url=https://www.academia.edu/86794943/A_socio_economic_study_of_ritual_functionaries_SEVAKS_of_world_famous_shri_Jagannath_temple_Puri_India |access-date=2 May 2026 |issn=2331-1886}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>

The Lord's regal status is also symbolized by the annual ''Benta'', or hunting ceremony, and ''Banaka Laagi,'' where paintings of the deities are performed. Additionally, the birthday celebrations of Lord [[Balabhadra]], also known as ''Shravana Makara'', Sri [[Jagannatha]], also known as ''Rohini Brusha'', and Goddess [[Subhadra]], also known as ''Jyestha Bichha'', are marked by particular rites based on the constellation of stars. On certain days of the year, such as [[Rama Navami|''Sri Ram Navami'']], [[Krishna Janmashtami|''Janmashtami'']], and ''Nrushingha Janma'', the birthday celebrations of [[Rama|Sri Ram]], [[Krishna|Sri Krishna]], and [[Narasimha|Nrusingha]] are also commemorated according to the rituals.<ref name="Samanta et al, 2019" />

=== Festival rituals ===
[[File:PM Modi offers prayers at Jagannath Temple in Odisha (24921398212).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] at Shri Jagannath Temple, Puri, 2016]]
According to the ''Niladri Mahodaya'', there are about 65 rituals performed annually, of which 12 are well-known festivals like ''[[Chandan Yatra]]'', ''[[Snana Yatra|Devsnana Purnima]]'' (when the Deities take celestial bath), ''[[Ratha Yatra|Car Festival]]'', ''[[Shayani Ekadashi|Sayan Ekadashi]]'', ''Dola Utsav'', ''Dakshinayana Yatra'', ''Uttarayana Yatra'', ''Damanak Yatra'', ''Parswa Paribartan'', ''Hari Utthapan Ekadasi'', ''Pravarana Sasthi'', and ''Pusyabhiseka'', where additional servants are hired to perform certain roles.<ref>{{cite book |last = Singhdeb |first = Biramitrodaya |title = Niladri Mahodaya |date = 1922 |url = https://archive.org/details/niladri-mahodaya-1922 |via = [[Internet Archive]] |language = or }}</ref><ref name="samantha-2019"/>

=== Special festival rituals ===
{{For|Banajāga Jātra|Nabakalebara#Finding the sacred trees}}
[[File:Nabakalebar 2015.jpg|thumb| ''Banajāga Jātra'' festival in [[Nabakalebara]], 2015{{efn|Image courtesy of Aditya Mahar, available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.}}]]

The role of the ritual functionaries becomes increasingly prominent on important occasions like ''[[Nabakalebara|Navakalebar]]'', which is a very complicated and challenging process. Every 19 years, Navkalebar, also known as the embodiment ceremony, takes place. It lasts for about two months and attracts millions of people from all over the world.

== Ritual attire and colours ==
Traditionally, the Sevayats wear [[Cotton|cotton clothes]] where [[red]] and [[white]] colours are important in daily rituals.

During important festivals and rituals, such as [[Ratha Yatra (Puri)|Ratha Yatra]], Sevayats are also expected to wear certain ceremonial cloths such as ''pata'' (silken fabric) as part of their assigned duties. These colours are symbolic in the temple tradition of purity of ritual, auspiciousness and devotion.<ref name="dash-2013"/>

== Classification of Sevayats ==
There are 120 hereditary service categories for sevayats. The [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath temple]]'s ''Record of Rights'' initially had just 119 categories. The Temple administration later brought back one seva. Many rites, like ''Devadasi Seva,'' have been discontinued and are no longer carried out.{{efn|See [[Sevayat#Organisation and hierarchy|Organisation and hierarchy]] section.}} Each one is linked to a certain set of ritual or administrative duties.<ref name="Dash2013">{{cite journal |last=Dash |first=Abhimanyu |year=2013 |title=Social Life of the Sevayats of Puri in the Cult of Lord Jagannath |journal=Odisha Review |pages=71–76}}</ref>

=== List of Sevayat categories ===
The following table lists the hereditary categories of Sevayats as recorded in the ''Record of Rights'' of the Jagannath Temple.<ref name="RitualFunctionaries2019">{{cite journal |last = Mahapatra |first = Gopinath |title = The Ritual Functionaries (Sevaka) |journal = Odisha Review |volume = LXXV |issue = 11-12 |pages = 46–54 |date = June–July 2019 |publisher = Information & Public Relations Department, Government of Odisha |url = https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissareview/2019/Jun-July/engpdf/The-Ritual-functionaries-Sevaka-46-54.pdf
| access-date = April 29, 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirvana India Enterprise |url=https://jagannathtemplepuri.com/article/id/731/sevayats |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=jagannathtemplepuri.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! Sevayat category
! Primary function
|-
| 1 || Gajapati Maharaja || Chief servitor and ceremonial head of the temple
|-
| 2 || Parichha / Raj Guru || Royal priest and advisor
|-
| 3 || Chhatisha Nijog Nayak || Head of the servitor groups
|-
| 4 || Bhitarchha Mohapatra || Inner temple supervision
|-
| 5 || Talichha || Temple security and discipline
|-
| 6 || Mudrahasta (Mudirasta) || Seal and administrative functions
|-
| 7 || Deula Purohit || Temple priest
|-
| 8 || Puja Panda || Conduct of daily worship rituals
|-
| 9 || Badapanda || Supervisory priest
|-
| 10 || Pushpalaka || Flower decoration and rituals
|-
| 11 || Mahajana || Temple finance and supervision
|-
| 12 || Mudra || Administrative assistant roles
|-
| 13 || Khuntia || Guarding and assisting rituals
|-
| 14 || Bhandara Mekap || Store management
|-
| 15 || Palia Mekap || Custodian duties
|-
| 16 || Akhanda Mekap || Maintenance of perpetual lamps
|-
| 17 || Changada Mekap || Material handling
|-
| 18 || Khataseja Mekap || Preparation of bedding for deities
|-
| 19 || Pratihari || Gatekeeping and ceremonial duties
|-
| 20 || Daita || Special rituals during Anasara and Ratha Yatra
|-
| 21 || Pati Mahapatra || Ritual supervision
|-
| 22 || Patribadu || Ritual assistance
|-
| 23 || Garabadu || Temple cleaning and maintenance
|-
| 24 || Suarabadu || Cooking assistance
|-
| 25 || Khurinayak || Supervisory duties
|-
| 26 || Mukhapauhala || Announcement and communication
|-
| 27 || Ghatuari || Ritual support
|-
| 28 || Gochhikara || Cow and dairy-related service
|-
| 29 || Suna Goswami || Gold ornament supervision
|-
| 30 || Muduli || General assistance
|-
| 31 || Alati Balita Sevaka || Supply of lamp wicks
|-
| 32 || Amalutoli / Purakharada || Preparation of special food items
|-
| 33 || Amunia Chhatars || Leading food procession
|-
| 34 || Anasara Sudha Suara || Food and drink during Anasara
|-
| 35 || Asthana Pratihari || Water sprinkling and ritual support
|-
| 36 || Baanua || Fireworks supply
|-
| 37 || Badasuara || Preparation of cakes and sweets
|-
| 38 || Badhei || Carpenter
|-
| 39 || Bahardeuli Jogania || Supply of food materials
|-
| 40 || Bahar Deuli Suara || Cooking for Goddess Lakshmi kitchen
|-
| 41 || Ballava Jogania || Supply of provisions for offerings
|-
| 42 || Ballava Suara || Preparation of specific food offerings
|-
| 43 || Bhandar Mekap || Storekeeping and inventory management
|-
| 44 || Bhandar Khuntia || Guarding temple treasury and stores
|-
| 45 || Bhitar Gauni || Inner temple cleaning and maintenance
|-
| 46 || Bhoga Mandapa Suara || Cooking offerings for Bhoga Mandapa
|-
| 47 || Bhoga Mandapa Mekap || Arrangement of offerings in hall
|-
| 48 || Chamar Sevaka || Fanning the deities with chamara
|-
| 49 || Changada Khuntia || Assistance in transport of materials
|-
| 50 || Darpania || Mirror-related ritual service
|-
| 51 || Deula Karana || Temple record keeping
|-
| 52 || Deula Mekap || Maintenance of temple structure
|-
| 53 || Deula Pratihari || Inner gatekeeping duties
|-
| 54 || Dipa Sevaka || Lighting lamps during rituals
|-
| 55 || Dolabedi Sevaka || Ritual duties during Dol Yatra
|-
| 56 || Ghanta Sevaka || Ringing bells during rituals
|-
| 57 || Gopal Ballava Suara || Preparation of Gopal Ballava Bhoga
|-
| 58 || Hata Suara || Cooking in temple kitchen sections
|-
| 59 || Jaga Khuntia || Guarding temple premises
|-
| 60 || Jogananda || Assisting ritual arrangements
|-
| 61 || Kotha Suara || Kitchen-related cooking duties
|-
| 62 || Lenka || Messenger and ceremonial guard
|-
| 63 || Madeli || Drum beating during rituals
|-
| 64 || Mahasuara || Head cook of temple kitchen
|-
| 65 || Malia || Garland making and floral service
|-
| 66 || Mekap (general) || Custodian and maintenance roles
|-
| 67 || Nahak || Barber and ceremonial grooming duties
|-
| 68 || Pahada Sevaka || Ritual duties during closing (Pahada)
|-
| 69 || Palia Khuntia || Rotational guard duty
|-
| 70 || Patara || Leaf plate preparation for offerings
|-
| 71 || Patjoshi Mahapatra || Ritual officiation and astrology
|-
| 72 || Raghaba Das Math Sevaka || Association with matha services
|-
| 73 || Ratha Bhoi || Chariot pulling and assistance
|-
| 74 || Ratha Khala Sevaka || Chariot construction yard duties
|-
| 75 || Samartha || Supervisory and coordination roles
|-
| 76 || Sankha Sevaka || Blowing conch during rituals
|-
| 77 || Singhara Sevaka || Decoration of deities
|-
| 78 || Suara (general) || Cooking of Mahaprasad
|-
| 79 || Tadhau Karana || Documentation and clerical work
|-
| 80 || Tadhau Khuntia || Guarding during specific rituals
|-
| 81 || Tadhau Mekap || Custodial and maintenance duties
|-
| 82 || Tadhau Palia || Rotational service duties
|-
| 83 || Tadhau Suara || Cooking-related duties
|-
| 84 || Tanka Sevaka || Monetary and offering-related service
|-
| 85 || Telenga Bada || Oil supply for rituals
|-
| 86 || Telenga Sana || Assistance in oil-related service
|-
| 87 || Thali Mekap || Arrangement of ritual plates
|-
| 88 || Tika Ghara Sevaka || Preparation of ritual marks (tika)
|-
| 89 || Tulasi Sevaka || Supply of sacred basil leaves
|-
| 90 || Upadhyaya || Religious instruction and priestly assistance
|-
| 91 || Vaishnava Sevaka || Devotional and ritual assistance
|-
| 92 || Veda Pathi || Recitation of Vedic hymns
|-
| 93 || Baisi Pahacha Pratihari || Guarding the sacred steps
|-
| 94 || Baula Sevaka || Assistance in ritual arrangements
|-
| 95 || Chhati Gharia || Timekeeping and ritual scheduling
|-
| 96 || Danda Sevaka || Carrying ritual staffs
|-
| 97 || Ghoda Sevaka || Care of ceremonial horses
|-
| 98 || Jhadu Sevaka || Sweeping and cleanliness
|-
| 99 || Kumbhara || Potter supplying ritual vessels
|-
| 100 || Mahabhoi || Assistance in large-scale rituals
|-
| 101 || Nanda Sevaka || Support services in rituals
|-
| 102 || Pakhala Sevaka || Preparation of specific food offerings
|-
| 103 || Patali Sevaka || Ritual material preparation
|-
| 104 || Rosiaghara Sevaka || Kitchen maintenance
|-
| 105 || Sabara Sevaka || Tribal-associated ritual duties
|-
| 106 || Sankirtan Sevaka || Devotional singing
|-
| 107 || Satahara Sevaka || Assistance in offering rituals
|-
| 108 || Silpi || Artisan work for temple needs
|-
| 109 || Singha Dwara Pratihari || Guarding Lion Gate
|-
| 110 || Sunari || Goldsmith work for ornaments
|-
| 111 || Teli Sevaka || Oil-related services
|-
| 112 || Tini Badu || Assistance in cooking and service
|-
| 113 || Upara Khuntia || Upper-level guarding duties
|-
| 114 || Vaishya Sevaka || Trade and supply-related service
|-
| 115 || Vesha Mekap || Dressing and adornment of deities
|-
| 116 || Vimana Badu || Assistance in palanquin processions
|-
| 117 || Bimana Mekap || Maintenance of ceremonial vehicles
|-
| 118 || Bimana Suara || Food service during processions
|-
| 119 || Sarathi Sevaka || Chariot driving and coordination
|}

These classifications represent a complex structure of ritual specialization integrated within the overarching [[caste system in India]].

== Duties and functions ==
[[File:Golden feet of Lord Jagannath carrying by Sevayat of Srimandira.jpg|thumb|250px|Sevayat carrying golden of Jagannath in [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Sri mandir]]]]
The Sevayats' duties cover a wide range of ritual, administrative, and service-related roles necessary for the day-to-day functioning of the temple. This includes conducting worship, preparing offerings, looking after the temple premises, managing pilgrim services and organizing festivals.<ref>{{cite book |last=Patnaik |first=Himanshu S. |year=1994 |title=Lord Jagannath: His Temple, Cult and Festivals |publisher=Aryan Books International}}</ref>

Each duty is regulated by established customs and textual prescriptions, often recorded in temple documents such as the '[[Madala Panji]]'. The performance of these duties is regarded as both a religious obligation and a hereditary right.

== Role in rituals and festivals ==
The Sevayats play a crucial role in the performance of daily rituals (''nitis'') and major festivals of the [[Jagannath]] tradition. Different groups of Sevayats perform specific duties during festivals like the [[Ratha Yatra (Puri)|Ratha Yatra]], such as the formal handover of the deities, the construction of the chariots and making ritual offerings.<ref name="Eschmann1978">{{cite book |editor-last=Eschmann |editor-first=Anncharlott |editor2-last=Kulke |editor2-first=Hermann |editor3-last=Tripathi |editor3-first=Gaya Charan |year=1978 |title=The Cult of Jagannath and the Regional Tradition of Orissa |publisher=Manohar}}</ref> For example, the ''Daita'' servitors play a big role during certain ritual phases, like ''Anasara,'' when the gods are thought to be sick and are taken out of public view for a short time.

== Legal status and rights ==
Both customary law and statutory regulation have had an impact on the legal status of Sevayats. The [[Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955]] put the temple under state control and officially recognized the traditional rights and duties of Sevayats as they are written down in the ''Record of Rights.''<ref name="Act1955">{{cite web |title=Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/5950/1/shri_jagannath_temple_act%2C_1955.pdf}}</ref>

There have been legal fights over service rights, pay, and administrative power from time to time. These fights show the tension between hereditary privilege and modern governance.<ref name="Copley1997">{{cite book |last=Copley |first=A. R. H. |year=1997 |title=Religions in Conflict: Ideology, Cultural Contact, and Conversion in Late-Colonial India |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

== Socio-economic conditions ==
The socio-economic conditions of Sevayats are different in different service groups. Some Sevayats earn a regular income and social standing through service at the temple, but others are economically unstable due to irregular pay and reliance on donations from pilgrims.<ref name="Swain2025">{{cite journal |last=Swain |first=Meera |last2=Satapathy |first2=Debashrebad |year=2025 |title=Life and Livelihood of the Sevayat Community of Puri, Odisha |journal=International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research |volume=7 |issue=5}}</ref>

The traditional modes of livelihood have been significantly affected by the modern changes in temple administration, tourism and economic structures. For nearly nine centuries, despite social, economic, and political turbulent times, the Sevayats have persevered and came about as the most devoted and authentic guardians of this mystifying religious heritage. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Ganguly |first=Ramanuj |date=2013 |title=SOCIAL DYNAMICS IN A RELIGIOUS MILIEU: THE SEVAYATS OF THE JAGANNATH TEMPLE AT PURI |url=https://politicsandreligionjournal.com/index.php/prj/article/view/249 |journal=Politics and Religion Journal |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=133–149 |doi=10.54561/prj0701133g |issn=1820-659X}}</ref>

== Customs and social life ==
[[File:Sevayat of Srimandira in 2023 Puri Ratha Jatra.jpg|thumb|Sevayat of Srimandira in 2023 Puri Ratha Jatra]]
Sevayat communities have their own social and cultural practices that are shaped by their hereditary roles and ritual duties. It is common for people in subgroups to marry within their own group, and family identity is closely linked to certain temple services.<ref name="Dash2013" />

Religious observances, festivals, and domestic rituals frequently reflect the temple's liturgical calendar, thereby reinforcing the amalgamation of occupational and social life.

== Reforms and contemporary issues ==
The Sevayat system has gone through a number of changes in the modern era to make it more open, accountable, and efficient. State intervention, especially after the 1955 Act was passed, has added regulatory oversight to how temples are run.<ref name="BanerjeeDube2001">{{cite book |last=Banerjee-Dube |first=Ishita |year=2001 |title=Divine Affairs: Religion, Pilgrimage, and the State in Colonial and Postcolonial India |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

Contemporary disputes involve disputes over inherited rights, calls for better pay and conditions, and disputes over modernization versus the preservation of tradition.

== Cultural significance ==
[[File:Sevayat of Lord Jagannath offering Rasagola to Mahaprabhu in 2024.jpg|thumb|Sevayat of Lord Jagannath offering Rasagola to Mahaprabhu in 2024]]
The Sevayat system is a unique blend of religion, social organization and cultural continuity in the Jagannath tradition. It is a living heritage which links medieval temple practices with contemporary religious life in Odisha.<ref name="Patnaik2000">{{cite book |last=Patnaik |first=Nityananda |year=2000 |title=Sacred Complex of Orissa |publisher=Gyan Publishing House}}</ref>

The Sevayats are important in safeguarding the ritual lore, oral tradition and cultural identity associated with the cult of Jagannath.

== Comparative perspective ==
There are similar systems of hereditary temple servitors in other Hindu temple traditions all over India but the scale and complexity of the Sevayat system at Puri is unique.<ref name="Kulke1993">{{cite book |last=Kulke |first=Hermann |year=1993 |title=Kings and Cults: State Formation and Legitimation in India and Southeast Asia |publisher=Manohar}}</ref>

Comparative studies indicate similarities with temple functionary systems in South India, in which roles are similarly organized according to ritual hierarchy and hereditary succession, but which are distinct in terms of administrative incorporation and regional differences in caste dynamics.

== Notable people ==
The individuals listed below are renowned for their involvement with the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]]'s ''Sevayat'' institution, either by hereditary service responsibilities or historically documented participation in its ritual system:
* [[Dibyasingha Deba]] – Gajapati Maharaja of Puri and Lord [[Jagannath]]'s ''Adyasevak,'' or chief servant, who is considered the most important Sevayat in the ritual hierarchy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Satpathy |first=Dr Chinmayee |date=2020-05-15 |title=Nabakalebara of Lord Jagannath in the Temple at Puri in Odisha India : The Re-Embodiment of the Divine |url=https://socialscienceresearch.org/index.php/GJHSS/article/view/3378 |journal=Global Journal of Human-Social Science |language=en |volume=20 |issue=C7 |pages=61–79 |issn=2249-460X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratha Yatra 2022 : Puri Gajapati Maharaj Dibyasingha Deb performs Chhera Panhara on chariots – Odisha Diary, Latest Odisha News, Breaking News Odisha |url=https://orissadiary.com/ratha-yatra-2022-puri-gajapati-maharaj-dibyasingha-deb-performs-chhera-panhara-on-chariots/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240719143823/https://orissadiary.com/ratha-yatra-2022-puri-gajapati-maharaj-dibyasingha-deb-performs-chhera-panhara-on-chariots/ |archive-date=2024-07-19 |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=orissadiary.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Sasimani Debi]] – considered the last known ''[[devadasi]]'' of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]], belonged to a class of temple servants that is no longer in existence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barry |first=Ellen |date=2015-03-23 |title=Sashimani Devi, Last of India’s Jagannath Temple Dancers, Dies at 92 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/24/world/asia/sashimani-devi-last-of-indias-jagannath-temple-ritual-dancers-dies-at-92.html |access-date=2026-05-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-19 |title=Last living Devdasi of Lord Jagannath dies at the age of 93 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/last-living-devdasi-of-lord-jagannath-dies-at-the-age-of-93/ |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Jagannath]]
* [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]
* [[Ratha Yatra (Puri)]]
* [[Madala Panji|Mandala Panji]]
* [[Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955]]
* [[Gajapati Empire]]
* [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]
* [[Caste system in India]]
* [[Brahmin]]
* [[Puri]]
* [[Culture of Odisha]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book |last=Eschmann |first=Anncharlott |title=The Cult of Jagannath and the Regional Tradition of Orissa |publisher=Manohar |year=1978 |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8173046179}}
* {{cite book |last=Kulke |first=Hermann |title=Kings and Cults: State Formation and Legitimation in India and Southeast Asia |publisher=Manohar |year=1993 |location=New Delhi}}
* {{cite book |last=Starza |first=Olgierd M. L. |title=The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its Architecture, Art and Cult |publisher=Brill |year=1993 |location=Leiden |isbn=978-9004096738}}
* {{cite book |last=Patnaik |first=Himanshu S. |title=Lord Jagannath: His Temple, Cult and Festivals |publisher=Aryan Books International |year=1994 |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8173050510}}
* {{cite book |last=Mishra |first=K. C. |title=The Cult of Jagannatha |publisher=K. L. Mukhopadhyay |year=1971 |location=Calcutta}}
* {{cite book |last=Patnaik |first=Nityananda |title=Sacred Complex of Orissa |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |year=2000 |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8121206808}}
* {{cite book |last=Copley |first=A. R. H. |title=Religions in Conflict: Ideology, Cultural Contact, and Conversion in Late-Colonial India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |location=Delhi |isbn=978-0195636765}}
* {{cite book |last=Banerjee-Dube |first=Ishita |title=Divine Affairs: Religion, Pilgrimage, and the State in Colonial and Postcolonial India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0195658125}}
* {{cite book |last=Birla |first=Ritu |title=Stages of Capital: Law, Culture, and Market Governance in Late Colonial India |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0822392477}}
* {{cite journal |last=Ganguly |first=Ramanuj |title=Social Dynamics in a Religious Milieu: The Sevayats of the Jagannath Temple at Puri |journal=Politics and Religion Journal |year=2013 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=133–149 |doi=10.54561/prj0701133g}}
* {{cite journal |last=Ganguly |first=Dibyajyoti |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=Sumahan |title=Temple and Occupational Specialization: Identity of Brahmin and Sevayat in Puri, Odisha, India |journal=International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies |year=2016 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=252–257}}
* {{cite journal |last=Dash |first=Abhimanyu |title=Social Life of the Sevayats of Puri in the Cult of Lord Jagannath |journal=Odisha Review |year=2013 |pages=71–76}}
* {{cite journal |last=Samanta |first=S. |last2=Nanda |first2=R. K. |last3=Rautaray |first3=P. |title=The Ritual Functionaries (Sevaks) of Shri Jagannath Temple |journal=Odisha Review |year=2019 |pages=46–54}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.shreejagannatha.in/ Official website of the Jagannath Temple]
* [https://www.shreejagannatha.in/sevaks/ Information on Sevayats]

{{Jagannath tradition}}
{{Jagannath}}
{{Culture of Odisha}}
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Jagannath culture]]
[[Category:Caste system in India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Odia people]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Culture of Odisha]]
[[Category:Puri district]]

Garha kingdom

2026-05-02T07:36:24Z

Vemareddy: added some details basic info

{{Short description|Former Indian kingdom}}
{{Infobox country
| common_name =
| image_coat = MadanMahalFort.JPG
| coa_size = 250px
| symbol_type = Madan Mahal, capital of Garha kingdom
| conventional_long_name = Garha kingdom of Gondwana
| government_type = Monarchy
| year_start = 1440
| year_end = 1781
| p1 = Kalachuris of Ratnapura
| p2 = Kalachuris of Tripuri
| s1 = Marathas of Saugor
| capital ={{ubl| [[Jabalpur|Garha]] (1116–1488){{cn|date=October 2024}} | [[Singorgarh fort|Singhorgarh]] (1488–1564){{cn|date=October 2024}} | [[Narsinghpur|Chouragarh]] (1564–1634) | [[Ramnagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ramnagar]] (1634–1781) }}
| religion = Hinduism, Gondism
| common_languages = [[Gondi language|Gondi]] [[Hindi]], [[Sanskrit]] And Other Central languages
| today = [[India]]
|footnote_a =
}}

The '''Garha kingdom''', also called '''Garha-Mandla''' or '''Garha Katanga''', was [[History of India#Early modern period (c. 1526–1858 CE)|an early-modern-era]] kingdom in India. It was the first kingdom to be founded by the [[Nagavanshis of Chotanagpur|Naagvanshi Gond Rajput Dynasty]], and was based in [[Central India]]. The kingdom was founded in the 15th century and lasted until conquest by the [[Maratha Confederacy]] in 1781.

==History==
The first Gond king of Garha-[[Mandla]] was Jadurai. He became king after deposing the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalchuris]] of Garha-Mandla, where earlier he worked in court.{{r|gondwana}}<ref name= "women"/>{{r|dTe}}

The Garha-Mandla kingdom was initially a small territory whose early kings focused on consolidating their rule. Kharji (1440–1460) expanded his army and his grandson Sukhandas (1480–1500) included [[Rajput]]s in his army and administration.{{sfn|Mishra|2008|p=44}}<ref name="akbarnama">{{cite book |last1=Beveridge |first1=H. |title=The Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl |volume=II |date=1907 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189290/page/n332/mode/1up 323]–[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189290/page/n342/mode/1up 333] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189290 |language=en |chapter=Conquest of the country of Gadha Katanga by the sword of the genius of Khwaja Abdul Majid Asaf Khan |access-date=1 April 2023 |archive-date=29 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229074346/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/55649 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The kingdom witnessed rapid expansion under the rule of [[Sangram Shah]], the 48th king, He captured territories like Narmada Valley, [[Bhopal]], [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]], [[Damoh]] and most of the [[Satpura]] hills. He conquered 52 forts called ''Garh''s to strengthen and consolidate his hold on territory. The Chouragrh Fort in [[Narsinghpur]] was built in the honour of conquering 52 forts.{{r|gondwana}} Sangram Shah is best known as a patron of arts and literature and he had great knowledge of [[Sanskrit]]. ''Rasratnamala'' was written by Sangram Shah.<ref name="misra">{{cite book |last1=Miśra |first1=Sureśa |title=Tribal Ascendancy in Central India: The Gond Kingdom of Garha |date=2007 |publisher=Manak Publications |isbn=978-81-7827-185-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4MMAQAAMAAJ&q=Rasratnamala |language=en}}</ref> During Sangram Shah's reign, the capital of Garha kingdom was [[Singorgarh fort|Singhorgarh]]. The Akbar nama, a history of Akbar's reign, mentions the Gond kingdom of Garha Katanga that had 70,000 villages.

His successor [[Dalpat Shah]], was married to [[Rani Durgawati]] ([[Rani]]-queen)<ref name="goddess">{{cite book |last1=Datta |first1=Saurav Ranjan |title=Goddesses of Fury: History's Most Daring Queens |publisher=The Little Booktique Hub |isbn=978-93-93209-19-1 |page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xDpTEAAAQBAJ&dq=Dalpat+Shah&pg=PA151 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="women">{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Archana Garodia |title=The Women Who Ruled India: Leaders. Warriors. Icons. |date=20 April 2019 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-5195-153-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XuLDwAAQBAJ&dq=Dalpat+Shah&pg=PT67 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/snapshort-histories/2017/07/17/rani-durgavati-the-warrior-queen-of-the-gonds.html |title="Rani Durgavati: The Warrior Queen of the Gonds" |access-date=2018-02-12 |archive-date=2018-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213021957/https://www.livehistoryindia.com/snapshort-histories/2017/07/17/rani-durgavati-the-warrior-queen-of-the-gonds.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> who was a [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandela]] [[Rajput]] princess. [[Rani Durgavati]] moved her capital to [[Narsinghpur|Chouragarh]] because it was safer than [[Singorgarh fort]]. Rani Durgawati made the kingdom extremely prosperous, it was said that the people paid their taxes in gold in her reign.<ref name= "women"/> [[Baz Bahadur]], the last [[Malwa Sultanate|sultan of Malwa]], invaded Garha but was thoroughly defeated by Rani Durgawati.<ref name="rani">{{cite book |last1=Sengupta |first1=Nandini |title=Rani Durgawati: The Forgotten Life of a Warrior Queen |date=25 November 2022 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5492-829-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pVWbEAAAQBAJ&dq=kalyan+sahai&pg=PT111 |language=en}}</ref> The powerful [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]] sent his forces led by [[Asaf Khan I]] to [[Mughal conquest of Garha|capture Garha in 1564]]. The queen put up a fierce resistance in the Battle of Narrai despite being heavily outnumbered and was eventually killed. She is remembered as a war-heroine and is still praised across the whole [[Gondwana (India)|Gondwana]] region by the [[Gondi people|Gond]]s.<ref name= "women"/> The Mughals acquired immense booty from this victory, including coins, gold, silver, jewels and thousands of elephants.<ref name="akbar">{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II |date=2005 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1066-9 |page=105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&q=pg=PA105 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="west">{{cite book |last1=West |first1=Barbara A. |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |date=19 May 2010 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&dq=Sangram+Shah&pg=PA241 |language=en}}</ref>

After some years of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule, the kingdom was restored to Chandra Shah, another son of [[Sangram Shah]] and half-brother of [[Dalpat Shah]].<ref name="orissa">{{cite book |title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Mandla |date=1995 |publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p14KAQAAIAAJ&q=Hirde+Shah |language=en}}</ref> He was recognized as the successor of [[Rani Durgavati]] by [[Akbar]] on accepting Mughal suzerainty and ceding 10 of the garhas.<ref name="balaghat">{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |title=Madhya Pradesh: Balaghat |date=1992 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCduAAAAMAAJ&q=Hirde+Shah |language=en}}</ref><ref name="thakur gonds">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Anima |title=Tribe in transition : a study of Thakur Gonds |date=2005 |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788170999898 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72DFmlOlViEC&dq=Dalpat+Shah&pg=PA124}}</ref>
He was followed in succession by Madhukar Shah and Prem Narain.<ref name="balaghat"/> [[Jhujhar Singh]] of [[Orchha State|Orchha]] assassinated Prem Narain, however, [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] interference restored the kingdom to [[Hridayshah]].<ref name="balaghat"/><ref name="thakur gonds"/>

[[Hridayshah]] maintained friendly relations with the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], he spent days at the imperial court in Delhi as well.<ref name= "gondwana"/> He moved his capital from Chouragarh to [[Ramnagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ramnagar]] of [[Mandla]] district.

==Decline==
Hriday Shah was the last great king of Garha-Mandla. After his death, no great ruler appeared and court intrigue was common, greatly weakening the state. It ceded away portions of its territory and its revenues were spent to buy off its enemies. One of its feudatories, the Gond rajas of Deogadh, took advantage of the kingdom's weakness subsequent to the temporary Mughal conquest in the early 17th century and annexed a large part of its territories.<ref name="vidarbha">{{cite book |last1=Deogaonkar |first1=Shashishekhar Gopal |title=The Gonds of Vidarbha |date=2007 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-474-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X39c2VODLT0C&pg=PA16 |language=en}}</ref> [[Bakht Buland Shah]], the Gond raja of Deogarh, was ceded the district of Seoni, Chauri, Dongartal and Ghansour by Narendra Shah of Mandla for his aid against the rebellious [[Pathan]] jagirdars in the kingdom.<ref name="berar">{{cite book |last1=Sil |first1=Jogendra Nath |title=History of the Central Provinces and Berar |date=1917 |publisher=J.N. Sil |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/history-central-provinces-and-berar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Bhandara District |date=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4b4uPjJJFOkC&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en}}</ref>

By the time of Maharaj Shah (1732–1742), the kingdom held only 29 out of the initial 52 forts held by his ancestor [[Sangram Shah]].<ref name="seoni">{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |title=Madhya Pradesh: Seoni |date=1989 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyVuAAAAMAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en}}</ref> In 1742, [[Peshwa]] [[Balaji Baji Rao]] attacked Garha-Mandla along with Visaji Chandorkar, leader of the [[Marathas of Saugor|Sagar Marathas]] and killed the ruler, Maharaj Shah.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Dissertation Abstracts |date=1988 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yu8agexm5TUC&q=govind+pant+bundele+sagar |language=en}}</ref> His son, Shivraj Singh, ascended he throne on the condition that he would pay an annual tribute of 4 lakhs to the Marathas.<ref name="seoni"/> Garha-Mandla essentially became a dependent state of the [[Marathas of Saugor|Sagar Marathas]].

In 1780, Narhar Shah of Mandla was defeated by the [[Nagpur Kingdom|Maratha king of Nagpur]], [[Mudhoji Bhonsle]] and annexed the territories now constituting [[Balaghat District]] and some part of [[Bhandara District]]. Narhar Shah's kingdom was finally annexed in 1781 by the [[Marathas of Saugor|Sagar Marathas]] and he was sent to spend the rest of his days at [[Khurai|Khurai fort]] in Saugor.<ref name= "gondwana"/><ref name="thakur gonds"/> The anthropologist [[Stephen Fuchs]] describes- "In 1781 the last Gond ruler of Mandla, Narhar Shah, was tortured to death by the Maratha general Moraji, and Mandla became a dependency of the [[Marathas of Saugor|Saugor Marathas]]. In 1799 Mandla fell to the [[Bhonsles of Nagpur]], till in 1818 the British took over and assumed the rule also over Mandla."<ref Name = "imperial">Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', Volume 17. 1908–1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford.</ref><ref name="colonial">{{cite book |last1=Rashkow |first1=Ezra |last2=Ghosh |first2=Sanjukta |last3=Chakrabarti |first3=Upal |title=Memory, Identity and the Colonial Encounter in India: Essays in Honour of Peter Robb |date=18 August 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-59694-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ4xDwAAQBAJ&dq=Narhar+Shah&pg=PT229 |language=en}}</ref>
==Aftermath==
In 1817, Mandla came under British rule during the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref name="thakur gonds"/>
[[Shankar Shah]], a pensioner of the British, descendent of the rajas of Garha-Mandla and his son Raghunath Shah were arrested of a plot to murder the English residents of [[Jabalpur]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Revolt of 1857]] and were executed by [[blowing from a gun]] in [[Jabalpur]].<ref name="west"/><ref name= "gondwana"/>

==Emblem of Gondwana State==
For over a millennium in South Asia, the visual trope of a triumphant lion vanquishing one or several elephants has been common in architectural sculpture, both in the round and in relief. In the rather limited scholarship on this motif, diverse interpretations have been offered. Although its presence has remained fairly stable through time, there exist many minor variations on this motif, including the use of leonine creatures variously described as vyālas or yālīs, and the incorporation of other fantastic creatures known popularly as makaras in such combats. In South India, the myth of the fantastic composite animal called the Śarabha takes this imagery yet further. Yet, the simple image of a lion victorious over one or more elephants was situated very strategically within certain architectural programs for given periods and places. For example, [[Gondwana Kingdom]] forts, Deccani forts constructed between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries carried this representation on their barbicans and gateways . While tracing the history of this visual motif.

==Administration==
Administration of Gondwana was becoming centralised. The kingdom was divided into ''garh'', each ''garh'' was controlled by particular [[Gondi people|Gond]] clan. This was further divided into units of 84 villages called ''chourasi''. The ''chourasi'' was further subdivided into ''barhots'' which are made up of 12 villages each.

===List of garh===
The 53 forts or ''garh'' on which each Gondwana division was based were:
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em
|# [[Jabalpur|Garha]]
# [[Singorgarh fort|Singhorgarh]]
# [[Kurwai]]
# [[Rahatgarh]]
# Ginnorgarh
# [[Bhopal]]
# [[Makrai State|Makrai]]
# Madogarh (Mandla)
# Amoda (Jabalpur)
# [[Patan, Madhya Pradesh|Patangarh]] (Jabalpur)
# [[Chaurai Khas|Chourai]]
# [[Bargi Dam|Bargi]]
# [[Ghansor|Ghansour]]
# Karvagarh (Seoni)
# Chaiturgarh Lafagarh-Korba
# [[Raigarh]]
# Tipagarh (Balaghat)
# Kanoja (Jabalpur)
# Pachelgarh (Jabalpur)
# Bagmar (Mandla)
# Dongartal (Nagpur)
# Jhanjhangarh (Jabalpur)
# Santagarh
# Diyagarh (Jabalpur)
# Bankagarh
# Amargarh (Dindori)
# Devhar (Dindori)
# Nimuagarh (Narsinghpur)
# Bhanwargarh (Narsinghpur)
# [[Pawai]]-Karhi
# [[Shahnagar]]
# [[Dhamoni]]
# [[Hatta, Madhya Pradesh|Hatta]]
# [[Madiyadoh]]
# [[Garhakota]]
# [[Shahgarh]]
# [[Garhpehra]] (Sagar)
# [[Damoh]]
# [[Rehli]]
# [[Bina-Etawa|Itwa]] (Sagar)
# [[Khimlasa]]
# [[Badi, Raisen|Badi]]
# Chowkigarh (Hoshangabad)
# Karubag (Raisen)
# [[Raisen]]
# Bhanwaraso
# Opadgarh (Bhopal)
# Punagarh (Narsinghpur)
# [[Deori, Sagar|Deori]]
# [[Gaurjhamar|Gourjhamar]]
# Partabgarh ([[Bilaspur, Madhya Pradesh|Bilaspur]])
# [[Fatehpur, Bhopal|Fatehpur]] (Hoshangabad)
# Garh Katanga
}}

== List of rulers ==
The following is a list of the rulers of Garha-Mandla-<ref name="later">{{cite journal |last1=Chauhan |first1=D. S. |title=A study of the later history of the Rajgond kingdom of Garha-Mandla(1564–1678) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1966 |volume=28 |pages=154–161 |jstor=44140413 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140413 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>{{sfn|Mishra|2008|p=34138}}
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* Kharji (1440–1460)
* Gorakshadas (1460–1480)
* Sukhandas (1480–1500)
* Arjun Das (1500–1513)
* [[Sangram Shah]] also known as Aman das (1513–1543)
* [[Dalpat Shah]] (1543–1550)
* [[Rani Durgawati]] (1550–1564)
* Chandra Shah (1566–1576)
* Madhukar Shah
* Prem Narain
* [[Hridayshah]] (1634–1668)
* Chhatra Shah (1668–1685)
* Kesari Shah (1685–1688)<ref name="Naidunia-Five-storey palace built from 350 year old stones">{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Five-storey palace built from 350 year old stones |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/mandla-fivestorey-palace-built-from-350-year-old-stones-2725820 |website=Naidunia |publisher=Naidunia |access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref>
* Narendra Shah (1688–1732)
* Maharaj Shah (1732–1742)
* Shivraj Shah (1742–1749)
* Durjan Shah (1749)
* Nizam Shah (1749–1776)
* Narhar Shah (1776–1781)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="gondwana">{{cite book |last1=Chatterton |first1=Eyre |title=The Story Of Gondwana |date=8 January 2021 |publisher=Read Books Ltd |isbn=978-1-5287-6963-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7UTEAAAQBAJ&dq=Sangram+Shah&pg=PT23 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="dTe">{{cite news |last1=Pallavi |first1=Aparna |title=The Gond kingdoms |work=Down To Earth |date=1 October 2014 |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/environment/the-gond-kingdoms-46701|language=en}}</ref>
}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=Suresh |title=Gadha Ka Gond Rajya (The Gond kingdom of Garha) |date=1 January 2008 |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |isbn=978-81-267-1549-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyq3uGRT-JEC |language=hi}}

[[Category:Former countries in Indian history]]
[[Category:Garha kingdom]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1440]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1781]]

Hellinsia shillongi

2026-04-25T16:01:38Z

Vemareddy: New A Entry Added Tags - done

{{Short description|Species of moth}}
{{Speciesbox
|image =
|image_caption =
|taxon = Hellinsia shillongi
|authority = [[Vasily Nikolaevich Kovtunovich|Kovtunovich]], 2003<ref>{{cite journal |first=V. N. |last=Kovtunovich |year=2003 |title=New species of plume moths from India |journal=Entomologischeskoe Obozrenie |volume=82 |pages=752–757 |url=https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=9291316 |url-access=limited }}</ref>
}}
'''''Hellinsia shillongi''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Pterophoridae]]. It is endemic to [[India]]<ref name="Pterophoroidea of the World"/><ref name="Pathania et al. 2021"/> and known from [[Assam]].<ref name="Pathania et al. 2021"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Pathania et al. 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Pathania |first1=Prakash C. |last2=Gielis |first2=Cornelis |last3=Das |first3=Apurva |last4=Chandra |first4=Kailash |title=Catalogue of superfamily Pterophoroidea Kuznetsov & Stekolnikov (Lepidoptera) of India |journal=Zootaxa |date=2021 |volume=4915 |issue=2 |pages=201–236 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4915.2.2}}</ref>

<ref name="Pterophoroidea of the World">{{cite web |url=https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/1199/taxon/1054 |title=''Hellinsia shillongi'' Kovtonovich, 2003 |work=Catalogue of the Pterophoroidea of the World 1.1.25.071 |date=12 March 2025 |access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5708234}}

[[Category:Hellinsia|shillongi]]
[[Category:Plume moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Lepidoptera of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths described in 2003]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Vasily Nikolaevich Kovtunovich]]

{{Oidaematophorini-stub}}

Mridula Bhatkar

2026-04-24T13:32:36Z

Vemareddy: Put up

{{short description|Indian Judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mridula Bhatkar
| office = [[Judge]] of the [[Bombay High Court]]
| term_start = 10 February 2009
| term_end = 27 May 2019
| nominator = [[K.G. Balakrishnan]]
| appointer = [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|05|28|df=y}}
| alma_mater = [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Ms. Justice
}}
'''Mridula Bhatkar''' (born 28 May 1957) is a former judge of the [[Bombay High Court]], in Maharashtra, India, serving on the court between 2009 and 2019. She adjudicated in several notable cases during her tenure as a judge, including the [[Jalgaon rape case]], the [[2006 Mumbai train bombings]], and the conviction of [[Gujarat Police|Gujarat police]] officers and doctors in the 2002 [[2002 Gujarat riots#Bilkis Bano case|gangrape of Bilkis Bano]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-06-06|title=Govt should consult judges while appointing public prosecutors: Justice Mridula Bhatkar|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/govt-should-consult-judges-while-appointing-public-prosecutors-justice-mridula-bhatkar-interview-5767556/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Hon'ble Former Justices: Mrs. Mridula Bhatkar|url=https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/jshowpuisne.php?bhcpar=amdldGlkPTQwNiZwYWdlbm89MjE=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[Bombay High Court]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2017-05-05|title=Bilkis Bano gangrape case verdict: Bombay HC convicts 5 Gujarat cops, 2 doctors, upholds life for 11|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bilkis-bano-verdict-gujarat-2002-riots-bombay-hc-life-imprisonment-cbi-death-convicts-4640051/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bhatkar enrolled with the Bar Council of Maharashtra and Goa in 1982 and practiced law in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]. Between 1990 and 1992, she was a visiting faculty member at [[ILS Law College]] in Pune, and also at the Department of Journalism in [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]], where she taught a course on law and the press.<ref name=":1" />

On 21 April 1993, she was appointed a City Civil and Sessions Judge in [[Mumbai]], and later served as the Principal Judge in [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]], as well. She was appointed Registrar-General of the Bombay High Court in 2008, and served in that capacity until she was appointed an additional judge of the Bombay High Court on 10 February 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=10 Feb 2009|title=Six new judges in Bombay HC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Six-new-judges-in-Bombay-HC/articleshow/4107891.cms|access-date=2020-11-08|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> She retired from judicial service on 27 May 2019.<ref name=":1" />

=== Significant judgments ===

==== Judgments concerning family law ====
In 2011, Bhatkar heard a case filed by a member of the [[Jainism|Jain]] religion, arguing that his child, aged 8, had voluntarily taken a religious vow of celibacy and spirituality, after the Child Welfare Committee raised concerns about the child's physical and mental health. During the hearings, Bhatkar had raised questions about the child's rights under the Constitution. The case is yet to be decided.{{update inline|date=February 2021}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 June 2009|title='˜Child diksha can't be tried under the Juvenile Justice Act'|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/Child-diksha-cant-be-tried-under-the-Juvenile-Justice-Act/articleshow/15929406.cms|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 November 2011|first=Rosy|last=Sequeira|title=Does diksha conflict with right to childhood, asks HC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/ampnbspDoes-diksha-conflict-with-right-to-childhood-asks-HC/articleshow/10924165.cms|access-date=2020-11-08|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bal Diksha: Final hearing on August 1 - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bal-diksha-final-hearing-on-august-1/970374/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

In 2012, Bhatkar ruled that children who were adopted by other families did not have any legal claim to inheriting property from their biological parents.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-12-04|title=HC: adopted child has no right in property of biological parents|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/hc-adopted-child-has-no-right-in-property-of-biological-parents/story-y0DSynSW8Rcf2F9D2KMTVJ.html|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 December 2012|first=Shibu|last=Thomas|title=Son given in adoption can't claim biological kin's assets|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Son-given-in-adoption-cant-claim-biological-kins-assets/articleshow/17457921.cms|access-date=2020-11-08|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==== Judgments concerning criminal law ====
Bhatkar has adjudicated in a number of significant cases relating to criminal law in India. in 2010, she refused to allow a petition seeking the constitution of a review committee to examine the authorisation of surveillance and interrogation under the [[Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act]], holding that while this would be a "welcome step," it should be done at the initiative of the State Government, and not the courts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-05-10|title=High court rules out review of tough crime legislation|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/high-court-rules-out-review-of-tough-crime-legislation/story-ySMPGRCiwrfbsdmsX8NtXJ.html|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

On 12 January 2017, Bhatkar granted bail to three men belonging to a Hindu extremist group, the Hindu Rashtra Sena, who had been convicted of murdering a Muslim man by beating him to death with hockey sticks, in the [[Pune techie murder case]]. Bhatkar ruled that the three attackers had been provoked to commit the attack for religious reasons, by leaders of the Hindu Rashtra Sena, and that this justified her order granting them bail. The order was widely criticized, and is being reviewed by the Supreme Court of India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-17|title=Bombay HC's controversial bail order in murder case under SC scanner|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bombay-hc-s-controversial-bail-order-in-murder-case-under-sc-scanner/story-g6BJoMvwi667Ppp940Xs5M.html|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-15|title='Provoked in the name of religion': Bombay HC grants bail to 3 murder accused|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/bombay-high-court-grants-bail-to-3-murder-accused-says-they-were-provoked-in-the-name-of-religion/story-lJLRPcMgcRjAA6KejrKz5H.html|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-15|title=Not justice|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/bombay-hcs-order-in-mohsin-sheikh-case-rewrites-jurisprudence-of-provocation-in-dangerous-ways-4482544/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, she rebuked the [[Maharashtra Police|Maharashtra police]] for leaking information to the media in relation to ongoing cases filed against persons arrested following the [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-03|title=Matter sub judice: HC questions Maharashtra police's media briefing in activists' arrest case|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/matter-sub-judice-hc-questions-maharashtra-police-s-media-briefing-in-activists-arrest-case/story-fPv8BrnCPi25jjuvmwH7lL.html|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Bhatkar also allowed the transfer of the persons accused of murdering journalist [[Gauri Lankesh]] from Karnataka to Maharashtra, to allow them to be interrogated in relation to the murder of scholars and activists [[Narendra Dabholkar]] and [[Govind Pansare]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-15|title=Gauri Lankesh murder accused, Amol Kale, associates to be shifted to Arthur Road jail from Bengaluru's Central Prison|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gauri-lankesh-murder-accused-amol-kale-associates-to-be-shifted-to-arthur-road-jail-from-bengaluru-s-central-prison/story-ntheY9EqHlk5O8pkcomxEP.html|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==== Judgments concerning sexual violence ====
Bhatkar has also made several significant rulings in connection to criminal law and sexual violence. In 2011, Bhatkar ruled that the state could not appeal against a ruling that six men were found not guilty of raping an American student at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, after she awoke in a state of undress and was forced by them to consume contraceptive pills. Bhatkar and another judge, Naresh Patil, found that this was insufficient evidence of sexual assault and barred the appeal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-06-30|title=State cannot appeal against verdict: HC|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/state-cannot-appeal-against-verdict-hc/story-qMZK89PyuS0DgyY8FZx71M.html|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=TISS gangrape case: HC upholds acquittal of 6 accused|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/tiss-gangrape-case-hc-upholds-acquittal-of-6-accused/810460/|access-date=2022-06-20|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=29 June 2011}}</ref> In 2017, Bhatkar, along with another judge, Girish Kulkarni, and several other persons appointed to a panel by the Bombay High Court, recommended increasing the maximum compensation that could be granted under the Manodhairya Yojana scheme, which allows financial recompense to child and adult survivors of sexual assault, and acid attacks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-29|title=Hike compensation for rape, acid attack survivors to Rs10 lakh, says Bombay high court panel|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/hike-compensation-for-rape-acid-attack-survivors-to-rs10l-lakh-says-bombay-high-court-panel/story-3vgmx3sbHOLacCuUeZ4gQN.html|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

Bhatkar has also made significant rulings to the law governing consent to sexual acts. In 2015, Bhatkar granted bail to a 20-year-old man who was charged with sexually assaulting a minor girl aged 15, holding that the relationship was, in her view, consensual and that this constituted 'mitigating circumstances' to justify bail.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-19|title=Mumbai HC finds 'mitigating circumstances' in rape case, accused gets bail|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-hc-finds-mitigating-circumstances-in-rape-case-accused-gets-bail/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> She ruled in 2017, that when consent to sexual intercourse was provided under a false promise of a future marriage, it did not constitute rape, but allowed the person accused of this to be tried instead for offences of cheating, criminal intimidation, and assault.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-05|title=Bombay HC: Consensual sex on promise of marriage is not rape|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/hc-consensual-sex-on-promise-of-marriage-is-not-rape/story-Qit5uhnvvszda8nzepqKoJ.html|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> In the same year, Bhatkar ruled that provisions of the [[Indian Penal Code]] should be interpreted to mean that informed consent does not include consent provided under the influence of intoxicants such as alcohol.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-17|title=Drunk woman's consent for sex is not valid, says Bombay high court|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/drunk-woman-s-consent-for-sex-is-not-valid-says-bombay-hc/story-8YXEWmDKb2kG3kWviXrswN.html|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

Bhatkar notably adjudicated in a case filed by [[2002 Gujarat riots#Bilkis Bano case|Bilkis Bano]], upholding the life sentence awarded to eleven men who were convicted of committing the offence of gang-rape against Bano and of murdering her family, during the [[2002 Gujarat riots]]. Along with Justice [[Vijaya Tahilramani|V. K. Tahilramani]], she held that the Gujarat police had deliberately failed to record Bano's complaint and were complicit in actively impeding the investigation. Six policemen were among the convicted persons. The Supreme Court upheld their order, and further directed the Gujarat government to pay Bano compensation.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-04-23|title=SC orders Gujarat govt to pay ₹50 lakh compensation to Bilkis Bano|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-orders-gujarat-govt-to-pay-50-lakh-compensation-to-bilkis-bano/article26919852.ece|access-date=2020-11-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In an interview to ''[[The Indian Express|Indian Express]]'' prior to her retirement in 2019, she expressed support for the #[[Me Too movement (India)|MeToo movement in India]], noting that the facts of a case concerning sexual assault might be uncovered or disclosed many years after the commission of the offence.<ref name=":0" /> She also stated in an interview with ''The Times of India'', that certain laws protecting women were necessary in light of patriarchal institutions and customs in India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-15|title='Our society needs to reach that level of maturity for laws to be made more gender neutral'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/the-interviews-blog/our-society-needs-to-reach-that-level-of-maturity-for-laws-to-be-made-more-gender-neutral/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Judgments concerning gender and sexuality'''

In a significant decision concerning constitutional law, Bhatkar held in 2011 that a Maharashtra government law increasing the number of seats reserved for women in local government bodies from 33% to 50% was constitutional and refused to strike it down.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-12-02|title=HC upholds 50% women's quota in civic bodies|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/hc-upholds-50-women-s-quota-in-civic-bodies/story-M9jT08mErTsjL4jgPrXDqJ.html|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, Bhatkar passed one of the first orders dismissing charges against a person accused of homosexuality, after the Indian Supreme Court decriminalised consensual sex between same-sex adults in ''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|Navtej Singh Johar v Union of India]].''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-31|title=Booked for homosexuality in 2009, man discharged by Bombay High Court|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/man-charged-under-section-377-after-complaint-by-partner-s-wife-gets-hc-relief/story-eAFvcmnUKuTC1PRt2wdPmO.html|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== Writing ==
In 2016, while still a judge, Bhatkar published a book of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] poetry, titled ''Kavita Manatlya, Kavita Courtatlya'' (''Poems from the Heart, poems from the Court'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Plumber|first=Mustafa|date=2016-09-13|title=Why is Mridula Bhatkar seeing poetry in the word 'honourable'?|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-is-mridula-bhatkar-seeing-poetry-in-the-word-honourable-2254553|access-date=2020-11-08|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

She has disclosed two forthcoming books that she is writing; a biography of her husband, the actor [[Ramesh Bhatkar]], and a memoir about her experiences as a judge.<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
Bhatkar earned a Bachelor's in Arts from Pune University, as well as a post-graduate degree in journalism before earning a law degree from the same institution.<ref name=":1" /> Her husband, [[Ramesh Bhatkar]], was a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] film, TV, and stage actor, who died in February 2019. They have one son.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Veteran actor Ramesh Bhatkar passes away at 70 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/veteran-actor-ramesh-bhatkar-passes-away-at-70/articleshow/67834544.cms|access-date=2020-11-08|website=The Times of India|date=4 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-05|title=Actor Ramesh Bhatkar dies of cancer|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/actor-ramesh-bhatkar-dies-of-cancer-5569178/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

Ramesh Bhatkar; husband of Mrudula Bhatkar was a Marathi film actor and also featured in many a TV serials such as Commando, Hello Inspector etc. In year 2007 Ramesh Bhatkar was accused of molesting a film aspirant girl of 18 years of age and a criminal case of molestation came to be registered at Wanawadi Police Station in Pune city. Ramesh managed to get a protection from arrest in terms of Anticipatory Bail and later came to be discharged by Bombay High Court. Mrudula Bhatkar has elicited this bitter experience in her recently released book, "हे सांगायला हवं" (''Hey Sangaayalaa Hava''—This must be told).

It was a bitter coincidence in the life of a woman judge who was vociferously condemning the accused in her verdicts in cases of crimes against women that her husband had to face charges on similar count. All accused in the case got relief from various courts including from Bombay High Court in the case which came to an abrupt halt in a short time.

<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/12/27/marathi-actor-producer-held-for-sexual-exploitation-1198697516.html?story=1|title= Marathi actor, producer held for sexual exploitation|date=27 December 2007 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/02/01/hc-grants-bail-to-main-accused-1201881790.html|title= HC grants bail to main accused|date=1 February 2008 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/reprieve-for-bhatkar-others-by-court/articleshow/2688328.cms|title= Reprieve for Bhatkar, others by court|date=10 January 2008 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.loksatta.com/lokrang/hey-sangayla-hava-i-must-say-this-books-by-author-mridula-bhatkar-zws-70-2838637/|title= Going through bitter experiences..|date= 13 March 2022 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatkar, Mridula}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women judges]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]

Ministry of Sanitation (Maharashtra)

2026-04-23T07:52:01Z

Vemareddy: Done

{{Short description|Maharashtra government ministry responsible for Sanitation}}{{One source|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a = '''मंत्रालय स्वच्छता विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Sanitation [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Gulab Raghunath Patil]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''[[Meghana Bordikar]]'''
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Sanitation''' is a ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]] state. The ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet-level]] minister. [[Gulab Raghunath Patil]] is the current Minister of Sanitation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulab Raghunath Patil Birthday: Must-know facts about the famous politician from Shiv Sena |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/gulab-raghunath-patil-birthday-must-know-facts-about-the-famous-politician-from-shiv-sena |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Sanitation (Maharashtra)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Sanitation}} '''मंत्री स्वच्छता विभाग'''
|image=
| incumbent = [[Gulab Raghunath Patil]]
| incumbentsince = 21 December 2024
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''', 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = '''[[Shantilal Shah]]''' 
(1960-1962)
| precursor = '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' 
(2024-2024)
| deputy =
* '''[[Meghana Bordikar]]'''
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Sanitation
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shantilal Shah]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle Constituency No. 177]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shantilal Shah]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle Constituency No. 177]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''D. S. Palapsagar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Balasaheb Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan Constituency No. 261]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Nirmala Raje Bhosale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Satara Constituency No. 268]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Anant Namjoshi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Girgaon Assembly constituency|Girgaon Constituency No. 185]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Hari Govindrao Vartak]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Bassein-Vasai Constituency No. 180]]- [[Palghar district|Palghar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 20 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Nashikrao Tirpude]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara Constituency No. 61]]- [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}"|
|
|'''Pramila Tople''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Akola Constituency No. 15]]- [[Akola District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|18 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|18}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|80px]]
|'''[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nehrunagar Assembly constituency|Nehrunagar Constituency No. 172]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|rowspan="1"|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 08 - [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Harshvardhan Deshmukh''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Morshi Assembly constituency|Morshi Constituency No. 43]]- [[Amravati District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|18 November}} 1994
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1994|11|18}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]] Supported Party ([[Indian National Congress]])
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Anna Dange]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Jaiprakash Mundada]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Basmath Assembly constituency|Basmath Constituency No. 92]]- [[Hingoli District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi Constituency No. 218]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Cleanliness
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|1999|10|27}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|27|2003|01|16}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Sanitation
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Mudkhed Assembly constituency|Mudkhed Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Ajit Pawar.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ajit Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Ajit Pawar.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ajit Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''Laxmanrao Dhobale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Mohol Assembly constituency|Mohol Constituency No. 247]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''Laxmanrao Dhobale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Mohol Assembly constituency|Mohol Constituency No. 247]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|07 June}} 2013
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2013|06|07}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="3"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla Constituency No. 119]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} Additional Charge
|{{small|07 June}} 2013
|{{small|11 June}} 2013
!{{ayd|2013|06|07|2013|06|11}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Dilip Gangadhar Sopal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Barshi Assembly constituency|Barshi Constituency No. 246]]- [[Osmanabad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 June}} 2013
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2013|06|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister)
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|04 December}} 2014
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2014|12|04}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Babanrao Lonikar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Partur Assembly constituency|Partur Constituency No. 99]]- [[Parbhani District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 2014
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2014|12|05|2019|11|12}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
| '''[[Gulab Raghunath Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon Rural Assembly constituency|Jalgaon Rural Constituency No. 14]]- [[Jalgaon District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|27}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
| '''[[Anil Parab]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 07 - [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} Additional Charge
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|27|2022|06|29}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|45
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Gulab Raghunath Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon Rural Assembly constituency|Jalgaon Rural Constituency No. 14]]- [[Jalgaon District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Shiv Sena]] (Shinde Group)
|-
|46
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|47
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|
|'''[[Gulab Raghunath Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon Rural Assembly constituency|Jalgaon Rural Constituency No. 14]]- [[Jalgaon District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Sanitation
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''The Post of Deputy Minister / Minister of States has been kept Vacant from 23 November 2019 To 28 November 2019'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Shri._Sanjay_Bansode.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Sanjay Bansode]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir Constituency No. 237]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| [[Gulab Raghunath Patil]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''The Post of Deputy Minister / Minister of States has been kept Vacant from 30 June 2022'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26
}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Gulab Raghunath Patil]] (2022 – 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Meghana Bordikar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jintur Assembly constituency|Jintur Constituency No. 95]]- [[Parbhani District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"| [[Gulab Raghunath Patil]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
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== References ==
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Parveen Babi

2026-04-19T14:36:40Z

Vemareddy: Put Up Some Data V1 - done

{{Short description|Indian actress (1954–2005)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Parveen Babi
| image = Parveen Babi.jpg
| caption = Babi in ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' (1977)
| native_name = 
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1954|04|04|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Junagadh]], Saurashtra, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2005|01|20|1954|04|04|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| resting_place = Juhu Muslim Cemetery, [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santa Cruz]], Mumbai
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
| years active = 1971–1993
| signature = Parveen Babi Signature.png
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Ahmedabad|St. Xavier's College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]])
}}

'''Parveen Sultana Wali Mohammad Khanji Babi''' ({{IPA|gu|ˈpəɾʋin ˈbɑbi|pron}}; 4 April 1954{{snd}}20 January 2005)<ref name="DOB" /> was an Indian actress and model, who worked in [[Hindi films]]. One of the highest-paid actresses of the 1970s and the 1980s, she appeared in over 70 films and was the first Bollywood star to appear on the cover of [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]]. She was known for her glamorous acting style, her modelling and fashion, and was often cited in the media as a [[sex symbol]].{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-05 |title=Parveen Babi, Bollywood's sensual seductress who died alone and forgotten at 55 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/photo/parveen-babi-the-tragic-bollywood-beauty-who-died-a-lonely-death-4543/1|access-date=2025-01-25|website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-04 |title=Happy Birthday, Parveen Babi: An Ode To The Glamorous Enigma Who Changed Bollywood Forever |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/happy-birthday-parveen-babi-an-ode-to-the-glamorous-enigma-who-changed-bollywood-forever/17040383 |access-date=2025-01-25 |publisher=iDiva.com |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125215141/https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/happy-birthday-parveen-babi-an-ode-to-the-glamorous-enigma-who-changed-bollywood-forever/17040383 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Diptakirti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gq-CBAAAQBAJ&dq=supreme+hero+chiranjeevi&pg=PT109 |title=Bollybook: The Big Book of Hindi Movie Trivia |date=2014-09-12 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-799-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rammesh|title=Human Cinema: The Films of Hrishikesh Mukherjee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=azlpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT214|date=2018-08-17|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64324-955-1|page=1943}}</ref>}}

Babi was born in 1954, into the [[Babi dynasty|Babi Dynasty]]. She was educated at [[St. Xavier's College, Ahmedabad|St. Xavier's College]] and began her modeling career in 1971. Two years later, she made her acting debut in the film ''Charitra.'' She became popular in the mid-1970s, with notable roles in films like ''[[Majboor (1974 film)|Majboor]]'' and ''[[Deewaar]]''. Over the following years, she appeared in several of the highest-grossing Indian films, including ''[[Kaala Sona]]'', ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'', ''[[Suhaag (1979 film)|Suhaag]]'', ''[[Kaala Patthar]]'', ''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]'', ''[[Kranti]]'', ''[[Kaalia]]'' and ''[[Namak Halaal]]''. The film ''[[Irada (1991 film)|Irada]]'' released in 1991, was her final film before she retired from the film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-20|title=Remembering Parveen Babi: The Tragic Life and Death of One of Bollywood's Most Beautiful Actress |url=https://www.masala.com/remembering-parveen-babi-the-tragic-life-and-death-of-one-of-bollywoods-most-beautiful-actress |website=Masala!}}</ref>

Babi's personal life received much attention. She remained unmarried after a string of relationships with [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Kabir Bedi]] and [[Mahesh Bhatt]]. She was believed to have been diagnosed with [[paranoid schizophrenia]], which came to the attention of the public, following various incidents. On 20 January 2005, she died at the age of 50, in her apartment in [[Mumbai]]. An [[autopsy]] stated that she died from [[organ failure]] and [[diabetes]].

== Early life ==
{{quote box
| quote = "Kabir, my childhood has been one dark fearful journey. As a child, I was unable to get or maybe receive the kind of love I needed. I never felt at home in my home. I was unable to communicate with people around me, and people around me were too ignorant to understand my kind of child. I felt insecure at every step..."
| source ={{mdash}} Babi on her childhood in a letter to Kabir Bedi{{sfn|Bedi|2021|p=210}}
| align = right
| width = 30%
}}

Babi was born on 4 April 1954 in [[Junagadh]], [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]] (now in [[Gujarat]]), [[India]] to an aristocratic family of the [[Babi dynasty]].<ref name="DOB">{{harvnb|Upadhyay|2020|p=14}}:"On 4 April 1954, she gave birth to Parveen Sultana Wali Mohammad Khanji Babi."</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2023-08-10|title=Parveen Babi to Asha Parekh: Actresses from Gujarat who shaped the Bollywood industry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/parveen-babi-to-asha-parekh-actresses-from-gujarat-who-shaped-the-bollywood-industry/etphotostory/98905843.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2005-01-25 |title=Obituaries - Parveen Babi |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/parveen-babi-488143.html |website=The Independent |language=en |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411054557/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/parveen-babi-488143.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Babi's parents belonged to the [[Babai (Pashtun tribe)|Babi]] tribe of [[Pathans of Gujarat|Gujarati Pathans]]. Her father, Wali Mohammed Khan Babi, was the last ''[[Nawab|nawab]]'' of Junagadh and a relative of [[Muhammad Mahabat Khan III]]. On 15 August 1947, he announced that his kingdom will join the newly-created [[Pakistan]], however in a [[Referendum|referendum]] held on 20 February 1948, 99.95 per cent of Junagadh's population voted to join the independent India. During the [[Partition of India|India–Pakistan partition]], Wali was relieved of his job, land, and title. However, under the [[Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013|Land Acquisition Act]], he was offered approximately 100 ''[[bigha]]s'' of agricultural land in the Bamangam village of Gujarat's [[Anand district]]. The cultivation of wheat and groundnut on this land served as the majority of the family's income. Babi's mother, Jamal Bakhte Babi, was a distant relative within the Babi clan, and moved from Devgam village in [[Amreli]] to Junagadh after her marriage. While she wasn't well-educated, Wali, recognizing her worldly-wiseness, handed over complete control of his Bamangan land to her.{{sfn|Upadhyay|2020|p=13}}<ref>[http://www.junagadhstate.org/illustrious.html "The Illustrious Babi Daynasty :: JunaGadh State"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211131403/http://www.junagadhstate.org/illustrious.html |date=11 December 2016 }}. ''junagadhstate.org''.</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2005-01-31|title='Adopted son' claims Parveen Babi's crores |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/adopted-son-claims-parveen-babi-s-crores-news-bollywood-kkfv9zbeghi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218073954/http://www.sify.com/movies/adopted-son-claims-parveen-babi-s-crores-news-bollywood-kkfv9zbeghi.html |archive-date=2013-02-18 |access-date=2012-10-06|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Born 14 years after her parents' marriage, Babi was an only child and grew up in a 54-room [[haveli]] maintained by a staff of half-a-dozen people. The family eventually moved to a two-[[Storey|storey]] mansion in Diwan ''[[Chowrangi|chowk]]''. Her father died from throat cancer when she was six years old, while her mother died in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |date=2005-01-24 |title=Junagadh lockers hold key to 'pot of gold' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/junagadh-lockers-hold-key-to-pot-of-gold/articleshow/1000079.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 December 2024 |archive-date=27 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227153435/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/junagadh-lockers-hold-key-to-pot-of-gold/articleshow/1000079.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She completed her early education at a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] medium school.{{sfn|Upadhyay|2020|p=14}} In 1968, a fourteen-year old Babi enrolled in [[St. Xavier's College, Ahmedabad]] for her [[Pre-university course|pre-university course]]. Her mother was reluctant to send her away from home to study, as educating daughters wasn't a mainstream practice at the time. After months of "begging and cajoling" from Babi, she agreed on the condition that Babi must get engaged and marry in the near future. {{sfn|Upadhyay|2020|p=20}}

As a native speaker of Gujarati, [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]], Babi self-taught herself English in college. She graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in [[English major|English]] and [[Psychology]] and a [[Master of Arts]] in English.{{sfn|Upadhyay|2020|pp=24-25}}

== Career ==

=== 1971–1974: Modelling, debut and early roles ===

Babi's modelling career began in 1971, when she was recruited by Jeannie Naoroji, for a fashion show at [[Calico Dome]] in September 1971.{{sfn|Upadhyay|2020|p=41}} In 1972, [[B. R. Ishara]] having taken notice of Babi and who was watching over the shooting of his film ''Ek Nao Do Kinare (''1973) in [[Ahmedabad]], offered her a role in a film, but he forgot to contact her. Following this, Mamta Sahu, a model working for Naoroji and the daughter of director [[Kishore Sahu]], took notice of Babi's potential and recommended Babi to her father, who was searching for a new cast member, whom he could cast in his film [[Dhuen Ki Lakeer]] (1974). Unknown to Sahu, Ishara announced that Babi would make her acting debut in his film ''Charitra'' which was released in 1973, opposite cricketer [[Salim Durani|Salim Durrani]].<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4198219.stm "Bollywood star Parveen Babi dies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114182355/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4198219.stm |date=14 January 2025 }} ''[[BBC News]]'', 22 January 2005</ref> Ultimately, Sahu and Ishara reached an agreement, allowing Babi to begin shooting with Sahu, who hired [[Roshan Taneja]] to teach her the basics of acting. Babi relocated to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and lived with Sahu and his family while shooting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/Oct/04/the-star-that-lost-her-shinea-book-onparveen-babi-and-her-life-2204607.html|title=The star that lost her shine: A book on 'Parveen Babi' and her life|author=Gautam Chintamani|date=2020-10-03|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=2024-12-30|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505182440/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/oct/04/the-star-that-lost-her-shinea-book-onparveen-babi-and-her-life-2204607.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The two films, released six months apart, performed poorly at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/Oct/04/the-star-that-lost-her-shinea-book-onparveen-babi-and-her-life-2204607.html|title=Book excerpt: How Parveen Babi disarmed (and alarmed) journalists during her early years in showbiz|author=Gautam Chintamani|date=2020-08-25|publisher=[[scroll.in]]|access-date=31 December 2024|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505182440/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/oct/04/the-star-that-lost-her-shinea-book-onparveen-babi-and-her-life-2204607.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In ''Charitra'', Babi played Shikha, a college student who is pressured into a sexual relationship with her father's creditor to alleviate her family's financial struggles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/looking-back-at-parveen-babis-career/articleshow/99232948.cms|author=Subhash K Jha|title=Looking back at Parveen Babi's career|date=2023-04-04|publisher=[[Times of India]]|access-date=2025-03-04|archive-date=5 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305024727/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/looking-back-at-parveen-babis-career/articleshow/99232948.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Critics praised her; ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]]'' described her as "[having] talent" and ''[[Free Press Journal]]'' said her "debut is promising."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hindiurduflagship.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/charitar.pdf|title=Film Review|work=The Illustrated Weekly of India|date=18 November 1973|archive-date=5 March 2025|access-date=5 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305024727/https://hindiurduflagship.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/charitar.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Ravi Tandon]]'s [[Majboor (1974 film)|''Majboor'']] (1974), Babi garnered recognition for her role as Neela Rajvansh, it was the first of her many collaborations with actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]].{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

=== 1974–1976: Breakthrough and career advancement ===

Babi had her breakthrough with her portrayal of Anita, a [[prostitute]], in the [[action crime film]] ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975), which emerged as one of the year's [[List of Hindi films of 1975|highest-grossing films in Hindi cinema]]. Her character was noted for engaging in [[premarital sex]] and drinking alcohol, defying societal norms for Indian woman, and helped establish Babi's [[Westernization|westernised image]].{{sfn|Bedi|2021|p=164}} In 1976, she starred opposite [[Dev Anand]] in [[Bullet (1976 film)|''Bullet'']], opposite [[Randhir Kapoor]] in ''[[Bhanwar (film)|Bhanwar]]'', ''[[Mama Bhanja]]'' and ''[[Mazdoor Zindabaad]]'' as well as [[Rishi Kapoor]] in ''[[Rangila Ratan]]'', but these films were unsuccessful.<ref name="rediff2003">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/03dinesh.htm |title=Parveen Babi: A bohemian rhapsody |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2012-10-28 |archive-date=9 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509192038/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/03dinesh.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Yash Chopra]] had originally cast Babi in ''[[Kabhi Kabhie]]'' (1976) as Pinky Kapoor, opposite Rishi Kapoor, but she was eventually replaced by [[Neetu Singh]], as Chopra felt she would not look suitable alongside Kapoor.{{sfn|Dwyer|2019|p=89}}

=== 1976–1983: Established actress ===

Babi appeared in numerous successful films throughout the 1970s and the early 1980s. Notably, she played the [[leading lady]], Jenny, opposite Amitabh Bachchan in ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' (1977) and portrayed Anu, opposite [[Shashi Kapoor]] in ''[[Suhaag (1979 film)|Suhaag]]'' (1979). Both films were the [[List of highest-grossing films in India#Highest-grossing_films_by_year|highest-grossing releases in India]] of their respective years. Her box-office success continued with ''[[Kaala Patthar]]'' (1979) and ''[[Namak Halaal]]'' (1982) opposite Kapoor, ''[[Kaala Sona]]'' (1975) opposite [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], ''[[Chandi Sona]]'' (1977) opposite [[Sanjay Khan]], and ''[[Jaani Dost]]'' (1983) opposite [[Dharmendra]]. She was one of the highest-paid actresses at the time, Babi was earning approximately ₹2 to ₹3 lakh per film during that period.{{sfn|Upadhyay|2020|loc=chpt. 22}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/on-parveen-babis-birth-anniversary-five-interesting-facts-about-her-life-101712162664134.html |title=On Parveen Babi's birth anniversary, five interesting facts about her life |last=Doe |first=John |date=2024-04-04 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=2024-12-29 |archive-date=20 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120135409/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/on-parveen-babis-birth-anniversary-five-interesting-facts-about-her-life-101712162664134.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

With her then boyfriend, Kabir Bedi, working in [[European cinema]], Babi aspired to do the same and she was cast in the Italian film ''[[La tigre è ancora viva: Sandokan alla riscossa!]]'' (1977) alongside Bedi, but she decided to quit the film after their breakup.{{sfnm|1a1=Bedi|1y=2021|1p=147|2a1=Upadhyay|2y=2020|2loc=chpt. 13}} Chopra had also considered Babi and [[Smita Patil]] for [[Silsila (1981 film)|''Silsila'']] (1981), but they were ultimately replaced by [[Rekha]] and [[Jaya Bachchan]], respectively.{{sfn|Dwyer|2019|p=96}} While Chopra stated that Babi took the news well, actor [[Ranjeet]] claimed that inside, she was deeply upset by the decision.{{sfn|Upadhyay|2020|loc=chpt. 21}}<ref>{{cite web|title=When Parveen Babi cried after she was replaced in 'Silsila' which went on to star Jaya Bachchan, Amitabh Bachchan and Rekha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-parveen-babi-cried-after-she-was-replaced-in-silsila-which-went-on-to-star-jaya-bachchan-amitabh-bachchan-and-rekha/articleshow/114578983.cms#:~:text=Parveen%20Babi%20was%20supposed%20to,Jaya%20Bachchan%20with%20Amitabh%20Bachchan!|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=2024-10-25|access-date=2025-01-27|archive-date=8 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108140434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-parveen-babi-cried-after-she-was-replaced-in-silsila-which-went-on-to-star-jaya-bachchan-amitabh-bachchan-and-rekha/articleshow/114578983.cms#:~:text=Parveen%20Babi%20was%20supposed%20to,Jaya%20Bachchan%20with%20Amitabh%20Bachchan!|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1982, Babi appeared in offbeat films ''Dil... Akhir Dil Hai'', opposite [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and the erotic drama ''[[Yeh Nazdeekiyan]]'', opposite Bollywood debutant [[Marc Zuber]]. In ''Yeh Nazdeekiyan,'' she played a supermodel named Kiran with whom Zuber's character Sunil has an affair. Due to the film's low budget, director [[Vinod Pande]] could only afford to pay her ₹1 lakh.{{sfn|Upadhyay|2020|p=178}} [[Aroon Purie]] of ''[[India Today]]'' criticised Babi's performance, remarking that her "acting repertoire in the film ranges from opening her mouth to show happiness and licking her upper lip suggestively to show ecstasy".<ref>{{cite web|first=Aroon|last=Purie|title=Yeh Nazdeekiyan remains a cheap imitation of an 'art' film|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19820228-yeh-nazdeekiyan-starring-shabana-azmi-parveen-babi-marc-zuber-771513-2013-10-19|publisher=India Today|date=1982-06-16|access-date=2025-01-25|archive-date=25 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125184117/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19820228-yeh-nazdeekiyan-starring-shabana-azmi-parveen-babi-marc-zuber-771513-2013-10-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

Babi's career peaked at the time when most heroines were engulfed in Indian attributes, and Babi was one among the few actresses whose attire was completely westernised, and this provided her a certain latitude many other contemporary female artists were denied in India's heavily male-dominated and misogynistic cinematic fiefdom. Due to this, it was difficult for Bollywood producers to offer her roles as a traditional woman.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-19|title=Parveen Babi Death Anniversary: 5 best movies of the glamourous [sic] actress|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/parveen-babi-death-anniversary-5-best-movies-of-the-glamourous-actress|website=Free Press Journal India|access-date=19 March 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127125041/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/parveen-babi-death-anniversary-5-best-movies-of-the-glamourous-actress|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to their similar appearances, she was often compared to her contemporary [[Zeenat Aman]].{{sfnm|1a1=Bedi|1y=2021|1p=164|2a1=Upadhyay|2y=2020|2loc=chpt. 16}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-21 |title=10 Believe-It-or-Not Bollywood Doppelgangers |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/10-believe-it-or-not-bollywood-doppelgangers/photogallery/25818 |publisher=iDiva.com |access-date=25 January 2025 |archive-date=14 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214061639/https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/10-believe-it-or-not-bollywood-doppelgangers/photogallery/25818 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2012-06-26 |title=The Myth & Madness of Parveen Babi |url=http://idiva.com/news-entertainment/the-myth-madness-of-the-late-parveen-babi/12285 |access-date=2012-10-28 |publisher=iDiva.com |archive-date=2012-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023045905/http://idiva.com/news-entertainment/the-myth-madness-of-the-late-parveen-babi/12285 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She shared the screen with Aman in ''[[Mahaan (1983 film)|Mahaan]]'' (1983) and ''[[Ashanti (1982 film)|Ashanti]]'' (1982)—the latter inspired by the American television series ''[[Charlie's Angels]]'', with [[Shabana Azmi]] completing the trio.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

Aside from acting, Babi also worked as a model, during her career. She would generally appear on the front page of every film magazine, including ''[[Filmfare]]'', ''[[The Stardust]]'' and ''[[Bombay Dyeing]]''.<ref name="rediff2003" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Parveen Babi |url=http://parveen-babi.ememorials.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910141957/http://parveen-babi.ememorials.in/ |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2012-10-28 |publisher=Parveen-babi.ememorials.in}}</ref> She was also the first Bollywood actress to appear on the front page of Time magazine in July 1976, for which she made history; the cover has since become iconic.<ref>{{cite web |date=2012-08-31 |title=Parveen Babi's iconic Time magazine cover – Movies News – Bollywood – ibnlive |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/parveen-babis-iconic-time-magazine-cover/287085-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901175013/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/parveen-babis-iconic-time-magazine-cover/287085-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-09-01 |access-date=2012-10-06 |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-11 |title=Time magazine features starlet Parveen Babi on its cover, sets Bombay on fire |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19760731-time-magazine-features-starlet-parveen-babi-on-its-cover-sets-bombay-on-fire-824041-2014-06-11 |access-date=2021-02-16 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202100258/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19760731-time-magazine-features-starlet-parveen-babi-on-its-cover-sets-bombay-on-fire-824041-2014-06-11 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 1983–1993: Later career ===

Babi later "disappeared" from the film industry in 1983, not informing anybody about her whereabouts, which caused exaggerated rumours and pompous claims, that she might have been "under the control" of figures in the "underworld". Many of her films were released during the following years, right up until her last film ''[[Irada (1991 film)|Irada]]'' in 1991.<ref>{{cite web |date=2005-01-27 |title=Amitabh on Parveen Babi |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2005/jan/27pb1.htm |access-date=2012-10-28 |work=Rediff.com |archive-date=28 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928063009/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2005/jan/27pb1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> She worked as an interior decorator from 1983 to 1992.<ref name="The Telegraph Story">{{cite news |date=2005-01-23 |title=As in life, so in death: lonely and lovelorn |work=The Telegraph |location=Calcutta, India |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050123/asp/nation/story_4287764.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124013015/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050123/asp/nation/story_4287764.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2005 |access-date=2012-07-19}}</ref> After leaving the film industry in 1983, she studied music, piano, painting, architecture, literature, writing, cultural and archaeological study, politics, photography, sculpture, and human-rights issues. She also contributed to newspapers and magazines, from 1968 to 1993. She lived in a [[penthouse apartment]] in Bombay, living affluently from sound financial investments.<ref>{{cite web |date=2005-01-24 |title=Parveen Babi's Juhu apartment sealed |url=http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2005/jan/24babi.htm |access-date=2012-10-28 |publisher=Rediff.co.in }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Personal life ==

===Religion===
Born into a Muslim family, Babi was influenced by several religions growing up, including [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]] and [[Christianity]].{{sfn|Upadhyay|2020|loc=chpt. 28}} She often questioned certain religious norms, such as [[Pork#Islam|eating pork]], and believed that morality and kindness were more important than adherence to dogma.<ref name="cineplot1">{{cite web |date=3 July 2011 |title=Parveen Babi – Memories |url=http://cineplot.com/parveen-babi-memories/ |access-date=6 October 2012 |publisher=Cineplot.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119035822/https://cineplot.com/parveen-babi-memories/|archive-date=2019-01-19}}</ref> She converted to Christianity on 21 June 1997 and was baptised at the [[All Saints' Church, Malabar Hill|All Saints' Church]] in [[Malabar Hill]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Snehal Fernandes |title=She said we were her only family |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=41179 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110034451/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=41179 |archive-date=2016-01-10 |access-date=2012-10-06 |publisher=Express India}}</ref>

===Relationships===
During her college break in 1969, Babi got engaged to her distant cousin Jamil Khan, a [[Pakistan International Airlines]] (PIA) pilot. Amidst the [[1971 Indo-Pak war]], her mother called off the engagement. A heartbroken Babi received the news through a postcard.{{efn|Babi claimed that she could not marry Kabir Bedi because she was once married to Khan, a claim supported by both Bedi and Mahesh Bhatt. She was afraid that if she married again, Khan would return and ruin her career. While attending the Lahore Literary Festival, [[Hameed Haroon]] mentioned to Bhatt that a man who claimed to be Babi's husband wanted to meet him.{{sfn|Bedi|2021|p=257}}}}<ref>{{cite web |date=14 October 2020 |title=How the 1971 Indo-Pak war turned actress Parveen Babi's life around |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/1971-indo-pak-war-parveen-babi-1731317-2020-10-13 |publisher=India Today |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213155500/https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/1971-indo-pak-war-parveen-babi-1731317-2020-10-13 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1972, Babi dated Neville Damania, the bassist of the band Purple Flowers, before she relocated to Bombay to pursue a career in the film industry.{{sfn|Upadhyay|2020|p=38}} From 1972 to 1975, she was in a relationship with actor [[Danny Denzongpa]] and they lived together in [[Shivaji Park]]'s Kalumal Estate.<ref>{{cite web |date=2012-06-07 |title=Danny Denzongpa: Girls Are Attracted to Bad Guys | Entertainment |url=http://idiva.com/news-entertainment/danny-denzongpa-girls-are-attracted-to-bad-guys/13073 |access-date=2020-06-21 |publisher=iDiva.com |archive-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023062045/http://idiva.com/news-entertainment/danny-denzongpa-girls-are-attracted-to-bad-guys/13073 |url-status=live }}</ref> After their breakup, Denzongpa remained one of Babi's confidants, but they had a falling out in 1983 after Babi, owing to her paranoid schizophrenia, became convinced that he was an agent of Amitabh Bachchan.{{sfn|Upadhyay|2020|loc=chpt.27}}

In the summer of 1975, Babi started dating actor [[Kabir Bedi]], who was in an [[open marriage]] with his wife [[Protima Bedi]]. Within a few weeks, Bedi moved out the apartment he shared with his wife and children to live with Babi. He unsuccessfully tried to divorce Protima for the next two years but she refused. In 1976, following the success of his television series [[Sandokan (1976 TV series)|Sandokan]], Babi accompanied Bedi on his promotional tour across [[Italy]], [[Spain]] and [[Yugoslavia]]. In 1977, the couple decided to settle in [[London]], England for the foreseeable future, however Babi called off the relationship and returned to Mumbai three months later. In a conversation with Denzongpa later, she claimed that Bedi had forced her to get an [[Abortion|abortion]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-11-19|title=Kabir Bedi says Parveen Babi 'resented' he was a bigger star than her in Italy: 'She wasn't used to being second fiddle'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kabir-bedi-says-parveen-babi-resented-he-was-a-bigger-star-than-her-in-italy-101668862774251.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=30 December 2024|archive-date=16 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816020232/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kabir-bedi-says-parveen-babi-resented-he-was-a-bigger-star-than-her-in-italy-101668862774251.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Bedi|2021|p=148}}{{sfn|Upadhyay|2020|loc=chpt. 12}}

In 1978, while rebuilding her career, Babi reconnected with film director [[Mahesh Bhatt]], whom she had first met during the filming of [[B. R. Ishara]]'s ''Charitra'' (1972), and the two began an affair. Six months later, Bhatt separated from his wife Kiran (formerly Lorraine Bright) and moved in with Babi. The relationship lasted two and half years, during which Babi's mental health deteriorated and Bhatt helped her receive psychiatric treatment. He moved back with his wife after the break up.{{sfn|Upadhyay|2020|pp=121-122}}

===Friendships===
During Babi's relationship with Kabir Bedi, she initially maintained a cordial relationship with Protima Bedi, but later became possessive over Protima, leading to a falling out between the two.{{sfn|Bedi|2000|p=103}} Protima would often ask Babi to look after her two children, while she was in [[Odisha]].{{sfn|Bedi|2000|p=109}} She attended Protima's funeral in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jan/31kabir.htm|title='Bollywood is social, Parveen wasn't'|publisher=[[Rediff]]|date=2005-01-31|access-date=2025-01-30|archive-date=17 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217210322/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jan/31kabir.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> She was first introduced to [[U. G. Krishnamurti]], through Mahesh Bhatt in 1979 and subsequently developed a close mentorship and friendship with him.{{sfn|Upadhyay|2020|p=119}}<ref>{{cite book|year=1984|title=Times of India Illustrated Weekly|volume=105|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110087}}</ref>

=== Mental health ===

Mahesh Bhatt revealed that Babi had her first [[panic attack]] in 1969, during [[1969 Gujarat riots|communal riots]]. During which she was hidden under a mattress and transported to her guardian's home, fearing she might be sexually assaulted.{{sfnm|1a1=Bedi|1y=2021|1p=210|2a1=Upadhyay|2y=2020|2loc=chpt. 3}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jgnt.co/parveen-babi-bollywood|title=How Bollywood Failed Parveen Babi|publisher=The Juggernaut|access-date=23 November 2024|archive-date=14 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214095420/https://www.jgnt.co/parveen-babi-bollywood|url-status=live}}</ref>

While filming ''[[Jwalamukhi (1980 film)|Jwalamukhi]]'' in 1979, Bhatt, her mother and her secretary Ved Sharma, found Babi sitting in the corner of the bedroom holding a knife. She claimed that the room was bugged and Amitabh Bachchan was trying to kill her. She expressed persistent paranoia over the next few days, refusing to eat or change her clothes, looking for electronic bugs, and claiming that multiple people, including Bhatt, were conspiring against her. Fearing that her meals were poisoned, she insisted that someone else sampled them before she ate. While her mother was convinced that Babi was possessed, Bhatt recognized she needed psychiatric attention and sought help from Denzongpa. She was eventually diagnosed with and treated for [[Schizophrenia|schizophrenia]].{{sfn|Upadhyay|2020|loc=chpt. 18}} During this time, the media and her Bollywood peers speculated that her illness was a result of "drug addiction and a promiscuous lifestyle." A growing number of filmmakers waiting to direct Babi in their respective projects failed to acknowledge the "gravity of her ailment" and further antagonised Bhatt. When her prescribed medications did not yield the desired result, doctors suggested [[Electroconvulsive therapy|electroconvulsive therapy]] as the next step. Bhatt, who disagreed with the treatment, travelled to Bengaluru with Babi and entrusted spiritual ''guru'' [[U. G. Krishnamurti|UG Krishnamurti]] with her care. She remained in Bengaluru for the next six months and reportedly observed a noticeable improvement in her health. Babi was forced to return to Mumbai in December 1979 after her mother reprimanded her about the pending film projects and pressured her to get back to work.{{sfn|Upadhyay|2020|loc=chpt. 18}}

On 30 July 1983, Babi left [[India]] and travelled to the [[United States]] with Krishnamurti and his friend Valentine and spent time in [[Los Angeles]], [[Houston]], [[London]] and [[Switzerland]]. She returned to Bombay in November 1989. She was rumoured to have been diagnosed with paranoid [[schizophrenia]], although she always denied this, stating that it was a conspiracy by the film industry and the media, to malign her image and make her look insane, so they could cover up their crimes.<ref name="Gone too soon">{{cite web |title=Gone too soon |url=http://in.omg.yahoo.com/photos/gone-too-soon-1329276353-slideshow/gone-too-soon-photo-1329276177.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218121023/http://in.omg.yahoo.com/photos/gone-too-soon-1329276353-slideshow/gone-too-soon-photo-1329276177.html |archive-date=2012-02-18 |access-date=2012-02-16 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> Babi also broke off her relationships with most of her friends and family members and became reclusive in her later years.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Myth & Madness of the Late Parveen Babi |date=2012-04-26 |url=http://idiva.com/news-entertainment/the-myth-madness-of-the-late-parveen-babi/12285 |access-date=2012-10-06 |publisher=iDiva.com |archive-date=2012-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023045905/http://idiva.com/news-entertainment/the-myth-madness-of-the-late-parveen-babi/12285 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 7 April 1984, Babi was briefly detained and [[Institutionalisation|institutionalized]] after she became "hysterical" during a routine check at the [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]]. She was eventually released from the public hospital following an intervention by the Indian [[Consul (representative)|Consul]] and Krishnamurti.<ref>{{cite web |title= 10. Years After |url=http://www.well.com/~jct/ugbio/ugbio10.htm |access-date=2012-10-06 |publisher=Well.com |archive-date=5 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205132933/http://www.well.com/~jct/ugbio/ugbio10.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Parveen Babi: Dead Before Dying |url= https://www.masala.com/bollywood-news/parveen-babi-dead-before-dying |access-date=2024-04-04|publisher=Masala!}}</ref><ref name="Gone too soon" /> In an January 1990 interview with a film magazine, she said: "Amitabh Bachchan is a super international gangster. He is after my life. His goons kidnapped me and I was kept on an island where they performed a surgery on me and planted one transmitter/chip/electronic bug right under my ear." There was a photograph of Babi, showing a scar below her ears.<ref name="Sleeman2001">{{cite book |author=Elizabeth Sleeman |title=The International Who's Who of Women 2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J8xDWDqOkEC&pg=PA35 |year=2001 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-1-85743-122-3 |pages=35–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mishra |first1=Nivedita |title='Parveen Babi survived on a diet of milk, eggs towards the end of her life': Karishma Upadhyay |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/parveen-babi-survived-on-a-diet-of-milk-eggs-towards-the-end-of-her-life-karishma-upadhyay/story-ZYumG04DYdw9iKdAu7UtRI.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=2020-09-12 |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=12 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912135746/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/parveen-babi-survived-on-a-diet-of-milk-eggs-towards-the-end-of-her-life-karishma-upadhyay/story-ZYumG04DYdw9iKdAu7UtRI.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2002, Babi filed multiple affidavits in the [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act|Terrorism and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act]] (TADA) court, alleging that a conspiracy to acquit Sanjay Dutt for his involvement in the [[1993 Mumbai bombings]] was being hatched by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI). She claimed that various regional and international agencies, governments and institutions, including the [[MI6]], [[Shiv Sena]]'s [[Bal Thackeray]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party]] and the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] amongst others, were responsible for the bombings. After failing to depose before the court on three different occasions citing personal security concerns, the designated judge upheld public prosecutor [[Ujjwal Nikam]]'s contention to dismiss Babi's plea as she had produced no credible evidence against Dutt who was the prime accuse in the case.<ref>{{Citeweb|url= https://variety.com/2002/biz/news/mumbai-court-dismisses-bomb-theory-1117871485/|title= Mumbai court dismisses bomb theory|first1=Bryan|last1=Pearson|date=19 August 2002|website=Variety}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Court throws out plea of film actress |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/court-throws-out-plea-of-film-actress-1.396791 |access-date=2012-10-28 |work=Gulf News |date=2002-08-20 |archive-date=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219031951/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/court-throws-out-plea-of-film-actress-1.396791 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year, she filed a petition in the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court of India]], accusing a number of Bollywood and Hollywood actors, including Amitabh Bachchan, [[Mel Gibson]] and [[Robert Redford]], of being intelligence agents conspiring to kill her.<ref>{{cite web|title=In Search of Lost Time|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/lede/in-search-of-lost-time-blogger-search-parveen-babi-lost-cover|date=2015-12-01|website=Caravan|first1=Mayukh|last1=Sen|access-date=9 December 2025|archive-date=19 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250719232626/https://caravanmagazine.in/lede/in-search-of-lost-time-blogger-search-parveen-babi-lost-cover|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The unanswered questions of Parveen Babi’s life: A star who vanished, a mystery that never did|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-unanswered-questions-of-parveen-babis-life-a-star-who-vanished-a-mystery-that-never-did/photostory/121288731.cms|date=2020-05-20|website=Times of India|access-date=9 December 2025|archive-date=21 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821072422/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-unanswered-questions-of-parveen-babis-life-a-star-who-vanished-a-mystery-that-never-did/photostory/121288731.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Death ==
Babi was found dead on 22 January 2005 at the age of 50, after her residential society secretary alerted the police, that she had not collected groceries and newspapers from her doorstep for three days.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081024222149/http://www.indiaexpress.com/news/entertainment/20050122-0.html "Parveen Babi found dead in Mumbai"]}}, ''[[The Indian Express]]'', 22 January 2005.</ref> The police suspected that she may have been dead for up to 48 hours, before her body was found. The cause of death was not immediately known. She was found to have [[gangrene]] on her left foot, a complication from diabetes. A wheelchair was found near her bed along with a series of disarranged paintings, clothes, medicines, and old newspapers. It is possible that she was unable to walk in her last days, due to a gangrenous foot and required the use of a wheelchair, to move around in her flat.<ref>[http://www.mid-day.com/news/2005/jan/102106.htm Parveen Babi found dead in her flat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519170211/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2005/jan/102106.htm |date=19 May 2013 }}. ''mid-day.com''. 23 January 2005</ref> An autopsy was performed at [[Cooper Hospital]] and reports showed that there were no traces of food in her stomach, but some alcohol (possibly from her medication) was found and it was possible that she had not eaten anything, for more than three days and starved to death as a result. The police ruled out foul play and determined she succumbed to organ failure and [[diabetes]].<ref name="bhaskar">{{cite web |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-parveen-babi-jeete-thi-shaan-se-3059105.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426200331/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-parveen-babi-jeete-thi-shaan-se-3059105.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 April 2012 |title=Parveen Babi: Jeeti thi shaan se |publisher=daily.bhaskar.com |access-date=2012-10-06}}</ref>

Although Babi expressed a desire to be buried according to Christian rites, her Muslim relatives who claimed her body after her death, buried her according to Islamic rites.<ref name="cineplot1"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-01-23/india/27854098_1_parveen-babi-trooped-into-juhu-police-babi-legacy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511014713/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-01-23/india/27854098_1_parveen-babi-trooped-into-juhu-police-babi-legacy |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-05-11 |title=Parveen Babi wanted Christian last rites |date=2005-01-23 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-10-06}}</ref> She was buried at [[Juhu]] Muslim cemetery in [[Santacruz, Mumbai]].<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=41105 "Chaos, confusion mark Parveen Babi's funeral"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001160035/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=41105 |date=2012-10-01 }}. ''expressindia.com''.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIM/2007/11/20&ID=Ar00700 |title=Church completes 125 years |work=The Times of India |date=2007-11-20 |access-date=2012-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220235121/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrint_PASTISSUES2&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIM%2F2007%2F11%2F20&ID=Ar00700 |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

After her death, the State Administrator General of Maharashtra, became the sole custodian of her properties and assets.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Actress-Parveen-Babis-kin-claims-her-assets/articleshow/1633614.cms |title=Actress Parveen Babi's kin claims her assets | India News - Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2007-02-17 |archive-date=19 May 2024 |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519092707/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Actress-Parveen-Babis-kin-claims-her-assets/articleshow/1633614.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, chaos erupted when various distant relatives filed petitions with the high court regarding the will of her property, which had been lying in the locker of a [[Junagadh]] bank, executed jointly by actor and her friend Murad Khan Babi. The will stated that 70% of her property was to be put in a trust in her name to help poor members of the Babi family. 20% was pledged to Murad Khan Babi, for being "a guiding force", and 10% was to be given to [[Christian missionary]] funds.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Babi-will-leaves-relatives-high-and-dry/articleshow/1092440.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108222916/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-04-28/ahmedabad/27834794_1_parveen-babi-babi-family-babi-property |url-status=live |archive-date=8 November 2013 |title=Babi will leaves relatives high and dry |date=2005-04-28 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103175315/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-04-29/india/27858574_1_parveen-babi-murad-khan-babi-junagadh-court |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Babi will leaves kin high and dry |date=2005-04-29 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-10-06}}</ref>

Five years later in 2010, due to a shortage of land space for burials, Babi's grave along with other luminary [[Bollywood]] celebrities, such as [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Madhubala]], [[Sahir Ludhianvi]], [[Talat Mahmood]], [[Naushad Ali]], who were interred at Santa Cruz Muslim Cemetery, was exhumed and their remains were relocated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/none/juhus-islamic-cemetary-mumbais-muslim-icons-thrown-out-their-graves-275298 |title=Juhu Muslim Cemetery: Mumbai's multi-story graveyard |publisher=CNNGo.com |date=2010-02-16 |access-date=2013-10-13 |archive-date=2012-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110013304/http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/none/juhus-islamic-cemetary-mumbais-muslim-icons-thrown-out-their-graves-275298 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=674579 |title=Rafi, Naushad's Graves Could be Dug for Space |publisher=news.outlookindia.com |access-date=2012-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929055211/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=674579 |archive-date=2012-09-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ketan.net/art2_29.html |title=The old resting places of the beautiful |work=The Times of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719144940/http://www.ketan.net/art2_29.html |archive-date=2011-07-19}}</ref>

== Artistry and legacy ==
Babi is regarded as one of the most glamorous iconic and greatest actresses of [[Indian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Top heroines of Bollywood |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/top-actresses-of-bollywood-ever-367543-2012-05-01/5 |url-status=live |access-date=2020-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/top-actresses-of-bollywood-ever-367543-2012-05-01/5 |archive-date=2020-11-28}}</ref> She never shied away from portraying roles of women having a live-in relationship or consuming alcohol openly, both of which were taboo in those times. The fact that she was paired with Amitabh Bachchan in eight films, during the peak of the Big B mania, attests to her stature and star power. Bachchan and Babi complemented each other in the heady first years of the ''Angry Young Man'' phenomenon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://song.ezinemark.com/parveen-babi-the-diva-of-hindi-film-industry-7d2e57e2443f.html |title=Parveen Babi – The Diva of Hindi Film Industry |publisher=Song.ezinemark.com |access-date=2012-10-28 |archive-date=21 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221092352/http://song.ezinemark.com/parveen-babi-the-diva-of-hindi-film-industry-7d2e57e2443f.html |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the highest paid actresses of the 1970s and the 1980s, in 2022, she was placed in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s "75 Best Bollywood Actresses" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 Bollywood Actresses Who Ruled The Silver Screen With Grace, Beauty And Talent |work=Outlook India |date=16 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-16 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694/amp |archive-date=2022-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> Babi was among the most stylish and beautiful actress of Hindi cinema. ''[[Times of India]]'' placed her in its "50 Beautiful Faces" list.<ref>{{cite web |title=Photos - 50 Beautiful Faces: 100 years of Indian Cinema |work=The Times of India |access-date=2021-11-28 |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/movies/100-yrs-of-indian-cinema/50-beautiful-faces-100-years-of-indian-cinema/morphshow/19720061.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519092708/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/movies/100-yrs-of-indian-cinema/50-beautiful-faces-100-years-of-indian-cinema/morphshow/19720061.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> She was the first Indian star to be featured on the cover of the Asia edition of [[Time (magazine)|TIME]] in 1976.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parveen Babi Death Anniversary: Lesser-known facts about the stylish actress |work=News18 India |accessdate=2021-01-22 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/parveen-babi-death-anniversary-lesser-known-facts-about-the-actress-2464839.html |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928220533/https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/parveen-babi-death-anniversary-lesser-known-facts-about-the-actress-2464839.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]'' placed Babi seventh in its "Sexiest Bollywood stars of all times" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sexiest Bollywood stars of all times |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2018-12-16 |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/may/11/slide-show-1-sexiest-bollywood-stars-of-all-times.htm |archive-date=2022-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/may/11/slide-show-1-sexiest-bollywood-stars-of-all-times.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Babi is considered among the hottest Bollywood actresses of all time.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive - 10 hottest Bollywood actresses of all time |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/10-hottest-bollywood-actresses-time/ |access-date=2020-02-26 |author=Subhash K. Jha |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221122309/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/10-hottest-bollywood-actresses-time/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Writing for ''[[Firstpost]]'', Subhash K. Jha noted, "With her good looks, perk, poise, and sex appeal, the sky was the limit for Parveen Babi."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parveen Babi death anniversary: The actor died a lonely death isolated by her insecurities |work=Firstpost |date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2022-06-16 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/parveen-babi-death-anniversary-the-actor-died-a-lonely-death-isolated-by-her-insecurities-10303711.html/amp |archive-date=2022-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/parveen-babi-death-anniversary-the-actor-died-a-lonely-death-isolated-by-her-insecurities-10303711.html/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Filmfare]]'' noted, "In the 1970s and 1980s, Parveen Babi had a devoted fan base and lit up the screen whenever she showed on it."<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Timeless Classics featuring Parveen Babi |work=Filmfare |access-date=2023-08-10 |url=https://m.filmfare.com/photos/parveen-babi-birth-anniversary-10-timeless-classics-featuring-the-actress-57749.amp |archive-date=2022-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://m.filmfare.com/photos/parveen-babi-birth-anniversary-10-timeless-classics-featuring-the-actress-57749.amp |url-status=live}}</ref> ''India Today'' wrote, "Parveen Babi with her chiselled looks, well-sculpted body and anglicised accent donned the mantle of archetypal Indian heroine and imparted to the female prima donna of Bollywood her characteristic mannerisms forever."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Remembering Parveen Babi on her 65th birth anniversary |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/remembering-parveen-babi-367346-2012-04-04/1 |url-status=live |access-date=2022-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/remembering-parveen-babi-367346-2012-04-04/1 |archive-date=2020-11-28}}</ref> Latha Srinavasan of ''[[The Sunday Guardian]]'' termed her "alluring yet outspoken" and said she was "a sensation in the 1970s".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Parveen Babi Retrospective: Glimpse into the stargirl's life |work=The Sunday Guardian |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/culture/parveen-babi-retrospective-glimpse-stargirls-life |url-status=live |access-date=2021-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://sundayguardianlive.com/culture/parveen-babi-retrospective-glimpse-stargirls-life |archive-date=2020-11-28}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!class="unsortable"|Notes
!class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
|1973
| ''Charitra''
| Shikha
|
|
|-
| rowspan=4|1974
| ''[[Trimurti (1974 film)|Trimurti]]''
| Sunita
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trimurti (1971) - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/trimurti_1974 |access-date=2020-11-19 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801055556/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/trimurti_1974 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[36 Ghante]]''
| Naina Rai
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dhuen Ki Lakeer]]''
|Poonam
|
|
|-
| ''[[Majboor (1974 film)|Majboor ]]''
| Neela Rajvansh
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1975
| ''[[Deewaar]]''
| Anita
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-29 |title=Deewaar was the perfect script: Amitabh Bachchan on 42 years of the cult film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/deewaar-was-the-perfect-script-amitabh-bachchan-on-42-years-of-the-cult-film/story-x2hy87zQ0ebVlsVMV59U2I.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705181552/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/deewaar-was-the-perfect-script-amitabh-bachchan-on-42-years-of-the-cult-film/story-x2hy87zQ0ebVlsVMV59U2I.html |archive-date=2018-07-05 |access-date=2019-07-15 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kaala Sona]]''
| Durga
|
|
|-
| rowspan=4|1976
| ''[[Bhanwar (film)|Bhanwar]]''
| Roopa D'Souza
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bullet (1976 film)|Bullet]]''
| Sapna
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rangila Ratan]]''
| Madhu
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mazdoor Zindabaad]]''
| Kamla
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1977
| ''[[Chandi Sona]]''
| Rita
|
|
|-
|''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]''
| Jenny
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/toFX50k1D6H0dep49vQXVK/Excerpt--Amar-Akbar-Anthony.html |title=Excerpt: Amar Akbar Anthony |date=2013-08-03 |website=Live Mint |access-date=2013-08-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806021336/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/toFX50k1D6H0dep49vQXVK/Excerpt--Amar-Akbar-Anthony.html |archive-date=2013-08-06}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chalta Purza]]''
| Sheetal
|
|
|-
| ''Darinda''
| Kirti Thakur
|
|
|-
| ''Mastan Dada''
| Asha
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mama Bhanja]]''
| Madhu Malini
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chor Sipahee]]''
| Bharti Khanna
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1978
| ''[[Aahuti (1978 film)|Aahuti]]''
| Rekha
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (1978 film)|Pati, Patni Aur Woh]]''
| Neeta
|Cameo
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1979
| ''[[Kaala Patthar]]''
| Anita
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.yashrajfilms.com/movies/MovieIndividual.aspx?MovieID=9602b113-437e-491b-a5c6-4df4fc6d35a4 |title=Kaala Patthar on Yash Raj Films |access-date=17 December 2017 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928045534/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/movies/MovieIndividual.aspx?MovieID=9602b113-437e-491b-a5c6-4df4fc6d35a4 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Suhaag (1979 film)|Suhaag]]''
| Anu
|
|<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Box Office India |title=Top Earners 1979 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=185&catName=MTk3OQ== |access-date=2008-11-20|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020102901/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=185&catName=MTk3OQ== |archive-date=2013-10-20 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |1980
| ''[[Do Aur Do Paanch]]''
| Anju Sharma
|
|
|-
|''[[Ek Gunah Aur Sahi]]''
| Paro
|
|
|-
| ''[[The Burning Train]]''
| Sheetal Verma
|
|
|-
|''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]''
| Sunita
| Also playback singer for "Pyar Karne Waale"{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|
|-
| ''Gunehgaar''
| Madhu
|
|{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |1981
| ''[[Kranti]]''
| Sureeli
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-03 |title=Kranti at 40: Celebrating the classic film with 20 fun facts |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/kranti-at-40-celebrating-the-classic-film-with-20-fun-facts/ |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=EasternEye |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Khoon Aur Paani]]''
| Rita
|
|
|-
|''[[Meri Aawaz Suno]]''
|Rita
|
|
|-
|''[[Kaalia]]''
|Shalini/Rani Singh
|
|
|-
|''Ladies Tailor''
| Parveen
|Cameo
|{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|-
| rowspan="8" |1982
|''[[Raksha (1982 film)|Raksha]]''
|Chanda/Bijli
|
|
|-
| ''[[Desh Premee]]''
| Dr. Preeti
|
|
|-
| ''[[Namak Halaal]]''
| Nisha
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=188&catName=MTk4Mg== |title=Box Office 1982 |publisher=Box Office India |date=2013-10-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013955/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=188&catName=MTk4Mg== |archive-date=2013-10-05 |access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ashanti (1982 film)|Ashanti]]''
| Sunita
|
|
|-
| ''Dil... Akhir Dil Hai''
| Sapna
|
|
|-
| ''[[Khud-Daar]]''
| Mary
|
|
|-
| ''[[Yeh Nazdeekiyan]]''
| Kiran
|
|
|-
| ''Taaqat''
| Ambika
|
|{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|-
| rowspan="9" |1983
| ''[[Mangal Pandey (1983 film)|Mangal Pandey]]''
| Kavita
|
|
|-
| ''[[Door-Desh|Durdesh]]''
| Renu
| Indo-Canadian film
|
|-
| ''[[Arpan]]''
| Sona
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mahaan (1983 film)|Mahaan]]''
| Manju
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rang Birangi]]''
| Nirmala Sharma
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jaani Dost]]''
| Meena
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chor Police]]''
| Seema
|
|
|-
| ''[[Razia Sultan (film)|Razia Sultan]]''
| Khakun
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Amrohi's dream film Razia Sultan bombs at the box-office |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19831015-kamal-amrohi-dream-film-razia-sultan-bombs-at-the-box-office-771082-2013-07-17 |last=Kapoor |first=Sunil Sethi Coomi |website=India Today |date=17 July 2013 |access-date=21 May 2020 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217041352/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19831015-kamal-amrohi-dream-film-razia-sultan-bombs-at-the-box-office-771082-2013-07-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Film Hi Film''
| Herself
| Cameo
|{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |1984
| ''[[Bad Aur Badnam]]''
|Pamela Singh
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kanoon Meri Mutthi Mein]]''
| Geeta/Jwala
|
|
|-
| ''[[Teri Bahon Mein]]''
| Dancer
| Cameo
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1985
|''[[Karm Yudh]]''
| Herself
| Cameo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karm Yudh (1985) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/karm-yudh-5988 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504151558/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/karm-yudh-5988 |url-status=live |archive-date=4 May 2019 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ameer Aadmi Gharib Aadmi]]''
| Dancer
| Cameo
| {{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|-
| ''[[Sitamgar]]''
| Sheela
|
|
|-
| ''Telephone''
| Anita
|
| {{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|-
| ''[[Bond 303]]''
| Kavita Verma/Suziana
| Double Role
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1986
|''[[Avinash (film)|Avinash]]''
| Nisha
|
|
|-
| ''Ricky''
|Herself
|Cameo
|{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|-
|1988
| ''[[Akarshan]]''
| Herself
|Special appearance
| {{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Iraada]]''
| Kiran
|
|
|}

== Honours and tributes ==
Mahesh Bhatt wrote and directed the movie [[Arth (film)|''Arth'']], released in 1982, it is supposedly a semi-autobiographical film about his relationship with Babi. [[Smita Patil]]'s role Kavita in the film, was inspired by Babi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/gallerydetails.aspx?id=3767&category=Movies&picno=4&section=Bollywood&ShowID=0#BD |title=A tribute to Parveen Babi |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004213334/http://movies.ndtv.com/gallerydetails.aspx?id=3767&category=Movies&picno=4&section=Bollywood&ShowID=0#BD |accessdate=24 September 2014 |work=NDTV India |archivedate=4 October 2011}}</ref> Bhatt also wrote and produced the movie ''[[Woh Lamhe]],'' released in 2006 it was directed by his nephew [[Mohit Suri]], it was based on his recollection and interpretation of his relationship with Babi and without any inputs from her. The role of Sana Azim, was inspired by her and was portrayed by [[Kangana Ranaut]].<ref>[http://archives.dawn.com/weekly/images/archive/061231/images2.htm "Filmmaker Mahesh Bhatt - Parveen Babi and Parvan I"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829061030/http://archives.dawn.com/weekly/images/archive/061231/images2.htm |date=29 August 2012 }} ''The Dawn''. Retrieved 31 December 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |title=Woh Lamhe |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/woh-lamhe-review-bollywood-14301723.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411231735/http://www.sify.com/movies/woh-lamhe-review-bollywood-14301723.html |archive-date=11 April 2014 |access-date=13 February 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Fellow actress Zeenat Aman said, "Parveen was gorgeous, glamorous and talented. Back in the '70s, we wore our hair in a similar manner and enjoyed Western fashion. After her death, I often ruminated on how she was remembered. Parveen was much more than who she dated or what she said when she was unwell. I feel she never truly got the chance to say her piece."<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/zeenat-aman-remembers-remarkable-parveen-babi-on-her-birthday-never-truly-got-the-chance-to-say-her-piece-101680611872575-amp.html Zeenat Aman remembers 'remarkable' Parveen Babi on her birthday: Never truly got the chance to say her piece] ''Hindustan Times''. Retrieved 29 April 2022.</ref> Designer [[Manish Malhotra]] said, "Parveen Babi brought minimalism into fashion. She was always impeccable, not overdoing it even once."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Damsel That Was-Parveen Babi |url=https://www.radiocity.in/film/photo-gallery-details/The-Damsel-That-Was-Parveen-Babi/1306 |date=21 June 2021 |accessdate=11 November 2022 |website=Radiocity.in |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202141452/https://www.radiocity.in/film/photo-gallery-details/The-Damsel-That-Was-Parveen-Babi/1306 |url-status=live }}</ref> Malhotra also added her in his "Five super stylish heroines of the seventies" list.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 November 2010 |title=Manish Malhotra picks his five favourite super stylish heroines of the seventies |work=The Telegraph |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101123/jsp/entertainment/story_13209188.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128022642/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101123/jsp/entertainment/story_13209188.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 November 2010 |access-date=19 July 2012}}</ref> In 2006, the [[37th International Film Festival of India]] honoured Babi by screening her films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm37IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=37IIFA.pdf |title=37th IIFA: Directorate of Film Festival |website=iffi.nic.in |access-date=19 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415013528/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm37IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=37IIFA.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2020, Karishma Upadhyay wrote a biography about her named: "Parveen Babi: A Life".<ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/parveen-babi-a-life-by-karishma-upadhyay-book-review-mental-heatlh_in_5f6b45d9c5b6189caefa8e0e/amp Parveen Babi: A Life by Karishma Upadhyay fetishises actor's suffering!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812061735/https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/parveen-babi-a-life-by-karishma-upadhyay-book-review-mental-heatlh_in_5f6b45d9c5b6189caefa8e0e/amp |date=12 August 2023 }} ''[[HuffPost]]''. Retrieved 23 September 2021.</ref>

== References ==
===Notes===
{{Notelist}}
===Citations===

{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{Cite book |last=Upadhyay |first=Karishma |title=Parveen Babi: A Life|date=2020|publisher=[[Hachette India]] |isbn=978-93-88322-94-2}}
* {{cite book|first=Protima |last=Bedi|title=Timepass: The Memoirs of Protima Bedi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ykpao-TL-AC|year=2000|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |isbn=9780140288803|author-link=Protima Bedi}}
* {{cite book|first=Kabir|last=Bedi|title=Stories I Must Tell: The Emotional Life of an Actor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TGCLzgEACAAJ|year=2021|publisher=[[Westland Publications]] |isbn=978-9390679409|author-link=Kabir Bedi}}
* {{Cite book |title=Yash Chopra: Fifty Years in Indian Cinema |title-link=Yash Chopra (book) |date=2019 |orig-year=2002 |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |author-link=Rachel Dwyer |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |isbn=978-18-39021-31-2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=0044916|name=Parveen Babi}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|id=parveen-babi|name=Parveen Babi}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Babi, Parveen}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Junagadh]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Pashtun female models]]
[[Category:Pashtun actresses]]
[[Category:Indian former Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Anglicans]]
[[Category:Converts to Anglicanism from Sunni Islam]]
[[Category:People with schizophrenia]]
[[Category:Age controversies]]

Sreekrishnapuram Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:47:32Z

Vemareddy: started new stub

{{Short description|Indian state legislative assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sreekrishnapuram
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| established = 1965
| abolished = 2008
| electors = 141928 (2006)
| reservation = None
| district = [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
}}
'''Sreekrishnapuram Assembly constituency''' was one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] state in southern [[India]], before the [[Delimitation Commission of India|2008 delimitation of constituencies]]. Previously, it was also one of the state legislative assembly constituencies included in [[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency]].

==History==
Sreekrishnapuram Assembly constituency was formed in 1965.<ref name="Madhyamam">{{cite news |last1=ലേഖകൻ |first1=മാധ്യമം |title=മണ്ഡലപരിചയം: കോങ്ങാടിന്‍റെ സമരഭൂമികയിൽ മനമറിയാൻ {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/local-news/palakkad/kongad/constituency-experience-to-understand-the-struggle-ground-of-kongad-762577 |work=www.madhyamam.com |date=6 February 2021 |language=ml}}</ref> [[C. Govinda Panicker]] was first elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the constituency. The constituency was abolished in the 2008 [[Delimitation Commission of India|delimitation]]. After the delimitation, [[Vellinezhi|Vellinezhi Panchayat]] and [[Cherpulassery|Cherpulassery Municipality]], which were in the old constituency, became part of [[Shornur Assembly constituency]], and [[Kadampazhipuram]], [[Karimpuzha, Palakkad|Karimpuzha]] and [[Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad|Sreekrishnapuram]] panchayats became part of [[Ottapalam Assembly constituency]].<ref name="Madhyamam"/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala legislative assembly]] who have represented the constituency:<ref>{{cite web |title=Sreekrishnapuram assembly election results in Kerala |url=https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Sreekrishnapuram-in-Kerala |website=elections.traceall.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sreekrishnapuram Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/sreekrishnapuram-kerala-assembly-constituency |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
!Tenure
|-
| [[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]]
| 3rd
| rowspan="3" | [[C. Govinda Panicker]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1965 – 1967
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 4th
| 1967 – 1970
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 4th
| 1970 – 1977
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| [[K. Sukumaranunni]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| 1977 – 1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| [[K. Sankaranarayanan]]
| 1980 – 1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 7th
| [[E. Padmanabhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1982 – 1987
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
| rowspan="2" | [[P. Balan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
| 1987 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 9th
| 1991 – 1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
| rowspan="2" | [[Girija Surendran]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1996 – 2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| 2001 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| [[K. S. Saleekha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 2006 – 2011
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}
{{coords|10.91|76.41|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Politics of Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1965]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Rajinder Singh Chib

2026-04-18T15:49:21Z

Vemareddy: Put Up Some Biography W/ Infobox - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R.S. Chib
| caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1942}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani]] and [[Indian Institute of Science]]
| office = General Secretary of [[Democratic Azad Party]]
| children = Vivek Chib, Kunal Chib
| term_start = 26 September 2022
| term_end =
| governor =
| 1blankname =
| 1namedata =
| 2blankname =
| 2namedata =
| predecessor = ''Post-established''
| successor =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| governor1 =
| 1blankname1 =
| 1namedata1 =
| 2blankname1 =
| 2namedata1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| party = [[Democratic Azad Party]]
| other_party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (until 2002), [[Indian National Congress]] (2002-2022)
| awards =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Rajinder Singh Chib''' (born 1942, also known as '''R.S. Chib''') is an Indian politician and former [[Indian Air Force]] officer. He is a member of the [[Democratic Azad Party|Democratic Progressive Azad Party]]. Chib served as Cabinet Minister of Health, Tourism, Medical Education and Environment in the Jammu and Kashmir cabinet from 1986 to 1990 and was reappointed as cabinet Minister of Technical Education, Medical Education and Youth Affairs and Sports from 2009 to 2014. On 3 October 2022, Chib was appointed as General Secretary for [[Democratic Azad Party]].

==Political career==
R.S. Chib started his political career with the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] and served as cabinet minister in the Jammu and Kashmir government from 1986 to 1990. He quit from his posts and the party after accusing it of neglecting ex-servicemen and displaced persons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jammu and Kashmir tourism minister resigns, indicts government |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19891015-jammu-and-kashmir-tourism-minister-resigns-indicts-government-817017-1989-10-14 |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=India Today |date=15 October 1989 |language=en}}</ref>

He then joined the [[Janata Dal]] when [[V. P. Singh]] was the Prime Minister of India and unsuccessfully contested Lok Sabha elections from Jammu, Udhampur and Gurdaspur. After the Janata Dal's dissolution in 1999, Chib joined the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]].<ref name="gna-team">{{Cite web|title=Team Ghulam Nabi Azad: Former ministers to ex-MLAs, upper castes to Dalit and Gujjar faces, J&K Congress leaders who have rallied behind him |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/team-ghulam-nabi-azad-upper-castes-dalit-gujjar-jammu-kashmir-congress-8118177/|date=29 August 2022|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref>

In 2002, Chib fought the [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly elections]] from the [[Suchetgarh Assembly constituency]] but lost. He later joined the [[Indian National Congress]]. He has also served as Vice President and General Secretary for the [[Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=R.S Chib hails decision of Cabinet for approving package|url=http://www.scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=41666|date=17 October 2012|publisher=Scoop News|access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref>

After [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]] resigned from the Indian National Congress in August 2022, Chib was among the former ministers who resigned in support of Azad. He became a member of the [[Democratic Azad Party]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=64 Jammu and Kashmir Congress leaders quit party in support of Ghulam Nabi Azad|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/over-50-jammu-and-kashmir-congress-leaders-quit-party-in-support-of-ghulam-nabi-azad/article65829115.ece/|date=30 August 2022|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref>

On 3 October 2022, R.S. Chib was appointed as General Secretary for [[Democratic Azad Party]].<ref name="office-3oct">{{Cite news|title=Azad appoints two ex-ministers as "office bearers" for DAP|url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2022/10/03/azad-appoints-two-ex-ministers-as-office-bearers-for-dap/|date=3 October 2022|publisher=[[The Chenab Times]]|access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Chib was born in Watala Bhimber (now in [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistan Administered Kashmir]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Bold News Online |date=2023-09-05 |title=We are proud our Defence Forces : R S Chib |url=https://boldnewsonline.com/we-are-proud-our-defence-forces-r-s-chib/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Bold News |language=en-US}}</ref> He pursued his B.E. degree from [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani]] and post graduation from [[Indian Institute of Science]]. He also got fellowship in [[Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers]]. He served as an honorary professor in [[Rajouri]]'s [[Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University]].<ref>https://epaper.dailyexcelsior.com/epaperpdf/2016/aug/16aug16/page23.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2025}}</ref>

He is married to Usha Chib and has two sons, Vivek and Kunal. Vivek Chib is senior advocate designated by the Delhi High Court<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-19 |title=Delhi High Court designates 55 Senior Advocates |url=https://www.indialegallive.com/constitutional-law-news/courts-news/delhi-high-court-designates-55-senior-advocates/ |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=India Legal |language=en-US}}</ref> and Kunal Chib is a businessman and the president of the J&K Power Lifting Association<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2017-12-15 |title=J&K contingent leaves for Power-20 Cricket C'ship |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/jk-contingent-leaves-for-power-20-cricket-cship/ |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chib, R.S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Jammu]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party politicians]]

Shitala

2026-04-15T19:26:09Z

Vemareddy: started a stub

{{Short description|Hindu goddess}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Kalighat Shitala.jpg
| caption = The goddess Shitala on [[Jvarasura]]
| name = Shitala
| god_of = Goddess of Ailments<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shitala | title=Shitala, Sitala, Śītalā, Sītala, Śītala: 24 definitions | date=3 August 2014 | access-date=6 August 2022 | archive-date=6 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806054248/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shitala | url-status=live }}</ref>
| weapon = [[Broom]], [[hand fan]], water pot (medicinal water for cure for diseases)
| consort = [[Shiva]]
| affiliation = [[Devi]] [[Parvati]]
| mount = Jvarasur (donkey)
| festivals = [[Sheetala Asthami]]
}}

'''Shitala''' ({{Langx|sa|शीतला}}, [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|śītalā}}) {{Literal translation|coolness}}, also spelled as '''Sheetala''', '''śītalā''' and '''Seetla''', is a [[Hindu goddess]] venerated primarily in [[North India]].<ref>Folk Religion: Change and Continuity Author Harvinder Singh Bhatti Publisher Rawat Publications, 2000 Original from Indiana University Digitized 18 June 2009 {{ISBN|9788170336082}}</ref> She is regarded to be an incarnation of the goddess [[Parvati]]. She is believed to cure poxes, sores, ghouls, pustules, and diseases, and most directly linked with the disease [[smallpox]]. Shitala is worshipped on Tuesday<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhari |first=Ram Gopal Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W88BAAAAMAAJ&q=Shitala+Tuesday |title=Rambles in Bihar |date=1917 |publisher=Express Press |language=en |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=11 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711020524/https://books.google.com/books?id=W88BAAAAMAAJ&q=Shitala+Tuesday#v=snippet&q=Shitala%20Tuesday&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Saptami]] and [[Ashtami]] (the seventh and eighth day of a Hindu month), especially after [[Holi]] during the month of [[Chaitra]]. The celebration of the goddess Shitala on the seventh and eighth day of the Hindu month is referred to as the Sheetala Saptami and [[Sheetala Asthami]], respectively.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sheetala Saptami 2022: आज है शीतला सप्तमी का व्रत, मान्यतानुसार इस तरह की जाती है फल पाने के लिए पूजा|url=https://ndtv.in/faith/sheetala-saptami-2022-date-sheetala-saptami-katha-sheetala-saptami-puja-vidhi-2837673|date=24 March 2022|language=en|access-date=24 March 2022|archive-date=17 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217061901/https://ndtv.in/faith/sheetala-saptami-2022-date-sheetala-saptami-katha-sheetala-saptami-puja-vidhi-2837673|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Mythology==
The deity is typically depicted as a mother who defends children from [[Pediatrics|paediatric]] ailments, such as [[exanthem]]ata and [[smallpox]]. She also serves as a fertility goddess that assists women in finding good husbands and conceiving healthy children. Her auspicious presence promises the welfare of the family and is considered to protect the devotee's sources of livelihood. Shitala is also summoned to ensure refreshing rainfall and the prevention of famines, droughts, and cattle diseases.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=3 August 2014 |title=Shitala, Sitala, Śītalā, Sītala, Śītala: 24 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shitala |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806054248/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shitala |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some 16th-century copies of the ''Skanda Purana's'' Kāśī Khaṇḍa section on [[Varanasi]] describe Shitala curing ailments like smallpox pustules:<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=12 October 2020 |title=The Greatness of Śītalā [Chapter 12] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc425583.html |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806054249/https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc425583.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=For the sake of quelling boils and blisters (of smallpox) and for the sake of the children, a devotee takes Masūra lentils by measures and grinds them. Due to the power of Śītalā, children become free from the disease.|title=[[Skanda Purana]]|source=Chapter 12}}The earliest [[Bengali language]] poems on Shitala were composed in [[Saptagram]] in 1690. 18th-century compositions from [[Midnapore]], [[West Bengal]] led to Shitala's increasing prominence in religious worship. During this period, conflicts between the [[Maratha Empire]] and British [[East India Company]] led to famines that increased the mortality of smallpox cases.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Nicholas |first=Ralph W. |date=November 1981 |title=The Goddess Śītalā and Epidemic Smallpox in Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2055600 |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=21–44 |doi=10.2307/2055600 |jstor=2055600 |pmid=11614704 |s2cid=8709682 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Name and variants==
In [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], the name ''Sheetala'' (शीतला ''śītalā'') literally means 'the one who cools.' An [[epithet]] of the [[Mother Goddess|mother goddess]] [[Devi]] revered in [[Hinduism]], 'Sheetala' represents the divine blessing of bestowing cool relief from the suffering of fever. The goddess Sheetala is worshiped under varying names across the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Devotees most often refer to Sheetala using honorific suffixes reserved for respected motherly figures, such as Sheetala-''Ma'' ([[Hindi]]: मां ''māṃ''), Sheetala-''Mata'' (Sanskrit: माता ''mātā''), and Sheetala-''Amma'' ([[Kannada]]: ಅಮ್ಮ ''am'ma''). Sheetala is revered by [[Hindus]], [[Buddhists]], and [[Adivasi]] communities. She is mentioned in [[Tantra|Tantric]] and [[Puranas|Puranic]] literature, and Her later appearance in vernacular texts - such as the 17th-century [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language ''Sheetala [[Mangal-Kāvya]]'' (শীতলা মঙ্গলকাব্য, Lit. 'auspicious poetry of Goddess Sheetala') by Manikram Gangopadhyay - has contributed to popularising Her worship.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&q=Shitala+Mangal+kabya+writer&pg=PA224| title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850| isbn=9788125014539| last1=Mukherjee| first1=Sujit| year=1998| publisher=Orient Blackswan| access-date=4 December 2020| archive-date=11 July 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711020523/https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&q=Shitala+Mangal+kabya+writer&pg=PA224#v=snippet&q=Shitala%20Mangal%20kabya%20writer&f=false| url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[North India]], Sheetala Devi's worship is especially popular among [[Jatavs]] communities,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Badri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9NjDwAAQBAJ&q=The+goddess+who+is+largely+worshipped+by+most+of+the+lower+castes+of+UP+is+Sitala+Mata+%28mother+of+small+pox%29+and+her+other+avatars+like+Kalejewali+%28one+that+controls+the+liver%29%2C+Thandi+%28one+that+loves+the+cool%29%2C+Phapholewali+%28one+who+controls+the+vesicle%29+and+Agwani+%28the+fever+goddess%29.+Her+worshippers+are+women+and+children%2C+never+men.+She+too+is+said+to+reside+in+the+neem+tree%2C+although+she+has+special+shrines+and+small+temples+that+are+in+the+charge+of+a+devil-+priest+or+a+low-caste%252&pg=PT230 |title=Women Heroes and Dalit Assertion in North India: Culture, Identity and Politics |date=7 November 2006 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5280-057-5 |language=en |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711020515/https://books.google.com/books?id=z9NjDwAAQBAJ&q=The+goddess+who+is+largely+worshipped+by+most+of+the+lower+castes+of+UP+is+Sitala+Mata+%28mother+of+small+pox%29+and+her+other+avatars+like+Kalejewali+%28one+that+controls+the+liver%29%2C+Thandi+%28one+that+loves+the+cool%29%2C+Phapholewali+%28one+who+controls+the+vesicle%29+and+Agwani+%28the+fever+goddess%29.+Her+worshippers+are+women+and+children%2C+never+men.+She+too+is+said+to+reside+in+the+neem+tree%2C+although+she+has+special+shrines+and+small+temples+that+are+in+the+charge+of+a+devil-+priest+or+a+low-caste%252&pg=PT230 |url-status=live }}</ref> where She is traditionally identified as an aspect of Goddess [[Parvati]], the Divine Consort of Lord [[Shiva]]. She is also closely associated with the [[neem tree]] - the leaves and flowers of which are used as [[naivedya]] (sacred offerings) at Sheetala Devi shrines and temples. In some places, like [[Muzaffarnagar]], worshippers pray to Her using the divine epithet 'Mā Ujalī Devī' (माँ उजली देवी, 'Divine Mother of Brightness'). Other shrines are located at Sikandarpur; in Bijnor, Raewala, Dehra Dun and in Jalon. These Goddesses seem to have been worshipped for many centuries by the [[Chamar|Chamars]] as has been documented.<ref name=":1" /> In addition to being addressed as 'Mother', Sheetala Devi is also revered with honorific titles such as '''Thakurani''', '''Jagrani''' (Queen of the World), '''Karunamayi''' (She Who Is Full of Mercy), '''Mangala''' (The Auspicious One), '''Bhagavati''' (The Revered Goddess), '''Dayamayi''' (She Who Is Compassionate, Full of Grace, and Kindness).<ref>Ferrari (2009: 146–147)</ref> In [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], Sheetala is considered to be [[Drona#Kripi - wife of Dronacharya|Kripi]] (the wife of [[Drona]]) and worshipped in the [[Sheetla Mata Mandir Gurgaon]].<ref name="BBE1">{{Cite news |last=Kapur |first=Manavi |date=23 April 2016 |title=Finding Guru Dronacharya in 'Gurugram' |newspaper=Business Standard India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-guru-in-gurugram-116042201271_1.html |access-date=5 March 2018 |via=Business Standard |archive-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814215112/http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-guru-in-gurugram-116042201271_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[South India]], Sheetala Devi is revered as the goddess incarnate [[Mariamman]], widely worshipped by various communities.

==Sheetala Puja==
Sheetala is primarily worshiped by women on Sitalastami, the eighth day of [[Phalguna]], the eleventh month of the Hindu lunar calendar, which typically falls between mid-February and late March, as established by [[Raghunandana]] because the long, dry nights are associated with deaths from smallpox.<ref name=":0" /> There are many ''arti sangrah'' and ''[[stuti]]s'' for the puja of Seetala. Some of them are Shri Shitla Mata Chalisa, Shitala Maa ki arti, and Shri Shitala Mata ashtak.

According to common belief, many families do not light their stoves on Ashtami/Saptami day, and all devotees cheerfully eat cold food (Cooked the previous night) in the form of [[prasada]]. The idea behind this is that as spring fades and summer approaches, cold food should be avoided.<ref>{{cite news|title=घर-घर पूजी जाएंगी शीतला माता,जानिए पूजा का महत्व और आराधना मंत्र|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/spirituality/religion/sheetala-saptami-2022-date-time-puja-vidhi-and-significance|date=21 March 2022|access-date=27 March 2022|archive-date=27 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327050308/https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/spirituality/religion/sheetala-saptami-2022-date-time-puja-vidhi-and-significance|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Shitala Mata Pooja At Home - 2022.jpg|thumb|Sheetala Mata Pooja]]

==Iconography and symbolism==
[[File:Shitala 25 Palli Arnab Dutta 2010.JPG|thumb|Image of Shitala]]

=== Traditional depictions ===
Shitala is traditionally represented as a young maiden crowned with a winnowing fan, riding a donkey, and holding a short broom to spread the content of her pot full of viral pustules or cold water of immortality. In smaller rural shrines built by [[Adivasi]] and [[Bahujan]] communities, Shitala may be simply represented by smooth stone slabs with painted facial features and decorative adornments donated by devotees. Notably, references to [[neem]] leaves are ubiquitous in Shitala's liturgy and also appear in her iconography'','' suggesting an early understanding of ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'' as a [[Medicinal plants|medicinal plant]]. Moreover, neem leaves are extensively mentioned in the [[Sushruta Samhita]], where it is listed as an effective [[antipyretic]], as well as a remedy for certain inflammatory skin conditions.

Shitala is a form of Goddess [[Katyayani]]. She provides coolness to feverish patients. According to the [[Devi Mahatmyam]], when an [[asura]] named [[Jvarasura]] gave bacterial fever to all the children, the goddess Katyayani arrived in her [[avatar]] of Shitala to purify the children's blood by ridding them of the fever-causing bacteria, and vanquishing the evil Jvarasura. In Sanskrit {{Transliteration|sa|jvara}} means 'fever', and {{Transliteration|sa|shītala}} means 'coolness'. In North Indian iconography, Shitala is often depicted with Jvarasura as her eternal servant. Other deities often worshiped alongside Shitala Devi include Ghentu-debata, the god of skin diseases; Raktabati
, the goddess of blood infections and the sixty-four epidemics; and [[Oladevi]], a cholera-associated disease goddess.<ref>{{cite book|title=Fruits of worship: practical religion in Bengal By Ralph W. Nicholas|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLI7nyI2UVYC&q=Jvarasura+young&pg=PA70|isbn=9788180280061|last1=Nicholas|first1=Ralph W|publisher=Orient Blackswan|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=11 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711020524/https://books.google.com/books?id=yLI7nyI2UVYC&q=Jvarasura+young&pg=PA70#v=onepage&q=Jvarasura%20young&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

She is also depicted enthroned in an eight-handed form holding a [[trident]], [[broom]], [[discus]] (chakra), pot of viral pustules and healing water, branches of neem, [[scimitar]], [[conch]]. and a hand depicting [[varadamudra]]. She is also flanked by two donkeys. This depiction has established her as a goddess of protection, good fortune, health, and power.

=== Smallpox eradication ===
Shitala is historically understood as causing smallpox among non-believers, providing them an opportunity for reflection. Based on her religious role of healing those that make offerings to others recovering from illness, the [[World Health Organization|World Health Organization's]] efforts to distribute smallpox vaccines initially faced resistance as local people saw vaccination as an attempt by Western science to circumvent Hindu religious order. To combat this perception, the international Smallpox Eradication Program (SEP) produced posters depicting Shitala with a vaccination needle to reinterpret immunization as derived from Shitala's power.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Aboitiz |first1=Nicole Cuunjieng |last2=Manela |first2=Erez |date=20 May 2020 |title=Interview – Toynbee Coronavirus Series: Erez Manela on the WHO, Smallpox Eradication, and the Need for Renewed Internationalism |work=[[Arnold J. Toynbee#Toynbee Prize Foundation|Toynbee Prize Foundation]] |url=https://toynbeeprize.org/posts/interview-toynbee-coronavirus-series-erez-manela-on-the-who-smallpox-eradication-and-the-need-for-renewed-internationalism/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121234340/https://toynbeeprize.org/posts/interview-toynbee-coronavirus-series-erez-manela-on-the-who-smallpox-eradication-and-the-need-for-renewed-internationalism/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Buddhism==
In [[Buddhist]] legends, [[Jvarasura]] and Shitala are depicted sometimes as companions of [[Paranasabari]], the Buddhist goddess of diseases. Jvarasura and Shitala are shown escorting her to her right and left side, respectively.<ref>{{cite book|title=Studies in Hindu and Buddhist art By P. K. Mishra|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqSAQpCOifoC&q=Jvarasura&pg=RA1-PA107|isbn=9788170173687|last1=Mishra|first1=P. K|publisher=Abhinav Publications|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=11 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711020515/https://books.google.com/books?id=AqSAQpCOifoC&q=Jvarasura&pg=RA1-PA107#v=snippet&q=Jvarasura&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Shitala temples in India==
{{More citations needed section|date=October 2019}}
[[File:Shitala Makara Dham (Tilochan Mahadev, Jaunpur).jpg|thumb|Shitala Makara Dham (Tilochan Mahadev, Jaunpur)]]
[[File:Shitala Temple at Bidhan Sarani Road, College Street Bata, College Row, College Street, Kolkata, West Bengal.jpg|thumb|Interior of the Shitala temple at Bidhan Sarani in Kolkata, West Bengal.]]
Some of the notable temples:
* Sheetala Mata Mandir, [[Mandla district|Mand]], Dist. – [[Mandla]], [[Madhya Pradesh|MP]]
* Sheetala Mata birthplace, Maghra, [[Bihar Sharif]], [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]], [[Bihar]]
* Sheetala Mata Mandir, Mehandi Ganj, [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* Sheetala Mata Mandir, PitaMaheshwar Kund, [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Bihar]]
* Sheetala Mata Mandir, [[Mainpuri]], Uttar Pradesh
*Rejidi Khejdi Mandir, (Kajra, near [[Surajgarh]], Jhunjunu district) Rajasthan
* Sheetala Mata Mandir, [[Meerut]], Uttar Pradesh
* [[Sheetala Chaukia Dham Mandir Jaunpur|Sheetala Chaukiya Dham Sheetala mata Mandir, Jaunpur]]
* [[Sheetla Mata Mandir Gurgaon|Sheetala Mata Mandir Gurgaon]]
* Sheetala Mata Temple, [[Khanda, Sonipat]]
* Maa Sheetala chaukiya Dham, [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]
* Shree Sheetala Mata Mandir, Adalpura, [[Mirzapur]], Uttar Pradesh
* Shitla Mata Mandir, [[Jalore]], Rajasthan
* Sheetala Mata Temple, [[Reengus]], Rajasthan
* Sheetala Mata Mandir, [[Garia]], [[Kolkata]]
* Adi Shitala Mandir, Kalikapur, [[Kolkata]]
* Sheetala Mata Mandir, Una, Himachal Pradesh
* Sheetala Mata Mandir, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
* Harulongpher Shitalabari, Lumding, Nagaon, Assam
* Shitala Mata Mandir, Jodhpur (kaga maha Mandir near Nagouri gate ), Rajasthan
* Shitala Mata Mandir, [[Nagaur]], Rajasthan
* Sheetala Mata Mandir, Kaushambhi, Uttar Pradesh
* Shitala Mata Mandir, Nizambad, Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh
* Sheetala Mata Mandir, Barmer, Rajasthan
* Sheetala Mata Mandir, Bidhlan, Sonipat
* Sheetala Mata Mandir, Farrukhabad
* Shitala Devi Temple, [[Gurgaon]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gurgaon.gov.in/sheetla_mandir.htm |title=Shri Mata Sheetla Devi Temple |access-date=10 September 2009 |archive-date=16 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716233319/http://www.gurgaon.gov.in/sheetla_mandir.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religiousportal.com/SheetalaMataTempleGurgaon.html|title=Sheetala Mata Temple in Gurgaon|website=religiousportal.com|access-date=5 March 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922180655/http://www.religiousportal.com/SheetalaMataTempleGurgaon.html|archive-date=22 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hinduismtheopensourcefaith.blogspot.in/2011/01/sheetala-devi-mandir-in-gurgaon-city.html|title=Sheetala Devi Mandir in Gurgaon city, Haryana|date=19 January 2011|website=hinduismtheopensourcefaith.blogspot.in|access-date=5 March 2018|archive-date=11 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711020515/http://hinduismtheopensourcefaith.blogspot.com/2011/01/sheetala-devi-mandir-in-gurgaon-city.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Shitala Maa Temple, [[Samta (India)#Maa Shitala Temple|Samta]]
* Sheetala Mata Mandir Anjaniya, Mandla 481998
* Shitla Devi Mandir, Mahim, Mumbai<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punjabkesari.in/dharmik-sthal/news/sheetla-mandir-%C2%A0mumbai-529237|title=मुम्बई का शीतला मंदिर: हर धर्म के लोग आते हैं दर्शन करने जानिए, क्या है खासियत?|date=19 October 2016|website=punjabkesari|accessdate=11 July 2024|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816070157/https://www.punjabkesari.in/dharmik-sthal/news/sheetla-mandir-%C2%A0mumbai-529237|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=3715239908548459&set=pcb.3715241605214956&type=3&theater|title=Facebook|website=www.facebook.com|accessdate=11 July 2024|archive-date=11 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711020611/https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=3715239908548459&set=pcb.3715241605214956&type=3&theater|url-status=live}} {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022 }}</ref>
*Shitala Mandir, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand
*Shitla Devi Mandir, Chembur, Mumbai
* Shitala Devi Mandir, Barad, Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nandedvaibhav.com/post/sri-shitlamata-barad|title=बारडच्या शितलादेवी नवरात्र महोत्सवावर करोनाचे सावट, आईच सांभाळून नेईल अशी भाविकांची ठाम श्रद्धा|language=mr|access-date=12 February 2021}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Sheetala Devi Mandir, Ranibagh, Nainital, Uttarakhand<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kumauni.in/2020/02/Sheetla-Devi-Mandir-Ranibagh.html|title=शीतला देवी मंदिर, रानीबाग|access-date=2 April 2021|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816070144/https://www.kumauni.in/2020/02/Sheetla-Devi-Mandir-Ranibagh.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Ma Shitala mandir Bakrahat 24 parganas (South), West Bengal
* Aai Shitala devi temple in chikhal dongari (palghar) virar west
*Sheetla Mata Mandir in Sonadih, Mau Nath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh
*Shitla Mandir in Munger, Bihar<ref>https://angdesh.com/shitla-mandir-munger/</ref>

==See also==
*[[Lakshmi]]
*[[Vishnu]]
*[[Ashvins]]
*[[Sita]]
*[[Dhanvantari]]
*[[Mariamman]] South Indian deity to ward off small pox

==Notes==
*Arnold, D. (1993) Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth-Century India, Berkeley, University of California Press.
*Auboyer, J. and M.T. de Mallmann (1950). ‘Śītalā-la-froide: déesse indienne de la petite vérole’, Artibus Asiae, 13(3): 207–227.
*Bang, B.G. (1973). 'Current concepts of the smallpox goddess Śītalā in West Bengal', Man in India, 53(1):79–104.
*Kinsley, D. ''Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition''
*Dimock, E.C. Jr. (1982) 'A Theology of the Repulsive: The Myth of the Goddess Śītalā', in J.S. Hawley and D.M. Wulff (eds), The Divine Consort: Rādhā and the Goddesses of India, Berkeley, University of California Press, 184–203
*Ferrari, Fabrizio M. (2009). "Old rituals for new threats. The post-smallpox career of Sitala, the cold mother of Bengal". In Brosius, C. & U. Hüsken (eds.), Ritual Matters, London & New York, Routledge, pp. 144–171.
*Ferrari, Fabrizio M. (2015). Religion, Devotion and Medicine in North India. The Healing Power of Śītalā. London: Bloomsbury.
*Inhorn, M.C. and P.J. Brown (eds) (2005). The Anthropology of Infectious Disease. International Health Perspectives, Amsterdam, Routledge.
*Junghare, I.Y. (1975) 'Songs of the Goddess Shitala: Religio-cultural and Linguistic Features', Man in India, 55(4): 298–316.
*Katyal, A.; N. Kishore (2001) 'Performing the goddess: sacred ritual into professional performance', The Drama Review, 45(1), 96–117.
*Kolenda, P. (1982) 'Pox and the Terror of Childlessness: Images and Ideas of the Smallpox Goddess in a North Indian Village', in J.J. Preston (ed.), Mother Worship, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 227–250
*Mukhopadhyay, S.K. (1994) Cult of Goddess Śītalā in Bengal: An Enquiry into Folk Culture, Calcutta, Firma KLM.
*Nicholas, R. (2003). Fruits of Worship. Practical Religion in Bengal, Chronicle Books, New Delhi.
*Stewart, T.K. (1995) 'Encountering the Smallpox Goddess: The Auspicious Song of Śītalā', in D.S. Lopez, Jr. (ed.), Religious of India in Practice, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 389–397.
*Wadley, S.S. (1980), 'Śītalā: The Cool One', Asian Folklore Studies, 39: 33–62.

==References==
{{Commons category|Śītalā}}
{{Reflist}}

{{HinduMythology}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu health goddesses]]
[[Category:Mother goddesses]]
[[Category:Plague goddesses]]
[[Category:Smallpox deities]]
[[Category:Hindu folk deities]]
[[Category:Vajrayana and women]]

Amrutha Srinivasan

2026-04-14T10:08:35Z

Vemareddy: created the entry from scratch

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amrutha Srinivasan
| image = Amrutha_Srinivasan.jpg
| caption = Amrutha in 2019
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|11|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = [[Karthik Kumar]] (m.2021)
| yearsactive = 2014{{ndash}}present
}}
'''Amrutha Srinivasan''' (born 3 November 1993) is an Indian actress who has appeared in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language films. She is known for her role in the web series ''[[Kallachirippu]]''.

== Career ==
Amrutha Srinivasan made her lead film debut in ''[[Aviyal (2016 film)|Aviyal]]'' playing the only female protagonist in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/090316/aviyal-to-arrive-soon.html|title=Aviyal to arrive soon!|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|date=9 March 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> In 2017, she made her Telugu debut with ''[[Mental Madhilo]]'' in which she portrayed one of the lead actresses before playing one of the leads in the web series ''Livin''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/061217/sri-vishnu-is-on-cloud-nine.html|title=Sri Vishnu is on cloud nine|date=6 December 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mental-madhilo/movie-review/61781220.cms|title=Mental Madhilo Review {3.5/5}: Watch this movie if you're looking for something extremely laidback, beautiful and uncomplicated this weekend, you won't regret it!|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-tamil-web-series-on-a-live-in-relationship/article19401680.ece|title=Livin' tales|first=Karthik|last=Keramalu|date=1 August 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref> She later starred in the lead role in the Tamil web series ''[[Kallachirippu]]'', for which she garnered acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/888592/hard-pill-to-swallow-what-kallachirippu-director-wanted-in-the-female-lead-of-his-tamil-series|title='Hard pill to swallow': What "Kallachirippu" director wanted from the female lead of his web series|first=Sruthi Ganapathy|last=Raman|website=Scroll.in}}</ref> Regarding her role in the web series, ''India Today'' stated that "For once, the heroine isn't a self-sacrificing fantasy. She puts herself and her life first and thinks and behaves like an actual woman."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20180827-tamil-noir-1315826-2018-08-17|title=Tamil Noir|website=India Today}}</ref> She starred in ''[[Dev (2019 film)|Dev]]'' (2019) as [[Karthi]]'s friend.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/31/kallachirippu-fame-amrutha-srinivasan-joins-karthis-dev-1851325.html|title=Kallachirippu-fame Amrutha Srinivasan joins Karthi's Dev|work=New Indian Express|date=31 July 2018|last=Rajendran|first=Gopinath}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dev-amrutha-srinivasan-lands-a-role-in-karthis-film/articleshow/65241297.cms|title='Dev': Amrutha Srinivasan lands a role in Karthi's film|date=2 August 2018|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Amrutha Srinivasan married [[Karthik Kumar]] on 13 December 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/karthik-kumar-and-amrutha-srinivasan-tie-the-knot-news-tamil-vmnfwadgdddag.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213064915/https://www.sify.com/movies/karthik-kumar-and-amrutha-srinivasan-tie-the-knot-news-tamil-vmnfwadgdddag.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 December 2021 | title=Karthik Kumar and Amrutha Srinivasan tie the knot! }}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
*''All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2014 || ''[[Kurai Ondrum Illai]]'' || Deepika || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kuraiondrumillai/movie-review/44781425.cms | title=Kuraiondrumillai Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Kuraiondrumillai by Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
|2016 ||''[[Aviyal (2016 film)|Aviyal]]'' || Shruti || Segment: ''Shruthi Bedham''
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017 || ''[[Meyaadha Maan]]'' || Priyanka ||
|-
| ''[[Mental Madhilo]]'' || Renuka || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Dev (2019 film)|Dev]]'' || Nisha ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Mamakiki]]'' || Rita || Released on [[ZEE5]]
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Irudhi Pakkam]]'' || Iyal ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Super Senior Heroes]]'' || Inspector Selvi || Directly premiered on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2024 || ''[[Por (film)|Por]]'' || Surya || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Mar/01/por-movie-review-all-is-not-fair-in-this-war-of-alphas-52546.html|title=Por Movie Review: All is not fair in this war of alphas|first=Narayani|last=M|date=1 March 2024|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pon Ondru Kanden]]'' || Tripura Sundari ||
|-
|2026 || ''[[Tu Yaa Main]]'' || Tara Shah || Hindi film; Debut in [[Hindi cinema]]
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Note(s)
|-
| 2017 ||''Livin'' || Haritha ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Kallachirippu]]'' || Mahati || Released on [[List of ZEE5 original web series|ZEE5]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2022 || ''[[Anantham (web series)|Anantham]]'' || Seetha || Released on [[List of ZEE5 original web series|ZEE5]]
|-
| ''[[Kaiyum Kalavum]]'' || Cameo Appearance || Released on [[SonyLIV]]
|-
|2023 || ''[[Sweet Kaaram Coffee]]'' || Young Deva || Released on [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Prime]]
|-
|2025
|''[[Good Wife (TV series)|Good Wife]]''
|Sneha Merlin
|Released on '''[[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]'''
|}

;Music videos
*''Kaalai Pozhudhil''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2020/03/14012650/1219941/Vinods-Kaalai-Pozhudhil-clocks-over-3-lakh-views.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410112656/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2020/03/14012650/1219941/Vinods-Kaalai-Pozhudhil-clocks-over-3-lakh-views.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2021|title=Vinod's Kaalai Pozhudhil clocks over 3 lakh views|date=14 March 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|7992235}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivasan, Amrutha}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1993 births]]

Shamika Ravi

2026-04-12T11:33:00Z

Vemareddy: started entry

{{Short description|Indian economist}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shamika Ravi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Lady Shri Ram College|Lady Shri Ram College, Delhi]] [[New York University|New York University, New York]]
| occupation = [[Economist]]
| office = Member of the [[Economic Advisory Council|Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM)]]
| predecessor =
| term_start = 2023
| office2 = Secretary to the [[Government of India]]
| term_start2 = February 2023
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| relatives =
}}
'''Dr. Shamika Ravi''' is an Indian economist and public policy researcher. She currently serves as a member of the [[Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister]] and as a Secretary to the [[Government of India]]. Her research focuses on public policy issues such as healthcare, gender equality, poverty alleviation, and economic development.<ref name="orf">{{cite web |title=Shamika Ravi |url=https://www.orfonline.org/contributors/shamika-ravi |website=Observer Research Foundation |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="HT2023">{{cite news |title=Shamika Ravi appointed to PM's Economic Advisory Council |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shamika-ravi-joins-economic-advisory-council-to-pm-101685330789987.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ravi was born in [[Patna]], and raised in [[Kerala]], India. She completed her undergraduate degree from [[Lady Shri Ram College]], Delhi, in 1996.<ref name="w20">{{cite web |title=Prof. Shamika Ravi |url=https://w20india.org/prof-shamika-ravi/ |website=W20 India |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref> She later attended the [[Delhi School of Economics]] and received her Ph.D. in economics from [[New York University]].<ref name="eac">{{cite web |title=Dr. Shamika Ravi |url=https://eacpm.gov.in/team/dr-shamika-ravi |website=Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref>

== Academic career ==
Ravi joined the [[Indian School of Business]] (ISB) in 2005 as a visiting faculty member, later becoming an assistant professor and eventually a professor of economics.<ref name="isb">{{cite web |title=Shamika Ravi - ISB Profile |url=https://www.isb.edu/en/deccan-dialogue-2019/shamika-ravi.html |website=Indian School of Business |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref> She has taught courses in managerial economics, game theory, and microfinance.

Her research includes studies on health financing, women’s political participation, and financial inclusion. She co-authored the report ''Health and Morbidity in India (2004–2014)'', which analyzed the economic impact of public health insurance programs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Health and Morbidity in India (2004–2014) |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/health-morbidity_sr052017.pdf |website=Brookings Institution |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref> Her academic work has appeared in journals such as the ''World Development'', ''Journal of Urban Economics'', and ''Journal of Development Economics''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ravi |first1=Shamika |title=Institutional Corruption in Indian Politics: An Empirical Analysis |journal=Journal of Development Economics |year=2021 |volume=148 |pages=101–115}}</ref>

== Policy roles and public engagement ==
Ravi has held multiple advisory and research roles:
* 2023–present: Member, [[Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister]] of India<ref name="eac" />
* 2022–2023: Vice President, Economic Policy, [[Observer Research Foundation]]<ref name="orf" />
* 2018–2020: Director of Research, [[Brookings Institution]]<ref name="IGC">{{cite web |title=Shamika Ravi |url=https://www.theigc.org/people/shamika-ravi |website=International Growth Centre |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref>
* 2014–2018: Fellow, Brookings Institution<ref name="IGC" />

She is a regular contributor to Indian media outlets and has authored opinion pieces in newspapers such as ''The Indian Express'', ''Mint'', and ''The Hindu'', focusing on data-driven policymaking and development economics.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's hidden burden of health debt |author=Shamika Ravi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/indias-hidden-burden-of-health-debt-8236784/ |work=The Indian Express |date=4 November 2022 |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref>

== Research and views ==
Ravi’s work on gender and politics has examined women’s representation and voting behavior in Indian elections. She has advocated for targeted reservation policies based on empirical evidence of political exclusion.<ref>{{cite news |last=Masoodi |first=Ashwaq |title=Women can impact outcome, they vote differently from men: Shamika Ravi |url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/HeKM8i8vOKrqpG2398mXMK/Women-can-impact-outcome-they-vote-differently-from-men-Sh.html |work=Mint |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref> She has publicly opposed the use of randomized quotas, favoring a compensatory justice approach to policy design.

Her views on global trade have emphasized the need for India to balance protectionism with liberalization, particularly in light of international trade tensions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump tariff threats present opportunity for India: Shamika Ravi |last=Punj |first=Shweta |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/trump-tariff-threats-present-opportunity-for-india-too-much-protection-detrimental-to-growth-shamika-ravi-12963010.html |website=Moneycontrol |date=12 March 2025 |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref>

Her contributions are also featured in edited volumes such as ''Economic Reasoning and Public Policy Case Studies from India'' published by RIS.<ref>{{cite web |title=Economic Reasoning and Public Policy Case Studies from India |url=https://www.ris.org.in/sites/default/files/Opinions-Comments/E-book%20-%20Economic%20Reasoning%20and%20Public%20Policy%20Case%20Studies%20from%20India.pdf |website=RIS India |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref>

== Media and public discourse ==
Ravi frequently appears in policy forums and public events, discussing development challenges, data governance, and evidence-based reforms. She writes frequently for News and Media Platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-07 |title=For India's complex, growing economy, a lesson from China's Qing dynasty |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/for-indias-complex-growing-economy-a-lesson-from-chinas-qing-dynasty-10110482/ |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She has been featured in media programs and platforms such as SheThePeople, Open Magazine, and Asia Society.<ref>{{cite web |title=It Is Crucial For Young Girls To See Female Mentors: Shamika Ravi |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/crucial-young-girls-female-mentors-shamika-ravi/ |website=SheThePeople |date=6 December 2018 |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shamika Ravi: India's Explainer |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/shamika-ravi-%EF%BB%BFindias-explainer/ |website=Open Magazine |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Prime Minister of India]]
*[[Gender equality in India]]
* [[Development economics]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://eacpm.gov.in/team/dr-shamika-ravi Profile at Economic Advisory Council]
* [https://www.orfonline.org/contributors/shamika-ravi Profile at ORF]
* [https://www.isb.edu/en/deccan-dialogue-2019/shamika-ravi.html Profile at ISB]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravi, Shamika}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Patna]]
[[Category:Indian economists]]
[[Category:Indian women economists]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi School of Economics alumni]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian School of Business]]
[[Category:Brookings Institution people]]

Kunustoria Area

2026-04-11T00:15:59Z

Vemareddy: New First Article Added Tags

{{Short description|Mining area in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox mine
| name = Kunustoria Area
| image =
| width =
| caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label = Kunustoria Area
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|23.645711|N|87.117422|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| place =
| owner = [[Eastern Coalfields|Eastern Coalfields Limited]]
| official website = http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/
| acquisition year =
| stock_exchange =
| stock_code =
| products = Non-coking coal
| financial year =
| amount =
| closing year =
}}
'''Kunustoria Area''' is one of the 14 operational areas of [[Eastern Coalfields|Eastern Coalfields Limited]] located in [[Asansol subdivision]] of [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], India.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=250| zoom=12
| coord={{coord|23|38|6|N|87|7|5|E}}| float=left|caption='''Collieries in the Kunustoria Area of Eastern Coalfields''' U: Underground Colliery, O: Open Cast Colliery, S: Mining support, A: Administrative headquarters Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|36|49|N|87|5|5|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Amritnagar Colliery| numbered1=U| mark-title1= Amritnagar Colliery (U)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|37|47|N|87|8|17|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Bansra Colliery| numbered2=U| mark-title2= Bansra Colliery (U)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|38|50|N|87|7|48|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Kunustoria Colliery| numbered3=U| mark-title3= Kunustoria Colliery (U)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|40|4|N|87|6|4|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= North Searsole Colliery| numbered4=U| mark-title4= North Searsole Colliery (U)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|37|07|N|87|6|22|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Mahabir OCP| numbered5=O| mark-title5= Mahabir OCP (O) |shape-color5=#C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|39|0|N|87|9|46|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Parasea Colliery| numbered6=U| mark-title6= Parasea Colliery (U)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|39|30|N|87|8|41|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Belbaid Colliery| numbered7=U| mark-title7= Belbaid Colliery (U)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|39|1|N|87|7|18|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=ECL Kunustoria Area Office | numbered8=A| mark-title8=ECL Kunustoria Area Office (A)|shape-color8=black| label-size8=13|label-color8=black
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|38|5|N|87|7|38|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Bansra Hospital| numbered9=S| mark-title9= Bansra Hospital (S)}}

===Location===
The Kunustoria Area is located around {{coord|23.645711|N|87.117422|E|region:IN|}}

The Kunustoria Area is bounded by the rural areas of [[Jamuria (community development block)|Jamuria]] CD Block on the north, [[Kenda Area]] and [[Kajora Area]] on the east, Bankura district, across the [[Damodar River|Damodar]] on the south, and [[Satgram Area]] and [[Sripur Area]] on the west.<ref name=google>Google maps</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajora_Area#/media/File:ECL_Area_Map.jpg| title = ECL Area Map | publisher = ENVIS Centre on Environmental Problems of Mining | access-date = 18 August 2018}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=November 2020}}

The map alongside shows some of the collieries in the Area. However, as the collieries do not have individual pages, there are no links in the full screen map.

===Coal===
As per the Shodhganga website, collieries in the Kunustoria Area of [[Eastern Coalfields]] are: Amritnagar, Amrasota, Mahabir, North Searsole, Kunustoria, Banshra, Topsi, Belbaid, Parasea 6&7, Parasea, Banshra OCP, Parasea OCP and [[Narayankuri|Narayankuri OCP]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/66080/13/13_chapter%205.pdf |title = Coalmining impact on the Environment |work = Chapter V: Table 5.2 | publisher= shodganga.infibnet | access-date = 18 August 2018}}</ref>

As per ECL website telephone numbers, operational collieries in the Kunustoria Area in 2018 are:Amritnagar Colliery, Amrasota Colliery, Bansra Colliery, Belbaid Colliery, Kunustoria Colliery, Mahabir OCP, North Searsole Colliery, Parasea Colliery, Parasea 6 & 7 Incline and Parasea OCP.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/contactus/cugtel/kunustoria.pdf | title = Area wise Closed User Group (CUG) Telephone Numbers | work = Kunustoria Area | publisher = Eastern Coalfields Limited | access-date = 18 August 2018}}</ref>

See also – [[Kajora Area#Mining plan]] – it includes a major portion of Kunustoria Area 
See also – [[Satgram Area#Mining plan]] for Amritnagar and Mahabir collieries

[[Image:ECL Area Map.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Operational Areas of ECL (Source:[http://ismenvis.nic.in/Database/Parascole_West_Colliery_06071999_9295.aspx ENVIS Centre on Environmental Problems of Mining])]]

==Subsidence==
Traditionally many underground collieries have left a void after taking out the coal. As a result, almost all areas are facing subsidence. As per CMPDIL, there were 11 points of subsidence in the Kunustoria Area involving 399.21 hectares of land.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/66080/13/13_chapter%205.pdf | title = Coal mining impact on the environment | work = Pages 78-81 | publisher = Shodhganga | access-date = 18 August 2018}}</ref>

<section begin=rescue_operation />
==Mahabir Colliery rescue operations==
In 1989, Mahabir underground colliery was working in Narainkuri seam through A and B shafts, about 86 m. The overlying Ningah seam (parting 22 m) had been worked and abandoned a long time back. It was full of water. "On 13.11.1989 at about 4 a.m., a heading in Narainkuri seam punctured into an abandoned shaft (Pit No.34, which was not shown on the plan of Narainkuri seam) through which water of Ningah seam started rushing into Narainkuri seam. Heavy flow was reported for about 45 minutes. There were 232 persons employed below ground in the night shift of whom 161, working in the vicinity of the shafts, could come out. 71 could not reach the shafts as the roadways leading to the shafts had got flooded. In a short time, both the shafts got flooded up to a height of 12 m above the pit-bottom. Fortunately, there was a telephone connection between the underground workings (where the miners were trapped) and the surface and it was learnt over this telephone that 65 miners had taken shelter in the rise part of the workings. Thus 6 miners could not be accounted for."<ref name=rescue>{{cite web | url = http://ismenvis.nic.in/Database/Mahabir_Colliery_13111989_9459.aspx | title = Mahabir Colliery on 13.11.1989 | publisher = Envis Centre on Environmental Problems of Mining | access-date = 19 August 2018}}</ref>

Initially, pumping was resorted to but it did not prove to be an immediate success because much of the water was flowing back into the mine through surface cracks. At a later stage more fool proof pumping arrangements were made. Two exploration bore holes had been drilled in the past. One of the bore holes was activated with further boring and in about 24 hours from the time of flooding, torches, food, drinking water, medicines, etc. were lowered through this bore hole. A second bore hole of 200 mm (8") was bored and then widened in stages to 21.5" diameter. The top 11 m alluvium portion was further enlarged and lined with steel ducting to prevent it from caving in.

<ref name=rescue/>

{{OSM Location map
| width=430| height=400| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|23|41|0|N|87|5|20|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the eastern portion of Asansol Sadar subdivision in Paschim Bardhaman district''' MC: Municipal Corporation, CT: census town, N: neighbourhood, R: rural centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|39|27|N|87|7|2|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Kunustara | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=Kunustara (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|40|5|N|87|7|40|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Topsi| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Topsi]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|43|26|N|87|11|57|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Nimsa| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Nimsa]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|42|58|N|87|11|21|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Chinchuria| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Chinchuria]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|40|38|N|87|10|9|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Kenda| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Kenda]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|39|10|N|87|9|46|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Parasia| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Parasia]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|39|14|N|87|2|9|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Ratibati| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Ratibati]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|39|40|N|87|2|30|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Chapui| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Chapui]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|39|5|N|87|4|11|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Jemari |labela9=(Jaykaynagar)| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Jemari (J.K. Nagar Township)]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|37|45|N|87|8|22|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Banshra| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Banshra]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|38|5|N|87|3|51|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Belebathan| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Belebathan]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|38|28|N|87|2|3|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Chelad| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Chelad]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|37|29|N|87|4|32|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Murgathaul| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Murgathaul]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|36|57|N|87|5|4|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Amkula| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Amkula]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|35|53|N|87|8|30|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Baktarnagar| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Baktarnagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|36|33|N|87|6|01|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Egara| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Egara, Paschim Bardhaman|Egara]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|35|21|N|87|6|21|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Sahebganj| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Sahebganj, Paschim Bardhaman|Sahebganj]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|35|10|N|87|7|7|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Raghunathchak| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Raghunathchak]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|34|50|N|87|7|32|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Ballavpur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Ballavpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|46|48|N|87|4|48|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Churulia| numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Churulia]] (R)|shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|41|37|N|87|8|39|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Bahadurpur| numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Bahadurpur, Paschim Bardhaman]] (R)|shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|42|7|N|87|2|53|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22=ECL Sripur |labela22= Area Office| numbered22=0 | mark-title22=[[Sripur Area|ECL Sripur Area Office]] (A)| label-size22=12| shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|40|53|N|87|4|45|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=ECL Satgram |labela23= Area Office |numbered23=0| mark-title23=[[Satgram Area|ECL Satgram Area Office]] (A)| label-size23=12| shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|38|50|N|87|7|18|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=ECL Kunustoria|labela24= Area Office|numbered24=0 | mark-title24=ECL Kunustoria Area Office (A)|shape-color24=black| label-size24=13|label-color24=black 
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|40|0|N|87|13|33|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25=ECL Kenda |labela25= Area Office |numbered25=0| mark-title25=[[Kenda Area|ECL Kenda Area Office]] (A)| label-size25=12| shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|40|44|N|86|57|9|E}} | label-pos26=right|label-color26=#800000| label26=Asansol | numbered26=MC| mark-title26=[[Asansol]] (MC)|shape-color26=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|37|12|N|87|7|48|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Raniganj | numbered27=N| mark-title27= [[Raniganj]] (N)|shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|42|50|N|87|4|48|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28=Jamuria | numbered28=N| mark-title28= [[Jamuria]] (N)|shape-color28=#C42222
|mark-coord29={{coord|23.612489|87.032854}}| label29=Damodar River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=28| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|23.749367|87.157333}}| label30=Ajay River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=0| label-pos30=right| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none}}

While drilling was going on, a steel capsule of 17" inside diameter and 2.5 m height had been fabricated. On 16.11.1989, after a few trial runs, Jaswant Singh Gill, Addl Chief Mining Engineer, risked his own life, and went down the bore hole in the capsule. The rescue operations started and the 65 trapped miners started coming up in the capsule, one-by-one. It took about 6 hours to complete the evacuation and the last person to come up was Jaswant Singh Gill.<ref name=rescue/>

"Over 20,000 people had assembled to witness the tension-charged rescue operation... when Shri Gill emerged from the capsule, people went mad with emotional outburst. They lifted him on their shoulders and heaped him with garlands. The scene cannot be described in words; it is best left to the imagination of the reader to re-create it in his own mind, and thus ended a glorious chapter in the history of Indian mining."<ref name=rescue/>

"Jaswant Singh Gill was honoured with India's highest civilian gallantry award [[Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak]] (SJRP) for saving the lives of 65 miners, by the President of India. Before Shri Gill, no living person had been honoured with this gallantry award. However, many people have received it posthumously. His historic act of bravery on November 16 is celebrated by Coal India Ltd as ‘Rescue Day’." Gill retired from Coal India as an Executive Director in 1998 and settled in Amritsar. ‘The Hero of Raniganj’ is still remembered by many people in many ways.<ref name=rescue/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sikhnet.com/news/sikh-hero-bengal-unknown-punjab | title = A Sikh Hero in Bengal, Unknown in Punjab | date = 16 October 2008 | publisher = Sikhnet, 16 October 2008 | access-date = 19 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1101019/jsp/bengal/story_13073520.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101022031559/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101019/jsp/bengal/story_13073520.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = October 22, 2010 | title = Chile-like rescue in Bengal 21 years ago – Metal sheets beaten into a capsule to save 64 miners trapped 380ft underground for 4 days | publisher = The Telegraph, 19 October 2010 | access-date = 19 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/chandigarh/story-of-the-hero-of-raniganj-the-brave-engineer-jaswant-singh-gill | title = Story Of The Hero Of Raniganj, The Brave Engineer Jaswant Singh Gill | work = Photo Gallery| publisher = Amar Ujala, 9 June 2017| access-date = 19 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1131107/jsp/jharkhand/story_17536618.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180819082922/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1131107/jsp/jharkhand/story_17536618.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = August 19, 2018 | title = A visual treat for children – Museum opens for public to mark CIL foundation day| publisher = The Telegraph, 7 November 2013 | access-date = 19 August 2018}}</ref>

<section end=rescue_operation />

==Migrants==
Prior to the advent of [[coal mining]], the entire region was a low-productive rice crop area in what was once a part of the [[Jungle Mahals]]. The ownership of land had passed on from local [[adivasi]]s to agricultural castes before mining started. However, the [[Santal people|Santhals]] and the [[Bauris]], referred to by the colonial administrators as "traditional coal cutters of Raniganj" remained attached to their lost land and left the mines for agricultural related work, which also was more remunerative. It forced the mine-owners to bring in outside labour, mostly from Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh. In time the migrants dominated the mining and industrial scenario. The pauperization and alienation of the adivasis have been major points of social concern.<ref name=illegalmining1>{{cite web | url = https://www.academia.edu/3141696 | title = Unintended Collieries: People and Resources in Eastern India | first= Kuntala|last=Lahiri-Dutt | work= Resource Management in Asia-Pacific, Working Paper No. 44, 2003| date = January 2003 | publisher = RMAP Working Papers | access-date = 11 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://inet.vidyasagar.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1245/2/2.pdf | title = Industrialisation and Emergence of Labour Force in Bengal during The Colonial Period: Its Socio-Economic Impact | first = Nirban |last= Basu | work = Vidyasagar University Journal of History|volume=1|date=2012–2013 | access-date = 11 August 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Andal–Sainthia branch line|collapse=yes}}
The [[Andal-Sainthia branch line|Andal-Jamuria-Sitarampur branch line]] passes through the Kunustoria Area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/andal-jasidih-demu-73539/15359/585/326 |title = 73539 Andal-Jasidih DEMU |work = Time Table | publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 18 August 2018}}</ref>

[[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] (old number NH 2) and [[National Highway 14 (India)|NH 14]] (old number NH 60) pass through the Kunustoria Area.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=10 February 2017|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Bansra Hospital of ECL functions with 50 beds.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/uploads/pdf/eastern_coldfields_limiteds_hospital.pdf| title = Eastern Coalfields Limited's Hospitals| publisher = Government of West Bengal| access-date = 18 August 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170426153142/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/uploads/pdf/eastern_coldfields_limiteds_hospital.pdf| archive-date = 26 April 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Operational Areas of ECL}}
{{Paschim Bardhaman topics}}

==See also==
*[[Mission Raniganj]]

[[Category:Coal mining operational areas in West Bengal]]

Arun Bose

2026-04-08T12:35:12Z

Vemareddy:

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Indian patronymic|Arun|Bose}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arun Bose
| image = Arun Bose - Film Maker.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|12|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Muvattupuzha]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|St. Joseph's Degree & PG College, Hyderabad|[[Madras Christian College|Madras Christian College, Chennai]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director]]|[[Screenwriter]]|[[Film editor]]}}
| years_active = 2007–present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Minu Sadasivan|2019}}
| children = Kriti Prakriti
| parents =
| relatives =
}}

'''Arun Bose''' (born 21 December 1982) is an Indian [[film director]], [[screenwriter]], [[film editor]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arun Bose: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Arun-Bose |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> and producer predominantly working in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam Film Luca review: Competently made, haunting mystery |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/jun/29/malayalam-film-luca-review-competently-made-haunting-mystery-1996834.html |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express|date=29 June 2019 }}</ref> He made his directorial debut with the Malayalam feature film ''[[Luca (2019 film)|Luca]]'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2019-06-28 |title=Director Arun Bose speaks about the making of Tovino-starrer 'Luca' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/newbie-director-arun-bose-on-his-film-luca-which-stars-tovino-thomas-and-ahaana-krishna-in-the-lead/article28198633.ece |access-date=2022-12-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> starring [[Tovino Thomas]] and [[Ahaana Krishna]].He has also won Thikkurissi Film Awards 2026 for the film [[Mindiyum Paranjum|Mindyum Paranjum]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-11 |title=Thikkurissi Film Awards 2026 Winners Name List |url=https://www.keralatv.in/find-the-winners-of-thikkurissi-film-awards-2026/ |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=Kerala TV |language=en-US}}</ref>

He has also produced, scripted, photographed and directed an experimental<ref>{{Cite news |title=Director Arun Bose's experimental Tamil film has a haunting quality - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/director-arun-boses-experimental-tamil-film-has-a-haunting-quality/articleshow/72141912.cms |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=The Times of India |date=20 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] feature film titled ''Alaiyin Thisai''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARUN BOSE |url=https://www.prasadacademy.com/staff-members/arun-bose/ |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=L V Prasad College of Media Studies |language=en-GB}}</ref> His second Malayalam feature film ''Mindiyum Paranjum''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unni Mukundan -Aparna Balamurali film gets title |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/jul/29/unni-aparna-film-gets-title-2481676.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=The New Indian Express|date=29 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=വിഷയം 'ആണും പെണ്ണും' തന്നെ, ലൂക്കയിൽ നിന്നും വ്യത്യസ്തമാണ്; മിണ്ടിയും പറഞ്ഞും സിനിമയെക്കുറിച്ച് സംവിധായകൻ |url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/chalachithram-film/2022/aug/03/director-arun-bose-about-his-movie-mindiyum-paranjum-155623.html |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=Samakalika Malayalam |date=3 August 2022 |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=nirmal |title='ലൂക്കയില്‍ നിന്നും വ്യത്യസ്‍തം, മിനിമല്‍'; 'മിണ്ടിയും പറഞ്ഞും' സിനിമയെക്കുറിച്ച് സംവിധായകന്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/arun-bose-about-mindiyum-paranjum-movie-unni-mukundan-aparna-balamurali-rg167x |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref> produced by [[Salim Ahamed]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindiyum Paranjum censored U |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/dec/20/mindiyum-paranjum-censored-u-37926.html |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=20 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> has [[Unni Mukundan]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=honey |title='മിണ്ടിയും പറഞ്ഞും', ഉണ്ണി മുകുന്ദൻ ചിത്രത്തിന്റെ ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/unni-mukundan-starrer-film-mindiyum-pranjum-first-look-out-rfoya5 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref> and [[Aparna Balamurali]] in the lead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-21 |title=Unni Mukundan's Upcoming Film Mindiyum Paranjum Gets U Certificate From Censor Board |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/unni-mukundans-upcoming-film-mindiyum-paranjum-gets-u-certificate-from-censor-board-6665011.html |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Desk |date=2022-12-20 |title=Mindiyum Paranjum OTT Release Date {{!}} Mindiyum Paranjum OTT Platform {{!}} Mindiyum Paranjum Release Date |url=https://www.youthiconmedia.com/mindiyum-paranjum-ott-release-date-2/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Youth Icon Media |language=en-US}}</ref> Arun Bose is also a visiting faculty at various film and media schools like [[L. V. Prasad|L. V. Prasad College of Media Studies, Chennai]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=L V Prasad College of Media Studies - Top Film College in India |url=https://www.prasadacademy.com/ |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=L V Prasad College of Media Studies |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Madras Christian College|Madras Christian College, Chennai]] etc.

== Personal life ==
Arun Bose was born on 21 December 1982 in [[Muvattupuzha]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=m.g |first=Gokul |date=2019-06-10 |title=Right move at the right time |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/100619/right-move-at-the-right-time.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2019-06-28 |title=Director Arun Bose speaks about the making of Tovino-starrer 'Luca' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/newbie-director-arun-bose-on-his-film-luca-which-stars-tovino-thomas-and-ahaana-krishna-in-the-lead/article28198633.ece |access-date=2022-12-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Kerala as the son of S. R. C. Bose and Rema Bose. He graduated in [[Computer science|Computer Science]] from St. Joseph's Degree & PG College, Hyderabad and later did a [[Master of Arts]] in [[communication studies]] from [[Madras Christian College|Madras Christian College, Chennai]]. Arun is married to Minu Sadasivan and now settled at [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. During the initial days of his career, he has worked as the program officer of National Folklore Support Centre.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Anungla |last1=Aier |first2=Tiatoshi |last2=Jamir |title=Re-interpreting the myth of Longterok |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319837592 |journal=Indian Folklife |date=July 2009 |issue=33 |pages=5–9}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Positions
!Notes
|-
|2007
|''The Story of Mudugar''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://teff.in/downloadocs/TEFF%20BOOK%202015%20RGNIYD%201.pdf|website=tiNai Ecofilm Festival-Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development (TEFF- RGNIYD)|title= Guide Booklet}}</ref>
|[[English language|English]], [[Malayalam]]
|Director, Writer, Editor, Cinematographer
|Documentary film<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alex |first=Rayson K. |date=January 2013 |title=74.2 Mudugar video documentaries, The Story of Mudugar, Part 2 of 2 |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244174 |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Alex |first1=Rayson K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1swxBwAAQBAJ&q=%22The+Story+of+Mudugar%22aruna&pg=PA28 |title=Culture and Media: Ecocritical Explorations |last2=Deborah |first2=S. Susan |last3=P.S |first3=Sachindev |date=2014-06-19 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-6190-8 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''My Paper Boat''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangalore Today |url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/mainnewsprint/Kerala-filmmaker-s-take-on-climate-change-a-hit-at-Copenhagen.html |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=www.mangaloretoday.com}}</ref>
|[[Silent film|Silent]]
|All
|Documentary film;
Screened at the [[2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai to Copenhagen |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2009/dec/05/chennai-to-copenhagen-110146.html |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express|date=15 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|2012
|''Pedana Kalamkari''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arun Bose |url=https://www.skimstone.org.uk/arun-bose |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Skimstone Arts |language=en |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213180638/https://www.skimstone.org.uk/arun-bose |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Documentary Screening - Pedana Kalamkari |url=https://teresas.ac.in/event/pedanakalamkari/ |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=St.Teresa’s College (Autonomous) |language=en-US}}</ref>
|English, [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Director, Writer, Editor, Cinematographer
|Documentary film
|-
|2018
|''Alaiyin Thisai''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Director, Writer, Cinematographer
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2019-11-22 |title=Luca director Arun Bose loved the freedom that came with making 'Alayin Thisai' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/luca-director-arun-bose-loved-the-freedom-that-came-with-making-alayin-thisai/article30050230.ece |access-date=2022-12-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Luca (2019 film)|Luca]]''
| rowspan="3" |Malayalam
|Director, Writer
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luca, a marriage of contrasts |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jun/26/luca-a-marriage-of-contrasts-12558.html |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=26 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Unni Mukundan, Aparna Balamurali headline Arun Bose's next |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2021/dec/07/unni-mukundan-aparna-balamurali-headline-arun-boses-next-37577.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |date=7 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title='Mindiyum Paranjum'; Arun Bose with new film after Luca, Unni Mukundan and Aparna Balamurali in lead roles |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=869601&u=mindiyum-paranjum-arun-bose-with-new-film-after-luca-unni-mukundan-and-aparna-balamurali-in-lead-roles-869601 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Marivillin Gopurangal]]''
|Director
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Mindiyum Paranjum]]''
|Director, Writer
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=nirmal |title='ലൂക്കയില്‍ നിന്നും വ്യത്യസ്‍തം, മിനിമല്‍'; 'മിണ്ടിയും പറഞ്ഞും' സിനിമയെക്കുറിച്ച് സംവിധായകന്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/arun-bose-about-mindiyum-paranjum-movie-unni-mukundan-aparna-balamurali-rg167x |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-27 |title=Mindiyum Paranjum {{!}} മിണ്ടിയും പറഞ്ഞുമിരിക്കാൻ സനലും ലീനയും; പുതിയ ചിത്രവുമായി ലൂക്ക സംവിധായകൻ അരുൺ ബോസ് |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-unni-mukundan-and-aparna-balamurali-in-mindiyum-paranjum-mm-546463.html |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=News18 Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|8734870}}
*{{YouTube |id=gasMl5DdhkA|title=My Paper Boat}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Arun}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Muvattupuzha]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Film editors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kochi]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
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[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
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SSLV-D2

2026-04-02T11:12:47Z

Vemareddy: Put Up Some Post V1

{{Short description|Second launch of the Indian Small Satellite Launch Vehicle}}
{{Infobox rocket launch
|image = SSLV-D2, EOS-07 - Lift-off from First Launch Pad of SDSC-SHAR 10.webp
|image_size = 100
|caption = SSLV-D2 launch
|rocket=[[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|SSLV]]
|launch=10 February 2023 at 03:48 ( UTC )
|pad=[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
|payload=
{{flagicon|IND}} [[EOS–07]] {{flagicon|USA}} Janus 01 {{flagicon|IND}} [[AzaadiSAT-2]] {{Line break}}
|succession=[[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle#Launches|SSLV launches]]
|previous=[[SSLV-D1]]
|next=[[SSLV-D3]]|operator=[[ISRO]]|outcome=Successful}}

The '''SSLV-D2''' was the second mission of the [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (SSLV). The vehicle carried three payloads: [[EOS–07]], Antaris US Firm named as Janus-01 and [[AzaadiSAT-2]] by SpaceKidz India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajwi |first=Tiki |date=2022-10-12 |title=Second development flight of Small Satellite Launch Vehicle likely this year |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/second-development-flight-of-small-satellite-launch-vehicle-likely-this-year/article66001388.ece |access-date=2022-11-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 23, 2022 |title=ISRO plans Sun and Moon missions in 2023 as well as commercial ones |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-plans-sun-and-moon-missions-in-2023-as-well-as-commercial-ones/articleshow/95048211.cms |access-date=November 11, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|last=Times |first=of India |date=2023-01-27 |title=ISRO's Latest Rocket to carry US Company's Satellite
|language=en-IN |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/small-satellite-launch-vehicle-2nd-mission-to-carry-us-sat-eos-7-oneweb-sats-to-arrive-today/articleshow/97362736.cms|access-date=2023-01-27}}</ref>

==Details==
[[ISRO]] launched the [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (SSLV) in [[Low Earth orbit]], on 10th February 2023 from the first launchpad of [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] in [[Sriharikota]]. It contained three payloads having a total mass of 172.6 kg.<ref name=pib>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2023 |title=Successful flight of Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1897963 |access-date=14 February 2023}}</ref>

This was the follow-up mission of [[SSLV-D1]] with main objectives to demonstrate in-flight performance of SSLV vehicle systems and injection of all three satellites into 450 km [[low Earth orbit]].<ref name=brochure>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/SSLV/SSLV_D2_EOS_07_DigitalBrochure.pdf|title=SSLV D2, EOS 07 MISSION|date=February 2023|website=isro.gov.in}}</ref>

==Mission statistics==
* '''Mass''':
** ''Total liftoff weight:'' {{convert|119000|kg|lbs}}
** ''Payload weight:'' {{convert|172.6|kg|lbs}}{{r|pib}}
* '''Overall height''': {{convert|34|m|ft|1}}
* '''Propellant''':
** ''Stage 1:'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Solid]] [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|HTPB based]]
** ''Stage 2:'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Solid]] [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|HTPB based]]
** ''Stage 3:'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Solid]] [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|HTPB based]]
** ''Stage 4 (VTM{{note|Velocity Trimming Module}}):'' [[Liquid fuel rocket|Liquid]] [[Monomethylhydrazine|MMH]] + [[Mixed oxides of nitrogen|MON-3]]
* '''Altitude''': {{convert|450|km|mi|0}}
* '''Inclination''': 37.2°
* '''Period''': 923.6 seconds
* '''Launch azimuth''': 135°{{r|brochure}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=SSLV-D2/EOS-07 MISSION |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/mission_SSLV_D2.html?timeline=timeline |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

==Launch==
The second SSLV development launch was carried out on 10th February, 2023 from the first launchpad of [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] in [[Sriharikota]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/science/news/isro-planning-to-launch-second-development-sslv-flight-in-feb-s-somanath-11672838016053.html |title=ISRO planning to launch second development SSLV flight in Feb: S Somanath |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=4 January 2023 |access-date=6 January 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Small Satellite Launch Vehicle]]

Gopabandhu Jan Arogya Yojana

2026-04-01T18:38:24Z

Vemareddy: added new data w/ refs...

{{short description|Universal health care program in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox project
| state = [[Odisha]]
| key_people = {{UBL| [[Naveen Patnaik]](original launcher)|[[Mohan Majhi]](renaming) }}
| ministry = Health & Family welfare department
| website = {{URL|https://gjay.odisha.gov.in/}}
| launched = {{UBL| 15 Feb 2017 (BSKY)}}
}}

'''Biju Swasthya Kalyana Jojana''' is a [[universal health coverage]] scheme launched by the former [[Chief Minister of Odisha]], [[Naveen Patnaik]] as BSKJ in 2017. It is more effective than Ayushman Jojana. Hence, when Ayushman was launched one year later in 2018 it was not implemented in Odisha.

BJP state unit of Odisha had a political motive and didn't understand the benefits of BSKJ. It blindly put allegations against BSKJ misleading the state and the media. After BJD lost the 2024 assembly elections of Odisha the BJP govt renamed BSKJ as '''Gopabandhu Jana Arogya Jojana''' (ଗୋପବନ୍ଧୁ ଜନ ଆରୋଗ୍ୟ ଯୋଜନା) abbreviated as GJAJ then launched the Ayushman Yojana and made GJAJ a subservient of Ayushman, destroying regional uniqueness of Odisha govt. But the beneficiaries faced a volley of problems after ban on BSKJ.Most of the hospitals where BSKJ could be used, are now not accepting it and the Ayushman card is also accepted with so many criteria and restrictions.

In 2017-2024 period BSKJ program extended coverage to approximately 70 lakh families, with the state government allocating a budget of 250 crore rupees. Services:
* Free health services are available in all state government health care facilities, starting from the subcenter level up to the district headquarter hospital level, with Swasthya Mitras deployed at help desk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nijuktikhabar.in/2018/09/biju-swasthya-kalyan-yojana-hospitals-list.html|title=Biju Swasthya Kalyan Yojana Hospitals list - 208 Hospitals Name and Place Details|last=NijuktiKhabar.in|access-date=2018-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102094946/https://www.nijuktikhabar.in/2018/09/biju-swasthya-kalyan-yojana-hospitals-list.html|archive-date=2019-01-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Annual health coverage of Rs 5 lakhs per family and 7 lakhs per female members of the family.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/naveen-patnaik-launches-health-scheme-in-rain-hit-independence-day-programme/articleshow/65411203.cms|title=Naveen Patnaik launches health scheme in rain-hit Independence Day programme|date=15 August 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

A health card that contains details about members of the household is provided to families with a Biju Krushak Kalyan Yojana (BKKY) card. The Rashtriya Swathya Bima Yojana card is available to families with an annual income of $50,000 in rural environments and 60,000 in urban environments.

<nowiki>==Program==</nowiki>

Biju Swastya Kalyan Yojana is for both [[Below Poverty Line]] (BPL) and [[Above Poverty Line]]( APL) families. The [[Ayushman Bharat Yojana]] covers only Below Poverty Line (BPL) card holders. People will get treatment in premier hospitals outside Odisha. A legal citizen of Odisha living outside the state would also get benefits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/biju-swasthya-kalyan-yojana-is-better-than-the-centres-ayushman-bharat-naveen-patnaik/articleshow/66448159.cms|title=Biju Swasthya Kalyan Yojana is better than the Centre's Ayushman Bharat: Naveen Patnaik - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> More than 1.1 crore patients have benefited from this scheme. The annual income should be 3 lakhs for the treatment of cancer, heart, and kidney diseases. All premier hospitals, including Tata Memorial, CMC Vellore, and Narayana Hrudalaya, are covered by this scheme. A patient referred to a hospital outside Odisha would get conveyance of Rs 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/odisha-modifies-guidelines-of-biju-swasthya-kalyan-yojana-all-govt-hospitals-covered-329683|title=Odisha modifies guidelines of Biju Swasthya Kalyan Yojana; all govt hospitals covered|website=odishatv.in}}</ref>

== Coverage and phases ==
'''First Phase''' — The inaugural phase of the Biju Swasthya Kalyan Yojana (BSKY) was dedicated to ensuring universal access to healthcare services in public health facilities across Odisha. Regardless of income or residential status, all individuals were entitled to free-of-cost healthcare services. This phase provided health assurance coverage to 70 lakh families, encompassing over 70% of the state's population. Families were guaranteed coverage of up to ₹5 lakh annually, with an increased amount of ₹7 lakh for families with female members.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-15 |title=Odisha CM launches health scheme for 70 lakh families |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-cm-launches-health-scheme-for-70-lakh-families/article24699458.ece |access-date=2024-01-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

'''Second Phase''' — Building upon the success of its initial phase, BSKY extended its coverage to include cashless healthcare services in private health facilities for all ration card holders. The government launched Smart Health Cards under the Biju Swasthya Kalyan Yojana, covering 3.5 crore people out of the state's 4.3 crore population. These cards, introduced on August 20, 2021, function akin to debit cards, facilitating hassle-free access to quality healthcare services at premier facilities. Notably, Odisha becomes the first state in India to implement such a system, aiming to benefit 96 lakh families in a phased manner. Smart Health Cards provide financial coverage of up to Rs 5 lakh per annum for families, with women members eligible for enhanced coverage up to Rs 10 lakh annually.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-20 |title=Biju Swasthya Kalyan Yojana Health Cards launched in Odisha: All you need to know! |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/smart-health-cards-announced-by-odisha-chief-minister-under-biju-swasthya-kalyan-yojana-1629265612-1 |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-08-15 |title=Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik announces smart health cards for 3.5 crore people |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/Aug/15/odisha-cm-naveen-patnaik-announces-smart-health-cards-for-35-crore-people-2345002.html |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

'''Third Phase''' — The third phase of BSKY marked a significant milestone in Odisha's healthcare initiatives. This phase expanded coverage to include all rural families in the state, with the exception of income tax payees and government employees who were previously excluded from the scheme. The primary objective of this phase was to provide cashless care in private hospitals for critical ailments, thereby eliminating the financial barriers to accessing high-quality healthcare services. By extending coverage to previously underserved populations, BSKY aimed to safeguard families from the burden of exorbitant healthcare expenses, ensuring that no family in Odisha would be left vulnerable due to financial constraints.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=2023-12-29 |title=Naveen Patnaik govt. to cover 90% of Odisha's population under cashless care in private hospitals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/naveen-patnaik-govt-to-cover-90-of-odishas-population-under-cashless-care-in-private-hospitals/article67686187.ece |access-date=2024-01-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana]]
*[[Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana]]
* [[Odisha Government Schemes List]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Insurance in India}}
{{Government Schemes in India}}

[[Category:Health insurance in India]]
[[Category:Government schemes in Odisha]]

Equestrian statue of Thomas Munro

2026-03-29T09:01:43Z

Vemareddy: added a stub and citations...

{{Short description|Statue by Francis Leggatt Chantrey in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
[[File:Thomas Munro classic.jpg|thumb|250px|Statue of Thomas Munro in [[The Island, Chennai]]]]
The '''statue of Thomas Munro''' is an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] [[statue]] of [[Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet]], Major-General in the British Army and [[Governor of Madras]] from 1820 to 1827, located in the city of [[Chennai]], [[India]]. The [[bronze]] statue sculpted by [[Francis Chantrey]] in the [[United Kingdom]] in 1834 and shipped to Madras in 1839, is one of the popular landmarks in Chennai. The absence of [[stirrups]] is one of the peculiarities of the statue and for this reason, it is also referred to as '''"The Stirrupless Majesty"'''.

== Thomas Munro ==
{{Main|Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet}}
[[File:Sir Thomas Munro, 1st Bt by Sir Martin Archer Shee.jpg|thumb|upright|1819 portrait of Sir Thomas Munro]]

Thomas Munro was one of the most popular British administrators in [[South India]]. Born in [[Glasgow]] in 1761, Munro arrived in India as a soldier in 1789 and fought with distinction in the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]].<ref name="thehindu_20100726">{{cite news|title=Unsung hero of Madras|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 July 2010|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/Unsung-hero-of-Madras/article16210900.ece|first=V.|last=Sriram}}</ref> At the end of the war, he served as a settlement officer in [[Kanara|Canara]] and later, [[Bellary]].<ref name="thehindu_20100726" /> He also fought in the [[Pindari War]] (1817). In 1820, Munro was appointed [[Governor of Madras]] and served till his death from [[cholera]] in 1827.<ref name="thehindu_20100726" /> Munro is credited with having introduced the [[Ryotwari|Ryotwari System]] in South India and drafting an education policy for the Madras Presidency.<ref name="thehindu_20100726" /> He also supported a larger share for natives in the administration of India.<ref name="thehindu_20100726" /> Munro is the subject of a number of [[folklore|folk tales]] and [[ballads]] and is even worshipped by some.<ref name="thehindu_20100726" /><ref name="thehindu_20080803">{{cite news|title=The temple of Munroe|first=Rukmini|last=Banerji|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/08/03/stories/2008080350280800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807064023/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/08/03/stories/2008080350280800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 August 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 August 2008}}</ref>

== Death of Thomas Munro ==
Munro's term as Governor of Madras came to an end in 1826. As there was a delay in appointing a new Governor, Munro decided to visit the [[Ceded Districts]] of the Madras Presidency, where he had served as a settlement officer in the early 19th century, in the meantime.<ref name="Bradshaw">{{cite book|title=Sir Thomas Munro and the British settlement of the Madras presidency|first=John|last=Bradshaw|year=1893|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=London|pages=210–212}}</ref> As he was riding through the hills of [[Cuddapah District]] along with a mixed retinue of Europeans and Indians, Munro observed a golden, thread-like glow across two hills.<ref name="Bradshaw" /> He remarked

{{quote|What a beautiful garland of flowers they have stretched across the valley!<ref name="Bradshaw" />}}

His followers were perplexed as the garland was not visible to anyone. At length, an old Indian in the retinue reportedly replied, with sorrow:

{{quote|Alas! a great and good man will soon die!<ref name="Bradshaw" />}}

After spending a few days at [[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh|Ananthapur]], Thomas Munro and his party reached [[Gooty]] on 4 July 1827.<ref name="Bradshaw" /> At Gooty, some of his men were afflicted with [[cholera]].<ref name="Bradshaw" /> Two days later, at [[Pattikonda]], Munro caught cholera from his men and had to be nursed.<ref name="Bradshaw" /> His condition deteriorated in the evening and he died at half-past-nine on 6 July 1827.<ref name="Bradshaw" />

Munro was buried at a [[graveyard]] in Gooty.<ref name="Bradshaw" /> In April 1831, his remains were transported to Madras and interred in the St. Mary's Church, [[Fort St. George]].<ref name="Bradshaw" />

== Construction ==
[[File:Statue of Thomas Munro.jpg|thumb|200px|A three-dimensional view of the statue]]

When the news of Munro's death reached Madras, it was mourned by all classes of people in the city. The government issued a Gazette Extraordinary on 9 July 1827 with the message:

{{quote|His sound and vigorous understanding, his transcendent talents, his indefatigable application, his varied stores of knowledge, his attainments as an Oriental scholar, his intimate acquaintance with the habits and feelings of native soldiers and inhabitants generally, his patience, temper and facility of access, and kindness of manner would have ensured him distinction in any line of employment. These qualities were admirably adapted to the duties which he had to perform in organizing the resources, and establishing the tranquility of those provinces where his latest breath has been drawn, and where he has long been known with the appellation of the ''Father'' of the People<ref name="Bradshaw" />}}

A public meeting was soon held in his memory in Madras city in which was made a proposal to erect a statue to Munro through public subscription.<ref name="Bradshaw" /> The Madras government opened a memorial for Munro in the town of [[Pattikonda]] where he had died.<ref name="Bradshaw" /> A [[choultry]] called "Munro Choultry" was erected in [[Gooty]] in his honour.<ref name="Bradshaw" />

A total of nine thousand pounds (£8000, according to some sources<ref name="fraser">{{cite book|title= Fraser's magazine|volume=27|first1=Thomas|last1=Carlyle|editor=James Anthony Froude |editor2=John Tulloch|pages=676–677|year=1843|publisher=J. Fraser|chapter=Sir Francis Chantrey and Allan Cunningham}}</ref>) were collected through public subscription and the British sculptor [[Francis Chantrey]] was commissioned to make the statue.<ref name="britishsculpturerajp83">{{cite book|title=British sculpture and the Company Raj: church monuments and public statuary in Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay to 1858|page=83|publisher=University of Delaware Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-87413-406-3|first=Barbara S.|last=Groseclose}}</ref> Chantrey completed the statue in 1834<ref name="britishsculpturerajp83" /> - one of the three equestrian statues sculpted by him.<ref name="fraser" /> According to a popular belief, the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]], on seeing the completed statue, had exclaimed

{{quote|A very fine horse; a very fine statue, and a very extraordinary man<ref name="jonesp303304">[[#Jones|Jones]], pp 303-304</ref>}}

The statue, weighing six tonnes, was shipped to India in three parts<ref>{{cite news
| title = When Thomas Munro became Marilyn Munroe
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 22 August 2018
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-thomas-munro-became-marilyn-munroe/article24748067.ece
| access-date = 25 August 2018}}</ref> and erected at [[The Island, Chennai]] in 1839<ref name="Bradshaw" /> atop a [[granite]] [[plinth]] made by Ostheider & Co of [[Calcutta]].<ref name="britishsculpturerajp83" /> The statue was ceremonially opened on 23 October 1839.<ref name="Bradshaw" />

== Architecture ==
[[File:Thomas Munro statue.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Thomas Munro and his horse]]
[[File:Sir. Thomas Munro's Statue, Madras (MacLeod, p.124, 1871) - Copy.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sir. Thomas Munro's Statue, Madras (MacLeod, p.124, 1871)<ref name=MacLeod>{{cite book|last1=MacLeod|first1=Norman|title=Peeps at the Far East: A Familiar Account of a Visit to India|date=1871|publisher=Strahan & Co.|location=London|url=http://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QadleVqcjfjXdbL76hLpHAlKGquS182cWZd25oDvHR0IWujwaV1l7F_v1EzHArXZcnWj3BCM-XsUlMsYj7__NZpsDu5ZTBjIEa-Je4nUviK_cS0zTCcmeWuZVce-2hlBmT0VXBzakDA55LhS7Ks7poEMlLrKnXJcMpjQup_ghtwNoJh69hUdujOZGqcU2xTzda2aMzjOgJdRtY_0_PdT9-GwCL2TmJUKyQ8Txmh1vXVRqmh8Za66nRaLrcfn3r-fz3ojiUlW_9Jn7R8VCgYAeiOWENYfQYyhGtgO9GCRXWMIQNfZiPo|access-date=2 November 2015}}</ref>]]
The statue depicts Thomas Munro riding a horse. In doing so, Chantrey had opted to follow, for commemorative purposes, the prevalent Western practice of portraying authority.<ref name="britishsculpturerajp83" /> It is believed that Chantrey might have modelled the statue upon his own earlier work of [[George IV]] at [[Trafalgar Square]], [[London]].<ref name="britishsculpturerajp83" /> This might have been intended to elevate Munro above the Indians whose cause he championed.<ref name="britishsculpturerajp83" /> Chantrey was, initially, caught in a dilemma over the choice of [[riding animal|steed]].<ref name="jonesp8788">[[#Jones|Jones]], pp 87-88</ref> While some of his friends and visitors suggested a classic horse, some suggested an Arabian, others a war horse.<ref name="jonesp8788" /> Eventually, Chantrey chose an Arab, similar to the one he had sculpted for his statue of George IV.<ref name="londoncuriositiesp758">{{cite book|title=Curiosities of London: exhibiting the most rare and remarkable objects of interest in the metropolis, with nearly sixty years' personal recollections|first=John|last=Timbs|publisher=J. S. Virtue|year=1867|page=758}}</ref> One particular biography of Francis Chantrey considered the sculpture of Thomas Munro to be the finest among Chantrey's works and the horse, his worst ever.<ref name="fraser" />

The combined height of the horse and the rider is more than 15 feet.<ref name="gentlemansmagazinep405">{{cite journal|title=The Gentleman's magazine|place=London|year=1838|volume=163|publisher=F. Jefferies|page=405}}</ref> The horse gazes calmly while Munro strikes a thoughtful pose, both still, yet ready to lunge forward into motion.<ref name="gentlemansmagazinep405" />

== Peculiarity ==
The peculiarity of the statue is the absence of a [[saddle]] as well as the [[stirrups]].<ref name="muthiahp34">{{cite book | title=Madras Rediscovered| last=Muthiah| first=S.| year=2004| author-link=S. Muthiah| publisher=East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd| isbn=81-88661-24-4|page=34}}</ref> While some feel that the omission is due to an oversight on the part of the sculptor,<ref name="kamathp14">{{cite book|title=Chennai|first=Rina|last=Kamath|page=14|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2000|isbn=978-81-250-1378-5}}</ref> others feel that the saddle and the stirrups might have been deliberately excluded keeping in mind Munro's penchant for [[bareback riding]].<ref name="muthiahp34" /> Due to the absence of stirrups, the statue is also occasionally referred to as "The Stirrupless Majesty".<ref name="muthiahp34" />

==Historical references==
[[File:Munro statue 1843.jpg|thumb|right|200px|An 1843 illustration of Munro's statue]]

Captain Hervey has been credited with popularizing an anecdote connected with Munro's statue

{{quote|... I was one day driving by the monument when I saw an old man in a red coat, with three chevrons on his right arm. standing leaning on his staff, and gazing silently on the exalted statue. He was evidently an old pensioner, not only from his dress, but from a certain degree of military carriage in his ''tout ensemble'', which there was no mistaking. Out of curiosity I stopped my buggy, got out, and addressed the veteran. "What are you looking at, my fine old fellow?", enquired I. "Do you know who that is intended to represent?" "Who can have known the great Sir Thomas Munro?", replied the old man, "without remembering him? And who can have known him without loving him? And how can I, who had served under him for many years, ever forget him?"

"Then you think that is a good likeness of our Governor-you recognize the face?" asked I.

"Yes sir", said he. "It is a good likeness, but we shall never again see any like him. He was indeed the friend of the Indian, whether a sepoy or a ryot at the plough. And Madras will never again
have a Governor like him." And raising his hand to the head, he gave the old-fashioned salute, lifted up his bundle and walked off, mumbling to himself about the impropriety of crows being allowed to build nests on the top, and to dirt over the head of the greatest man of his age.<ref name="calcuttareviewp272">{{cite journal|journal=The Calcutta Review|volume=14|title=Recent Military Memoirs|page=272|year=1850|publisher=[[University of Calcutta]]}}</ref>
}}

==Proposed removal ==
During the [[World Classical Tamil Conference 2010|World Classical Tamil Conference]] held in [[Coimbatore]] in 2010, there were demands to remove the statue of Thomas Munro, evoking strong protests from conservationists.<ref name="thehindu_20100726" /><ref name="thehindu_20100621">{{cite news|title=Replace Munroe statue with Rajaraja I, says BJP|date=21 June 2010|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/21/stories/2010062161060400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626110106/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/21/stories/2010062161060400.htm|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=26 June 2010}}</ref> Though the government had arrived at a decision to remove the statue, it has not yet been implemented.<ref name="thehindu_20100726" />

== References ==
{{Portal|India}}
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book|title=Sir Francis Chantrey, recollections|first=George|last=Jones|year=1849|publisher=Oxford University|ref=Jones}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Statues in India}}

{{coord|13.075915|80.278827|display=title}}

[[Category:Equestrian statues in India|Munro]]
[[Category:Public art in India]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Chennai]]
[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in Chennai|Munro]]
[[Category:Statues of politicians|Munro]]
[[Category:Statues of military officers|Munro]]
[[Category:1839 sculptures]]
[[Category:1839 establishments in British India]]

Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology

2026-03-25T15:34:59Z

Vemareddy: Article

{{Short description|Public technical institution in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology
| native_name =
| image_name = Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| former_name = Motilal Nehru Regional Engineering College
| mottoeng = Success is born out of action.
| established = {{start date and age|1961}}
| type = [[Government]]
| chairperson = Vivek Lall<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mnnit.ac.in/images/newstories/2019/cons/Consititution_of_BoG-19.8.19.pdf|title=Chairperson |publisher=Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology |access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref>
| director = Rama Shanker Verma<ref>{{cite web |title=Director |url=https://www.mnnit.ac.in/images/newstories/2019/cons/Consititution_of_BoG-19.8.19.pdf}}</ref>
| city = [[Prayagraj]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| students = 6266<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| undergrad = 4348<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2020 |url=https://www.mnnit.ac.in/images/newstories/2020/nirf/Motilal_Nehru_National_Institute_of_Technology20191214-.pdf |publisher=MNNIT Allahabad}}</ref>
| postgrad = 1299<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 619<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| faculty = 280<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]] {{cvt|222|acre|order=flip}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.mnnit.ac.in}}
| logo =
}}

'''Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology''' ('''MNNIT''' or '''NIT Allahabad'''), formerly Motilal Nehru Regional Engineering College (MNREC), is one of the 31 [[National Institutes of Technology (India)|National Institutes of Technology]] (NITs), located in [[Prayagraj]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[India]]. The college is recognized as an [[Institutes of National Importance|Institute of National Importance]] under the [[National Institutes of Technology, Science Education and Research Act, 2007]]. The college has the distinction of being the first in the country to start<ref>{{Cite web|title=Computer Science & Engg.|url=https://www.mnnit.ac.in/index.php/department/engineering/csed#:~:text=MNNIT%20Allahabad%20takes%20the%20pride,modest%20strength%20of%2010%20students.|access-date=2021-10-12|website=mnnit.ac.in}}</ref> an undergraduate programme in Computer Science & Engineering, in 1976–77.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author=MNNIT Official Website |title=About the Institute |url=http://www.mnnit.ac.in/index.php/institute/2011-06-27-07-44-36.html |access-date=3 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522182205/http://www.mnnit.ac.in/index.php/institute/2011-06-27-07-44-36.html |archive-date=22 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Inauguration of MNNIT.jpg|thumb|Inauguration of Main Building of MNREC Allahabad on 19 March 1965. From Left to right, cutting the ribbon are Gopal Kishore Agrawal (founder principal), Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] and Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh [[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]].]]
Motilal Nehru Regional Engineering College was established in 1961, as a part of the seventeen [[History of Regional Engineering Colleges|Regional Engineering Colleges]] as a joint enterprise of the [[Government of India]] and the Government of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. MNREC was started with undergraduate courses in three engineering disciplines - [[Civil engineering]], [[Electrical engineering]] and [[Mechanical engineering]]. The foundation stone was laid by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first Prime Minister of India, and the institute was named after his father, lawyer, and freedom fighter, [[Motilal Nehru]]. The founding principal of the college was Gopal Kishore Agrawal.

The main building of the college was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] on 18 April 1965. Effective from 26 June 2002, the college became a deemed university and was renamed Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology.

The institute was the first in the country to offer an undergraduate program in [[Computer Science and Engineering]], which was started in 1976, under the Electrical Engineering department. In 1982-83 undergraduate programs in Electronics Engineering, and Production and Industrial Engineering were started.

The first Master's Programme of the institute was introduced by the Mechanical Engineering Department in the year 1966, offering a two-year [[M.Tech]]. programme in Mechanical Engineering. Subsequently, masters programmes in other engineering disciplines were introduced in 1970–71.

It is among the few technical institutions in India to house two [[supercomputers]], [[PARAM|PARAM 8000]] and [[PARAM 10000]].

==Academics==
===Undergraduate===
MNNIT offers ten four-year [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech.]] programmes in [[Biotechnology]], [[Chemical engineering]], [[Civil engineering]], [[Electrical engineering]], [[Computer science and engineering]], [[Electronics and Communication engineering]], [[Mechanical engineering]], [[Production and Industrial Engineering]], [[Applied mechanics|Engineering and Computational Mechanics]] and [[Materials Engineering]]. Earlier, B.Tech. in [[Information technology]] was also offered, but it was discontinued in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=K Sandeep |date=Oct 19, 2021 |title=MNNIT to shut BTech course in info technology |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/mnnit-to-shut-btech-course-in-info-technology-101634666454459.html }}</ref> and the seats were subsumed by the computer science and engineering programme.

=== Postgraduate ===
MNNIT offers 23 post-graduate programs of two-year duration leading to [[MTech|M.Tech.]] degrees. The Computer Science and Engineering department offers a two-year Master of Computer Application (MCA) and a two-year [[Master of Science|Master of Science (M.Sc.)]] in [[Computational mathematics|Mathematics and Scientific Computing]]. The School of Management studies offers a two-year [[Master of Business Administration|Master of Business Administration (MBA)]].

MNNIT also offers a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)]] programme in Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and engineering disciplines.

=== Admissions ===
For B.Tech. admissions, candidates have to obtain a rank in the [[Joint Entrance Examination – Main|Joint Entrance Examination – Main (JEE Main)]] exam and then participate in the [[Joint Seat Allocation Authority|Joint Seat Allocation Authority (JOSAA)]] counselling depending on their nationality and eligibility.

[[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE)]], [[NIT MCA Common Entrance Test|NIT MCA Common Entrance Test (NIMCET)]], [[Joint Admission Test for Masters|Joint Admission Test for Masters (IIT-JAM)]] ranks are considered for admissions to M.Tech., MCA and M.Sc. programmes respectively.

The admission procedure for the MBA programme is similar to other management institutes in India, wherein the candidates have to submit scores of a written exam ([[Common Admission Test|CAT]]/[[Xavier Aptitude Test|XAT]]/[[Management Aptitude Test|MAT]]/[[Graduate Management Admission Test|GMAT]]/[[Common Management Admission Test|CMAT]]/[[AIMS Test for Management Admissions|ATMA]]), followed by group discussions and personal interviews.{{Infobox India university ranking
|NIRF_O_2022=101-150
|NIRF_E_2024=60}}

=== Ranking ===
MNNIT has been ranked 62nd among engineering colleges as per [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF Ranking)]], 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2025 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/EngineeringRanking.html}}</ref> [[Nature Index]] ranked MNNIT 130th among research institutes in India in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nature's Index : Research Leaders in India |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/research-leaders/2024/institution/all/all/countries-India}}</ref>

==Departments==
[[File:Lecture Hall Complex MNNIT.jpg|thumb|Lecture Hall Complex]]
[[File:MNNIT Academic building new.jpg|thumb|Academic Block]]
The departments in the institute are:<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Admission |url=https://www.mnnit.ac.in/index.php/admission}}</ref>
*'''Engineering'''
**Applied Mechanics
**Biotechnology
**Chemical Engineering
**Computer Science and Engineering
**Civil Engineering
**Electrical Engineering
**Electronics & Communication Engineering
**Mechanical Engineering
**Geoinformatics
*'''Science'''
**Chemistry
**Mathematics
**Physics
*'''Humanities and Social Science'''
*'''School of Management Studies'''

==Notable alumni==
*[[Sanjiv Chaturvedi]], [[Indian Forest Service|IFoS]] officer who has exposed many corruption cases in Haryana and AIIMS; received the Presidential reference<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-sanjiv-chaturvedi-115010901283_1.html|title = Lunch with BS: Sanjiv Chaturvedi|newspaper = Business Standard|location=India|date = 9 January 2015|last1 = Makkar|first1 = Sahil}}</ref> a record four times and the Ramon Magsaysay award in 2015.
*[[Deep Joshi]], social worker and NGO activist, recipient of the [[Magsaysay award]] in 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=Joshi, Deep|url=http://rmaward.asia/awardees/joshi-deep/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823070723/http://rmaward.asia/awardees/joshi-deep/|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2017|website=rmaward.asia|publisher=The Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Atul Sobti]], the chairman and managing director from January 2016 to June 2019 of [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] (BHEL)
*[[Onkar Singh]], Vice Chancellor of Veer Madho Singh Bhandari Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun and Founder Vice Chancellor of Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, (U.P.) – India<ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: Dr. Onkar Singh ::.. |url=http://www.dronkarsingh.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101062933/http://www.dronkarsingh.in/ |archive-date=2020-11-01 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=www.dronkarsingh.in}}</ref>
*[[Bhrigu Nath Singh]] – Director General of [[Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management|IITRAM]].<ref>{{cite news |title=B N Singh appointed IITRAM director general |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/iitramahmedabad_iitram-activity-7066472917429030912-Pf1r |work=IITRAM on Linkedin |date=22 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Professor and former [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] chair professor, [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]].
*[[Sapan Saxena]], Indian author, best known for his novels ''[[Finders, Keepers (Saxena novel)|Finders, Keepers]]'', ''[[UNNS-The Captivation]]'' and ''[[The Tenth Riddle]]''
*[[Vinod Kumar Yadav]], Director Transport, NCC Limit, Former Chairman & CEO [[Indian Railway]] Board

==See also==
* [[Culrav]], an annual cultural festival

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{Commons category|Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Prayagraj}}
*[http://www.mnnit.ac.in National Institute of Technology, Allahabad]

{{National Institutes of Technology|state=Kundan Raj}}

{{coord|25.4918|N|81.8658|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IN|display=title}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:National Institutes of Technology]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]

Neha Saxena (TV actress)

2026-03-20T12:03:49Z

Vemareddy: Done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{distinguish|Neha Saxena (film actress)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Neha Saxena
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = 
| birth_name =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actress
| years active = 2009–2019
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Shakti Arora]]|6 April 2018}}<ref name="IE2">{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |title=Shakti Arora and Neha Saxena tie the knot |url= https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shakti-arora-neha-saxena-marriage-5140536/ |access-date=6 April 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 April 2018}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Neha S Arora''' ([[née]] '''Saxena''') is an Indian television actress. She is well known for portraying the character of Mauli Banerjee in [[Star Plus]]'s show [[Tere Liye (TV series)|''Tere Liye'']]. She was last seen portraying the character of Siddhi in [[&TV]]'s ''[[Siddhi Vinayak]]''.

==Career==
Neha Saxena began her acting career with a role in ''[[Sajan Ghar Jaana Hai]]'', where she played Dhaani Ambar Raghuvanshi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/fun-zone/did-you-know/did-you-know-how-neha-saxena-got-acting|title=Did you know how Neha Saxena got into acting?|date=18 August 2009|publisher=tellychakkar.com|access-date=18 August 2009}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Saxena was in a long-term relationship with television actor [[Shakti Arora]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Awaasthi |first1=Kavita |title=Tere Liye couple in a relationship |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/tere-liye-couple-in-a-relationship/story-kBLDjZmGZKyD1e49LguayO.html |access-date=31 August 2019 |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 April 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |title=Want people to know me for my work than just as Shakti Arora's girlfriend: Neha Saxena |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/want-people-to-know-me-for-my-work-than-just-as-shakti-aroras-girlfriend-neha-saxena-4926839/ |access-date=31 August 2019 |work=The Indian Express |date=7 November 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The couple got married on 6 April 2018.<ref name="IE2"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shiksha |first1=Shruti |title=TV Stars Shakti Arora And Neha Saxena Get Married. See Pic |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tv-stars-shakti-arora-and-neha-saxena-get-married-see-pic-1838674 |access-date=31 August 2019 |work=NDTV.com |date=17 April 2018}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2009–2010
|''[[Sajan Ghar Jaana Hai]]''
| Dhaani Ambar Raghuvanshi
|
|
|-
| 2010–2011
|''[[Tere Liye (TV series)|Tere Liye]]''
| Mauli Sharma Banerjee
|
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
|Dr. Shyamali Wadhera
|Episodic role
|
|-
|2013
|''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
|Maya
|Episodic role
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Nach Baliye 7]]''
|Contestant
|9th place
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shakti-Arora-forced-to-quit-Nach-Baliye/articleshow/47040182.cms|title=Shakti Arora and Neha Saxena forced to quit 'Nach Baliye'|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
| Kinjal
| Season 2, Episodic role
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tvtags/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya-season-2-vasu-s-love-story-brig-curtains-down-series-|title='Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya' Season 2: Vasu's Love Story to bring the curtains down for the series! (In Pics)|website=PINKVILLA|date=12 November 2014|language=en|access-date=31 August 2019|archive-date=31 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831000450/http://www.pinkvilla.com/tvtags/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya-season-2-vasu-s-love-story-brig-curtains-down-series-|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2017-2018
|''[[Siddhi Vinayak]]''
| Siddhi Joshi
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/in-conversation-with-neha-saxena-on-fb-watch-now/articleshow/61115586.cms|title=In conversation with Neha Saxena on FB, watch now|access-date=17 October 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/neha-saxena-to-make-a-comeback-with-a-fiction-show/articleshow/60956671.cms|title=Neha Saxena to make a comeback with a fiction show|access-date=5 October 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
|''[[Kitchen Champion]]''
| Herself
|Guest
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sanaya-irani-mohit-shegal-shakti-arora-and-neha-saxena-shoot-for-kitchen-champion/articleshow/68477765.cms|title=Sanaya Irani, Mohit Shegal, Shakti Arora and Neha Saxena shoot for Kitchen Champion|work=TOI|access-date=20 March 2019}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|10021393|Neha Saxena}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saxena, Neha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Lorai

2026-03-19T22:41:21Z

Vemareddy: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lorai: Play to Live
| image = Lorai poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = Parambrata Chatterjee
| producer = Shyamsundar Dey
| story = Sabir Hossain Molla
| screenplay = Padmanabha Dasgupta Parambrata Chatterjee
| starring = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] [[Payel Sarkar]]
| music = [[Indradeep Dasgupta]]
| cinematography = Gopi Bhagat
| editing = Bodhaditya Bandopadhyay
| studio = GreenTouch Entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2015|01|09|df=y}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Lorai: Play to Live'''''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/play-to-live/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710080236/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/play-to-live/|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2015|title=Play to Live|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=9 January 2015}}</ref> is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Sports film|sports]] [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[Parambrata Chatterjee]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bengali-actor-parambrata-to-direct-a-sports-film/473102-8-73.html|title=Bengali actor Parambrata to direct a sports film|publisher=IBN Live|accessdate=20 May 2014}}</ref> It stars [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Payel Sarkar]] and [[Indrasish Roy]] in lead roles. The film was released on 9 January 2015 under the banner of Greentouch Entertainment.

==Synopsis==
Sebastian Ryan ([[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]), an alcoholic ex-football star, is assigned the task of training the youths of a remote violence-torn village in [[Purulia]]. Though he is very sceptical about the task at the outset, circumstances force him to change his perception.

== Cast ==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/prosenjit-fulfils-goal-of-playing-diverse-roles-in-lorai/|title=Prosenjit fulfils goal of playing diverse roles in 'Lorai' as Sebastian Ryan|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=9 Dec 2014}}</ref> as Sebastian Ryan
* [[Payel Sarkar]] as Anuradha, Ryan's daughter
* [[Indrasish Roy]] as Deep Narayan Chowdhury
* [[Kanchan Mullick]] as Doha
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Mukhtar Alam
* [[Gargi Roychowdhury]] as Mukhtar's young sister
* [[Deepankar De]] as Sports Minister Balai Bhowmik
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Ryan's best friend
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as Defence Minister Lalit Damle
* [[Koushik Kar]]<ref name="koushik">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3577244/|title=tt3577|website=IMDb}}</ref> as Chipla<ref name="koushik" /><ref name="Lorai review by Telegraph">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150116/jsp/t2/story_8563.jsp#.VPBTd3yUcl8|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150227113109/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150116/jsp/t2/story_8563.jsp%23.VPBTd3yUcl8|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 February 2015|title=Lorai review by Telegraph|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|accessdate=16 Jan 2015}}</ref>
* [[Rajat Ganguly]] as Central Home Minister Swapan Maitra
* [[Alvito D'Cunha]] (special appearance)
* [[Apurbo Roy]] as Haagu
* [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] as Naxalite leader Manas (special appearance)
* [[Joydeep Mukherjee]] as a member of Indian Army
* [[June Malia]] as Ryan's wife

==Release==
''Lorai'' was slated to release with ''[[Ebar Shabor]]'', but the producers of this film backed it by a week to avoid competition.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/8-films-in-box-office-fight-this-January/photostory/45833783.cms|title=8 films in box office fight this January|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Marketing===
Greentouch Entertainment released the film's trailer on 2 December 2014 at the presence of the lead cast and the director.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indiablooms.com/ibns_new/photos-details/SBZ/921/lorai-play-to-live-trailer-launched.html|title='Lorai (Play...To Live)' trailer launched|publisher=IndiaBlooms|accessdate=5 Dec 2014}}</ref> The film had a grand premiere at [[INOX Leisure Limited|INOX]] of [[South City Mall]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tollywoodhamaka.com/news/lorai-play-to-live-premiered.html|title=Lorai (Play ... To Live) Premiered|publisher=Tollywood Dhamaka|accessdate=9 Jan 2015}}</ref>

===Controversy===
Lorai have run into trouble with the censor board. The board has asked the makers to get an NOC from the Animal Welfare Board of India for a chicken chase sequence. Story goes that the makers had not taken a prior NOC, which is mandatory for censoring a film. Says a source close to the unit, "In the synopsis of the film, there was no mention of the sequence and the Animal Welfare Board has raised an objection to it. The film, starring Prosenjit Chatterjee, is set for release this weekend; we are hoping things will be sorted out soon." A representative from the production house is already in Chennai to do the needful. Says Parambrata, "The review committee will look into the sequence featuring chickens.Hope things fall into place."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Chasing-chicken-lands-Params-film-in-trouble/articleshow/45790520.cms|title=Chasing chicken lands Param's film in trouble?|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=7 Jan 2015}}</ref>

===Critical response===
Reviewer from ''[[The Times of India]]'' commented Lorai is a good-hearted film that gives us a fair share of drama, humour and, of course, football. And despite our inclination to draw parallels with hits that have similar storylines — like Chak De! India — Lorai still manages to make a good impression.
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Lorai/movie-review/45853758.cms|title=Lorai Review by Times of India|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=12 Jan 2015}}</ref>

Neel Dutt of ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'' reviewed "Parambrata’s choice of genre as well as his concept set me thinking not just about the film but about contemporary Bengali cinema and its new breed of young filmmakers. It’s actually a breath of freshness to watch a young filmmaker daring to get away from the glossy plastic world of our city to engulf an earthy India far bigger than our provincial smartphone existence. The charm of the film lies in this rusticity, an essence that’s beautifully and painstakingly shot by cinematographer Gopi Bhagat. Kharaj Mukherjee’s ever optimistic and pleasing Mokhtar is the actor’s most pleasant performance since Patalghar. Just when one stopped expecting anything from Kanchan Mullick, he surprises as the chicken thief. His funny ostrich-like Doa with all its oddities and idiosyncrasies will keep you glued till the end. In fact, Doa’s perfectly crafted introduction and climax are two of the most enjoyable sequences in the film.But the surprise of the film lies in its two young actors — Indrasish Roy as Deepnarayan, the rakishly handsome captain of the football team, is stunning. And debutant Kaushik Kar as the quiet and confident Chipla Mahato is brilliant. Both these fine young actors show a lot of promise. I loved the gentle accordion melody accompanied by a stringed instrument used in a couple of scenes after Sebastian Ryan enters Kushumdi."<ref name="Lorai review by Telegraph"/>''[[IMDb]]'' gave a rating {{Rating|7.5|10|score=7.3/10 stars}} to the film.

== Soundtrack ==
Music Composer [[Indradeep Dasgupta]] was roped in to score the music for the film.
{{Infobox album
| name = Lorai:Play to Live
| type = Soundtrack
| artist =
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| director = [[Indradeep Dasgupta]]
| producer = GreenTouch Entertainment
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
[[Arijit Singh]] launched the music of the film was held at a city hotel, with the entire cast and crew in attendance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/Arijit-Singh-releases-music-of-Parambratas-Lorai/articleshow/45503383.cms|title=Arijit Singh releases music of Parambrata's Lorai|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=13 Dec 2014}}</ref> The soundtrack was ranked Best Bengali Album of March 2015 by Deccan Music<ref>[https://deccanmusic.wordpress.com/2015/03/31/best-bengali-songs-and-albums-of-march-2015/ Best Bengali Songs and Albums of March 2015] Deccan Music - 31 March 2015</ref>

=== Track listing ===
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =
| title1 = Kichhu Kichhu Kotha
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]] and [[Kaushiki Chakrabarty]]
| length1 = 2:58
| title2 = Jonaki
| extra2 = [[Angaraag Mahanta]]
| length2 = 3:26
| title3 = Ashchhe Shokal
| extra3 = [[Bonnie Chakraborty]]
| length3 = 2:45
| title4 = Chhoto Ekta Bhor
| extra4 = Mohan Kannan
| length4 = 3:40
| title5 = Jekhane Shob Ses
| extra5 = [[Timir Biswas]]
| length5 = 5:28
| title6 = Mayar Jeebon Jonaki
| extra6 = Arijit Singh
| length6 = 5:53
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt3577244}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lorai Play To Live}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Parambrata Chatterjee]]
[[Category:Greentouch Entertainment films]]

Mujeeb Ahmad Khan Lodhi

2026-03-19T07:02:12Z

Vemareddy: small adjusted references as per guidelines additionally and added references after review

{{Short description|Pakistani admiral and defence analyst}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Rear admiral (Pakistan)|Rear Admiral]]
| name = Mujeeb Ahmed Khan Lodhi
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| birth_date = 1924<ref name="Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence"/>
| birth_place = Jalundhur, [[British Punjab|Punjab]], [[British Indian Empire|British India]]
| death_date = July 2017
| death_place =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| allegiance = {{flagicon|British India}} [[British India]] {{small|(1941-47)}} {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan]] {{small|(1947-71)}}
| branch = {{navy|British India}} {{navy|PAK}}
| serviceyears = 1941–1971
| serviceyears_label =
| rank = [[File:13-Pakistan Navy-RADM.svg|20px]] [[Rear admiral (Pakistan)|Rear Admiral]]
| rank_label =
| servicenumber = PN. 77{{rp|77}}<ref name="Kamran Pub. House"/>
| unit = [[Pakistan Navy#Branches|Executive Branch]]
| commands = [[Pakistan Navy#Naval Commands in Field and Commanders|Commander Pakistan Fleet]] [[Pakistan Navy#Naval Commands in Field and Commanders|Western Naval Command]] [[Chittagong Port Authority]] [[HMS Diadem (84)|PNS Babur]]
| battles_label =
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[World War II]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
** [[Operation Somnath]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards = [[File:PAK Sitara-i-Juraat ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Sitara-e-Jurat]] [[File:Tamgha-e-Pakistan (1957-86).png|50px]] [[Nishan-e-Pakistan|Tamgha-e-Pakistan]]
| memorials =
| spouse = 
| relations =
| children =
| laterwork = [[Military adviser]] to [[Royal Saudi Navy]] Author, columnist, and writer.
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| module =
}}

[[File:MAK Lodi.jpg|thumb|Dinner Party]]

'''Mujeeb Ahmad Khan Lodhi''' (1924 – July 2017), {{small|[[Sitara-e-Jurat|SJ]], [[Nishan-e-Pakistan#Tamgha-e-Pakistan|TPk]]}}, best known as '''M.A.K. Lodhi''', was a [[two-star rank|two-star]] rank [[Two-star admiral|admiral]] in the [[Pakistan Navy]], a memoirist, and a defence analyst, writing in the [[The News International|''News International'']].<ref name="New sInternational"/>

He is known for his leadership in commanding the Western Naval Command and fleet commander during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|third war]] with [[India]] in 1971, and was forcefully retired from his service in 1972 by [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]. In 2017, he wrote and authored his memoirs, ''Ocean Rift: Memoirs of Admiral Lodhi'', published in 2017 that recounted his memories during the events in 1971.<ref name="Royal Book Co., Pakistan" />

==Biography==
Lodhi served in the [[Royal Indian Navy (1612–1950)|Royal Indian Navy]], participating well during the [[World War II]], he was one of few of the twenty [[Royal Indian Navy|RIN]] officers from the Executive Branch who opted for [[Pakistan Navy]] in 1947;{{rp|9}}<ref name="Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence">{{cite journal|title=Sainik Samachar|journal=Sainik Samachar|date=1973|volume=20|issue=1–25|pages=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ct3uarDLgUC&q=M.A.K+Lodhi+royal+Indian+Navy|accessdate=14 August 2017|publisher=Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence|language=en}}</ref> he was the [[Lieutenant (naval)|Lieutenant]] at the time of his transfer.<ref name="Flickr, Kazi">{{cite web|last1=Kazi|first1=AGN|title=The first few executive officers transferred to the Pakistan Navy on Partition|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/pimu/5346639918/|website=Flickr|date=11 January 2011 |publisher=Flickr, Kazi|accessdate=14 August 2017|language=en-us}}</ref> He was a contemporary of Vice Admiral [[EC Kuruvila]] (1922–1997) with whom he served in World War II but were on opposite after the partition.{{rp|9–10}}<ref name="Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence"/>

Lodhi participated well during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|second war]] with [[India]] in 1965, was one of the commanding officers of the Combined Task Group (CTG) that [[Operation Dwarka|raided]] in [[Dwarka]] in [[India]].{{rp|83}}<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Roy">{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Mihir K.|title=War in the Indian Ocean|date=1995|publisher=Lancer Publishers|location=Delhi, India|isbn=9781897829110|pages=290|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tqr8r7EB18wC&q=Lodhi|accessdate=14 August 2017|language=en|format=google books|chapter=Trumps and Aces}}</ref> [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] Lodhi was the [[commanding officer]] of the [[HMS Diadem (84)|PNS Babur]] and had responsibility of guarding the station.<ref name="« PakDef Military Consortium">{{cite web|last1=Shabir|first1=Usman|title=1965 War|url=http://pakdef.org/1965-war-3/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330222928/http://pakdef.org/1965-war-3/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-03-30|website=pakdef.org|publisher=« PakDef Military Consortium|accessdate=14 August 2017|location=Karachi, Sindh, Pk.|language=en|date=June 2003}}</ref> Under [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] Lodhi's command, the [[HMS Diadem (84)|PNS Babur]] took part in the firing the target at the light house's radars and return home safely to report to its base, and served until 1967 as [[HMS Diadem (84)|''Babur'']]'s [[Commanding Officer|CO]].{{rp|170–172}}<ref name="Jang Publishers, 1995">{{cite book|last1=Sirohey|first1=Iftikhar Ahmed|authorlink1=Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey|title=Truth Never Retires: An Autobiography of Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey|date=1995|publisher=Jang Publishers|location=Karachi, Pakistan|pages=562|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IHjAAAAMAAJ&q=Lodhi+|accessdate=14 August 2017|language=en|format=google books}}</ref>

In 1969, [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] Lodhi was stationed in [[East Pakistan]] and was appointed as administrator for the [[Port of Chittagong|Chittagong Port]], responsible for territorial limits.{{rp|41}}<ref name="Dacca Law Cases">{{cite book|last1=Law clerk|title=Dacca Law Cases: A Monthly Journal Devoted to the Reports of Decisions of the High Court of East Pakistan and the Board of Revenue (East Pakistan) with East Pakistan Statutes|date=1969|publisher=Dacca Law Cases|location=Dacca, East Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yI85AQAAIAAJ&q=M.A.K+Lodhi+commodore|accessdate=14 August 2017|language=en}}</ref> In 1970, he was promoted to two-star rank, [[Rear-Admiral]], was subsequently appointed the fleet commander in the Western Naval Command as Commander Pakistan Fleet.{{rp|437}}<ref name="Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2005">{{cite book|last1=Haroon|first1=Asif|title=Roots of 1971 Tragedy|date=2005|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications|location=Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan|isbn=9789693516777|pages=642|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mf1tAAAAMAAJ&q=+lodhi+|accessdate=14 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|194}}<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Roy" />

During the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|third war]] with India, Rear-Admiral Lodhi commanded the Western Naval Command's Combined Task Group, comprising the one cruiser, five destroyers, two frigates, four submarines and one oiler.{{rp|437}}<ref name="Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2005"/> He also deployed his country's only long-range submarine, [[PNS Ghazi|''Ghazi'']] that had to be deployed since he was not given any choice to support the Eastern Naval Command under Rear-Admiral [[Mohammad Shariff]].{{rp|47}}<ref name="Lancer International, Rai">{{cite book|last1=Rai|first1=Ranjit|title=A Nation and Its Navy at War|date=1987|publisher=Lancer International|location=Delhi, India|isbn=9788170620136|pages=190|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TfMMAAAAIAAJ&q=lodhi+|accessdate=14 August 2017|language=en}}</ref> He also appointed [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[Hasan Hafeez Ahmed|H.H. Ahmed]] as his command's chief of staff.{{rp|198}}<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Roy" />

After the [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|signed surrender]] went into effect that marked the [[Independence of Bangladesh|succession]] of [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]] as [[Bangladesh]], Rear-Admiral Lodhi was among the highest flag ranking officer, including Rear-Admiral [[Rashid Ahmed]] and [[Vice-Admiral]] [[Muzaffar Hassan]], who were notably superseded by their juniors for the command assignments.{{rp|77}}<ref name="Kamran Pub. House">{{cite book|last1=Hussain|first1=Syed Shabbir|title=The Death Dance|date=1979|publisher=Kamran Pub. House|location=Lahore, Punjab, Pk|pages=129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gJuAAAAMAAJ&q=M+AK+Lodhi+admiral|language=en}}</ref> Rear-Admiral Lodhi was subsequently [[Forced resignation|forcefully retired]] from his service when the junior, [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[Hasan Hafeez Ahmed|H.H. Ahmed]], became the nation's first [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|chief of naval staff]] in April 1972.{{rp|144}}<ref name="Springer, Rizvi">{{cite book|last1=Rizvi|first1=H.|authorlink1=Hasan Askari Rizvi|title=Military, State and Society in Pakistan|date=2000|publisher=Springer|location=Islamabad, Pakistan|isbn=9780230599048|pages=289|edition=1st|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwGIDAAAQBAJ&dq=rear+admiral+lodhi&pg=PA144|accessdate=14 August 2017|language=en|chapter-format=google books|chapter=Civilian interlude}}</ref>{{rp|92}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jafri|first1=Maqsood|title=The Ideals of Bhutto|date=2008|pages=390|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgRuAAAAMAAJ&q=M+AK+Lodhi+admiral|language=en}}</ref>

After his retirement, Rear-Admiral Lodhi deputed and worked with [[Royal Saudi Navy]] as its [[military adviser]] and remained associated with it for quite some time.<ref name="IMO Publishing">{{cite book|last1=Organization|first1=Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative|title=Acte Final de la Conférence Avec Documents Joints Comprenant Le Texte Du Protocole Adopté|date=1973|publisher=IMO Publishing|location=Jeddah, Saudi Arabia|isbn=9789280100228|pages=60|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYrMyjtQ2joC&dq=mujeeb+ahmad+khan+lodhi+amiral&pg=PA54|accessdate=14 August 2017|language=fr}}</ref> Since 2015, he became associated with the [[The News International|News International]] where he writes column on defence and security.<ref name="New sInternational">{{cite news|title=MAK Lodhi:Writer - The News International: Latest News Breaking, Pakistan News|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/writer/mak-lodhi/|accessdate=14 August 2017|work=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, Lodhi's memoirs, ''Ocean Rift: Memoirs of Admiral Lodhi'', were published.<ref name="Royal Book Co., Pakistan">{{cite book|last1=Ladi|first1=Rear Admiral M. A. K.|title=OCEAN RIFT Memoirs of Admiral Lodhi|date=2017|publisher=Royal Book Co., Pakistan|location=Islamabad, Pakistan|isbn=9789694074382|pages=570}}</ref> He died prior to October 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Book on memoirs of Admiral Lodi launched |url=https://www.app.com.pk/global/book-on-memoirs-of-admiral-lodi-launched/ |access-date=5 August 2022 |publisher=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=18 October 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

Corrections to this page were made by his daughter and grandson.
==External links==
*{{cite news|title=MAK Lodhi:Writer - The News International: Latest News Breaking, Pakistan News|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/writer/mak-lodhi/|accessdate=14 August 2017|work=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en}}
*{{cite book|last1=Ladi|first1=Rear Admiral M. A. K.|title=OCEAN RIFT Memoirs of Admiral Lodhi|date=2017|publisher=Royal Book Co., Pakistan|location=Islamabad, Pakistan|isbn=9789694074382|pages=570}}
{{Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}
{{Military of Pakistan}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lodhi, Mujeeb Ahmad Khan}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Pakistani Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Indian Navy officers]]
[[Category:Military personnel of the India–Pakistan war of 1965]]
[[Category:Recipients of Sitara-e-Jurat]]
[[Category:Pakistan Navy rear admirals]]
[[Category:Pakistani military personnel of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Admirals of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:People from Islamabad]]
[[Category:Defence and security analysts in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani columnists]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani memoirists]]

Niyogi Brahmin

2026-03-18T14:16:07Z

Vemareddy: Put Up First Entry From Scratch - done

{{Short description|Indian Hindu Telugu Brahmin subcaste}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Hatnote|This article is about the Indian caste. For people named Niyogi, see [[Niyogi (disambiguation)]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}

{{infobox caste
|caste_name =Niyogi Brahmin
|image =
|caption =
|classification =[[Forward caste]]
|religions =[[Hinduism]]
|languages =[[Telugu language|Telugu]] (primary) Other [[Dravidian languages]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZBnppBQgOsC&dq=Niyogi+kannada&pg=PA226|title=Tyāgarāja and the Renewal of Tradition: Translations and Reflections|page=226|author=William Joseph Jackson|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1994|isbn=978-8120811461}}</ref>
|country =Primarily India
|populated_states =
|subdivisions =
|related =
}}

'''Niyogi Brahmin''' is a [[Telugu Brahmin]] [[Caste|subcaste]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLZOBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT160|title=Knowledge-Power/Resistance: Beyond Bacon, Ambedkar and Foucault|author=Vinod Kumar Rawat|date=22 October 2014|publisher=Partridge Publishing|accessdate=22 October 2014|page=160|isbn=9781482839166}}</ref> native to the Indian states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], but are spread throughout [[South India]] and [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7KjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|title=Tamil Brahmans: The Making of a Middle-Class Caste|page=62|author1=C. J. Fuller|author2=Haripriya Narasimhan|publisher=University of Chicago Press|date=11 November 2014|isbn=978-0226152882}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India's Communities, Volume 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt9G1e6JF-QC|page=2644|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn = 9780195633542|quote=In Maharashtra, the Niyogi Brahman have eleven subgroups like Aruvela Niyogi and Kammelu Niyogi. They have migrated from Andhra Pradesh. In social practices and rituals they do not differ from their original stock in Andhra Pradesh.}}</ref> The traditional occupations of the Niyogi Brahmins are [[Agriculture|settled cultivation]] and [[Hindu priest|priesthood]].<ref>{{cite book|title=India's Communities, Volume 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt9G1e6JF-QC|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|page=2645|isbn = 9780195633542|quote=The traditional occupations of the Niyogi Brahman of Andhra Pradesh are settled cultivation and priesthood. They were Patwaris also.}}</ref> But majority of them took up various secular vocations including military activities and [[patwari|karanam]]s. They were associated with administration, economics, literature, music composing, politics, scholarly, scientific, engineering, defense and warfare careers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.trsiyengar.com/id273.shtml |title=Sanatha Dharma, Religion, Gothra, Sages, Saints & Rishis of Vedic Era |access-date=31 October 2011 |archive-date=17 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117234455/https://www.trsiyengar.com/id273.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>''Ancient India: A History of its Culture and Civilization'', [[Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi]], p. 166-170</ref>

==Etymology==
''Niyogin'' in [[Sanskrit]] means "employed", "appointed" or "assigned" and it is probable that Niyogis were given this name because they accept secular employment.<ref>Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 192 states: "As to the fees, the rules are precise, and the propounders of them are unblushing."</ref> As per [[Eastern Chalukyas|Eastern Chalukyan]] records, Brahmins who were appointed to a 'Niyoga', commission, charge or office, were called 'Niyogins', officials or functionaries. The term 'Niyogikavallabha' finds mention in a record of [[Eastern Chalukyan]] king Mangi Yuvaraja ({{Reign|682|706 CE}}).<ref>''Epigraphia Indica'', Vol. III, p. 239.</ref>

== Sub-divisions ==
Niyogis are divided into groups like Aruvela Niyogis, Pakanati Niyogis, Prathamasaki Niyogis and others.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sekaram |first=Kandavalli Balendu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzduAAAAMAAJ&q=Aruvela+Niyogis |title=The Andhras Through the Ages |date=1973 |publisher=Sri Saraswati Book Depot |pages=28 |language=en |quote=Among the Niyogis, there are Aruvela Niyogis, Pakanati Niyogis and others.}}</ref> [[Golkonda Vyapari]]s were said to be a part of Niyogis. The word "''vyapari''" means trader. While Niyogis were [[Smartas]], Vyaparis are [[Vaishnava]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-15 |title=Madras' milieu beheld from the eyes of a dewan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-milieu-beheld-from-the-eyes-of-a-dewan/articleshow/55422557.cms |access-date=2023-08-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Y. Subhashini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=es4iAAAAMAAJ&q=Golconda+Vyapari |title=Social Change in Village India: An Andhra Case Study |date=1975 |publisher=Prithvi Raj Publishers |pages=71 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aiyar |first=Cuddalore Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCAbAAAAYAAJ&dq=Golkonda+Vyapari&pg=PA26 |title=Collection of the Decisions of the High Courts and the Privy Council on the Hindu Law of Marriage and the Effect of Apostacy After Marriage, Up to March 1891 |date=1891 |publisher=V.K. Iyer |pages=26–28 |language=en}}</ref> In [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]], there are some sections of Niyogis such as Aruvela and Prathamasaki who follow [[Dvaita Vedanta]] of [[Madhvacharya]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Mysore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yQLAQAAIAAJ|page=157|publisher=Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|year=1988| quote=The Madhwas are followers of the Dwaitha philosophy of Madhwacharya and have sub-sects like the Badaganadu, Aravelu, Aravathuvokkalu, Deshastha, etc.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India's Communities, Volume 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt9G1e6JF-QC|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|page=2044|quote=In Tamil Nadu, the Madhwa Brahmins are migrants from Karnataka. They have six sub-groups, they are Aruvela, Aruvanththuvakkalu, Badaganadu, Pennaththurar, Prathamasaki and Desastha and Badaga. They are concentrated in the Madras, Coimbatore, Coonoor and in Ooty.|isbn = 9780195633542}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Telugu Brahmin]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite journal |title=Precolonial Intellectuals and the Production of Colonial Knowledge |first=Phillip B. |last=Wagoner |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=45 |issue=4 |date=October 2003 |pages=783–814 |doi=10.1017/S0010417503000355 |jstor=3879496 |s2cid=145060460 }}

[[Category:Telugu Brahmin communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Telangana]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]

Hawa Mahal, Visakhapatnam

2026-03-16T05:28:59Z

Vemareddy: small expanded article per sources further and fixed typos based on references

{{Short description|Historic summer palace in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Hawa Mahal Palace
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| image = Hawa Mahal of Visakhapatnam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Hawa Mahal, Visakhapatnam
| pushpin_map =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|17.707458|83.311838|display=inline}}
| altitude =
| building_type = Beach Palace
| architectural_style = [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Gothic architecture]]
| structural_system =
| cost =
| ren_cost =
| location =
| address = [[Beach Road, Visakhapatnam]] Andhra Pradesh, India
| client =
| owner = [[Maharaja of Jeypore]]
| current_tenants =
| construction_start_date = 1917
| completion_date = 1923
| inauguration_date =
| renovation_date =
| demolished_date =
| destruction_date =
| height =
| diameter =
| other_dimensions =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| main_contractor = Maharajah Ram Chandra Dev IV
| architect = Muppidi Venkat Rao
| architecture_firm =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| awards =
| references =
}}
'''Hawa Mahal''' meaning 'palace of winds' is a summer residential palace of the royal family of [[Kingdom of Jeypore|Jeypore]]. It was built in 1917-1923 by Maharaja Ram Chandra Dev IV at [[Beach Road, Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Host literary fest in Hawa Mahal to promote tourism in Visa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/host-literary-fest-in-hawa-mahal-to-promote-tourism-in-city/articleshow/56172790.cms|access-date=26 April 2019 |work=Times of India|date=26 December 2016}}</ref> It is considered one of the most iconic historical buildings of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-24|title=7 historical monuments in Vizag that you must visit at least once|url=https://www.yovizag.com/7-historical-monuments-vizag/|access-date=2021-04-07|website=Vizag|language=en-US}}</ref> It is owned by the [[Maharaja of Jeypore]].

==History==
The foundation of this iconic beach palace was laid down by Maharajah Ram Chandra Dev IV in 1917. It was built as a summer resort and often a transit halt for the Maharajas of Jeypore when they travelled to the capital of the presidency in [[Chennai|Madras]]. The Raja of Salur owned a sea-facing land which was purchased by the Maharaja of Jeypore for constructing the palace. There was an uneven hillock on the acquired land which was levelled and the front land was filled up in order to build the palace above sea-level. The contract of building the palace was given to a young and dynamic architect called Muppidi Venkat Rao.<ref name=":0" />

This royal building has hosted eminent personalities like the first [[Prime Minister of India]] - [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first [[President of India]] - [[Rajendra Prasad]], Nobel Laureate and poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]], the [[Vice-chancellor]] of [[Andhra University]] and the second president of India, [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], famous Hindi film actress [[Waheeda Rahman]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-06|title=Hawa Mahal turns art centre|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150806/nation-current-affairs/article/hawa-mahal-turns-art-centre|access-date=2021-03-18|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>

==Architecture==

[[File:Interior of Hawa Mahal Palace.jpg|thumb|The interior portion of Hawa Mahal, Visakhapatnam]]

The palace is a Indo-Gothic architecture that was prevalent in 19th century. It is a unique two storied symmetrical building made of stone with twin octagonal projections on either side. The wooden windows are framed by segmented arched openings and the high Madras roofing within the halls are extensively employed by [[Burma]] teak to ensure cool comfort during the scorching hot summers of the Eastern Coast. The main structure has semi-circular arched verandahs and the rectangular wooden windows in the central porch with ventilators leading into the palace.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-08|title=The story behind Visakhapatnam's historic building|url=https://www.yovizag.com/hawa-mahal-visakhapatnam-heritage-building/|access-date=2021-04-06|website=Vizag|language=en-US}}</ref> The building has sixteen rooms and a massive hall that hosted dinners and parties for the royal guests.

Special care was taken to have straight cut khondalite stones to build the façade. The balustrades of the stone railing are cut to precision and fixed without any support of metal rods. The palace complex is divided into parts - main residence of the royal family and the kitchen rooms, servant quarters, car garages and manager's residence room. The pillars in the verandah are formed of large square columns of stones with interlocking system in the center. There are intermittent semi-circular arches at doorways and windows of the load bearing walls. The interior walls of the rooms are decorated with Italian tiles and the flooring is made up of Italian marble and Indian granite. Burma teak doors and windows are adorned with stained Italian glass. The central courtyard provides light and breeze to all rooms located all around it.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Apr 24, 2017|title=Hawa Mahal: Where the movie ‘Ek Duje Ke Liye’ was filmed {{!}} Visakhapatnam News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/hawa-mahal-where-the-movie-ek-duje-ke-liye-was-filmed/articleshow/58331575.cms|access-date=2021-04-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

There are two octagonal shaped guard rooms on the front side of the palace that were guarded by sentries. After independence, a large portion of the palace was taken over by the government in order to build the [[Beach Road, Visakhapatnam|Beach Road.]] Two cannons were placed on top of the guard rooms and two [[Grecian]] statues of sentries were placed on both sides of the finely crafted wooden main gate. Reportedly, this wooden gate took one and a half year to construct.<ref name=":0" />

== In popular culture ==
The palace is considered an iconic historical site of Visakhapatnam, therefore, it has featured in both [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Telugu cinema]]. The [[Kamal Haasan]] starrer [[Ek Duuje Ke Liye]] showed the building in some songs. In 2017, the blockbuster [[Si3 (film)|Singam 3]] directed by [[Hari (director)|Hari]] starring [[Suriya]], [[Anushka Shetty]] and [[Shruti Haasan]] portrayed the palace as a police station.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Visakhapatnam}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1923]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Palaces in Andhra Pradesh]]

Story within a story

2026-03-15T20:21:05Z

Vemareddy: content fix

{{Short description|Literary device}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Metastory|Metaplot}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
[[File:Blake jacobsladder.jpg|thumb|upright|In the [[Bible]], [[Jacob]] has [[Jacob's ladder|a dream about a ladder to heaven]]. Having a character have a dream is a common device to embed one narrative or scene within another. (Painting by [[William Blake]], 1805)]]

A '''story within a story''', also referred to as an '''embedded narrative''', is a [[narrative device|literary device]] in which a character within a [[Narrative|story]] becomes the narrator of a second story (within the first one).<ref>{{cite book|first1=David |last1=Herman|first2=Manfred |last2=Jahn|first3=Marie-Laure |last3=Ryan|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oX8hmVw_yXYC&pg=PA134|access-date=30 July 2013|date=13 May 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-45840-0|page=134}}</ref> Multiple layers of stories within stories are sometimes called '''nested stories'''. A play may have a brief play within it, such as in Shakespeare's play ''[[Hamlet]]''; a film may show the characters watching a short film; or a novel may contain a short story within the novel. A story within a story can be used in all types of narration including [[poem]]s, and [[song]]s.

Stories within stories can be used simply to enhance entertainment for the reader or viewer, or can act as examples to teach lessons to other characters.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=What Is a Story within a Story? (with picture) |url=http://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-a-story-within-a-story.htm |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Language Humanities |language=en-US}}</ref> The inner story often has a symbolic and psychological significance for the characters in the outer story. There is often some parallel between the two stories, and the fiction of the inner story is used to reveal the truth in the outer story.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nested Stories |url=http://changingminds.org/disciplines/storytelling/devices/nested_stories.htm |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=changingminds.org}}</ref> Often the stories within a story are used to satirize views, not only in the outer story, but also in the real world. When a story is told within another instead of being told as part of the plot, it allows the author to play on the reader's perceptions of the characters—the motives and the [[unreliable narrator|reliability of the storyteller]] are automatically in question.<ref name=":0" />

Stories within a story may disclose the background of characters or events, tell of myths and legends that influence the plot, or even seem to be extraneous diversions from the plot. In some cases, the story within a story is involved in the action of the plot of the outer story. In others, the inner story is independent, and could either be skipped or stand separately, although many subtle connections may be lost. Often there is more than one level of internal stories, leading to deeply-nested fiction. ''[[Mise en abyme]]'' is the [[French language|French]] term for a similar literary device (also referring to the practice in [[heraldry]] of placing the image of a small shield on a larger shield).

== Frame stories and anthology works ==
{{Main|Frame story}}
The literary device of stories within a story dates back to a device known as a "[[frame story]]", where a supplemental story is used to help tell the main story. Typically, the outer story or "frame" does not have much matter, and most of the work consists of one or more complete stories told by one or more storytellers.

The earliest examples of "frame stories" and "stories within stories" were in ancient Egyptian and [[Indian literature]], such as the Egyptian "[[Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor]]"<ref>{{cite book |page=312 |editor-first1=John |editor-last1=Clute |editor-link1=John Clute |editor-first2=John |editor-last2=Grant |editor-link2=John Grant (author) |title=The Encyclopedia of Fantasy |year=1999 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=9780312198695 |title-link=The Encyclopedia of Fantasy}}</ref> and [[Indian epics]] like the ''[[Ramayana]]'', ''[[Seven Wise Masters]]'', ''[[Hitopadesha]]'' and ''[[Baital Pachisi|Vikrama and Vethala]]''. In [[Vishnu Sarma]]'s ''[[Panchatantra]]'', an interwoven series of colorful animal tales are told with one narrative opening within another, sometimes three or four layers deep, and then unexpectedly snapping shut in irregular rhythms to sustain attention. In the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the [[Kurukshetra War]] is narrated by a character in [[Vyasa]]'s ''Jaya'', which itself is narrated by a character in [[Vaisampayana]]'s ''Bharata'', which itself is narrated by a character in Ugrasrava's ''Mahabharata''.

Both ''[[The Golden Ass]]'' by [[Apuleius]] and ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' by [[Ovid]] extend the depths of framing to several degrees. Another early example is the ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'' (''Arabian Nights''), where the general story is narrated by an unknown narrator, and in this narration the stories are told by [[Scheherazade]]. In many of Scheherazade's narrations, there are also [[List of stories within One Thousand and One Nights|stories narrated]], and even in some of these, there are other stories.<ref>{{cite book | last =Burton | first =Richard | author-link =Richard Francis Burton | title =The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, Volume 1 |publisher =[[Project Gutenberg]] |date=September 2003 |url = http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext02/11001108.txt }}</ref> An example of this is "[[The Three Apples]]", a [[murder mystery]] narrated by Scheherazade. Within the story, after the murderer reveals himself, he narrates a [[Flashback (narrative)|flashback]] of events leading up to the murder. Within this flashback, an [[unreliable narrator]] tells a story to mislead the would-be murderer, who later discovers that he was misled after another character narrates the truth to him.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Story-Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights|first=David|last=Pinault|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=1992 |isbn=90-04-09530-6|page=94}}</ref> As the story concludes, the "[[s:Tale of Núr al-Dín Alí and His Son Badr al-Dín Hasan|Tale of Núr al-Dín Alí and his Son]]" is narrated within it. This perennially popular work can be traced back to [[Arabic literature|Arabic]], [[Persian literature|Persian]], and Indian storytelling traditions.

[[Mary Shelley]]'s ''[[Frankenstein]]'' has a deeply nested frame story structure, that features the narration of Walton, who records the narration of Victor Frankenstein, who recounts the narration of his creation, who narrates the story of a cabin dwelling family he secretly observes. Another classic novel with a frame story is ''[[Wuthering Heights]]'', the majority of which is recounted by the central family's housekeeper to a boarder. Similarly, [[Roald Dahl]]'s story ''[[The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar]]'' is about a rich bachelor who finds an essay written by someone who learned to "see" playing cards from the reverse side. The full text of this essay is included in the story, and itself includes a lengthy sub-story told as a true experience by one of the essay's protagonists, Imhrat Khan.

[[Lewis Carroll]]'s ''[[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice]]'' books, ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'' (1865) and ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]'' (1871), have several multiple poems that are mostly recited by several characters to the titular character. The most notable examples are "[[You Are Old, Father William]]", {{"-}}[['Tis the Voice of the Lobster]]", "[[Jabberwocky]]", and "[[The Walrus and the Carpenter]]".

[[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]]'s ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'' and [[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccaccio]]'s ''[[Decameron]]'' are also classic frame stories. In Chaucer's ''Canterbury Tales'', the characters tell tales suited to their personalities and tell them in ways that highlight their personalities. The noble knight tells a noble story, the boring character tells a very dull tale,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mark |first=Joshua J. |date=2019-05-08 |title=The Canterbury Tales |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Canterbury_Tales/ |journal=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Canterbury Tales: Character List {{!}} SparkNotes |url=https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/the-canterbury-tales/characters/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624130950/https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/the-canterbury-tales/characters/ |archive-date=2024-06-24 |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=SparkNotes |language=en}}</ref> and the rude miller tells a smutty tale. [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]'' too makes use of this device; [[Odysseus]]' adventures at sea are all narrated by Odysseus to the court of king [[Alcinous]] in [[Scheria]]. Other shorter tales, many of them false, account for much of the ''Odyssey''. Many modern children's story collections are essentially [[anthology]] works connected by this device, such as [[Arnold Lobel]]'s ''Mouse Tales'', [[Paula Fox]]'s ''The Little Swineherd'', and Phillip and Hillary Sherlock's ''Ears and Tails and Common Sense''.

A well-known modern example of framing is the fantasy genre work ''The Princess Bride'' (both [[The Princess Bride (novel)|the book]] and [[The Princess Bride (film)|the film]]). In the film, a grandfather is reading the story of ''The Princess Bride'' to his grandson. In the book, a more detailed frame story has a father editing a much longer (but fictive) work for his son, creating his own "Good Parts Version" (as the book called it) by leaving out all the parts that would bore or displease a young boy. Both the book and the film assert that the central story is from a book called ''The Princess Bride'' by a nonexistent author named [[William Goldman#Autobiographical fiction|S. Morgenstern]].

In the Welsh novel {{lang|cy|Aelwyd F'Ewythr Robert}} (1852) see by [[Gwilym Hiraethog]], a visitor to a farm in north Wales tells the story of ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' to those gathered around the hearth.

Sometimes a frame story exists in the same setting as the main story. On the television series ''[[The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles]]'', each episode was framed as though it were being told by [[Indiana Jones (character)|Indy]] when he was older (usually acted by [[George Hall (actor)|George Hall]], but once by [[Harrison Ford]]). The same device of an adult narrator representing the older version of a young protagonist is used in the films [[Stand by Me (film)|''Stand by Me'']] and ''[[A Christmas Story]]'', and the television show ''[[The Wonder Years]]'' and ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]''.

=== Frame stories in music ===
In ''[[The Amory Wars]]'', a tale told through the music of [[Coheed and Cambria]], tells a story for the first two albums but reveals that the story is being actively written by a character called the Writer in the third. During the album, the Writer delves into his own story and kills one of the characters, much to the dismay of the main character.

The critically acclaimed [[Beatles]] album ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' is presented as a stage show by the fictional eponymous band, and one of its songs, "A Day in the Life", is in the form of a story within a dream. Similarly, the [[Fugees]] album [[The Score (Fugees album)|''The Score'']] is presented as the soundtrack to a fictional film, as are several other notable [[concept albums]], while [[Wyclef Jean]]'s ''[[Wyclef Jean Presents The Carnival|The Carnival]]'' is presented as testimony at a trial. The majority of [[Ayreon]]'s albums outline a sprawling, loosely interconnected science fiction narrative, as do the albums of [[Janelle Monae]].

On [[Tom Waits]]'s concept album [[Alice (Tom Waits album)|''Alice'']] (consisting of music he wrote for the musical of the same name), most of the songs are (very) loosely inspired by both ''[[Alice in Wonderland]]'', and the book's real-life author, [[Lewis Carroll]], and inspiration [[Alice Liddell]]. The song "Poor Edward", however, is presented as a story told by a narrator about [[Edward Mordrake]], and the song "Fish and Bird" is presented as a retold story that the narrator heard from a sailor.

== Examples of nested stories by type ==

=== Nested books ===
In his 1895 [[historical novel]] [[Pharaoh (Prus novel)|''Pharaoh'']], [[Bolesław Prus]] introduces a number of stories within the story, ranging in length from [[vignette (literature)|vignettes]] to full-blown stories, many of them drawn from [[ancient Egypt]]ian texts, that further the plot, illuminate [[Character (arts)|characters]], and even inspire the fashioning of individual characters. [[Jan Potocki]]'s ''[[The Manuscript Found in Saragossa]]'' (1797–1805) has an interlocking structure with stories-within-stories reaching several levels of depth.

The [[provenance]] of the story is sometimes explained internally, as in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' by [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], which depicts the [[Red Book of Westmarch]] (a story-internal version of the book itself) as a history compiled by several of the characters. The [[subtitle (titling)|subtitle]] of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' ("There and Back Again") is depicted as part of a rejected title of this book within a book, and ''The Lord of the Rings'' is a part of the final title.<ref name = "havens">{{ME-ref|rotk|"The Grey Havens"}}</ref>
[[File:202 027 quijote cap09.jpg|thumb|Cervantes finds the manuscript with the further adventures of Don Quixote. Illustration by [[Ricardo Balaca]] for the 1880 edition.|alt=A book illustration showing two grown men and a boy in the fashion of 17th century gathered around books on a street.]]
An example of an interconnected inner story is "The Mad Trist" in [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s ''[[The Fall of the House of Usher|Fall of the House of Usher]]'', where through somewhat mystical means the narrator's reading of the story within a story influences the reality of the story he has been telling, so that what happens in "The Mad Trist" begins happening in "The Fall of the House of Usher". Also, in ''[[Don Quixote]]'' by [[Miguel de Cervantes]], there are many stories within the story that influence the hero's actions (there are others that even the author himself admits are purely digressive).
Most of the first part is presented as a translation of a [[found manuscript]] by (fictional) [[Cide Hamete Benengeli]].

A commonly independently [[anthology|anthologised]] story is "[[The Grand Inquisitor]]" by [[Dostoevsky]] from his long [[psychological novel]] ''[[The Brothers Karamazov]]'', which is told by one brother to another to explain, in part, his view on religion and morality. It also, in a succinct way, dramatizes many of Dostoevsky's interior conflicts.

An example of a "bonus material" style inner story is the chapter "The Town Ho's Story" in [[Herman Melville]]'s novel ''[[Moby-Dick]]''; that chapter tells a fully formed story of an exciting [[mutiny]] and contains many plot ideas that Melville had conceived during the early stages of writing ''Moby-Dick''—ideas originally intended to be used later in the novel—but as the writing progressed, these plot ideas eventually proved impossible to fit around the characters that Melville went on to [[Characterization|create and develop]]. Instead of discarding the ideas altogether, Melville wove them into a coherent short story and had the character Ishmael demonstrate his eloquence and intelligence by [[story telling|telling the story]] to his impressed friends.

One of the most complicated structures of a story within a story was used by [[Vladimir Nabokov]] in his novel [[The Gift (Nabokov novel)|''The Gift'']]. There, as inner stories, function both poems and short stories by the main character Fyodor Cherdyntsev as well as the whole Chapter IV, a critical biography of Nikolay [[Nikolay Chernyshevsky|Chernyshevsky]] (also written by Fyodor). This novel is considered one of the first metanovels in literature.

With the rise of [[Modernist literature|literary modernism]], writers experimented with ways in which multiple narratives might nest imperfectly within each other. A particularly ingenious example of nested narratives is [[James Merrill]]'s 1974 [[Modernist poetry in English|modernist poem]] "[[Lost in Translation (poem)|Lost in Translation]]".

In [[Rabih Alameddine]]'s novel ''The Hakawati'', or ''The Storyteller'', the protagonist describes coming home to the funeral of his father, one of a long line of traditional Arabic storytellers. Throughout the narrative, the author becomes hakawati (an Arabic word for a teller of traditional tales) himself, weaving the tale of the story of his own life and that of his family with folkloric versions of tales from Qur'an, the Old Testament, Ovid, and One Thousand and One Nights. Both the tales he tells of his family (going back to his grandfather) and the embedded folk tales, themselves embed other tales, often 2 or more layers deep.

In [[Sue Townsend]]'s ''[[Adrian Mole: The Wilderness Years]]'', [[Adrian Mole|Adrian]] writes the book ''Lo! The Flat Hills of My Homeland'', in which the character Jake Westmorland writes a book called ''Sparg of Kronk'', where the character Sparg writes a book with no language.

In [[Anthony Horowitz]]'s ''[[Magpie Murders]]'', a significant proportion of the book features a fictional but authentically formatted mystery novel by Alan Conway, titled 'Magpie Murders'. The secondary novel ends before its conclusion returning the narrative to the original, and primary, story where the protagonist and reviewer of the book attempts to find the final chapter. As this progresses characters and messages within the fictional ''Magpie Murders'' manifest themselves within the primary narrative and the final chapter's content reveals the reason for its original absence.

Dreams are a common way of including stories inside stories, and can sometimes go several levels deep. Both the book ''[[The Arabian Nightmare]]'' and the curse of "eternal waking" from the [[Neil Gaiman]] series ''The Sandman'' feature an endless series of waking from one dream into another dream. In [[Charles Maturin]]'s novel ''[[Melmoth the Wanderer]]'', the use of vast stories-within-stories creates a sense of dream-like quality in the reader.

The 2023 Christian fictional novel ''Just Once'' by [[Karen Kingsbury]] features a series of three nested stories, all centering around the main characters of Hank and Irvel Myers:{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}
*The outermost story (set in 2018) features their granddaughter, Audra, at a ceremony where the members of the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) will be recognized. Unknown to anyone in her family, Irvel served as a spy in OSS (she had told everyone she was a nurse), and the story would have been lost but for her father finding a set of forgotten videotapes while remodeling his childhood home.
*The next story (set in 1989) features Irvel being diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease; she and Hank decide to videotape their story before it is lost to Irvel's failing memory.
*The innermost story (set between 1940 and 1945) tells of Hank and Irvel's relationship before and after World War II, and her work within OSS.

==== Religion and philosophy ====
This structure is also found in classic religious and philosophical texts. The structure of ''[[The Symposium]]'' and ''[[Phaedo]]'', attributed to [[Plato]], is of a story within a story within a story. In the Christian [[Bible]], the [[gospels]] are accounts of the life and ministry of [[Jesus]]. However, they also include within them the [[parable]]s that Jesus told. In more modern philosophical works, [[Jostein Gaarder]]'s books often feature this device. Examples are ''The Solitaire Mystery'', where the protagonist receives a small book from a baker, in which the baker tells the story of a sailor who tells the story of another sailor, and ''[[Sophie's World]]'', about a girl who is actually a character in a book that is being read by Hilde, a girl in another dimension. Later on in the book Sophie questions this idea, and realizes that Hilde too could be a character in a story that in turn is being read by another.

''[[Mahabharata]]'', an Indian epic that is also the world's longest epic, has a nested structure.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Prema |title=Are you a kaurava or a pandava at work?: Management lessons from the mahabharata |journal=IUP Journal of Soft Skills |date=June 2013 |volume=7 |issue=2 |page=56 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1434052357 |access-date=2023-04-15|id={{ProQuest|1434052357}} }}</ref>

==== Nested science fiction ====
The experimental modernist works that incorporate multiple narratives into one story are quite often science fiction or science fiction influenced. These include most of the various novels written by the American author [[Kurt Vonnegut]]. Vonnegut includes the recurring character [[Kilgore Trout]] in many of his novels. Trout acts as the mysterious [[science fiction]] writer who enhances the morals of the novels through plot descriptions of his stories. Books such as ''[[Breakfast of Champions]]'' and ''[[God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater]]'' are sprinkled with these plot descriptions. [[Stanisław Lem]]'s ''Tale of the Three Storytelling Machines of King Genius'' from ''[[The Cyberiad]]'' has several levels of storytelling. All levels tell stories of the same person, Trurl.

''[[House of Leaves]]'' is the tale of a man who finds a manuscript telling the story of a documentary that may or may not have ever existed, contains multiple layers of plot. The book includes footnotes and letters that tell their own stories only vaguely related to the events in the main narrative of the book, and footnotes for fake books.

[[Robert A. Heinlein]]'s later books ([[The Number of the Beast (novel)|''The Number of the Beast'']], ''[[The Cat Who Walks Through Walls]]'' and ''[[To Sail Beyond the Sunset]]'') propose the idea that every real universe is a fiction in another universe. This [[World as Myth|hypothesis]] enables many writers who are characters in the books to interact with their own creations. [[Margaret Atwood]]'s novel ''[[The Blind Assassin]]'' is interspersed with excerpts from a novel written by one of the main characters; the novel-within-a-novel itself contains a [[science fiction]] story written by one of ''that'' novel's characters.

In [[Philip K. Dick]]'s novel ''[[The Man in the High Castle]]'', each character comes into interaction with a book called ''The Grasshopper Lies Heavy'', which was written by the Man in the High Castle. As Dick's novel details a world in which the [[Axis Powers of World War II]] had [[Axis victory in World War II|succeeded in dominating the known world]], the novel within the novel details an alternative to this history in which the Allies overcome the Axis and bring stability to the world – a victory which itself is quite different from real history.

In ''[[Red Orc's Rage]]'' by [[Philip José Farmer]], a doubly [[recursive method]] is used to intertwine its fictional layers. This novel is part of a science fiction series, the ''[[World of Tiers]]''. Farmer collaborated in the writing of this novel with an American psychiatrist, A. James Giannini, who had previously used the ''World of Tiers'' series in treating patients in group therapy. During these therapeutic sessions, the content and process of the text and novelist was discussed rather than the lives of the patients. In this way subconscious defenses could be circumvented. Farmer took the real life case-studies and melded these with adventures of his characters in the series.<ref>{{cite journal |first=A. J. |last=Giannini |title=Use of fiction in therapy |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=56–57 |year=2001 |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/use-fiction-therapy }}</ref>

The [[Quantum Leap (1989 TV series)|''Quantum Leap'']] novel ''Knights of the Morningstar'' also features a character who writes a book by that name. In [[Matthew Stover]]'s ''Star Wars'' novel ''[[Shatterpoint]]'', the protagonist [[Mace Windu]] narrates the story within his journal, while the main story is being told from the [[third-person limited]] point of view.

Several ''[[Star Trek]]'' tales are stories or events within stories, such as [[Gene Roddenberry]]'s [[novelization]] of ''[[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]]'', [[J. A. Lawrence]]'s ''Mudd's Angels'', [[John M. Ford]]'s ''[[The Final Reflection]]'', [[Margaret Wander Bonanno]]'s ''[[Strangers from the Sky]]'' (which adopts the conceit that it is a book from the future by an author called Gen Jaramet-Sauner), and J. R. Rasmussen's "Research" in the anthology ''[[Star Trek: Strange New Worlds (short story collection)|Star Trek: Strange New Worlds]] II''. [[Steven Barnes]]'s novelization of the ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' episode "[[Far Beyond the Stars]]" partners with [[Greg Cox (writer)|Greg Cox]]'s ''[[The Eugenics Wars: The Rise and Fall of Khan Noonien Singh]]'' (Volume Two) to tell us that the fictional story "Far Beyond the Stars" (whose setting and cast closely resemble ''Deep Space Nine'')—and, by extension, all of ''Star Trek'' itself—is the creation of 1950s writer Benny Russell.

The book [[Cloud Atlas (novel)|''Cloud Atlas'']] (later adapted into a film by [[The Wachowskis]] and [[Tom Tykwer]]) consisted of six interlinked stories nested inside each other in a Russian doll fashion. The first story (that of Adam Ewing in the 1850s befriending an escaped slave) is interrupted halfway through and revealed to be part of a journal being read by composer Robert Frobisher in 1930s Belgium. His own story of working for a more famous composer is told in a series of letters to his lover Rufus Sixsmith, which are interrupted halfway through and revealed to be in the possession of an investigative journalist named Luisa Rey and so on. Each of the first five tales are interrupted in the middle, with the sixth tale being told in full, before the preceding five tales are finished in reverse order. Each layer of the story either challenges the veracity of the previous layer, or is challenged by the succeeding layer. Presuming each layer to be a true telling within the overall story, a chain of events is created linking Adam Ewing's embrace of the abolitionist movement in the 1850s to the religious redemption of a post-apocalyptic tribal man over a century after the fall of modern civilization. The characters in each nested layer take inspiration or lessons from the stories of their predecessors in a manner that validates a belief stated in the sixth tale that "Our lives are not our own. We are bound to others, past and present and by each crime, and every kindness, we birth our future."

====Play or film within a book====
''[[The Crying of Lot 49]]'' by [[Thomas Pynchon]] has several characters seeing a play called ''The Courier's Tragedy'' by the fictitious [[English Renaissance theatre|Jacobean]] [[playwright]] Richard Wharfinger. The events of the play broadly mirror those of the novel and give the character Oedipa Maas a greater context to consider her predicament; the play concerns a feud between two rival mail distribution companies, which appears to be ongoing to the present day, and in which, if this is the case, Oedipa has found herself involved. As in ''[[Hamlet]]'', the director makes changes to the original script; in this instance, a couplet that was added, possibly by religious zealots intent on giving the play extra moral gravity, are said only on the night that Oedipa sees the play.

From what Pynchon relates, this is the only mention in the play of Thurn and Taxis' rivals' name—Trystero—and it is the seed for the conspiracy that unfurls. A significant portion of [[Walter Moers]]' ''Labyrinth of Dreaming Books'' is an [[ekphrasis]] on the subject of an epic puppet theater presentation. Another example is found in [[Samuel Delany]]'s ''[[Trouble on Triton]]'', which features a theater company that produces elaborate staged spectacles for randomly selected single-person audiences. Plays produced by the "Caws of Art" theater company also feature in Russell Hoban's modern fable, ''[[The Mouse and His Child]]''. [[Raina Telgemeier]]'s best-selling [[Drama (graphic novel)|''Drama'']] is a graphic novel about a middle-school musical production, and the tentative romantic fumblings of its cast members.

In [[Manuel Puig]]'s [[Kiss of the Spider Woman (novel)|''Kiss of the Spider Woman'']], ekphrases on various old movies, some real, and some fictional, make up a substantial portion of the narrative. In [[Paul Russell (novelist)|Paul Russell]]'s ''Boys of Life'', descriptions of movies by director/antihero Carlos (loosely inspired by controversial director [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]]) provide a narrative counterpoint and add a touch of surrealism to the main narrative. They additionally raise the question of whether works of artistic genius justify or atone for the sins and crimes of their creators. Auster's ''[[The Book of Illusions]]'' (2002) and Theodore Roszak's [[Flicker (novel)|''Flicker'']] (1991) also rely heavily on fictional films within their respective narratives.

=== Nested plays ===
This dramatic device was probably first used by [[Thomas Kyd]] in ''[[The Spanish Tragedy]]'' around 1587, where the play is presented before an audience of two of the characters, who comment upon the action.<ref>{{cite book
| editor-last = Bevington
| editor-first = David
| editor-link = David Bevington
| title = The Spanish Tragedy
| edition = Revels student
| publisher = [[Manchester University Press]]
| year = 1996
| location = Manchester, England
| page = 5
| isbn =0-7190-4344-1
| quote=Andrea and Revenge ... 'sit and see' ... the play proper is staged for them; in this sense, ''The Spanish Tragedy'' is itself a play within a play.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Erne|first=Lukas|title=Beyond The Spanish tragedy: a study of the works of Thomas Kyd|year=2001|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=Manchester, England|isbn=0-7190-6093-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/beyondthespanish0000erne/page/96 96]|quote=the first play-within-a-play|url=https://archive.org/details/beyondthespanish0000erne/page/96}}</ref> From references in other contemporary works, Kyd is also assumed to have been the writer of an early, lost version of ''Hamlet'' (the so-called ''[[Ur-Hamlet]]''), with a play-within-a-play interlude.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Barton
| first = Anne
| title = The New Penguin Shakespeare Hamlet
| publisher = Penguin Books
| year = 1980
| location = Harmondsworth, England
| page = [https://archive.org/details/hamlet00will_1/page/15 15]
| url = https://archive.org/details/hamlet00will_1/page/15
| isbn = 0-14-070734-4
| url-access = registration
}}</ref> [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Hamlet]]'' retains this device by having Hamlet ask some strolling players to perform ''The Murder of Gonzago''. The action and characters in ''The Murder'' mirror the murder of Hamlet's father in the main action, and Prince Hamlet writes additional material to emphasize this. Hamlet wishes to provoke the murderer, his uncle, and sums this up by saying "the play's the thing wherein I'll catch the conscience of the king." Hamlet calls this new play ''The Mouse-trap'' (a title that [[Agatha Christie]] later took for the long-running play ''[[The Mousetrap]]''). Christie's work was parodied in Tom Stoppard's ''The Real Inspector Hound'', in which two theater critics are drawn into the murder mystery they are watching. The audience is similarly absorbed into the action in Woody Allen's play ''God'', which is about two failed playwrights in Ancient Greece. The phrase "[[The Conscience of the King]]" also became the title of a ''[[Star Trek]]'' episode featuring a production of Hamlet which leads to the exposure of a murderer (although not a king).

The play ''I Hate Hamlet'' and the movie ''[[A Midwinter's Tale]]'' are about a production of ''Hamlet'', which in turn includes a production of ''The Murder of Gonzago'', as does the ''Hamlet''-based play [[Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead|Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead]] and subsequent [[Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (film)|film adaptation]]; which explores and deconstructs narrative concepts, and even features a third-level puppet theatre version of ''Gonzago'' within the play inside the film, and a scene in which the title characters observe the Tragedians performing a staged [[parody]] of their exploits in the ongoing story (including many that are yet to occur). Similarly, in [[Anton Chekhov]]'s ''[[The Seagull]]'' there are specific allusions to ''Hamlet'': in the first act a son stages a play to impress his mother, a professional actress, and her new lover; the mother responds by comparing her son to Hamlet. Later he tries to come between them, as Hamlet had done with his mother and her new husband. The tragic developments in the plot follow in part from the scorn the mother shows for her son's play.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pearce|first=Richard|editor-last=Miles |editor-first=Patrick|title=Chekhov on the British stage |year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|page=220|chapter=Chekhov into English: the case of 'The Seagull'|quote=A dominant motif in the play is the recurrent Hamlet theme}}</ref>

Shakespeare adopted the play-within-a-play device for many of his other plays as well, including ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' and ''[[Love's Labours Lost]]''. Almost the whole of ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]'' is a play-within-a-play, presented to convince [[Christopher Sly]], a drunken tinker, that he is a nobleman watching a private performance, but the device has no relevance to the plot (unless Katharina's subservience to her "lord" in the last scene is intended to strengthen the deception against the tinker<ref>{{cite book|last=Aspinall|first=Dana |title=The Taming of the Shrew|publisher=Routledge|location=London|year=2001|page=19|chapter=The play and the critics|isbn=978-0-8153-3515-3}}</ref>) and is often dropped in modern productions. The musical ''[[Kiss Me, Kate]]'' is about the production of a fictitious musical, ''The Taming of the Shrew'', based on the comedy ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]'' by [[William Shakespeare]], and features several scenes from it. ''[[Pericles, Prince of Tyre]]'' draws in part on the 14th-century ''[[Confessio Amantis]]'' (itself a frame story) by [[John Gower]], and Shakespeare has the ghost of Gower "assume man's infirmities" to introduce his work to the contemporary audience and comment on the action of the play.<ref>{{cite book|last=Buchanan|first=Judith|title=Shakespeare—Four late plays|year=2001|publisher=Wordsworth Editions|location=Ware, England|isbn=1-84022-104-6|pages=5–8}}</ref>

In [[Francis Beaumont]]'s ''[[Knight of the Burning Pestle]]'' (c. 1608) a supposed common citizen from the audience, actually a "planted" actor, condemns the play that has just started and "persuades" the players to present something about a shopkeeper. The citizen's "apprentice" then acts, pretending to extemporise, in the rest of the play. This is a satirical tilt at Beaumont's playwright contemporaries and their current fashion for offering plays about London life.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gurr|first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Gurr|title=The Knight of the Burning Pestle|year=1968|publisher=Oliver and Boyd|location=Edinburgh|isbn=0050015710|pages=2–6|chapter=Critical introduction}}</ref>

The opera ''[[Pagliacci]]'' is about a troupe of actors who perform a play about marital infidelity that mirrors their own lives,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mercaldo |first=David |date=8 March 2018 |title=Pagliacci and Vesti La Giubba – The Million Selling Record! |url=https://italiantribune.com/pagliacci-and-vesti-la-giubba-the-million-selling-record/ |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=The Italian Tribune}}</ref> and composer [[Richard Rodney Bennett]] and [[playwright]]-[[librettist]] [[Beverley Cross]]'s ''[[The Mines of Sulphur]]'' features a ghostly troupe of actors who perform a play about murder that similarly mirrors the lives of their hosts, from whom they depart, leaving them with the plague as nemesis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mines of Sulphur |url=http://operascotland.org/opera/149/Mines+of+Sulphur |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=Opera Scotland}}</ref> [[John Adams (composer)|John Adams]]' ''[[Nixon in China]]'' (1985–1987) features a surreal version of [[Jiang Qing|Madam Mao]]'s ''[[Red Detachment of Women (ballet)|Red Detachment of Women]]'', illuminating the ascendance of human values over the disillusionment of high politics in the meeting.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Davidson Sorkin |first=Amy |date=17 February 2011 |title=Kissinger in China |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/kissinger-in-china |access-date=28 June 2023 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref>

In [[Bertolt Brecht]]'s ''[[The Caucasian Chalk Circle]]'', a play is staged as a [[parable]] to villagers in the [[Soviet Union]] to justify the re-allocation of their farmland: the tale describes how a child is awarded to a servant-girl rather than its natural mother, an aristocrat, as the woman most likely to care for it well. This kind of play-within-a-play, which appears at the beginning of the main play and acts as a "frame" for it, is called an "[[Induction (play)|induction]]". Brecht's one-act play ''[[The Elephant Calf]]'' (1926) is a play-within-a-play performed in the foyer of the theatre during his ''[[Man Equals Man]]''.

In [[Jean Giraudoux]]'s play ''[[Ondine (play)|Ondine]]'', all of act two is a series of scenes within scenes, sometimes two levels deep. This increases the [[dramatic tension]] and also makes more poignant the inevitable failure of the relationship between the [[Human|mortal]] Hans and [[water sprite]] Ondine.

''[[The Two-Character Play]]'' by [[Tennessee Williams]] has a concurrent double plot with the convention of a play within a play. Felice and Clare are siblings and are both actor/producers touring ''The Two-Character Play''. They have supposedly been abandoned by their crew and have been left to put on the play by themselves. The characters in the play are also brother and sister and are also named Clare and Felice.

''[[The Mysteries (play)|The Mysteries]]'', a modern reworking of the medieval [[mystery play]]s, remains faithful to its roots by having the modern actors play the sincere, naïve tradesmen and women as they take part in the original performances.<ref>{{cite book|last=Normington|first=Katie |title=Modern mysteries: contemporary productions of medieval English cycle dramas|publisher=Boydell and Brewer|location=Melton, Suffolk, England|date=October 2007|page=86|isbn=978-1-84384-128-9 }}</ref>

Alternatively, a play might be about the production of a play, and include the performance of all or part of the play, as in ''[[Noises Off]]'', ''[[A Chorus of Disapproval (play)|A Chorus of Disapproval]]'', or ''[[Lilies (play)|Lilies]]''. Similarly, the musical ''[[Man of La Mancha]]'' presents the story of Don Quixote as an impromptu play staged in prison by ''[[Don Quixote|Quixote]]''{{'}}s author, [[Miguel de Cervantes]].

In most stagings of the musical ''[[Cats (musical)|Cats]]'', which include the song "Growltiger's Last Stand" – a recollection of an old play by Gus the Theatre Cat – the character of Lady [[Griddlebone]] sings "The Ballad of Billy McCaw". (However, many productions of the show omit "Growltiger's Last Stand", and "The Ballad of Billy McCaw" has at times been replaced with a mock aria, so this metastory is not always seen.) Depending on the production, there is another musical scene called "The Awful Battle of the Pekes and the Pollices" where the Jellicles put on a show for their leader. In ''[[Lestat: The Musical]]'', there are three play within a plays. First, when Lestat visits his childhood friend, Nicolas, who works in a theater, where he discovers his love for theater; and two more when the Theater of the Vampires perform. One is used as a plot mechanism to explain the vampire god, Marius, which sparks an interest in Lestat to find him.

A play within a play occurs in the musical ''[[The King and I]]'', where Princess Tuptim and the royal dancers give a performance of ''Small House of Uncle Thomas'' (or ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'') to their English guests. The play mirrors Tuptim's situation, as she wishes to run away from slavery to be with her lover, Lun Tha.

In stagings of [[Dina Rubina]]'s play ''Always the Same Dream'', the story is about staging a school play based on a poem by [[Alexander Pushkin|Pushkin]].

Joseph Heller's 1967 play ''[[We Bombed in New Haven]]'' is about actors engaged in a play about military airmen; the actors themselves become at times unsure whether they are actors or actual airmen.

The 1937 musical ''[[Babes in Arms]]'' is about a group of kids putting on a musical to raise money. The central plot device was retained for the popular 1939 film version with [[Judy Garland]] and [[Mickey Rooney]]. A similar plot was recycled for the films [[White Christmas (film)|''White Christmas'']] and [[The Blues Brothers (film)|''The Blues Brothers'']].

=== Nested films ===
{{Primary sources section|date=March 2022}}
The 1946 film noir [[The Locket (1946 film)|''The Locket'']] contains a nested [[Flashback (narrative)|flashback]] structure, with a screenplay by [[Sheridan Gibney]] based on the story "What Nancy Wanted" by Norma Barzman.

The [[François Truffaut]] film [[Day for Night (film)|''Day for Night'']] is about the making of a fictitious movie called ''Meet Pamela'' ({{lang|fr|Je vous présente Pamela}}) and shows the interactions of the actors as they are making this movie about a woman who falls for her husband's father. The story of ''Pamela'' involves lust, betrayal, death, sorrow, and change, events that are mirrored in the experiences of the actors portrayed in ''Day for Night''. There are a wealth of other movies that revolve around the film industry itself, even if not centering exclusively on one nested film. These include the darkly satirical classic [[Sunset Boulevard (film)|''Sunset Boulevard'']] about an aging star and her parasitic victim, and the Coen Brothers' farce ''[[Hail, Caesar!]]''

The script to [[Karel Reisz]]'s movie [[The French Lieutenant's Woman (film)|''The French Lieutenant's Woman'']] (1981), written by [[Harold Pinter]], is a film-within-a-film adaptation of [[John Fowles]]'s book. In addition to the Victorian love story of the book, Pinter creates a present-day background story that shows a love affair between the main actors.

''[[The Muppet Movie]]'' begins with [[the Muppets]] sitting down in a theater to watch the eponymous movie, which [[Kermit the Frog]] claims to be a semi-biographical account of how they all met.

In [[Buster Keaton]]'s ''[[Sherlock Jr.]]'', Keaton's protagonist actually enters into a film while it is playing in a cinema, as does the main character in the [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] film ''[[The Last Action Hero]]''. A similar device is used in the music video for the song "[[Take On Me]]" by [[A-ha]], which features a woman entering a pencil sketch. Conversely, [[Woody Allen]]'s ''[[Purple Rose of Cairo]]'' is about a film character exiting the film to interact with the real world. Allen's earlier film [[Play It Again, Sam (film)|''Play it Again, Sam'']] featured liberal use of characters, dialogue and clips from the film classic [[Casablanca (film)|''Casablanca'']] as a central device.

The 2002 [[Pedro Almodóvar]] film ''[[Talk to Her]]'' ({{lang|es|Hable con ella}}) has the chief character Benigno tell a story called ''The Shrinking Lover'' to Alicia, a long-term comatose patient whom Benigno, a male nurse, is assigned to care for. The film presents ''The Shrinking Lover'' in the form of a black-and-white silent melodrama. To prove his love to a scientist girlfriend, ''The Shrinking Lover'' protagonist drinks a potion that makes him progressively smaller. The resulting seven-minute scene, which is readily intelligible and enjoyable as a stand-alone short subject, is considerably more overtly comic than the rest of ''Talk to Her''—the protagonist climbs giant breasts as if they were rock formations and even ventures his way inside a (compared to him) gigantic vagina. Critics have noted that ''The Shrinking Lover'' essentially is a sex metaphor. Later in ''Talk to Her'', the comatose Alicia is discovered to be pregnant and Benigno is sentenced to jail for rape. ''The Shrinking Lover'' was named Best Scene of 2002 in the ''Skandies'', an annual survey of online cinephiles and critics invited each year by critic Mike D'Angelo.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Skandies 2002 - results |url=http://skandies.org/skandies02.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728025551/http://skandies.org/skandies02.html |archive-date=2011-07-28 |access-date= |website=skandies.org}}</ref>

''[[Tropic Thunder]]'' (2008) is a [[comedy film]] revolving around a group of [[prima donna]] actors making a [[Vietnam War]] film (itself also named ''Tropic Thunder'') when their fed-up writer and director decide to abandon them in the middle of the jungle, forcing them to fight their way out. The concept was perhaps{{original research inline|date=January 2025}} inspired by the 1986 comedy ''[[Three Amigos]]'', where three washed-up silent film stars are expected to live out a real-life version of their old hit movies. The same idea of life being forced to imitate art is also reprised in the ''[[Star Trek]]'' parody ''[[Galaxy Quest]]''.

The first episode of the [[anime]] series [[The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya (anime)|''The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya'']] consists almost entirely of a poorly made film that the protagonists created, complete with [[Kyon]]'s typical, sarcastic commentary.

[[Chuck Jones]]'s 1953 [[cartoon]] ''[[Duck Amuck]]'' shows [[Daffy Duck]] trapped in a cartoon that an unseen animator repeatedly manipulates. At the end, it is revealed that the whole cartoon was being controlled by [[Bugs Bunny]]. The ''Duck Amuck'' plot was essentially replicated in one of Jones' later cartoons, ''[[Rabbit Rampage]]'' (1955), in which Bugs Bunny turns out to be the victim of the sadistic animator ([[Elmer Fudd]]). A similar plot was also included in an episode of ''[[New Looney Tunes]]'', in which Bugs is the victim, Daffy is the animator, and it was made on a computer instead of a pencil and paper. In 2007, the ''Duck Amuck'' sequence was parodied on ''[[Drawn Together]]'' ("Nipple Ring-Ring Goes to Foster Care").

All feature-length films by [[Jörg Buttgereit]] except {{lang|de|[[Schramm (film)|Schramm]]}} feature a film within the film. In {{lang|de|[[Nekromantik]]}}, the protagonist goes to the cinema to see the fictional slasher film ''Vera''. In {{lang|de|[[Der Todesking]]}}, one of the character watches a video of the fictional Nazi exploitation film {{lang|de|Vera – Todesengel der Gestapo}} and in {{lang|de|[[Nekromantik 2]]}}, the characters go to see a film called {{lang|fr|Mon déjeuner avec Vera}}, which is a parody of [[Louis Malle]]'s ''[[My Dinner with André]]''.

[[Quentin Tarantino]]'s ''[[Inglourious Basterds]]'' depicts a [[Nazi propaganda]] film called ''[[Nation's Pride]]'', which glorifies a soldier in the German army. ''Nation's Pride'' is directed by [[Eli Roth]].

[[Joe Dante]]'s [[Matinee (1993 film)|''Matinee'']] depicts ''Mant'', an early-1960s sci-fi/horror movie about a man who turns into an [[ant]]. In one scene, the protagonists see a [[Disney]]-style family movie called ''The Shook-Up Shopping Cart''.

==== Story within a film ====
The 2002 martial arts epic [[Hero (2002 film)|''Hero'']] presented the same narrative several different times, as recounted by different storytellers, but with both factual and aesthetic differences. Similarly, in the whimsical 1988 [[Terry Gilliam]] film ''[[The Adventures of Baron Munchausen]]'', and the 2003 [[Tim Burton]] film ''[[Big Fish]]'', the bulk of the film is a series of stories told by an (extremely) unreliable narrator. In the 2006 Tarsem film [[The Fall (2006 film)|''The Fall'']], an injured silent-movie stuntman tells [[heroic fantasy]] stories to a little girl with a broken arm to pass time in the hospital, which the film visualizes and presents with the stuntman's voice becoming voiceover narration. The fantasy tale bleeds back into and comments on the film's "present-tense" story. There are often incongruities based on the fact that the stuntman is an American and the girl Persian—the stuntman's voiceover refers to "Indians", "a squaw" and "a teepee", but the visuals show a Bollywood-style devi and a Taj Mahal-like castle. The same conceit of an unreliable narrator was used to very different effect in the 1995 crime drama ''[[The Usual Suspects]]'' (which garnered an Oscar for [[Kevin Spacey]]'s performance).

[[Walt Disney]]'s 1946 live-action drama film ''[[Song of the South]]'' has three animated sequences, all based on the [[Br'er Rabbit]] stories, told as moral fables by [[Uncle Remus]] ([[James Baskett]]) to seven-year-old Johnny ([[Bobby Driscoll]]) and his friends Ginny ([[Luana Patten]]) and Toby (Glenn Leedy).

The seminal 1950 Japanese film [[Rashomon (film)|''Rashomon'']], based on the Japanese short story "[[In a Grove]]" (1921), utilizes the [[Flashback (narrative)|flashback]]-within-a-flashback technique. The story unfolds in flashback as the four witnesses in the story—the bandit, the murdered [[samurai]], his wife, and the nameless woodcutter—recount the events of one afternoon in a grove. But it is also a flashback within a flashback, because the accounts of the witnesses are being retold by a woodcutter and a priest to a ribald commoner as they wait out a rainstorm in a ruined gatehouse.

The film ''[[Inception]]'' has a deeply nested structure that is itself part of the setting, as the characters travel deeper and deeper into layers of dreams within dreams. Similarly, in the beginning of the music video for the [[Michael Jackson]] song "[[Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)|Thriller]]", the heroine is terrorized by her monster boyfriend in what turns out to be a film within a dream. The film ''[[The Grand Budapest Hotel]]'' has four layers of narration: starting with a young girl at the author's memorial reading his book, it cuts to the old author in 1985 telling of an incident in 1968 when he, as a young author, stayed at the hotel and met the owner, old Zero. He was then told the story of young Zero and M. Gustave, from 1932, which makes up most of the narrative.
Then in 2025, The film [[Dog Man (film)|Dog Man]] is a film in a comic for the [[Dog Man]] series.

==== Play within a film ====
The 2001 film ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' features a fictitious musical within a film, called "Spectacular Spectacular". The 1942 [[Ernst Lubitsch]] comedy [[To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)|''To Be or Not to Be'']] confuses the audience in the opening scenes with a play, "The Naughty Nazis", about Adolf Hitler which appears to be taking place within the actual plot of the film. Thereafter, the acting company players serve as the protagonists of the film and frequently use acting/costumes to deceive various characters in the film. ''[[Hamlet]]'' also serves as an important throughline in the film, as suggested by the title. [[Laurence Olivier]] sets the opening scene of his 1944 film of [[Henry V (1944 film)|''Henry V'']] in the [[Green room|tiring room]] of the old [[Globe Theatre]] as the actors prepare for their roles on stage. The early part of the film follows the actors in these "stage" performances and only later does the action almost imperceptibly expand to the full realism of the [[Battle of Agincourt]]. By way of increasingly more artificial sets (based on mediaeval paintings) the film finally returns to The Globe.

[[Mel Brooks]]' film [[The Producers (1968 film)|''The Producers'']] revolves around a scheme to make money by producing a disastrously bad Broadway musical, ''Springtime for Hitler.'' Ironically the film itself was later made into its own Broadway musical (although a more intentionally successful one). The [[Outkast]] music video for the song "Roses" is a short film about a high school musical. In [[Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2010 film)|''Diary of a Wimpy Kid'']], the middle-schoolers put on a play of [[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|''The Wizard of Oz'']], while ''[[High School Musical]]'' is a romantic comedy about the eponymous musical itself. A high school production is also featured in the gay teen romantic comedy ''[[Love, Simon]]''.

A 2012 Italian film, ''[[Caesar Must Die]]'', stars real-life Italian prisoners who rehearse Shakespeare's [[Julius Caesar (play)|''Julius Caesar'']] in [[Rebibbia]] prison playing ''fictional'' Italian prisoners rehearsing the same play in the same prison. In addition, the film itself becomes a ''Julius Caesar'' adaption of sorts as the scenes are frequently acted all around the prison, outside of rehearsals, and the prison life becomes indistinguishable from the play.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/mar/03/caesar-must-die-review-philip-french | title=Caesar Must die – review| newspaper=The Guardian| date=2013-03-03| last1=French| first1=Philip}}</ref>

The main plot device in ''[[Repo! The Genetic Opera]]'' is an opera which is going to be held the night of the events of the film. All of the principal characters of the film play a role in the opera, though the audience watching the opera is unaware that some of the events portrayed are more than drama. The 1990 biopic [[Korczak (film)|''Korczak'']], about the last days of a Jewish children's orphanage in Nazi occupied Poland, features an amateur production of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s ''The Post Office'', which was selected by the orphanage's visionary leader as a way of preparing his charges for their own impending death. That same production is also featured in the stage play ''Korczak's Children,'' also inspired by the same historical events.

==== TV show within a film ====
The 1973 film [[The National Health (film)|''The National Health'']], an adaptation of the 1969 play [[The National Health (play)|''The National Health'']] by [[Peter Nichols (playwright)|Peter Nichols]], features a send-up of a typical American hospital [[soap opera]] being shown on a television situated in an underfunded, unmistakably British [[NHS]] hospital.

The [[Jim Carrey]] film ''[[The Truman Show]]'' is about a person who grows to adulthood without ever realizing that he is the unwitting hero of the immersive eponymous television show.

In ''[[Toy Story 2]]'', the lead character [[Sheriff Woody|Woody]] learns that he is based on the lead character of the same name of a 1950s [[Western (genre)|Western]] show known as ''Woody's Roundup'', which was seemingly cancelled due to the rise of [[science fiction]], though this is eventually debunked after the final episode of the show can be seen playing.

=== Nested video games ===
{{Main|Minigame}}
The first example of a video game within a video game is almost certainly [[Tim Stryker]]'s 1980s era{{vague|reason=Surely we can give this a precise year|date=January 2025}} text-only game ''Fazuul'' (also the world's first online multiplayer game), in which one of the objects that the player can create is a minigame. Another early use of this trope was in [[Cliff Johnson (game designer)|Cliff Johnson]]'s 1987 hit ''[[The Fool's Errand]]'', a thematically linked narrative puzzle game, in which several of the puzzles were semi-independent games played against NPCs.

[[Power Factor (video game)|''Power Factor'']] has been cited as a rare example of a video game in which the entire concept is a video game within a video game: The player takes on the role of a character who is playing a "Virtual Reality Simulator", in which he in turn takes on the role of the hero Redd Ace.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=ProReview: Power Factor |magazine=[[GamePro]]|issue=55|publisher=[[International Data Group|IDG]]|date=April 1993 |page=164}}</ref> The ''[[.hack]]'' franchise also gives the concept a central role. It features a narrative in which internet advancements have created an MMORPG franchise called The World. Protagonists Kite and [[Haseo]] try to uncover the mysteries of the events surrounding The World. Characters in ''.hack'' are aware that they are video game characters.

More commonly, however, the video game within a video game device takes the form of mini-games that are non-plot-oriented, and optional to the completion of the game. For example, in the [[Yakuza (franchise)|''Yakuza'']] and ''[[Shenmue]]'' franchises, there are playable arcade machines featuring other Sega games that are scattered throughout the game world.

In ''[[Final Fantasy VII]]'' there are several video games that can be played in an arcade in the Gold Saucer theme park. In ''[[Animal Crossing]]'', the player can acquire individual NES emulations through various means and place them within their house, where they are playable in their entirety. When placed in the house, the games take the form of a [[Nintendo Entertainment System]]. In ''[[Fallout 4]]'' and ''[[Fallout 76]]'', the protagonist can find several cartridges throughout the wasteland that can be played on their pip-boy (an electronic device that exists only in the world of the game) or any terminal computer. In ''[[Celeste (video game)|Celeste]]'', there is a hidden room in which the protagonist can play the original [[PICO-8]] prototype of the game.

==== TV show within a video game ====
In the [[Remedy Entertainment|Remedy]] video game titled [[Max Payne (video game)|''Max Payne'']], players can chance upon a number of ongoing television shows when activating or happening upon various television sets within the game environs, depending on where they are within the unfolding game narrative. Among them are ''Lords & Ladies'', ''Captain Baseball Bat Boy'', ''[[Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne|Dick Justice]]'' and the pinnacle television serial [[Max Payne (video game)|''Address Unknown'']] – heavily inspired by [[David Lynch]]-style film narrative, particularly ''[[Twin Peaks]]'', ''Address Unknown'' sometimes prophesies events or character motives yet to occur in the Max Payne narrative.

In ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]'', the player can watch several TV channels which include many programs: reality shows, cartoons, and even game shows.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Baker |first=Chris |title=Grand Theft Auto IV Shifts Into Media Overdrive |url=https://www.wired.com/2008/04/watching-tv-and/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028|date=28 April 2008}}</ref>

=== Nested TV shows ===

''[[Terrance & Phillip]]'' from ''[[South Park]]'' comments on the levels of violence and acceptable behaviour in the media and allow criticism of the outer cartoon to be addressed in the cartoon itself. Similarly, on the long running animated sitcom ''[[The Simpsons]]'', Bart's favorite cartoon, ''[[Itchy and Scratchy]]'' (based on the series ''[[Herman and Katnip]],'' a parody of ''[[Tom & Jerry]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Keegan |date=2024-03-17 |title='Itchy & Scratchy' From 'The Simpsons' Wasn't Actually Based on 'Tom & Jerry,' But Something Much Worse |url=https://www.cracked.com/article_41481_itchy-scratchy-from-the-simpsons-wasnt-actually-based-on-tom-jerry-but-something-much-worse.html |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Cracked.com |language=en}}</ref>), often echoes the plotlines of the main show. ''The Simpsons'' also parodied this structure with numerous 'layers' of sub-stories in the Season 17 episode "[[The Seemingly Never-Ending Story]]".

The animated series ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'' features numerous fictional shows, most notably, ''The Adventures of Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy,'' which stars the titular elderly superheroes [[Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy|Mermaid Man]] ([[Ernest Borgnine]]) and [[Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy|Barnacle Boy]] ([[Tim Conway]]).

On the show [[Dear White People (TV series)|''Dear White People'']], the [[Scandal (American TV series)|''Scandal'']] parody ''Defamation'' offers an ironic commentary on the main show's theme of interracial relationships. Similarly, each season of the [[HBO]] show [[Insecure (TV series)|''Insecure'']] has featured a different fictional show, including the slavery-era soap opera ''Due North'', the rebooted black 1990s sitcom ''Kev'yn,'' and the investigative documentary series ''Looking for LaToya''.

The [[Ireland|Irish]] television series ''[[Father Ted]]'' features a television show, ''Father Ben'', which has characters and storylines almost identical to that of ''Father Ted''.

The television shows ''[[30 Rock]]'', ''[[Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip]]'', ''[[Sonny with a Chance]]'', and ''[[Kappa Mikey]]'' feature a sketch show within the TV show.

An extended plotline on the semi-autobiographical sitcom ''[[Seinfeld]]'' dealt with the main characters developing a sitcom about their lives. The gag was reprised on ''[[Curb Your Enthusiasm]]'', another semi-autobiographical show by and about ''Seinfeld'' co-creator Larry David, when the long-anticipated ''Seinfeld'' reunion was staged entirely inside the new show.

The "[[USS Callister]]" episode of the ''[[Black Mirror]]'' anthology television series is about a man who is obsessed with a ''Star Trek''-like show and recreates it as part of a virtual reality game.

The concept of a film within a television series is employed in the [[Macross]] universe. ''[[The Super Dimension Fortress Macross: Do You Remember Love?]]'' (1984) was originally intended as an alternative theatrical re-telling of the television series ''[[The Super Dimension Fortress Macross]]'' (1982), but was later "[[Retroactive continuity|retconned]]" into the Macross [[Canon (fiction)|canon]] as a popular film within the television series ''[[Macross 7]]'' (1994).

The ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'' episode "[[Wormhole X-Treme!]]" features a fictional TV show with an almost identical premise to ''Stargate SG-1''. A later episode, "[[200 (Stargate SG-1)|200]]", depicts ideas for a possible reboot of ''Wormhole X-Treme!'', including using a "younger and edgier" cast, or even [[Supermarionation|Thunderbirds-style puppets]].

The [[Glee (TV series)|''Glee'']] episode "[[Extraordinary Merry Christmas]]" features the members of New Directions starring in a black-and-white Christmas television special that is presented within the episode itself. The special is a homage to both ''[[Star Wars Holiday Special]]'' and the "[[The Judy Garland Show|Judy Garland Christmas Special]]".

The British TV series [[Don't Hug Me I'm Scared (TV series)|''Don't Hug Me I'm Scared'']], based on the [[web series]] ''[[Don't Hug Me I'm Scared]]'', is notable for being a [[puppet show]] that includes a fictional [[claymation]] TV series within the show: ''Grolton & Hovris'', a parody of ''[[Wallace and Gromit]]''.

==== Film within a TV show ====
''Seinfeld'' had a number of reoccurring fictional films, including a sci-fi film called ''The Flaming Globes of Sigmund'' and, most notably, ''Rochelle, Rochelle'', a parody of artsy but exploitative foreign films. The trippy, metaphysically loopy thriller ''Death Castle'' is a central element of the ''[[Master of None]]'' episode "New York, I Love You".

The [[Wow (Barry)|series finale]] of [[Barry (TV series)|''Barry'']] features a biopic of the titular character which was called ''The Mask Collector,'' and its production served as the catalyst for the last 4 episodes of Barry's final season.

== Fantasy within realism ==
Stories inside stories can allow for genre changes. [[Arthur Ransome]] uses the device to let his young characters in the [[Swallows and Amazons series|''Swallows and Amazons'' series]] of children's books, set in the recognisable everyday world, take part in fantastic adventures of piracy in distant lands: two of the twelve books, ''[[Peter Duck]]'' and ''[[Missee Lee]]'' (and some would include ''[[Great Northern?]]'' as a third), are adventures supposedly made up by the characters.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Hardyment
| first = Christina
| title = Arthur Ransome and Captain Flint's Trunk
| publisher = Jonathan Cape
| year = 1988
| location = London
| url = https://archive.org/details/arthurransomecap00hard
| isbn = 0-224-02590-2
| url-access = registration
}}</ref> Similarly, the film version of ''[[Chitty Chitty Bang Bang]]'' uses a story within a story format to tell a purely fantastic fairy tale within a relatively more realistic frame-story. The film version of [[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|''The Wizard of Oz'']] does the same thing by making its inner story into a dream. Lewis Carroll's celebrated [[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|''Alice'']] books use the same device of a dream as an excuse for fantasy, while Carroll's less well-known ''[[Sylvie and Bruno]]'' subverts the trope by allowing the dream figures to enter and interact with the "real" world. In each episode of ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]'', the main story was realistic fiction, with live action human characters, while an inner story took place in the [[Neighborhood of Make-Believe]], in which most characters were puppets, except Lady Aberlin and occasionally Mr. McFeely, played by [[Betty Aberlin]] and [[David Newell]] in both realms.

== Fractal fiction ==

Some stories feature what might be called a literary version of the [[Droste effect]], where an image contains a smaller version of itself (also a common feature in many [[fractals]]). An early version is found in an ancient Chinese proverb, in which an old monk situated in a temple found on a high mountain recursively tells the same story to a younger monk about an old monk who tells a younger monk a story regarding an old monk sitting in a temple located on a high mountain, and so on.{{cn|date=January 2026}} The same concept is at the heart of [[Michael Ende]]'s classic children's novel ''[[The Neverending Story]]'', which prominently features a book of the same title. This is later revealed to be the same book the audience is reading, when it begins to be retold again from the beginning, thus creating an infinite regression that features as a plot element. Another story that includes versions of itself is [[Neil Gaiman]]'s ''[[The Sandman: Worlds' End]]'' which contains several instances of multiple storytelling levels, including ''Cerements'' (issue #55) where one of the inmost levels corresponds to one of the outer levels, turning the story-within-a-story structure into an infinite regression. Jesse Ball's ''The Way Through Doors'' features a deeply nested set of stories within stories, most of which explore alternate versions of the main characters. The frame device is that the main character is telling stories to a woman in a coma (similar to Almodóvar's ''Talk to Her'', mentioned above).

[[Richard Adams]]'s classic [[Watership Down]] includes several memorable tales about the legendary prince of rabbits, El-Ahraira, as told by master storyteller, Dandelion.

[[Samuel Delany]]'s great surrealist sci-fi classic ''[[Dhalgren]]'' features the main character discovering a diary apparently written by a version of himself, with incidents that usually reflect, but sometimes contrast with the main narrative. The last section of the book is taken up entirely by journal entries, about which readers must choose whether to take as completing the narrator's own story. Similarly, in [[Kiese Laymon]]'s ''Long Division'', the main character discovers a book, also called ''Long Division'', featuring what appears to be himself, except as living twenty years earlier. The title book in Charles Yu's ''[[How to Live Safely in a Science Fictional Universe]]'' exists within itself as a stable creation of a closed loop in time. Likewise, in the Will Ferrell comedy [[Stranger than Fiction (2006 film)|''Stranger than Fiction'']] the main character discovers he is a character in a book that (along with its author) also exists in the same universe. The 1979 book ''[[Gödel, Escher, Bach]]'' by [[Douglas Hofstadter]] includes a narrative between [[Achilles and the Tortoise]] (characters borrowed from [[Lewis Carroll]], who in turn borrowed them from [[Zeno of Elea|Zeno]]), and within this story they find the book "Provocative Adventures of Achilles and the Tortoise Taking Place in Sundry Spots of the Globe", which they begin to read, the Tortoise taking the part of the Tortoise, and Achilles taking the part of Achilles. Within this self-referential narrative, the two characters find the book "Provocative Adventures of Achilles and the Tortoise Taking Place in Sundry Spots of the Globe", which they begin to read, this time each taking the other's part. The 1979 experimental novel ''[[If on a winter's night a traveler]]'' by [[Italo Calvino]] follows a reader, addressed in the second person, trying to read the very same book, but being interrupted by ten other recursively nested incomplete stories.

[[Robert Altman]]'s satirical Hollywood noir [[The Player (1992 film)|''The Player'']] ends with the [[antihero]] being pitched a movie version of his own story, complete with an unlikely happy ending. The long-running musical ''[[A Chorus Line]]'' dramatizes its own creation, and the life stories of its own original cast members. The famous final number does double duty as the showstopper for both the musical the audience is watching and the one the characters are appearing in. ''[[Austin Powers in Goldmember]]'' begins with an action film opening, which turns out to be a sequence being filmed by [[Steven Spielberg]]. Near the ending, the events of the film itself are revealed to be a movie being enjoyed by the characters. Jim Henson's ''[[The Muppet Movie]]'' is framed as a screening of the movie itself, and the screenplay for the movie is present inside the movie, which ends with an abstracted, abbreviated re-staging of its own events. The 1985 Tim Burton film ''[[Pee-Wee's Big Adventure]]'' ends with the main characters watching a film version of their own adventures, but as reimagined as a Hollywood blockbuster action film, with [[James Brolin]] as a more stereotypically manly version of the [[Paul Reubens]] title character. Episode 14 of the [[anime]] series ''[[Martian Successor Nadesico]]'' is essentially a clip show, but has several newly animated segments based on ''[[Gekigangar III]]'', an anime that exists within its universe and that many characters are fans of, that involves the characters of that show watching Nadesico. The episode ends with the crew of the Nadesico watching the very same episode of Gekigangar, causing a [[paradox]]. [[Mel Brooks]]'s 1974 comedy ''[[Blazing Saddles]]'' leaves its Western setting when the climactic fight scene breaks out, revealing the setting to have been a set in the [[Warner Bros.]] studio lot; the fight spills out onto an adjacent musical set, then into the studio canteen, and finally onto the streets. The two protagonists arrive at [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]], which is showing the "premiere" of ''Blazing Saddles''; they enter the cinema to watch the conclusion of their own film. Brooks recycled the gag in his 1987 ''[[Star Wars]]'' parody, ''[[Spaceballs]]'', where the villains are able to locate the heroes by watching a copy of the movie they are in on VHS video tape (a comic exaggeration of the phenomenon of films being available on video before their theatrical release). Brooks also made the 1976 parody ''[[Silent Movie]]'' about a buffoonish team of filmmakers trying to make the first Hollywood silent film in forty years—which is essentially that film itself (another forty years later, life imitated art imitating art, when an actual modern silent movie became a hit, the Oscar winner [[The Artist (film)|''The Artist'']]).

The film-within-a-film format is used in the [[Scream (franchise)|''Scream'']] horror series. In ''[[Scream 2]]'', the opening scene takes place in a movie theater where a screening of ''Stab'' is played which depicts the events from [[Scream (1996 film)|the first film]]. In between the events of ''Scream 2'' and ''[[Scream 3]]'', a second film was released called ''Stab 2''. ''Scream 3'' is about the actors filming a fictional third installment in the Stab series. The actors playing the trilogy's characters end up getting killed, much in the same way as the characters they are playing on screen and in the same order. In between the events of ''Scream 3'' and ''[[Scream 4]]'', four other Stab films are released. In the opening sequence of ''Scream 4'' two characters are watching ''Stab 7'' before they get killed. There's also a party in which all seven Stab movies were going to be shown. References are also made to ''Stab 5'' involving [[time travel]] as a plot device. In the fifth installment of the series, also named [[Scream (2022 film)|''Scream'']], an eighth Stab film is mentioned having been released before the film takes place. The characters in the film, several of which are fans of the series, heavily criticize the film, similar to how ''Scream 4'' was criticized. Additionally, late in the film, Mindy watches the first Stab by herself. During the depiction of Ghostface sneaking up behind [[Randy Meeks|Randy]] on the couch from the first film in Stab, Ghostface sneaks up on Mindy and attacks and stabs her.

Director [[Spike Jonze]]'s [[Adaptation (film)|''Adaptation'']] is a fictionalized version of screenwriter [[Charlie Kaufman]]'s struggles to adapt the non-cinematic book ''[[The Orchid Thief]]'' into a Hollywood blockbuster. As his onscreen self succumbs to the temptation to commercialize the narrative, Kaufman incorporates those techniques into the script, including tropes such as an invented romance, a car chase, a drug-running sequence, and an imaginary identical twin for the protagonist. (The movie also features scenes about the making of ''[[Being John Malkovich]]'', previously written by Kaufman and directed by Jonze.) Similarly, in Kaufman's self-directed 2008 film ''[[Synecdoche, New York]]'', the main character Caden Cotard is a skilled director of plays who receives a grant, and ends up creating a remarkable theater piece intended as a carbon copy of the outside world. The layers of copies of the world ends up several layers deep. The same conceit was previously used by frequent Kaufman collaborator [[Michel Gondry]] in his music video for the [[Björk]] song "[[Bachelorette (song)|Bachelorette]]", which features a musical that is about, in part, the creation of that musical. A mini-theater and small audience appear on stage to watch the musical-within-a-musical, and at some point, within that second musical a yet-smaller theater and audience appear.

Fractal fiction is sometimes utilized in [[video game]]s to play with the concept of player choice: In the first chapter of [[Stories Untold (video game)|''Stories Untold'']], the player is required to play a [[text adventure]], which eventually becomes apparent to be happening in the same environment the player is in; in ''[[Superhot]]'' the narrative itself is constructed around the player playing a game called Superhot.

== From story within a story to separate story ==
Occasionally, a story within a story becomes such a popular element that the producer(s) decide to develop it autonomously as a separate and distinct work. This is an example of a [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]]. Such spin-offs may be produced as a way of providing additional information on the fictional world for fans.

In ''[[Homestuck]]'' by [[Andrew Hussie]], there is a comic called [[Sweet Bro and Hella Jeff]], created by one of the characters, Dave Strider. It was later adapted to its own ongoing series.

In the ''[[Toy Story]]'' film universe, [[Buzz Lightyear]] is an animated toy action figure, which was based on a fictitious cartoon series, ''[[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command]]'', which did not exist in the real world except for snippets seen within ''Toy Story''. Later, ''Buzz Lightyear of Star Command'' was produced in the real world and was itself later joined by [[Lightyear (film)|''Lightyear'']], a film described as the source material for the toy and cartoon series.

''[[Kujibiki Unbalance]]'', a series in the ''[[Genshiken]]'' universe, has spawned merchandise of its own, and been remade into a series on its own.

The popular ''[[Dog Man]]'' series of children's graphic novels is presented as a creation of the main characters of author [[Dav Pilkey]]'s earlier series, ''[[Captain Underpants]]''.

In the animated online franchise ''[[Homestar Runner]]'', many of the best-known features were spun off from each other. The best known was "Strong Bad Emails", which depicted the villain of the original story giving snarky answers to fan emails, but that in turn spawned several other long-running features which started out as figments of Strong Bad's imagination, including the teen-oriented cartoon parody "Teen Girl Squad" and the anime parody "20X6".

In the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' series, three such supplemental books have been produced: [[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (book)|''Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them'']], a guidebook used by the characters; ''[[Quidditch Through the Ages]]'', a book from the school library; and ''[[The Tales of Beedle the Bard]]'', presenting fairy tales told to children of the wizarding world.

In the works of [[Kurt Vonnegut]], [[Kilgore Trout]] has written a novel called ''[[Venus on the Half-Shell]]''. In 1975 real-world author [[Philip José Farmer]] wrote a science-fiction novel called ''Venus on the Half-Shell'', published under the name Kilgore Trout.

''Captain Proton: Defender of the Earth'', a story by [[Dean Wesley Smith]], was adapted from the holonovel ''[[Captain Proton]]'' in the [[Star Trek]] universe.

One unique example is the [[Tyler Perry]] comedy/horror hit ''[[Boo! A Madea Halloween]]'', which originated as a parody of Tyler Perry films in the [[Chris Rock]] film ''[[Top 5]]''.

== See also ==
* [[List of films featuring fictional films]]
* {{Annotated link|Metafiction}}
* {{Annotated link|Parallel novel}}
* {{Annotated link|Subplot}}
* [[Hypodiegetic narrative]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Narrative}}

[[Category:Creative works in fiction| ]]
[[Category:Comedy]]
[[Category:Metafictional techniques]]
[[Category:Plot (narrative)]]

Anuja Akathoottu

2026-03-15T09:35:23Z

Vemareddy: created new info needs work

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam language writer (born 1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Anuja Akathoottu
| birth_name = Anuja A. R.
| native_name =
| image = Anuja Akathoottu.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1987|07}}
| birth_place = [[Paipra]], [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| occupation = Writer, Scientist
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater =
| genre = Poems and short stories
| notableworks = ''Amma Urangunnilla''
| education = [[PhD]] in Agricultural Economics
| spouse = Muhammad Aslam M.K.
| children = 1
| parents = [[Paipra Radhakrishnan]] [[Nalini Bekal]]
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi]] [[Yuva Puraskar]], ONV Yuva Sahitya Puraskaram
| website =
}}
'''Anuja Akathoottu''' is a [[Malayalam language]] poet and short story writer from [[Kerala]], India. In 2019, she received the [[Sahitya Akademi]] [[Yuva Puraskar]] for her collection of poems ''Amma Urangunnilla''.

==Biography==
Anuja A. R.<ref>{{cite web |title=Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute |url=https://www.cmfri.org.in/staff-popup/anuja-ar |website=www.cmfri.org.in}}</ref> known as Anuja Akathoottu was born in 1987 in [[Paipra]] near [[Muvattupuzha]] in [[Ernakulam district]], as the daughter of [[Paipra Radhakrishnan]] and [[Nalini Bekal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Malayath Appunni, Anuja Akathootu selected for Sahitya Akademi award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/jun/15/malayath-appunni-anuja-akathootu-selected-for-sahitya-akademi-award-1990312.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='അമ്മ ഉറങ്ങുന്നില്ല' അനുജ അകത്തൂട്ട് എഴുതിയ കവിത |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/literature-magazine/anuja-akathuttu-poem-amma-urangunnilla-pvk44h |work=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref> She was educated at Sacred Heart, [[Thrissur]], Little Flower, [[Muvattupuzha]], and St. Augustine's Higher Secondary School, [[Muvattupuzha]]. She completed BSc (Agriculture) from [[Kerala Agricultural University]] with university rank and PG and PhD from [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]], New Delhi with IARI Gold Medal for PG.<ref name="Keralaliterature">{{cite web |title=അനുജ അകത്തൂട്ട് |url=http://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9C-%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D/ |website=Keralaliterature.com |date=14 October 2017|language=ml}}</ref> In 2009, she participated in the National Camp for Young Writers organized by the [[Sahitya Akademi]].<ref name="Keralaliterature"/> Anuja works as a scientist at the [[Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute]], [[Kochi]], and her specialisation is Agricultural/Fisheries Economics.<ref name="Chandrika Daily">{{cite news |title=അനുജ അകത്തൂട്ടിന് കേന്ദ്ര സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്‌കാരം; ബാലസാഹിത്യത്തില്‍ മലയത്ത് അപ്പുണ്ണി |url=https://www.chandrikadaily.com/anuja-akathoot-and-malayath-appunni-get-central-award.html |work=Chandrika Daily|language=ml}}</ref>

==Works==
* ''Amma Urangunnilla'' (poetry collection), [[DC Books]], Kottayam<ref name="Chandrika Daily"/>
* ''Aromayude Vastrangal'' (short story collection), Current Books, Thrissur<ref name="Chandrika Daily"/>
* ''Pothuvakya Sammelanam'' (short story collection), Current Books, Thrissur<ref name="Chandrika Daily"/>
* ''Koottu''<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>

==Honours and awards==
*2019 [[Sahitya Akademi]] [[Yuva Puraskar]]<ref name="Chandrika Daily"/>
*[[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]]<ref name="Chandrika Daily"/>
*2006 [[List of Malayalam literary awards#V. T. Kumaran Award|V. T. Kumaran Award]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/awards.php?award=39 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801171515/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/awards.php?award=39 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 August 2012 |title= വി.ടി. കുമാരന്‍ മാസ്റ്റര്‍ പുരസ്‌ക്കാരം |date= |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref>
*[[Ayyappa Paniker]] Memorial Poetry Award<ref name="Chandrika Daily"/>
*[[Kamala Surayya]] Award<ref name="Chandrika Daily"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anuja, Akathoottu}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]

Chaturanan Mishra

2026-03-11T19:35:58Z

Vemareddy: expanded content additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Chaturanan Mishra
|image = Chaturanan Mishra.jpg
|caption =
|birth_date = 7 April 1925
|birth_place = Nahar, Madhubani District, Bihar
| death_date ={{Death date and age|2011|07|2|1925|04|7}}
|death_place =
| office = [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare|Minister of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare]], [[Government of India]]
| primeminister = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] [[I. K. Gujral]]
|term_start = 10 July 1996
|term_end = 19 March 1998
|predecessor = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|successor = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|title1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
|term_start1 = 1996
|term_end1 = 1998
|predecessor1 = [[Bhogendra Jha]]
|successor1 = [[Shakeel Ahmad]]
|constituency1 = [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhubani]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament]] of [[Rajya Sabha]] for [[Bihar]]
| term_start3 = 1984
| term_end3 = 1996
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
|occupation = Politician 
Indian freedom fighter
|movement =
|alma matter =
|principal ideas =
|major works =
|influences =
|influenced =
| nationality = Indian
| native_name_lang =
}}
'''Chaturanan Mishra''' (7 April 1925 – 2 July 2011)<ref name="eco">''The Economic Times''. ''[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/former-minister-chaturanan-mishra-passes-away/articleshow/9076012.cms Former Minister Chaturanan Mishra passes away]''</ref> was an Indian politician and [[trade union]]ist. Mishra, who was born in Nahar, [[Madhubani District]],<ref name="ls">[[Lok Sabha]]. ''[http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok11/biodata/11bi34.htm Biographical Sketch - Member of Parliament - XI Lok Sabha]''</ref> was a key leader of the [[Communist Party of India]] in [[Bihar]], and served as the Agriculture Minister of India in the [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] government.

He was the founder general secretary of the [[Kedar Das Institute for Labour and Social Studies]].<ref>{{cite report |title=Synopsis of Debates |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat |date=1 August 2011 |url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/Synopsis/SynopsisUpload/223/01082011.pdf |page=11 |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Lok Sabha Debates |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |date=1 August 2011 |url=https://eparlib.sansad.in/bitstream/123456789/758565/1/01.08.11_VIII.pdf |page=40 |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Biographical Sketch of Chaturanan Mishra |website=IndiaPress – Lok Sabha Archives |url=https://www.indiapress.org/election/archives/lok11/biodata/11bi34.php |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref>
==Quit India Movement==
Mishra took part in the 1942 [[Quit India Movement]].<ref name="ls"/><ref name="p76">Mishra, S. N., L. M. Prasad, and Kushal Sharma. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nQoRXtPsoSwC&pg=PA76 Tribal Voting Behaviour: A Study of Bihar Tribes]''. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co, 1982. p. 76</ref> Due to his pro-Independence activism, he had to go into exile in [[Nepal]] for a period. Back in India, he was imprisoned at [[Darbhanga]] jail.<ref name="ls"/>

==1962–1980==
He contested the [[Giridih]] seat in the 1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, finishing second with 6,379 votes.<ref>[[Election Commission of India]]. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1962/StatRep_Bihar_1962.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF BIHAR]''</ref>

Mishra joined the National Council of the Communist Party of India in 1964.<ref name="ls"/> He became the president of the Bihar State Committee of the [[All India Trade Union Congress]].<ref name="p76"/>

Between 1969 and 1980 he was a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Bihar, representing the [[Giridih]] seat.<ref name="ls"/><ref>Mishra, S. N., L. M. Prasad, and Kushal Sharma. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nQoRXtPsoSwC&pg=PA71 Tribal Voting Behaviour: A Study of Bihar Tribes]''. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co, 1982. p. 71</ref> He led the CPI faction in the Legislative Assembly for ten years.<ref name="ls"/> During this period he was referred to as 'the backbone of CPI in Bihar'.<ref>Mishra, S. N., L. M. Prasad, and Kushal Sharma. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nQoRXtPsoSwC&pg=PA73 Tribal Voting Behaviour: A Study of Bihar Tribes]''. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co, 1982. p. 73</ref> Madhubani, Mishra's home turf, got the nickname '[[Leningrad]] of Bihar'.<ref name="ex"/> Mishra also served as president of the World Miners Association for a period.<ref name="p76"/>

Mishra contested the [[Hazaribagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh seat]] in the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 Lok Sabha election]]. He finished third with 35,809 votes (12.45%).<ref>[[Election Commission of India]]. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1977 TO THE SIXTH LOK SABHA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }}''</ref>

==1980s==
He was defeated by [[Urmila Devi]] of the [[Congress (I)]] in a 1981 by-election (the 1980 election had been suspended following the death of Congress (I) candidate [[Randhir Prasad]], Urmila Devi's husband).<ref>Mishra, S. N., L. M. Prasad, and Kushal Sharma. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nQoRXtPsoSwC&pg=PA74 Tribal Voting Behaviour: A Study of Bihar Tribes]''. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co, 1982. p. 74</ref> Mishra's candidature had been supported by the [[CPI(M)]], [[revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] and [[Lok Dal]].<ref>Mishra, S. N., L. M. Prasad, and Kushal Sharma. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nQoRXtPsoSwC&pg=PA79 Tribal Voting Behaviour: A Study of Bihar Tribes]''. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co, 1982. p. 79</ref>

During the 1980s, Mishra became the president of the All India Trade Union Congress. In 1984 he was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref name="ls"/>

In April 1989 he was included in the party secretariat of CPI.<ref name="ls"/>

In 1990, he was again elected to the Rajya Sabha.<ref name="ls"/>

==Union Minister==
Mishra was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] in the [[1996 Indian general election|1996 election]] from the [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhubani constituency]] with 282,194 votes.<ref name="ls"/> His candidature had been supported by [[Janata Dal]].<ref name="ex">''[[Indian Express]]''. ''[http://www.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/19980221/05255404.html Chaturanan Mishra may find the going tough this time]''</ref> After the election he became Union Minister for Agriculture, a position he would hold until 1998.<ref name="ls"/><ref>Mishra, Chaturanan. ''[http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article492.html Need to Redefine Socialism after the Collapse of the Soviet Union]'', article in ''Mainstream''</ref> Mishra was one of the two (along with [[Indrajit Gupta]]) first communist Union Ministers in Indian history.<ref>Manisha. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=lSCyVxEg2t4C&pg=PA367 Profiles of Indian Prime Ministers: Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru to Dr. Manmohan Singh]''. New Delhi: Mittal Publ, 2005. p. 367</ref> In May 1997 he also overtook the portfolios of Food, Civil Supplies, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution as Union Minister.<ref name="ls"/>

In 1998 Mishra was excluded from the CPI secretariat. Officially health factors were claimed as the rationale behind his exclusion, but the press speculated that the move was motivated by Mishra's opposition on the position of the party in opposing the introduction of [[President's Rule]] in Bihar.<ref>''[[Indian Express]]''. ''[http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19981101/30550644.html Chaturanan dropped from CPI secretariat]''</ref>

Mishra died in [[New Delhi]] at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences at the age of 86.<ref name="eco"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*''[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?204472 No Subsidies For A Lost Cause]'', article in ''Outlook''

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Chaturanan}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Agriculture ministers of India]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Madhubani district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]

Kolkata metropolitan area

2026-03-09T13:51:13Z

Vemareddy: small fix

{{hatnote|Metropolitan area includes a city and its suburbs. For the city, see [[Kolkata]].}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kolkata Metropolitan Area
| other_name = Greater Kolkata
| native_name =
| settlement_type = [[Megacity]] and [[Metropolitan Area]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2
|image1 = Howrah Pano 3.jpg
|caption1 = Kolkata skyline along [[Hooghly river]]
| caption2= [[Biswa Bangla Gate]] at [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]]
| image2=Kolkata Gate (officially known as Biswa Bangla Gate).jpg
| image3 = EM Bypass Kolkata.jpg
|caption3= EM Bypass Kolkata
| image4 = Belghoria Expressway - Kolkata 2011-09-09 4949.JPG
| caption4= [[Belghoria Expressway]]
|image5= New Town Skyline captured from Bengal Intelligent Park, Saltlake, Kolkata (1 of 2 photos).jpg
|caption5= [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], major satellite city and [[Central business district|CBD]] of Kolkata
|image6=
|caption6=
}}
| imagesize = 300
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Map showing the extent of Greater Kolkata
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| seat_type = [[Core city]]
| seat = [[Kolkata]]
| parts_type = [[List of districts of West Bengal|Districts]]
| parts = '''[[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]''' [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]] [[South 24 Parganas]] [[Howrah district|Howrah]] [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]]
| area_urban_km2 = 1056.13
| area_urban_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web| title=A-4 Towns and urban agglomerations classified by population size class in 2011 | format=XSLX | url-status=live | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42876/download/46544/CLASS_I.xlsx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112084921/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42876/download/46544/CLASS_I.xlsx | archive-date=2022-11-12}}</ref>
| area_metro_km2 = 1876
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128095658/https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393| title=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|archivedate=28 January 2025|website=kmda.wb.gov.in}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_est = {{Increase}} 21100000<ref name="auto"/>
| pop_est_as_of = 2025
| pop_est_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/india/kolkata|title=Kolkata Population 2025|website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref>
| population_urban = 14057991
| population_urban_footnotes =
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 15870000
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="auto"/>
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_rank = [[List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_India|3rd]] in India
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5.30
| blank_name_sec1 = [[GDP]] [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]
| blank_info_sec1 = {{Increase}}US$220 billion<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Metropolitan Cities In India 2024 |url=https://www.homebazaar.com/knowledge/list-of-metropolitan-cities-in-india/|access-date=2025-01-03|date=2023-03-31}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Gross metropolitan product|Nominal GDP]]
| blank_info_sec2 = {{Increase}}US$75 billion <ref>{{Cite web|title= Indian cities by GDP|url=https://citizenx.com/insights/richest-cities-india/}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|kmda.wb.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Calcutta tpc90.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|alt=Kolkata Metropolitan Region|An illustration of the Kolkata Metropolitan Region]]

The '''Kolkata Metropolitan Area''' (abbreviated '''KMA'''; formerly '''Calcutta Metropolitan Area'''), also known as '''Greater Kolkata''', is the [[urban agglomeration]] of the city of [[Kolkata]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It is the third most populous [[List of most populous metropolitan areas in India|metropolitan area]] in India after [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]]. The area is administered by the [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).

==History==
What is now the KMA was first legally defined as the ''Calcutta Metropolitan Planning Area'' in the schedule of the ''Calcutta Metropolitan Planning Area (Use and Development of Land) Control Act, 1965'' (West Bengal Act XIV of 1965).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sarthac.gov.in/view-act-file?file_id=1711 |title=CMPA Act, 1965 from SARTHAC, Calcutta High Court |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509062851/https://sarthac.gov.in/view-act-file?file_id=1711 |url-status=live }}</ref> After repeal of that Act, the area was redefined as the ''Calcutta Metropolitan Area'' (CMA) in the first schedule of ''West Bengal Town and Country (Planning and Development) Act, 1979'' (West Bengal Act XIII of 1979).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sarthac.gov.in/view-act-rule-file?file_id=602 |title=WBTC Act, 1979 from SARTHAC, Calcutta High Court |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212070642/https://sarthac.gov.in/view-act-rule-file?file_id=602 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Jurisdiction==
The area covers 4 [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporations]] along with 38 [[Municipality|Municipalities]].<ref name="Kolkata">[http://www.metropolis.org/sites/default/files/metropolitan_regions/438_007_kolkata_eng.pdf ''Kolkata''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308102346/http://www.metropolis.org/sites/default/files/metropolitan_regions/438_007_kolkata_eng.pdf |date= 8 March 2012 }}. Metropolis.org.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter II – The Vision _ Evolution of Kolkata Metropolitan Area |website=jnnurmmis.nic.in |url=http://jnnurmmis.nic.in/toolkit/KolkataCdp/CH-II.pdf |access-date=23 December 2017 |archive-date=11 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411001841/https://jnnurmmis.nic.in/toolkit/KolkataCdp/CH-II.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:200pt,"
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center," |Jurisdiction
|-
! style="text-align: center," |Settlements
! style="text-align: center," |Name
! style="text-align: center," |Total
|-
! Municipal Corporations
|
* [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Chandernagore Municipal Corporation]]
|| 4
|-
! Municipalities
|
;1. North 24 Parganas district : [[Baranagar]], [[Barasat]], [[Barrackpore]], [[Bhatpara]], [[Dum Dum]], [[Garulia]], [[Halisahar]], [[Kamarhati]], [[Kanchrapara]], [[Khardah]], [[Madhyamgram]], [[Naihati]], [[New Barrackpore]], [[North Barrackpur]], [[North Dumdum]], [[Panihati]], [[South Dumdum]], [[Titagarh]]

;2. South 24 Parganas district : [[Baruipur]], [[Budge Budge]], [[Jaynagar Majilpur]], [[Maheshtala]], [[Pujali]], [[Rajpur Sonarpur]]

;3. Hooghly district : [[Baidyabati]], [[Bhadreswar, Hooghly|Bhadreswar]], [[Bansberia]], [[Champdani]], [[Dankuni]], [[Hugli-Chuchura|Hugli Chuchura]], [[Konnagar]], [[Rishra]], [[Serampore]], [[Uttarpara Kotrung]]

;4. Howrah district : [[Uluberia]]

;5. Nadia district : [[Gayespur]], [[Haringhata]], [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|| 38
|-
|}

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census data]], the total population of the Kolkata metropolitan area was 14,112,536. KMDA report states the total area is 1,888 km2, making the population density 7,480 per km2.

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region|Mumbai metropolitan area]]
* [[Chennai metropolitan area]]
* [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi metropolitan area]]
* [[List of metropolitan areas in Asia by population]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{West Bengal topics}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{World's most populous urban areas}}

{{coord|22.5411|N|88.3378|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Geography of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of India|Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area| ]]

{{Kolkata-geo-stub}}

Vasantam

2026-03-08T02:23:12Z

Vemareddy: expanded content

{{short description|2003 film by Vikraman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vasantam
| image = Vasantham_telugu.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Vikraman]]
| producer = N. V. Prasad Sanam Naga Ashok Kumar
| writer = [[Chintapalli Ramana]] (dialogue)
| story = Vikraman
| screenplay = Vikraman
| narrator =
| starring = [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] [[Aarti Agarwal]] [[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]] [[Jai Akash|Akash]]
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| cinematography = B. Balamurugan
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = Sri Sai Deva Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2003|07|11|df=y}}
| runtime = 164 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = ₹20 crore
}}

'''''Vasantam''''' ({{Translation|Spring}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Vikraman]]. Produced by N. V. Prasad and Sanam Naga Ashok Kumar, the film starred [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Arti Agarwal]], and [[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]]. The music was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]]. The film won two [[Nandi Awards]].

The film opened simultaneously alongside the Tamil version of the film, ''[[Priyamaana Thozhi]]'', starring [[R. Madhavan]], [[Jyothika]], [[Sridevi Vijaykumar|Sridevi Vijayakumar]] and [[Vineeth]].<ref name="I2"/> It was remade in Kannada in 2010 as ''[[Hoo (film)|Hoo]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-hoo/20100604.htm|title=Ravichandran shines in Hoo|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=4 June 2010}}</ref>

==Plot==
Ashok and Julie have been friends since childhood. They live in [[Hyderabad]] and share no love interest. Ashok marries Nandini, and although Julie's closeness to Ashok initially irritates Nandini, she subsequently accepts it. Julie falls in love with Michael D'Souza, a cricketer who's hoping for a place in the Indian cricket team and whose main rival happens to be Ashok.

When Ashok gets selected instead of Michael, Michael's father strikes a deal with Ashok that the marriage between his son and Julie will only take place if Ashok steps down and lets Michael substitute him, and also tells Ashok to cut his friendship with Julie so he does not interfere in Michael's and Julie's life, to which Ashok agrees. Ashok acts as an unwilling person to his friend Julie. Julie decides to move out of Ashok's house and plans to stay at Michael's. Ashok plans to sell his property, give the money to Julie, and to go to Mumbai with Nandini, where his friend has offered him a job. Ashok and his wife vacate their house without informing Julie. Julie and Michael learn why Ashok is leaving Hyderabad, and they rush to the railway station to stop him but fail to find him. To spot Ashok easily, Julie sings a song to which Ashok responds, and they reunite. Ashok ends up playing for the Indian team and over the time their children become friends too. The film ends on a happy note.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as Ashok
* [[Aarti Agarwal]] as Nandini "Nandu"
* [[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]] as Julie
* [[Jai Akash|Akash]] as Michael D'Souza
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Peter, Julie's father
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Ramesh
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Ashok's father
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Hema
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as Michael's father
* [[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao]]
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
* [[Prudhviraj (Telugu actor)|Pruthvi Raj]]
* [[L. B. Sriram]]
* [[Prasad Babu]]
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]]
* [[Siva Reddy]]
* [[Ananth Babu|Ananth]] as Priest
* [[Vizag Prasad]]
* Junior Relangi
* Chitti
* Delhi Rajeswari
* Rajasri
* Deepa
* Devisri
* Banda Jyothi
* [[Teja Sajja|Master Sajja Tejja]] as Young Ashok
* Master Shashak
* Baby Akshaya Jayaram
* Baby Srihitha
* [[V. V. S. Laxman]] in a special appearance as himself
}}

== Production ==
The film's name is based on ''Nava Vasantham'', the dubbed version of Vikraman's ''[[Pudhu Vasantham]]''.<ref name="I2"/> Some of the songs were filmed in [[Greece]].<ref>{{cite web |date=16 August 2003 |title=Austria, Germany are hot in Tollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/austria-germany-are-hot-in-tollywood/articleshow/132731.cms |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=Times of India}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vasantam
| type = film
| artist = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 17 June 2003
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 37:16
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = S. A. Rajkumar
| prev_title = [[Siva Rama Raju]]
| prev_year = 2002
| next_title = [[Tiger Harischandra Prasad]]
| next_year = 2003
}}

The music was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]] and released on [[Aditya Music]] label. The songs were the same as in ''Priyaamana Thozhi''. The audio release function was held at a set in [[Ramanaidu Studios]] on 14 June 2003.<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-vasantham.html|title=Audio release Function of Vasantham|date=14 June 2003|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref> In an audio review, Sreya Sunil of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote, "Overall, this album has many melodies but they are all imbued with a déjà vu feeling reminding us of SA Raj Kumar's earlier compositions".<ref name="I2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/vasantham.html|title=Audio Review - Vasantham|url-status=dead|work=Idlebrain.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030627173029/https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/vasantham.html|archive-date=27 June 2003|access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 37:16
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Ammo Ammayena
| lyrics1 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length1 = 4:47
| title2 = Gaali Chirugaali
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 4:34
| title3 = Ninnu Chudaka
| lyrics3 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra3 = Hariharan
| length3 = 5:13
| title4 = Godaralle Ponge
| lyrics4 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length4 = 4:25
| title5 = O Lolly Popki
| lyrics5 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length5 = 5:37
| title6 = Jampanduve
| lyrics6 = [[Veturi]]
| extra6 = [[Udit Narayan]], Sujatha
| length6 = 4:58
| title7 = O Jabili
| lyrics7 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra7 = K. S. Chithra
| length7 = 5:16
| title8 = Ammo Ammayena
| note8 = Bit
| lyrics8 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra8 = Hariharan
| length8 = 0:52
| title9 = Gaali Chirugaali
| note9 = Bit
| lyrics9 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra9 = K. S. Chithra
| length9 = 1:28
| title10 =
| length10 =
}}

==Reception==
[[Gudipoodi Srihari]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "A pleasant film and a sentimental love story, ''Vasantham'' tries to establish that there can be genuine friendship between a man and a woman even after their marriages".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-vasantham.html | title=Telugu cinema review - Vasantham - Venkatesh, Arti Agarwal, Kalyani - Vikraman - SA Raj Kumar - Sanam Naga Ashok Kumar, NV Prasad }}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film four out of five.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-vasantham.html | title=Telugu cinema review - Vasantham - Venkatesh, Arti Agarwal, Kalyani - Vikraman - SA Raj Kumar - Sanam Naga Ashok Kumar, NV Prasad | access-date=16 June 2014 | archive-date=23 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223152845/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-vasantham.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Nandi Special Jury Award for Best Film]] – N.V.Prasad ( film producer )
* [[Nandi Award for Best Costume Designer]] – P.Rambabu

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0375181|Vasantam}}

{{Vikraman}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2003 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films shot in Greece]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Austria]]

Basu Paribaar (1952 film)

2026-03-07T06:45:45Z

Vemareddy: created the page basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Basu Poribar
| director = [[Nirmal Dey]]
| producer = Tarak Pal
| screenplay = Nirmal Dey (Dialogues also)
| starring = {{ubl|[[Uttam Kumar]] | [[Supriya Devi]] | [[Sabitri Chatterjee]] | [[Pahari Sanyal]] }} <ref name=r/>
| music = [[Umapati Seal]],
Lyricist - Sailen Roy
| cinematography = Nirmal Dey
| editing = Kali Raha
| studio = M.P Production Pvt Ltd
| distributor = Dlooks Film Distributors Limited
| based_on =
| released = {{Film date|1952|04|11|df=yes}}
| runtime = 99 min
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Basu Poribar''''' ({{translation|Bose Family}}) is a 1952 Bengali film directed by [[Nirmal Dey]] under the banner of M.P Productions. [[Uttam Kumar]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]], [[Supriya Devi]], [[Bhanu Banerjee]] and [[Jiben Bose]] play lead roles. The film was released on 11 April 1952. It was the debut film of legendary Bengali actress [[Supriya Devi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.daily-bangladesh.com/English/international-news/1115?_e_pi_=7,PAGE_ID10,8984473656|title=Actress Supriya Devi passes away|last=daily-bangladesh.com|work=daily-bangladesh.com|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref><ref name=r>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/basu-paribar-movie/13375|title=Film details of Basu Poribar (1952)|access-date=14 January 2018|archive-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209003312/http://www.gomolo.com/basu-paribar-movie/13375|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/supriya-devi-the-cloud-capped-star-will-shine-eternally/articleshow/62671251.cms|title=Supriya Devi: The cloud-capped star will shine eternally|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/suman-ghosh-accepts-gujarat-cut-in-amartya-documentary/articleshow/62487017.cms|title=Suman Ghosh accepts 'Gujarat' cut in Amartya documentary|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref> It was the first successful film starring Uttam Kumar and it became a superhit at the box office. After seven back to back flop films he was called 'flop master general', and he considered to leave the film industry. The success of this film saved his career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/160051/uttam-kumar-bengali-cinema/|title=Stardust Memories: Uttam Kumar and His Era-Defining Cinema|last=Chowdhury|first=Sayandeb|website=thewire.in|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref> The film was remade in Hindi as ''[[Hum Hindustani]]'' in 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://noisebreak.com/10-old-gold-bengali-movies-inspired-bollywood-remake-part/|title = 10 Old and Gold Bengali Movies Which Inspired Bollywood to Remake|date = 25 July 2016}}</ref>

==Plot==
Satyen is a very sincere, energetic, honest, and hardworking executive in a private law firm. A cloud of anxiety has covered their family. Only a court order can rescue them from the trouble but, eventually they lose the case. It is a great blow for the whole Basu family. Sukhen (Uttam Kumar) is the elder brother of Satyen and he tries to provide some support to his family. But the entire financial condition of the Basu family is actually getting poorer day by day. In the meantime Achala a modern young lady and the lover of Satyen wants to marry him. Unfortunately Satyen is trapped and convicted for a charge. He does not want to inform his family members. Satyen thinks that his older brother, Sukhen is the culprit, but Sukhen earned money in a legal and honest way; Sukhen is actually a writer. Achintya, a relative of the law firm owner, is the main villain. At last the Basu family stands united and their reputation is restored.

==Cast==
* [[Uttam Kumar]] as Sukhen
* [[Sabitri Chatterjee]] as Achala
* [[Jiben Bose]] as Achintya
* [[Pahari Sanyal]] as Sukhen and Satyen's father
* [[Supriya Devi]] as Sukhen and Satyen's young sister(debut film)
* [[Bhanu Bannerjee]]
* [[Manjula Bannerjee]]
* [[Naresh Bose]]
* [[Rekha Chatterjee]]
* [[Dhiraj Das]]
* [[Gopal Dey]]

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Basu Paribar
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Umapati Seal]]
| released = {{Film date|1952}}
| recorded = 1951
| venue =
| studio = M.P Production Pvt Ltd
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 00:12:05
| label = Angel Digital Pvt Ltd
| producer = Tarak Pal
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media| audio1 =}}
}}

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = [[Sailen Roy]]
| all_music = [[Umapati Seal]]

| headline = Songs
| extra_column = Playback
| title1 = Ei Hasi Manay Na To
| length1 = 2:52
| extra1 = [[Shyamal Mitra]]
| title2 = Emon Swapno Kokhono Dekhini
| length2 = 3:24
| extra2 = [[Haimanti Sukla]], [[Manabendra Mukherjee]]
| title3 = Sharadin Jethay Pakhi Gaan Gay
| length3 = 3:24
| extra3 = [[Sandhya Mukherjee]]
| title4 = Andharer Kapat Bhenge
| length4 = 2:25
| extra4 = [[Sachin Gupta (singer)|Sachin Gupta]]
| total_length = 12:05
}}

==Remake==
The film is remade in Hindi in 1960 as ''[[Hum Hindustani]]''. Which is shot in grava color. The film starring [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Joy Mukherjee]], [[Asha Parekh]], [[Gajanan Jagirdar]] and [[Helen (actress)|Helen]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0044397}}

[[Category:1952 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1952 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1952 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nirmal Dey]]

{{1950s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Jainism in Uttar Pradesh

2026-03-06T21:26:48Z

Vemareddy: fixed issues

{{short description|Overview of Jainism in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}

[[File:Digamber Jain Temple, Sarnath.jpg|thumb|[[Sarnath Jain Tirth]], the birthplace of [[Shreyanasanatha]]. ]]
{{Jainism}}
'''[[Uttar Pradesh]]''', a state in north India has a long association with Jainism. Today the state is home to a number of Jain monuments, such as [[Jain Temples]] and [[Jain Tirths]]. There are around 213,267 Jains in Uttar Pradesh according to the [[2011 Census of India]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html|title=C-1 Population By Religious Community|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|last=Office of registrar general and census commissioner|date=2011}}</ref>

==History==
[[Parshvanatha]], the twenty-third [[tirthankara]], was born in ''Benaras'' (now [[Varanasi]]){{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=195}} in 872 BCE.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=183}} According to Jain tradition, Kashi (now ''Varanasi'') is the birthplace of three more tithankaras, namely [[Suparshvanatha]], [[Chandraprabha]] and [[Shreyansanatha]].<ref>{{citation|title=4 Jain Tirthankaras born in Varanasi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/4-Jain-Tirthankaras-born-in-Varanasi/articleshow/48664869.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 August 2015}}</ref>

According to Jain tradition, five ''[[tirthankara]]s'' were born at [[Ayodhya]], including [[Rishabhanatha]],<ref>{{citation|url=http://beta.jainpedia.org/themes/people/jina/rsabha.html|title=Birth of Adinath in Ayodhya|access-date=5 March 2012|archive-date=27 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627115723/http://beta.jainpedia.org/themes/people/jina/rsabha.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Ajitanatha]],<ref>{{citation|url=http://beta.jainpedia.org/themes/people/jina/ajita.html|title=Birth of Ajitnath in Ayodhya|access-date=5 March 2012|archive-date=14 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414113033/http://beta.jainpedia.org/themes/people/jina/ajita.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Abhinandananatha]],<ref>{{citation|url=http://beta.jainpedia.org/themes/people/jina/abhinandana.html|title=Birth of Abhinandanath in Ayodhya|access-date=5 March 2012|archive-date=10 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410194143/http://beta.jainpedia.org/themes/people/jina/abhinandana.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Sumatinatha]]<ref>{{citation|url=http://beta.jainpedia.org/themes/people/jina/sumati.html|title=Birth of Sumatinath in Ayodhya|access-date=5 March 2012|archive-date=10 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310201340/http://beta.jainpedia.org/themes/people/jina/sumati.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Anantanatha]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://beta.jainpedia.org/themes/people/jina/ananta.html|title=Birth of Anantnath in Ayodhya|access-date=5 March 2012|archive-date=14 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414113141/http://beta.jainpedia.org/themes/people/jina/ananta.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The famous naked male torso found at Lohanipur, whether [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] or, more likely [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]], is generally taken as indicative evidence of ascetic tradition in north India. Inscriptions from the many ''ayagapatas'' of the Mathura region make clear that ''puja'' to the ''tirthankaras'' with lay and ascetic involvement was an important dimension to this.{{sfn|Patrick Olivelle|2006|p=399}}

The earliest archeological evidence is in the form of a naked headless torso discovered in 1937 near Patna (Bihar), which is called the ''Lohanipur Torso''. This has been dated by modern scholarship to about the 2nd-century BCE. It is a highly polished stone artwork of precise human form, but it is unclear if it belongs to Jainism, Ajivikas or some other Indian religious ascetic tradition.{{sfn|John Cort|2010|pp=32-37}} While it is not Buddhist, and is naked like the Jinas, it may also not be a Jain statue because it lacks the Jain iconography, and because similar high quality Jain artworks are missing for many centuries and Jain artworks that have been found from the same period in north India show quite different forms and symbols. It may belong to Ajivikas or another ancient Indian naked ascetic tradition.{{sfn|John Cort|2010|pp=32-37}}{{sfn| Balcerowicz|2015|pp=286-287}} Ancient naked terracotta statues discovered in 1970s near [[Ayodhya]] are similar to the Lohanipur Torso, but terracotta arts are also missing in Jaina tradition and the Ayodhya terracotta statues too lack Jain iconography.{{sfn|John Cort|2010|pp=32-37}}{{sfn| Balcerowicz|2015|pp=286-287}}

==[[Shravasti]]==
Shravasti is often mentioned in Jaina sources. It is also called Chandrapuri or Chandrikapuri or Ārya Kṣetra, because Jaina texts state that two of their Tirthankaras were born here millions of years ago, in prehistoric times – [[Sambhavanatha]] (3rd of 24) and [[Chandraprabha]] (8th of 24). Sravasti is also known as the capital city of [[Kunala]]'s kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Temple |first=Richard |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/032545/384 |title=Indian Antiquary Vol 53}}</ref>

Sambhavanatha is said to have had taken initiation, donated all his belongings, and broken his first fast in Sravasti after begging for alms from King Surendradatta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2018-11-30 |title=Part 10: Sambhava’s initiation |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc212689.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2018-11-30 |title=Part 11: Sambhava’s fast-breaking |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc212690.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Munisuvrata]]swami, the 20th [[Tirthankara]], visited Sravasti and initiated several members of the royal family. As per the Jaina text [[Jnatadharmakathah]], [[Parshvanatha]], the 23rd Tirthankara, also visited Sravasti and inspired several lay-followers to accept initiation.{{sfn|Law|1935|pp=25–26}}

Further, Shravasti is the place of the bitter arguments and meeting between [[Mahavira]] – the 24th Tirthankara, and [[Makkhali Gosala|Gosala Mankhaliputta]] – the founder of [[Ajivikas]] and a rival. According to the Jain texts, the Mahavira visited Shravasti many times and spent his tenth ''varsha'' monsoon season here before attaining omniscience. He was hosted by a wealthy merchant named Nandinipriya. Ancient Jain scholars such as [[Kapila]], Maghavan and [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keshi]] studied in Shravasti.{{sfn|Law|1935|pp=25–26}} At Sravasti, Jamāli, Mahavira's son-in-law, created the first of the eight heretical sects by opposing tenets of [[Jainism]] as taught by Mahavira himself. The eighth heretical sect, [[Digambara]] sect, was created by [[Sivabhuti]] at Rathavirapur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Aseem Kumar |title=Comprehensive History Of Jainism |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/022803/54}}</ref> As described in the Jaina text [[Uttaradhyayana|Uttaradhyayana Sutra]], the discussion between Keśiśramanācharya and Mahavira's first disciple, [[Gautama Swami]], is said to have had taken place at Sravasti. This was the place where [[Upkeśa Gaccha]] was established by Keśiśramanācharya after he accepted Mahavira's conduct and became a white-clad monk along with all his disciples who were initially following [[Parshvanatha]]'s conduct.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobi |first=Hermann |url=https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe45/sbe4525.htm |title=TWENTY-THIRD LECTURE: KÊSI AND GAUTAMA}}</ref> Moreover, the [[Pattavali]] described in the [[Kalpa Sūtra]], states the existence of "Śrāvastikā Śākhā", one of the four branches of the "Veṣavāṭikgaṇa" of the Jaina sangha. It had originated from Ācārya Kāmardhi, a disciple of Ācārya Suhastisuri, belonging to the beginning of the 3rd century BCE.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobi |first=Hermann |url=https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2290.htm |title=LIST OF THE STHAVIRAS}}</ref> Ācārya Jinaprabhasuri, in his [[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa]] confirms that a Jaina temple with an image of [[Sambhavanatha]] was renovated multiple times until it was finally completely desecrated during the reign of [[Alauddin Khilji]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jinaprabhasuri |first=Ācārya |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/009519/102 |title=Vividha Tirtha Kalpa}}</ref>

==Bundelkhand==
{{main |Jainism in Bundelkhand}}
It is one of the few regions in India where Jainism has a strong presence and influence. There are many ancient tirthas in Bundelkhand. Many of the modern scholars of Jainism are from this region.{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}}

==Deogarh==
{{Main|Shantinath Temple, Deogarh}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Deogarh, UP. Jain temple complex.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Images of tirthankaras in Deogarh fort temple
| image2 = Pārśvanāth AS IS.jpg
| width2 = 220
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Pārśva]] & [[Supārśva]]
| footer =
}}
The fort temples are dominated by the Jain temples in the eastern part of the hill fort; the images here are mostly of the "iconographic and the stylistic variety".<ref name="Titze p.103">Titze p.103</ref> The Jain complex was built during 8th to the 17th century and consist of 31 Jain temples housing around 2,000 sculptures which is the largest such collection in the world.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.uptourism.gov.in/pages/top/explore/top-explore-jhansi---deogarh/jain-temple|publisher=uptourism.gov.in|title=Jain Temple Complex|access-date=2017-09-22|archive-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313022134/http://uptourism.gov.in/pages/top/explore/top-explore-jhansi---deogarh/jain-temple|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Jain temples have a large number of panels depicting scenes from Jain philosophy, [[tirthankara]] images and [[Jain art#Ayagapata|votive tablets]]. The pillars are carved with a thousand figures.<ref name=city>{{Cite web|url=http://www.whereincity.com/india/uttar-pradesh/deogarh.php|title= Deogarh|access-date=2010-01-08}}</ref> Worship at some of the Jain temples are still held regularly. The most famous of the Jain temples in the fort is the Shantinath temple, which was built before 862 AD. It is testament that a prosperous Jain community lived in this region.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Titze|first1=Kurt| first2=Klaus|last2=Bruhn| title= Jainism: a Pictorial guide to the religion of non-violence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loQkEIf8z5wC|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|year=1998|isbn=81-208-1534-3|page=105|language=en}}</ref> Jain temple complex in Deogarh is protected by the Department of Archaeology of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).<ref name='asi'>{{Citation|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttarpradesh_lucknow.asp|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Lucknow Circle, Uttar Pradesh|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=2017-09-22}}</ref> ASI maintain an archaeological museum at the Deogarh site, which is noted for its treasured archaeological sculptures.<ref name="asian">{{Cite book|title=Studies in south Asian culture, Part 3|pages=1–29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2K83AAAAIAAJ|author=Universiteit van Amsterdam and Institute of South Asian Archaeology|publisher=Brill Archive|year=1958|language=en}}</ref>

== Kankali Tila ==
{{Main|Kankali Tila}}
[[File:Upper Half of Ayagapatta with Miniature Tirthankara and Other Sacred Symbols - Circa 1st Century CE - Chaubia Pada - ACCN 48-3426 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 5984.JPG|thumb|''[[Jain art#Ayagapata|Ayagapatta]]'', excavated from Kankali Tila, [[Mathura Museum]], 1st century CE]]
'''Kankali Tila''' is a [[mound]] located at [[Mathura]]. The name of the mound is derived from a modern temple of Hindu goddess Kankali. The famous Jain [[stupa]] was excavated here in 1890-91 by [[Alois Anton Führer]] (Dr. Führer).{{sfn|Smith|1901|p=Introduction}} The archaeological findings testifies the existence of two [[Jain temple]]s and ''[[stupas]]''. Numerous [[Jain sculpture]]s, ''[[Jain art#Ayagapata|Ayagapattas]]'' (tablet of homage).{{sfn|Das|1980|p=171}}

Most sculptures could be dated from the 2nd century BC to the 12th century CE, thus representing a continuous period of about 14 centuries during which Jainism flourished at Mathura. These sculptures are now housed in the [[State Museum Lucknow|Lucknow State Museum]] and in the [[Mathura Museum]]. The excavations of Kankali Tila are regarded as a testimony great antiquity of Jainism.{{sfn|Thomas|1877|p=80}}

==Prominent Tirthas==
[[File:Shobhnath temple (5703632908).jpg|thumb|[[Shobhnath temple]], [[Shravasti]] ]]
* [[Shantinath Temple, Deogarh|Shantinath Temple]] in [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]]
* [[Digamber Jain Bada Mandir Hastinapur]], [[Meerut]]
* [[Navagarh Tirth]]
* [[Digamber Jain Mandir Hastinapur#Kailash Parvat Rachna|Kailash Parvat Rachna]], Hastinapur, Meerut
* [[Digamber Jain Mandir Hastinapur#Ashtapad Teerth|Ashtapad temple]], Hastinapur, Meerut
* [[Jambudweep|Jambu Dweep Rachana]], Hastinapur, Meerut
* [[Ahichchhatra Jain temples|Ahi Kshetra]]
* [[Vahelna Jain temple]]
* [[Trilok Teerth Dham]], [[Bada Gaon]] in [[Baghpat]]
* [[Parshvanath Jain temple, Varanasi|Parshvanath Jain temple]] in [[Varanasi]]
* [[Sarnath Jain Tirth]] at [[Sarnath]], [[Varanasi]]
* [[Chandrawati Jain temple]] near [[Varanasi]]
* [[Shobhnath temple]], [[Shravasti]]
* [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh#Shri Shouripur Digambar and shwetambar Jain Siddha Kshetra|Shri Shouripur Digambar Jain Siddha Kshetra]], [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshwar]]
* [[Kampil#Jain Temple|Shri Vimalnath Digambar Jain Atishay Kshetra]] in [[Kampil]], [[Farrukhabad district]]
* [[Bada Gaon temple|Shree Parsvnath Atishey Kshetra Digamber Jain mandir]], [[Bada Gaon]] in [[Baghpat]]
* [[Haridwar#Shri Chintamani Parshwnath Jain Shwetambar Mandir|Shri Chintamani Parshwnath Jain Shwetambar Mandir]], [[Haridwar]]
* [[Khukhundoo]]

==Photo gallery==
<gallery>
File:Devgarha2.jpg|[[Shantinath Temple, Deogarh|Shantinath Temple]], [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh]]
File:Jain Ghat, Varanasi, UP, India.jpg|Jain Ghat, [[Varanasi]], UP, India
File:Ashtapad Hastinapur.jpg|[[Digamber Jain Mandir Hastinapur|Ashtapad]]
File:Kailash Parvat Rachna - 1.jpg|Kailash Parvat Rachna
File:Vishal-singh-dwaar-big.jpg|[[Digamber Jain Mandir Hastinapur|Prachin Bada Mandir]]
File:Jambudweep Rachna.jpg|[[Jambudweep Rachna]]
File:Bada Gaon - Old Temple.jpg|[[Bada Gaon temple]]
File:Trilok teerth dham.jpg|[[Trilok Teerth Dham]]
File:Bhelupur Shwetambar temple (1).jpg|[[Parshvanath Jain temple, Varanasi]]
File:Haridwar Jain temple (1).jpg|[[Haridwar#Shri Chintamani Parshwnath Jain Shwetambar Mandir|Shri Chintamani Parshwnath temple, Haridwar]]
File:Shri agarwal digamber jain bada mandir moti katra agra.jpg|Agra Jain temple
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Religion|India}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{citation |last=Balcerowicz |first=Piotr |title=Early Asceticism in India: Ājīvikism and Jainism | year=2015 |edition=1st |publisher=Routledge | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nfOPCgAAQBAJ |isbn= 9781317538530 |language=en}}
* {{cite book|author=John Cort|title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC |year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973957-8|language=en}}
* {{citation |title=Early Inscriptions of Mathurā |last1=Das |first1=Kalyani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuwLAAAAIAAJ |year=1980}}
* {{cite book|first=B.C.|last= Law| year= 1935| title= Sravasti in Indian Literature|publisher = Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India: Number 50, ASI}}
* {{citation |editor=Patrick Olivelle |editor-link=Patrick Olivelle |title=Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-530532-6 }}
* {{citation |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Zimmer |title=Philosophies Of India |date=1953 |orig-year=April 1952 |editor-first=Joseph |editor-last=Campbell |editor-link=Joseph Campbell |publisher=[[Routledge]] & Kegan Paul Ltd |location=[[London]] |url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer |isbn=978-81-208-0739-6 |quote={{PD-notice}} }}
* {{citation|last1=Smith|first1=Vincent Arthur|title=The Jain stupa and other antiquities of Mathura|year=1901|publisher=Allahabad, Printed by KFrank Luker, Superintendent, Government Press, North-Western Provinces and Oudh |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924012251140}}
*{{citation|last=Thomas|first=Edward|title=Jainism or The early faith of Asoka|journal=Nature|volume=16|issue=407|pages=329|url=https://archive.org/details/jainism_00thom|year=1877|publisher=London, Trübner & co.|location=London|bibcode= 1877Natur..16..329.|doi=10.1038/016329a0|s2cid=36798109|doi-access=free}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain communities]]
[[Category:Jainism in Uttar Pradesh]]

King (2002 film)

2026-03-03T04:38:43Z

Vemareddy: rework page as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Distinguish|The King (2002 film)}}{{short description|2002 film directed by Prabhu Solomon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = King
| image = King (2002 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Prabhu Solomon]]
| writer = Prabhu Solomon
| producer = S. K. Krishnakanth
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]|[[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]}}
| cinematography = [[G. Ramesh]]
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = [[Dhina]]
| studio = Indian Theatre Production
| released = {{Film date|2002|09|06|df=y}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''King''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[Prabhu Solomon]]. The film stars [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] and [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], while [[Vadivelu]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Janagaraj]], and [[Santhana Bharathi]] play supporting roles. [[Dhina]] scored the music, [[G. Ramesh]] handled the cinematography and [[Suresh Urs]] edited the film. It released on 6 September 2002.

== Plot ==
Raja Krishnamoorthy is the only son of Shanmugam, and they live in Hong Kong. One day while travelling, their car meets with an accident, and both get admitted to the hospital. Dr. Cheenu is their family doctor who diagnoses their blood and finds that Shanmugam is infected with [[multiple sclerosis]]. Cheenu, being a close friend of Shanmugam, tells Raja that Shanmugam's life is expected to last for 60 days and requests Raja to keep his father happy, to which Raja agrees.

Raja insists that his father get back to India to meet his family. A small flashback is shown where Shanmugam married a girl by his choice against his family's wishes, which made him leave home with his wife. Shanmugam relocated to Hong Kong and set up a business there. Shanmugam's wife died when Raja was born, and Shanmugam took care of Raja afterward. Raja knows that his father longs to meet his family again, so he decides to get the family united. Raja and Shanmugam leave to India to meet their family members. Everyone in the family is surprised upon seeing Shanmugam. They share some memories with him, except his father, who is still angry at him. Raja, on the other, hand is skilled in magic tricks and mimicry and impresses everyone in the family with his skills.

Tamil is the daughter of Murthy who was a close friend of Shanmugam. Being orphaned, she lives with the family. She is responsible, loved by everyone in the family, and also takes care of everyone with love and affection. Raja decides to love Tamil after knowing that his father likes her. Raja proposes his love to Tamil, but she declines and says she will marry only the man as per their family's wish. Raja creates a scene that Shanmugam's father should talk with Shanmugam, and if not, Raja will commit suicide. Shanmugam also gets united with his father.

Raja keeps on frequent touch with Cheenu to keep him updated with Shanmugam's condition. One day, Raja gets a headache and becomes [[Color blindness|colorblind]]. Shanmugam's mobile gets a call from Cheenu. Raja modulates as Shanmugam on the call and actually understands that the disease is actually for him and not his father. Raja continues speaking like his father to confirm the symptoms related to the disease but tries to behave normally. Raja understands that his father has requested Cheenu to lie to Raja, so that Raja will be happy while also making his father happy. Raja feels sad knowing that he has only a few more days to live but does not disclose this to his father and Cheenu. Cheenu calls Raja and informs about a research going on for multiple sclerosis in Europe and insists him to take Shanmugam there to get treated, which might provide a chance for revival. Raja understands that the therapy is intended for him.

Raja convinces his father to get back to Hong Kong, for which he agrees. Everyone in the family does not want Shanmugam and Raja to leave and insist them to stay with them. Raja says that there are some pending works and that they need to get back immediately. On the day of leaving, Tamil proposes her love to Raja, for which he does not reply. The movie ends with both Raja and Shanmugam leaving for treatment.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as Raja Krishnamoorthy
*[[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] as Tamil
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Shanmugam
*[[Vadivelu]] as Hollywood director
*[[Janagaraj]] as Shanmugam's father
*[[Santhana Bharathi]] as Dr. Cheenu
*[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Shanmugam's elder sister
*[[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]]
*[[Madhan Bob]]
*[[Chaams]] as Hollywood director's assistant
}}

== Production ==
''King'' was the first production venture of S. K. Krishnakant, who had earlier worked as the production executive for [[Lakshmi Movie Makers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/king.asp|title=King|website=Chennai Online|access-date=5 January 2026|first=Malini|last=Mannath|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040923074708/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/king.asp|archive-date=23 September 2004}}</ref> The film was written and directed by A. X. Solomon who had directed the [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]-[[Sonali Bendre]] starrer ''[[Kannodu Kanbathellam]]'' in 1999, under the name Prabhu. However, as that film did not perform to expectations at the box office, the director wanted to be credited as A. X. Solomon for his second Tamil film. He has since gone on to make a career under the name of [[Prabhu Solomon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=KING |url=http://www.reocities.com/ram7479/tamil1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003020429/http://www.reocities.com/ram7479/tamil1.html |archive-date=3 October 2015 |access-date=6 August 2012 |website=Reocities.com}}</ref>

The film was initially titled as ''Vikadan'' with [[Suvaluxmi]] being the first choice of lead actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2000 |title="Vikatan"! |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/16-07-00/vikram.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101195440/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/16-07-00/vikram.htm |archive-date=1 November 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Saviour of Tamil Cinema |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Special4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324015305/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Special4.htm |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=6 August 2012 |website=Cinematoday2.itgo.com}}</ref> During the same period Vikram had accepted another film titled ''King'' where he was set to play dual roles, but the film eventually was shelved, hence the title ''King'' was chosen to replace ''Vikadan'' in this project. Vikram took up magic lessons and learned how to roller-blade for his role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2001 |title=Strongman in search of a challenge |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/07/22/stories/09220221.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125143336/http://www.hindu.com/2001/07/22/stories/09220221.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=6 August 2012 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Dhina]] and all lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=King (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/king-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/635851486 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250113040828/https://music.apple.com/in/album/king-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/635851486 |archive-date=13 January 2025 |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The song "Kadhalagi" is lifted from "A Thousand Years" by British musician [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] from the album [[Brand New Day (Sting album)|''Brand New Day'']].<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |title=Tamil [Other Composers] |url=https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-others.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190522113005/https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-others.html |archive-date=22 May 2019 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[ItwoFS]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Achuvellam Pacharisi
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| length1 = 4:43
| title2 = Gongura Gongura
| extra2 = [[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]]
| length2 = 4:01
| title3 = Kadhalagi Kadhalagi
| extra3 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length3 = 5:12
| title4 = Kalathai Mathikindra
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length4 = 4:20
| title5 = Kulu Kulu Kaatre
| extra5 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length5 = 4:01
| title6 = Loveaagi En Nenje
| extra6 = Tippu
| length6 = 4:34
| title7 = Sagiye Pohathe Pohathe
| extra7 = [[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]], [[Febi Mani]]
| length7 = 4:20
| title8 = Saturday Sunday
| extra8 = Clinton
| length8 = 5:12
| title9 = Summa Siri Siri
| extra9 = Murugesh, Febi Mani
| length9 = 4:53
| total_length = 41:16
}}

== Reception ==
Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "'Good game... ' Vikram comments at a particular point. Sure it is... because it has been played quite well".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=12 September 2002 |title=King |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/king/article28571507.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502102514/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/king/article28571507.ece |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date=2 May 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote that "Like his earlier film "Kannodu Kaanbathellam' the director takes a different subject here too, which despite its flaws has turned out to be a fairly engaging, clean family entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=15 September 2002 |title=King |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov210.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405140923/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov210.asp |archive-date=5 April 2005 |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote "There hasn't been a movie in the recent past that so perfectly blended human values with emotions. 'King's screenplay and Vikram's performance filled that gap beautifully".<ref>{{cite web |title=King |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/king.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021015153040/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/king.shtml |archive-date=15 October 2002 |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "Vikram’s King is a fun-filled family drama which leaves a lump in your throat. Still you smile and sigh so spontaneously while enjoying the sentimental story of a lovable father and son duo in their quest for peace and happiness. There are dim and yet rankling echoes of Hrishikesh Mukherjee’s Rajesh Khanna classic Anand. However director A.X.Soloman, should be appreciated for making a clean family entertainer without any blood and gore".<ref>{{cite web |title=King |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?ctid=5&cid=2429&id=11901608 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031117141426/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?ctid=5&cid=2429&id=11901608 |archive-date=17 November 2003 |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film did not fare well commercially. Post-release, Solomon revealed that he was unconvinced about Vikram portraying the lead role, feeling that he was too old to play Nassar's son, but the actor insisted that the project go ahead. Delays in the production in the film meant that Vikram's star image had risen and reviewers labelled the film as a disappointment upon release. The director noted that the story was written with the expectation of a small-time actor in the lead role, and hence Vikram's sudden popularity worked against the film. He revealed that his early career in film involved making significant compromises and was strictly against the type of cinema he had actually ventured to make.<ref name="ss">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Neelima |date=23 December 2014 |title=Prabhu Solomon Interview: The Perfect Wave |url=http://silverscreen.in/features/prabhu-solomon-interview-the-perfect-wave/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223170359/http://silverscreen.in/features/prabhu-solomon-interview-the-perfect-wave/ |archive-date=23 December 2014 |access-date=12 December 2015 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Prabhu Solomon}}

[[Category:2002 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about magic (illusion)]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prabhu Solomon]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dhina]]
[[Category:Films set in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Hello (2008 film)

2026-03-02T22:16:57Z

Vemareddy: minor cleanup

{{Short description|2008 film by Atul Agnihotri}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hello
| image = Hello2008.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Atul Agnihotri]]
| producer = Paul Parmar
| writer = Atul Agnihotri Chetan Bhagat
| based_on = {{based on|''[[One Night @ the Call Center]]''|[[Chetan Bhagat]]}}
| starring = [[Sharman Joshi]] [[Sohail Khan]] [[Isha Koppikar]] [[Gul Panag]] [[Amrita Arora]] [[Sharat Saxena]] [[Arbaaz Khan]]
| narrator = [[Katrina Kaif]]
| music = [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| cinematography = Sanjay F. Gupta
| editing = Umesh Gupta
| studio = [[Percept Picture Company]] [[Columbia Pictures]] Mirah Entertainment Funky Buddha Media
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2008|10|10}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}14 [[crore]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=334|title=Hello – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}17.96 crore<ref name="auto"/>

}}

'''''Hello''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Bollywood|Hindi]]-language [[Comedy thriller|comedy thriller film]] directed by [[Atul Agnihotri]], starring [[Sharman Joshi]], [[Sohail Khan]], [[Gul Panag]], [[Isha Koppikar]], [[Amrita Arora]], and [[Sharat Saxena]] in the lead roles. The film is based on [[Chetan Bhagat|Chetan Bhagat's]] novel, ''[[One Night @ the Call Center]]''. It also had cameo roles by [[Salman Khan]] and [[Katrina Kaif]]. It was released on 10 October 2008.

==Plot==
[[Salman Khan]] is a [[Bollywood]] actor who is on a live tour near [[Pune]], where his private jet crashes. Luckily, he survives, and in a lounge, he meets a girl. She tells him a story about six friends and their boss, who all work together at a Mumbai-based call centre. They are instructed never to reveal their location and speak with an American accent by a Boston-based company. There is Shyam (Sam), Priyanka, Varun, Esha, Radhika, and Military Uncle. Their boss, Subhash Bakshi, attempts to further his career by plagiarising software, agreeing to lay off 40% of the Indian workforce and relocate to Boston. Although these six friends work together, they still go through some struggles: Shyam tries his best to move on from Priyanka after their breakup, Esha gets annoyed by Varun when she thinks he likes her, Radhika lives with her mother-in-law who is of high traditional values and gets berated by her, and Military Uncle wants a visa to see his son and grandson in America. Bakshi turns their names into American names and to speak with a somewhat fluent American accent.

One night, Shyam and his friends are forced to work in the nighttime shift until 4:00 in the morning. At work, Shyam realizes that Priyanka is going through a tough time with her arranged marriage with Ganesh, a wealthy Indian-American who stays in the United States. Shyam taps into the phone line thanks to Varun helping him so that he can overhear their conversations to try and break off the arranged marriage. Radhika is heartbroken after learning that her husband Anuj is having an extramarital affair with another woman. When Bakshi calls all of them to his office for a meeting, he talks with his American boss, and the six friends overhear his plan about him going to Boston and steal Shyam and Varun's website manual along with him. Esha gets upset telling Shyam that Varun used her for nothing, so Shyam tries talking to Varun until he loses his temper and starts destroying the cafeteria. At a party, they all get drunk and decide to head back home since it is late. The six are on their way home until they approach an accident and are stuck on top of a cliff in their car, and if anybody tries to move, the car may lose its balance and fall off the cliff. They all remain calm, and Shyam tries to call someone; he finds his phone battery has run out; therefore, in a rage, he breaks his phone and throws it on the floor of the car. Later on, still trapped in the car, the broken phone receives a phone call; six surprised friends answer it, only to find the caller is God. God tells the six they should keep calm and just believe in themselves, and all will be well. They do as they are told and find that the [[london brigade]] has arrived to save them. They are all saved. Bakshi is fired by his American boss for his scrutiny. After the night shift is finished, Shyam and Priyanka rekindle their relationship. Years later, Shyam and Varun open their own website academy; Shyam proposes to Priyanka and marries her; Military Uncle pays for a visa and goes to America; Radhika lives a carefree life after divorcing Anuj; Esha quits her fashion modeling career and works as an NGO Labourer; and Priyanka studies to become a school teacher. After the story, Khan asks the woman who she is, and she replies, "If you believe in yourself, you will know the answer." She walks out of the lounge, and as Khan follows her, he seems to witness that she has suddenly disappeared. He believes in himself, his jet gets fixed, and he flies back home.

==Cast==
* [[Sharman Joshi]] as Shyam Mehra (Sam)
* [[Sohail Khan]] as Varun Malhotra (Vroom/Victor)
* [[Arbaaz Khan]] as Anuj Jha
* [[Gul Panag]] as Priyanka Sinha (Pearl)
* [[Isha Koppikar]] as Esha Singh (Elizabeth)
* [[Amrita Arora]] as Radhika Jha (Rebecca)
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as Military uncle- Col. Arvind Tripathi
* [[Anusha Dandekar]] as Shefali Khandelwal
* [[Dalip Tahil]] as Subhash Bakshi
* [[Suresh Menon]] as System's guy- Lokesh Chandaramani (Loki)
* [[Salman Khan]] in a special appearance as himself
* [[Katrina Kaif]] in a special appearance as Mysterious storyteller

==Reception==
''Hello'' had a fairly strong opening in the first week grossing approximately {{INR}} 60 million in the first three days itself (overseas notwithstanding).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2008/10/hello-movie-box-office.html |title=Hello Box Office |access-date=21 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018212702/http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2008/10/hello-movie-box-office.html |archive-date=18 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It received mixed to negative reviews from critics, many citing the poorly sketched out characters as its biggest drawback, some praised its original concept.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/10hello.htm Hello Movie Review] Rediff.com</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hello/critic-review/hello-movie-review/ | title=Hello Review 1/5 | Hello Movie Review | Hello 2008 Public Review | Film Review | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1087856|Hello}}

{{Chetan Bhagat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hello (2008 Film)}}
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Salman Khan]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Call centre]]
[[Category:Outsourcing in India]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Workplace comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]

Matamai

2026-03-01T03:52:04Z

Vemareddy: Info

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Matamai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Matamai.png
| map_caption = Map showing Matamai in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.09078|N|78.45517|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.554
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1998
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Matamai''' ({{IAST|Matāmaī}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It is located southeast of Firozabad. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,998, in 313 households.

== Geography ==
Matamai is located southeast of Firozabad, along a country road heading southeast from the city. The village of [[Ladupur Chakarpur]] is the next village to the northwest along this road, while [[Matsena]] is the next village to the southeast. The surrounding terrain is basically all level farmland. Besides Matsena and Ladupur Chakarpur, nearby villages include [[Kharsoli]] to the northeast, [[Hamirpur, Firozabad|Hamirpur]] to the east, [[Phulaichi]] to the south-southeast, [[Salempur Anandipur]] to the southwest, and [[Luhari, Firozabad|Luhari]] to the west.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Matamai had a population of 1,998, in 313 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|126}} This population was 52.8% male (1,055) and 47.2% female (943). The 0–6 age group numbered 310 (169 male and 141 female), making up 15.5% of the total population. 394 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 19.0% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|116-7}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Matamai as having a population of 958 people (502 male and 456 female), in 161 households and 155 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|194-5}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Matamai as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 724 people (383 male and 341 female), in 117 households and 63 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 384 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Matamai had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap and hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|126-31}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Patanjali Ayurved

2026-02-19T11:50:33Z

Vemareddy: brief update formatting based on references further and fixed typos after review

{{short description|Indian multinational conglomerate company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Patanjali Ayurved
| logo = Patanjali Logo.svg
| logo_size =
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|2006|}}
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Patanjali CEO Acharya Balkrishna Among India's Richest: ChaMagazine|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/patanjali-ceo-acharya-balkrishna-among-indias-richest-businessmen-chinese-magazine-1460074|access-date=10 January 2017|agency=NDTV|publisher=NDTV|date=18 September 2016|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927180515/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/patanjali-ceo-acharya-balkrishna-among-indias-richest-businessmen-chinese-magazine-1460074|url-status=live}}</ref>
| founder = {{plainlist|
*[[Balkrishna|Acharya Balkrishna]]
*[[Ramdev|Baba Ramdev]]}}
| key_people = [[Balkrishna]] {{small|(chairperson, managing director & CEO)}}
| area_served = {{plainlist|
* Worldwide
*[[Indian subcontinent]]
*[[Middle East]]}}<ref name="Firstpostxx2016">{{cite web | title=Patanjali to launch 'Swadeshi' jeans soon, exploring global markets with FMCG | website=Firstpost | date=12 September 2016 | url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/patanjali-to-launch-desi-jeans-by-year-end-explore-global-markets-with-fmcg-3000214.html | access-date=4 December 2016 | archive-date=7 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507064701/https://www.firstpost.com/business/patanjali-to-launch-desi-jeans-by-year-end-explore-global-markets-with-fmcg-3000214.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| products = {{plainlist|
*[[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic medicine]]
*[[Fast-moving consumer goods|Consumer goods]]
*[[Healthcare]]
*[[Personal care]]
*[[Cosmetics]]
*[[Cleaning agent]]s
*[[Beverage]]s
*[[Fashion]]
*[[Food]]s}}
| revenue = {{up}}{{INRConvert|9872|c}} (2021)<ref name=RILFY>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/patanjali-ayurved-clocked-14-jump-in-profit-in-fy21-tofler-data-7602111.html |title=Patanjali Ayurved clocked 14% jump in profit in FY21: Tofler data|year=2023}}</ref>
| profit = {{up}}{{INRConvert|485|c}} (2021)<ref name=RILFY/>
| assets =
| assets_year =
| subsid = {{plainlist|
* [[Patanjali Foods]]
* Patanjali Paridhan
* Patanjali Renewable
* Herboved
* Advance Navigation and Solar Technologies
* [[University of Patanjali|Patanjali University]]}}
| num_employees = 6,395 (November 2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=Patanjali Ayurved |url=https://tracxn.com/d/companies/patanjali-ayurved/__mO1xd0wWgBmWZRGfLVWa_peOKVh8DbzhNmoMlrTIfj8 |website=Tracxn |access-date=9 May 2024 |language=en |date=4 May 2024}}</ref>
| location_city = [[Haridwar]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| location_country = India
| owner = [[Balkrishna]] (94%)
| website = {{official URL}}
}}

'''Patanjali Ayurved''' is an Indian [[Conglomerate (company)|multinational conglomerate]] [[holding company]], based in [[Haridwar]]. It was founded by [[Ramdev]] and [[Balkrishna]] in 2006.<ref name="forbes">{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/meghabahree/2016/10/26/indias-baba-ramdev-billionaire-is-not-baba-ramdev/|title=India's Baba Ramdev Billionaire Is Not Baba Ramdev|last=Bahree|first=Megha|date=26 October 2016|newspaper=Forbes|access-date=16 February 2017}}</ref> Its office is in [[Delhi]], with [[Manufacturing|manufacturing units]] and headquarters in the industrial area of Haridwar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/430-acres-allotted-to-Patanjali/article16984837.ece|title=430 acres allotted to Patanjali|last=Aradhak|first=Purusharth|work=The Hindu|language=en|access-date=26 February 2017|archive-date=20 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120063126/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/430-acres-allotted-to-Patanjali/article16984837.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The company manufactures [[Cosmetics|cosmetic]]s, [[ayurvedic medicine]], [[personal care]] and [[food product]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Worth|first=Robert F.|date=2018-07-26|title=The Billionaire Yogi Behind Modi's Rise|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/26/magazine/the-billionaire-yogi-behind-modis-rise.html|access-date=2021-07-13|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605231855/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/26/magazine/the-billionaire-yogi-behind-modis-rise.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The CEO of the company, with a 94-percent share hold, is Balkrishna. Ramdev represents the company and makes strategic decisions.<ref>{{citation |title=Baba Ramdev's Patanjali starts to take a toll on some FMCG firms |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fmcg/baba-ramdevs-patanjali-starts-to-take-a-toll-on-some-fmcg-firms/articleshow/51183398.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=29 February 2016 |last1=Vyas |first1=Jwalit }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=4 May 2017|title=Baba Ramdev is just the face, it's Acharya Balakrishna who is behind Patanjali's Rs 10,561 cr turnover|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/baba-ramdev-acharya-balakrishna-patanjali-ayurveda-turnover/story/251462.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003165215/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/baba-ramdev-acharya-balakrishna-patanjali-ayurveda-turnover/story/251462.html|archive-date=3 October 2020|access-date=30 May 2021|website=Business Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Findlay|first1=Stephanie|last2=Singh|first2=Jyotsna|date=6 August 2020|title=India's yogi tycoon angers critics with coronavirus 'cure' kit|work=[[Financial Times]]|url=https://www.ft.com/content/f4a63ebf-5764-4570-9211-fd76b7e6c614}}</ref> The company has faced various controversies over its misleading promotions and false claims for COVID-19 treatment.<ref name="BBC Coronil"/>

==History==
[[Ramdev]] and [[Balkrishna]] established Patanjali Ayurved in 2006.<ref name="forbes" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/01/13/ramdev-consumer-products-_n_6460760.html|title=Baba Ramdev's Business Empire Soars, With His Own Rising Profile|publisher=HuffPost India|access-date=18 January 2015|archive-date=4 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504214640/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/01/13/ramdev-consumer-products-_n_6460760.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/the-patanjali-effect-116020800204_1.html |title=The Patanjali effect |last=Rakshit |first=Avishek |newspaper=Business-Standard |date=8 February 2016}}</ref> Balkrishna owns 94 percent of the company, and the remainder is dispersed among other individuals.<ref name=":2" /> In May 2021, Balkrishna had a net worth of {{US$|2.3}} billion.<ref name="Forbes profile">{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Acharya Balkrishna|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/acharya-balkrishna/|access-date=30 May 2021|website=Forbes}}</ref>

According to [[CLSA]] and [[HSBC]], Patanjali was one of the fastest-growing [[Fast-moving consumer goods|FMCG]] companies in India in 2016. It was valued at {{INRConvert|3000|c|link=yes|year=2016}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/are-pes-bending-over-backwards-to-invest-in-patanjali/article8093259.ece|title=Are PEs bending over backwards to invest in Patanjali?|work=The Hindu|date=11 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/india-consumer-patanjali-is-disrupting-india%E2%80%99s-consumer-space-116020600292_1.html|title=Patanjali is disrupting India's consumer space|publisher=IIFL|date=6 February 2016|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517204821/https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/india-consumer-patanjali-is-disrupting-india%E2%80%99s-consumer-space-116020600292_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ET_HSBC>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/hsbc-global-rsearch-cuts-target-prices-of-britannia-dabur-and-nestle-between-6-and-16-says-patanjali/articleshow/50868122.cms|title=HSBC Global Rsearch{{sic|hide=y}} cuts target prices of Britannia Dabur and Nestle between 6% and 16%, says Patanjali|publisher=Economic Times|date=5 February 2016|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-date=23 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523034208/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/hsbc-global-rsearch-cuts-target-prices-of-britannia-dabur-and-nestle-between-6-and-16-says-patanjali/articleshow/50868122.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Patanjali estimated its annual turnover for the 2016–17 fiscal year at {{INR Convert|10216|c}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/markets/wap.business-standard.com/article/companies/ramdev-s-patanjali-doubles-sales-to-rs-10-561-crore-in-fy17-117050400652_1.html|title=Ramdev's Patanjali shakes up FMCG order; next up 'nutritious restaurants'|work=Business Standard|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715102827/http://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/markets/wap.business-standard.com/article/companies/ramdev-s-patanjali-doubles-sales-to-rs-10-561-crore-in-fy17-117050400652_1.html|archive-date=15 July 2017|author=Arnab Dutta|date=5 May 2017}}</ref> According to a report by [[India Infoline]] (IIFL), at least 13 listed companies would be affected by Patanjali's success; they included [[Hindustan Unilever]], [[Colgate-Palmolive|Colgate]], [[Dabur]], [[ITC (company)|ITC]], and [[Godrej Consumer Products]].<ref name=ET_HSBC />

In 2025, Patanjali Ayurved along with [[DS Group]] acquired Magma General Insurance for ₹4,500 crore. <ref>{{cite web |title=Patanjali Ayurved, DS Group to acquire Magma General Insurance for ₹4,500 crore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/patanjali-ayurved-ds-group-to-acquire-magma-general-insurance-for-4500-crore/article69327031.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=13 March 2025}}</ref>

In December 2025, The [[Government of Tripura]] partnered with Patanjali Ayurved for a project in [[Tripura State]] worth Rs 300-400 crores.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura government sign MOU with Patanjali Ayurved for project in Tripura |url=https://tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=4370&title=Tripura-government-sign-MOU-with-Patanjali-Ayurved-for-project-in-Tripura |website=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref>

Patanjali Ayurved opened a hospital "Patanjali Emergency & Critical Care Hospital" on 22nd January 2026 which was inaugurated by home minister of India [[Amit Shah]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Patanjali launches India’s first hybrid hospital for heart, brain and spine care |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-plus/patanjali-launches-indias-first-hybrid-hospital-for-heart-brain-and-spine-care/articleshow/127151631.cms |website=The Times of India |date=22 January 2026}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Revenues}}Revenue==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Revenue
in crores
|-
| 2010–11 || ₹1000
|-
| 2011–12 || ₹300
|-
| 2012–13 || ₹841
|-
| 2013–14 || ₹1,184
|-
| 2014–15 || ₹2,006
|-
| 2015–16 || ₹8,000

|-
| 2016–17 || ₹10,526<ref name=lm0518>{{citation |title=Patanjali sales growth grinds to a halt in FY18 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/ZLN3sCZjnx49GSo1jAma9H/Patanjali-sales-growth-grinds-to-a-halt-in-FY18.html |work=[[Livemint]] |date=18 May 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| 2017–18 ||₹9,500<ref name=bs0517>{{citation |title=Patanjali and its grand plans: Ramdev expects Rs 20,000 cr revenue in FY18 |url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/companies/patanjali-and-its-grand-plans-ramdev-expects-rs-20-000-cr-revenue-in-fy18-117050400474_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=4 May 2017 |agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>
|-
| 2018–19 ||₹8,330<ref name=bt0516>{{citation |title=Patanjali reports Rs 8,339 crore revenue in FY 19; food items account for 62% of total sales |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/patanjali-reports-rs-8330-crore-fy-19-food-items-account-62-per-cent-of-total-sales/story/390613.html |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=19 November 2019 |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115060434/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/patanjali-reports-rs-8330-crore-fy-19-food-items-account-62-per-cent-of-total-sales-238712-2019-11-19 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}
[[Future Group]], which has joined with Patanjali, sells about {{INRConvert|30|c}} worth of Patanjali products every month.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/baba-ramdevs-patanjali-group-compels-fmcg-firms-hindustan-unilever-dabur-expand-portfolio-664429|title=Baba Ramdev's Patanjali Group compels FMCG firms Hindustan Unilever and Dabur to expand portfolio|work=IBT Times|date=26 January 2016|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115060400/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/baba-ramdevs-patanjali-group-compels-fmcg-firms-hindustan-unilever-dabur-expand-portfolio-664429|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>http://www.india.com/news/india/patanjali-ayurved-doubles-its-profit-in-one-year-set-to-catch-up-with-rivals-1051546/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115060433/https://www.india.com/news/india/patanjali-ayurved-doubles-its-profit-in-one-year-set-to-catch-up-with-rivals-1051546/ |date=15 January 2024 }} Patanjali Ayurved doubles its profit in one year; set to catch up with rivals</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/hLEBBx17cFY5rPjTjmIP9O/The-Patanjali-story.html|title=Inside Baba Ramdev's Patanjali empire|first=Sounak|last=Mitra|date=3 June 2016|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|livemint]]|access-date=18 December 2022|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115060445/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/hLEBBx17cFY5rPjTjmIP9O/The-Patanjali-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Production==
Patanjali Food and Herbal Park in [[Haridwar]] is the company's main production facility. With a production capacity of {{INRConvert|35000|c|lk=|year=2018}}, it is expanding to a capacity of {{INRConvert|60000|c|lk=|year=2016}} through new production units in [[Noida]], [[Nagpur]], and [[Indore]].<ref name=bs0517/><ref>{{cite news|publisher=Web Dunia|url=http://hindi.webdunia.com/international-hindi-news/baba-ramdev-herbal-factory-herbal-products-nepal-kathmandu-115041800030_1.html|title=Ramdev to open herbal factory in Nepal|date=18 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://insighttvnews.com/newsdetails.php?show=83816|title=Patanjali herbal park in Nepal|publisher=Insight TV News Network|date=28 February 2015|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155901/http://insighttvnews.com/newsdetails.php?show=83816|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, the Patanjali Food and Herbal Park received 35 full-time, armed [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF) commandos.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/CISF-Team-to-Guard-Ramdevs-Food-Park/2016/03/09/article3317272.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309150415/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/CISF-Team-to-Guard-Ramdevs-Food-Park/2016/03/09/article3317272.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 March 2016|title=CISF Team to Guard Ramdev's Food Park|place=NEW DELHI|first=Yatish|last=Yadav |date=9 March 2016 |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ramdev-now-a-client-of-paramilitary-force-cisf-for-his-food-park-1285079|title=Ramdev's Food Park Gets Round-The-Clock Protection From Paramilitary CISF|first=Varun|last=Sharma|date=8 March 2016|publisher=NDTV|access-date=9 March 2016|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115060431/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ramdev-now-a-client-of-paramilitary-force-cisf-for-his-food-park-1285079|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tribune_India">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/ramdev-s-food-park-gets-full-time-cisf-cover/206339.html|title=Ramdev's food park gets full-time CISF cover|date=9 March 2016|publisher=The Tribune India}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The park will be the eighth private institute in India to be guarded by [[paramilitary]] CISF forces.<ref name="Tribune_India"/>

=={{anchor|Controversies}}Controversies==
Patanjali Ayurved has had many cases filed against by the [[Government of Uttarakhand]] for various offences<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prashant |first1=Shishir |title=With BJP in power, focus is now on cases against Baba Ramdev |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/with-bjp-in-power-focus-is-now-on-cases-against-baba-ramdev-117032000860_1.html |access-date=21 December 2020 |work=Business Standard India |date=20 March 2017}}</ref>

In June 2025, [[Uttarakhand High Court|The Nainital High Court]] has quashed the criminal case against Patanjali Ayurveda Limited and its founders [[Ramdev|Baba Ramdev]] and [[Acharya Balkrishna]] for publishing misleading advertisements.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uttarakhand News: पतंजलि, बाबा रामदेव और आचार्य बालकृष्ण के खिलाफ आपराधिक मामला रद्द, जानिये मामला |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/nainital/uttarakhand-news-criminal-case-against-patanjali-baba-ramdev-and-acharya-balkrishna-quashed-2025-06-26 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

Patanjali has been cited for its working conditions; Ramdev and Balkrishna are treated as gurus whose feet must be touched each time they enter an area. Workers are paid {{INRConvert|6000}} per month, working 12-hour shifts, six days a week.<ref name="sayingtruth.com" /><ref name=":17"/> They are also discouraged from asking for a raise, with the rationale that working at the factory is considered "seva" (voluntary service) to the cause and is a payment in itself.<ref name=":17">{{Cite news |title=Baba Ramdev: Inside Patanjali: Here's what life is like in Baba Ramdev's company |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fmcg/inside-patanjali-heres-what-life-is-like-in-baba-ramdevs-company/articleshow/59824892.cms |access-date=2022-10-10 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115061944/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fmcg/inside-patanjali-heres-what-life-is-like-in-baba-ramdevs-company/articleshow/59824892.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pathak-Narain|first=Priyanka|date=2017-08-04|title=Patanjali believes its staff does 'seva': Ex-CEO S.K. Patra|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/WuAWfDBchBSJcR6ERuvI8M/Patanjali-Ayurved-believes-its-staff-does-seva-ExCEO-SK.html|access-date=2021-05-10|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115062022/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/WuAWfDBchBSJcR6ERuvI8M/Patanjali-Ayurved-believes-its-staff-does-seva-ExCEO-SK.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Baba Ramdev wants employees to work for free: A former CEO reveals the Patanjali story |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2017/aug/04/baba-ramdev-wants-employees-to-work-for-free-a-former-ceo-reveals-the-patanjali-story-1638376.html |work=The New Indian Express (newspaper) |date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418135632/https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2017/aug/04/baba-ramdev-wants-employees-to-work-for-free-a-former-ceo-reveals-the-patanjali-story-1638376.html |archive-date=18 April 2021}}</ref> On 22 May 2021, the [[Indian Medical Association]] (IMA) in Uttarakhand sent a defamation notice of {{INRConvert|1000|c|year=2021}} after remarks by Ramdev about doctors who practise [[evidence-based medicine]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-26|title='Criminal act': Ramdev gets ₹1,000 cr defamation notice from IMA Uttarakhand|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/criminal-act-ramdev-gets-rs-1-000-cr-defamation-notice-from-ima-uttarakhand-101622014713092.html|access-date=2021-05-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115061935/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/criminal-act-ramdev-gets-rs-1-000-cr-defamation-notice-from-ima-uttarakhand-101622014713092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IMA Uttarakhand sends Rs 1,000-cr defamation notice to Ramdev over remarks on allopathy|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/ima-uttarakhand-sends-rs-1000-cr-defamation-notice-to-ramdev-over-remarks-on-allopathy/story/440033.html|access-date=2021-05-26|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=26 May 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115062031/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/ima-uttarakhand-sends-rs-1000-cr-defamation-notice-to-ramdev-over-remarks-on-allopathy-297065-2021-05-26|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Infertility cure===
One of the products manufactured by Ramdev's Divya pharmacy and sold by the Patanjali Pharmacy chain was Divya Putrajeevak Seed, described in its catalog as a natural herb which (according to the company) could treat infertility. However, doctors pointed out the misleading name of the drug: the word ''"putrajeevak"'' ({{translation|literal=yes}} "son's life" ). Some Patanjali Pharmacy stores sold the drug with the claim that it would ensure the birth of a boy, reportedly leading to an increase in sales.<ref name="Infertility">{{cite news |title=In Name of Ramdev's Infertility Cure, the Promise of a Boy Child? |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-name-of-ramdevs-infertility-cure-the-promise-of-a-boy-child-735287 |access-date=21 December 2020 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

The issue was raised in the [[Indian Parliament]] in July 2015 by opposition members who accused Ramdev of "peddling a product which promised delivery of male children." The Ministry of AYUSH (which oversees the sale of alternative medicines) defended the product's name, saying that it was named after a herb.<ref name="Infertility_BSI">{{cite news |title=Ramdev's 'Putrajeevak beej' is named after herb: AYUSH minister |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ramdev-s-putrajeevak-beej-is-named-after-herb-ayush-minister-115052600772_1.html |access-date=21 December 2020 |work=Business Standard India |date=26 May 2015}}</ref>

In 2016, the Uttarakhand health department said that the drug violated the [[Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Azad |first1=Shivani |title=U'khand says Ramdev's fertility pill 'Putrajeevak Beej' violates PNDT Act |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Ukhand-says-Ramdevs-fertility-pill-Putrajeevak-Beej-violates-PNDT-Act/articleshow/50811703.cms |access-date=21 December 2020 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=2 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The Maharashtra government ordered a probe of whether the drug had violated laws in 2018, and Congress leaders in the state demanded a ban on the drug.<ref name="Infertility_MM">{{cite news |last1=Naik |first1=Yogesh |title=Govt to probe sale of controversial Patanjali product |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/govt-to-probe-sale-of-controversial-patanjali-product/articleshow/65076799.cms |access-date=21 December 2020 |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=21 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Ban Ganga river pollution}}Ganges pollution===
In January 2018, villages in [[Haridwar district]] complained that Patanjali's Padarth factory was polluting a [[Ganges]] channel and other local rain-fed bodies of water with [[surface runoff]]; chemicals released by the factory reportedly killed several animals in the area. The local government took no action on the factory due to Ramdev's influence, and residents of 40 villages threatened agitation.<ref name=HT_Ban_Ganga /> The Uttarakhand Environment Conservation and Pollution Control Board ordered a clean-up of the waste flowing through the area. In the past, the board had notified Padarth about its release of untreated industrial effluent into local bodies of water. Patanjali's general manager denied the allegations, saying that the company followed established protocols.<ref name=HT_Ban_Ganga>{{cite news |title=Villagers say Patanjali unit polluting water bodies in Haridwar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/villagers-say-patanjali-unit-polluting-water-bodies-in-haridwar/story-3DQcv6z2jzoRyUzIrfXZlJ.html |access-date=21 December 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Suspension of Amla juice}}Amla juice===
The Ministry of Defence canteen stores department (CSD) suspended Patanjali Ayurved's amla juice after receiving an adverse state laboratory test report on the product; the central food laboratory found the juice unfit for consumption. The CSD asked its depots to make [[debit note]]s for their existing stock, so the product could be returned.<ref name="CSD withdraws"/><ref name="sayingtruth.com" /><ref name="Quality test and RTI inquiry"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/lite/story/defence-canteens-remove-ramdevs-patanjali-amla-juice-after-adverse-lab-test-report/1/250631.html |title=Defence canteens remove Ramdev's Patanjali amla juice after adverse lab report |access-date=18 May 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115062629/https://www.businesstoday.in/amp/latest/economy-politics/story/defence-canteens-remove-ramdevs-patanjali-amla-juice-after-adverse-lab-test-report-79796-2017-04-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==={{anchor|Notice by FSSAI}}FSSAI notices===
Patanjali introduced its [[instant noodles]] on 15 November 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/ramdevs-patanjali-launches-noodles/article7884161.ece|title=Ramdev's Patanjali launches noodles|work=The Hindu|date=16 November 2015|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115062514/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Ramdev%E2%80%99s-Patanjali-launches-noodles/article60235865.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://khabar.ibnlive.com/news/desh/baba-ramdev-maggie-fssai-notice-patanjali-428194.html|title=FSSAI sends notice to Baba Ramdev's company|work=ibnlive.com|date=21 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/business/business-news/trouble-mounts-for-ramdevs-atta-noodles-fssai-issues-notice-to-patanjali-ayurved/articleshow/49870608.cms|title=Trouble mounts for Ramdev's Atta Noodles, FSSAI issues notice to Patanjali Ayurved|publisher=Navbharat Times}}</ref> The [[Food Safety and Standards Authority of India]] notified the company that neither Patanjali nor Aayush, the brand names for which Patanjali obtained licenses, received approval for the manufacture of instant noodles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-approval-for-patanjali-instant-noodles-says-food-safety-regulator-1244771|title=No Approval for Patanjali Instant Noodles, Says Food Safety Regulator|publisher=NDTV|date=18 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/no-licence-for-noodles-fssai-slaps-showcause-on-patanjali/|title='No licence for noodles': FSSAI slaps showcause on Patanjali|date=21 November 2015|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/patanjali-s-atta-noodles-in-trouble-baba-ramdev-breaks-silence-modi-govt-controversy-1931379.html|title=Patanjali's Atta Noodles in trouble: Baba Ramdev breaks silence, drags Modi govt into controversy|publisher=oneindia.com|date=19 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livehindustan.com/news/national/article1-will-reply-at-the-earliest-when-we-get-notice-baba-ramdev-505128.html|title=Patanjali Atta noodles gets notice|publisher=livehindustan.com|access-date=13 January 2016|archive-date=26 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126174225/http://www.livehindustan.com/news/national/article1-will-reply-at-the-earliest-when-we-get-notice-baba-ramdev-505128.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Rajasthan]], [[mustard oil]] sold by Patanjali was found substandard by the FSSAI's [[Alwar]] laboratory.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Sharat Kumar|date=June 10, 2021|title=Patanjali mustard oil found to be of substandard food quality: Rajasthan govt|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/rajasthan/story/patanjali-mustard-oil-substandard-quality-rajasthan-govt-1812995-2021-06-10|access-date=2021-06-30|magazine=India Today|language=en|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115062519/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/rajasthan/story/patanjali-mustard-oil-substandard-quality-rajasthan-govt-1812995-2021-06-09|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== {{anchor|Ayush Ministry}}Ayush Ministry against false advertisements===
[[Ministry of Ayush|Ministry of AYUSH]] has advised certain states to take necessary action against Baba Ramdev's Patanjali Ayurved for illegally promoting products that claimed to cure [[diabetes]], heart and liver diseases. The Ministry has specifically sought action against the advertisements of three Patanjali products — Lipidom, Livogrit and Livamrit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-27 |title=Patanjali ads claiming to cure heart, liver issues come under govt scanner |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/patanjali-ads-claiming-cure-heart-liver-issues-come-under-govt-scanner-163326 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115062621/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/patanjali-ads-claiming-cure-heart-liver-issues-come-under-govt-scanner-163326 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-24 |title=AYUSH Ministry seeks action against advertisements by Ayurveda pharma |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ayush-ministry-seeks-action-against-advertisements-by-ayurveda-pharma/article65351124.ece |access-date=2022-04-28 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115062544/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ayush-ministry-seeks-action-against-advertisements-by-ayurveda-pharma/article65351124.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Glare on Patanjali for heart and liver products advertisements |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/patanjali-under-scanner-for-advertisements-of-heart-and-liver-products/cid/1861587 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115062629/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/patanjali-under-scanner-for-advertisements-of-heart-and-liver-products/cid/1861587 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Fake COVID-19 treatment===
Patanjali Ayurved announced a drug named Coronil for [[COVID-19]] treatment in June 2020, with Ramdev claiming that it cured the disease.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Ravi Prakash|date=2020-06-23|title=Coronavirus treatment: Ramdev's Patanjali launches Coronil kit for ₹545|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/coronavirus-vaccine-coronil-patanjali-baba-ramdev-press-conference-live-updates-11592893304534.html|access-date=2020-06-24|website=Livemint|language=en|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115062553/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/coronavirus-vaccine-coronil-patanjali-baba-ramdev-press-conference-live-updates-11592893304534.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-23|title=Baba Ramdev's Patanjali launches Ayurvedic medicine Coronil for coronavirus! All you need to know|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/coronil-covid-19-patanjali-ayurvedic-medicine-baba-ramdev-coronil-medicine-coronavirus/2000657/|access-date=2020-06-24|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115063036/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/coronil-covid-19-patanjali-ayurvedic-medicine-baba-ramdev-coronil-medicine-coronavirus/2000657/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC Coronil">{{cite news|date=19 December 2020|title=Covid-19: Fake 'immunity booster' found on sale in London shops|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-55318095|access-date=21 December 2020|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115063025/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-55318095|url-status=live}}</ref> There was no clinical data to prove that the new drug was effective or even safe; this prompted a social-media backlash which questioned the role of the Ministry of AYUSH.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Narayanan |first1=Kavya |title=AYUSH Ministry is endangering people, jeopardising Ayurveda with lax response to Patanjali's Coronil and COVID-19, warn experts |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/patanajali-covid-19-ayush-ministry-weak-response-ramdevs-coronil-stunt-endangers-people-jeopardises-ayurveda-homeopathy-8529151.html |access-date=29 June 2020 |work=Firstpost |date=28 June 2020 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121014011/https://www.firstpost.com/india/patanajali-covid-19-ayush-ministry-weak-response-ramdevs-coronil-stunt-endangers-people-jeopardises-ayurveda-homeopathy-8529151.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Within hours of Coronil's introduction, the ministry issued a statement denying authorisation for the new drug and asking the company to stop selling (and advertising) it until the trial results were examined by medical authorities.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-23|title=Govt asks Patanjali to stop ads of Covid drug|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-asks-patanjali-to-stop-ads-of-covid-drug/story-zPdLluK7AXOngR2Jn0qKWO.html|access-date=2020-06-24|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115063126/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-asks-patanjali-to-stop-ads-of-covid-drug/story-zPdLluK7AXOngR2Jn0qKWO.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramdev's Patanjali Asked By Government To Explain COVID Drug Claim|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-india-ramdevs-patanjali-asked-for-details-of-covid-drug-claim-by-government-2251004|access-date=2020-06-24|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115063031/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-india-ramdevs-patanjali-asked-for-details-of-covid-drug-claim-by-government-2251004|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ayush Ministry Stops Patanjali From Selling, Advertising Purported Covid Medicine|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/ayush-ministry-stops-patanjali-from-advertising-purported-covid-medicine|access-date=2020-06-24|website=BloombergQuint|date=23 June 2020 |language=en|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115063033/https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/ayush-ministry-stops-patanjali-from-advertising-purported-covid-medicine|url-status=live}}</ref> An official from the ayurved department of the [[government of Uttarakhand]] said that the approval application for Coronil had not mentioned COVID-19.<ref>{{cite news |title=Patanjali's Coronil approval application did not mention coronavirus: Licence officer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/patanjali-ayurved-baba-ramdev-coronavirus-cure-coronil-ayush-ministry-1692242-2020-06-24 |access-date=29 June 2020 |work=India Today |date=24 June 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115063028/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/patanjali-ayurved-baba-ramdev-coronavirus-cure-coronil-ayush-ministry-1692242-2020-06-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Laboratory tests showed that the drug did not contain any ingredients which could treat or prevent coronavirus infections. The Indian government allowed Patanjali Ayurved to market Coronil as an immunity booster (not a cure),<ref name="BBC Coronil"/> but the [[Government of Maharashtra]] has banned the sale of Coronil in the state. [[First information report]]s were filed in Bihar and Rajasthan against Ramdev, Balkrishna and others, accusing them of dishonesty and selling fake medicines.<ref name=HT_Coronil>{{cite news |last1=Afreen |first1=Jasra |title=Complaint filed in Bihar court against Baba Ramdev over Covid-19 medicine claim |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/complaint-filed-in-bihar-court-against-ramdev-over-covid-19-medicine-claim/story-UIEsPIZMoDsGZAE3TcDknK.html |access-date=29 June 2020 |work=Hindusthan Times |date=29 June 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115063045/https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/complaint-filed-in-bihar-court-against-ramdev-over-covid-19-medicine-claim/story-UIEsPIZMoDsGZAE3TcDknK.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=IE_Coronil>{{cite news |title=FIR against 5 over Covid-19 'medicine' claim: Ramdev, Patanjali MD booked for 'cheating' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/fir-against-5-over-covid-medicine-claim-ramdev-patanjali-md-booked-for-cheating6479691/ |access-date=29 June 2020 |work=Indian Express |date=29 June 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115063131/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/fir-against-5-over-covid-medicine-claim-ramdev-patanjali-md-booked-for-cheating6479691/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Patanjali responded to the accusations, saying that they did not violate any procedures before the drug was launched.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sahay |first1=Abhinav |title='All parameters met': Patanjali claims Coronil clinical trial details furnished to Centre |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/all-parametres-met-patanjali-claims-coronil-clinical-trial-details-furnished-to-centre/story-wV0b2zhW4SNbd24VX4Gc6N.html |access-date=29 June 2020 |work=Hindusthan Times |date=24 June 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115063538/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/all-parametres-met-patanjali-claims-coronil-clinical-trial-details-furnished-to-centre/story-wV0b2zhW4SNbd24VX4Gc6N.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[Madras High Court]] judge fined the company {{INRConvert|1000000}} for making false claims about the drug, and Patanjali withdrew its claim that Coronil could cure COVID-19. The UK drug regulator threatened action if unauthorized products were sold in the UK.<ref name="BBC Coronil" />

The government of Maharashtra banned Coronil in the state in June 2020, with home minister [[Anil Deshmukh]] threatening the company with legal action if they did not observe the ban.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shrivastava |first1=Sonu |title=Maharashtra bans Patanjali's COVID-19 medicine 'Coronil' |url=https://www.asianage.com/business/companies/260620/maharashtra-bans-patanjalis-covid-19-medicine-coronil.html |access-date=29 June 2020 |work=Asian Age |date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115063646/https://www.asianage.com/business/companies/260620/maharashtra-bans-patanjalis-covid-19-medicine-coronil.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Madras High Court also barred Patanjali Ayurved from using the name "Coronil".<ref name="theprint.in">{{Cite web|last1=Mandhani|first1=Apoorva|date=2020-08-06|title=Patanjali can't use Coronil trademark, says Madras High Court, fines it Rs 10 lakh|url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/patanjali-cant-use-coronil-trademark-says-madras-high-court-fines-it-rs-10-lakh/476461/|access-date=2021-02-18|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115063550/https://theprint.in/judiciary/patanjali-cant-use-coronil-trademark-says-madras-high-court-fines-it-rs-10-lakh/476461/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=August 6, 2020|first=Shalini|last=Lobo|title=Patanjali chased profits by exploiting public fear: Madras HC imposes Rs 10 lakh fine on firm|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/madras-hc-restains-patanjali-from-trademarking-coronil-slaps-fine-of-rs-10-lakh-1708517-2020-08-06|access-date=2021-02-18|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115063540/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/madras-hc-restains-patanjali-from-trademarking-coronil-slaps-fine-of-rs-10-lakh-1708517-2020-08-06|url-status=live}}</ref> The court's order came while it heard a suit filed by a Chennai-based firm which said that it had owned the trademark "Coronil" since 1993. Making an earlier interim injunction against Patanjali absolute, Madras High Court Justice C. V. Karthikeyan also imposed the fine on the company.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madras HC: Patanjali cannot use 'Coronil' branding, must pay Rs 10 lakh fine for exploiting fear|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/healthcare/madras-hc-patanjali-cannot-use-coronil-branding-must-pay-rs-10-lakh-fine-for-exploiting-fear-6565351.htm|access-date=2021-02-18|website=cnbctv18.com|date=6 August 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115063542/https://www.cnbctv18.com/healthcare/madras-hc-patanjali-cannot-use-coronil-branding-must-pay-rs-10-lakh-fine-for-exploiting-fear-6565351.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-06|title=Patanjali exploited public fear says Madras HC, imposes Rs 10 lakh fine|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/patanjali-exploited-public-fear-says-madras-hc-imposes-rs-10-lakh-fine-130196|access-date=2021-02-18|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115064145/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/patanjali-exploited-public-fear-says-madras-hc-imposes-rs-10-lakh-fine-130196|url-status=live}}</ref> In his ruling, the judge observed that Patanjali had been "chasing further profits by exploiting the fear and panic among the general public by projecting a cure for the coronavirus when their 'Coronil Tablet' is not a cure".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Patanjali Ayurved fined Rs 10 lakh by Madras HC for chasing profits by claiming COVID-19 'cure'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/aug/06/patanjali-ayurved-fined-rs-10-lakh-by-madras-hc-for-chasing-profits-by-claiming-covid-19-cure-2180005.html|access-date=2021-02-18|website=The New Indian Express|date=6 August 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115064154/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/aug/06/patanjali-ayurved-fined-rs-10-lakh-by-madras-hc-for-chasing-profits-by-claiming-covid-19-cure-2180005.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="theprint.in"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-06|title=Patanjali Fined Rs 10 Lakh by Madras HC for Chasing Profits amid Covid-19 Fear, Using Coronil Trademark|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/patanjali-fined-rs-10-lakh-by-madras-hc-for-chasing-profits-amid-covid-19-fear-using-coronil-trademark-2764771.html|access-date=2021-02-18|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115064051/https://www.news18.com/news/india/patanjali-fined-rs-10-lakh-by-madras-hc-for-chasing-profits-amid-covid-19-fear-using-coronil-trademark-2764771.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]] halted the distribution of donated Coronil after orders from their governments to disclose that it was not a medicine to cure COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacherjee|first=Kallol|date=2021-06-08|title=Nepal stops distribution of Coronil kits gifted by Patanjali|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/nepal-stops-distribution-of-patanjalis-coronil-kits/article34762927.ece|access-date=2021-06-30|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115064053/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/nepal-stops-distribution-of-patanjalis-coronil-kits/article34762927.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Geeta Mohan|date=June 9, 2021|title=Nepal stops distribution of Coronil kits gifted by Patanjali, cites lack of proof on efficacy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/nepal-stops-distribution-patanjali-coronil-ramdev-1812665-2021-06-09|access-date=2021-06-30|magazine=India Today|language=en|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115064148/https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/nepal-stops-distribution-patanjali-coronil-ramdev-1812665-2021-06-09|url-status=live}}</ref>

===={{anchor|False claims regarding government and WHO approvals}}False claims of government and WHO approvals====
In February 2021, ''[[The Indian Express]]'', ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'' ''and [[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]]'' reported Patanjali Ayurved's claim that Coronil had been approved by the Ministry of AYUSH and certified by the [[World Health Organization]]. The reports indicated that Ramdev had released studies showing that Coronil was effective against COVID-19 at a press conference attended by Union Health Minister [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]] and transport minister [[Nitin Gadkari]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-20|title=Coronil has received AYUSH certification as per WHO norms: Patanjali|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coronil-ayush-ministry-certification-who-scheme-patanjali-7195575/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219085748/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coronil-ayush-ministry-certification-who-scheme-patanjali-7195575/|archive-date=19 February 2021|access-date=2021-02-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-19|title=Coronil has received Ayush Ministry certification as per WHO scheme: Patanjali|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/coronil-has-received-ayush-ministry-certification-as-per-who-scheme-patanjali-11613745938737.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219164744/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/coronil-has-received-ayush-ministry-certification-as-per-who-scheme-patanjali-11613745938737.html|archive-date=19 February 2021|access-date=2021-02-21|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 February 2021|title=Patanjali Coronil: Coronil gets Ayush ministry certification as per WHO scheme: Patanjali|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/coronil-gets-ayush-ministry-certification-as-per-who-scheme-patanjali/articleshow/81107648.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220115523/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/coronil-gets-ayush-ministry-certification-as-per-who-scheme-patanjali/articleshow/81107648.cms|archive-date=20 February 2021|access-date=2021-02-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2021-02-19|title=Coronil gets Ayush Ministry certification as 'supporting measure' for COVID-19 treatment|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/coronil-gets-ayush-ministry-certification-as-per-who-scheme-patanjali/article33878394.ece|access-date=2021-02-21|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115064147/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/coronil-gets-ayush-ministry-certification-as-per-who-scheme-patanjali/article33878394.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In a ''[[News Nation]]'' interview, Ramdev accused doctors of "allopathic terrorism" for doubting Coronil's effectiveness.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Chaudhuri|first=Pooja|date=2021-02-21|title=Fact Check: Patanjali's Coronil Neither WHO Certified nor Approved|url=https://science.thewire.in/health/fact-check-patanjalis-coronil-neither-who-certified-nor-approved/|access-date=2021-02-21|website=The Wire Science|language=en-GB|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115064130/https://science.thewire.in/health/fact-check-patanjalis-coronil-neither-who-certified-nor-approved/|url-status=live}}</ref> The claim was endorsed by [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] spokesperson Sanju Verma, who called it "... a huge endorsement for Ayurveda India's homegrown StartUp ecosystem that has flourished under @narendramodi govt."<ref name=":0" /> Verma described the approvals granted to Coronil as a "slap in the face" to the BJP's opposition.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 February 2021|title=Tweet: @Sanju_Verma|url=https://twitter.com/Sanju_Verma_/status/1362747173075488778?s=20|website=Twitter}}</ref>

On 22 February, the WHO said that it had not "... reviewed or certified the effectiveness of any traditional medicine for the treatment #Covid19."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Awasthi|first=Prashasti|title=WHO clarifies it hasn't reviewed or certified Coronil for Covid-19 treatment|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/world/who-clarifies-it-hasnt-reviewed-or-certified-coronil-for-covid-19-treatment/article33893901.ece|access-date=2021-02-21|website=@businessline|date=21 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Several news and [[fact-checking]] outlets, including ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'', ''[[Alt News]]'', [[BBC News]] and ''[[The Economic Times]]'', ran fact-checking articles debunking Ramdev and Patanjali's claims; Coronil had received an export license, and had not received any approval regarding its effectiveness as a treatment against COVID-19.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Bhushan|first=Ratna|title=Patanjali's Coronil not WHO certified or approved; no traditional medicine certified by WHO for Covid cure|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fmcg/patanjalis-coronil-not-who-certified-or-approved-no-traditional-medicine-certified-by-who-for-covid-cure/articleshow/81134456.cms|access-date=2021-02-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-20|title=Patanjali's Coronil is neither WHO certified nor approved, media outlets run false news|url=https://www.altnews.in/patanjalis-coronil-is-neither-who-certified-nor-approved-media-outlets-run-false-news/|access-date=2021-02-21|website=Alt News|language=en-GB|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115064232/https://www.altnews.in/patanjalis-coronil-is-neither-who-certified-nor-approved-media-outlets-run-false-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Shruti |title=Coronavirus: The misleading claims about an Indian remedy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/56172784 |access-date=26 May 2021 |work=BBC Reality Check |date=2 March 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115064722/https://www.bbc.com/news/56172784 |url-status=live }}</ref> Patanjali Ayurveda CEO Balkrishna admitted on Twitter that the approval for Coronil had not come from the WHO or the Ministry of AYUSH (as they had claimed), but had been granted by the [[Drugs Controller General of India]] for export{{snd}}not as a certification of effectiveness.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

===Taking control over Dalits' lands===
In August 2022, [[Newslaundry]] published a report alleging that Patanjali took control of [[Dalit]]s' lands for cow shelter and herb farms in Teliwala village, Uttarkhand through force and circumvention of laws, making people there landless.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Basant |title=How Ramdev's Patanjali took control of Dalit lands in Haridwar |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/08/19/how-ramdevs-patanjali-took-control-of-dalit-lands-in-haridwar |access-date=2022-08-31 |work=[[Newslaundry]] |date=2022-08-19 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115064723/https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/08/19/how-ramdevs-patanjali-took-control-of-dalit-lands-in-haridwar |url-status=live }}</ref> With their land in control of Patanjali, Dalits have no choice other than working for the company or migrating elsewhere for finding employment.

===Accusations of using fish bones in veg product===
In May 2023, a Delhi-based law firm issued a legal notice to Patanjali Ayurved accusing the company of using 'cuttlefish bones' in dental care product, branding non-veg product as vegetarian in violation of the law.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Sumi Sukanya |title=Patanjali gets legal notice for using 'cuttlefish bones' in dental care product marked vegetarian |url=https://theprint.in/india/patanjali-gets-legal-notice-for-using-cuttlefish-bones-in-dental-care-product-marked-vegetarian/1581342/ |access-date=2023-05-18 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=2023-05-18 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115064725/https://theprint.in/india/patanjali-gets-legal-notice-for-using-cuttlefish-bones-in-dental-care-product-marked-vegetarian/1581342/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Misleading advertising case ===
The company has been accused of misleading advertising<ref>{{Cite web|title=Patanjali Advertisements Unsubstantiated, Misleading: Watchdog|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/patanjali-advertisements-unsubstantiated-misleading-says-watchdog-1427896|access-date=2021-05-02|website=NDTV.com|date=4 July 2016 |archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115061448/https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/patanjali-advertisements-unsubstantiated-misleading-says-watchdog-1427896|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Patanjali Ayurved Rapped For Misleading Hair Oil, Other Advertisements|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/patanjali-ayurved-rapped-for-misleading-hair-oil-other-advertisements-1412436|access-date=2021-05-02|website=NDTV.com|date=26 May 2016 |archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115061415/https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/patanjali-ayurved-rapped-for-misleading-hair-oil-other-advertisements-1412436|url-status=live}}</ref> about its products and flimsy testing before being marketed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-29|title=Ramdev's Patanjali products fail quality test, RTI inquiry finds|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/baba-ramdev-s-patanjali-products-fail-uttarakhand-quality-test/story-bXo4XySEajw7ZDby4GISML.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115061414/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/baba-ramdev-s-patanjali-products-fail-uttarakhand-quality-test/story-bXo4XySEajw7ZDby4GISML.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Between April 2015 and July 2016, 33 complaints were received against 21 misleading advertisements; seventeen violated [[Advertising Standards Council of India|ASCI]] standards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=33 Complaints Received Against Patanjali Advertisements|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/33-complaints-received-against-patanjali-advertisements-1439145|access-date=2021-05-02|website=NDTV.com|date=2 August 2016 |archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115061448/https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/33-complaints-received-against-patanjali-advertisements-1439145|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2017, the [[Delhi High Court]] ordered the company to stop airing an advertisement for its brand of [[chyavanprash]] which disparaged a competitor's.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 September 2017|title=Delhi Court Restrains Patanjali From Airing Ads Promoting Chyawanprash|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-court-restrains-patanjali-from-airing-ads-promoting-chyawanprash-1747432|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911112632/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-court-restrains-patanjali-from-airing-ads-promoting-chyawanprash-1747432|archive-date=2017-09-11|access-date=2021-05-02|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Company products, such as [[Phyllanthus emblica|amla]] juice<ref name="CSD withdraws">{{Cite web|last=Dangwal|first=Sandhya|date=2017-04-24|title=CSD withdraws Baba Ramdev's popular product after lab declares it unfit for consumption|url=https://www.india.com/business/patanjali-amla-juice-banned-csd-withdraws-baba-ramdevs-popular-product-after-lab-declares-it-unfit-for-consumption-2062146/|access-date=2020-10-07|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com|language=en|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115061449/https://www.india.com/business/patanjali-amla-juice-banned-csd-withdraws-baba-ramdevs-popular-product-after-lab-declares-it-unfit-for-consumption-2062146/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sayingtruth.com">{{Cite web|date=2017-04-24|title=Military Canteens Ban sales of Patanjali Amla Juice|url=https://www.sayingtruth.com/patanjali-amla-juice-banned/|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Saying Truth|language=en-US|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115061458/https://www.sayingtruth.com/patanjali-amla-juice-banned/|url-status=live}}</ref> and ayurvedic medicines<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-22|title=Nepal drug administration reject six Patanjali products after tests, contain pathogenic bacteria|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/nepal-drug-administration-reject-six-patanjali-products-after-tests-contain-pathogenic-bacteria-3735231.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Firstpost|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115061522/https://www.firstpost.com/india/nepal-drug-administration-reject-six-patanjali-products-after-tests-contain-pathogenic-bacteria-3735231.html|url-status=live}}</ref> have been banned for poor quality.<ref name="sayingtruth.com" /><ref name="Quality test and RTI inquiry">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/baba-ramdev-s-patanjali-products-fail-uttarakhand-quality-test/story-bXo4XySEajw7ZDby4GISML.html |title=Ramdev's Patanjali products fail quality test, RTI inquiry finds |author= |date=30 May 2017 |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=21 December 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115061539/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/baba-ramdev-s-patanjali-products-fail-uttarakhand-quality-test/story-bXo4XySEajw7ZDby4GISML.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Patanjali was sued by the Indian Medical Association in August 2022 for attacking allopathy to promote its medicines, violating DOMA and the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. The Supreme Court accused Patanjali of misleading marketing in November 2023 and threatened a Rs 1 crore per product fine for bogus promises.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kalia |first1=Saumya |title=Supreme Court's ban on Patanjali ads {{!}} Explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-courts-ban-on-patanjali-ads-explained/article67899090.ece |access-date=25 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Krishnadas |title=Supreme Court issues contempt notice to Patanjali, its MD Balkrishna |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-comes-down-heavily-on-patanjali-for-prima-facie-violation-of-undertaking-on-claims-ads/article67891696.ece |access-date=28 February 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227183532/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-comes-down-heavily-on-patanjali-for-prima-facie-violation-of-undertaking-on-claims-ads/article67891696.ece |archive-date=27 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2024, the Supreme Court banned Patanjali's commercials and found Balkrishna in contempt. Patanjali was forced to apologize in newspapers by the Supreme Court. Patanjali apologized, but the court considered them insufficient. Patanjali issued more newspaper apologies per court ruling. The Uttarakhand Licensing Authority revoked 14 Patanjali product licenses after Supreme Court investigation of regulatory inaction.<ref>{{cite news |title=After Supreme Court rap, Patanjali issues another public apology — bigger in size |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/patanjali-second-public-apology-superme-court-ramdev-9287521/ |access-date=25 May 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=24 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Supreme Court not impressed with Uttarakhand authority's 'lightning' action to suspend 14 licences of Patanjali, Divya Pharmacy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-not-impressed-with-uttarakhand-authoritys-lightning-action-to-suspend-14-licences-of-patanjali-divya-pharmacy/article68124203.ece |access-date=25 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 April 2024}}</ref>

In August 2024, the Supreme Court closed contempt proceedings against Patanjali Ayurved co-founders Baba Ramdev and Acharya Balkrishna, and their company in the misleading advertisements case, accepting the apology tendered by the parties after they took steps to rectify their mistake. The top court, however, warned that both Ramdev and Balkrishna should comply with all future orders and not repeat their past conduct.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Supreme Court closes contempt case against Patanjali Ayurved, co-founders |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/supreme-court-closes-contempt-case-against-patanjali-ayurved-co-founders-124081301656_1.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Patanjali ads: Relief for Ramdev, Acharya Balakrishna as Supreme Court closes contempt case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/relief-for-ramdev-acharya-balakrishna-as-supreme-court-closes-patanjali-ads-contempt-case-101723526583723.html}}</ref>

==Products==
Patanjali Ayurved produces cosmetics and personal-care, ayurvedic and food products.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ramdev-turns-his-ayurved-enterprise-into-an-fmcg-empire-115062800143_1.html|title=Ramdev turns his Ayurved enterprise into an FMCG empire|date=28 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes>{{cite news|url=http://indiatimes.com/news/india/here%E2%80%99s-why-baba-ramdev%E2%80%99s-200-crore-empire-is-making-corporate-india-uncomfortable-229410.html|title=Here's Why Baba Ramdev Is Making Corporate India Uncomfortable|publisher=Indiatimes|date=13 January 2015|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115064733/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/heres-why-baba-ramdevs-200-crore-empire-is-making-corporate-india-uncomfortable-229410.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/we-plan-to-open-patanjali-outlets-at-rly-stations-airports-ramdev/article7231521.ece|title=We plan to open Patanjali outlets at Railway stations, airports: Ramdev|date=21 May 2015|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115064622/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/|url-status=live}}</ref> The company opened Patanjali Paridhan, a clothing store in Delhi, in November 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saini |first1=Sonam |title=Patanjali's fashion foray: Baba Ramdev's company turns to apparel after creating ripples in FMCG |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/patanjalis-desi-fashion-vibes-after-creating-ripples-in-fmcg-ramdevs-company-turns-to-apparel/1490607/ |access-date=26 May 2021 |work=Financial Express |date=18 February 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115064617/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/patanjalis-desi-fashion-vibes-after-creating-ripples-in-fmcg-ramdevs-company-turns-to-apparel/1490607/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Sales and distribution==
In May 2016, the company had nearly 4,700 retail outlets.<ref name="indiatimes" /><ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news|date=13 January 2015|title=Baba Ramdev expands empire beyond yoga to FMCG|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-13/news/58024735_1_fmcg-business-fmcg-companies-patanjali-ayurved|access-date=18 January 2015|archive-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510204237/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-13/news/58024735_1_fmcg-business-fmcg-companies-patanjali-ayurved|url-status=dead}}</ref> Patanjali also sells its products online, and is planning to open outlets at [[Indian Railways|railway stations]] and [[List of airports in India|airports]].<ref name="India Today">{{Cite news|title=Ramdev's Patanjali Ayurved enters big retail with Future Group tie-up|publisher=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/ramdevs-patanjali-ayurved-enters-big-retail-with-future-group-tie-up-267388-2015-10-09}}</ref> The company joined Pittie Group and [[Kishore Biyani]]'s [[Future Group]] on 9 October 2015,<ref name=indiatimes/> making its products available in Future Group outlets.<ref name="Nayi Duniya">{{cite news|date=9 October 2015|title=Ramdev products available in Big bazaar|publisher=Nayi Duniya|url=https://www.naidunia.com/business/commodity-baba-ramdev-signs-deal-with-future-group-503056}}</ref><ref name="Future group and Patanjali tie-up">{{cite news|date=9 October 2015|title=Future group and Patanjali tie-up|publisher=Patrika|url=http://www.patrika.com/news/industry/future-group-to-tie-up-with-baba-ramdev-s-patanjali-1117705}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|date=9 October 2015|title=Future Group partners Patanjali Ayurveda|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/future-group-shares-gain-on-tieup-with-ramdevs-patanjali/article7743470.ece|access-date=14 October 2015|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115064618/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/future-group-shares-gain-on-tieup-with-ramdevs-patanjali/article7743470.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Patanjali Ayurveda products are also available at [[Reliance Industries|Reliance Retail]], [[HyperCity|Hyper City]] and Star Bazaar.<ref name=indiatimes/><ref name="Amar Ujala">{{cite news|date=18 December 2014|title=Patanjali products to be sold in Khadi bhandars|publisher=Amar Ujala|url=http://www.amarujala.com/feature/samachar/national/patanjali-prodocts-will-be-sold-on-khadi-bhandar-hindi-news-ss}}</ref><ref name="ABP Live">{{cite news|date=25 August 2015|title=Baba Ramdev's Patanjali Ayurveda to make, sell DRDO food products|publisher=ABP Live|url=http://www.abplive.in/india/2015/08/25/article694304.ece/Baba-Ramdevs-Patanjali-Ayurveda-to-make-sell-DRDO-food-products}}</ref><ref name="HuffPost India">{{cite news|date=24 August 2015|title=Baba Ramdev's Patanjali Ayurveda To Sell DRDO Food Products|publisher=HuffPost India|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/08/24/ramdev-drdo_n_8029430.html}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">[http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/patanjali-ayurved-to-invest-rs-1150-crores/article8524025.ece] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115065131/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/patanjali-ayurved-to-invest-rs-1150-crores/article8524025.ece|date=15 January 2024}} "Patanjali Ayurved to invest Rs 1,150 crores, eyes doubling revenue" The Hindu</ref> The company had a target revenue of {{INRConvert|10000|c}} revenue in 2016–17, after sales increased by 150 percent in the previous financial year to {{INRConvert|5000|c}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/baba-ramdev-s-patanjali-aims-to-double-its-revenue-to-rs-10-000-cr-in-2016-17-116042700061_1.html|title=Baba Ramdev's Patanjali aims to double its revenue to Rs 10,000 cr in 2016-17|first=Arnab|last=Dutta|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=27 April 2016|access-date=16 March 2018|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

Patanjali Ayurved's advertisement and sales promotion expenses in FY24 rose by 145.46% compared to FY23, increasing from Rs 173.13 crore to Rs 424.7 crore<ref>{{Cite web |last=bureau |first=afaqs! news |date=2024-09-05 |title=Patanjali's ad spends increase by 145% YoY to Rs 424.7 crore in FY2024 |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/patanjalis-ad-spends-increase-by-145-to-rs-4247-crore-in-fy2024?utm_source=mailer&utm_medium=eveninger-Sep-5-2024&utm_campaign=eveninger-news/advertising/patanjalis-ad-spends-increase-by-145-to-rs-4247-crore-in-fy2024-newsletter-Sep-5-2024 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=afaqs! |language=en}}</ref>

==Acquisition==
In December 2019, Patanjali reportedly acquired bankrupt [[Ruchi Soya|Ruchi Soya Industries]] for {{INRConvert|4350|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Patanjali Completes Acquisition Of Ruchi Soya|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/patanjali-completes-acquisition-of-ruchi-soya|website=BloombergQuint|date=18 December 2019 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-02|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115065132/https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/patanjali-completes-acquisition-of-ruchi-soya|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[FMCG in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==External links==
*{{official website}}

[[Category:2006 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Ayurvedic companies]]
[[Category:Companies based in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Patanjali Ayurved]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical industry in India]]
[[Category:Ramdev]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]

Jagaddhatri Puja

2026-02-14T14:03:42Z

Vemareddy: New The Article More To Come - done

{{Short description|Festival dedicated to Goddess Jagaddhatri, aspect of goddess Durga}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Burima 2024, Krishnanagar.jpg
| caption = Ma Jagadhatri (Burima) 2024, Chasapara Barowari, Krishnanagar.
| name = Jagaddhatri / Jagadhatri / Mahadurga
| affiliation = [[Mahadevi]], [[Parvati]], [[Durga]], Jagaddhatri, [[Mahadurga]], Uma Haimavati
| mantra = ॐ महादेव्यै बिद्महे, सिंहवाहिन्यै धीमहि, तन्नो देवी प्रचोदयात॥
| weapon = [[Chakram]], [[Bow (weapon)|Bow]], [[Arrow]], [[conch]]
| consort = [[Shiva]]
| mount = [[Lion]]
| planet =
| color = [[Red]] and [[green]]
}}
'''Jagaddhatri Puja''' is a Hindu festival. It is famous in [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]] in [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[Chandannagar]], [[Rishra]] and [[Singur]] in [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] and [[Ichapore|Ichhapur]] Nawabgunj in [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]] in [[West Bengal]] where it is celebrated either for five days<ref>{{cite news |date=23 November 2023 |title=A Glimpse Of The Spectacular Lighting In Chandannagar On The Occasion Of Jagadhatri Puja |url=https://news.abplive.com/photo-gallery/lifestyle/chandannagar-jagadhatri-puja-lighting-pictures-1644659 |access-date=11 December 2024 |work=[[ABP News|ABP Live]] |quote=Jagadhatri Puja is joyously celebrated in West Bengal, particularly in Chandannagar in the Hoogly district, where the lighting and extravaganza steels the show.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mewari |first1=Neha |date=10 November 2024 |title=Jagaddhatri Puja 2024 Date, Time, Significance |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/religion/jagaddhatri-puja-2024-date-time-significance-article-12861736.html |access-date=12 December 2024 |work=[[Moneycontrol]] |quote=This puja is an integral part of the Bengali religious calendar and is especially prominent in areas like Hooghly, Kolkata, and various other parts of West Bengal.}}</ref> or on the ''Navami tithi'' only. Her worship and rituals are derived from [[Tantra]]. It is believed that her worship frees her devotees from ego and all other materialistic desires.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fell McDermott |first=Rachel |title=Revelry, Rivalry, and Longing for the Goddesses of Bengal: The Fortunes of Hindu Festivals |publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=9 November 2024 |title=আলোয় ভাসছে চন্দননগর, অষ্টমী-সন্ধ্যায় জনতার স্রোত একের পর এক বারোয়ারির উদ্দেশে |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/howrah-hooghly/many-people-gather-in-chandannagar-for-pandel-hoping-in-jagadhatri-puja-dgtld/cid/1559315 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn}}</ref>

According to the [[Puranas]], Jagadhatri is the incarnation of [[Siddhidhatri]]. She is also said to be the combined form of Sri [[Bhuvaneshwari]] and [[Durga]]. In some Tantras and in [[Shiva Purana]] she is known as ''Uma Haimavati''. In ''Katyayini Tantra'' she is also known as ''Mahadurga''. In Bengal, Jagaddhatri puja is celebrated as the comeback of Devi, specifically in [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], [[Chandannagar]], [[Rishra]], [[Singur]] and [[Guptipara]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Oindrilla |date=1 November 2022 |title=Chandannagar, 'City of Lights' Shines for Jagadhatri Puja as Bengal Soaks in Festive Spirit |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/chandannagar-city-of-lights-shines-for-jagadhatri-puja-as-bengal-soaks-in-more-festive-spirit-6287431.html |access-date=11 December 2024 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 November 2024 |title=চন্দননগরের সব থেকে বড় প্রতিমা 'রানিমা', কী ভাবে দেবী পেলেন এমন নাম, জানুন কাহিনি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/ananda-utsav/puja-parikrama/learn-the-story-behind-chandannagars-largest-jagadhatri-idol-ranima-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1558289?slide=1 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=3 November 2022 |title=West Bengal: Jagadhatri Puja is in full swing in Chandannagar |url=https://theprint.in/india/west-bengal-jagadhatri-puja-is-in-full-swing-in-chandannagar/1194768/ |access-date=11 December 2024 |work=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref>

== History of worship ==
[[File:Jagaddhatri_Krishnanagar_Rajbati.jpg|thumb|267x267px|Jagatdhatri Puja at Krishnanagar Royal Palace|left]]
There are variations regarding the history of worship of the goddess in Bengal. The popular narrative states that the worship was begun by [[Maharaja Krishnachandra]] of Krishnanagar, Nadia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Suparna |date=6 November 2024 |title=ইতিহাস থেকে জানা যায় এই পুজো শুরু হয় কৃষ্ণনগরে। রাজা কৃষ্ণচন্দ্র স্বপ্নাদেশ পেয়ে এই পুজো শুরু করেন। |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/jagadhatri-puja-2024-live-telecast-information-of-chandannagars-immersion-procession/ |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref> However, as per local history, the worship of goddess Jagatdhatri was first established by Chandrachur Tarkamani of Santipur who made an idol of the goddess at the behest of Raja Girishchandra. At the time only ''ghat puja'' was conducted at [[Krishnanagar, Nadia]] in Bengal. Idol worship of the goddess was initiated in the village of Bramhasason, which is located in Haripur in Santipur, Nadia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jagadhatri Puja 2022: There are different opinions about the history of Jagadhatri Puja. History says that the first puja started in a tree |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/where-did-jagaddhatri-puja-begin-history-tells-about-a-shantipur-31667362521347.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110060901/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/where-did-jagaddhatri-puja-begin-history-tells-about-a-shantipur-31667362521347.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 10, 2022 |access-date=Nov 2, 2022 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Furthermore, the Jaleshwara temple of Shantipur (1665) and Raghaveshwara Temple (1669) have the idol of the goddess inside the sanctum sanctorum as well as carved on the temple walls. So, her worship may have been known in Nadia long before Krishna Chandra.<ref name="ZeeNewsArticle">{{cite news |title=Jagaddhatri Puja: Who started Jagaddhatri Puja in Bengal and where? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/lifestyle/jagaddhatri-puja-in-bengal-first-celebrated-specfically-in-krishnanagar-by-maharaja-krishnachandra_448085.html |access-date=October 31, 2022 |website=Zee News}}</ref>

At Krishnanagar, Raj Rajeshwary Jagatdhatri Puja is one of the oldest in Bengal. As per local history, [[Maharaja Krishnachandra]] was arrested by Nawab Alivardi Khan once for not paying taxes on time. He was released from prison during the day of [[Vijaya Dashami]]. Having missed the entire festivity of Durga Puja in his kingdom, Maharaja became extremely sad. Seeing her devotee sad, the ultimate mother, Goddess Jagaddhatri gave Maharaja a vision and the king commenced the ritual of Jagatdhatri Puja in his native place.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chowdhuri |first=Soumita |date=9 November 2021 |title=Jagadhatri Puja 2021: স্বপ্নাদেশে, কৃষ্ণনগরেই প্রথম জগদ্ধাত্রী পুজো শুরু করেন রাজা কৃষ্ণচন্দ্র! জানুন অজানা ইতিহাস |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/dharm-religion/story/jagadhatri-puja-2021-origin-history-significance-krishnanagar-and-chandannagar-pictures-raja-krishna-chandra-started-krishnanagar-rajbari-puja-after-seeing-dreams-soc-312304-2021-11-09 |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |location=[[Kolkata]] |language=bn}}</ref> The puja was performed by Raj Rajeshwary (Raj Mata in Bengali language) and there is another rumour before the start, a Jagatdhatri Puja was donated by Maharaja Krishna Chandra named Maa Jaleshwari at "Malopara Barowary".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Biswabrata |date=21 November 2023 |title=How '11 contribution transformed Malopara's Puja in Krishnagar |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/how-11-contribution-transformed-maloparas-puja-in-krishnagar-1503242603.html |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref> The worship of the goddess was later resumed by [[Sarada Devi]], wife of Ramakrishna.<ref>{{cite news |title=The legends of Jagadhatri Puja |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/religion/legends-jagadhatri-puja-1502818059.html |website=The Statesman}}</ref>
[[File:Burima 2025 Sovayatra, Krishnanagar.jpg|thumb|232x232px|'''Burima 2025 Sovayatra, Krishnanagar''']]
The Jagatdhatri puja of Bose family and Chatterjee family, Palpara and Bhavanipur, deserves a special mention in this regard.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 November 2024 |title=শুধু চন্দননগর নয়, কলকাতার বহু বনেদি বাড়িতে হয় শতাব্দীপ্রাচীন জগদ্ধাত্রী পুজো, জেনে নিন হদিস |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/ananda-utsav/puja-parikrama/a-list-of-jagadhatri-puja-of-kolkatas-bonedi-families-which-are-more-than-100-years-old-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1558405?slide=2 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn}}</ref> The puja of Bose family initially used to be held in their ancestral home in Murshidabad. Folklore has it that this puja was started in 1788. The puja was later shifted to its present location in Chandannagar, where many of the family members now live. The exact history of the deity is unknown, but family records date it back to 1640. In Chatterjee family this puja originates from 1700 in Srirampur which later was shifted to Chatterjee's official ancestral home in 1936 by Hari Mohan Chatterjee. For over 40 years it remained the centre of attraction during the festivities. After the demise of Hari Mohan Chatterjee the puja was continued by 3 generations by Shashanka Chatterjee, Nilanka Chatterjee (Son of Late Shashanka Chatterjee) and at present by Tirthanka Chatterjee and Ankita Chatterjee (children of Nilanka and Jayeeta Chatterjee). In 2023 the puja got shifted again for the 2nd time in 200 years to Bangalore, marking a historic shift to South of India. The Puja is continued by Chatterjees with all grandeur and tradition dating back centuries.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 October 2017 |title=Overflowing with Ecstasy |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/overflowing-with-ecstasy-1502517398.html |access-date=23 November 2017 |work=The Statesman}}</ref>
Researcher Mohit Roy has noted that Jagadhatri vigraha from [[Barisal]] is from the 8th Century. Currently, the vigraha is in the Ashutosh Museum (Kolkata). One must note that such Simha-Vahini vigrahas have been discovered plenty, particularly from western Bengal.

The first textual mention of Jagadhatri puja comes from ''Kalviveka'' of Smarta Shulapani, dated approximately from 1375 to 1460.<ref name="ZeeNewsArticle" /> Later Smartas "Brihaspati Raymukut" and "Srinatha Acharya Churamani" have mentioned the goddess in their work.

The time in which she is worshipped, [[Shukla Paksha|Shukla]] Paksha of the pious month of [[Kārtika (month)|Kartika]], especially the [[Tithi]] of [[Navami]], is very auspicious.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Sritama |date=21 September 2024 |title=জগদ্ধাত্রী পুজো ২০২৪ এবার নভেম্বরের প্রথমের দিকেই, দেখে নিন তারিখ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/astrology/jagadhatri-puja-2024-date-according-to-panjika-astrology-know-the-significance-31726916141238.html |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}</ref> In ancient times, it was known as [[Chandi|Chandika]] Puja. According to Smritisagara and Mahamohopadhhaya Panchanan Tarkaratna, it is the day to worship [[Parvati|Uma]].<ref>{{cite news |date=23 November 2020 |title=Jagadhatri Puja: Know how this avatar of the Mother Goddess came into being |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religion/article/jagadhatri-puja-2020-know-how-this-avatar-of-the-mother-goddess-came-into-being/685334 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] |quote=The term Jagadhatri literally means the holder of the Universe, and therefore, she is believed to be the one who guards and shields every life on this planet. The festivities begin on the Saptami Tithi of the Kartik Shukla Paksha, but the main puja is held on the Navami Tithi.}}</ref>

The oldest temple of the goddess is in Somra (Hooghly), also known as [[Mahavidya]] temple. It was established in 1621 CE. The worship of the goddess takes place in the Dekhuria village as well in [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]. Still older is the Jagadhatri puja of Baligram village (Jiaganj, [[Murshidabad]]), dated back to five hundred years ago. Bandyopadhyay family of Mirhat of [[Kalna City|Kalna]] are observing Jagadhatri puja for more than four hundred years. Jagadhatri puja is the main Puja of Dhatrigram, Baidyapur & Mirhat of [[Kalna City|Kalna]].<ref>{{cite news |date=7 November 2024 |title=কালনার ৩০০ বছরের প্রাচীন জগদ্ধাত্রী পুজোয় দেবীর পুজো: তৎকালীন চন্দ্রপতি গোষ্ঠীর এক গৃহবধূ স্বপ্নাদেশ পান এবং বাড়ির কাছে পুকুরে দেবী জগদ্ধাত্রীর সাক্ষাৎ মেলে। এর পরেই সেই স্থানে হোগলাপাতার ছাউনি দিয়ে গড়া হয় মণ্ডপ। সেখানেই প্রথম দেবীর পুজো শুরু হয়। |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/ananda-utsav/puja-parikrama/burdwan-kalnas-300-year-old-jagadhatri-puja-where-debi-worshiped-with-various-types-of-fishes-dgtl/cid/1558509 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn}}</ref> The 350-year-old Chandrapati family's kuladevi is Jagrata.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 November 2024 |title=মূর্তি যেন আকাঁশছোয়া! রইল চন্দননগরের সবচেয়ে উঁচু ৫ টি প্রতিমার হদিস |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/ananda-utsav/puja-parikrama/top-5-tallest-jagadhatri-idol-in-chandannagar-you-should-visit-this-jagadhatri-puja-2024-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1558504?slide=1 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn}}</ref>

== Festivities ==
[[File:The_Goddess_of_Jagadhatri_at_Chandannagar_day_of_nabami_IMG_20161109_112445.jpg|thumb|250x250px|The Goddess of Jagatdhatri at Chandannagar day of Navami puja]]
Jagatdhatri Puja is very popular in [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], [[Chandannagar]], [[Tehatta]], [[Rishra]], [[Singur]], [[Howrah]], [[Bhadreswar, Hooghly|Bhadreswar]], (Sutragarh-Santipur), [[Boinchi]] and [[Ashoknagar Kalyangarh|Ashoknagar-Kalyangarh]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Tarun |date=17 November 2023 |title=Chandannagar alpana now an integral part of Jagadhatri Pujas |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/chandannagar-alpana-now-an-integral-part-of-jagadhatri-pujas-1503241504.html |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Sritama |date=6 November 2024 |title=জগদ্ধাত্রী পুজো ২০২৪-য় তেঁতুলতলার মায়ের পরনে ২৪০রও বেশি শাড়ি! রীতি একনজরে |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/jagadhatri-puja-2024-in-tentultola-ritual-story-significance-31730899444848.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212095028/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/jagadhatri-puja-2024-in-tentultola-ritual-story-significance-31730899444848.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 12, 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pal Chowdhury |first1=Suchinta |date=11 November 2024 |title=পরনে শাড়ি, মাথায় ঘোমটা, ভদ্রেশ্বরের তেঁতুলতলায় জগদ্ধাত্রীবরণে পুরুষরাই |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/men-of-bhadreswar-tetultala-are-participating-in-rituals-wearing-saree-in-jagadhatri-puja/ |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref>

The Jagadhatri puja of [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]] is a visual and spiritual celebration to see.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 October 2022 |title=Chandannagore celebrates Jagaddhatri Puja with great pomp and gaiety |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/in-pictures-jagaddhatri-puja-celebrations-in-chandernagore-photogallery/cid/1895150?slide=2 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Sritama |date=4 November 2024 |title=জগদ্ধাত্রী পুজো ২০২৪র নবমী কবে? রইল তারিখ, চন্দননগর থেকে কৃষ্ণনগরের নামী পুজোর তালিকা একনজরে |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/astrology/jagadhatri-puja-2024-date-time-tithi-according-to-astrology-panjika-31730705321979.html |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}</ref> During this time the city adorns itself with lots of lights, flowers, pandals and the likes.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 November 2024 |title=আলোকসজ্জায় থিমের বাহার, দেখুন জগদ্ধাত্রীর শোভাযাত্রা |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!state/immersion-procession-of-chandannagar-jagadhatri-puja-with-lighting-watch-video-west-bengal-news-wbs24111106488 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |language=bn}}</ref> Each year more than 5 lakh devotees come to Krishnanagar to be a part of this grandiose festival. There are more than 200 clubs and barowaris which organise Jagadhatri puja in the city. The Jagadhatri puja of Krishnagar is a perfect blending of devotion, emotion and celebration. The most popular Jagadhatri puja is the "Burima" of "Chasa Para", which was started in 1772.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 November 2024 |title=২৫০ বছর পেরিয়ে আজও কৃষ্ণনগরের জগদ্ধাত্রী পুজোর ঐতিহ্য বহন করে চলেছে শতাব্দীপ্রাচীন 'বুড়িমা' |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/ananda-utsav/puja-parikrama/the-legacy-of-krishnanagars-jagadhatri-puja-burima-draws-millions-of-devotees-every-year-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1558282 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Sritama |date=8 November 2024 |title=নদিয়ার কৃষ্ণনগরের জগদ্ধাত্রী পুজোয় আলাদা আকর্ষণ 'বুড়িমা'। জগদ্ধাত্রী পূজায় কৃষ্ণনগরে বুড়িমার পুজোর অষ্টমী-নবমীর অঞ্জলি কখন? রইল বলিদানের সময় |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/jagadhatri-puja-2024-date-time-tithi-of-worship-at-krishnanagore-burima-know-anjali-timing-31731050869611.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108094956/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/jagadhatri-puja-2024-date-time-tithi-of-worship-at-krishnanagore-burima-know-anjali-timing-31731050869611.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}</ref> This deity is called the Tirupathi of Krishnanagar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patra |first1=Subhankar |date=6 November 2024 |title=১৭৭২ সালে শুরু হয় কৃষ্ণনগর চাষাপাড়ার বুড়িমার পুজো। |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/religion/jagadhatri-puja-2024-schedule-of-burima-puja-of-krishnanagar/ |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref> Each year the idol is embellished with 150 kg gold and 150 kg silver ornaments with more than 10 benarasis and jamdanis.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Uttam |date=9 November 2024 |title=প্রায় ১০০ ভরি সোনায় সাজ দেবীর! তাকলাগানো মণ্ডপসজ্জা, চন্দননগরের এই পুজো না দেখলে পস্তাবেন! |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/west-bengal/chandannagar-helapukur-dhar-jagadhatri-puja-2024-7566463 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |language=bn}}</ref> Besides "Buri Maa", "Choto Maa" (the deity of Kathalpota Barowari), "Mejo Maa" (the deity of College Street Barowari) and "Maa Jaleswari" (the idol of Malo para Barowari) are also very famous.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Subhagata |date=9 November 2024 |title=কৃষ্ণনগরের বুড়িমার পুজোর নির্ঘণ্ট, চাষাপাড়া বারোয়ারি এবার ২৫২ তম বর্ষে রাখছে বিশেষ ব্যবস্থা। পুজোর দিন বেলা দশ'টা থেকে বিকেল চার'টে পর্যন্ত নির্দিষ্ট স্থান থেকেই ভোগ প্রসাদ বিতরণ করা হবে। |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/astrology/krishnanagar-jagadhatri-puja-2024-buri-maa-puja-timing-saptami-ashtami-navami-dashami-puja-date-time-fixture-l18-sdg-local18-1931546.html |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 November 2023 |title='Dangerously Beautiful': Internet Mesmerised By West Bengal's Dhuno Purono Festival |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/dangerously-beautiful-internet-mesmerised-by-west-bengals-dhuno-purono-festival-8673691.html |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |quote=Dhuno Porano is observed during the celebration of Jagadhhatri Puja where devotees perform the tradition with fire.}}</ref> There is also a ritual during immersion all the people from krishnanagar call it "Sang".

The beauty of the festival in Chandannagar is mainly due to the collaborative conception between the French and Bengalis.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 November 2016 |title=French connection: Jagaddhatri's homecoming to Chandernagore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/french-connection-jagaddhatris-homecoming-to-chandernagore/articleshow/55323723.cms |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Patra |first1=Subhankar |date=27 October 2024 |title=ফরাসি আমল থেকে রাজবেশে সাজেন মা, বহু ইতিহাসের সাক্ষী চন্দননগরের 'রানিমা'র পুজো |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/jagadhatri-puja-2024-puja-of-chandannagar-rani-ma/ |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref> Remarkable feature remaining its procession, second largest in the world after Rio de Janeiro's, with its magnificent lightings.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paul |first1=Satwik |date=11 December 2019 |title=Let there be light: Chandannagar's masters of illumination have brightened up festivals for years |url=https://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/let-there-be-light-chandannagars-masters-of-illumination-have-brightened-up-festivals-for-years-7749661.html |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Abhijit |date=30 October 2022 |title=Jagaddhatri Puja: Chandannagar in utmost festive mood |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/gallery/jagaddhatri-puja-2022-chandannagar-in-utmost-festive-mood-photogallery/cid/1895106?slide=1 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Subhagata |date=13 November 2024 |title=২৪ নয়, ৪৮ ঘণ্টা ধরে চলে চন্দননগরের জগদ্ধাত্রী নিরঞ্জন পর্ব! দেখুন চোখ ধাঁধাঁনো ছবি |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/south-bengal/jagadhatri-puja-2024-chandannagar-jagaddhatri-puja-does-not-end-in-24-hours-takes-at-least-48-hours-l18-sdg-local18-1945387.html |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |language=bn}}</ref>

== Jagadhatri Mela ==
[[File:Jagadhatri_Puja_2022.jpg|alt=Replica of Rashtrapati Bhavan in Bhanjpur Jagaddhatri Puja 2022|thumb|Replica of [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] in Bhanjpur Jagaddhatri Puja 2022|200x200px]]
[[File:Idol_of_Maa_Jagadhatri_2012.JPG|thumb|Idol of ''Maa [[Jagadhatri]]'' at [[Bhanjpur]] ''Jagadhatri Mela'', [[Baripada]](2012)|200x200px]]
After ''[[Ratha Yatra]]'', ''Jagadhatri Mela'' at [[Bhanjpur]] ''Jagadhatri Podia'', is the biggest ''mela'' of [[Baripada]], [[Odisha]]. It is the festival of Maa [[Jagadhatri]], Goddess of the whole world. There is an 8–15 day mela (carnival) also known as mini ''[[Bali Jatra]]'' named after [[Cuttack]]'s ''[[Bali Jatra]]'' which takes place at ''Jagadhatri Mela Podia'', Bhanjpur, near the Bhanjpur railway Station during the month of October–November. It is celebrated on ''Gosthastami''. It is also referred to as another ''Durga Puja'' as it also starts on ''Asthami tithi'' and ends on ''Dashami tithi''. The date of the ''puja'' is decided by the luni-solar Hindu calendar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Sudeshna |date=16 November 2018 |title=Britain's only Jagaddhatri in London |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/britain-s-only-jagaddhatri-in-london/cid/1675568 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

In 2012, the "Sarbajanin Maa Jagadhatri Puja"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagadhatri Puja and Mela, Bhanjpur on e-News Sites |url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20121121/2105451.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030151922/https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20121121/2105451.html |archive-date=2019-10-30 |access-date=2012-11-23}}</ref> has been started from 21 November. But the ''mela'' continued from 26 November to 7 December (for the first time it was for such a long period of 13 days). As the ''puja'' was celebrating its [[Diamond Jubilee]] for completing 60 years.

In 2013, the "Sarbajanin Maa Jagadhatri Puja" was started on 11 November. But to commemorate the loss of Odisha, specifically [[Mayurbhanj]] district and Baripada due to [[Phailin]] and post Phailin flood, the Cultural Program and it's live telecast on Blue Sky was cancelled. Still. the "mela" was held from 14 to 25 November 2013.

Every year its main attraction is the ''Puja Torana'' (''Pandal'') and the ''Mela''. The ''Pandal'' is decorated as a famous monument in 2011 it was a miniature of [[US Capitol Building]], United States. This year, it is [[Lalitha Mahal]], [[Mysore]]. From the year 2000 it has been a tradition to decorate the ''torana'' as a special infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 November 2024 |title=শুধু আলো নয়, বনকাপাসির শোলার সাজেই অদ্বিতীয় চন্দননগরের জগদ্ধাত্রী |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/video/jagadhatri-puja-2024-watch-a-short-story-on-bankapasi-village-popular-as-shola-gram-dgtl/cid/1558832 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn}}</ref> [[Tajmahal]] in [[Agra]], [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]] in [[Kolkata]], the ''[[Titanic]]'', [[Lotus Temple]] in [[New Delhi]], [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and many other monuments were also mimicked in the previous years since 2000 to 2006.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Subhagata |date=7 November 2024 |title=জাঞ্জিবার ডোমিনো টাওয়ার, ভ্যাটিকান সিটি থিমের মণ্ডপ! কোথায় হয়েছে বিশ্বের বৃহত্তম প্রতিমা? কৃষ্ণনগরের সেরা ৫ থিম পুজোর তালিকা |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/south-bengal/krishnagar-jagadhatri-puja-2024-check-out-the-top-five-theme-pandal-of-this-city-l18-sdg-local18-1937724.html |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |language=bn}}</ref> As a tribute to [[26/11]] Hotel [[Taj Mahal Palace & Tower]], [[Mumbai]] attack victims, the ''torana'' of the year 2009 is a lookalike of that hotel.

{{clear}}
== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="220">
File:Burima, Krishnanagar.jpg|'''Burima, Krishnanagar'''
File:Ma jagadhatri (Burima), Krishnanagar.jpg|'''Ma jagadhatri (Burima), Krishnanagar'''
File:Maa Joleshawari.jpg|'''Maa Joleshawari, Malopara Barowari, Krishnanagar'''
File:Ma Maheshawari, Boubajar Barowari, Krishnanagar.jpg|'''Ma Maheshawari, Boubajar Barowari, Krishnanagar'''
File:The Goddess of Jagadhatri at Ratanpur Baro Jagadhatri Tola of Singur.jpg|The Goddess of Jagadhatri at Ratanpur Baro Jagadhatri Tola of Singur
File:Jagaddhatri 2023.jpg|2023 Theme of Chandannagar Jagaddhatri Puja
File:Jagadhatri Mela 2012.JPG|''Jagadhatri Puja Torana'' 2012 designed as [[Lalitha Mahal]], [[Mysore]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commons cat}}
*[[List of festivals in West Bengal]]
*[[List of Hindu festivals]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]

Princely states of Pakistan

2026-02-13T05:07:46Z

Vemareddy: Put Up First Post Needs Work - done

{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Short description|Territories incorporated into Pakistan from 1947 to 1974}}{{Former administrative units of Pakistan}}

The '''Princely States of Pakistan''' ({{langx|ur|{{nq|پاکستان کی نوابی ریاستیں}}}}) were [[princely state]]s of the [[British Indian Empire]] which [[Instrument of accession|acceded]] to the new [[Dominion of Pakistan]] in 1947 and 1948, following the [[partition of India|partition of British India]] and its [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|independence]].

At the time of the withdrawal of British forces from [[Indian subcontinent|the subcontinent]] on 15 August 1947, [[West Pakistan]] was less than half of its ultimate size. The princely states were incorporated following a year of negotiations and interventions.<ref>Yaqoob Khan Bangash, ''A Princely Affair: The Accession and Integration of the Princely States of Pakistan, 1947-1955'' (Oxford University Press, 2015), introduction.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bangash |first=Yaqoob Khan |date=2022-08-14 |title=Winning Over The Princely States |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1704833 |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

== Options of the Princes ==

<div style="float:right;clear:right">[[File:NWB STMP.jpg|thumb|200px|Stamp of [[Sadiq Mohammad Khan V]], Amir of [[Bahawalpur]], as used in 1949]]</div>

{{princely states topics}}

With the withdrawal of the British from the Indian subcontinent, in 1947, the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian Independence Act]] provided that the hundreds of [[princely state]]s which had existed alongside but outside British India were released from all their [[subsidiary alliance]]s and other treaty obligations to the British, while at the same time the British withdrew from their treaty obligations to defend the states and keep the peace. The rulers were left to decide whether to accede to one of the newly independent states of [[Dominion of India|India]] or Pakistan (both formed initially from the [[British possessions]]) or to remain independent outside both.<ref>[[Ishtiaq Ahmed (political scientist)|Ishtiaq Ahmed]], ''State, Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia'' (London & New York, 1998), p. 99</ref> As stated by [[Sardar Patel]] at a press conference in January 1948, "As you are all aware, on the lapse of Paramountcy every Indian State became a separate independent entity."<ref>R. P. Bhargava, ''The Chamber of Princes'' (Northern Book Centre, 1991) [https://books.google.com/books?id=BAQgNE1uSEgC&pg=PA313 p. 313]</ref>

Only two rulers acceded to Pakistan in the first month of its independence, August 1947, while the others considered what to do, but most of those states with a Muslim majority population had acceded to Pakistan within a year, prompted in several cases by the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]].

The [[Instrument of Accession|Instruments of Accession]] made available for the rulers to sign transferred only limited powers to the Dominion of Pakistan, namely external relations, defence, and communications; in most cases signing was believed to leave the states in the position they had under the [[suzerainty]] of the British Crown. The [[Wali of Swat]] commented that the states' accession "did not change very much".{{sfnp|Axmann, Back to the Future|2008|p=273}} However, within a generation all of the princely states had lost their internal autonomy. The last to be annexed were [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]] and [[Nagar (princely state)|Nagar]], in October 1974.<ref>Lindsay Brown, Paul Clammer, Rodney Cocks, ''Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway'' (2008), p. 296</ref>

== Accession of Junagadh and Bantva Manavadar ==

{{Main|Annexation of Junagadh}}

The princely state of [[Junagadh State|Junagadh]], a coastal state on the [[Kathiawar]] peninsula, had a mostly Hindu population but a Muslim ruler, [[Muhammad Mahabat Khan III]], and in August 1947, he decided to accede to Pakistan, the first ruler of a state to do so. The Nawab's dewan, [[Shah Nawaz Bhutto]], delivered the Instrument of Accession to [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] in person, and on 13 September Jinnah accepted the accession. However, some of the Hindu subjects from the majority of the population revolted, and seeking to force the Nawab of Junagadh to change his decision, India imposed a blockade on the state.<ref>"Junagadh" in John Mcleod, ''Historical Dictionary of the British Empire'', Volume 1, p. 614: "In order to compel Mahabatkhanji to reverse his accession, India sent troops to the surrounding states and imposed a blockade"</ref> On 8 November, after giving up on all hope of assistance from Pakistan, Bhutto asked the Indian government to take over the administration of the state as a temporary measure to restore order.<ref>Achyut Yagnik, ''Shaping of Modern Gujarat'' (Penguin UK, 2005, {{ISBN|8184751850}})</ref> This arrangement was pending a final settlement through negotiations and did not mean that Junagadh had acceded to India.<ref name="Cheema2006">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AfFtAAAAMAAJ|title=Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah as Governor-General of Pakistan|author=Cheema|first=Iqtidar Karamat|publisher=Pakistan Study Centre, University of the Punjab|year=2006|isbn=978-969-8181-03-1|pages=42}}</ref> The Government of India installed a governor and arranged a [[referendum]] on the status of the state, which took place on 20 February 1948 and voted overwhelmingly for union with India.<ref>Srinath Raghavan, ''War and Peace in Modern India'' (2010), p. 63</ref> This led to the [[Indian integration of Junagadh|integration of Junagadh into India]].<ref>Rajmohan Gandhi, ''Patel: A Life'' (India: Navajivan, 1992), p. 292</ref> India maintained that it had not invaded Junagadh, but had taken it over only after the Nawab's government had completely collapsed.<ref name=legaljuna1>[https://revisitingindia.com/2013/08/28/accession-of-junagadh-farce-of-history/ Accession of Junagadh: Farce of History], revisitingindia.com, 28 Aug 2013.</ref>

[[Ghulam Moinuddin Khanji]], Khan of [[Bantva Manavadar]], a subordinate or vassal state of Junagadh, also signed an accession to Pakistan on 24 September 1947. The Indian police invaded [[Manavadar]] on 22 October, and the Khan was arrested. Following a plebiscite, the state was merged with the newly federated state of [[Saurashtra State|Saurashtra]] on 20 February 1949. The Khan was released as a result of the [[Liaquat–Nehru Pact]] of 8 April 1950. He lived in Karachi from 1951, where he continued to be recognized as a prince. He became president of the [[Pakistan Hockey Federation]] and died in 2003.<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/82136 KARACHI: Nawab Moinuddin laid to rest], dawn.com, 15 Feb 2003, accessed 29 October 2020</ref>

== Princely states in order of accession ==

===Bahawalpur===

[[File:Bahawalpur map.png|thumb|right|Bahawalpur]]

{{Main|Bahawalpur (princely state)}}

On 3 October 1947, after some delay, the Nawab (or Ameer) of [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]], Sir [[Sadiq Mohammad Khan V]], acceded his state to Pakistan, becoming the first ruler to do so successfully.<ref name=Wilcox>{{harvp|Wilcox, Pakistan: The Consolidation|1963|p=82}}</ref><ref>Umbreen Javaid, ''Politics of Bahawalpur: From State to Region, 1947-2000'' (2004), p. 115</ref> As tens of thousands of Muslim refugees flooded into the state from the new Dominion of India, the Ameer of Bahawalpur Refugee Relief and Rehabilitation Fund was instituted to provide for their relief. In 1953, the Ameer of Bahawalpur represented Pakistan at the [[Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II|coronation]] of [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]]. In 1955, he signed an agreement with the [[Governor-General of Pakistan]], [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Sir Malik Ghulam Muhammad]], under which Bahawalpur became part of the province of [[West Pakistan]], with effect from 14 October 1955, and the Ameer received a yearly [[privy purse]] of 32 lakhs of rupees (equivalent to £291,984 in 2026),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Table Data - Exchange Rate to U.S. Dollar for Pakistan {{!}} FRED {{!}} St. Louis Fed |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/data/FXRATEPKA618NUPN |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Antweiler |first=Werner |date=2024 |title=PACIFIC Exchange Rate Service Foreign Currency Units per 1 British Pound, 1950-2023 |url=https://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/etc/GBPpages.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=FX Pages}}</ref> keeping his titles.<ref>''The All Pakistan Legal Decisions'', vol. 30, part 2 (1978), p. 1,171</ref>

===Khairpur===

[[File:Khairpur map.gif|thumb|left|Khairpur]]

{{main|Khairpur (princely state)}}

The state of [[Khairpur (princely state)|Khairpur]] also acceded to Pakistan on 3 October 1947.<ref name=Wilcox/>{{sfnp|Siddiqi, The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan|2012|p=130}} [[George Ali Murad Khan]] (born 1934), who from 19 July 1947 to 14 October 1955 was the last Amir (or Nawab) of Khairpur, was a [[minor (law)|minor]] for much of his reign, so it was a [[Regent]], [[Mir Ghulam Hussain Khan Talpur]], who acceded to Pakistan on his behalf.<ref>Pakistan Constituent Assembly ''Debates: Official report'', vol. 1 (issues 1-1950, 1947), p. 152</ref>

In 1950, the Amir introduced a form of democracy, with universal adult franchise. In 1955, the state was integrated into West Pakistan.{{sfnp|Siddiqi, The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan|2012|p=130}} The royal privileges of the Amir were abolished in 1972.

The last Amir is one of the few surviving princes.<ref>Roger D. Long, Gurharpal Singh, Yunas Samad, Ian Talbot, ''State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security'' (Routledge, 2015, {{ISBN|9781317448204}}) pp. 94–95</ref>

===Chitral===

[[File:Chitral map.png|thumb|right|Chitral]]

{{Main|Chitral (princely state)}}

The Mehtar of [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]], [[Muzaffar ul-Mulk|Muzaffar-ul-Mulk]] (1901–1949), stated his intention to accede to Pakistan on 15 August 1947.<ref>Kuldip Singh Bajwa, ''Jammu and Kashmir War, 1947-1948'' (2003), p. 141</ref> However, his formal accession was delayed until 6 October.<ref name=Wilcox/>{{sfnp|Axmann, Back to the Future|2008|p=273}} He died in January 1949. His son, [[Saif-ur-Rahman]] (1926–1954), had been exiled by the Government of Pakistan and a board of administration composed of Chitrali noblemen was to govern the state in his absence. In October 1954, Saif-ur-Rahman was allowed to return from exile to take charge of Chitral, but he died in a plane crash on the way home, leaving his four-year-old son [[Mohammad Saif-ul-Mulk Nasir]] (1950–2011) as ruler. His uncle, [[Shahzada Asad ur-Rahman]], acted as regent until he came of age and was invested with full powers as Mehtar at [[Chitral Fort]] in May 1966.<ref name=CT>[http://www.chitraltimes.com/english11/newseng1424.htm Brief History of Ex Mehter Chitral HH Prince Saif ul Mulk Nasir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185433/http://www.chitraltimes.com/english11/newseng1424.htm |date=29 October 2013 }}, chitraltimes.com, accessed 31 October 2020</ref>

On 28 July 1969, President [[Yahya Khan]] announced the full integration of the states of Chitral, Dir, and Swat into Pakistan,<ref name=msak/> and the dispossessed young ruler, then aged nineteen, agreed to take up a diplomatic career. He joined the Foreign Service in 1973 and served as First Secretary at [[Ankara]], 1974–1979, as Deputy Chief of Protocol in the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], 1979–1985, and as Assistant Consul-General in [[Hong Kong]], 1985–1989.<ref name=CT/>

===Swat===

[[File:Swat_map.gif|thumb|left|Swat]]

{{Main|Swat (princely state)}}

The [[Wāli of Swat]], [[Wadud of Swat|Miangul Abdul Wadud]], acceded his state to Pakistan on 3 November 1947.<ref name=Wilcox/> The last Wali, [[Miangul Jahan Zeb]] (1908–1987), continued to exercise [[absolute rule]] until Pakistan took control, when on 28 July 1969 Yahya Khan announced the full integration of the states of Swat, Chitral, and Dir into Pakistan.<ref name=msak/><ref>Brown, Clammer, & Cocks (2008), p. 209</ref>

===Hunza===



{{Main|Hunza (princely state)}}

[[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]] was a small princely state to the north of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and had been subject to the [[suzerainty]] of the Maharaja of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] since 1891. In 1931, its population was reported as 13,241.<ref name=CIJK> ''Census of India, 1931, Volume XXIV: Jammu & Kashmir State, Part 1 – Report'' (India Census Commissioner Manager of Publications, 1933), p. 59</ref> Having once been under Chinese protection, after the departure of the British from the subcontinent in August 1947, Hunza received approaches from the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], which wished the Mir to return to Chinese protection. However, on 3 November 1947, the [[Mir of Hunza|Mir]] of Hunza, [[Mohammad Jamal Khan]] (1912-1976), who had been ruler only since 1946, sent a telegram to Jinnah stating that he wished to accede his state to the [[Dominion of Pakistan]].<ref>Z. H. Zaidi, ed., ''Jinnah Papers: The states: Historical and Policy Perspectives and Accession to Pakistan'', vol. VIII (Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, Government of Pakistan, 2003), p. 113</ref> This action came one week after the decision by Sir [[Hari Singh]], Maharajah of Kashmir, to accede to India, following the invasion by [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] [[Mehsud]] tribals, backed by Pakistani paramilitary forces,<ref name="Haroon2007">{{cite book|last=Haroon|first=Sana|title=Frontier of faith: Islam in the Indo-Afghan borderland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20VIdFUoC3UC&pg=PA179 |year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70013-9|pages=179–180}}</ref> in October 1947 under the code name "Operation Gulmarg" to seize Kashmir. On 27 October, [[Indian Army]] troops had moved into Kashmir. Hunza's formal accession took place on 18 November.<ref name=horizon>''Pakistan Horizon'', vol. 56, Issues 1-2, p. 57: "Hunza and Nagar acceded to Pakistan on November 18, 1947, but the northern regions have not been merged into Pakistan proper, pending the determination of the status of Jammu and Kashmir."</ref> On 25 September 1973, following local protests, the Mir's rule came to an end when [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], abolished the Mir's government and annexed the state to the [[Northern Areas (Pakistan)|Northern Areas of Pakistan]], under the federal government. Two years after his forced abdication, the Mir died.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

===Nagar===

[[File:Nagar_Map.gif|thumb|left|Nagar]]

{{Main|Nagar (princely state)}}

Nagar was another small valley state to the north of Kashmir and shared the language and culture of Hunza.<ref name=horizon/> In 1931 it had a population of 13,672, much the same as that of Hunza.<ref name=CIJK/> On 18 November 1947, its ruler, [[Mir Shaukat Ali Khan|Shaukat Ali Khan]] (1917–2003), who had come to the throne in 1940, joined his neighbour in acceding to Pakistan.<ref name=horizon/>

In 1968, [[Syed Yahya Shah]], a politician of the valley, demanded civil rights from the Mir of Nagar. On 25 September 1973, not long after the [[Pakistan People's Party]] under [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]] had come to power, the new government forced the last [[Mir of Nagar]], Brigadier [[Shaukat Ali Khan]], to abdicate his power, as with the [[Mir of Hunza]], and like Hunza, Nagar was merged into the Northern Areas, although the Mir of Nagar was left with some of his purely ceremonial role.<ref>''Pakistan Pictorial'' Issue 1 (Pakistan Publications, 1973), p. 8: "The Rajas of Punial, Ishkoman, and Gupis, as also the Mir of Nagar, have been allowed to retain their ceremonial rights, but the economic privileges, like levy of taxes for the entertainment of their guests, and other such, have been cancelled."</ref>

===Amb===

[[File:Amb_map.png|thumb|right|Amb]]

{{main|Amb (princely state)}}

On 31 December 1947, [[Muhammad Farid Khan]], Nawab of [[Amb (princely state)|Amb]], acceded to Pakistan.<ref name=Wilcox/><ref name="quaid">Z. H. Zaidi, [[iarchive:08-the-states-historical-and-policy-perspectives-and-ascension-to-pakistan/page/n39|CHRONOLOGY OF ACCESSION OF STATES TO PAKISTAN]] in ''Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: The States'' (Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, 1993), p. xxxix, via archive.org</ref> Amb continued to be an autonomous state within Pakistan until 1969, when following the death of the Nawab it was incorporated into the [[North West Frontier Province]] (now known as [[Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]]). In 1971, recognition of the royal status of the Nawabs by the Government of Pakistan came to an end.

A small state, in 1958 Amb was reported to have an area of {{convert|585|sqmi|km2|abbr=off|order=flip}} and a population of 48,656.<ref name=arm>Amiya Ranjan Mukherjee, ''Current Affairs'' (1958), p. 337</ref>

===Phulra===

[[File:Phulra_map.gif|thumb|left|Phulra]]

{{Main|Phulra}}

Phulra was a [[khanate]] near Amb, with a population of about 8,000 and an area of only {{convert|36|sqmi|km2|order=flip|abbr=off}}.<ref name=arm/> Almost all of its people lived in ninety-eight villages.<ref>''Memoranda on the Indian States'' (Published by Authority, 1939), p. 215</ref> Its last Khan, [[Nawab Abdul Latif Khan]], concurred with the Nawab of Amb's accession to Pakistan.. In 1949, the khanate came to an end when it was merged into the [[North West Frontier Province]].<ref>Sir Terence Creagh Coen, ''The Indian Political Service: A Study in Indirect Rule'' (1971), p. 144</ref>

===Dir===

[[File:Dir map.png|thumb|Dir]]

{{main|Dir (princely state)}}

The Nawab of [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]], Sir [[Nawab Shah Jahan Khan]], sent troops to support Pakistan in the [[First Kashmir War]] of 1947, and he signed an instrument of accession to Pakistan on 8 November. But it was not until 8 February 1948 that the state's accession was accepted by Jinnah as Governor-General.<ref name=Wilcox/><ref name=quaid/> In 1961, Yahya Khan exiled Jahan Khan and replaced him as Nawab with his son Mohammad Shah Khosru Khan, who was a Major General in the Pakistan Army, but the real control passed to the state's [[Political officer (British Empire)|political agent]]. On 28 July 1969, Yahya Khan announced that the states of Dir, Chitral, and Swat were being incorporated into Pakistan.<ref name=msak>Muhammad Sher Ali Khan, ''The elite minority, the princes of India'' (1989), p. 98: "On 28 July 1969, President Yahya Khan announced in a broadcast to the nation... that his administration had decided that the time has come to merge the states of Chitral, Dir and Swat in West Pakistan"</ref>

===Las Bela===

[[File:Las Bela Map.gif|thumb|left|Las Bela]]

{{main|Las Bela (princely state)}}

[[Las Bela (princely state)|Las Bela]]'s ruler [[Ghulam Qadir Khan]] (1920–1988) acceded to Pakistan on 7 March 1948, and the accession was accepted by Pakistan on 17 March.<ref name=Wilcox/><ref name=siddiqi/> The state was a member of the [[Baluchistan States Union]] from 3 October 1952 to 14 October 1955, but it retained its internal autonomy. That came to an end in 1955, when Las Bela was incorporated into the new West Pakistan province and became part of the [[Kalat District|Kalat division]]. In 1962, Las Bela was detached from West Pakistan and merged with the [[Federal Capital Territory (Pakistan)|Federal Capital Territory]] to form [[Karachi Division|Karachi-Bela]]. In 1970, it became the [[Lasbela District]] of the new province of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]].

===Kharan===

[[File:Kharan Map.gif|thumb|Kharan]]

{{Main|Kharan (princely state)}}

With an area of {{convert|18,508|sqmi|km2|order=flip|abbr=off}} and a population reported in 1951 as 33,833,<ref name=whitaker/> Kharan was one of the princely states of Balochistan which retained some degree of their independence for several years. Its last Nawab was [[Habibullah Khan Nausherwani]] (1897–1958), who was in power from 1911 until 1955.<ref>M. Epstein, ed., ''The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1942'' (1942), [https://books.google.com/books?id=N0vODQAAQBAJ&pg=PA166 p. 166]; ''West Pakistan District Gazetteers: Kharan'' (Printed at the West Pakistan Government Press, 1966), pp. 30–32</ref>

The state acceded to Pakistan on 17 March 1948, which was accepted on the same day.<ref name=Wilcox/> On 21 March 1948, the rulers of Kharan, Makran, and Las Bela all announced that they were acceding their states to the [[Dominion of Pakistan]].<ref name=siddiqi>Siddiqi (2012), p. 60: "The rulers of the states of Kharan, Makran and Lasbela announced their decision to join the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] on 21 March 1948 and their respective rulers signed the official documents."</ref>

===Makran===

[[File:Makran Map.gif|thumb|left|Makran]]

{{Main|Makran (princely state)}}

Also on 17 March 1948, [[Makran (princely state)|Makran]] acceded to Pakistan,<ref name=Wilcox/><ref name=siddiqi/> and on 3 October 1952, it formed the Baluchistan States Union with Kalat, Kharan and Las Bela. Makran was dissolved on 14 October 1955, when it was merged into the province of West Pakistan. In 1970, the area of the former state was organized as the [[Makran Division|Makran District]] (later the Makran Division) of the province of Baluchistan.

===Khanate of Kalat===

[[File:Kalat Map.gif|thumb|right|Kalat]]

{{main|Khanate of Kalat}}

The [[Khanate of Kalat]], which covered the substantial area of {{convert|53,995|sqmi|km2|order=flip|abbr=on}}, was reported in 1951 to have a population of 253,305.<ref name=whitaker>Joseph Whitaker, ''Whitaker's Almanack 1951'', vol. 83 (1951), p. 754: "the following States have also acceded to Pakistan : [[Khanate of Kalat|Kalat]], area {{convert|53,995|sqmi|km2|abbr=off|disp=sqbr}}, pop. 253.305; Kharan, area {{convert|18508|sqmi|km2|abbr=off|disp=sqbr}}, pop. 33,83a; Las Best, {{convert|7043|sqmi|km2|abbr=off|disp=sqbr}}, pop 69,067; The North West Frontier States of [[Amb (princely state)|Amb]], [[Chitral]], [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]]."</ref> It remained fully independent from 15 August 1947 until 27 March 1948, when its ruler, [[Ahmad Yar Khan]] (1904–1979), finally acceded to Pakistan. On 3 October 1952, the state of Kalat entered into the [[Baluchistan States Union]] with three neighbouring states, Kharan, Las Bela, and Makran, with the Khan of Kalat at the head of the Union with the title of Khan-e-Azam. The khanate came to an end on 14 October 1955, when it was incorporated into West Pakistan.<ref>Farhan Hanif Siddiqi, ''The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements'' (Routledge, 2012), pp. 58–62</ref>

On 20 June 1958, [[Ahmad of Kalat|Mir Sir Ahmad Yar Khan Ahmedzai]], the [[Khan of Kalat]], declared the [[Baluchistan]] revolt.<ref name="James Minahan">James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C'', vol. 1 (Greenwood Publishing, 2002, {{ISBN|978-0313321092}}), p. 258</ref> On 6 October 1958, the Balochistan police captured the [[Kalat Palace]] and arrested the Khan for sedition. The next day, [[Iskandar Mirza]] declared [[martial law]], which led to disturbances in Balochistan lasting about a year.<ref>Mohammed Yousuf, [http://www.despardes.com/articles/feb06/20060210-balochistan-crisis.asp Balochistan Tango] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527163109/http://www.despardes.com/articles/feb06/20060210-balochistan-crisis.asp |date=27 May 2008 }} at despardes.com</ref> The Khan was eventually forgiven and released.

==See also==

* [[Administrative units of Pakistan]]
* [[Former administrative units of Pakistan]]
* [[Divisions of Pakistan]]
* [[One Unit Scheme]]
* [[West Pakistan]]
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==

* {{citation |author=Martin Axmann |title=Back to the Future: The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baloch Nationalism, 1915–1955 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ngMAQAAMAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547645-3 |ref={{sfnref|Axmann, Back to the Future|2008}}}}
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* {{citation |last=Bangash |first=Y. K. |chapter=Constructing the state: Constitutional integration of the princely states of Pakistan |editor1=Roger D. Long |editor2=Gurharpal Singh |editor3=Yunas Samad |editor4=Ian Talbot |title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-44820-4 |pages=76–100}}
* {{citation |first=Navnita Chadha |last=Behera |title=Demystifying Kashmir |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2007 |isbn=978-8131708460 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC |ref={{sfnref|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007}}}}
* {{citation |first=Ian |last=Copland | title=The Princely States, the Muslim League, and the Partition of India in 1947 |journal=The International History Review |volume=13 |number=1 |date=Feb 1991 |pages=38–69 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1991.9640572 |jstor=40106322 |ref={{sfnref|Copland, The Princely States, the Muslim League and the Partition of India|1991}}}}
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* {{cite book |first=Farhan Hanif |last=Siddiqi |title=The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KN7fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-33697-3 |ref={{sfnref|Siddiqi, The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan|2012}}}}
* {{citation |last=Wilcox |first=Wayne Ayres |title=Pakistan: The Consolidation of a Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59y9OwAACAAJ |year=1963 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-02589-8 |ref={{sfnref|Wilcox, Pakistan: The Consolidation|1963}}}}

{{Princely states of Pakistan}}
{{Pakistan topics}}

[[Category:Princely states of Pakistan| ]]
[[Category:1974 disestablishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:States and territories of Pakistan]]

Pharmaceutical industry in Gujarat

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}

The '''Pharmaceutical industry in Gujarat''' ranks number one in India with a 33% share in [[drug manufacturing]] and a 28% share in drug exports. The state has 130 [[USFDA]] certified [[drug manufacturing]] facilities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-04 |title=Gujarat's pharma industry growth hits 'fever pitch' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarats-pharma-industry-growth-hits-fever-pitch/articleshow/103338812.cms |access-date=2023-09-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2021 |title=Gujarat Pharma Industry – Vibrant Gujarat |url=https://vibrantgujarat.com/assets/img/Sectors/8.%20Pharmaceuticals%20and%20Medical%20Devices_June%2021.pdf |website=[[Vibrant Gujarat]] |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406083231/https://vibrantgujarat.com/assets/img/Sectors/8.%20Pharmaceuticals%20and%20Medical%20Devices_June%2021.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Vadodara]] are considered as pharmaceutical hubs as there are many big and small pharma companies established in these cities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 March 2021 |title=Despite Covid-19, fresh investments flowing into Gujarat's pharma sector |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/despite-covid-19-fresh-investments-flowing-into-gujarats-pharma-sector/articleshow/81488146.cms |access-date=2023-04-05 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503094424/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/despite-covid-19-fresh-investments-flowing-into-gujarats-pharma-sector/articleshow/81488146.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2013 |title=Gujarat — pharmacy to the nation |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/Gujarat-%E2%80%94-pharmacy-to-the-nation/article20670957.ece |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407031818/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/Gujarat-%E2%80%94-pharmacy-to-the-nation/article20670957.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Gujarat]] is one of the major states in India and has a significant presence in the [[pharmaceutical industry]]. The state is home to several large pharmaceutical companies: [[Sun Pharma]]ceuticals ,[[Cadila Pharmaceuticals]], [[Torrent Pharmaceuticals]], [[Alembic Pharmaceuticals]], [[Intas Pharmaceuticals]], [[Zydus Lifesciences]], [[Amneal Pharmaceuticals]], USV Pharmaceuticals, [[Baxter International|Baxter]] Healthcare and Outsuka Pharma more.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2020 |title=Gujarat's pharma companies post net profit growth |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/states-top-pharma-cos-post-net-profit-growth/articleshow/77401498.cms |access-date=2023-04-05 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/states-top-pharma-cos-post-net-profit-growth/articleshow/77401498.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dalal |first=Ravi Shah, Devanshi |date=11 September 2019 |title=Gujarat – A Re-emerging Pharma Destination? |url=https://corporate.cyrilamarchandblogs.com/2019/09/gujarat-a-reemerging-pharma-destination/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=India Corporate Law |language=en-US |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406203151/https://corporate.cyrilamarchandblogs.com/2019/09/gujarat-a-reemerging-pharma-destination/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Overview==
[[Gujarat]] has become a hub for the [[pharmaceutical industry]], with several established companies such as [[Torrent Pharmaceuticals]], [[Zydus Lifesciences]], [[Cadila Pharmaceuticals]], [[Alembic Pharmaceuticals]], [[Sun Pharma]], Claris, [[Intas Pharmaceuticals]], and [[Dishman Pharmaceuticals and Chemicals|Dishman Pharmaceuticals]] having operations in the state. Gujarat currently has around 5000 drug manufacturing units and contributes 42 percent of India's pharmaceutical turnover and 22 percent of its exports as of 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharma Industry in Gujarat |url=https://btm.gujarat.gov.in/pharma-health-care-biotechnology.htm |website=GSBTM |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113070955/https://btm.gujarat.gov.in/pharma-health-care-biotechnology.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Over 52,000 individuals are employed in Gujarat's pharmaceutical sector, which has experienced a [[Compound annual growth rate|Compound Annual Growth Rate]] (CAGR) of 54 percent in capital investments over the last three years.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=5 January 2008 |title=Gujarat Pharma Industry in 2008 – KPMG |url=http://www.in.kpmg.com/pdf/gujarat-pharma08.pdf |website=[[KPMG]] |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421102004/http://www.in.kpmg.com/pdf/gujarat-pharma08.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2008 |title=Gujarat can emarge as global pharmaceutical hub: KPMG |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/gujarat-can-emarge-as-global-pharmaceutical-hub-kpmg/articleshow/2678862.cms |access-date=2023-04-05 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405164949/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/gujarat-can-emarge-as-global-pharmaceutical-hub-kpmg/articleshow/2678862.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gujarat's [[pharmaceutical industry]] holds a significant position in India, accounting for 40 percent of the country's total [[Pharmaceutical manufacturing|pharmaceutical production]] and 17 percent of its exports. The industry is valued at US$5.5 Billion.

==History==

* 1907: Alembic Pharmaceuticals, one of the oldest pharmaceutical companies in India, was established in [[Vadodara]], Gujarat. This was just six years after India's first domestic pharmaceutical unit, [[Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals|Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works]], was set up in [[Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Alembic pharma history |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/company/alembic-pharma-40294/information/company-history |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

During the 1940s and 50s, companies like The Gujarat Pharmaceutical and Chemical Works, Sarabhai Chemicals, Atul Products Ltd, Allied and Cadila Laboratories were established.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=How Gujarat Became the Pharma Hub of India |url=https://insider.finology.in/economy/gujarat-pharma-hub-of-india |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=insider.finology.in |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406102618/https://insider.finology.in/economy/gujarat-pharma-hub-of-india |url-status=live }}</ref>

* 1947: The Drugs Laboratory in Vadodara was established, followed by LM College of Pharmacy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L. M. College of Pharmacy |url=https://lmcp.ac.in/governance/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406101458/https://lmcp.ac.in/governance/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />
* 1989: The B.V. Patel Education Trust, [[Ahmedabad]] and Gujarat Branch of Indian Pharmaceutical Association (IPA) established the B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharma machinery units foraying into new markets |url=http://test.pharmabiz.com/chronicle%20specials/pharma-machinery-units-foraying-into-new-markets-99396 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=test.pharmabiz.com |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406220258/http://test.pharmabiz.com/chronicle%20specials/pharma-machinery-units-foraying-into-new-markets-99396 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Over the years, the pharmaceutical industry in Gujarat has grown significantly. The invested capital to labor ratio has risen significantly and the employment rate has almost doubled between 1979 and 1980 and 1997–98. There are currently around 3,500 drug manufacturing units in Gujarat, which employ over 52,000 individuals.<ref name=":1" />

* 2000: The [[Government of Gujarat]] declared the state a "pharma hub" and initiated several measures to promote the growth of the industry.
* 2003: Torrent Pharmaceuticals, one of the leading pharmaceutical companies in Gujarat, received US [[FDA approval]] for its manufacturing facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Torrent Pharma Share Price Today(06 Apr, 2023) – Torrent Pharma Share Price Live NSE/BSE |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/torrent-pharmaceuticals-ltd/stocks/companyid-8492.cms |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=The Economic Times |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607214106/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/torrent-pharmaceuticals-ltd/stocks/companyid-8492.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Company News: Company Business News, Indian Companies News, Company Analysis, Corporate Industry News |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331115713/https://www.business-standard.com/companies |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2005: Alembic Pharmaceuticals, another major pharmaceutical company in Gujarat, received US FDA approval for its manufacturing facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Alembic Pharmaceuticals 2006 |url=https://www.alembiclimited.com/Annual_Report/al-05-06.pdf |website=[[Alembic Pharmaceuticals]] |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530114317/https://www.alembiclimited.com/Annual_Report/al-05-06.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2008: The Gujarat Government announced a new pharmaceutical policy to attract more investment in the sector.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat govt framing new industry policy, to benefit pharma, biotech sectors |url=http://test.pharmabiz.com/news/gujarat-govt-framing-new-industry-policy-to-benefit-pharma-biotech-sectors-45812 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=test.pharmabiz.com |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406050629/http://test.pharmabiz.com/news/gujarat-govt-framing-new-industry-policy-to-benefit-pharma-biotech-sectors-45812 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2017: The Government of Gujarat signs 249 MoUs with pharmaceuticals cos attracting investments worth Rs. 150 billion at [[Vibrant Gujarat Summit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vibrant Gujarat Summit sees 25,578 agreements signed – The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/vibrant-gujarat-summit-sees-25578-agreements-signed/articleshow/56513543.cms |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407125012/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/vibrant-gujarat-summit-sees-25578-agreements-signed/articleshow/56513543.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat govt signs 249 MoUs with pharma cos attracting investments worth |url=http://test.pharmabiz.com/topnews/gujarat-govt-signs-249-mous-with-pharma-cos-attracting-investments-worth-span-class-webrupee-rs-span-15-000-cr-at-vibrant-gujarat-summit-99872 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=test.pharmabiz.com |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406053220/http://test.pharmabiz.com/topnews/gujarat-govt-signs-249-mous-with-pharma-cos-attracting-investments-worth-span-class-webrupee-rs-span-15-000-cr-at-vibrant-gujarat-summit-99872 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2020: India's first [[Medical device]]s manufacturing park announced in [[Rajkot]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2020 |title=Medical Devices Park soon at Rajkot |url=https://thehealthmaster.com/2020/01/20/medical-devices-park-soon-at-rajkot/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406054022/https://thehealthmaster.com/2020/01/20/medical-devices-park-soon-at-rajkot/ |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2020 |title=Rajkot to get Medical Device Park, Ankleshwar to get Bulk Drug Production Park: Rupani |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2020/01/18/rajkot-to-get-medical-device-park-ankleshwar-to-get-bulk-drug-production-park-rupani/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406054024/https://www.deshgujarat.com/2020/01/18/rajkot-to-get-medical-device-park-ankleshwar-to-get-bulk-drug-production-park-rupani/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2022: The Government of Gujarat announced bulk drug park in [[Jambusar]], [[Bharuch]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2022 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate ₹2500-cr bulk drug park in Jambusar |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-2500-cr-bulk-drug-park-in-jambusar/article65984364.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406052653/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-2500-cr-bulk-drug-park-in-jambusar/article65984364.ece |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 January 2023 |title=Drugs park in Bharuch: Leases to reduce API makers' capital expenses |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/drugs-park-leases-to-reduce-api-makers-capital-expenses/articleshow/97217517.cms |access-date=2023-04-06 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410161352/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/drugs-park-leases-to-reduce-api-makers-capital-expenses/articleshow/97217517.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2022 |title=Gujarat gets nod for bulk drug park in Jambusar |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-gets-nod-for-bulk-drug-park-in-jambusar/articleshow/93938922.cms |access-date=2023-04-06 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406052652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-gets-nod-for-bulk-drug-park-in-jambusar/articleshow/93938922.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat govt earmarks 2,000 acres of land for country's first bulk drug park at Jambusar |url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=154875&sid=1 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=www.pharmabiz.com |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406052653/http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=154875&sid=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2022 |title=India's first bulk drugs park to be set up in Gujarat's Bharuch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/indias-first-bulk-drugs-park-to-be-set-up-in-gujarat-s-bharuch-101662198068169.html |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406052653/https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/indias-first-bulk-drugs-park-to-be-set-up-in-gujarat-s-bharuch-101662198068169.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Government announces new Biotechnology Policy in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Minister Bhupendra Patel announces new Biotechnology Policy of Gujarat |url=https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/22/20694/chief-minister-bhupendra-patel-announces-new-biotechnology-policy-of-gujarat.html |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=www.biospectrumindia.com |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406054021/https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/22/20694/chief-minister-bhupendra-patel-announces-new-biotechnology-policy-of-gujarat.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cluster and SEZs ==
[[File:Gujarat Pharma Industry.svg]]
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="5" |Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cluster Pulse |url=https://www.clusterpulse.org/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.clusterpulse.org |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405173405/https://www.clusterpulse.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=iNDEXTb |url=https://indextb.com/sector/pharmaceutical-medical |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=indextb.com |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406054610/https://indextb.com/sector/pharmaceutical-medical |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
!Location
![[Ahmedabad]]
![[Vadodara]]
![[Ankleshwar]]
|-
!Occupants
|
{| class="wikitable"
!Company name
!Plant Location
|-
|[[Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd.]]
|Bhat, Ahmedabad
|-
|[[Zydus Cadila|Zydus Cadila Healthcare Ltd.]]
|Sarkhej, Ahmedabad
|-
|[[Intas Pharmaceuticals, Ltd.|Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd.]]
|Matoda, Ahmedabad
|-
|[[Cadila Healthcare|Cadila Healthcare Ltd.]]
|Dholka, Ahmedabad
|-
|[[Aurobindo Pharma|Aurobindo Pharma Ltd.]]
|Changodar, Ahmedabad
|-
|[[Biocon|Biocon Ltd.]]
|Kadi, Ahmedabad
|-
|Claris Lifesciences Ltd.
|Naroda, Ahmedabad
|-
|[[Dishman Pharmaceuticals and Chemicals|Dishman Pharmaceuticals and Chemicals Ltd.]]
|Naroda, Ahmedabad
|-
|[[Norma Group|Nirma Limited (Nirlife Division)]]
|Vatva, Ahmedabad
|-
|[[Sun Pharma|Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company Ltd. (SPARC)]]
|Thaltej, Ahmedabad
|-
|[[Cadila Pharmaceuticals|Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd.]]
|Santej, Ahmedabad
|-
|Eris Lifesciences Ltd.
|Santej, Ahmedabad
|-
|Gujarat Themis Biosyn Ltd.
|Vatva, Ahmedabad
|-
|Indoco Remedies Ltd.
|Moraiya, Ahmedabad
|-
|Lincoln Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
|Narol, Ahmedabad
|-
|[[Parenteral Drug Association|Parenteral Drugs (India) Ltd.]]
|Vatva, Ahmedabad
|-
|Saurav Chemicals Ltd.
|Changodar, Ahmedabad
|-
|[[Sterling Biotech|Sterling Biotech Ltd.]]
|Bavla, Ahmedabad
|-
|[[Unichem Laboratories|Unichem Laboratories Ltd.]]
|Naroda, Ahmedabad
|-
|[[Alembic Pharmaceuticals Ltd]].
|Panelav, Vadodara (near Ahmedabad)
|-
|Elico Healthcare Services Ltd.
|Sarkhej, Ahmedabad
|-
|Exemed Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd.
|Kadi, Ahmedabad
|-
|Flamingo Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
|Naroda, Ahmedabad
|-
|[[Gufic Biosciences]] Ltd.
|Changodar, Ahmedabad
|-
|[[Novartis|Novartis India Ltd.]]
|Changodar, Ahmedabad
|-
|Sarthak Biosciences Pvt. Ltd.
|Changodar, Ahmedabad
|-
|Shilpa Medicare Ltd.
|Dholka, Ahmedabad
|-
|Troikaa Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
|Dehgam, Ahmedabad
|-
|Zim Laboratories Ltd.
|Changodar, Ahmedabad
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
!Company name
!Plant Location
|-
|[[Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd]].
|Halol, Vadodara
|-
|[[Alembic Pharmaceuticals Ltd]].
|Panelav, Vadodara
|-
|[[Cadila Healthcare|Cadila Healthcare Ltd.]]
|Dholka, Vadodara
|-
|[[Merck & Co.|Merck Ltd.]]
|Savli, Vadodara
|-
|[[Sterling Biotech|Sterling Biotech Ltd.]]
|Padra, Vadodara
|-
|[[Novartis|Novartis India Ltd.]]
|Savli, Vadodara
|-
|[[Pfizer|Pfizer Ltd.]]
|Makarpura, Vadodara
|-
|[[Thermax|Thermax Ltd.]]
|Savli, Vadodara
|-
|Astec Lifesciences Ltd.
|Padra, Vadodara
|-
|[[Gujarat Fluorochemicals Ltd.]]
|Savli, Vadodara
|-
|[[Sanofi India|Sanofi India Ltd.]]
|Savli, Vadodara
|-
|Jubilant Life Sciences Ltd.
|Savli, Vadodara
|-
|[[Sandoz|Sandoz Pvt. Ltd.]]
|Savli, Vadodara
|-
|[[Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd.]]
|Indrad, Vadodara
|-
|[[Ipca Laboratories|IPCA Laboratories Ltd.]]
|Piparia, Vadodara
|-
|[[Alembic Pharmaceuticals|Alembic Pharma Ltd.]]
|Karakhadi, Vadodara
|-
|[[Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd.]]
|Makarpura, Vadodara
|-
|[[Sun Pharma|Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company Ltd.]]
|Vadodara, Vadodara
|-
|Aleor Dermaceuticals Ltd.
|Panelav, Vadodara
|-
|J.B. Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
|Karakhadi, Vadodara
|-
|[[Alembic Group|Alembic Limited]]
|Vadodara, Vadodara
|-
|Chemo Pharma Laboratories Limited
|Savli, Vadodara
|-
|[[Zydus Cadila|Zydus Cadila Healthcare Limited]]
|Jarod, Vadodara
|-
|[[Alkem Laboratories|Alkem Laboratories Limited]]
|Panelav, Vadodara
|-
|Genus Pharmaceuticals
|Padra, Vadodara
|-
|[[Intas Pharmaceuticals|Intas Pharmaceuticals Limited]]
|Kadi, Vadodara
|-
|Indoco Remedies Limited
|Savli, Vadodara
|-
|Sava Healthcare Limited
|Savli, Vadodara
|-
|Bestochem Formulations India Limited
|Vadodara, Vadodara
|-
|Shilpa Medicare Limited
|Padra, Vadodara
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
!Company name
!Plant Location
|-
|Zydus Cadila Healthcare Ltd.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|-
|Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|-
|Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|-
|Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|-
|Wockhardt Ltd.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|-
|Aurobindo Pharma Ltd.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|-
|Cadila Healthcare Ltd.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|-
|Jubilant Life Sciences Ltd.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|-
|Macleods Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|-
|Nectar Lifesciences Ltd.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|-
|Unimark Remedies Ltd.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|-
|Resonance Laboratories Pvt. Ltd.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|-
|Eris Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|-
|Indoco Remedies Ltd.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|-
|Medley Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|-
|Meghmani Organics Ltd.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|-
|Cachet Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|-
|S Kant Healthcare Ltd.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|-
|Nutraplus India Ltd.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|-
|Corel Pharma Chem.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|-
|Stadmed Pvt. Ltd.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|-
|Kemwell Biopharma Pvt. Ltd.
|Ankleshwar, GIDC Industrial Estate
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
!Cluster
!Companies
|-
|[[Bharuch]]
|Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Lupin Ltd., Wockhardt Ltd., Zydus Cadila Healthcare Ltd., Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
|-
|[[Vapi]]
|Cipla Ltd., Aarti Drugs Ltd., IPCA Laboratories Ltd., Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Macleods Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
|-
|[[Valsad]]
|Unichem Laboratories Ltd., Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Zydus Cadila Healthcare Ltd., Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
|}
|-
!Types
|Finished Dosages, Contract manufacturing
|Finished Dosages, Biogenerics
|APIs, Formulations, Vaccines
|APIs, Finished Dosages
|-
!Exports
|High
|High
|Medium
|Medium
|-
!Market/ Resource/ Infrastructure-based
|Market and Infrastructure-based
|Market and Infrastructure-based
|Resource-based
|Resource-based
|}

==Largest companies==

=== By market capitalization ===

Top 6 public pharmaceutical companies in [[Gujarat]] by market capitalization as of April 2023.<ref name=":6" />

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+
!Rank
!Company
!Location
! width="300" |Market capitalization (April 2023)
!Ref(s)
|-
| align="center" | 1||[[Torrent Pharmaceuticals]]
| [[Ahmedabad]]|| align="right" |{{INRconvert|534|b}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Torrent Pharmaceuticals (TORNTPHARM.NS) – Market capitalization |url=https://companiesmarketcap.com/torrent-pharmaceuticals/marketcap/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=companiesmarketcap.com |language=en-us |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406063402/https://companiesmarketcap.com/torrent-pharmaceuticals/marketcap/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2||[[Zydus Lifesciences]]
| [[Ahmedabad]]|| style="text-align:right;" |{{INRconvert|499|b}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zydus Lifesciences (ZYDUSLIFE.NS) – Market capitalization |url=https://companiesmarketcap.com/zydus-lifesciences/marketcap/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=companiesmarketcap.com |language=en-us |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406063404/https://companiesmarketcap.com/zydus-lifesciences/marketcap/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 3||[[Lupin Limited|Lupin]]
| [[Ahmedabad]]|| align="right" |{{INRconvert|299.67|b}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lupin Limited (LUPIN.NS) – Market capitalization |url=https://companiesmarketcap.com/lupin/marketcap/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=companiesmarketcap.com |language=en-us |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406063402/https://companiesmarketcap.com/lupin/marketcap/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 4||[[Alembic Pharmaceuticals]]
| [[Vadodara]]|| align="right" |{{INRconvert|108|b}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alembic Pharmaceuticals (APLLTD.NS) – Market capitalization |url=https://companiesmarketcap.com/alembic-pharma/marketcap/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=companiesmarketcap.com |language=en-us |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406063402/https://companiesmarketcap.com/alembic-pharma/marketcap/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 5||[[Eris Lifesciences]]
| [[Ahmedabad]]|| align="right" |{{INRconvert|100|b}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ERIS {{!}} Stock Share Price {{!}} Get Quote {{!}} BSE |url=https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/eris-lifesciences-limited/eris/540596/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=www.bseindia.com |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406063740/https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/eris-lifesciences-limited/eris/540596/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 6||[[Dishman Carbogen Amcis]]
| [[Ahmedabad]]|| align="right" |{{INRconvert|80|b}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stock Share Price {{!}} Get Quote {{!}} BSE |url=https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/dishman-carbogen-amcis-ltd/dcal/540701/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=www.bseindia.com |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406063739/https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/dishman-carbogen-amcis-ltd/dcal/540701/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

Top private pharmaceutical companies in India by reported valuation in 2022.<ref name=":6">{{cite news |title=2022 Burgundy Private Hurun India 500 |url=https://campaign.axisbank.com/generic/2022-burgundy-private-hurun-india-500-report.pdf |access-date=3 December 2022 |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201131959/https://campaign.axisbank.com/generic/2022-burgundy-private-hurun-india-500-report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+
!Rank
!Company
!Location
! width="300" |Valuation (2022)
|-
| align="center" |1
|[[Intas Pharmaceuticals]]
| [[Ahmedabad]]|| align="right" |{{INRconvert|593|b}}
|-
| align="center" | 2||[[Cadila Pharmaceuticals]]
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| align="right" |{{INRconvert|70|b}}
|-
|}

=== By sales and marketing operations within India ===

Multinational Pharmaceutical Companies ranked as per active presence of sales, marketing and business in India are as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cci.in/pdf/surveys_reports/indias_pharmaceutical_industry.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-12-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105080622/http://www.cci.in/pdf/surveys_reports/indias_pharmaceutical_industry.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2012}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
#[[Pfizer]]
#[[GlaxoSmithKline]]
#[[Sanofi Aventis]]
#[[Merck & Co.|Merck]]
#[[Johnson and Johnson]]
#[[Amgen]]
#[[Novartis]]
#[[Hoffmann–La Roche|Roche]]

{{col-2}}
#[[Bristol-Myers Squibb]]
#[[Eli Lilly and Company]]
#[[Abbott Laboratories|Abbott]]
#[[Takeda Pharmaceutical Company]]
#[[Boehringer Ingelheim]]
#[[Astellas]]
{{col-end}}

== Research and Development ==
The pharmaceutical sector in [[Gujarat]] has a significant focus on [[research and development]] (R&D), which has contributed to the growth of the industry in the state. The state government has been actively promoting [[R&D]] in the pharmaceutical sector and has established a number of initiatives to support this.

Gujarat FDCA (Food and Drugs Control Administration) Innovation and Research Cell, which was established to promote [[R&D]] in the pharmaceutical industry. The cell provides support for R&D activities and facilitates collaborations between the industry and academia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FDCA |url=https://ayudmla.gujarat.gov.in/home.php |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=ayudmla.gujarat.gov.in |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406091104/https://ayudmla.gujarat.gov.in/home.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=fdca: Latest News & Videos, Photos about fdca |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/fdca |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=The Economic Times |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406091102/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/fdca |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=eHealth |date=1 September 2017 |title=E-initiatives by Gujarat FDCA Revolutionising the Drug Sector in India – Elets eHealth |url=https://ehealth.eletsonline.com/2017/09/e-initiatives-by-gujarat-fdca-revolutionising-the-drug-sector-in-india/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=eHealth Magazine |language=en-US |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406091104/https://ehealth.eletsonline.com/2017/09/e-initiatives-by-gujarat-fdca-revolutionising-the-drug-sector-in-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition, the state government has established the Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC) to promote [[biotechnology]] research in the state. The centre provides infrastructure and technical support to [[research institutions]] and companies in the biotechnology sector.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre |url=https://gbrc.gujarat.gov.in/ |website=GBRC |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=28 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328174335/https://gbrc.gujarat.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=gujarat biotechnology research centre: Latest News & Videos, Photos about gujarat biotechnology research centre |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/gujarat-biotechnology-research-centre |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=The Economic Times |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406091932/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/gujarat-biotechnology-research-centre |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2021 |title=Gujarat Biotechnology Research Center contributes to Covid genomes sequencing |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-biotechnology-research-center-contributes-to-covid-genomes-sequencing-7227302/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406091932/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-biotechnology-research-center-contributes-to-covid-genomes-sequencing-7227302/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Gujarat government has also established several science and [[Science park|technology parks]] in the state, including the [[Gujarat Science City]] in Ahmedabad<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Science City |url=https://sciencecity.gujarat.gov.in/ |website=[[Gujarat Science City]] |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327074418/https://sciencecity.gujarat.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Gujarat Biotech Park in Vadodara. These parks provide infrastructure and support services to companies engaged in R&D activities in various sectors, including pharmaceuticals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rs 2000 cr Gujarat Biotech Park at Vadodara likely to be launched in April |url=http://test.pharmabiz.com/news/rs-2000-cr-gujarat-biotech-park-at-vadodara-likely-to-be-launched-in-april-43855 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=test.pharmabiz.com |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406095706/http://test.pharmabiz.com/news/rs-2000-cr-gujarat-biotech-park-at-vadodara-likely-to-be-launched-in-april-43855 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission (GSBTM), Savli Biotech Park {{!}} India Science, Technology & Innovation – ISTI Portal |url=https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/technologyincubators/gujarat-state-biotechnology-mission-gsbtm-savli-biotech-park |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406101209/https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/technologyincubators/gujarat-state-biotechnology-mission-gsbtm-savli-biotech-park |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many of the leading pharmaceutical companies in Gujarat have their own [[R&D]] facilities and are actively engaged in the development of new products and technologies. For example, Zydus Lifesciences and Intas Pharmaceuticals one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in Gujarat, has a state-of-the-art R&D facility in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zydus pharma Research Center {{!}} Vaccine Technology Centre in India |url=https://zyduslife.com/research |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=zyduslife.com |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406100250/https://zyduslife.com/research |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=R & D – Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd. |url=https://www.intaspharma.com/research-and-developement/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |language=en-US |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406100741/https://www.intaspharma.com/research-and-developement/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Similarly, Torrent Pharmaceuticals has a dedicated R&D centre in [[Gandhinagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Torrent Pharmaceuticals |url=https://www.torrentpharma.com/index.php/site/info/rnd |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=www.torrentpharma.com |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406100251/https://www.torrentpharma.com/index.php/site/info/rnd |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Indian pharma firms look to ramp up investments in R&D, innovation |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/pharma/story/indian-pharma-firms-look-to-ramp-up-investments-in-rd-innovation-324194-2022-02-28 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=Business Today |language=hi |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406100248/https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/pharma/story/indian-pharma-firms-look-to-ramp-up-investments-in-rd-innovation-324194-2022-02-28 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition to the initiatives and facilities mentioned earlier, the Gujarat government has also established the [[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad|National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research]] to promote [[R&D]] in the pharmaceutical sector. The centre provides infrastructure and [[technical support]] to pharmaceutical companies and [[research institutions]] in the state. It also facilitates collaborations between the industry and academia, and encourages the commercialization of R&D outcomes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research |url=https://www.niperahm.ac.in/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=www.niperahm.ac.in |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406100740/https://www.niperahm.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Government of Gujarat|state government]] has also established a number of policies and [[incentive]]s to promote R&D in the pharmaceutical sector. For example, the Gujarat Industrial Policy 2020 provides various incentives to companies engaged in [[R&D]] activities, including subsidies for the development of new products, [[tax exemption]]s on R&D expenditure, and funding for collaborations with [[academic institution]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Industrial Policy 2020 |url=https://ic.gujarat.gov.in/industrial-policy2020.aspx |website=ic.gujarat.gov.in |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712222352/https://ic.gujarat.gov.in/industrial-policy2020.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Rupani: Gujarat announces Industrial Policy 2020, CM Vijay Rupani says it will make the state Atmanirbhar – The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/gujarat-announces-industrial-policy-2020-cm-vijay-rupani-says-it-will-make-the-state-atmanirbhar/articleshow/77410785.cms |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408040014/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/gujarat-announces-industrial-policy-2020-cm-vijay-rupani-says-it-will-make-the-state-atmanirbhar/articleshow/77410785.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Gujarat government]] has taken the initiative to provide training in areas such as [[R&D]], manufacturing, quality control, and regulatory affairs, and aims to develop a skilled workforce for the industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat FDCA to collaborate with PERD Centre to train drug regulators on soft skills, analytical techniques |url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=109870&sid=1 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=www.pharmabiz.com |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406101542/http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=109870&sid=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

the government initiatives, [[policies]], and [[incentive]]s have created an environment that promotes [[R&D]] in the pharmaceutical sector in [[Gujarat]]. This has led to the development of innovative products and technologies, which has helped to establish Gujarat as a hub for the pharmaceutical industry in India.<ref name=":2" />

== Exports ==
Gujarat is one of the leading states in [[India]] in terms of pharmaceutical exports. The state has a well-established pharmaceutical industry with a strong focus on quality and innovation, which has helped it to become a major exporter of pharmaceutical products. According to the data from the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry]], Government of India, Gujarat was the second-largest exporter of pharmaceuticals in India during the fiscal year 2020–21, accounting for around 20% of the country's total pharmaceutical exports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Pharmaceuticals 2020–21 |url=https://pharmaceuticals.gov.in/sites/default/files/english%20Annual%20Report%202020-21.pdf |website=Department of Pharmaceuticals |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406102611/https://pharmaceuticals.gov.in/sites/default/files/english%20Annual%20Report%202020-21.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 May 2022 |title=Smriti Irani hails Gujarat contribution in pharmaceutical exports |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/smriti-irani-hails-gujarat-contribution-in-pharmaceutical-exports/articleshow/91245281.cms |access-date=2023-04-06 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406103008/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/smriti-irani-hails-gujarat-contribution-in-pharmaceutical-exports/articleshow/91245281.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=25 Share Of Country s Pharma Export From Gujarat PM |url=http://bwhealthcareworld.businessworld.in/article/25-Share-Of-Country-s-Pharma-Export-From-Gujarat-PM/10-10-2022-449932 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=BW Disrupt |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209101225/http://bwhealthcareworld.businessworld.in/article/25-Share-Of-Country-s-Pharma-Export-From-Gujarat-PM/10-10-2022-449932/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ruchika |date=2 May 2022 |title=Smriti Irani says Gujarat's share in pharma exports is almost a quarter |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/industry/pharma/smriti-irani-says-gujarats-share-in-pharma-exports-is-almost-a-quarter-92263 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=Medical Dialogues |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406103009/https://medicaldialogues.in/news/industry/pharma/smriti-irani-says-gujarats-share-in-pharma-exports-is-almost-a-quarter-92263 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Pharmaceutical exports from [[Gujarat]], India have increased by 11% in fiscal year 2018–19, according to data provided by the Gujarat State Board of Indian Drug Manufacturers’ Association (IDMA). Gujarat accounts for a minimum of 28% of India's pharma exports, with exports totalling $5.36bn in 2018–19, up from $4.83bn the previous year. The Indian pharma industry has bounced back with an estimated export value of $19.15bn in 2018–19, an increase of 10.85% over the previous year. The sector's strong performance is partly attributed to the strengthening of the dollar against the rupee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharma exports from Gujarat grow exponentially |url=https://www.thepharmaletter.com/article/pharma-exports-from-gujarat-grow-exponentially |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=www.thepharmaletter.com |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406103018/https://www.thepharmaletter.com/article/pharma-exports-from-gujarat-grow-exponentially |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2017 |title=Gujarat witnesses exponential growth in pharma exports |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/amp/article/companies/gujarat-witnesses-exponential-growth-in-pharma-exports-117010700788_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406104510/https://www.business-standard.com/amp/amp/article/companies/gujarat-witnesses-exponential-growth-in-pharma-exports-117010700788_1.html |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 April 2019 |title=Pharma exports from Gujarat rise 11% in FY19 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/pharma-exports-from-gujarat-rise-11-in-fy19/articleshow/68802254.cms |access-date=2023-04-06 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406102608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/pharma-exports-from-gujarat-rise-11-in-fy19/articleshow/68802254.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gujarat's pharmaceutical exports consist of various types of products, including formulations, bulk drugs, intermediates, and [[drug formulation]]s. The major markets for Gujarat's pharmaceutical exports are the United States, [[European Union]], Africa, and the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharmaceutical industry, Pharmaceutical Exports from India- IBEF |url=https://www.ibef.org/exports/pharmaceutical-exports-from-india |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=India Brand Equity Foundation |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406103010/https://www.ibef.org/exports/pharmaceutical-exports-from-india |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Export Products (Pharmaceuticals) |url=https://commerce.gov.in/about-us/divisions/export-products-division/export-products-pharmaceuticals/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=Mcommerce |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406103012/https://commerce.gov.in/about-us/divisions/export-products-division/export-products-pharmaceuticals/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |'''Year 2021–2022'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Export Districts in The Country |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1780245 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=pib.gov.in |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720164653/https://pib.gov.in/ErrorPage.html?aspxerrorpath=/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2021 |title=6 of top 12 Export Districts of India are in Gujarat; Jamnagar and Surat leading the list |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2021/12/11/6-of-top-12-export-districts-of-india-are-in-gujarat-jamnagar-and-surat-leading-the-list/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210065345/https://www.deshgujarat.com/2021/12/11/6-of-top-12-export-districts-of-india-are-in-gujarat-jamnagar-and-surat-leading-the-list/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|'''Sr. No.'''
|'''Districts'''
|'''Commodities'''
|'''Value of Export (in US$ Million)'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharuch]]
|Drugs And Pharmaceuticals
|406.06
|-
|'''Total export of District'''
|'''4695.14'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" |[[Ahmedabad]]
|Drugs And Pharmaceuticals
|1218.54
|-
|'''Total export of District'''
|'''4439.12'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |3
| rowspan="2" |[[Vadodara]]
|Drugs And Pharmaceuticals
|320.65
|-
|'''Total export of District'''
|'''3710.32'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |4
| rowspan="2" |[[Valsad]]
|Drugs And Pharmaceuticals
|140.26
|-
|'''Total export of District'''
|'''1970.23'''
|}
The [[Gujarat government]] has also taken several initiatives to promote pharmaceutical exports from the state. These initiatives include the establishment of [[Industrial park|pharma parks]] and [[special economic zone]]s, providing financial incentives and subsidies for exporters, and the organization of trade fairs and exhibitions to showcase the products of the state's [[pharmaceutical industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Pharma |url=https://indextb.com/sector/pharmaceutical-medical |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=indextb.com |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406054610/https://indextb.com/sector/pharmaceutical-medical |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Pharmaceutical industry in India]]
* [[Economy of Gujarat]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256025327_Attrition_Analysis_in_Pharmaceutical_Industry_of_Gujarat Attrition Analysis in Pharmaceutical Industry of Gujarat | Research Gate | 19 November 2022]

==External links==
* [https://indextb.com/sector/pharmaceutical-medical Pharmaceutical Industry in Gujarat (Government of Gujarat)]
* [https://insider.finology.in/economy/gujarat-pharma-hub-of-india Gujarat – Pharma hub] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406102618/https://insider.finology.in/economy/gujarat-pharma-hub-of-india |date=6 April 2023 }}
* [http://projects.gbreports.com/gujarat-pharma-2020/gujarat-indias-pharma-hub/ Gujarat's Pharma Industry]

{{Pharmaceutical industry by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pharmaceutical industry in India}}
[[Category:Pharmaceutical industry in Gujarat| ]]
[[Category:Healthcare in India]]
[[Category:Pharmacy in India]]

Rani (Tamil actress)

2026-01-20T19:40:31Z

Vemareddy: added references

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rani
| birth_date = 
| alias = "O Podu" Rani Raksha
| occupation = Actress, television presenter and producer
}}

'''Rani''', also known as '''Raksha''', is an Indian actress who appears in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi]]-language films. She is best known for the song "O Podu" from ''Gemini'', sung by [[Anuradha Sriram]] and picturised on her, and is often referred to as "O Podu" Rani. She won the Andhra Pradesh government Nandi award for best supporting actress for the film ''[[Nachavule]]'' (2008).

==Filmography==
{|class ="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="5" |1992||''[[Johnnie Walker (film)|Johny Walker]]''||Chandini|| rowspan="4" | [[Malayalam]] || Debut film
|-
| ''[[Uncle Bun]]'' || Asha James ||
|-
| ''[[Priyapetta Kukku]]'' || Anu ||
|-
| ''[[Daddy (1992 film)|Daddy]]'' || Shyama ||
|-
| ''[[Villu Pattukaran]]'' || Abhirami || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1993 || ''[[Chirunavvula Varamistava]]'' || Vijaya || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''[[I Love India]]'' || || rowspan="11" | Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1994 || ''[[Nattamai]]'' || Teacher ||
|-
| ''[[Pathavi Pramanam]]'' || || rowspan="4" | Special appearances
|-
| ''[[Namma Annachi]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1995 || ''[[Raasaiyya]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Karnaa]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1996 || ''[[Andha Naal (1996 film)|Andha Naal]]'' || Poornitha ||
|-
| ''[[Avvai Shanmughi]]'' || Kousalya (Kousi) ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]'' || || Special appearance Vellarikka song
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1997 || ''[[Pudhalvan]]'' || || rowspan="2" | Special appearances
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Palli]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Oka Chinna Maata]]'' || Sireesha || rowspan="6" | Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Ayyinda Leda]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayyinda Ledha (1997) Telugu Movie: Watch Full HD Movie Online On JioCinema |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/ayyinda-ledha/3494993 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=www.jiocinema.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Agni Sakshi
|
|-
| ''[[Gokulamlo Seeta]]'' || Shobana ||
|-
| ''[[Rukmini (film)|Rukmini]]'' || Nurse ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1998
|''[[O Panaipothundi Babu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ulta Palta (1998 film)|Ulta Palta]]'' || Mohini ||
|-
| ''One Man Army'' || Jhansi || rowspan="2" | [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Yaare Neenu Cheluve]]'' || || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1999 || ''[[Yamajathakudu]]'' || Nirajaveni || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Edhirum Pudhirum]]'' || || rowspan="3" | Tamil || rowspan="3" | Special appearances
|-
| ''[[Sivan (film)|Sivan]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Nenjinile]]'' ||
|-
| '' [[Olympiyan Anthony Adam]]''||Ammu Issac || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Chandranudikkunna Dikkil]]'' || Parthan's Love Interest || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000 || ''[[Bulandi (2000 film)|Bulandi]]'' || Teacher || [[Hindi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Uyirile Kalanthathu]]'' || || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001 || ''[[Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu]]'' || Kerala Kutty || rowspan="2" | Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Baava Baamaida]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2002 || ''[[Gemini (2002 Tamil film)|Gemini]]'' || Kamini || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Game (2002 film)|Game]]'' || || Tamil || Special appearance<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/adding-glamour-to-deepavali/article28571747.ece |title=Adding glamour to Deepavali |date=1 November 2002 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]'' || || Telugu || rowspan="2" | Special appearance
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Kadhal Sadugudu]]'' || || Tamil
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Varnajalam]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''[[Nachavule]]'' ||Luv's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Pandhayam (2008 film)|Pandhayam]]''|| Chinna Maami || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Bumper Offer]]''||Aishwarya's mother || rowspan="3" | Telugu ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Nagavalli (film)|Nagavalli]]'' || Lakshmi Devi ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2012 || ''[[Nippu]]'' || Devi ||
|-
| ''[[Ooh La La La (film)|Ooh La La La]]'' || Surya's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Racha (film)|Racha]]'' || || rowspan="7" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Mem Vayasuku Vacham]]'' || Lucky's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Vennela 1 1/2]]'' || ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Pavitra (2013 film)|Pavitra]]'' || Munna's aunt ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[Emo Gurram Egaravachu]]'' || Neelaveni's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Brother of Bommali]]'' || Shruti's mother ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhramadevi]]'' || Dancer || Special appearance
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Pagiri]]'' || Madhu's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Chitrangada (film)|Chitrangada]]'' || Sarita || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Duvvada Jagannadham]]'' || DJ's Aunt ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Pakka (film)|Pakka]]'' || Nattamai's wife || Tamil ||
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Network
!Language
|-
|2017 || [[Vamsam (TV series)|''Vamsam'']] || Keerthi || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Tamil
|-
|2018 || ''[[Nandini (TV series)|Nandini]]'' || Mallika || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] [[Udaya TV]]
|Tamil
Kannada
|-
|2023 || ''[[Seetha Raman]]'' || Archana || [[Zee Tamil]]
|Tamil
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|nm4926278}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress}}{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]

{{India-film-actor-1970s-stub}}

Ishq Subhan Allah

2026-01-20T00:13:39Z

Vemareddy: New New Info Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = IshqSubhanAllah.jpg
| genre = {{Ubl
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| [[Romance film|Romance]]
}}
| creator = Danish Javed
| based_on =
| developer = Danish Javed
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Danish Javed
}}
| story = {{plainlist|
* Danish Javed
* Reshma Khan
* S Farhaan
* Rahil Qazi
}}
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
* Danish Javed
* Reshma khan
* S Farhaan
* Rahil Qazi
}}
| director = {{Ubl
| Vikram Ghai
| Vidyadhar Mohite
| Rohit Raj Goyal
| Avinaash Sharrma
| Arvind Gupta

}}
| creative_director = Aashish Harbhagwan Batra
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Adnan Khan]]
* [[Eisha Singh]]
}}
| theme_music_composer = Mukul Puri
| opentheme = ''Ishq Subhan Allah''
| endtheme = ''Ishq Jaaniya''
| composer = Mukul Puri
| country = India
| language = {{Plainlist|
* Hindi
* Urdu
}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 588
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = {{plainlist|
* Asgar Ali Shaikh
* Shailendra Toraskar
* Rajan Singh
* Ashwinn Singh
}}
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Zuby Kochhar
* [[Dheeraj Kumar]]
* Sunil Gupta
}}
| location = {{Ubl |
|[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
| editor = {{Ubl
| Dharmesh Patel
| Kamal Bhattrai
}}
| cinematography = Dinesh Singh
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = {{Ubl
| [[Creative Eye Limited]]
| [[Essel Vision Productions]]
}}
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|03|14}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2020|10|2}}
| related = ''[[Ishq Aaj Kal]]''
}}
'''''Ishq Subhan Allah''''' (English: ''Love, praise be to God'') is an Indian television series that premiered on 14 March 2018 on [[Zee TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/kundali-bhagya-ishq-subhan-allah-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-here-are-the-top-10-shows-of-the-week-as-per-the-barc-report|title=Kundali Bhagya, Ishq Subhan Allah, Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai{{Snd}} Here are the Top 10 shows of the week as per the BARC report|publisher=Bollywood Life|date=28 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/most-watched-indian-television-shows-ishq-subhan-allah-barc-list-5143983/|title=Most watched Indian television shows: Ishq Subhan Allah soars up the BARC list|publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]]|date=29 April 2018}}</ref> Produced by [[Dheeraj Kumar]], it starred [[Eisha Singh]] and [[Adnan Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/editorial/producer-dheeraj-kumar-writes-acceptance-of-people-has-given-a-huge-start-to-ishq-subhan-allah/2018/05/29|title= Producer Dheeraj Kumar Writes: 'Acceptance' of people has given a huge start to Ishq Subhan Allah|website=IWMBuzz|date= 29 May 2018|access-date=2018-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/a-milestone-among-family-dramas-zee-tv-s-ishq-subhan-allah-to-premiere-march-14/article_6c5bd606-2687-11e8-a95d-33b6c4b4d82a.html|title=A Milestone Among Family Dramas, Zee TV's 'Ishq Subhan Allah' to Premiere March 14|website=India West|access-date=4 July 2020|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229000831/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/a-milestone-among-family-dramas-zee-tv-s-ishq-subhan-allah-to-premiere-march-14/article_6c5bd606-2687-11e8-a95d-33b6c4b4d82a.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Set against a [[Muslim]] backdrop, it addressed contemporary political, religious and social issues including [[Triple talaq]] and [[Sharia|Sharia law]] and aimed to dispel wrong notions about [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ishq-subhan-allah-addresses-triple-talaq/amp_articleshow/63283530.cms |title='Ishq Subhan Allah' addresses Triple Talaq? |website=Times of India |date=13 March 2018}}</ref> It replaced [[Woh Apna Sa]] in its slot that took over a time slot change.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Productions |first=Fuzion |date=2018-03-01 |title=Zee TV's Much Awaited Show Ishq Subhan Allah To Take Up The Time Slot Of Woh Apna Sa?! – Fuzion Productions |url=https://www.fuzionproductions.com/zee-tvs-ishq-subhan-allah-take-time-slot-woh-apna-sa/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.fuzionproductions.com |language=en-US |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226042343/https://www.fuzionproductions.com/zee-tvs-ishq-subhan-allah-take-time-slot-woh-apna-sa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It has been replaced by [[Ram Pyaare Sirf Humare]] in its timeslot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shamin Mannan's Ram Pyaare Sirf Humaare To Replace Eisha Singh's Ishq Subhan Allah- EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/television/television-news/shamin-mannan-s-ram-pyaare-sirf-humaare-to-replace-eisha-singh-s-ishq-subhan-allah-exclusive/5f5b7e666b2adc5f5d34efc8 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=spotboye.com}}</ref>

==Plot==

The series begins with Zara Siddiqui and Kabir Ahmad returning to [[Lucknow]] after five years and completing higher studies in [[Islam]]. When an argument about [[Triple Talaq]] between Zara and Kabir becomes viral on the Internet, they are forced to marry each other.

Gradually after marriage, Zara realises her love for the still hesitant Kabir. Rukhsaar has been in love with him from a young age and tries to split them up, bringing Miraj to create differences between Zara and Kabir though he goes rogue out to harm everyone in the family.

Rukhsaar calls Nilofer to pose as Miraj's sister and instructs her to protect the family from Miraj except for Zara, but is then married off to Hamdan Alghazi and leaves for [[Dubai]]. Miraj buys out and kills Nilofer. A misunderstanding leads Kabir to divorce Zara using the Triple Talaq practice.

It is revealed this was not a part of their weddings, and Zara refuses to accept. Miraj tells Zara that he wants her and can go to any extent, whereas she tries to have Rukhsaar return to expose Miraj's true intentions but cannot reach her. Miraj makes his way into the local [[Shariah Board]] and turns out to be diamond-smuggler laundering money.

Miraj is arrested, and Kabir's dream project loses its funding. Miraj's connection to Rukhsaar is revealed before he swears revenge on Zara and Kabir, who confess their love. The family arranges their remarriage. Before it, Kabir leaves for Dubai to save Rukhsaar from implication in Hamdaan's death and ends up marrying her to save her. He weds Zara on his return. When Zara finds out, she is heartbroken but decides to stay.

Rukhsaar goes back to her evil scheming by feeding Zara false information about her and Kabir being intimate on their wedding night. Kabir then decides to divorce Rukhsaar, but cannot since Islam states that 'you cannot divorce your spouse without reason. Meanwhile, Rukhsaar shockingly agrees to sign the divorce papers, only on one condition. Kabir has to spend a night with her like he should've done on their nuptial night, which is part of her plan to separate Zara and Kabir by poisoning herself and Kabir. On Zara's orders, Kabir reluctantly agrees to Rukhsaar's condition. On their wedding night, Rukhsaar meets with an accident and loses her memory. Kabir takes responsibility for upsetting Zara. Wanting Kabir to earn independently, Zara moves to the outhouse. Tabassum visits with Azhar, who appreciates Zara's modern thinking. Shahbaz is in debt and decides to sell the house, but Kashan tricks him and takes ownership of the house.

Kabir realises Shahbaz's faults and sees Zara's well-intended suggestion to him to earn independently. Rukhsaar is sent to a hospital for treatment; Zeenat and Kashan team up to have Alina marry local don Salamat's son Samir. Zara and Kabir thwart their plan with the help of army officer Amir, who and Alina fall in love and marry. Salamat tries to kill Kabir and Zara. Kabir becomes the head priest.

Zeenat is irked; Salamat threatens to kill Rukhsaar, and Irfan suggests Zara become the vice priest. Heer's case is brought before the Sharia Board, where she wants to go to Delhi to study but in vain amid her reluctant father. Zara takes the case against Kabir and wins. Suraiya moves to Lucknow with Rizwan and plans to replace Kabir as Board Head with Zeenat's help. Salamat bribes Khalid at Zeenat's request.

Rizwan exposes Zeenat's actions as soon as he joins the Board and has her declared mentally unsound. She vows revenge on Rizwan, who starts poisoning Irfan slowly. Bilal and Kausar's case comes to the Board; Rizwan plans to create a rift between Zara and Kabir, who tells her that Kausar was betrothed to Kashan and eloped on the wedding before Kashan married Zeenat, who was indebted to Kausar's family.

Everyone in the family request Zara to disagree with the case, but she and Kabir decide. The entire city protests against them, and Kabir turns against Zara, who is about to drop the case before Kausar's suicide attempt changes her mind. Zara leaves Ahmads and Shahbaz plans her murder. In the Sharia Board, she wins. Rizwan orchestrates Kabir in an accident; a hitman hired by Shahbaz shoots Zara. The two collapse together.

===One year later===

Zara and Kabir live separately. While Zara resides with Amina, Azra, and Nusu in [[Mumbai]], Kabir lives with his family in [[Lucknow]]. Zara and Kabir have applied for a divorce wanting to free each other, but he finds Zara's hospital reports and is shocked to discover that Zara was in a coma after being shot. Alina tries to bring them together, but they see through her plan.

Zara discovers that Kabir became a writer after publishing a book on their relationship and moves to Lucknow with Azra. They finally decide to give their relationship another chance angering Zeenat and Shahbaz. Shahbaz again tries to have her killed, but Kabir saves her every time.

The Ahmads rejoice at the couple's reunion prospect, and Kabir insults Irfan, asking the Qazi to beg him to take Zara back. Upset, Zara breaks up with Kabir, while Irfan has a heart attack. Ayesha is heartbroken and asks him to leave the house. He starts living in the mosque.

=== One month later ===

Zara learns about Ayesha's illness from Kashan and decides to go back only for Ayesha's sake. She decides to reunite Ayesha and Kabir on [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]]. Shahbaz and Zeenat worry that Zara and Kabir might get back together, so Shahbaz constantly provokes Kabir against Zara. According to the Sharia Board, all the board members should attend the Eid celebrations with their entire families.

Shahbaz tries to foil the plan, but Zara is the event organizer and manages the situation. Rukhsaar returns and the family is unaware of it. Zara and Azra succeed in reuniting Kabir and Ayesha with Rukhsaar's help. Rukhsaar vows to reunite Kabir and Zara. Zara tried to find out who shot her on 12 April. Rizwan misleads her and tells her that he did not attack Kabeer purposely but was blackmailed by someone else. Rizwan begins to plan his revenge against Shahbaz and Kabeer. He plans to frame Shahbaz for Kabeer's murder. During this time, Kabeer and Zara start working together at an NGO and go to a village to help save kids education. In the village, Shahbaz plans the explosion of the warehouse while Rizwan plans to put Zara and Kabeer inside the warehouse so that Shahbaz gets the blame for their death. Kabeer and Zara escape in time and come back to give Khula and separate. It is then revealed that Rukhsaar never intended to reunite Kabeer and Zara and instead plot to take revenge and ruin their lives. Rukhsaar, with the help of Rizwan, start planning and plotting against Zara and Kabir, but their plans constantly fail. Zain comes from Mumbai after saving Zara from being arrested (which was part of Rukshaar's plan to trouble Zara ), and Salma and Irfan plan his wedding to Zara. Kabir forbids them from informing Ayesha about Zara's upcoming wedding, while Zara tells Kabir to attend her wedding agree to her getting married before she does, which Kabir agrees to. While worsening her condition under the pretense of taking care of her, Rukhsaar's evil plans are discovered by Ayesha on Zara's wedding day. Still, before exposing her, Rukhsaar smothers Ayesha with a pillow and kills her. Ayesha's last rites are performed, Kabir agrees to Zara get married, but Zara's wedding is canceled.

With the help of Imran, Zara and Kabir discover Rizwan's plans and get him arrested. Kabir then realizes that his presence around Zara is not the reason for putting their lives in danger from previous events. He then goes to Irfan and Salma to ask for Zara's hand in marriage, which they agree to. Kabir takes Zara out on a date and proposes to Zara, but their happiness is short-lived as Shahbaz shoots and kills Zara on that same night. A truck runs over Zara's car and pushes it off a cliff, exploding, and Zara is declared dead.

===One Year Later===

It has been a year since Zara's death. Kabir, who goes by the name of Johnny, lives in a mosque. He helps police officers in disabling bombs without protection, deliberately trying to get himself killed so that he can reunite with Zara. Salma is unwell and is hoping for Kabir to return soon. Rukhsaar rules the Ahmed house and is blackmailing Shahbaz using the evidence of Zara's death against him. It is later revealed that Rukhsaar was the one who got Zara's car run over, killing her in an explosion. While in the wild, Kabir saves a girl from thugs who coincidentally have the name Zara.

On the day of Zara's first death anniversary, Kabir goes back to Lucknow to visit Zara's grave, next to Ayesha's. Back to where he was, Kabir sees Salma in a car with Azra looking unwell. He decides to follow them and finds out that Salma has been ill since Zara's departure.

Imran informs Shahbaz about Kabir's return, and Shahbaz asks Kabir to return home. Shahbaz is pleased with the return of his son. Rukhsar forces Shahbaz to ask Kabir to stay in Lucknow for 2 weeks in order to get closer to him. Kabir agrees but does not want to have any relationship with Rukhsar. The girl Zara, who was saved by Kabir, travels to Lucknow to meet the children. She raised three children from their very childhood, but they were kidnapped by Abid Ali, Zara wants to help them and free them. Abid Ali offers friendship to Shahbaz, but he refuses after the identity of Abid Ali is revealed and he is accused of child trafficking. Zara meets Qazi Irfan Siddiqui at the mosque. She tells him about the children, and that she does not have a home. Qazi Irfan Siddiqui invites her to his home, his wife and Azra warmly welcome the new Zara.

The question arises about the guardianship of children. Kabir and New Zara learn that the parents of two children have died, and the parents of the third child refused to return the child to the family. Kabir decides to marry Rukhsar in order to arrange custody of the children. The new Zara is not happy about this because she believes that she will be separated from her children, but Kabir hires the new Zara as a tutor to his house. New Zara and Kabir begin to draw closer, Kabir pays no attention to Rukhsar and completely ignores her. In his heart, there are only memories of his Dawn. Rukhsar unites with Shahbaz and they plot against Kabir and the children. Rukhsar tries several times to kill the new Zara and the children, but she fails to do so.

Soon, New Zara will learn more about Zara, whom Kabir was married to, and is trying to find Zara's killer. New Zara learns the truth that Zara was killed by Shahbaz and tells Kabir about it. Kabir tries to kill his father Shahbaz, but he cannot do it for fear of Allah. Shahbaz and Kabir become bitter enemies. Shahbaz and Rukhsar take Kabir to a mental hospital, pretending to be insane. New Zara frees Kabir and tries to help him expose Shahbaz and Rukhsar. After it turns out that Rukhsar is also involved in the death of Zara. Shahbaz previously won elections and became a minister. A decision is made to resign Qazi Irfan Siddiqui and select a new Qazi Lucknow. There are two contenders: Kabir and Jalali. Jalali is a friend of Shahbaz, who unites with Shahbaz and Rukhsar and is plotting against New Zara and Kabir. Jalali is a respected person and has a large number of followers who consider him holy and close to Allah. Zara recognizes Jalali and tells Kabir that Jallali killed her parents by chopping off their heads and bringing them on a platter to little New Zara. New Zara still cannot forget this picture, she is afraid of Jalali. Kabir helps New Dawn to overcome fear and she wants to take revenge on Jalali. Before the elections, Jalali and Shahbaz kidnap members of the Shariah Council to prevent Kabir from becoming the new Qazi. Kabir and New Zara, disguised as drug dealers, go to Jalalpur, where the members of the Shariah Council were taken away. In the village, they are exposed to the magic of Jalali and attacks by the genies, but they defeat Jalali and Kabir becomes the new Qazi of Lucknow. Also in the village of New, Zara met her brother Asim, who did not recognize her because he was a slave of Jalali who had been using opium in large quantities every day since leaving his sister. Kabir and New Zara manage to convince Asim that New Zara is his sister and they take him with them to Lucknow. Jalali, Shahbaz, and Asim are arrested in Lucknow. But Shahbaz and Jalali manage to free themselves. The new Zara realizes that she loves Kabir. Jalali, Shahbaz, and Rukhsar want to remove Kabir from the post of Qazi and appoint Jalali to this position. Rukhsar conspires a plan against Kabir and declares in the Shariah Council that Kabir is not fulfilling his duties as a husband and is cheating on her with New Zara. New Zara confesses to the council that she loves Kabir, but they are not having an affair and Kabir did not know about her feelings for him. The council decides to remove Kabir from the Qazi post. Kabir decides to find a husband for New Zara within a month. The new Zara resists this and begs Kabir to marry her, but he refuses. As a result, Kabir finds the husband of New Zara and she leaves with him.

Several months later, Rukhsar is still living with Kabir as his wife but they are no longer married, it is also revealed that Rukhsar is pregnant and Shabhaz is bedridden. In a flashback, it is shown that New Zara did not leave with her new husband as she left a letter behind for Kabir in which she states that she has been lying to Kabir the whole time. In the letter, she reveals to him that her real name is Babli and she was posing as a 'Zara' only to con him but did not do so as she really fell in love with him.

The Old Zara is revealed to be alive but is living as a doctor who heals patients through music and goes by the name Nargis. Nargis lives with a woman who took care of her after surviving the accident and she addresses her as 'Ammi Jaan'. Kabir meets her but she denies being Zara. Kabir is sure that she is his Zara, so he requests her to visit and heal Salma through her music. Rukhsar too believes that it is Zara so she fills Salma and Irfan's bedroom with wasps/bees and locks them inside. Zara saves them and admits to being the real Zara. Kabir asks her why she lied and says that months ago after coming out of a coma, she saw him with the fake Zara and thought he moved on.

Rukhsar and Zeenat scheme against Zara once again. Miraj and Suraj's brother threatens Irfan's life and kidnaps Zara. He tries to forcefully marry her but Kabir tricks him and his goons and marries Zara instead. Zara finds out that Rukhsar is pregnant. Zara is about to leave Kabir once again but Kabir stops her and tells her that Miraj and Suraj's brother was scheming with Rukhsar but turned against her and blackmailed her into sleeping with him. Rukhsar continues to trouble a helpless Shahbaz who has repented for his sins and reveals to him that she killed Ayesha. Kabir and his family decide to lock Rukhsar in a room with no dangers around her as she is a danger to herself and the unborn baby.

Months later, Zeenat finally spills the beans on Rukhsar and tells everyone that Rukhsar killed Ayesha. Rukhsar tries consuming pills to endanger herself and the child in a bid to save herself but goes into labour. She gives birth to a daughter and hands her over to Kabir and Zara. Rukhsar apologizes to Kabir and Zara for troubling them and they forgive her before she is arrested. Kabir and Zara introduce their daughter to the Shariah Board at home and name her Ayesha.

The show ends with Kabir and Zara tending to a crying Ayesha discussing how much they will love, spoil and install good values in their daughter, Ayesha.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Adnan Khan]] as [[Mawlawi (Islamic title)|Mawlawi]] Kabir Ali Ahmed: Zara's husband; Shahbaaz and Ayesha's younger son; Kashan and Alina's brother; Zeenat and Amir's brother-in-law; Amaan's uncle; Irfaan and Salma's son-in-law (2018–2020)
*[[Eisha Singh]] as Zara Ahmed (née Siddiqui): Kabir's wife; Irfaan and Salma's daughter; Shahbaaz and Ayesha's daughter-in-law; Kashan, Zeenat, Amir and Alina's sister-in-law; Amaan's aunt (2018–2019, 2020)

===Recurring===

* Vinay Jain / Anupam Bhattacharya as Shahbaz Ali Ahmed: Ayesha's widower; Kashan, Kabir and Alina's father; Zeenat, Amir and Zara's father-in-law; Amaan's paternal grandfather (2018–2019)/(2019–2020)
* [[Gunn Kansara]] as Ayesha Ahmed (née Hussain): Shahbaz's wife; Kashan, Kabir and Alina's mother; Zeenat, Amir and Zara's mother-in-law; Amaan's paternal grandmother (2018–2019) (Dead)
*[[Shipsy Rana]] as Rukhsar Sheikh (formerly Ahmed) (formerly Alghazi) Zeenat's sister; Kabir and Hamdaan's ex-wife; Ayesha's murderer; Amaan's maternal aunt (2018–2020)
*[[Monica Khanna]] as Zeenat Ahmed (née Sheikh): Kashan's wife; Rukhsar's sister; Zara, Kabir, Alina and Amir's sister-in-law; Amaan's mother; Shahbaz and Ayesha's elder daughter-in-law (2018–2020)
*[[Anjita Poonia]] as Alina Nabi (née Ahmed): Shahbaz and Ayesha's daughter; Kashan and Kabir's sister; Zeenat and Zara's sister-in-law; Amir's wife (2018–2019)
* Ankit Vyas as Rizwan Siddiqui (2019)
*Abdur Rehman Shaikh as Amaan Ahmed: Kashan and Zeenat's son; Shahbaz and Ayesha's grandson; Zara, Kabir, Amir, Alina and Rukhsar's nephew (2019–2020)
**Toshi Shaikh as Young Amaan Ahmad (2018)
*Amit Kumar Poddar as Turram Khan (2019–2020)
*[[Amit Dolawat]] as [[Army officer]] Amir Nabi: Alina's husband; Shahbaz and Ayesha's son-in-law; Zara, Kabir, Zeenat and Kashan's brother-in-law; Amaan's uncle (2019)
*Dhiraj Rai as Kashan Ali Ahmed: Shahbaz and Ayesha's elder son; Kabir and Alina's brother; Rukhsar, Amir and Zara's brother-in-law; Amaan's father (2018–2020)
* Suneel Pushkarna as [[Qadi|Qazi]] Irfaan Siddiqui: Zara's father; Kabir's father-in-law (2018–2020)
* [[Shalini Arora]] as Salma Siddiqui; Zara's mother; Kabir's mother-in-law (2018–2020)
*Kanika Gautam as Azhra Siddiqui (2019–2020)
* Kinshuk Vaidya as Zain Abdullah (2019)
* Aliraza Namdaar as Wali Khan (2019)
* Ashutosh Semwal as Imran Mirza (2018–2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/aashutosh-semwal-returns-zee-tvs-ishq-subhan-allah/2019/07/23|title=Aashutosh Semwal returns to Zee TV's Ishq Subhan Allah|last=Team|first=Author: Editorial|date=2019-07-23|website=IWMBuzz|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref>
* Rutpanna Aishwarya Sethi as Reema Gupta (2018–2019)
* [[Piyush Sahdev]] as Siraj Ahmed: Underworld Don of Kashmir<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/piyush-sahdev-is-back-on-television-with-ishq-subhanallah/articleshow/63831733.cms|title=Piyush Sahdev is back on television with 'Ishq Subhan Allah'|date=29 April 2018|work=The Times of India}}</ref> (2018)
* [[Gautam Vig]] as Miraj Ahmed (2018–2019)
* [[Nisha Nagpal]] as Nilofer Ali: Rukhsar's friend (2018)
* Aliraza Namdar as [[Priest]] Imam Hashim Mian (2019)
* Deepali Saini as Kausar Mehrami / Kausar Bilal Hassan (2019)
* Salman Shaikh as Bilal Hassan (2019)
*[[Kiimmy Kaur]] as [[Psychiatrist|Dr.]] Sabina Hussain (2019)
*[[Shefali Rana]] as Tabassum Hussain (2019)
*Worshipp Khanna as Chef Deven (2019)
*Zafar Ali as Aabid Ali (2019)
*Azinkya Mishra as Zaid Khan (2019-2020)
*Puvika Gupta as Firdaus Naaz (2019-2020)
*Tejaswee Bhadane as Alisha Pradhan (2019–2020)
*Vishesh Sharma as Hamdaan Alghazi (2018)
*[[Manish Khanna]] as Jalali (2020)
*Ayush Shrivastava as Asim (2020)
*Urvashi Upadhay as Begum Noor Jahan (2020)
*[[Ravi Bhatia]] as Sartaj Ahmad (2020)
*[[Zeeshan Ahmed Khan]] as Azib Zafar Ahmed (2018–2019)
*[[Tunisha Sharma]] as Babli (Zara): Caretaker for Zaid, Alisha and Firdaus (2019–2020)

==Production==
===Development and premiere===
On 15 October 2017, during the telecast of [[Zee Rishtey Awards]] while celebrating its 25th anniversary, [[Zee TV]] unveiled its new logo and announced the show by releasing a teaser of this series under the title ''Subhan Allah'' along with other three shows under its new strapline ''Aaj Likhenge Kal''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/new-look-zee-tv-announces-four-new-shows/|title=New look ZEE TV announces four new shows|website=Biz Asia|date=15 October 2017|access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref>

Before its premiere, it was titled as ''Ishq Pakeezah'' but was later changed to ''Ishq Subhan Allah''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/zee-tv-to-strengthen-fiction-line-up-with-three-new-shows-in-2018/|title=Zee TV to strengthen fiction line-up with three new shows in 2018|website=Television Post|access-date=2019-12-26|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226100446/https://www.televisionpost.com/zee-tv-to-strengthen-fiction-line-up-with-three-new-shows-in-2018/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Deepak Rajadhyaksha, Deputy Business Head, [[Zee TV]] said, "We started 2018 with the launch of two beautifully curated shows, [[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se]] and [[Kaleerein]]{{Snd}} each of which has touched upon a contemporary Indian reality and is sensitizing the masses about the same. Our next primetime fiction offering belongs to the Muslim social drama space that we had, ourselves, pioneered with [[Qubool Hai]], a show that enjoyed an immensely successful run of two seasons. Ishq Subhan Allah asks viewers to pause and reflect on the true interpretation of religion in our daily lives. It questions the true importance we accord to a woman's choice in every decision that a couple makes, including entering the institution of marriage as also ending it with dignity".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/entertainment/zee-tv-new-show-ishq-subhan-allah-reflects-the-true-interpretation-of-religion-in-our-daily-lives-21247|title=Zee Tv's Ishq Subhan Allah reflects the true interpretation of religion in our daily lives|website=Mumbai Live|date=9 March 2018 |access-date=2019-12-28}}</ref>

[[Dheeraj Kumar]], the producer of the show said, "With Ishq Subhan Allah, we want to break the stereotype and urge people to take a rational stance in matters of religion. We want to spread the message that adherence to religion cannot come at the cost of compromising practicality. Instead, one must apply the core fundamentals of one's religion to move forward in life."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/lite/2018/03/zee-tv-launches-show-on-triple-talaaq-ishq-shubhan-allah/|title=Zee TV launches show on triple talaaq{{Snd}} Ishq Shubhan Allah|website=Best Media Info|access-date=2019-12-28}}</ref>

[[Adnan Khan]] expressed, "Kabeer's character is of a young Maulvi with a thorough understanding of Islam. While he is very traditional and culture-driven, his personality and outlook are extremely different from Zara's. Being a Muslim, I could easily adapt myself to certain aspects of Kabeer's character which helped me a lot during my preparation. In fact, I could also strongly relate to his inner instincts and religious traits as I am extremely religious in real life, albeit with a modern touch. The concept of the show is extremely engaging and I am looking forward to this exciting new journey".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/photo-gallery-in-pictures-zee-tv-puts-the-spotlight-on-triple-talaaq-with-its-new-fiction-show-ishq-subhan-allah-2591991/amp|title=Zee TV puts the spotlight on Triple Talaaq with its new fiction show 'Ishq Subhan Allah'|website=DNA India|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref>

[[Eisha Singh]] said, "Ishq Subhan Allah is a unique concept with a strong message. Zara is a strong and confident woman who doesn't fear any consequences and isn't afraid to ask the right questions. She is deeply rooted in her religious teachings of the Holy Quran but applies them intelligently to life with logical reasoning. Zara is progressive but she isn't a rebel or an atheist. She has studied Islam in depth and stands up against the misinterpretation of its teachings. Moreover, I am really excited to play such a strong character and I hope that the audience will enjoy watching this side of me."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/zee-tvs-ishq-subhan-allah-focus-triple-talaq-400900%3famp|title=Zee TV's Ishq Subhan Allah to focus on Triple Talaq|website=PINKVILLA|access-date=2019-12-24}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

In November 2019, [[Zee TV]]'s home production house, [[Essel Vision Productions]] took over the production of the series from [[Creative Eye Limited]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/zee-tv-praises-creative-eye-s-ltd-s-serial-ishq/article_700f215e-cb4a-11e9-b78e-8b5137577ee9.html|title=Zee TV Praises Creative Eye's Ltd.'s Serial 'Ishq Subhan Allah'|website=India West|access-date=2019-08-30|archive-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901195333/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/zee-tv-praises-creative-eye-s-ltd-s-serial-ishq/article_700f215e-cb4a-11e9-b78e-8b5137577ee9.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Owing [[COVID-19]] outbreak, the shootings were stalled since 19 March 2020 and the series telecast was halted midway on 20 March 2020 and was expected to resume shoot after the lockdown ends.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus shuts down Bollywood, TV: Industry to lose Rs 80-90 cr every week, daily soaps worst hit|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/coronavirus-shuts-down-bollywood-tv-industry-to-lose-rs-80-90-cr-every-week-daily-soaps-worst-hit/story-sQon1M3aQqRXoy7DeZgaSI.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=17 March 2020}}</ref>
In April 2020, it was speculated not returning, being axed abruptly by the channel due to the losses caused during the lockdown.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/zee-tv-to-axe-ishq-subhan-allah-dil-yeh-ziddi-hai/|title=ZEE TV to axe Ishq Subhan Allah & Dil Yeh Ziddi Hai?|website=Eastern Eye|date=25 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-tvs-ishq-subhan-allah-dil-yeh-ziddi-hai-to-end/|title=ZEE TV's 'Ishq Subhan Allah' & 'Dil Yeh Ziddi Hai' to end?|website=Biz Asia|date=25 April 2020}}</ref> However, in July 2020, it was reported that the show has got an extension and the makers have brought back the original lead, [[Eisha Singh]] on the show.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/ishq-subhan-allah-on-zee-tv-gets-an-extension/|title=Ishq Subhan Allah on ZEE TV gets an extension?|website=Eastern Eye|date=1 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/ishq-subhan-allah-on-zee-tv-to-be-extended-for-a-year/|title='Ishq Subhan Allah' on ZEE TV to be extended for a year?|website=Biz Asia|date=1 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ishq-subhan-allah-eisha-singh-and-adnan-khan-starrer-gets-extension-year-545779%3famp|title=Ishq Subhan Allah: Eisha Singh and Adnan Khan starrer gets an extension for a year|website=Pinkvilla|access-date=6 July 2020|archive-date=6 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706200014/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ishq-subhan-allah-eisha-singh-and-adnan-khan-starrer-gets-extension-year-545779?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Release===
The first teaser of the show was released on 15 October 2017 under the title ''Subhan Allah''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/marketing-news/zee-tv-unveils-its-brand-new-logo-and-philosophyaaj-likhenge-kal-86790.html|title=Zee TV unveils its brand new logo and philosophy, 'Aaj Likhenge Kal'|website=Exchange4Media|date=16 October 2017 |access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref>

The first promo of the series was released on 10 February 2018 featuring the leads [[Eisha Singh]] and [[Adnan Khan]] depicting their different ideologies on [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/video-ishq-subhan-allah-promo-zee-tv/|title=In Video:'Ishq Subhan Allah' promo on ZEE TV|first=Baddhan|last=Raj|website=BizAsia|date=12 February 2018|access-date=2019-12-25}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Eisha Singh]] was selected to play Zara Siddiqui's character and [[Adnan Khan]] was cast to play Kabeer Ahmed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeetv.zee5.com/zara-ahmad-of-ishq-subhan-allah-is-the-role-model-everyone-should-look-up-to/|title=Zara Ahmad Of Ishq Subhan Allah Is The Role Model Everyone Should Look Up To|website=zeetv.zee5.com|date=18 January 2019|access-date=2019-02-01|archive-date=17 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917005603/https://zeetv.zee5.com/zara-ahmad-of-ishq-subhan-allah-is-the-role-model-everyone-should-look-up-to/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ishq-subhan-allah-actor-adnan-khan-5116464/lite/|title=Ishq Subhan Allah actor Adnan Khan: Our primary concern is to empower women through the show|website=Indian Express|date=29 March 2018}}</ref>

In October 2019, [[Eisha Singh]] quit the show to look for new opportunities and her character was shown falling down the cliff.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/eisha-singh-quits-ishq-subhan-allah/articleshow/71597982.cms|title=Eisha Singh quits 'Ishq Subhan Allah'|website=Times Of India|date=16 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/eisha-singh-quits-ishq-subhan-allah-for-a-film-loses-out-on-film-too-report/story-dGHe9IuJhaabqnmdaB1R1K_amp.html|title=Eisha Singh quits Ishq Subhan Allah for a film, loses out on film too: report|website=Hindustan Times|date=16 October 2019}}</ref> After Eisha's exit, [[Tunisha Sharma]] was cast as the new female lead of the show.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ishq-subhan-allah-new-promo-tunisha-sharma-makes-an-entry-into-the-show/articleshow/71740544.cms|title=Ishq Subhan Allah new promo: Tunisha Sharma makes an entry into the show|website=Times Of India|date=24 October 2019}}</ref>

In late June 2020, when filming was about to resume after the halt owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was reported that [[Tunisha Sharma]] will make an exit from the show and the channel has approached the original lead, [[Eisha Singh]] to return to the show. However, Eisha didn't confirm her return to the show.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/eisha-singh-to-return-to-ishq-subhan-allah-as-zara-1695850-2020-07-01|title=Eisha Singh to return to Ishq Subhan Allah as Zara?|website=India Today|date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

On 3 July 2020, [[Eisha Singh]] confirmed to be returning to the show and [[Tunisha Sharma]] confirmed her exit from the show. Sharma's character was later revealed to be an imposter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/eisha-singh-ishq-subhan-allah-was-always-my-baby-and-it-was-difficult-to-hand-it-over-to-someone-else/articleshow/76756819.cms|title=Eisha Singh: 'Ishq Subhan Allah' was always my baby and it was difficult to hand it over to someone else|website=Times Of India|date=3 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/eisha-singh-shares-her-excitement-on-returning-to-the-tv-show-ishq-subhan-allah-after-eight-months/videoshow/76781988.cms|title=Eisha Singh shares her excitement on returning to the TV show, 'Ishq Subhan Allah', after eight months|website=Times Of India|date=4 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tunisha-sharma-i-couldnt-continue-on-ishq-subhan-allah-owing-to-personal-reasons-i-am-really-happy-that-eisha-is-back-on-the-show/articleshow/76775328.cms|title=Tunisha Sharma: I couldn't continue on 'Ishq Subhan Allah' owing to personal reasons. I am really happy that Eisha is back on the show|website=Times Of India|date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

===Marketing===

To promote the show, [[Zee TV]] launched ''Galat Galat Galat'', a marketing campaign which drives conversations about the misinterpretations of [[Islam]]. Showing protagonist Zara Siddiqui's point of view this campaign delivered a strong message against [[Triple Talaq]] system. A special profile was created for Zara Siddiqui on [[YouTube]], [[Facebook]] and [[Twitter]] to share stories and videos about her point of view and interpretation of Islam derived from the Quran.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/lite/2018/04/ishq-subhan-allah-s-zara-s-opinions-strike-the-right-chord/|title=Ishq Subhan Allah's Zara's opinions strike the right chord|website=Best Media Info|access-date=2019-12-28|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228041256/https://bestmediainfo.com/lite/2018/04/ishq-subhan-allah-s-zara-s-opinions-strike-the-right-chord/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Training===
{{Blockquote|"I am learning Urdu. There are certain words that I had to repeat at least 30 to 40 times to pronounce them properly. I was born and brought up in a typical Hindu family, but the plus point is that I am from Bhopal so I am familiar with the culture. I also learnt how to perform namaaz. Islam is such a beautiful religion,".|[[Eisha Singh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/ishq-ka-rang-safed-s-eisha-singh-is-excited-to-make-her-comeback-with-tv-show-on-triple-talaq-1190032-2018-03-15|title=Ishq Ka Rang Safed's Eisha Singh is excited to make her comeback with TV show on triple talaq|website=India Today|date=15 March 2018 |access-date=2020-11-21}}</ref>}}

===Filming===

Based on the backdrop of [[Lucknow]], the series is mainly filmed on the sets created at [[Mira Road]] in [[Mumbai]] with some initial sequences were shot in [[Lucknow]] as the show's storyline is based in [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archive.siasat.com/news/ishq-subhan-allah-zee-tv-launches-new-fiction-show-triple-talaaq-1327982/|title='Ishq Subhan Allah': Zee TV launches new fiction show on triple talaaq|website=archive.siasat.com}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> The honeymoon track of Zara and Kabeer was shot in [[Kashmir Valley]] in April 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ishq-subhan-allah-eisha-singh-and-adnan-khan-shoot-their-honeymoon-sequence-kashmir-406720%3famp|title=Ishq Subhan Allah: Eisha Singh and Adnan Khan shoot for their honeymoon sequence in Kashmir|website=Pinkvilla|access-date=2020-01-27}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-ishq-subhan-allah-stars-eisha-singh-adnan-khan-making-the-most-of-their-kashmir-shoot-2605623|title='Ishq Subhan Allah' stars Eisha Singh and Adnan Khan making the most of their Kashmir shoot|publisher=DNA India|date=16 April 2018}}</ref>

===Writing===

{{blockquote|“Being a practising Muslim, I have a knowledge of the religion. We also had many scholars on board for research. We confirmed and consulted with the scholars at any point of doubt. Our intentions are very clear because we do not want to hurt anyone.”|Danish Javed <ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/873326/love-marriage-and-the-triple-talaq-debate-feature-in-zee-tvs-ishq-subhan-allah|title=Love, marriage and the triple talaq debate feature in Zee TV's 'Ishq Subhan Allah'|website=scroll.in|date=27 March 2018 }}</ref>}}

===Broadcast===

The airing of the series was shifted from its earlier 10:00pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] slot to 10:30pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] slot from 25 February 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/ishq-subhan-allah-saved-from-axe-manmohini-to-go-off-air-on-zee-tv/|title='Ishq Subhan Allah' saved from axe; 'Manmohini' to go off-air on ZEE TV|website=Biz Asia|date=31 January 2020 }}</ref>

The production and airing of the show was halted indefinitely in late March 2020 due to the [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] outbreak in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Television Industry in a Slump With the Lockdown|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/television-industry-experiencing-slowdown-with-the-lockdown|website=[[The Quint]]|date=12 May 2020 }}</ref> It was expected to resume on 1 April 2020 but could not and the series was last broadcast on 20 March 2020 when the remaining episodes were aired.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus outbreak: Film and television shootings to stop till March 31|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/coronavirus-outbreak-film-and-television-shootings-to-stop-till-march-31-1655773-2020-03-15|website=India Today|date=15 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 impact: TV industry braces for loss as production stalled|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/covid-19-impact-tv-industry-braces-for-loss-as-production-stalled-11584938268645.html|website=Live Mint|date=23 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Entertainment industry welcomes Maharashtra govt's move to resume filming projects|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/entertainment-industry-welcomes-maharashtra-govts-move-to-resume-filming-projects/1851923|website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref> After four months, the production and filming of the series resumed on 12 July 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ishq-subhan-allahs-adnan-khan-resumes-shooting-after-testing-negative-covid-19-see-bts-photos-sets-549791%3famp|title=Ishq Subhan Allah's Adnan Khan resumes shooting after testing negative for COVID 19; See BTS photos from sets|website=Pinkvilla|date=16 July 2020|access-date=17 July 2020|archive-date=5 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305205038/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ishq-subhan-allahs-adnan-khan-resumes-shooting-after-testing-negative-covid-19-see-bts-photos-sets-549791?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/pictures-adnan-khan-resumes-shooting-ishq-subhan-allah/|title=Pictures: Adnan Khan resumes shooting for Ishq Subhan Allah|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=16 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/adnan-khan-and-eisha-singh-start-shooting-for-ishq-subhan-allah/videoshow/77053055.cms|title=Adnan Khan and Eisha Singh start shooting for Ishq Subhan Allah|website=Times Of India|date=19 July 2020}}</ref> The airing of the series was resumed from 3 August 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/back-to-life-115847|title=Back to life|website=The Tribune|date=31 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.siasat.com/eisha-singh-gets-new-look-as-she-returns-to-ishq-subhan-allah-1935359/amp/|title=Eisha Singh gets new look as she returns to 'Ishq Subhan Allah'|website=The Siasat Daily|date =31 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-tv-confirms-return-of-ishq-subhan-allah-after-lockdown/|title=ZEE TV confirms return of 'Ishq Subhan Allah' after lockdown|website=Biz Asia|date=2 August 2020}}</ref>

===Cancellation===

The ratings of the show had dropped before the lockdown and it was reported to go off air after the lockdown.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessupturn.com/brand-post/ampacimon-launches-ferc-881-accelerator-program-as-compliance-deadline-looms/|title=Exclusive: ZEE TV's Ishq Subhan Allah to go off air after just 8 new episodes|website=Business Upturn|date=16 September 2023 }}</ref> The show received an extension as the replacement show was not ready.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ishq-subhan-allah-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/77719906.cms|title='Ishq Subhan Allah' to go off air soon?|website=The Times Of India|date=24 August 2020}}</ref> The shooting of the series wrapped up on 29 September 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-ishq-subhan-allah-actors-bid-adieu-to-fans-with-teary-eyes-1351235/amp|title=Ishq Subhan Allah actors bid adieu to fans with teary eyes|website=Abp News}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

The show ended on 2 October 2020 after two and a half years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ishq-subhan-allah-to-go-off-air/articleshow/78399779.cms|title='Ishq Subhan Allah' to go off air|website=The Times Of India|date=30 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.mid-day.com/amp/articles/ishq-subhan-allah-bids-adieu-after-a-successful-two-and-a-half-years-long-run/23017228|title=Ishq Subhan Allah bids adieu after a successful two and a half years long run|website= MidDay.com|date=30 September 2020 }}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===

''Ishq Subhan Allah'' deals with the sensitive and burning issue of [[Triple Talaq]] due to which it received negative criticism from some [[Muslims]]. Following the first week of its premiere, the show created disappointment between the [[Muslims]] and a complaint was filed by [[Raza Academy]], an [[Islamic]] association based in [[Mumbai]] against the show for the wrongful representation of religious facts and maligning the image of the religion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/complaint-filed-against-ishq-subhan-allah-for-wrongful-religious-representation-5104781/lite/|title=Complaint filed against Ishq Subhan Allah for wrongful religious representation|website=Indian Express|date=20 March 2018 |access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>

The complaint by the academy stated that the show "shows Islam in a bad light, the scripts of the entire serial is made to understand that Islam religion needs a lot of changes, revival, amendments".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2018/ishq-subhan-allah-complaint-filed-against-the-show-for-wrongful-representation-of-religious-facts-272531.html|title=Ishq Subhan Allah: Complaint Filed Against The Show For Wrongful Representation Of Religious Facts
|website=Filmy Beat|date=21 March 2018
|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>

Since the show is based on a religious concept, many Muslim priests like the Shariat Board Chief, Imam Organization, and [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]] had also raised objections against the show.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/zee-tv-s-ishq-subhan-allah-based-triple-talaq-faces-objection-muslim-priests-401126?amp|title=Zee TV's Ishq Subhan Allah based on Triple Talaq faces objection from Muslim priests|website=Pinkvilla|date=15 March 2018|access-date=5 July 2020|archive-date=5 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705192737/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/zee-tv-s-ishq-subhan-allah-based-triple-talaq-faces-objection-muslim-priests-401126?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.freepressjournal.in/article/cmcm/ishq-subhan-allah-new-tv-show-on-triple-talaq-runs-into-controversy/e13b4da9-86ee-4e08-840e-62b4bcf23027|title=Ishq Subhan Allah: New TV show on 'Triple Talaq' runs into controversy|website=Freepressjournal|access-date=11 January 2021}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

Following a month of its premiere, [[India Today]] stated that the well-written characters of Zara and Kabir developed the loyal fan following of the show over a month of its run and the concept of [[Triple Talaq]] has aroused the interest of the viewers and further expressed, "Apart from its bold and relevant theme, the show's narrative has been spun in an interesting way with well-etched out characters".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/ishq-subhan-allah-beats-bepannaah-here-s-why-the-show-on-triple-talaq-is-making-waves-1216513-2018-04-20|title=Ishq Subhan Allah beats Bepannaah, here's why the show on triple talaq is making waves|website=India Today|date=20 April 2018 |access-date=2020-10-05}}</ref>

On the reception of the show in such short span of time, Deepak Rajadhyaksha the Deputy Business Head of Zee TV said, "In keeping with our brand philosophy Aaj likhenge Kal, it is our constant endeavor to present viewers with progressive stories that are not only entertaining but also provoke them into thinking differently, get inspired, take charge of their destiny and work towards an extraordinary future. With Ishq Subhan Allah, we bring audiences the love story of a Muslim couple where the man and woman beg to differ on matters of interpreting and applying religion to their daily lives. We have dwelled into the issue of Triple Talaaq which was never spoken about in a prime-time fiction show. The response that the show has received in its opening week stands testimony to the universal applause and the warm welcome given to the show by Indian audiences."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baddhan |first1=Raj |title=India Ratings: 'Ishq Subhan Allah' gets off to a flying start |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/india-ratings-ishq-subhan-allah-gets-off-flying-start |website=BizAsia |access-date=17 August 2019 |date=22 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/zee-tv-s-ishq-subhan-allah-year-s-second-highest-weekday-fiction-launch-across-gecs-180323?amp|title=Zee TV's 'Ishq Subhan Allah' year's second highest weekday fiction launch across GECs|website=Indiantelevision.com|date=23 March 2018 |access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ishq Subhan Allah Original Sound Track
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Mukul Puri
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 14 March 2018
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = {{Ubl
| [[Romance (music)|Romance]]
 [[Soundtrack]]
}}
| length = 8:59
| language = [[Hindi]] [[Urdu]]
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer = [[Dheeraj Kumar]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

''Ishq Subhan Allah''<nowiki/>'s soundtrack is written by [[A. M. Turaz]] and composed by Mukul Puri. Mukul Puri had composed the title song and the background score for the show.
''Ishq Subhan Allah'', the title song of the show, is sung by [[Javed Ali]].

{{track listing
| extra_column= Artist
| headline = Ishq Subhan Allah: Tracklisting
| title1 = Ishq Subhan Allah
| note1 =
| extra1 = [[Javed Ali]]
| length1 = 7:19
| title2 = Ishq Jaaniya
| note2 =
| extra2 = Mukul Puri
| length2 = 1:40
}}

==Spin-off==
{{main|Ishq Aaj Kal}}

A [[spin-off (media)|spin-off]] web series was launched in 2019. The web series starring [[Angad Hasija]], [[Ankitta Sharma]] and [[Paras Kalnawat]] was titled ''[[Ishq Aaj Kal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/zee5-premieres-ishq-aaj-kal-first-of-its-kind-television-spin-ott-on-ott/|title=ZEE5 premieres ''Ishq Aaj Kal'', first of its kind Television spin-ott on OTT|last=Excelsior|first=Daily|date=2019-07-04|website=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-08}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/ishq-subhan-allah/0-6-tvshow_691077998}} on [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|8678054}}

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh]]

Jadavpur

2026-01-16T07:36:50Z

Vemareddy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement


| name = Jadavpur 
| official_name =
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| settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata(Calcutta)
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| photo1a =Jadavpur,Raja S.C Mullick Road, Kolkata.png
| photo2a =Jadavpur Sulekha More, Kolkata.png
| photo4a=8B Bus Stand, Jadavpur.jpg
| photo3a =Jadavpur University 4 no Gate 01.jpg
| photo3b =Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, West Bengal.jpg
| size = 280
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| foot_montage =1:Raja S.C Mullick Road 2:Sulekha More 3: Jadavpur University 4no.Gate 4:Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 5:8B Bus Stand

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| pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Jadavpur
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web |title=Fact and Figures |url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy |website=Wb.gov.in |access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |website=Nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |access-date=5 July 2019 |page=85 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
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| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = City
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata district|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/ACName?DCID=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Electors Details As On 30-10-2010|url=http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529011629/http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf|archive-date=29 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=KMC Wards in South 24 Parganas|url=http://s24pgs.gov.in/s24p/page.php?nm=SubDivision}}</ref>
| subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
| subdivision_name4 = {{Bulleted list|[[Rabindra Sarobar metro station|Rabindra Sarobar]]|[[Mahanayak Uttam Kumar metro station|Mahanayak Uttam Kumar]]|[[Kavi Sukanta metro station|Kavi Sukanta]]|[[Jyotirindra Nandi metro station|Jyotirindra Nandi]]|[[Satyajit Ray metro station|Satyajit Ray]]}}
| seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards
| parts_style = 
| parts = [[Ward No. 92, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|92]], [[Ward No. 93, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|93]], [[Ward No. 96, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|96]], [[Ward No. 98, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|98]], [[Ward No. 99, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|99]], [[Ward No. 102, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|102]]
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| coordinates = {{coord|22.502513|N|88.3676051|E|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 700 032, 700 092
| area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jadavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jadavpur''' is a neighbourhood of [[South Kolkata|Southern Kolkata]] in [[Kolkata district]] in [[West Bengal]], India. It is one of the important junctions in South Kolkata. [[Jadavpur University]] and a number of research institutes of national and international importance are located here.

==Etymology==
Jadavpur was named after Late Jadav Narayan Sarkar, zamindar of Sonarpur.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==History==
In 1862, "the Calcutta and South-Eastern Railway opened a line south-ward from what was then called Beliaghata Station to Port Canning."<ref>Chaudhuri Sukanta, ''The Railway Comes to Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, edited by [[Sukanta Chaudhuri]], page 239, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-563696-3}}.</ref> The line (now part of [[Sealdah South lines]]) passes through Jadavpur.

In 1876, [[Mahendra Lal Sarkar|Dr. Mahendra Lal Sarkar]], established the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]], an institution for fundamental research in basic sciences, at Jadavpur, as an entirely private effort.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata |url=http://www.dst.gov.in/autonomous/iacs.htm |work=dst.gov.in |access-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529225344/http://dst.gov.in/autonomous/iacs.htm |archive-date=29 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Uma Dasgupta |title=Science and Modern India: An Institutional History, C. 1784-1947 |year=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9788131728185 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrx3wLz4itkC&q=Indian+Association+for+the+Cultivation+of+Science&pg=PA69}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bernhard Joseph Stern |title=Science and Society |page=84 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQZ2ni_Bn5sC&q=Indian+Association+for+the+Cultivation+of+Science&pg=PA85 |year=1978}}</ref> [[C. V. Raman|Sir C. V. Raman]] carried out ground-breaking work in the field of [[light scattering]] in this institute and it was first published by the institute in the [[Indian Journal of Physics]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Journal of Physics |url=https://www.springer.com/physics/journal/12648 |work=springer.com |access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref> It earned him the 1930 [[Nobel Prize for Physics]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Venkata Raman – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1930/raman-bio.html |publisher=Nobel Prize – Official website |access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>

With donations from [[Subodh Chandra Mullick|Raja Subodh Chandra Mullick]], [[Brajendra Kishore Roychowdhury]] and others, the [[National Council of Education]], set up the institutions at Jadavpur, in 1906, as a [[Swadeshi]] effort for the promotion of science and technology.<ref>{{cite book |last=Palit |first=Chittabrata |date=2011 |editor-last=Gupta |editor-first=Uma Das |title=Science and modern India : an institutional history, c. 1784-1947 |location=Delhi |publisher=Longman Pearson Education |pages=851–852 |isbn=9788131753750}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Education |title=National Council of Education |work=Banglapedia |language=en |access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref> The Bengal Technical Institute was "initially set up at Maniktala but soon moved to what was then the quiet suburban retreat of Jadavpur. Later, this became the College of Engineering and Technology, and finally in 1955, [[Jadavpur University]]. The progress of Jadavpur University from a technical institute to a diversified university with flourishing arts and science faculties, including several centres for advanced work in various areas, is perhaps the most significant and heartening development in Kolkata’s academic life since independence."<ref>Chaudhuri, Sukanta, "Education in Modern Calcutta", in "Calcutta, The Living City" Vol II, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Pages 203, 205, First published 1990, 2005 edition, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}</ref>

Jadavpur is home to two research institutes, under the [[Council of Scientific & Industrial Research]] – the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]], established in 1935,<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Institute of Chemical Biology |url=http://www.nti.org/facilities/152/ |work=nti.org |access-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419031728/http://www.nti.org/facilities/152/ |archive-date=19 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute]], established in 1950.<ref name=cgcri1>{{cite web |title=About CGCRI |url=http://www.cgcri.res.in/page.php?id=2 |work=cgcri.res.in |access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>

The Calcutta Municipal Corporation Act 1980, which came into effect in 1984, extended the boundaries of Kolkata by including South Suburban, Garden Reach and Jadavpur municipalities in Kolkata.<ref name= kmc1>{{cite web |url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCAboutKolkataHome.jsp |title=A walk down memory lane |work=About Kolkata |publisher=KMC |access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=kmc2>{{cite web |url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/MunicipalHistoryHome.jsp |title=Kolkata Municipal Corporation |work=Kolkata - a municipal history |publisher=KMC |access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>

With the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] in 1947, "millions of refugees poured in from erstwhile [[East Pakistan]]."<ref>Chatterjee, Monideep, "Town Planning in Calcutta: Past, Present and Future", in "Calcutta, The Living City" Vol II, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Page 142, First published 1990, 2005 edition, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}</ref> In the initial stages bulk of the refugees were non-agriculturists. A few of them made their own arrangements, but "it was squatters who made the [[East Bengali refugees]] famous or infamous." Squatting (''jabardakhal'' in Bengali) ranged from the forcible occupation of barracks to the collective take-over of private, government and waste land. "This happened as early as 1948 with middle class refugees in the Jadabpur area: first on government land and then on private property, leading to violent clashes. Having won the battle, the elated squatters named their colony ‘Bijaygarh’, the Fort of Victory." By 1949, there were 40 such colonies in Jadavpur, [[Kasba, Kolkata|Kasba]], [[Santoshpur, Kolkata|Santoshpur]], [[Garia]] and [[Behala]], in the south-eastern part of the city, and 65 in the [[Dum Dum]] and [[Panihati]] zone in the north. Subsequently squatters colonies also came up along the west bank of the Hooghly and by 1950, there were 150 such colonies. "Their names – Surya Sen Nagar, Bapujinagar, Bidhanpally, Adarshanagar – reflected their creators’ memories of the past and hopes for the future." The squatters resorted to various strategies to gain legitimacy and government aid. A common practice was to invite leading personalities of Calcutta society to be the president of their refugee association. At one point of time [[Basanti Devi]], then widow of [[Chittaranjan Das|Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das]], was president of the Jadavpur Refugee Camp Association for a short period. The efforts of the East Bengali refugees in rebuilding their lives, virtually with their own efforts, has been spoken of as "self-rehabilitation". To take just one example of their success: by 1952, Bijaygarh boasted of four schools, one college, a market, a post office, a temple and even a hospital. No doubt, Bijaygarh was a model for others to follow.<ref>Chatterjee, Nilanjana, "The East Bengal Refugees: A Lesson in Survival", in "Calcutta, The Living City" Vol II, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Pages 72-75, First published 1990, 2005 edition, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0026749X12000613 |title=The Myths Refugees Live By: Memory and history in the making of Bengali refugee identity |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=48 |pages=37–76 |year=2014 |last1=Sen |first1=Uditi |s2cid=144297665 |url=http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50191/1/Myths%20refugees%20live%20by_Final.pdf |access-date=11 January 2020 |archive-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712075652/http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50191/1/Myths%20refugees%20live%20by_Final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efforts have been made in more recent years to regularise land/property rights in the refugee colonies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangalnama.wordpress.com/2009/08/31/the-refugee-city-partition-and-kolkata%E2%80%99s-postcolonial-landscape/ |title=The Refugee City: Partition and Kolkata's Post-colonial landscape |publisher=Bangalnama, 31 August 2009 |access-date=13 March 2018 |date=31 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/2132220 |title=Dilemas of Diaspora: Partition, Refugees and the Politics of 'Home' |journal=Pablo Bose |publisher=academia.edu |access-date=13 March 2018 |author1=Bose}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/4m-refugees-entered-West-Bengal-after-1971/articleshow/660584.cms |title=4m refugees entered West Bengal after 1971 |work=The Times of India, 11 August 2000 |access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080730/jsp/calcutta/story_9620602.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920012855/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080730/jsp/calcutta/story_9620602.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2008 |title=Civic tax net on colony plots |work=The Telegraph |access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.502513|88.3676051}} 
| zoom = 14 
| label = Jadavpur
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.502513|88.3676051}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
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===Police district===
Jadavpur police station is in the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|South Suburban division]] of [[Kolkata Police]]. It is located at 1, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Road, Kolkata-700032.<ref name="police">{{cite web |url=http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=8&Division=J |title=Kolkata Police, South Suburban Division |work=Jadavpur police station |publisher=KP |access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>

See also - [[Mukundapur, Kolkata#Police district|Purba Jadavpur police station]]

[[Baishnabghata Patuli Township#Police district|Patuli Women police station]] has jurisdiction over all police districts under the jurisdiction of South Suburban Division i.e. Netaji Nagar, Jadavpur, Kasba, Regent Park, Bansdroni, Garfa and Patuli.<ref name="police"/>

'''Jadavpur''', Thakurpukur, Behala, Purba Jadavpur, Tiljala, Regent Park, Metiabruz, Nadial and Kasba police stations were transferred from South 24 Parganas to Kolkata in 2011. Except Metiabruz, all the police stations were split into two. The new police stations are Parnasree, Haridevpur, Garfa, Patuli, Survey Park, Pragati Maidan, Bansdroni and Rajabagan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110901/jsp/calcutta/story_14449897.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102181555/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110901/jsp/calcutta/story_14449897.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 November 2012 |title=Midnight change of guard – 17 more police stations come under Lalbazar |work=The Telegraph |date=1 September 2011 |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>

===Location===
Jadavpur is located at {{coord|22.502513|N|88.3676051|E|}}. It is bounded by [[Jodhpur Park]] and [[Dhakuria]] to the north, [[Tollygunge]] and [[Golf Green]] to the west, [[Santoshpur, Kolkata|Santoshpur]] and [[Garfa]] to the east and [[Baghajatin]] and [[Garia]] to the south.

The Jadavpur market area is often casually referred to as the "8B" area, due to the sprawling 8B bus terminus that dominates the major crossing of the area. It is the centre of Jadavpur downtown, right across from Jadavpur University and a few hundred yards from [[KPC Medical College and Hospital]] and K.S. Roy T.B. Hospital.

===Climate===
Jadavpur has tropical climate much like Kolkata though the rainfall is heavier as the southern parts gets higher rainfall than the main city. The area gets flooded during the heavy monsoonal rain from June to October. The average maximum temperature is around 30 degree Celsius and average minimum temperature is around 25 degree Celsius. Annual rainfall is about 1900 mm.

==Economy==
===Industry===
* Bengal Lamp was set up in 1913. Tapan Kumar Roy and Tapash Kumar Roy were the joint managing directors. It used to produce fluorescent lights, tube lights and filament bulbs. The factory was locked out in 1989 and referred to the [[Bureau of Industrial and Financial Restructuring]] in 1990. “Initially, Bengal Lamp’s shut-down figured prominently in political discourse… but that has petered out..Bengal Lamp has faded from public memory.” There were 480 workers at the time of lock-out.<ref name=sanhati>{{cite web |url=http://sanhati.com/excerpted/1233/#10 |title=Factory closures and plight of workers: A comprehensive summary of Bengal's industrial condition |publisher=Sanhati, 9 February 2009 |access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Darkness-shrouds-Bengal-Lamp-families/articleshow/34846388.cms |title=Darkness shrouds Bengal Lamp familis |work=The Times of India |date=9 May 2014 |access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
* Sulekha Ink entered the fountain pen ink market as an alternative to imported brands and became a preferred choice throughout the country. Christened by [[Rabindra Nath Tagore]], the company was owned by Kalyan Moitra. The company dropped its shutters in 1989. In 2005, the company sold its ‘excess’ land at Jadavpur and reorganised its factory. Two housing projects, Devaloke Heights and Devaloke Fort, and a jewellery shop of Senco Gold, has come up on Sulekha's land.<ref name=sanhati/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://devalokegroup.com/ |title=Devaloke Group |publisher=DG |access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
* National Instruments Limited, a Government of India Undertaking, used to produce gauges & indicators, thermometers, surveying instruments, optical instruments and possibly was the only Indian manufacturer of mass-produced cameras (National 35 model). As it became sick, it was closed down and transferred to Jadavpur University in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiacom.com/kolkatacalcutta/national-instruments-limited-government-of-india-undertaking_kolkatacalcutta_kal_926675.html |title=National Instruments Limited |publisher=india.com |access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.artslant.com/ind/events/show/140237-through-a-lens-darkly |title=Through a Lens Darkly |publisher=Artslant |access-date=29 July 2018 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801125348/https://www.artslant.com/ind/events/show/140237-through-a-lens-darkly |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/portion-of-national-instruments-ltd-land-to-be-given-to-drdo-115061700784_1.html |title=Portion of National Instruments land to be given to DRDO |access-date=29 July 2018 |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=17 June 2015 |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>
* Annapurna Glass Works
* Krishna Glass Works

===Markets===
[[File:Indian Association for the Cultivation Of Science (New Gate).png|thumb|251x251px|[[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (IACS)]][[File:South City Mall 2.jpg|thumb|[[South City Mall]]|251x251px]]
[[File:Fish vendor in Jadavpur market, West Bengal.jpg|thumb|Fish vendor in Jadavpur market|251x251px]]
The Jadavpur 8B area has recently become a very popular shopping destination, having shops of almost every need. Since Bengali cuisine is almost synonymous with fish, the Jadavpur market is a major place where you will get a wide variety of fishes, specially Ilish mach (Hilsa fish), Pabda and the ever present Ruhi. Also available are sea water fishes like Pomfret and Mackerel. Vendors also offer chickens and geese; those chosen are slaughtered on the spot and usually carried home on [[rickshaws]]. It boasts of a large farmer's market, serviced by the rail line. Sukanta setu market is another busy situated in this area. It is mainly starts in morning and closes within couple of hours. The morning rush of vendors and buyers often creates traffic jam in this area.

[[South City Mall]], the biggest shopping mall in eastern India, has been opened at [[Prince Anwar Shah Road]] since 2008. It has definitely added some more value to the residents of this region.

== Transport ==
Jadavpur has a bus terminal named Jadavpur 8B Bus Terminus.
A variety of AC & Non-AC Buses depart from this terminus.
It is also the hub of the famous bus named E1 which is the fastest executive bus of Kolkata connecting [[Howrah Station]] with Jadavpur.

Some Other WBTC Buses are given below -

AC1 & E1 - Jadavpur - [[Howrah Station]]

S9 & AC9 - Jadavpur - [[Bidhannagar|Saltlake Karunamoyee]] via Santoshpur EM Byepass

AC9B - Jadavpur - [[Ecospace]] via Santoshpur EM Byepass Sector 5 Newtown

S31 & AC31 - Jadavpur - [[Behala]] via Jadavpur ps Lake Gardens Anwarsaha road Tollygung Metro J L Sarani

S8B - Jadavpur - [[Howrah]]

S8B/N - Jadavpur - [[Nabanna]]

AC43 - [[Golf Green]] - [[Airport]] Terminal via Santoshpur EM Byepass Sector5 Newtown Eco Park Kaikhali

S5A - [[Jadavpur]] - [[Howrah Stn]]

AC50B - Jadavpur - [[Belur Math]] (occasional purposes)

D27A - [[Habra -Ashonagar]] - [[Jadavpur]] via Santoshpur EM Byepass Sector5 Newtown Eco Park Kaikhali
Airport(all gates) Birati BT College Doltala New Barrackpore Hridaipur Madhyamgram Barasat ...........

[[Jadavpur railway station]] is one of the busiest railway station of [[Sealdah South section]] on the [[Sealdah–Diamond Harbour line]].
This railway station is under the jurisdiction of [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]], [[Sealdah railway division]].
There are only 2 Platforms here
All [[Sealdah]] bound trains arrive & depart from Platform No.1 & all [[Sonarpur]] bound trains arrive & leave from Platform No.2.

All Galloping Local Trains gives a stop here except First Down Train 34812.

==Education and research==
[[File:Engineering Science Building with Dr K P Basu Memorial Hall - Jadavpur University - Kolkata 2015-01-08 2365.JPG|thumb|250px|Engineering Science Building, Jadavpur University]]
* [[Jadavpur University]] is a public state university formerly known as Bengal Technical Institute established by National Council of Education - Bengal in 1906.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncebengal.in/ |title=The National Council of Education Bengal | Home |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608185925/http://www.ncebengal.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> As per the report of the International Comparative Performance of India's Research Base it has been ranked within the top ten Indian Research Institutions. It has over 11,000 students. It offers undergraduate, post graduate and research courses in arts, science, engineering, pharmacy, education etc. It is made up of 36 departments, with 21 interdisciplinary schools, and 40 centres of study.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/ |title=Jadavpur University |publisher=JU |access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://collegedunia.com/university/26008-jadavpur-university-kolkata/admission |title=Jadavpur University, Kolkata |publisher=collegedunia |access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/jadavpur-university |title=Where Big Thinkers Come to Disrupt |work=World University Rankings |publisher=UNSW Sydney |access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[Vijaygarh Jyotish Ray College]] was established in 1950 and is affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]]. It offers honours courses in Bengali, English, education, political science, history, philosophy, physics, chemistry, botany, zoology, microbiology, economics and accounting & finance. It also offers post-graduation in microbiology. The college owes its origin to the initiative of the inhabitants of the Refugee Colony. Uttama Sundari Dutta, the mother-in-law of late Jyotish Chandra Ray, after whom the college has been named, made a gift of Rs. 20,000 for the establishment of the college.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vijaygarhjrcollege.com/# |title=Vijaygarh Jyotish Ray College |publisher=VJRC |access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]], is a public [[Deemed university|deemed to be central university]] and the oldest scientific research institution in Asia, funded by the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology, Government of India]], and Government of West Bengal. It offers undergraduate, post-graduate courses in basic sciences, and doctoral and post-doctoral facilities. [[C.V. Raman|Sir C.V.Raman's]] work was carried forward at IACS, by [[K.S. Krishnan|Sir K.S.Krishnan]] and [[Kedareswar Banerjee]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iacs.res.in/introduction.html |title=Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science |publisher=IACS |access-date=19 March 2018 |archive-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118073309/http://iacs.res.in/introduction.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]] was initially established as the first non-official centre to carry out basic biomedical research and was taken over by [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] in 1956. Amongst its achievements are the development of an oral vaccine for cholera, herbal products for controlling gastric ulcer, empirical treatment for vitiligo, diagnostic kits for malignancy and hormonal disorders, fungal enzymes of industrial importance, radiopharmaceuticals for evaluation of the functional status of renal and hepatobiliary systems and a device for early detection of Parkinson's disease.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iicb.res.in/ |title=CSIR – Indian Institute of Chemical Biology |publisher=IICB |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute]], was set up initially as Central Glass and Silicate Research Institute and was one of the earliest research institutes to be set up by [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] in the country. The development of various types of optical glasses, in the fifties, brought CGCRI into limelight in the international arena. It was followed by development of laser glass, infra-red transmitting filters, synthetic quartz single crystal, high temperature protective enamels, high alumina ceramic seals and spacers, work in the field of optical fibre for telecommunications, sol-gel processing of glass and ceramic materials, production of glass fibre-based composites and application of ceramic materials in electronics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cgcri.res.in/ |title=CSIR – Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute |publisher=CGCRI |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[KPC Medical College and Hospital]], a private medical college, established in 2006, has 150 seats (as of 2018) in the [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] course. [[Medical Council of India|MCI]] has approved [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] and [[Master of Surgery|MS]] courses. Shova Rani Nursing College offers B.Sc. (Hons.) Nursing and GNM Nursing courses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kpcmedicalcollege.org/ |title=KPC Medical College and Hospital, Jadavpur |publisher=KPCMCH |access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray Polytechnic]] offers diploma level courses in engineering.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.polytechniccolleges.in/westbengal/kolkata-calcutta/apc-roy-polytechnic-kolkata-calcutta |title=Polytechnic Colleges |work=APC Ray Polytechnic, Kolkata |publisher=Polytechnic Colleges |access-date=19 March 2018 |archive-date=19 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319214610/http://www.polytechniccolleges.in/westbengal/kolkata-calcutta/apc-roy-polytechnic-kolkata-calcutta |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Jadavpur Vidyapith]], a Bengali-medium co-educational higher secondary school, was established within the Jadavpur University campus, in 1957. The school has around 1,500 students. It has produced many brilliant students; some of them have also been rank holders in Madhyamik Pariksha conducted by West Bengal Board of Secondary Education.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jadavpurvidyapithhs.org/ |title=Jadavpur Vidyapith |publisher=JV |access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref>
* The Calcutta Emmanuel School, a English-medium co-ed school affiliated to the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), was established in 1989 by Rev. Vijayan Pavamani for providing education to the poorest sections of the society. There are classes from Nursery to Class XII, having three streams of study (Humanities, Science, Commerce) at the ISC level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=theces.org - Home |url=https://www.theces.org/ |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.theces.org}}</ref>
* Jadavpur High School, a Bengali-medium boys only higher secondary school, located in KMC Ward No. 96, was established in 1935. The school has arrangements for teaching in classes VI to XII.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/jadavpur-high-school/19170109916 |title=Jadavpur High School |publisher=ICBSE |access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref>
* Jadavpur Girls High School, a Bengali-medium girls only higher secondary school, located in KMC Ward No. 93, was established in 1948. The school has arrangements for teaching in classes VI to XII.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/jadavpur-girls-high-school/19170109630 |title=Jadavpur Girls High School |work=ICBSE |access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref>
* Jadavpur Baghajatin High School, a Bengali-medium boys only higher secondary school, located in KMC Ward No. 99, was established in 1950. The school has arrangements for teaching in classes VI to XII.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/jadavpur-baghajatin-high-school/19170110217 |title=Jadavpur Baghajatin High School |publisher=ICBSE |access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[Jadavpur Nabakrishna Pal Adarsha Shikshayatan]], secondary and higher secondary boys' school located in Vivek Nagar neighbourhood
* Baghajatin Balika Vidyalaya, a Bengali-medium girls only higher secondary school located in KMC Ward No. 99, was established in 1956. The school has arrangements for teaching in classes VI to XII.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/baghajatin-balika-vidyalaya/19170110221 |title=Baghajatin Balika Vidyalaya School |publisher=ICBSE |access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref>
* Katjunagar Swarnamayee Vidyapith, a Bengali-medium co-educational higher secondary school located in KMC ward no. 93, was established in 1966. The school has arrangements for teaching in classes VI to XII.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/katjunagar-swarnamayee-vidyapith-h-s/19170109615 |title=Katjunagar Swarnamyee Vidyapith (H.S) School |publisher=ICBSE |access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref>
* Bani Bhaban High School, a Bengali-medium boys only higher secondary school located in KMC ward no. 99, was established in 1958. The school has arrangements for teaching in classes VI to XII<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/bani-bhaban-high-school/19170110216 |title=Bani Bhaban High School |publisher=ICBSE |access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref>
* Anthelion School of Art, an ISO 9001:2015 Certified, complete ecosystem for Art, working globally - Art School (Art Classes), Art Workshops, Exhibitions, Online Gallery, Art Camps and many more. www.anthelionartschool.com

==Culture==
On the cultural front, Jadavpur hosts one of the major [[Kali]] [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]]s in Kolkata, called ''Nava-Kali'' (nine different forms of Goddess Kali).

==Healthcare==
* K.S. Ray TB Hospital (earlier known as Jadavpur TB Hospital), was set up by Dr. Kumud Sankar Ray (1892–1950), at Jadavpur in 1922, with Rs. 1.6 lakhs left over for the purpose by Prabhas Chandra Ghose, a tuberculosis patient abandoned by his family. In those days [[tuberculosis]] was a highly [[Infection|infectious]] killer disease. Dr. K.S.Ray, one of the earliest TB researchers in this country, set up a small four-bed unit, the first of its kind in Bengal. In the earlier days of acute financial crisis, Surama Devi, his wife, largely did the cooking and cared for the patients. The doctor was ridiculed and criticised for his ‘mad’ project, but with time it grew to be the largest in Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ray |title=Ray, Kumud Sankar |publisher=Banglapedia |access-date=19 March 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> With the discovery of [[streptomycin]], the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis, in 1943, the lethal impact of the disease came down.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Comroe JH Jr |title=Pay dirt: the story of streptomycin. Part I: from Waksman to Waksman |journal=[[American Review of Respiratory Disease]] |year=1978 |volume=117 |issue=4 |pages=773–781 |pmid=417651 |doi=10.1164/arrd.1978.117.4.773 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kingston W |s2cid=27465970 |title=Streptomycin, Schatz v. Waksman, and the balance of credit for discovery |journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=441–62 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15270337 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/jrh091 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-laureates-in-physiology-or-medicine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609092934/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/index.html |url-status=dead |title=All Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine |archive-date=9 June 2017 |website=NobelPrize.org |access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref> As of 2018, it has 350 beds and is mentioned as a [[Healthcare in Kolkata|state government hospital]].<ref name="bed">{{cite web |url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf |title=Health and Family Welfare Department |work=Health Statistics -> Hospital |publisher=Government of West Bengal |access-date=20 March 2018 |archive-date=14 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914160418/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[KPC Medical College and Hospital]] was set up in 2007 by a non-profit foundation sponsored by Dr. Kalipada Chaudhuri, an orthopaedic surgeon and medical entrepreneur. It has approval for setting up 750 beds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kpcmedicalcollege.org/about.htm |title=KPC Medical College |work=About us |publisher=KPCMC |access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1090618/jsp/careergraph/story_11124534.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102175752/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090618/jsp/careergraph/story_11124534.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 November 2012 |title=KPC Medical College and Hospital |work=The Telegraph |date=18 June 2009 |access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref> As of 2018, it has 450 beds and is a private hospital.<ref name="bed"/>
* Baghajatin State General Hospital was established in 1991. It has 100 beds. There is a common complaint that health services of acceptable quality are not available in Baghajatin hospital. In a press release, issued in 2011, by activists who were protesting against the proposal for privatisation of the hospital, it was said, "the health Deptt of W.B. Govt. has been showing its total apathy and irresponsible gesture in conducting the hospital affair including its administration…"<ref name="bed"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sanhati.com/articles/3290/ |title=Baghajatin State Hospital in South Kolkata – The Privatisation of Healthcare in West Bengal |publisher=Sanhati |access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> The hospital is widely used by the local people.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-enteric-disease-finally-shows-signs-of-relent/articleshow/62962778.cms |title=Kolkata: Enteric disease finally shows signs of relent |work=The Times of India |date=18 February 2018 |access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kolkata-news/over-650-affected-with-diarrhoea-kolkata-civic-body-tests-water-samples-1811464 |title=Over 650 Affected With Diarrhoea, Kolkata Civic Body Tests Water Samples |publisher=NDTV |date=12 February 2018 |access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> It has a nursing training school.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.studyguideindia.com/Colleges/Medical/nursing-training-school-baghajatin-state-general-hospital-kolkatta.html |title=Nursing Training School |publisher=Study Guide India |access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref>
* Bijaygarh State General Hospital has 100 beds.<ref name="bed"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Southern fringes}} - there is a list of eateries in Jadavpur

{{Neighbourhoods in South Kolkata}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]

Premasathi Vattel Te

2026-01-10T05:11:59Z

Vemareddy: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=January 2013}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Premasathi Vattel Te - Marathi Movie
| image = Premasathi Vattel Te.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Dutta Keshav]]
| producer = [[Uma Prakash Bhende]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Uma Bhende]] [[Ashok Saraf]] [[Laxmikant Berde]] [[Padma Chavan]] [[Sudhir Joshi]]
| music = [[Shrikant Telang]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1987|05|}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Premasathi Vattel Te''''' is a Marathi movie released in May 1987. Produced by Uma Prakash Bhende and directed by Dutta Keshav.

== Cast ==
* [[Uma Bhende]]
* Prakash Bhende
* [[Ashok Saraf]]
* [[Laxmikant Berde]]
* [[Kanchan Adhikari]]
* [[Padma Chavan]]
* [[Sudhir Joshi]]
* [[Sukanya Kulkarni]]
* [[Atmaram Bhende]]
* [[Manorama Wagle]]

==Soundtrack==
The music is provided by Shrikant Telang.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0213173}}
* [http://www.gomolo.com/latest-premasathi-vattel-te-movie-news/43155 Movie Details - gomolo.com]
* [http://www.firstpost.com/mumbai/video/premasathi-vattel-te/366842qz5po3ldY43P11.html Premasathi Vattel Te - firstpost.com]

[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1980s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]

{{1980s-Marathi-film-stub}}

Agri dialect

2025-12-28T18:35:21Z

Vemareddy: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
'''Agri''' or '''Aagri''' ({{langx|mr|आगरी}}) is a dialect of Maharashtri Konkani which is written in [[Devanagari|Devanagari script]] and is spoken by members of the [[Agri (caste)]]. Although it is commonly used for a comedic effect in marathi comedy shows, but it is not merely the language of humour but also the distinct dialect closely related to Koli Konkani, and the Aagri people speak it on a day-to-day basis. Until the late 20th century, it was an oral dialect and was passed down from one generation to the next. It is spoken in many cities such as [[Mumbai (Bombay)]], [[Thana district|Thana (Trombay)]], [[Colaba district|Raigad (Colaba)]], [[Bhiwandi]], [[Vasai (Bassein)]], [[Palghar]], [[Valsad]] & [[Nashik]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120426030055/http://akhilagrisamaj.com/index.php Akhil Agri Samaj]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPwLLoPWjZE&ab_channel=Zee24Taas News Report from Zee 24 Taas about the Agri dialect]

[[Category:Marathi language]]

{{IndoAryan-lang-stub}}

Padma Theatre

2025-12-20T17:10:02Z

Vemareddy: quick adjusted lead and fixed typos

{{Short description|Cinema hall in Kochi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox theatre
| name = Padma Theatre
| image = Padma cinema theatre - ernakulam.JPG
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Padma Theatre in 2011
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption=
| address = [[Mahatma Gandhi Road (Kochi)|Mahatma Gandhi Road]],
| city = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]],
| country = [[India]]
| designation =
| coordinates =
| architect =
| owner = Shenoys family
| tenant =
| operator =
| capacity =
| type =
| opened = 1946
| reopened =
| years_active = 1946–present
| rebuilt =
| closed =
| demolished =
| other_names = Padma Cinema
| production =
| current_use =
| website =
}}

'''Padma Theatre''' is a cinema theatre in the [[South India|South Indian]] city of [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. Located in the [[Mahatma Gandhi Road (Kochi)|Mahatma Gandhi Road]], it was opened in 1946.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-30 |title=സിനിമാലോകത്തെ ഷേണായിമാർ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/shenoys-theatre-ernakulam-history-padma-kavitha-lakshmana-1.5397512 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> It is one of the oldest theatres in Kerala, that is still functioning and the oldest functioning theatre in Kochi. Padma theatre is considered as landmark building in Kochi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Sunaya |title=Kochi's Favourite Padma Theatre is Back with a Bang! |url=http://www.wtzupcity.com/kochi/features/kochis-favourite-padma-theatre-is-back-with-a-bang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129032218/http://www.wtzupcity.com/kochi/features/kochis-favourite-padma-theatre-is-back-with-a-bang |url-status=usurped |archive-date=29 November 2017 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=WtzupCity |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Padma theatre was opened in 1946 and was the second theatre from the Shenoy family. Prior to that, Lakshmanan Shenoy had opened the Lakshman theatre in 1944. The theater was named after Lakhman Shenoy's wife. It had a special balcony with 20 seats reserved for the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Kochi royal family]]. Padma was renovated in 1971 and air-conditioned with photophone film projector. The renovated theatre was opened by Tamil actor [[Kamal Haasan|Kamal Hassan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=V. K |first=Rajendran |date=1994 |title=ഷേണായ്മാർ 50 പിന്നിടുമ്പോൾ |pages=8,9 |work=Malayala Manorama}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Shenoys Theatre]]
*[[Sridar Theatre]]
*[[Sri Padmanabha Theatre]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Theatre, Padma}}

[[Category:Cinemas in Kochi]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kochi]]
[[Category:Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
{{theat-struct-stub}}

Ratnagiri railway division

2025-12-19T03:34:09Z

Vemareddy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Ratnagiri railway division''' is one of the two railway divisions under [[Konkan Railway]] of [[Indian Railways]]. This railway division was formed on 26 January 1998 and its headquarters is located at [[Ratnagiri]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] of India.

The Ratnagiri railway division extends over {{Convert|361|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Roha]] to [[Sawantwadi]] in Maharashtra. Ratnagiri railway region is headed by a Regional Railway Manager.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://konkanrailway.com/english/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/48_ORGANISATION_CHART-07032014.PDF |title= Organisation Chart - Commercial Department |access-date= 29 January 2016 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160206163551/http://konkanrailway.com/english/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/48_ORGANISATION_CHART-07032014.PDF |archive-date= 6 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://konkanrailway.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Dept-Chart-English1.pdf |title= Departmental Chart - Operating |access-date= 29 January 2016 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160206170203/http://konkanrailway.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Dept-Chart-English1.pdf |archive-date= 6 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://konkanrailway.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Departmental-Chart-dec-15.pdf |title= DEPARTMENTAL CHART OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT |access-date= 29 January 2016 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160206165555/http://konkanrailway.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Departmental-Chart-dec-15.pdf |archive-date= 6 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://konkanrailway.com/english/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/112_DEP-CHART-ENG-JAN-14.PDF |title= MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT |access-date= 29 January 2016 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160206165546/http://konkanrailway.com/english/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/112_DEP-CHART-ENG-JAN-14.PDF |archive-date= 6 February 2016 }}</ref>

==List of railway stations and towns ==
The list includes the stations under the Ratnagiri railway division and their station category.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background:#ffd750;" | Category of station
! style="background:#ffd750;" | No. of stations
! style="background:#ffd750;" | Names of stations
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | A-1
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | A
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | B
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | {{rws|Ratnagiri}}, {{rws|Kankavli}}, {{rws|Sindhudurg}}, {{rws|Sawantwadi Road}}, {{rws|Chiplun}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | C Suburban station
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | D
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | E
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | F Halt station
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''Total'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''-'''
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Konkan Railway Map}}

[[Category:Ratnagiri railway division| ]]
[[Category:Divisions of Konkan Railway]]
[[Category:Divisions of Indian Railways]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Konkan Railway|*]]

{{India-rail-transport-stub}}

Mandovi bridge collapse

2025-11-27T16:55:43Z

Vemareddy: Data

{{Short description|1986 failure of Mandovi bridge, Goa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

On 5 July 1986, a section of the first [[Mandovi Bridge, Goa|Mandovi Bridge]], a road bridge built over the [[Mandovi River]] in [[Goa]], [[India]], collapsed. The incident resulted in the deaths of several individuals and led to public concern over bridge safety and construction practices in the region.<ref name="NavhindPanorama16">{{Cite web |title=Thirty years after Mandovi bridge collapse |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/07/10/magazines/panorama/thirty-years-after-mandovi-bridge-collapse/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=The Navhind Times |date=10 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="WOCIndiaCollapse">{{Cite web |title=Mandovi Bridge Collapse |url=https://www.woc-india.com/Newsdetails.aspx?newsid=201 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=World of Concrete India}}</ref>

==Background==
The first Mandovi bridge was constructed in the 1970s and opened to the public in July 1971. It was intended to facilitate direct vehicular movement between [[Panjim]] and [[Porvorim]], reducing dependence on ferry services. The bridge was built using pre-stressed [[cantilever]] segmental concrete technology. It had a total length of 600 metres and was constructed by the German company, [[Ferrocement]]. It was among the first of its kind in India.<ref name="WOCIndiaCollapse" />

==Collapse==
On 5 July 1986, a section of the bridge collapsed without warning. The incident occurred during routine traffic movement, and several vehicles were on the bridge at the time. Official reports indicate that eight lives were lost in the incident, although unofficial estimates suggest that the number may have been higher.<ref name="NavhindPanorama16" />

==Causes==
Subsequent investigations revealed that the collapse was likely due to corrosion in the pre-stressing cables. [[This Corrosion|This corrosion]] weakened the structural integrity of the bridge and compromised its load-bearing capacity. Experts also pointed to inadequate maintenance and flaws in construction techniques as contributing factors. In particular, the lack of proper waterproofing and exposure of cables to moisture were found to be significant concerns.<ref name="WOCIndiaCollapse" /><ref name="NavhindPanorama16" />

==Aftermath==
Following the collapse, vehicular traffic was immediately suspended, and the remaining section of the bridge was dismantled. Temporary ferry services were resumed to ensure connectivity between the north and south banks of the Mandovi River.

A second bridge, originally under construction at the time of the collapse, was completed and opened to the public in 1998. Known as the new Mandovi bridge, it was constructed using different engineering principles. A third bridge, named the Atal Setu, was inaugurated in 2019 to supplement traffic flow and improve regional connectivity.<ref name="TOIBridges">{{Cite web |title=Snags and stress trouble Goa's major bridges |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/snags-and-stress-trouble-goas-major-bridges/articleshow/53531552.cms |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=The Times of India |date=4 August 2016}}</ref>

==Legacy==
The 1986 Mandovi bridge collapse raised concerns about the safety of civil infrastructure in Goa. It served as a case study in bridge engineering failures and highlighted the need for routine inspection, monitoring, and timely maintenance of public structures. The incident also influenced engineering protocols and material choices for subsequent bridges in the state.<ref name="WOCIndiaCollapse" /><ref name="NavhindPanorama16" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Goa}}

[[Category:July 1986 in Asia]]
[[Category:1980s in Goa]]
[[Category:1986 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Bridge collapses]]
[[Category:Bridge disasters in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Goa]]
[[Category:Transport in Goa]]

Thirukadalmallai

2025-11-18T12:37:02Z

Vemareddy:

{{Short description|Perumal temple in Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sthalasayana Perumal Temple
| image = Thirukadalmallai (3).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12|37|0|N|80|11|55|E|type:landmark_region:IN-TN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Thirukadalmallai
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chengalpattu district |Chengalpattu]]
| location = [[Mahabalipuram]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Sri Sthalasayana Perumal
Nilamangai Thayaar
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank = Pundarika Pushkarni
| tower = GaganaKriti Vimanam
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
|religious_affiliation=}}

'''Sthalasayana Perumal Temple,''' (also called '''Thirukadalmallai''') is at [[Mahabalipuram]]. Constructed in the [[Tamil architecture|Pallavan style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'' dedicated to [[Vishnu]], who is worshipped as Sthalasayana Perumal and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Nilamangai Thayar. The temple is believed to have been built by the [[Pallavas]], with later contributions from the [[Medieval Cholas]], [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara kings]], and [[Madurai Nayaks]].

The temple is believed to be the birthplace of the Vaishnava Alvar saint [[Bhoothathalvar]]. Sthalasayana Perumal is believed to have appeared to sage Pundarika. The temple is open from 6 am to 12 pm, and from 3pm to 8:30 pm. Six daily rituals and a dozen yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the Bhoothath Alvar Avata festival, celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Aipasi'' (October–November), being is the most prominent. The temple is one of the 32 Group of [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|Monuments at Mahabalipuram]] that are declared as UN world heritage sites, but unlike others that are maintained by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], the temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Thirukadalmallai (12).jpg|250px|left|Thirukadalmallai temple|thumb]]
As per Hindu legend, once sage Pundarika was performing penance worshiping Vishnu at this place. He collected Tamarasa flowers and submitted it to view Vishnu in Ksirabdhi Natha form, his posture in [[Ocean of milk]]. He collected 1,008 flowers and in his intensity, he scooped out water also in full. Vishnu came in disguise in the form of sage and asked him for food. The sage went to acquire food for the old man, but while returning he found that Vishnu remained in the place. Since Vishnu stayed in this place, he was called Sthalasayana Perumal.<ref name=R1>[[#R.|R. 2001]], pp. 454-5</ref><ref name=hindu/> The legend is sanctified by Bhoothath Alvar in his verses in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Acme of devotion|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/acme-of-devotion/article1375798.ece|publisher=The Hindu|location=Chennai|date=14 November 2008|access-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> As per another legend, sage [[Agastya]] is believed to have visited the temple and he came around the temple and prostrated before the presiding deity. As per divine intervention, he was advised to remain in Astavasramam in the northern part of Pundreeka Theertham (temple tank).<ref>[[#Ramesh|Ramesh 1993]], p. 161</ref>

As per another legend, a king by name Harikesarivarman used to visit the [[Nithyakalyana Perumal temple]] at [[Thiruvidandai]] everyday from [[Mahabalipuram]] and wanted to settle there. Vishnu was pleased by his devotion and appeared as Sthalasayana Perumal at Mahabalipuram.<ref name=R2>[[#R.|R. 2001]], pp. 449-51</ref>

==History==
{{multiple image
|align=left
|direction=
| total_width = 300
|height=200
|image1=Thirukadalmallai (13).jpg
|height1=4128
|width1=3096
|image2=Thirukadalmallai (14).jpg
|footer=Sculptures on the wall of the temple
|height2=4128
|width2=3096
}}
References to modern day Mahabalipuram as a busy port is available in the works of [[Ptolemy]] from CE 140. There are many references to the place from [[Sangam Literature]] from third century CE. The temple is referred in the works of seventh century works of [[Bhoothath Azhwar|Bhoothath Alvar]] and eighth century works of [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]]. The port city came to prominence during the reign of [[Pallava]] kings [[Mahendravarman I]] and his son [[Narasimhavarman I]] after whom the city is named. The city was a famous port city during the reign of [[Medieval Cholas]] from the 9th century. There are inscriptions in the temple indicating grants of 1000 ''kulis'' during the 20th year of reign of Ko-Parakesarivarman. The northern wall has inscriptions of Dalavay Thirumalanayaka giving grants of lands in Kunnatur village to the temple. There are various other inscriptions indicating grants to the temple from various villages. The inscriptions from [[Shore Temple]] indicates grant of 2000 ''kulis'' of land to the temple during the reign of [[Rajendra I]] during the 11 century. There are similar inscriptions from [[Varaha Cave Temple]] about grant of lands during the same reign.<ref>[[#Ramesh|Ramesh 1993]], p. 162-3</ref> The temple also had expansions by Chola king [[Vikrama Chola]] (1118-35 CE) during 1120 CE.<ref name=hindu2/> The earliest inscription from the temple is from the reign of [[Vikrama Chola]] (1118–1135 CE), but the inscription is damaged. Another inscription made during the reign of [[Kulothunga Chola II]] (1133–1150 CE) indicates gift to meet the expenses towards recitation of ''Thirupalli Ezhuchi'' in the temple. There are inscriptions from Rajanrayana Sambuvaraya, the feudatory of Cholas. The inscriptions from Telugu Choda dynasty during 1252 CE mentions gifts to Brahmanas for the perpetual lighting of the temple. The inscription made during the reign of [[Pandyas]] during 1288 CE indicates gift for the feeding house of the temple.<ref name=Madhavan/>

During the 14th century, the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara king]] Parankusa shifted the temple to its current location away from the shore. He is believed to have built the four Mada streets around the temple.<ref name=hindu/><ref name=Malla>{{cite book|title=Mahabalipuram|publisher=The Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|year=2004|isbn=|location=New Delhi|last=C.|first=Sivaramamurthi|page=30|ref=Malla}}</ref> The [[Shore Temple]] located on the shore is believed to be the original shrine housing two images of Shiva on either side of the image of Vishnu.<ref name=Madhavan>{{cite book|title=Vishnu temples of South India, Volume 4, Tamil Nadu|isbn=978-81-908445-3-6|first=Chithra|last=Madhavan|publisher=Alpha Land Published Pvt. Limited|year=2014|edition=1st|pages=23–32}}</ref> There are many land grants made during the rule of the Vijayanagara kings.<ref name=Madhavan/>
[[File:Thirukadalmallai Panorama.jpg|600px|thumb|center|Panoramic view of the temple]]

==Architecture==
{{multiple image
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|image1=Thirukadalmallai (9).jpg
|height1=3096
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|image2=Thirukadalmallai (10).jpg
|footer=The entrance of the temple
|height2=3096
|width2=4128
}}
The temple is located in [[Mahabalipuram]], a historic town on the outskirts of [[Chennai]]. The temple is located close to [[Arjuna's Penance]],<ref name=Malla/> the most famous landmark of the [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]]. The temple is also believed to be the birthplace of [[Bhoothathazhwar|Bhoothath Alvar]], the 2nd [[Azhwar|Alvar]], the poet saints of 7th-9th centuries. The temple has a seven tiered ''raja[[gopuram]]'' built during 15-16th century. The granite base of the entrance is studded with sculptures. There are two precincts inside the temple with the sanctum is located axial to the main gate and approached through a ''Dvajasthambam'', ''bali peetam'' (sacrificial altar), ''Deepa Stambam'' (altar for lamps) and Garuda Mandapam. The sanctum houses the image of Sthalasayana Perumal, the presiding deity, in reclining posture. The image is sported with Ahvahanahasta, which indicates beckoning devotees to him. The image of Pundarika Maharishi is seen in standing posture. The processional deity, namely Ulaguyyaninran, sported with four arms, is housed in the sanctum. There is an east facing shrine to the right of sanctum for [[Lakshmi]], the consort of Perumal, in the form of Nilamangai Thayar. There are shrines for [[Andal]], [[Lakshmi Narasimha]], Bhoothath Alvar, Rama, and Alvars in the first precinct around the sanctum. There is a shrine for [[Hanuman]] opposite to the shrine of Rama. There is a four pillared hall, with sculpted pillars in front of the temple, was designed for Dolotsavam (swing festival). The temple tank is located outside the temple and is called Pundarika Pushkarani. It has a small pillared mandapa in its centre.<ref name=Madhavan/>

==Festivals and religious practices==
[[File:Thirukadalmallai (18).jpg|200x200px|Image of Bhoothath Alvar shrine|thumb]]
The temple follows the traditions of the [[Tenkalai]] sect of Vaishnavite tradition and follows the ''Vaikanasa Agama''. The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community, of the Brahmin varna. The temple rituals are performed six times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 7 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., ''Irandamkalam'' at 7:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 10:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Sthalasayana Perumal and Nilamangai Thayar. During the last step of worship, ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

Puliyodharai (Tamarind Rice), Dhadhyonam (Curd Rice), Pongal, Chakkarai Pongal, [[Vada (food)|Vada]], [[Adhirasam]], Murukku are offered to Vishnu as Prasadam. Maasi Makham is an important festival. The Uthsava idol in the temple, known as "Ulaguyya Nindra Piran" along with His Consorts, and those of Valavendai Gnanapiran or Adivaraha and Sri Rama from nearby Padavedu temple, will be taken in procession to the seashore at Mahabalipuram where special Poojas will be performed and "Theerthavari" are offered. Bhoothatalwar's Avathara Utsavam is also an important festival.

Bhoothath Alvar Avata Utsavam, the birth anniversary of Bhoothath Alvar is celebrated every year during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Aippasi'' (October - November). At around 10 am on the festival day, the festival image of the Alvar is brought in a palanquin to the shrine of Nilamangai Thayar and then to Stalasayana Perumal. After the recital of [[Periya Tirumoli]] of [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]], Kaithala Seva, a practise of providing a special gift to Bhoothath Alvar is performed. Bhootath Alvar also makes a trip to the [[Cave Temples of Mahabalipuram|Cave temple]] of Mahabalipuram. During the evening, the festival images of the presiding deity of Stalasayana Perumal and Bhoothath Alvar is taken around the streets of the temple.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|title=Reverberations on sea shore|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/reverberations-on-sea-shore/article5426795.ece|publisher=The Hindu|last=S.|first=Prabhu|date=6 December 2013|access-date=19 October 2014}}</ref>

The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]] and [[Bhoothathazhwar|Bhoothath Alvar]] in one hymn each. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'',<ref>{{cite news|title=An NGO does its bit for god - and humanity|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1262149051.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414091637/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1262149051.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 April 2018|url-access=subscription |via=[[HighBeam Research]]|publisher=Hindustan Times|location=New Delhi, India|date=29 April 2007|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref> one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Sthalasayana Perumal temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=649|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref> Thirumangai Alvar considers the reclining form of Vishnu special as it is the only place where he reclines in ground without his traditional snake [[Adiseshan]].<ref name=hindu/>

==Administration==
The temple is one of the 32 Group of [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|Monuments at Mahabalipuram]] that are declared as UN world heritage sites, but unlike others that are maintained by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), the temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. ASI had a proposal to bring the maintenance of the temple under its jurisdiction in July 2012. Following widespread protest by locals and shopkeepers the proposal was dropped by the central ministry of Culture in September 2013.<ref name=hindu2>{{cite news|title=Plan to take over Pallava era temple dropped following opposition|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/plan-to-take-over-pallava-era-temple-dropped-following-opposition/article5094153.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date=5 September 2013|access-date=15 October 2014|last=D.|first=Madhavan}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=south+indian+shrines+illustrated+%2B+karvanam&pg=PA539|ref=Ayyar}}
* {{cite book|title=Vishnu temples of South India, Volume two|last=Madhavan|first=Chitra|year=2008|publisher=Chitra Madhavan|isbn=978-81-908445-1-2|ref=Madhavan}}
* {{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.}}
* {{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams volume one Divyadesams in Tondai Nadu|first=M.S.|last=Ramesh|location=Tirpuati|year=1993|publisher=Tirupati Tirumala Devastanams|ref=Ramesh}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Thirukadalmallai Temple}}
* [http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/df063.html About Sthalasayana Perumal Temple]

{{Famous Vishnu temples|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Mahabalipuram]]
[[Category:Mahabalipuram]]

Gumma, Gajapati

2025-10-04T06:21:36Z

Vemareddy:

{{Short description|CD Block in the Gajapati district of Indian State of Odisha}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gumma
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Community development block]]
| image_skyline = Gumma Block Map.jpg
| image_alt =
| Image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.9839|N|84.0200|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 6th August 2008
| founder = [[Government of Odisha]]
| named_for =
| government_type = Local Government (Tier 3)
| governing_body = Gummā Panchayat Samiti
| leader_title = [[Member Of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name = Shri Rupesh Kumar Panigrahi [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 441.92
| area_rank = 5th in Gajapati District
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 72,808
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 165
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 761201 761207
| area_code = 06815
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = 
| website = {{URL|odisha.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| official_name =
}}

'''Gumma''' is a village and [[Community Development Block]] in the [[Gajapati District]] of [[Odisha]] state in India.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Gumma Population - Gajapati, Orissa |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/414399-gumma-orissa.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 17, 2025}}</ref> The Block had a population of 72,808 in 2020 census. [[Paralakhemundi (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] (Sl. No.: 137) is its [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]].This constituency includes Gumma block, Kashinagar block, Paralakhemundi block.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Gajapati district]]

{{Gajapati-geo-stub}}

Ashraf Jahangir Semnani

2025-09-09T10:29:11Z

Vemareddy: added info

{{Short description|Indian Sufi saint}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| background =
| name = Ashraf Jahangir Semnani
| image = File:Syed makhdoom ashraf jahangir.JPG
| religion = [[Islam]]
| alias =
| location = Kichaucha, Northern India
| title = {{unbulleted list|Jahangir|Mehboobe-Yazdani|Qudwatul Kubra|Sultan|Ashraf Jahangir|Makhdoom-e-Simnani}}
| Period = Late 12th century to 13th century
| Predecessor = [[Alaul Haq Pandavi]]
| Successor = [[Abdur-Razzaq Nurul-Ain]]
| ordination =
| post =
| previous_post =
| present_post =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1289 CE (688 AH)
| birth_place = [[Semnan, Iran|Semnan]] (in modern Iran)
| death_date = 1425 CE (28 [[Muharram]] 808 AH)
| death_place = [[Ambedkar Nagar|Kichhauchha, India]]
}}

'''Makhdoom Ashraf Jahangir Semnani'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://roar.media/hindi/main/history/syed-makhdoom-ashraf-a-great-sufi-scholar|title=सैय्यद मखदूम अशरफ: बादश्‍ााहत ठुकराने वाले महान सूफी संत!|language=hi|access-date=7 August 2020|archive-date=19 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619132321/https://roar.media/hindi/main/history/syed-makhdoom-ashraf-a-great-sufi-scholar|url-status=live}}</ref> ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|سلطان سید مخدوم اشرف جہانگیر سمنانی}}}}; (1285–1386)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3GXOqPa67MC&q=ashraf+jahangir+simnani&pg=PA28|title=Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia|last=Hanif|first=N.|date=2000|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=9788176250870|language=en|access-date=6 December 2020|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209214801/https://books.google.com/books?id=O3GXOqPa67MC&q=ashraf+jahangir+simnani&pg=PA28#v=snippet&q=ashraf%20jahangir%20simnani&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''Hayate Makhdoom Syed Ashraf Jahangir Semnani'' (1975), Second Edition (2017) {{ISBN|978-93-85295-54-6}} {{Citation
|location = MAKTABA JAMIA LIMITED, SHAMSHAD MARKET, ALIGARH-202002, U.P. INDIA
|title = HAYATE MAKHDOOM SYED ASHRAF JAHANGIR SEMNANI (2nd Ed.)
|author = Syed Waheed Ashraf
|edition =
|date = 2017
|ol = 26384309M
}}.</ref><ref>‘'MUQADDEMA-E- LATĀIF-E-ASHRAFI' Book in PERSIAN, Published by Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India</ref><ref>Akhbarul Akhyar' By Abdal Haqq Muhaddith Dehlwi [d.1052H-1642]. A short biography of the prominent sufis of India have been mentioned in this book including that of Ashraf Jahangir Semnani</ref> was an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint from [[Semnan Province|Semnan]], [[Iran]]. He was the founder of the Ashrafi Sufi order. He is India's third most influential Sufi saint after Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti of [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah|Ajmer]] and Nizamuddin Auliya of [[Delhi]].<ref>''Life and Times of Makhdoom Ashraf Jahangir Semnani (RAH)'' by Dr. Syed Nurusyyidyn Madani Ashraf {{Cite book|url=http://www.amazon.com/Life-Times-Makhdoom-Ashraf-Jahangir-ebook/dp/|title=Life and Times of Makhdoom Ashraf Jahangir Semnani (RAH)|last1=Ashraf|first1=Syed |last2=Madani|first2=Nurusyyidyn|date=2019-09-03|publisher=Amazon|asin= B07XBYV1V8|language=en}}</ref>

His father Sultan Ibrahim Noorbaksh was the local ruler of Semnan.<ref name="Springer">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-UYDAAAQBAJ&q=ashraf+jahangir+simnani&pg=PA78|title=Sufi Martyrs of Love: The Chishti Order in South Asia and Beyond|last1=Ernst|first1=C.|last2=Lawrence|first2=B.|date=2016-04-30|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137095817|language=en|access-date=6 December 2020|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209214628/https://books.google.com/books?id=p-UYDAAAQBAJ&q=ashraf+jahangir+simnani&pg=PA78#v=snippet&q=ashraf%20jahangir%20simnani&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life ==
After his father's death, Semnani then aged 17, became the ruler of [[Semnan, Iran|Semnan]]. He was said to be inclined towards [[Sufism|mysticism]]. He enjoyed the company of [[Ala ud-Daula Simnani|Ruknuddin Ala ul Daula Semnani]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/Mir-atUl-israr-UrduTranslation|title=Mir-at ul-Israr - Urdu translation|last=Shaykh Abdul Rahman Chishti|language=Urdu}}</ref>

At the age of 23, Semnani abdicated his throne in favor of his brother Sultan Muhammad. Thereafter, Semnani migrated to [[Bengal]] in order to meet [[Alaul Haq Pandavi]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/Khazinat-ul-asfiyaurduTranslation4Volumes|title=Khazinat-ul-Asfiya (Urdu translation) 4 volumes|last=[[Mufti Ghulam Sarwar Lahori]]}}</ref><ref name=":0"/>

== Travels ==

After performing the obligatory pilgrimage to the [[Holiest sites in Islam|Islamic Holy sites]] in [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], Semnani traveled to [[Gulbarga]] and Sarandib in [[South India]].<ref name=":0" />

== Meeting with other Sufis ==

Semnani met with various known Sufis of his time, including [[Badi' al-Din|Shah Madar]], [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani|Mir Sayyid Ali Hamdani]], [[Hafiz shirazi|Hafez Shirazi]], [[Bande Nawaz]] and [[Sultan Walad]].<ref name=":0" />

== Writings ==

Semnani was the author of the seminal Sufi text "Lataif-e-Ashrafi" ("Noble Subtleties"), a comprehensive encyclopedia of Sufism that explores practical and theoretical topics as well as theological, literary, and historical issues.

Written as oral discourses, the book contains two volumes.

Volume 1 explores Islamic theology, focusing on Tawheed (Divine Oneness). It includes a defense of [[Sama (Sufism)]] (music) as a spiritual tool. Volume 2 describes Sufi practices, ethics, and mystical states.<ref>See: https://ibnularabibooks.com/shop/lataif-e-ashrafi-by-ashraf-jahangir-samnani/</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ala ud-Daula Simnani]]
* [[Alaul Haq Pandavi]]
* [[Sufi Saints of South Asia]]
* [[Wahab Ashrafi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |publisher=Makhdoom Syed Ashraf Jahangir Academy |year=2010 |location=Baroda, Gujarat |language=ur |first=Syed Waheed |url=https://archive.org/details/Lataaif-eAshrafi/Lataaif-eAshrafi1/page/n1/mode/1up |title=Lataife Ashrafi and Maktubaate Ashrafi As Sources of Indian Medieval History |author=Ashraf |edition= |ol=25423260M |author-link=Syed Waheed Ashraf}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Semnani, Ashraf Jahangir}}
[[Category:Indian Sufi saints]]
[[Category:Chishtis]]
[[Category:People from Ambedkar Nagar district]]
[[Category:People from Semnan, Iran]]
[[Category:1308 births]]
[[Category:1405 deaths]]
[[Category:Sufi writers]]
[[Category:Sufi poets]]
[[Category:Sufi mystics]]
[[Category:Sufi teachers]]
[[Category:Iranian Sufi saints]]
[[Category:Iranian Muslim mystics]]

Bareilly Central Jail

2025-09-06T11:38:18Z

Vemareddy: formatting fix

{{Short description|Prison center in Bareilly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
'''Bareilly Central Jail''' was built in 1848 at [[Bareilly]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, at a time when the authorities of the [[British East India Company]] were introducing a policy of constructing central prisons to house those convicted for long terms.

==History==
The prisons were located in proximity to military bases so that soldiers could be called upon to quell any violence within them. This policy arose from a two-year enquiry that had begun in 1836 and included [[Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|Macaulay]] among its members. As another strand of the policy, these new prisons were governed by police inspectors rather than, as previously, being under the control of [[District Collector|district collectors]]. It was deemed that the collectors' many and varied other responsibilities caused them to have little time to oversee matters relating to the prison system, but in due course, it was also found that the police officers were similarly affected, and thus, dedicated prison superintendents were introduced.

The change in responsibility caused members of the [[Indian Medical Service]] to take over from those of the [[Indian Civil Service]] and reflected the enquiry's concern regarding prison conditions, which it had considered to be chaotic, arbitrary, unsanitary and disease-ridden and the cause of high death rates. Despite these progressive conclusions, which also created a two-tier designation of "simple imprisonment" and "[[rigorous imprisonment]]", the principal purpose of the central prisons remained that of punishment rather than rehabilitation, with prisoners kept occupied in the performance of dull, repetitive tasks and with no provision for education or reward for good behaviour.{{sfnp|Singh|1979|pp=23-25|ps=}}

An outbreak of [[anthrax]] in December 1905 among people working with [[wool]] at the jail caused seven deaths.{{sfnp|Punekar|Varickayil|1990|p=198|ps=}}

Bareilly Central Jail housed various [[political prisoner]]s during the British Raj era, including [[Yashpal]], whose marriage on 7 August 1936 while imprisoned there was the first such ceremony in an Indian jail. The perceived humanising touch to the strictures of imprisonment led to a change in prison manuals, effectively preventing any further such events.{{sfnp|Friend|1977|ps=}}

An early study of [[homosexuality]] among male prisoners in India, published by S. P. Srivastava in 1974, indicated that 10–15 percent of inmates at Bareilly were [[situational homosexuality|situational]] and habitual homosexuals and 3 per cent were "committed" thus.{{sfnp|Joseph|2005|p=63|ps=}}

== Notable prisoners ==
*[[Ghaffar Khan]] (ca. 1935){{sfnp|Gandhi|2008|p=109|ps=}}
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] (February - June 1932, March–June 1945){{sfnp|Gandhi|2004|p=xxxii-xxxiii|ps=}}
*[[M. N. Roy]] (ca. 1932){{sfnp|Sibnarayan|1997|p=4|ps=}}
*[[Chandra Shekhar]] (ca. 1954)
*[[Yashpal]] (ca. 1936){{sfnp|Friend|1977|ps=}}

== References ==
'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |title=Yashpal: Fighter for Freedom - Writer for Justice |first=Corinne |last=Friend |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |volume=13 |issue=1 |date=1977 |pages=65–90 |jstor=40873491}} {{subscription required}}
*{{citation |title=Ghaffar Khan |first=Rajmohan |last=Gandhi |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2008 |isbn=9780143065197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnTtQrRVNKAC}}
*{{citation |title=Two Alone, Two Together |editor-first=Sonia |editor-last=Gandhi |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2004 |isbn=9780143032458 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cwB7ebB8TK8C}}
*{{citation |title=Labour Movement In India: Documents: 1891-1917 |volume=2 |editor1-first=S. D. |editor1-last=Punekar |editor2-first=R. |editor2-last=Varickayil |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1990 |isbn=9788171543311 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gztTAikVv4YC}}
*{{citation |first=Ray |last=Sibnarayan |chapter=Introduction to Volume IV |title=Selected Works of M. N. Roy |volume=IV, 1932–1936 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997}}
*{{citation |title=Social Work Practice and Men Who Have Sex With Men |first=Sherry |last=Joseph |publisher=SAGE |year=2005 |isbn=9780761933526 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3P4IKB7Mcf4C}}
*{{citation |title=Indian Prison: A Sociological Enquiry |first=Indra Jeet |last=Singh |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1979 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfipRbW5R48C}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |title=The Indian Uprising Of 1857-8: Prisons, Prisoners and Rebellion |first=Clare |last=Anderson |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780857287007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MGJQKg4Tja0C}}
*{{cite journal |first=S. P. |last=Srivastava |title=Sex Life in an Indian Male Prison |year=1974 |journal=Indian Journal of Social Work |volume=35 |issue=1}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bareilly]]
[[Category:1848 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Prisons in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Prisons completed in the 1840s]]