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Bertram Kirwan

2026-05-07T23:23:04Z

VaughnBrooks3: Creating a pg.

{{Short description|British Army general (1871–1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-general]]
|name= Sir Bertram Richard Kirwan
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCB|CMG}}
|image=
|caption=
|rank=[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-general]]
|branch=[[British Army]]
|commands=
|unit=
|battles=[[World War I]]
|awards= [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
|family=
|nickname=
|allegiance= United Kingdom
|birth_name=
|birth_date=17 May 1871
|death_date={{death date and age|5 April 1960|17 May 1871|df=y}}
|birth_place=[[Honiton]], [[Devon]]
|death_place= [[Salisbury]], [[Wiltshire]]
|burial_place=
|service_years=
|other work=
}}
[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-general]] '''Sir Bertram Richard Kirwan''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCB|CMG}} (17 May 1871 – 5 April 1960) was a senior British Army officer who became [[Master-General of the Ordnance (India)|Master-General of the Ordnance]] in India.

==Military career==
Educated at [[Felsted School]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2483/2483530/2483530.html|title=Bertram Richard Kirwan|publisher=Cricket Archive|access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref> Kirwan was commissioned into the [[Royal Artillery]] on 25 July 1890.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26075|page=4224|date=1 August 1890}}</ref>

He saw service in the [[First World War]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/lifestory/2610032|title=Bertram Richard Kirwan|publisher=Imperial War Museum|access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref> becoming a brigadier general, Royal Artillery, in June 1916, and was granted the temporary rank of brigadier general while employed in this role.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29667|page=6985|date=14 July 1916}}</ref>

He became Major-General, Royal Artillery in Bengal in May 1929 and [[Master-General of the Ordnance (India)|Master-General of the Ordnance]] in India in April 1930 before retiring in April 1934.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Army%20Commands%201900-2011.pdf |title=Army Commands |accessdate=27 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705211343/http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Army%20Commands%201900-2011.pdf |archivedate=5 July 2015 }}</ref>

He was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]] on 1 January 1916<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29438|page=566|date=11 January 1916|supp=y}}</ref> and a [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] on 3 June 1918.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30716|page=6452|date=31 May 1918|supp=y}}</ref> He was advanced to a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] in the [[1934 Birthday Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34056|page=3557|date=1 June 1934}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Edwin Atkinson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Master-General of the Ordnance (India)]]|years=1930−1934}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Henry ap Rhys Pryce]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kirwan, Bertram Richard}}
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:People educated at Felsted School]]
[[Category:Royal Artillery officers]]

Ṇa

2026-05-05T17:04:58Z

VaughnBrooks3: Put Up Post

{{short description|Letter "Ṇa" in Indic scripts}}
{{Infobox Indic letter |letname = Ṇa
|bengcp = 09A3 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Nna.svg
|tibtcp = 0F4E |
|tamlcp = 0BA3 |tamlimg = Tamil-alphabet-ணண.svg
|mlymcp = 0D23
|sinhcp = 0DAB
|brahcp = 11021 |ashokaimg = Brahmi nn.svg
|devacp = 0923 |devaimg = Devanagari ण.svg
|thaicp = 0E13
| hbchar = נ ,ן
| grchar = Ν
| lachar = N
| cychar = Н
|ipa = ɳ |iast = ṇ |iscii = C1
|ipa2 = n | ipa2note = in Tai languages, Burmese, Mon and Khmer
}}

'''Ṇa''' (also romanized as '''Nna''') is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ṇa is derived from the early "[[Ashoka]]" Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi nn.svg|13px|ng]] after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad nn.svg|13px]]. As with the other [[cerebral consonant]]s, ''ṇa'' is not found in most scripts for [[Tai languages|Tai]], [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]], and other non-[[Languages of Indian subcontinent|Indic languages]], except for a few scripts, which retain these letters for transcribing [[Sanskrit]] religious terms.

==Āryabhaṭa numeration==
{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}
[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. The values of the different forms of ण are:<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|url=https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra_616|url-access=limited|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra_616/page/n468 447]–450}}</ref>
*ण {{IPA|hi|ɳə|}} = 15 (१५)
*णि {{IPA|hi|ɳɪ|}} = 1,500 (१ ५००)
*णु {{IPA|hi|ɳʊ|}} = 150,000 (१ ५० ०००)
*णृ {{IPA|hi|ɳri|}} = 15,000,000 (१ ५० ०० ०००)
*णॢ {{IPA|hi|ɳlə|}} = 1,500,000,000 (१ ५० ०० ०० ०००)
*णे {{IPA|hi|ɳe|}} = 15{{e|10}} (१५×१०१०)
*णै {{IPA|hi|ɳɛː|}} = 15{{e|12}} (१५×१०१२)
*णो {{IPA|hi|ɳoː|}} = 15{{e|14}} (१५×१०१४)
*णौ {{IPA|hi|ɳɔː|}} = 15{{e|16}} (१५×१०१६)

==Historic Ṇa==
There are three different general early historic scripts - [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] and its variants, [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]], and [[Tocharian alphabet|Tocharian]], the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. Ṇa as found in standard [[Brahmi]], [[Image:Brahmi nn.svg|13px|Nna]] was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta [[Image:Gupta allahabad nn.svg|13px|Nna]]. The Tocharian Ṇa [[Image:Tocharian letter nna.gif|18px|Nna]] did not have an alternate [[Tocharian alphabet#Script|Fremdzeichen]] form. The third form of ṇa, in Kharoshthi ([[file:Буква NNА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter NNA.svg|15px|Nna]]) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

===Brahmi Ṇa===
The Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi nn.svg|13px|Nna]], Ṇa, is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the altered Aramaic [[Nun (letter)|Nun]] [[File:Nun.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[N]] and Greek [[Nu (letter)|Nu]].<ref name="Buhler">{{cite web |last1=Bühler |first1=Georg |title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up |website=archive.org |year=1898 |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ṇa can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Brahmi Ṇa historic forms
|-
!Ashoka ([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd–1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar (~150 BCE) !! Kushana ([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat (~250 CE) !! Gupta ([[Gupta script|~350 CE]])
|-
| [[File:Brahmi nn.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta girnar nn.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta ashoka nn.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat nn.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad nn.svg|37px]]
|}

===Tocharian Ṇa===
The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter nna.gif|25px|Ṇa]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi nn.svg|13px|Ṇa]], but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Tocharian Ṇa with vowel marks
|-
! Ṇa !! Ṇā !! Ṇi !! Ṇī !! Ṇu !! Ṇū !! Ṇr !! Ṇr̄ !! Ṇe !! Ṇai !! Ṇo !! Ṇau !! Ṇä
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter nna.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter nnaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter nni.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter nnii.gif|37px]] ||  ||  ||  ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter nne.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter nnai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter nno.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter nnä.gif|37px]]
|}

===Kharoṣṭhī Ṇa===
The Kharoṣṭhī letter [[file:Буква NNА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter NNA.svg|15px|Ṇa]] is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic [[Nun (letter)|Nun]] [[File:Nun.svg|13px]], and is thus related to [[N]] and [[Nu (letter)|Nu]], in addition to the Brahmi Ṇa.<ref name="Buhler"/>

==Devanagari Ṇa==
{{multiple image
| width = 120px
| image1 = Devanagari ण.svg
| caption1 = regular Devanagari Ṇa
| image2 = Devanagari ण 2.svg
| caption2 = Uttara Devanagari Ṇa
}}
{{Devanagari abugida sidebar}}
'''Ṇa''' ('''ण''') is a consonant of the [[Devanagari]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi nn.svg|13px|ka]], after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad nn.svg|13px]]. Letters that derive from it are the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] letter '''ણ''', and the [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] letter 𑘜. Ṇa is one of several letters with an alternate form when written in the Uttara (northern) style of Devanagari.

===Devanagari-using Languages===
In all languages, ण is pronounced as {{IPA|hi|ɳə|}} or {{IPAblink|ɳ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Devanagari ण with vowel marks
|-
! Ṇa !! Ṇā !! Ṇi !! Ṇī !! Ṇu !! Ṇū !! Ṇr !! Ṇr̄ !! Ṇl !! Ṇl̄ !! Ṇe !! Ṇai !! Ṇo !! Ṇau !! Ṇ
|-style="font-size: 150%;"
|ण
|णा
|णि
|णी
|णु
|णू
|णृ
|णॄ
|णॢ
|णॣ
|णे
|णै
|णो
|णौ
|ण्
|}


===Conjuncts with ण===
[[File:Devanagari Nna half form.svg|thumb|right|100px|Half form of Ṇa.]]
Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with [[Marathi language|Marathi]] in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.<ref name="KNAB">{{cite web |last1=Pall |first1=Peeter |title=Microsoft Word - kblhi2 |url=https://www.eki.ee/knab/lat/kblhi2.pdf |website=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |publisher=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref>

====Ligature conjuncts of ण====
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Devanagari Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form [[Image:Devanagari Eyelash Ra.svg|15px|Ra]] for an initial "R" instead of repha.
* Repha र্ (r) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa: {{ref|note|note}}
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct RNna.svg|100px]]
* Eyelash र্ (r) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RNna.svg|125px]]
* ण্ (ṇ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ṇra:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NnRa.svg|100px]]
* ण্ (ṇ) + न (na) gives the ligature ṇna:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NnNa.svg|100px]]

====Stacked conjuncts of ण====
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.
* छ্ (cʰ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature cʰṇa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ChNna.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature ḍʱṇa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhNna.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature ḍṇa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdNna.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature dṇa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DNna.svg|100px]]
* ह্ (h) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature hṇa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct HNna.svg|100px]]
* ख্ (kʰ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature kʰṇa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KhNna.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature ŋṇa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgNna.svg|100px]]
* ण্ (ṇ) + ल (la) gives the ligature ṇla:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NnLa.svg|100px]]
* प্ (p) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature pṇa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PNna.svg|100px]]
* ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature ṭʰṇa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TthNna.svg|100px]]
* ट্ (ṭ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature ṭṇa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TtNna.svg|100px]]

==Bengali Ṇa==
The Bengali script ণ is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] [[Image:Siddham nn.svg|13px]], and is marked by a reduced head line, and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ण. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ণ will sometimes be transliterated as "ṇo" instead of "ṇa". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /n̳o/.
Like all Indic consonants, ণ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Bengali ণ with vowel marks
|-
! ṇa !! ṇā !! ṇi !! ṇī !! ṇu !! ṇū !! ṇr !! ṇr̄ !! ṇe !! ṇai !! ṇo !! ṇau !! ṇ
|-style="font-size: 150%;"
|ণ
|ণা
|ণি
|ণী
|ণু
|ণূ
|ণৃ
|ণৄ
|ণে
|ণৈ
|ণো
|ণৌ
|ণ্
|}

===ণ in Bengali-using languages===
ণ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]]. 

===Conjuncts with ণ===
Bengali ণ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, in the form of both stacked and linear (horizontal) ligatures.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bengali Alphabet|url=http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928021705/http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-28}}</ref>
* গ্ (g) + ণ (ṇa) gives the ligature gṇa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Gnna.svg |100px]]
* ণ্ (ṇ) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature ṇḍa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NNdda.svg |100px]]
* ণ্ (ṇ) + ঢ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ṇḍʱa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NNddha.svg |100px]]
* ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṇḍra, with the [[ra phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NNddra.svg |100px]]
* ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṇḍya, with the [[ya phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NNddya.svg |100px]]
* ণ্ (ṇ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ṇma:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NNma.svg |100px]]
* ণ্ (ṇ) + ণ (ṇa) gives the ligature ṇṇa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NNnna.svg |100px]]
* ণ্ (ṇ) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature ṇṭa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NNtta.svg |100px]]
* ণ্ (ṇ) + ঠ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṇṭʰa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NNttha.svg |100px]]
* ণ্ (ṇ) + ঠ্ (ṭʰ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṇṭʰya, with the ya phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NNtthya.svg |100px]]
* ণ্ (ṇ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṇya, with the ya phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NNya.svg |100px]]
* র্ (r) + ণ (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa, with the [[Ra (Indic)#Bengali Repha|repha]] prefix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Rnna.svg |100px]]
* র্ (r) + ণ্ (ṇ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rṇya, with the repha prefix and ya phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Rnnya.svg |100px]]

==Gujarati Ṇa==
[[File:Gujarati letter Nna.svg|thumb|right|100px|Gujarati Ṇa.]]
'''Ṇa''' ('''ણ''') is the fifteenth consonant of the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the Devanagari Ṇa [[Image:Devanagari ण.svg|13px|Ṇa]] with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi nn.svg|13px|Ṇa]].

===Gujarati-using Languages===
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, ણ is pronounced as {{IPA|gu|ɳə|}} or {{IPAblink|ɳ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
{| class=wikitable style="width: 40em;"
|-
! style="width:6%;"| Ṇa !! style="width:7%;"| Ṇā !! style="width:6.5%;"| Ṇi !! style="width:7%;"| Ṇī !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ṇu !! style="width:5%;"| Ṇū !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ṇr !! style="width:5%;"| Ṇl !! style="width:5%;"| Ṇr̄ !! style="width:5%;"| Ṇl̄ !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ṇĕ !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ṇe !! style="width:5%;"| Ṇai !! style="width:7%;"| Ṇŏ !! style="width:7%;"| Ṇo !! style="width:6%;"| Ṇau !! style="width:7%;"| Ṇ
|- align="center"
| colspan=17 |[[File:Gujarati Nna Matras.svg|750px]]
|-
| colspan=17 |Gujarati Ṇa syllables, with vowel marks in red.
|}

===Conjuncts with ણ===
[[File:Gujarati letter Nna half form.svg|thumb|right|100px|Half form of Ṇa.]]
Gujarati ણ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari.
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Gujarati Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra.
* ર્ (r) + ણ (ɳa) gives the ligature RṆa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct RNna.svg|100px]]
* ણ્ (ɳ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṆRa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct NnRa.svg|100px]]
* હ્ (h) + ણ (ɳa) gives the ligature HṆa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct HNna.svg|100px]]
{{asterisk}}Note that the ligature for Gujarati HṆa contains the half form of Devanagari Ṇa [[Image:Devanagari Nna half form.svg|13px|Ṇa half form]] instead of a form of Gujarati Ṇa.

==Javanese Ṇa==
{{main|Nna (Javanese)}}

==Telugu Ṇa==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Telugu letter Nna.svg
| alt1 = Telugu Ṇa
| image2 = Telugu subjoined Nna.svg
| alt2 = Telugu subjoined Ṇa
| footer = Telugu independent and subjoined Ṇa.
}}
'''Ṇa''' ('''ణ''') is a consonant of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi nn.svg|13px|Ṇ]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಣ'''. Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, ణ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape.
Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of [[Ṣa (Indic)#Telugu Ṣa|Ṣa]] (borrowed from [[Kannada script|Kannada]]) in the KṢa conjunct.

==Malayalam Ṇa==
[[File:Malayalam letter Nna.svg|thumb|100px|Malayalam letter Ṇa]]
'''Ṇa''' ('''ണ''') is a consonant of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi nn.svg|13px|Ṇ]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha letter Nna.svg|x15px|Ṇa]] ''Ṇa''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
[[File:Malayalam Nna matras.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Ṇa matras: Ṇa, Ṇā, Ṇi, Ṇī, Ṇu, Ṇū, Ṇr̥, Ṇr̥̄, Ṇl̥, Ṇl̥̄, Ṇe, Ṇē, Ṇai, Ṇo, Ṇō, Ṇau, and Ṇ.]]

===Conjuncts of ണ===
[[File:Malayalam letter Chillu Nn.svg|thumb|100px|Malayalam letter Chillu Ṇ]]
As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit [[candrakkala]] mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, ''put̪iya lipi'', may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in ''paḻaya lipi'', due to [[Malayalam script#Orthography reform|changes]] undertaken in the 1970s by the [[Government of Kerala]].
* ണ് (ṇ) + ട (ṭa) gives the ligature ṇṭa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct NnTta.svg]]
* ണ് (ṇ) + ഠ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṇṭʰa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct NnTtha.svg]]
* ണ് (ṇ) + ഡ (ḍa) gives the ligature ṇḍa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct NnDda.svg]]
* ണ് (ṇ) + ഢ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ṇḍʱa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct NnDdha.svg]]
* ക് (k) + ണ (ṇa) gives the ligature kṇa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct KNna.svg]]
* ണ് (ṇ) + ണ (ṇa) gives the ligature ṇṇa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct NnNna.svg]]
* ഷ് (ṣ) + ണ (ṇa) gives the ligature ṣṇa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct SsNna.svg]]
* ണ് (ṇ) + മ (ma) gives the ligature ṇma:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct NnMa.svg]]
* ക് (k) + ഷ് (ṣ) + ണ (ṇa) gives the ligature kṣṇa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct KSsNna.svg]]

==Odia Ṇa==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Odia letter Nna.svg
| alt1 = Odia independent letter Ṇa
| image2 = Odia subjoined Nna.svg
| alt2 = Odia subjoined letter Ṇa
| footer = Odia independent and subjoined letter Ṇa.
}}
'''Ṇa''' ('''ଣ''') is a consonant of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi nn.svg|13px|Ṇ]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham nn.svg|x15px|Ṇa]] ''Ṇa''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
{| class=wikitable
|+ Odia Ṇa with vowel matras
|-
! Ṇa !! Ṇā !! Ṇi !! Ṇī !! Ṇu !! Ṇū !! Ṇr̥ !! Ṇr̥̄ !! Ṇl̥ !! Ṇl̥̄ !! Ṇe !! Ṇai !! Ṇo !! Ṇau !! Ṇ
|-
| {{big|ଣ}} || {{big|ଣା}} || {{big|ଣି}} || {{big|ଣୀ}} || {{big|ଣୁ}} || {{big|ଣୂ}} || {{big|ଣୃ}} || {{big|ଣୄ}} || {{big|ଣୢ}} || {{big|ଣୣ}} || {{big|ଣେ}} || {{big|ଣୈ}} || {{big|ଣୋ}} || {{big|ଣୌ}} || {{big|ଣ୍}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of ଣ ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.
* ଣ୍ (ṇ) + ଡ (ḍa) gives the ligature ṇḍa:
[[File:Odia conjunct NnDda.svg]]
* ଣ୍ (ṇ) + ଣ (ṇa) gives the ligature ṇṇa:
[[File:Odia conjunct NnNna.svg]]

==Kaithi Ṇa==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Kaithi Nna.svg
| alt1 = Kaithi consonant Ṇa
| image2 = Kaithi Nna half form.svg
| alt2 = Kaithi half-form letter Ṇa
| footer = Kaithi consonant and half-form Ṇa.
}}

'''Ṇa''' ('''𑂝''') is a consonant of the [[Kaithi script|Kaithi]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi nn.svg|13px|Ṇ]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham nn.svg|x15px|Ṇa]] ''Ṇa''. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

{| class=wikitable
|+ Kaithi Ṇa with vowel matras
|-
! Ṇa !! Ṇā !! Ṇi !! Ṇī !! Ṇu !! Ṇū !! Ṇe !! Ṇai !! Ṇo !! Ṇau !! Ṇ
|-
| {{big|𑂝}} || {{big|𑂝𑂰}} || {{big|𑂝𑂱}} || {{big|𑂝𑂲}} || {{big|𑂝𑂳}} || {{big|𑂝𑂴}} || {{big|𑂝𑂵}} || {{big|𑂝𑂶}} || {{big|𑂝𑂷}} || {{big|𑂝𑂸}} || {{big|𑂝𑂹}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of 𑂝 ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a [[half form]] of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit [[virama]]. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ''ra'' are indicated with a ''repha'' or ''rakar'' mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

* 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂝 (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:
[[File:Kaithi conjunct RNna.svg|100px]]

==Tirhuta Ṇa==
[[File:TIRHUTA LETTER NNA.svg|thumb|right|100px|Tirhuta consonant Ṇa]]

'''Ṇa''' ('''𑒝''') is a consonant of the [[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi nn.svg|13px|Ṇ]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham nn.svg|x15px|Ṇa]] ''Nna''. Like in other Indic scripts, Tirhuta consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent sylables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

{| class=wikitable
|+ Tirhuta Ṇa with vowel matras
|-
! Ṇa !! Ṇā !! Ṇi !! Ṇī !! Ṇu !! Ṇū !! Ṇṛ !! Ṇṝ !! Ṇḷ !! Ṇḹ !! Ṇē !! Ṇe !! Ṇai !! Ṇō !! Ṇo !! Ṇau !! Ṇ
|-
| {{big|𑒝}}
| {{big|𑒝𑒰}}
| {{big|𑒝𑒱}}
| {{big|𑒝𑒲}}
| {{big|𑒝𑒳}}
| {{big|𑒝𑒴}}
| {{big|𑒝𑒵}}
| {{big|𑒝𑒶}}
| {{big|𑒝𑒷}}
| {{big|𑒝𑒸}}
| {{big|𑒝𑒹}}
| {{big|𑒝𑒺}}
| {{big|𑒝𑒻}}
| {{big|𑒝𑒼}}
| {{big|𑒝𑒽}}
| {{big|𑒝𑒾}}
| {{big|𑒝𑓂}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of 𑒝 ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Tirhuta joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using an explicit [[virama]]. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ''ra'' are indicated with a ''repha'' or ''rakar'' mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, other consonants take unique combining forms when in conjunct with other letters, and there are several vertical conjuncts and true ligatures that can be found in Tirhuta writing.

* 𑒯୍ (h) + 𑒝 (ṇa) gives the ligature hṇa:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct HNna.svg]]
* 𑒝୍ (ṇ) + 𑒛 (ḍa) gives the ligature ṇḍa:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct NnDda.svg]]
* 𑒝୍ (ṇ) + 𑒝 (ṇa) gives the ligature ṇṇa:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct NnNna.svg]]
* 𑒝୍ (ṇ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ṇra:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct NnRa.svg]]
* 𑒝୍ (ṇ) + 𑒙 (ṭa) gives the ligature ṇṭa:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct NnTta.svg]]
* 𑒝୍ (ṇ) + 𑒚 (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṇṭʰa:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct NnTtha.svg]]
* 𑒝 (ṇ) + 𑒅 (u) gives the ligature ṇu:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct Nnu.svg]]
* 𑒝୍ (ṇ) + 𑒫 (va) gives the ligature ṇva:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct NnVa.svg]]
* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒝 (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct RNna.svg]]
* 𑒭୍ (ṣ) + 𑒝 (ṇa) gives the ligature ṣṇa:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct SsNna.svg]]
* 𑒞୍ (t) + 𑒝 (ṇa) gives the ligature tṇa:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct TNna.svg]]


==Comparison of Ṇa==
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ṇa, are related as well.
{{Indic glyph |letname = Ṇa
|devacp = 0923 |devaimg = Devanagari ण.svg
|bengcp = 09A3 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Nna.svg
|tamlcp = 0BA3 |tamlimg = Tamil-alphabet-ணண.svg
|telucp = 0C23
|oryacp = 0B23
|kndacp = 0CA3
|mlymcp = 0D23
|gujrcp = 0AA3
|gurucp = 0A23
|iscii = C1

|brahcp = 11021 |ashokaimg = Brahmi nn.svg
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka nn.svg
|guptaimg = Gupta ashoka nn.svg
|kharcp = 10A1E
|siddcp = 1159C |siddimg = Siddham nn.svg
|grancp = 11323
|tibtcp = 0F4E
|tibtaltcp = 0F9E
|phagcp = A86C
|zanbcp = 11A18
|newacp = 1141E
|bhkscp = 11C1C
|shrdcp = 1119F
|thaicp = 0E13
|laoocp = 0E93
|lanacp = 1A31
|mymrcp = 100F
|khmrcp = 178E
|sinhcp = 0DAB
|cakmcp = 11115
|diakcp = 1191A
|saurcp = A8A0
|modicp = 1161C
|nandcp = 119BC
|soyocp = 11A6A
|kthiimg = Kaithi Nna.svg | kthicp = 1109D
|tirhcp = 1149D
|marccp = 11C7E
|takrcp = 11698
|dogrcp = 11818
|khojcp = 11218
|sindcp = 112CC
|mahjcp = 11162
|multcp = 11294
|balicp = 1B21
|javacp = A99F
|gonmcp = 11D1A
|tochimg = Tocharian letter nna.gif
|kawiimg = Aksara Kawi nna.svg
| armiimg = Nun.svg
| plavaimg = Pallava Nna.svg
| ranjimg = Ranjana nn.svg
}}

==Character encodings of Ṇa==
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the [[Unicode Standard]], and as such the letter Ṇa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ṇa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as [[ISCII]].
{{Indic encoding |= Ṇa
|devacp = 0923 |devaimg = Devanagari ण.svg
|bengcp = 09A3 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Nna.svg
|tamlcp = 0BA3 |tamlimg = Tamil-alphabet-ணண.svg
|telucp = 0C23
|oryacp = 0B23
|kndacp = 0CA3
|mlymcp = 0D23
|gujrcp = 0AA3
|gurucp = 0A23
|iscii = C1

|brahcp = 11021 |ashokaimg = Brahmi nn.svg
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka nn.svg
|guptaimg = Gupta ashoka nn.svg
|kharcp = 10A1E
|siddcp = 1159C |siddimg = Siddham nn.svg
|grancp = 11323
|thaicp = 0E13
|laoocp = 0E93
|lanacp = 1A31
|tibtcp = 0F4E
|tibtaltcp = 0F9E
|phagcp = A86C
|zanbcp = 11A18
|newacp = 1141E
|bhkscp = 11C1C
|shrdcp = 1119F
|mymrcp = 100F
|khmrcp = 178E
|sinhcp = 0DAB
|cakmcp = 11115
|diakcp = 1191A
|saurcp = A8A0
|modicp = 1161C
|nandcp = 119BC
|soyocp = 11A6A
|kthiimg = Kaithi Nna.svg | kthicp = 1109D
|tirhcp = 1149D
|marccp = 11C7E
|takrcp = 11698
|dogrcp = 11818
|khojcp = 11218
|sindcp = 112CC
|mahjcp = 11162
|multcp = 11294
|balicp = 1B21
|javacp = A99F
|gonmcp = 11D1A
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
::{{note|note|note}} Conjuncts are identified by [[IAST]] transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + [[Ha (Indic)|Ha]], and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
{{Devanagari_abugida}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nxa (Indic)}}
[[Category:Indic letters]]

Matikhrü Massacre

2026-05-04T07:02:34Z

VaughnBrooks3: Added first stub w/ refs

{{Short description|1960 massacre in Nagaland, India}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Matikhrü Massacre
| partof = [[Naga conflict]]
| location = [[Matikhrü]] ''{{small|(now in [[Phek District]], Nagaland)}}''
| coordinates =
| date = 6 September 1960

| caption = Epitaph of Late Chief Thah's last words at Matikhrü
| time = 10:00{{nbsp}}a.m. to 3:00{{nbsp}}p.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
| target = Civilians
| type = [[Massacre]]
| fatalities = 9
| injuries =
| perps = [[16th Punjab Regiment]]
}}

The '''Matikhrü Massacre''', took place on 6 September 1960, when forces of the [[16th Punjab Regiment]] of the [[Indian Army]] committed an act of [[mass murder]] against the village of [[Matikhrü]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Katiry|first=Zhiwhuotho|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/living-eyewitness-pochury-black-day-and-massacre-of-matikhru-village/|title=Living Eyewitness – Pochury Black Day, and Massacre of Matikhrü Village|date=5 September 2017|newspaper=[[Eastern Mirror]]|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unpo.org/article/16355|title=Nagalim: Remembrance Of Matikhrü Incident|date=9 September 2013|website=[[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref>

== Prelude ==
On 14 August 1960, the [[Naga Home Guards]] commanded by the [[Sümi Naga]] Generals attacked the 16th [[Assam Rifles]] outpost at Thuda (Phor village) in [[Pochury Naga]] area.

=== Aircraft shootdown ===
On 26 August an [[Indian Air Force]] [[Douglas DC-3|Dakota DC-3]] [[Aircraft registration|registered]] ''HJ233'' trying to drop relief materials and ammunitions to the besieged post was shot down by the [[Naga Army]] and its crew members led by Capt. Anand Singha and 8 others members were captured at Zathsü. Outraged by the act, the Government of India unleashed a heavy army operation in the Pochury Naga area to search and rescue the captured airmen.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nagalandpost.com/remembering-matikhr%C3%BC-massacre/181154.html|title=Remembering Matikhrü massacre|date=6 September 2018|newspaper=[[Nagaland Post]]|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209134902/http://www.nagalandpost.com/remembering-matikhr%C3%BC-massacre/181154.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Despite under intense provocation, none of the captured Indian Air Force crew members were ill-treated, tortured or harmed under the custody of the Naga Home Guards and the Federal Government of Nagaland. (Out of the nine captured—five were released on September itself and the rest four were released on 16 May 1962)<ref name=":1"/>

=== Indian Army Rampage ===
In the events following the attack on the Thuda 16th Assam Rifles' camp and the shooting down of the aircraft, the Indian Army went on a rampage, burning all neighbouring villages, arresting, torturing and killing of innocent villagers in the Pochury Naga area.<ref name=":1"/>

==== September 1 ====
Six from Phor village were tortured to death.<ref name=":1"/>

==== September 2 ====
Two from Moke village were beaten and slaughtered to death.<ref name=":1"/>

==== September 3 ====
Three from Yisi village were beaten to death.<ref name=":1"/>

==== September 4 ====
One person from Lurari village was buried alive after severe beating and two people of Meluri village were beheaded.<ref name=":1"/>

==== September 5 ====
The armed soldiers went to Lephori village, arrested thirteen villagers, tortured them and poured boiling water on their bodies after tying them together to a post. Many women were also raped.<ref name=":1"/>

== Matikhrü Massacre ==
On 6 September 1960, the 16th [[16th Punjab Regiment|Punjab Regiment]] posted at Kanjang Village reached Matikhrü Village at around 10:00{{nbsp}}a.m. and surrounded the village in three rings to prevent any from escaping. All the villagers were then ordered to gather in one place with men folk were separated from women and children. The soldiers then started to hit the villagers with their gun butts demanding where the undergrounds are hiding and where the arms and ammunitions were kept.<ref name=":0"/>

Then the men were made to continuously jump and do sit-ups for more than five hours in the blistering sun. Wooden logs were rolled on their bodies and boiling water was poured on them. By late afternoon all women and children were threatened to leave. Then the Indian Army dragged all the men inside the house of the village chief where nine of them were butchered and beheaded to death.<ref name=":0"/>

Thah, the chief in his last words shouted to his men:
<blockquote>
“It is a man's pride to sacrifice for his birthright, and I shall never surrender nor compromise. I am ready to sacrifice my life for the future generation of the Nagas.”
</blockquote>

In the melee, one managed to escape by pushing through the rear door. The soldiers sprayed bullets at him but he could manage to outrun them. He died a few days later due to Post Traumatic Stress and his injuries.

The Indian soldiers later burnt the dead bodies inside the house along with the entire village and the granaries to ashes.<ref name=":0"/>

== Aftermath ==
Due to fear of further atrocities by the Indian Army, the survivors of the village wandered into deep jungle without food and shelter. They later entered [[Burma]] and stayed at a Naga Army camp in Sathi.

In late 1961, [[Gavin Young]] of ''[[The Observer]]'' visited the survivors at Sathi camp. In his book '''''Indo-Naga War''''' page 29 & 30 he mentioned that during his meeting with the survivors there were only a pathetic thirty survivors and in one of the photographs one can see some males, females and children standing near a medical officer in torn and tattered clothes.<ref name=":0"/>

Matikhrü Village was re-established in 1963.

== Legacy ==
The 6 of September is recognised as a Black Day by the Pochury Students' Union and is observed annually since 1993 by the rest of the [[Naga people|Naga]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/psu-remembers-matikhru-massacre|title=PSU remembers 'Matikhrü Massacre'|date=5 September 2016|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/61st-anniversary-of-pochury-black-day-observed|title=61st anniversary of Pochury Black Day observed|date=7 September 2021|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of massacres in Nagaland]]
* [[List of massacres in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

{{refbegin|30em}}
* Iralu, Kaka Dierhekolie, ''The Naga Saga: A Historical Account of the Sixty Two Years Indo-Naga War and the Story of Those Who Were Never Allowed to Tell It,'' Kaka D. Iralu; 2009.
{{refend}}

{{coord missing|Nagaland}}

[[Category:Massacres in 1960]]
[[Category:Massacres in Nagaland]]
[[Category:1960s in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by India]]
[[Category:Phek district]]
[[Category:1960 murders in India]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:September 1960 in Asia]]
[[Category:History of the Indian Air Force]]
[[Category:History of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Residential building arson attacks in India]]
[[Category:Arson in the 1960s]]
[[Category:1960 fires]]
[[Category:1960s fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1960]]
[[Category:20th-century aircraft shootdown incidents]]
[[Category:Water torture]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Rape in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Attacks on granaries]]
[[Category:Decapitation]]
[[Category:Mass stabbings in India]]

South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra I

2026-05-03T23:13:08Z

VaughnBrooks3:

{{Short description|1025–1068 Chola military campaign}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Rajendra Chola I's South-East Asian campaign
| date = 1025–1068
| place = [[Southern Thailand]], [[Myanmar]], [[Malaysia]], [[Philippines]] and [[Indonesia]]
| result = {{ublist|'''[[Chola]] victory'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pearson |first=Michael |date=December 2010 |title=Book Review: Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/084387141002200220 |journal=International Journal of Maritime History |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=352–354 |doi=10.1177/084387141002200220 |s2cid=127026949 |issn=0843-8714|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia {{!}} ISEAS Publishing |url=https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/publication/1210 |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=bookshop.iseas.edu.sg |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spencer |first=George W. |date=May 1976 |title=The Politics of Plunder: The Cholas in Eleventh-Century Ceylon |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/politics-of-plunder-the-cholas-in-eleventhcentury-ceylon/926938631DA4BF69B0DED43421E08658 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=405–419 |doi=10.2307/2053272 |jstor=2053272 |s2cid=154741845 |issn=1752-0401|url-access=subscription }}</ref>}}
* Much of [[Malay Peninsula]] sacked and conquered by the Cholas
* Expansion of Indian influence & [[Tamil culture|culture]] into [[Southeast Asia]]
* Dissolution of Srivijayan [[Mandala (political model)|mandala]]
* Conquest of [[Pegu]] ([[Burma]])
* Later campaigns in the [[Philippines]] by other [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]]
* Establishment of [[Cebu (historical polity)|Rajahanate of Cebu]]
| combatant1 = [[Chola Empire]] [[Khmer Empire]]
| combatant2 = {{tree list}}
*[[Srivijaya]]
**[[Kedah|Kadaram]]
**[[Pegu|Kingdom of Pegu]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cotterell |first=Arthur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rM-PCcpJyGMC |title=Asia: A Concise History |date=2011-05-16 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-82957-8 |language=en}}</ref>
**Pennai
**Malayiur
**[[Kamalanka|Mayirudingam]] {{tree list/end}}
[[Tambralinga]]
{{tree list}}
*[[Langkasuka]]
**Mappapalam
**[[Takkola|Talaittakkolam]]
**Nakkavadam
{{tree list/end}}
| commander1 = '''[[Rajendra I]]''' [[Suryavarman I]]
| commander2 = '''[[Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman|Sangrama Wijaya]]'''{{POW}} [[Samara Vijayatunggavarman]]
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Heavy
| image = File:Chola Empire Map (1).svg
| caption = Map of the Chola empire after [[Rajendra I]]'s South-east Asian campaign.
}}
{{History of Indonesia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
Inscriptions and historical sources describe the [[Medieval Cholas|Medieval Chola]] Emperor [[Rajendra I]] sending a naval expedition to [[Indochina]], the [[Indonesia]] and [[Malay Peninsula]] in 1025 in order to subdue [[Srivijaya]].<ref name="kulkep212">[[#Kulke|Kulke]], p 212</ref> The Thiruvalangadu plates, the Leyden grant, and the Tamil [[stele]] of Rajendra I are the principal sources of information about the campaign.

== Sources ==
The most detailed source of information on the campaign is the Tamil [[stele]] of [[Rajendra I]].<ref name="sastrip211">[[#Sastri|Sastri]], p 211</ref> The stele states:
{{blockquote|(Who) having despatched many ships in the midst of the rolling sea and having caught Sangrāma-vijayōttunga-varman, the king of Kadāram, together with the elephants in his glorious army, (took) the large heap of treasures, which (that king) had rightfully accumulated; (captured) with noise the (arch called) Vidhyādharatorana at the "war gate" of his extensive city, Śrī Vijaya with the "jewelled wicket-gate" adorned with great splendour and the "gate of large jewels"; Paṇṇai with water in its bathing ghats; the ancient Malaiyūr with the strong mountain for its rampart; Māyuriḍingam, surrounded by the deep sea (as) by a moat; Ilangāśōka (i.e. Lankāśōka) undaunted in fierce battles; Māpappālam having abundant (deep) water as defence; Mēviḷimbangam having fine walls as defence; Vaḷaippandūru having Viḷappandūru (?); Talaittakkōlam praised by great men (versed in) the sciences; Mādamālingam, firm in great and fierce battles; Ilāmuridēśam, whose fierce strength rose in war; Mānakkavāram, in whose extensive flower gardens honey was collecting; and Kadāram, of fierce strength, which was protected by the deep sea<ref name="sastrip211" /><ref name="majumdar">{{cite book|title=Ancient Indian colonies in the Far East|volume=2: Suvarnadvipa|first=R. C.|last=Majumdar|place=Dacca|year=1937|publisher=Ashok Kumar Majumdar|pages=167–190}}</ref>}}

The Thiruvalangadu plates, from the fourteenth year of Rajendra Chola I, mentions his conquest of Kadaram but does not go into the details.<ref name="sastrip211" /> The first attempt by someone from outside India to identify the places associated with the campaign was made by [[epigraphy|epigraphist]] [[E. Hultzsch]], who had published the stele in 1891.<ref name="sastrip212">[[#Sastri|Sastri]], p 212</ref> Hultzsch identified the principalities mentioned in the inscription with places ruled by the [[Pandyan Dynasty]].<ref name="sastrip212" /> In 1903, he rescinded his theory and stated that the stele described Rajendra Chola I's conquest of [[Bago, Burma|Bago]] in [[Burma]].<ref name="sastrip212" /> [[George Coedès]]' ''Le Royaume de Sri Vijaya'' published in 1918 after several years of research, rejected both the theories and provided the first convincing description of Rajendra Chola I's conquest of Southeast Asia.<ref name="sastrip213">[[#Sastri|Sastri]], p 213</ref>

== Causes ==
The relation between [[Srivijaya]] and the [[Chola dynasty]] of Tamilakam was initially friendly during the reign of [[Rajaraja I]]. In 1006, a Srivijayan Maharaja from [[Sailendra]] dynasty, king [[Maravijayattungavarman]], constructed the [[Chudamani Vihara]] in the port town of [[Nagapattinam]].<ref name="sastri219220">[[#Sastri|Sastri]], pp 219–220</ref> However, during the reign of [[Rajendra I]] the relations deteriorate as the Chola Dynasty started to attack Srivijayan cities.<ref>Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium by Ronald Findlay,Kevin H. O'Rourke p.67</ref>

The causes of the hostility are obscure.<ref name="kulkep212" /> While some scholars opine that the campaign was undertaken to establish Chola dominance over the seas of South-East Asia, other suggest that it might have been a war of plunder.<ref name="kulkep212" /> It seems that the Khmer king [[Suryavarman I]] of the [[Khmer Empire]] requested aid from the powerful Chola Emperor Rajendra against the [[Tambralinga]] kingdom.<ref name="Kenneth R. Hall 1975 pp. 318-336">Kenneth R. Hall (October 1975), "Khmer Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Sūryavarman I", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 18 (3), pp. 318-336, Brill Publishers</ref> After learning of Suryavarman's alliance with Rajendra Chola, the Tambralinga kingdom requested aid from the Srivijaya king Sangrama Vijayatungavarman.<ref name="Kenneth R. Hall 1975 pp. 318-336"/><ref name="C. Majumdar 1961 pp. 338-342">[[R. C. Majumdar]] (1961), "The Overseas Expeditions of King Rājendra Cola", Artibus Asiae 24 (3/4), pp. 338-342, Artibus Asiae Publishers</ref> This eventually led to the Chola Empire coming into conflict with the Srivijiya Empire. The war ended with a victory for the [[Chola dynasty]] and Angkor Wat of the Khmer Empire, and major losses for the [[Sri Vijaya|Srivijaya]] Empire and the Tambralinga kingdom.<ref name="Kenneth R. Hall 1975 pp. 318-336"/><ref name="C. Majumdar 1961 pp. 338-342"/>

== Conquests ==

; Sri Vijaya
{{main|Chola invasion of Srivijaya}}

The stele of Rajendra Chola I mentions Sri Vijaya as the first of the countries conquered.<ref name="sastrip215">[[#Sastri|Sastri]], p 215</ref> The Tamil inscription lists Sri Vijaya with "its jewelled wicket-gate" and "a gate of large jewels" as the first of the treasures captured by the fleet. The Sri Vijaya, mentioned in the inscriptions, has been identified by Coedès with the Sri Vijaya kingdom which rule from its base at [[Palembang]] in [[South Sumatra]].<ref name="sastrip215" />

; Pannai
[[Pannai]], with its bathing ghats, is second of the lands to be conquered by the naval fleet. Pannai has been identified as Panai or Pane, a city on the eastern coast of [[North Sumatra]],<ref name="sastrip215" /> located on the estuary of Panai River and [[Barumun River]].

; Malaiyur
Malaiyur, with "its strong mountain", has been identified with [[Melayu Kingdom|Malayu]] in today's [[Jambi]] province in [[Batanghari]] river valley, where a strong principality flourished at that time. Other suggestion is the southern part of the [[Malay Peninsula]]<ref name="sastrip215" />

; Mayirudingam
Mayirudingam is believed to be the same as ''Ji-lo-ting'' listed by the Chinese writer ''Chau Ju-Kua'' among the dependencies of [[Sri Vijaya]] and is identified with the city of [[Chaiya]] in the centre of the Malay Peninsula. {{cn|date=September 2024}} Some placed it at the [[Sathing Phra district|Sathing Phra Peninsular]] in [[Songkhla]], where the Chinese called ''Rìluótíng'' in the 13th–14th century.<ref name=koad2022>{{cite journal|url=https://www.sciengine.com/JAHH/doi/10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2022.04.06|title=The role of astronomy in determining the locations of geographical features during the eleventh to seventeenth centuries: A case study from the Thai-Malay Peninsula|author1=Peeravit Koad|author2=Thatdao Rakmak|date=2022|journal=Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage|volume=25|issue=4|doi=10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2022.04.06|pages=760–772|archivedate=8 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408142338/https://dds.sciengine.com/cfs/files/pdfs/view/1440-2807/1AB86F9A7AD443CA86F2A4555AC16464.pdf|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{rp|767}}

; Ilangasoka
The land of Ilangasoka ([[Langkasuka]]) mentioned in the inscriptions has been located on the east coast of the [[Malay Peninsula]] and is believed to be the same as the province of Ling-ya-sseu-kia mentioned in Chau Ju-Kua's list.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

; Mapappalam
The epigraphist [[V. Venkayya]] identifies Mapappalam of the inscription with the city of Papphalama mentioned in the ''Mahavamsa''.<ref name="sastrip216">[[#Sastri|Sastri]], p 216</ref> The place is believed to be located in the [[Talaing]] region of Lower Burma.<ref name="sastrip216" />

; Mevilimbangam
Mevilimbangam is identified with [[Kamalanka]] or ''Lang-ya-hsiu'',<ref name=ind>{{cite book|url=https://cdn.angkordatabase.asia/libs/docs/The-Indianized-States-of-Southeast-Asia-by-George-Coedes-z-lib.org.pdf|title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|editor=Walter R. Vella|author=[[George Cœdès]]|date=1968|archivedate=7 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407035723/https://cdn.angkordatabase.asia/libs/docs/The-Indianized-States-of-Southeast-Asia-by-George-Coedes-z-lib.org.pdf|publisher=Australian National University Press|place=[[Canberra]]}}</ref>{{rp|143}} centered at the ancient [[Nakhon Pathom]] on the north shore of the present-day [[Gulf of Siam]].<ref name=kama>{{cite web|url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1974/03/JSS_062_1m_ChandChirayuRajani_ReviewArticleBackgroundToSriVijaya.pdf|title=Background to the Sri Vijaya Story – Part I|author=Chand Chirayu Rajani|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725075434/https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1974/03/JSS_062_1m_ChandChirayuRajani_ReviewArticleBackgroundToSriVijaya.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2020 }}</ref>{{rp|180–3}}

; Talaittakkolam
Talaittakkolam is believed to be the same as [[Takkola]] mentioned by [[Ptolemy]] as a trading [[Emporium (antiquity)|emporion]] on the [[Golden Chersonese]], and identified with [[Trang Province|Trang]] or the modern-day city of [[Takuapa]] in the [[Isthmus of Kra]].<ref name="sastrip216" /><ref name="linehan">{{cite journal |url=http://myrepositori.pnm.gov.my/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/172/JB0024_ISPP.pdf?sequence=1 |title=The Identifications of Some of Ptolemy's Place Names in the Golden Khersonese |author=W. Linehan |date=1951 |journal=Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=xxiv |issue=III |pages=86–98 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225121127/http://myrepositori.pnm.gov.my/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/172/JB0024_ISPP.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=2017-02-25 }}</ref><ref name=Arokiaswamy2000>{{cite book | last = Arokiaswamy| first = Celine W.M.| title = Tamil Influences in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines| year = 2000| location = Manila s.n.| page = 46}}</ref>

; Nakkavaram
Nakkavaram, mentioned in the records, has been identified by V. Venkayya with the [[Nicobar Islands]].<ref name="sastrip213" />

; Kadaram
{{main|Chola invasion of Kedah}}
The place Kadaram (modern [[Kedah]]) mentioned in the stele is identified with the Kataha of Sanskrit literature and Kadaram of the ''Kalingattuparani'' and the Kiet-cha of the Chinese chronicles.<ref name="sastrip217">[[#Sastri|Sastri]], p 217</ref><ref name="sastrip218">[[#Sastri|Sastri]], p 218</ref>

== Results ==
{{See also|Tamil bell}}
The Southeast Asia campaign intensified interactions between India and Southeast Asia. The campaign also led to the establishment of diplomatic ties with [[China]]. The first Tamil embassy to the court of the [[Song Dynasty|Song Emperor]] was sent by [[Rajaraja I]] in 1015.<ref name="sastri219220" /> This was followed by a second embassy by his son, Rajendra I, in 1033 and a third by [[Kulottunga I]] in 1077.<ref name="sastri219220" /> The Chola Empire did not establish its direct rule over South-East Asia though they might have levied a periodic tribute.<ref name="sastri219220" />

Traders from the Tamil country firmly established themselves over various parts of South-East Asia. A merchant guild was set up in Burma and another in Sumatra in 1088.<ref name="sastri219220" /> Indian historian [[V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar]] suggests that Tamil traders of the Chola period might have had a knowledge of [[Australia]] and [[Polynesia]].<ref name="guptap61">{{cite book|title=The Indian origin of New Zealand's Maori|page=61|first=S. M.|last=Gupta|publisher=Hindu World Publications|year=1995}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{cite book|title=Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia|first1=Hermann|last1=Kulke|first2=K.|last2=Kesavapany|first3=Vijay|last3=Sakhuja|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2009|isbn=978-9812309365|ref=Kulke}}
* {{cite book | first= K. A. Nilakanta| last=Sastri| author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri | orig-year= 1935| year= 2000| title= The Cōlas| publisher= [[University of Madras]] | location= Madras|ref=Sastri}}

[[Category:Military history of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:1025 in Asia]]
[[Category:Military campaigns involving the Chola Empire]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1025]]
[[Category:History of the foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:Naval battles involving the Chola Empire]]
[[Category:Military history of the Indian Ocean]]

Anto Joseph

2026-05-01T18:14:02Z

VaughnBrooks3: Creating new pg.

{{short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Indian patronymic|Anto|Joseph}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anto Joseph
| image = Anto_Joseph.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Anto in 2021
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|06|01}}
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist||[[Film producer]]|[[distributor]]|}}
| years_active =
| spouse = Neeta Pinto
| children = 2
}}
'''Anto Joseph''' (born 1 June 1972) is an Indian [[film producer]], [[Film distributor|distributor]] and [[movie theatre|cinema exhibitor]], who works predominantly in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam Film Industry]]. He began his career in Malayalam Cinema in the early 90s as a Production associate.

In 2007, he started his career as a film producer and served as the co-producer of the [[Mammootty]] starrer [[Big B (film)|''Big B'']]. Later, he launched his own film production company named Anto Joseph Film Company and produced films like [[Malik (film)|''Malik'']], [[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]], [[The Priest (2021 film)|The Priest]] etc.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://m3db.com/anto-joseph | title=ആന്റോ ജോസഫ് }}</ref> He is currently serving as the general secretary of Kerala Film Producers Association.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ott-release-we-need-to-plan-ahead-as-it-is-the-matter-of-survival-anto-joseph/articleshow/75824372.cms|title = OTT release: We need to plan ahead as it is the matter of survival: Anto Joseph - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=19 May 2020 }}</ref> President, KPCC Samskarika Sahithi

His wife Neeta Pinto also started a production and distribution company along with Priya Venu in 2009, named Aan Mega Media. It has produced and distributed a few number of [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]].

== Early life ==
Anto Joseph was born on 1972 June 1, as the son of P M Joseph and Molly Joseph. He hails from [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]] and studied in SH Mount High School. While studying in Government College, Kottayam he also served as the district secretary of [[Kerala Students Union]].

== Career ==
Anto began his career as a production executive in the early 90s. His served as the production controller in many hit Malayalam movies like [[Black (2004 film)]], [[Thommanum Makkalum]], [[Rajamanikyam]] and [[Mayavi]] etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/anto-joseph-about-what-he-learned-from-mammootty-on-his-70th-birthday-qz2qpz|title='രക്തബന്ധത്തിനപ്പുറവും ചിലതുണ്ടെന്ന് പഠിപ്പിച്ച മമ്മൂക്ക'; ആന്‍റോ ജോസഫ് എഴുതുന്നു}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/spotlight/2021/09/07/anto-joseph-fb-post-about-mammootty.html|title = ഉമ്മയുടെ ഹൃദയമിടിപ്പ് കൂടിയാല്‍ ഇടറുന്ന മമ്മൂട്ടി: ആന്‍റോയുടെ കുറിപ്പ്: ഹൃദ്യം| date=7 September 2021 }}</ref>
In 2007, he started as a film producer in association with other film production companies and made his debut as a producer with Mammootty-starrer crime thriller ''[[Big B (film)]]'', which despite having a lukewarm response in the theaters later went to be one of the biggest cult following movies in Malayalam Cinema. The movie also marked the debut of popular film director [[Amal Neerad]]. In 2009, Anto had his first major breakthrough as a producer with the film [[Annan Thambi]]. The movie was directed by [[Anwar Rasheed]] and had [[Mammooty]] on the double role. The movie turned out to be one of the highest grossers of that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/fahadh-faasil-malik-prithviraj-cold-case-to-release-directly-on-ott-confirms-producer-7352628/|title = Fahadh Faasil's Malik, Prithviraj's Cold Case to release on OTT, confirms producer Anto Joseph|date = 11 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprimetime.in/we-must-take-that-risk-mammootty-was-the-courage-anto/|title='We must take that risk '; Mammootty was the courage; Anto|date=13 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/movies/anto-joseph-share-mammootty-new-pic-news.html|title = 'എന്റെ ചിങ്ങപ്പുലരി' എന്ന് ആന്റോ ജോസഫ്, സ്റ്റൈലിഷ് ലുക്കിൽ മമ്മൂക്ക: വൈറലായി പുതിയ ചിത്രം | anto joseph share mammootty new pic news}}</ref> In 2014, he produced his first [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film starring named [[Bramman]] starring [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]]. 
Later launched his own film production company named "Anto Joseph Film Company" and produced films like [[Malik (film)|''Malik'']], [[Take Off (2017 film)|''Take Off'']], ''[[The Priest (2021 film)|''The Priest'']]'' etc.
In 2020, he produced [[Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal]] in association with [[Viacom18 Studios]] with [[Dulquer Salmaan]] on the lead.
In 2017, he produced the film [[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]] Starring [[Kunchacko Boban]] and [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] which was one of the most critically acclaimed films of that year. The movie was well received in the box office and went to earn many prestigious film awards including two national awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/national-film-awards-jury-praises-standard-malayalam-films-and-quality-acting-79519|title = National film awards: Jury praises standard of Malayalam films and quality of acting|date = 13 April 2018}}</ref> and five Kerala state film awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kerala-state-film-awards-2018-parvathy-indrans-bag-top-honours-take-off-emerges-as-the-big-winner-4381705.html|title=Kerala State Film Awards 2018: Parvathy, Indrans bag top honours; Take off emerges as the big winner|date=8 March 2018}}</ref> He is the general secretary of Kerala Film Producers Association, vice president of Kerala Film Distributors Association and executive committee member of Kerala Film Chamber.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/07/20/film-associations-issue-guidelines-to-begin-shooting-in-kerala.html|title=Film associations issue guidelines to begin shooting in Kerala}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Anto Joseph is married to Neeta Pinto and they have two children named Andrea Neeta Anto and Avarachan Neeta Anto.

== Filmography ==
===As producer===
====in association with other producers====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Lead
!Other notes
|-
|2007
|''[[Big B (film)|Big B]]''
|[[Amal Neerad]]
|[[Mammooty]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Bala (actor)|Bala]], [[Mamta Mohandas]]
|Debut as producer
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008
|''[[Lollipop (2008 film)|Lollipop]]''
|[[Shafi]]
|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], [[Kunchako Boban]], [[Jayasurya]], [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]], [[Roma Asrani]]
|
|-
|''[[Roudram]]''
|[[Renji Panicker]]
|[[Mammooty]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Rajan P.Dev]], [[Lalu Alex]], [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]]
|
|-
|''[[Annan Thambi]]''
|[[Anwar Rasheed]]
|[[Mammootty]], [[Gopika]], [[Lakshmi Rai]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Chattambinadu]]''
|[[Shafi]]
|[[Mammootty]], [[Raai Laxmi]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Manoj K.Jayan]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Salim Kumar]], [[Vinu Mohan]]
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Bramman]]''
|Socrates
|[[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]], [[Lavanya Tripathi]]
|First Tamil Film
|-
|}

====via Anto Joseph Film Company====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Lead
!Other notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|''[[The King & the Commissioner]]''
|[[Shaji Kailas]]
|[[Mammootty]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Samvrutha Sunil]]
|
|-
|[[Cobra (2012 film)|''Cobra'']]
|[[Lal (actor)|Lal]]
|[[Mammootty]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Padmapriya]], [[Kaniha]]
|
|-
|''[[Da Thadiya]]''
|[[Aashiq Abu]]
|[[Sekhar Menon]], [[Sreenath Bhasi]], [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Ann Augustine]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
|''[[Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath]]''
|Thomson K. Thomson
|[[Mammootty]], [[Dileep]], [[Rima Kallingal]], [[Baburaj]]
|
|-
|''[[Bharya Athra Pora]]''
|[[Akku Akbar]]
|[[Jayaram]], [[Gopika]]
|
|-
|''[[Vishudhan]]''
|[[Vysakh]]
|[[Kunchako Boban]], [[Mia George]], [[Hareesh Peradi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
|''[[Salala Mobiles]]''
|Sharath Haridassan
|[[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Nazriya]]
|
|-
|''[[God's Own Country (2014 film)|God's own Country]]''
|Vasudev Sanal
|[[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Mythili]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]]
|
|-
|''[[Mathai Kuzhappakkaranalla]]''
|[[Akku Akbar]]
|[[Jayasurya]], [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''[[Ivan Maryadaraman]]''
|Suresh Divakar
|[[Dileep]], [[Nikki Galrani]], Sudheer Sukumaran,[[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]]
|Remake of [[Maryada Ramanna]]
|-
|''[[Bhaskar The Rascal]]''
|[[Siddique (director)|Siddiqque]]
|[[Mammootty]], [[Nayanthara]], J D Chakravarthi,[[Kalabhavan Shajohn]]
|
|-
|''[[Thinkal Muthal Velli Vare]]''
|[[Kannan Thamarakulam]]
|[[Jayaram]], [[Anoop Menon]]
|
|-
|2017
|[[Take Off (2017 film)|''Take Off'']]
|[[Mahesh Narayan]]
|[[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]], [[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]]
|Winner of Two National Awards and Five Kerala State Film Awards
|-
|2018
|''[[Ente Ummante Peru]]''
|Jose Sebastian
|[[Tovino Thomas]], [[Urvashi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Oru Yamandan Premakadha]]''
|B.C. Noufal
|[[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Nikhila Vimal]], [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]]
|
|-
|''[[Ganagandharvan]]''
|[[Ramesh Pisharody]]
|[[Mammootty]], [[Manoj K.Jayan]], [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]], [[Johny Antony]]
|
|-
|[[Stand Up (2019 film)|''Stand Up'']]
|[[Vidhu Vincent]]
|[[Nimisha Sajayan]], [[Rajisha Vijayan]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''[[Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal]]''
|Desingh Periyasamy
|[[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Ritu Varma]]
|In association with [[Viacom18 Studios]]
|-
|''[[Kilometers and Kilometers]]''
|[[Jeo Baby]]
|[[Tovino Thomas]], India Jarvis
|Released on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |2021
|''[[The Priest (2021 film)|''The Priest'']]''
|Joffin T. Chacko
|[[Mammooty]], [[Manju Warrier]], [[Nikhila Vimal]]
|
|-
|''[[Irul (film)|Irul]]''
|Naseef Yusuf Izuddin
|[[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Darshana Rajendran]]
|Released on [[Netflix]]
|-
|'' [[Nizhal (2021 film)|''Nizhal'']]''
|Appu N. Bhattathiri
|[[Kunchako Boban]], [[Nayanthara]]
|
|-
|'' [[Cold Case (film)|Cold Case]]''
|Tanu Balak
|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], [[Aditi Balan]]
| rowspan="2" |Released on [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
|''[[Malik (film)|''Malik'']]''
|[[Mahesh Narayan]]
|[[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Nimisha Sajayan]], [[Dileesh Pothan]], [[Vinay Forrt]]
|-
|2022
|''[[19(1)(a)]]''
|Indu VS
|[[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Nithya Menen]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Indrans]]
|Released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] In association with Ann Mega Media
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Patriot (film)|Patriot]]''
| [[Mahesh Narayanan]]
| [[Mammootty]], [[Mohanlal]], [[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Kunchacko Boban]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title=Patriot non-Malayalam versions could release at this time, reveals Mammootty |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Apr/30/patriot-non-malayalam-versions-could-release-at-this-time-reveals-mammootty |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

====via Aan Mega Media====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
!Year
!Films
!Director
!Lead Actors
!Other notes
|-
|2009
|''[[Kana Kanmani (film)|Kana Kanmani]]''
|[[Akku Akbar]]
|[[Jayaram]], [[Padmapriya]], [[Biju Menon]]
|Remake of [[Gauri: The Unborn]]
|-
|2010
|''[[Kaaryasthan]]''
|Thomson K. Thomas
|[[Dileep]], [[Akhila]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Mallu Singh]]''
|[[Vysakh]]
|[[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Unni Mukundan]], [[Samvrutha Sunil]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Manoj K.Jayan]]
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Puthiya Theerangal]]''
|[[Sathyan Anthikad]]
|[[Nivin Pauly]], [[Namitha Pramod]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Night Drive (film)|Night Drive]]''
| [[Vysakh]]
|[[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Anna Ben]], [[Roshan Mathew]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
|
|-
|''[[Malikappuram]]''
| Vishnu Sasi Sankar
|[[Unni Mukundan]], [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Ramesh Pisharody]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]]
|In association with Kavya Film Company
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|2102049}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joseph, Anto}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]

Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind

2026-05-01T14:17:42Z

VaughnBrooks3: added a info

{{short description|Council of Indian Muslim theologians}}
{{distinguish|Jamaat-e-Islami Hind}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind
|image = Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind logo.png
|formation = {{start date and age|1919|11|df=y|p=y}}
|status = Active
|type = [[Religious organisation]], [[NGO]]
|purpose = Initially to carry on non-violent freedom struggle against the British rule in India, its current purpose is the development of the Indian Muslim community
|headquarters = 1, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg]], New Delhi
|location = ITO
|region_served = India
|membership = Over 12 Million, and millions of followers.
|languages = Urdu and English
|leader_title = President
|leader_name = {{bulleted list|[[Arshad Madani]] (A)|[[Mahmood Madani]] (M)}}
|website = {{ubl|{{URL|http://www.jamiat.org.in|Official website of M group}}|{{URL|http://www.jamiatulamaihind.com/home.html|Official website of A group}}}}
|founders = {{bulleted list|[[Abdul Bari Firangi Mahali]]|[[Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi]]|[[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]]|[[Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti|Ibrahim Sialkoti]]|[[Sanaullah Amritsari]] and others.}}
|secretary_general = {{bulleted list|Masoom Saqib Qasmi (A)|Hakeemuddin Qasmi (M)}}
|publication = ''[[Al-Kifah]]'' (1973–1987)
|footnotes = ''The Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind split into two groups in March 2008, one being the Arshad group and the other Mahmood group, both denoted with "A" and "M".''
}}
'''Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind''' or '''Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind''' ({{langx|ur|{{nq|جمعیۃ علماءِ ہند}}}} {{Translation|Council of Indian Muslim Theologians}})<ref name="Feisal Khan">{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Feisal |title=Islamic Banking in Pakistan: Shariah-Compliant Finance and the Quest to make Pakistan more Islamic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1pACwAAQBAJ&pg=PT253 |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-36652-2 |page=253 |access-date=25 January 2019 |archive-date=5 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105011031/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1pACwAAQBAJ&pg=PT253 |url-status=live }}</ref> is one of the leading organisations of Islamic scholars belonging to the [[Deobandi]] school of thought in [[India]]. It was founded in November 1919 by a group of Muslim scholars including [[Abdul Bari Firangi Mahali]], [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]], [[Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti]] and [[Sanaullah Amritsari]].

The Jamiat was an active participant in the [[Khilafat Movement]] in collaboration with the [[Indian National Congress]]. It also [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]], taking the position of [[composite nationalism]]: that Muslims and non-Muslims form one nation. As a result, this organisation had a small break-away faction known as the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]], which decided to support the [[Pakistan movement]].

The constitution of the Jamiat was drafted by Kifayatullah Dehlawi. As of 2021, it is spread over various states of India and has established institutions and wings such as the Idara Mabahith-e-Fiqhiyyah, the Jamiat National Open School, the Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind Halal Trust, the Legal Cell Institute and the Jamiat Youth Club. [[Arshad Madani]] succeeded his brother [[Asad Madani]] as the president in February 2006, however the organisation split into the Arshad group and Mahmood group in March 2008. [[Usman Mansoorpuri]] became the president of the Mahmood group and continued to serve the position until his death in May 2021. [[Mahmood Madani]] succeeded him as the interim president before being appointed the president on 18 September 2021. Arshad Madani serves as the president of Arshad group.

==History==
===Inception and development===
On 23 November 1919, the [[Khilafat Movement|Khilafat Committee]] held its first conference in Delhi which was attended by Muslim scholars from all over the India.{{Sfn|Jami'i|1995|p=492}}{{Sfn|Deobandi|p=140}} Afterward, a group of twenty-five Muslim scholars from among them held a separate conference in the hall of Krishna Theatre, in Delhi, and formed the Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind.{{Sfn|Jami'i|1995|p=492}} These scholars included [[Abdul Bari Firangi Mahali]], [[Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi]], [[Kifayatullah Dihlawi]], [[Muniruzzaman Khan]], [[Mohammad Akram Khan]], [[Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti]], [[Dawood Ghaznavi]] and [[Sanaullah Amritsari]].{{Sfn|Wasif Dehlavi|1970|p=45}} Other scholars included Abdul Haleem Gayawi, Azad Subhani, Bakhsh Amritsari, Ibrahim Darbhangawi, Muhammad Abdullah, Muhammad Imam Sindhi, Muhammad Asadullah Sindhi, Muhammad Fakhir, Muhammad Anees, Muhammad Sadiq, Khuda Bakhsh Muzaffarpuri, Khwaja Ghulam Nizamuddin, Qadeer Bakhsh, Salamatullah, Sayyid Ismail, Sayyid Kamaluddin, and Taj Muhammad.{{Sfn|Wasif Dehlavi|1970|p=44}}

[[Wikt:جمعية|Jamiat]], also romanised as "jam'iyyat", is a term in an Islamic context referring to an assembly, league or other organisation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wehr |first1=Hans |author1-link=Hans Wehr |editor1-last=Cowan |editor1-first=J. Milton |title=Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic |date=1979 |page=160 |edition=4 |url=http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=173,ll=495,ls=5,la=678,sg=264,ha=114,br=194,pr=36,aan=111,mgf=173,vi=105,kz=336,mr=132,mn=208,uqw=282,umr=210,ums=164,umj=132,ulq=497,uqa=82,uqq=55,bdw=h188,amr=h124,asb=h146,auh=h333,dhq=h102,mht=h127,msb=h49,tla=h39,amj=h122,ens=h379,mis=h334}}</ref> The word originated from the [[Arabic]] word for gathering (جمع), and is used in [[Urdu]] as a noun.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meaning of jam'iyyat |url=https://rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-jamiyyat?keyword=%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA |publisher=[[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]] |access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Meaning of Jamiat |url=http://urdulughat.info/words/6061-%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA |website=urdulughat.info/ |access-date=22 July 2021 |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722160035/http://urdulughat.info/words/6061-%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The first general meeting of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind was held at [[Amritsar]] on 28 December 1919, at the request of [[Sanaullah Amritsari]], in which Kifayatullah Dehlawi presented a draft of its constitution.{{Sfn|Deobandi|p=140}}{{Sfn|Jami'i|1995|p=492}} [[Abul Muhasin Sajjad]] and Mazharuddin are also mentioned among the key founders.{{Sfn|Wasif Dehlavi|1970|p=69}} A common misconception exists that the Jamiat was founded by [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]] and his other colleagues including [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], however this is not true as they were jailed in [[Malta]] at the time the organisation was founded.{{Sfn|Wasif Dehlavi|1970|p=7, 13}}

When the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind was founded, Kifayatullah Dehlawi was appointed interim president and [[Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi]] was made an interim secretary.{{Sfn|Wasif Dehlavi|1970|p=74}} The Jamiat formed its first governing body at its first general meeting, which was held at [[Amritsar]].{{Sfn|Jami'i|1995|p=492}}{{Sfn|Wasif Dehlavi|1970|p=57, 65}} The second general meeting of the Jamiat was held during November 1920 in Delhi, where [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]] was appointed the president and Kifayatullah Dehlawi the vice-president. Hasan died several days after (on 30 November) and Kifayatullah continued to serve as the vice-president whilst concurrently serving as interim-president, until he was permanently appointed president on 6 September 1921.{{Sfn|Wasif Dehlavi|1970|p=74}} The scholars of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] associated with the Jamiat only after Mahmud Hasan Deobandi was released, and they had no substantial role in its establishment.{{Sfn|Wasif Dehlavi|1970|p=47-49}} It is now considered a major organisation belonging to the scholars of Deoband.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind slams Pakistan, says neighboring nation bent on destroying Kashmir |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/jamiat-ulama-i-hind-slams-pakistan-says-neighbouring-nation-bent-on-destroying-kashmir/1704903/ |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=Financial Express |date=13 September 2019}}</ref>

===Governance===
The earliest principles and constitution of the Jamiat were written by [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]]. In the first general meeting in [[Amritsar]] it was decreed that these be published and opinions gathered from a group of scholars in attendance, and that it then be discussed again at the next meeting.{{Sfn|Wasif Dehlavi|1970|p=56}} The principles and constitution were ratified in the second meeting, held in Delhi and presided over by [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]].{{Sfn|Wasif Dehlavi|1970|p=56}} There it was decided that the organisation would be called the "Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind", its headquarters located in Delhi, and its stamp state, "Al-Jamiat al-Markaziyyah li al-Ulama il-Hind" ({{translation|"The Central Council of the Scholars of India"}}).{{Sfn|Wasif Dehlavi|1970|p=56}} It aimed to defend Islam from any external or alien threat; to guide common folk in politics through the lens of Islamic precepts; and to establish an Islamic court, the Darul Qadha.{{Sfn|Wasif Dehlavi|1970|p=56}}

The first governing body of the Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind was formed in [[Amritsar]]. Its members included Abdul Majid Badayuni, [[Abul Muhasin Sajjad]], [[Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi]], [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]], [[Hasrat Mohani]], Khuda Bakhsh, Mazharuddin, Muhammad Abdullah Sindhi, Muhammad Fakhir Allahabadi, [[Muniruzzaman Khan]], [[Mohammad Akram Khan]], [[Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti]], Muhammad Sadiq Karachivi, Ruknuddin Dāna, Salamatullah Farangimahali, [[Sanaullah Amritsari]], Sayyid Muhammad Dawood Ghaznawi and Turab Ali Sindhi.{{Sfn|Jami'i|1995|p=492}}

The first working committee was formed over 9 and 10 February 1922, in Delhi.{{Sfn|Jami'i|1995|p=492}} It consisted of nine people; Abdul Haleem Siddiqi, Abdul Majid Qadri Badayuni, Abdul Qadir Qusoori, Ahmadullah Panipati, [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]], [[Hasrat Mohani]], Kifayatullah Dehlawi, Mazharuddin and [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]].{{Sfn|Wasif Dehlavi|1970|p=57, 65}} In March 1922 the number was increased to twelve, and Abdul Qadeer Badayuni, Azad Subhani and Ibrahim Sialkoti were added to the working body.{{Sfn|Wasif Dehlavi|1970|p=57, 65}} The Jamiat elected [[Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri]] and Nisar Ahmad Kanpuri as the vice-presidents on 15 January 1925.{{Sfn|Wasif Dehlavi|1970|p=57, 65}}

The Jamiat has an organisational network which is spread across India. It also has an Urdu [[Newspaper|daily newspaper]], the ''Al-Jamiyat''.<ref name="smith"/> The newspaper was banned by the British government of India in 1938, but was restarted on 23 December 1947 with [[Muhammad Miyan Deobandi]] appointed its editor.{{Sfn|Amini|2017|p=48, 106}} The Jamiat propounds a theological basis for its nationalistic philosophy, which is that Muslims and non-Muslims have entered upon a mutual contract in India, since independence, to establish a secular state. The [[Constitution of India]] represents this contract. This is known in Urdu as a ''mu'ahadah''. Accordingly, as the Muslim community's [[Constituent Assembly of India#Members of the Indian Constituent Assembly|elected representatives]] support and swear allegiance to this ''mu'ahadah'', so too is it the responsibility of Indian Muslims to support the Indian Constitution. This ''mu'ahadah'' is similar to a previous [[Constitution of Medina|similar contract]] signed between the Muslims and the Jews in Medina.<ref name="smith">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Wilfred Cantwell |author1-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith |title=Islam in Modern History |date=1957 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location= [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]]|pages=284–285 |url=http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/16265.pdf |access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref>

=== Independence movement ===
On 8 September 1920, the Jamiat issued a religious edict, called ''Fatwa Tark-e-Mawalat'', boycotting British goods. This was authored by [[Abul Muhasin Sajjad]] and signed by 500 scholars.{{Sfn|Wasif Dehlavi|1970|p=58}} During the [[British Raj]], the Jamiat opposed British rule in India and participated in the [[Quit India Movement]].{{Sfn|Jami'i|1995|p=258}} Since its inception in 1919 it aimed for a "British-free India".{{Sfn|Jami'i|1995|p=492}} It formed an institution called "Idārah Harbiyyah" ({{translation|The War Council}}) during the [[civil disobedience movement]].{{Sfn|Mansoorpuri|2014|p=189}}{{Sfn|Islam|2018|p=158}}

[[File:Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi sharing stage with Azad, Nehru and others.jpg|thumb|right|Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi, a prominent scholar of the Jamiat speaking at a conference and sharing stage with [[Abul Kalam Azad]] and [[Jawahar Lal Nehru]].]]

The Jamiat's scholars were arrested frequently, and its general secretary [[Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi]] spent fifteen years of his life in jail.{{Sfn|Adrawi|2016|p=21}} The Jamiat secured pledges from the Muslim community that they would avoid using British cloth and enrolled about fifteen thousand volunteers to participate in the [[Salt March]].{{Sfn|Islam|2018|p=158}} Kifayatullah Dehlawi, the co-founder of the Jamiat, was imprisoned in Gujarat jail for six months in 1930 for participating in the civil disobedience movement. On 31 March 1932, he was arrested for leading a procession of over a hundred thousand people and imprisoned in Multan jail for eighteen months.{{Sfn|Mansoorpuri|2014|p=186}} The general secretary of the Jamiat, [[Muhammad Miyan Deobandi]], was arrested five times and his book ''Ulama-e-Hind ka Shāndār Māzī'' ({{Translation|The Glorious Past of Indian Scholars}}) was seized for discussing the struggles of Muslim scholars against the ruling people, including the British Raj.{{Sfn|Amini|2017|p=569}} [[Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi]], another scholar of the Jamiat, was arrested multiple times for campaigning against British colonialism.{{Sfn|Adrawi|2016|p=81}} He spent eight years in incarceration.<ref>{{cite news|first=Abu Tariq|last=Hijazi|title=Maulana Hifzur Rahman and his Qasas-ul-Qur'an|url=https://www.arabnews.com/islam-perspective/maulana-hifzur-rahman-and-his-qasas-ul-qur%E2%80%99 |access-date=23 July 2021 |work=Arab News |date=22 February 2013}}</ref>

===Partition of India ===
[[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], the principal of the Darul Uloom Deoband (from 1927 to 1957) and the leading Deobandi scholar of the day, held that Muslims were unquestionably part of a united India and that [[Hindu-Muslim unity]] was necessary for the country's freedom. He worked closely with the [[Indian National Congress]] until the [[Partition of India]] was carried out.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Na |first1=Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im |last2=Naʻīm |first2=ʻAbd Allāh Aḥmad |title=Islam and the Secular State |date=2009 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-03376-4 |page=156 |language=en |quote=The Jamiya-i-ulama-Hind founded in 1919, strongly opposed partition in the 1940s and was committed to composite nationalism.}}</ref><ref name="Columbia University Press">{{cite book|last1=McDermott|first1=Rachel Fell|last2=Gordon|first2=Leonard A. | author2-link = Leonard A. Gordon|last3=T. Embree|first3=Ainslie| author3-link = Ainslie Embree|last4=Pritchett|first4=Frances W.|last5=Dalton|first5=Dennis| author5-link =Dennis Dalton|title=Sources of Indian Tradition Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh|date=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-51092-9|page=457|edition=Third}}</ref> In 1945, a faction emerged within Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind that supported the [[creation of Pakistan]] and the [[All Indian Muslim League]]. This faction was led by a founding member of the Jamiat, [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]].<ref>{{cite journal |author-last1=Mehmood |author-first1=Wajid |author-last2= Shah |author-first2= Syed Ali|author-last3=Malik |author-first3= Muhammad Shoaib |title=Ulema and the Freedom Struggle for Pakistan |journal=Global Political Review |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=49 |url=https://www.gprjournal.com/jadmin/Auther/31rvIolA2LALJouq9hkR/Q0WCqP4wdD.pdf |publisher=Humanity Publications |location=[[Islamabad]]}}</ref> The Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind was a member of the [[All India Azad Muslim Conference]], which included several Islamic organisations standing for a united India.<ref name="QasmiRobb2017">{{cite book |editor-last1=Qasmi |editor-first1=Ali Usman |editor-last2=Robb |editor-first2=Megan Eaton |title=Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/muslims-against-the-muslim-league/64B4590FE4A6B5921BF1062CF9949834 |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-62123-6 |page=2 |language=en|doi=10.1017/9781316711224}}</ref>

[[Ishtiaq Ahmed (political scientist)|Ishtiaq Ahmed]] states that, in return for their support, the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind obtained a pledge from the Indian leadership that the state would not interfere with the [[Muslim Personal Law]]. The former Prime Minister of India, [[Jawahar Lal Nehru]] agreed with the pledge, however, he believed that Muslims should first reform these laws.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |author-link1=Ishtiaq Ahmed (political scientist) |first1=Ishtiaq |last1=Ahmed |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-pathology-of-partition/ |title=The Pathology of Partition |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714122520/https://www.thefridaytimes.com/the-pathology-of-partition/ |archive-date=14 July 2021 |website=The Friday Times |date=6 November 2015 |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> Despite these concessions, during the [[Partition of India]], there erupted riots all over the country which resulted in wholesale carnage and numerous Muslims were killed; Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind played a key role in securing the life and safety of Muslims.{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=108}} [[Syed Mehboob Rizwi]] says that the general secretary of the Jamiat, [[Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi]], "faced the grave conditions with unusual spirit, daring, resolution, and exerted pressure on the leaders and officials, and accomplished the great exploit of restoring peace and order, and dispelled fear and apprehension from the hearts of terror-stricken Muslims."{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=108}}

Following India's independence, the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind reassessed its political role and decided to disengage from electoral politics. The organisation reaffirmed its commitment to the preservation of Muslim faith and culture, officially transitioning to a non-political entity on March 20, 1948.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Khan |first=Irfanullah |title=The Deoband Movement and the Rise of Religious Militancy in Pakistan |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Quaid-i-Azam University]] |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/13652 |language=en |year=2018 |location=Pakistan |page=71 |access-date=21 September 2024 |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104130928/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/13652 }}</ref>

===Split into JUH-A and JUH-M===
In March 2008, after the death of its former president [[Asad Madni]], Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind split into two factions.<ref name="etv">{{cite news |title='جمیعت علماء ہند' کے 100 برس مکمل |trans-title=Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind completes a century of existence |url=https://react.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/delhi/100-years-of-jamiat-ulema-hind-completed/na20191206181034458 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=ETV Urdu |date=6 December 2019 |language=ur |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712141415/https://react.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/delhi/100-years-of-jamiat-ulema-hind-completed/na20191206181034458 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ht">{{cite news |title=Jamiat-Ulama-E-Hind splits |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/jamiat-ulama-e-hind-splits/story-IDjhcuJ53UvaREVOqr3wSM.html |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 April 2008 |archive-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714122557/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/jamiat-ulama-e-hind-splits/story-IDjhcuJ53UvaREVOqr3wSM.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The division was caused by differences between [[Arshad Madani]] and his nephew [[Mahmood Madani]]<ref name="etv"/> after Arshad Madani was accused of being involved in anti-Jamiat activities. A contemporaneous report by the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' alleged that Arshad "had dissolved elected units and disintegrated its democratic structure to establish his personal rule."<ref name="ht"/> Consequently, on 5 March 2006, Arshad was dismissed as the president of the united Jamiat, leading him to form a new executive committee which he claimed to be the true Jamiat.<ref name="ht"/> The existing Jamiat was led by Mahmood Madani, and on the 5 April 2008 this faction appointed [[Usman Mansoorpuri]] as their first president.<ref name="ht"/> The first general secretary of the Arshad faction was [[Abdul Aleem Farooqui]], who also served as the tenth general secretary of the united Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind from 1995 to 2001.{{Sfn|Jami'i|1995|p=492}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Muḥammadullah|last=Qāsmi |title=Darul Uloom Deoband ki Jami' wa Mukhtasar Tārīkh |trans-title = Brief and Summarized History of Darul Uloom Deoband|edition=2|publisher=Shaykhul Hind Academy |location=Deoband |page=671 |date=October 2020|language=ur}}</ref>

===Centenary===
The Jamiat celebrated its centenary in November 2019.<ref name="newspk">{{cite news |first=Sabir|last=Shah |title=Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind turns 100 today |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/571125-jamiat-ulema-e-hind-turns-100-today |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=[[The News International]]|date=19 November 2019}}</ref> The [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)]] held the centenary celebrations in [[Azakhel Bala|Azakhel]] over two days starting on 7 April 2017.<ref name="newspk"/> It was attended by [[Saleh bin Abdul-Aziz Al ash-Sheikh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=جمعیت علمائے اسلام (ف) کی صد سالہ تقریبات، امام کعبہ کی آمد |language=Urdu|trans-title=The Imam of the Kaaba arrives at the JuI (F) centenary celebrations|url=https://www.urduvoa.com/a/jui-f-centennial-event-peshawar-imam-kaaba/3799305.html |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=Urdu VOA |date=6 April 2017}}</ref>

=== Anti-terror edict ===
In November 2008, 6000 scholars endorsed an anti-terror edict in the 29th general body meeting of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, held at [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="fatwa">{{cite news |title=Ulama endorse fatwa against terror |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ulama-endorse-fatwa-against-terror/articleshow/3689923.cms |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=Times of India |date=8 November 2008}}</ref> The edict was issued by the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and signed by its Grand Mufti, [[Habibur Rahman Khairabadi]], in May 2008.<ref name="fatwa"/> In the general meeting, Mahmood Madani said that, "it is a demonstration of the faith the Muslim scholars are reposing in the importance and timeliness of the edict. When these delegates go back to their homes they would take the signed Hyderabad Declaration that endorses the stand taken by Darul Uloom against terrorism."<ref name="fatwa"/> This meeting was attended by [[Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)|Ravi Sankar]] and [[Swami Agnivesh]].<ref name="fatwa"/> The [[fatwa]] stated that "Islam rejects all kinds of unwarranted violence, breach of peace, bloodshed, killing and plunder and does not allow it in any form. It is the basic principle of Islam that you assist each other in pursuit of good righteous causes and do not co-operate with anyone for committing sin or oppression. It is evident in the clear cut guidelines given in the Holy Quran that the allegation of terrorism against a religion like Islam which enjoins world peace is nothing but a lie. In fact Islam was born to wipe off all kinds of terrorism and to spread the message of global peace".<ref>{{cite book |first=Shishir|last=Gupta |title=Indian Mujahideen |date=2012 |publisher=Hachette UK |isbn=978-93-5009-375-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7Jp94ZaEekC&q=Mufti+Habibur+Rahman&pg=PT164}}</ref>

=== Hindu relations ===
In 2009, Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind said that [[Hindu]]s should not be called [[kafir]]s (infidels) because, even though the term only means a "Non-Muslim," its use may cause misunderstanding between communities.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Hindus-cant-be-dubbed-kafir-says-Jamiat/articleshow/4179187.cms? |title=Hindus can't be dubbed 'kafir', says Jamiat |date=24 February 2009 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124102218/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Hindus-cant-be-dubbed-kafir-says-Jamiat/articleshow/4179187.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The Jamiat passed a resolution in November 2009 describing ''[[Vande Mataram]]'' as an anti-Islamic song and received opposition from [[Muslim Rashtriya Manch]] national convener, Mohammed Afzal stating "Our Muslim brothers should not follow the [[fatwa]] as Vande Mataram is the national song of the country and every Indian citizen should respect and recite it."<ref>{{cite news|date=Nov 9, 2009|title=Muslim organisation slams Vande Mataram fatwa|newspaper=The Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/muslim-organisation-slams-vande-mataram-fatwa/539079/|access-date=16 April 2014|archive-date=16 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182116/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/muslim-organisation-slams-vande-mataram-fatwa/539079/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:A delegation of leaders from the Muslim Community, under the umbrella of the Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind, calls on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on May 09, 2017.jpg|thumb|A delegation of scholars from the Mahmood Madani faction of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind led by President [[Usman Mansoorpuri]], meeting the Indian Prime Minister, [[Narendra Modi]] on 9 May 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jamiat's Mahmood Madani group meets Narendra Modi, breaks Muslim ranks |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/2-focus/15599-jamiat-s-mahmood-madani-group-meets-narendra-modi-breaks-muslim-ranks/ |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=Milli Gazette |date=9 May 2017}}</ref>]]

In 1934, a few sections of the [[Babri Masjid]] mosque were vandalised and pictures of Hindu deities with Ram inscribed upon them were placed inside the mosque. The president of the Jamiat, Kifayatullah Dehlawi, visited Ayodhya and later presented a report to the Jamiat's working committee.{{Sfn|Jami'i|1995|p=292}} The working committee followed the Babri Masjid case and during a February 1952 meeting, presided over by Hussain Ahmad Madani and attended by [[Abul Kalam Azad]] and Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi, it was decided that the issue should be pursued through legal channels.{{Sfn|Jami'i|1995|p=293}} Subsequently, in February 1986, the district sessions judge of [[Faizabad]], Krishna Mohan Pandey, ordered the removal of locks on the [[Babri Masjid]] gates to allow Hindus to worship.{{Sfn|Jami'i|1995|p=294}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Unlocking of Babri Masjid was a 'balancing act' by then government: Arif Mohammed Khan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/mar/28/unlocking-of-babri-masjid-was-a-balancing-act-by-then-government-arif-mohammed-khan-1586887.html |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=New Indian Express |date=28 March 2017}}</ref> The Jamiat scholars Asad Madani and [[Asrarul Haq Qasmi]] appealed to the Indian government to take action against the judge and simultaneously raised a petition against this order.{{Sfn|Jami'i|1995|p=294}} A memorandum was presented to [[Rajiv Gandhi]] on 3 March 1986, and he was asked to take a personal interest in the case and help resolve the matter.{{Sfn|Jami'i|1995|p=295}} The Jamiat formed a committee on 22 February 1986 to follow-up the [[Babri Masjid]] case. It included Jalil Ahmad Seoharwi, Muhammad Matin, and advocates [[Zafaryab Jilani]] and Muhammad Raa'iq.{{Sfn|Jami'i|1995|p=295}} In 2019, when the Supreme court of India [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|ordered that the Babri Masjid be given up]] for the construction of the Ram Mandir and 5 acres of land be given to Muslims for the construction of a new mosque to replace it, the Jamiat described it as "the darkest spot in the history of free India."<ref>{{cite news |title=Ayodhya verdict: Understanding the Supreme Court judgment |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ayodhya-verdict-understanding-the-supreme-court-judgment/story-G7mzXfBFEDJ88PmuLj8CpL.html#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20in%20a,Board%20for%20building%20a%20mosque. |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ayodhya verdict: Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind says filing review petition not beneficial |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/ayodhya-verdict-jamiat-ulema-e-hind-says-filing-review-petition-not-beneficial/1771984/ |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Financial Express |date=22 November 2019 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220131621/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/ayodhya-verdict-jamiat-ulema-e-hind-says-filing-review-petition-not-beneficial/1771984/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Arshad Madani said that although Muslim organisations [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|lost the Babri Masjid]], the Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind would continue fighting for the safety and protection of other places of worship.<ref name="it">{{cite news|first=Vasudha|last=Venugopal|title=Will fight to protect other places, says JUH's Maulana Syed Arshad Madani |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/will-fight-to-protect-other-places-says-juhs-maulana-syed-arshad-madani/articleshow/77379991.cms |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=India Times |date=5 August 2020 |archive-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714122606/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/will-fight-to-protect-other-places-says-juhs-maulana-syed-arshad-madani/articleshow/77379991.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In an interview with the ''[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]'', Arshad Madani said that "We are citizens of this country and we have the rights over our places. We will continue to protect them till we die. Fate of one case is not fate of all cases. We still have faith in the judiciary of our country."<ref name="it"/> The position of the Jamiat was that no alternate site was acceptable for the [[Babri Masjid]] and Muslim organisations should not accept any offered replacement land or money.<ref>{{cite news |title=No alternative land acceptable for mosque in Ayodhya: Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/no-alternative-land-acceptable-for-mosque-in-ayodhya-jamiat-ulama-e-hind/story-PEQlgzCb0heVioDJthZUlK.html |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 November 2019 |archive-date=15 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115153607/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/no-alternative-land-acceptable-for-mosque-in-ayodhya-jamiat-ulama-e-hind/story-PEQlgzCb0heVioDJthZUlK.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== National Register of Citizens ===

The Mahmood faction of the Jamiat defended the [[Assam Accord]] during May 2017 under the leadership of Usman Mansoorpuri in the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name="bi">{{cite news |title=Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind defends Assam Accord-1985 in SC |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/jamiat-ulema-e-hind-defends-assam-accord-1985-in-sc-117050300046_1.html |access-date=13 July 2021 |date=3 May 2017 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525204037/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/jamiat-ulema-e-hind-defends-assam-accord-1985-in-sc-117050300046_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They also passed a resolution in support of the [[National Register of Citizens]].<ref name="nrc">{{cite news |first=Pragya|last=Kaushika |title=Kashmir as integral part of India: Jamiat passes resolution, supports NRC |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/kashmir-as-integral-part-of-india-jamiat-passes-resolution-supports-nrc20190912154228/ |access-date=13 July 2021 |date=12 September 2019 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525205349/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/kashmir-as-integral-part-of-india-jamiat-passes-resolution-supports-nrc20190912154228/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Arshad faction's president Arshad Madani, however, said that, "the NPR-NRC project is part of the Central government's communal agenda to transform India into a Hindu nation."<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite news |title=Jamiat Ulema-I-Hind says NPR is a big threat to Muslims |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jamiat-ulema-i-hind-says-npr-is-a-big-threat-to-muslims-1648509-2020-02-21 |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=India Today |date=21 February 2020}}</ref> He also holds that it is a "big threat to Muslims and also some other communities, including [[Dalits]]."<ref name="indiatoday"/> Consequently, in December 2019, the Mahmood faction filed a challenge to the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]] in the Supreme Court of India on the grounds that "the law classified immigrants without any "intelligible differentia" and ignored several religiously persecuted minorities."<ref>{{cite news |title=Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind moves Supreme Court against citizenship law |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jamiat-moves-sc-against-citizenship-law/article30322703.ece |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713072317/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jamiat-moves-sc-against-citizenship-law/article30322703.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The faction also held [[Kashmir]] as an integral part of India.<ref name="nrc"/>

On the [[2020 Delhi riots]], Arshad Madani said in October 2020 that "it is not possible to control riots in the country without making the district administration accountable."<ref name="ummid">{{cite news |title=Hold DM responsible to control communal riots: Arshad Madani |url=https://ummid.com/news/2020/october/23.10.2020/hold-dm-responsible-for-communal-riots-arshad-madani.html |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Ummid |date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714122527/https://ummid.com/news/2020/october/23.10.2020/hold-dm-responsible-for-communal-riots-arshad-madani.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an October 2020 Ummid report, the Jamiat under his leadership was fighting the cases of Muslims accused in the Delhi riots and sixteen bail petitions were accepted by the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref name="ummid"/>

=== Dowries ===
After a young woman named Ayesha committed suicide and her video went viral,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/ahmedabad-woman-ayesha-khan-releases-suicide-video-before-jumping-into-sabarmati-river-netizens-demand-justice-1446421|title=Ahmedabad Woman Releases Suicide Video Before Jumping Into Sabarmati River, Netizens Demand Justice|date=1 March 2021|newspaper=ABP Live}}</ref> the [[Pune]] circle of the Jamiat launched a campaign against dowry practices in March 2021.<ref name="pune">{{cite news |first=Vijay|last=Chavan |title=Pune body takes up drive against dowry |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/pune-body-takes-up-drive-against-dowry/articleshow/81336468.cms |work=India Times |access-date=14 July 2021 |date=5 March 2021 |archive-date=11 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311070614/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/pune-body-takes-up-drive-against-dowry/articleshow/81336468.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Scholars of the Jamiat said that they would use Friday prayers as a platform to make people aware of the issue.<ref name="pune"/>

=== Implementation of population policy ===
JUH's Assam faction stated on 5 July 2021 that "the Jamiat will not support the [Indian government's population policy] if the government forcefully implements it".<ref name="indiatoday1">{{cite news |first=Hemanta Kumar|last=Nath |title=Jamiat won't support if Assam forcefully implements population policy: Jamiat Ulama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jamiat-wont-support-if-assam-forcefully-implements-population-policy-jamiat-ulama-1824099-2021-07-05 |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=India Today |date=5 July 2021}}</ref> Secretary Fazlul Karim Kasimi said that "birth control policies cannot be imposed upon minorities and population policy should be applicable to the majority. There should be a law on birth control for the majority."<ref name="indiatoday1" />

=== COVID-19 vaccinations ===
In June 2021, the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind's Gujarat unit held camps to raise awareness of [[COVID-19]] vaccines. A group of sixty scholars participated in this drive from areas such as [[Bhavnagar]] and [[Palanpur]].<ref name="drive">{{cite news |title=Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind to hold camps to spread awareness on Covid vaccine |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/jamiat-ulama-i-hind-to-hold-camps-to-spread-awareness-on-covid-vaccine-7359355/ |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=Indian Express |date=15 June 2021}}</ref> A local scholar associated with the Jamiat, Imran Dheriwala, said that, "the community has a deep sense of mistrust towards the government concerning vaccines, but it is because of the faith of the people as well, that it is [[Allah]] who decides one's time of death and He protects even if one does not take a vaccine." He also said that, "we are trying to remove this misconception from people, as the teachings of Islam make it necessary for a person to go through medication in order to protect his life and thus vaccinations was necessary, and we are trying to spread this message."<ref name="drive"/> The president of Jamiat's Arshad faction, [[Arshad Madani]] said that, "Whatever saves human lives is permissible. We should take the vaccine and protect ourselves and everybody around us from Covid-19."<ref name="vaccine">{{cite news |title=COVID-19 vaccine is permissible for Muslims: Clerics |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2021/jan/03/covid-19-vaccineis-permissible-for-muslims-clerics-2244578.html |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=New Indian Express |date=3 January 2021}}</ref>

===Merger process===
[[The Times of India]] reported on 22 June 2022 that the two factions of the Jamiat have begun a merger process which might be materialised very soon.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandit |first1=Ambika |title=Jamiat factions may 'merge soon' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jamiat-factions-may-merge-soon/articleshow/92375290.cms |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=22 June 2022}}</ref> [[The Hindu]] reported on 16 July 2022 that "the faction of the younger Madani is said to be agreeable to work under the senior Madani as Jamiat president."<ref name="merger-hindu">{{cite news |last1=Us Salam |first1=Zeya |title=Proposal green-lighted by Arshad Madani camp; nephew Mahmood's faction to take it up next Friday |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/fourteen-years-after-split-jamiat-factions-likely-to-merge/article65648222.ece |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=16 July 2022}}</ref> On 28 May 2022, the Jamiat's M faction had invited its rival Arshad Madani to attend its general body meeting in Deoband, which he accepted. His acceptance of the invitation has been seen as his first step towards reconciliation.<ref name="merger-hindu"/> In the Deoband meet, Arshad Madani expressed that "the Jamiat needs to come together so our voice can be stronger."<ref name="merger-hindu"/>

==Institutions==
=== Idara Mabahith-e-Fiqhiyyah ===
Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind established the Idara Mabahith-e-Fiqhiyyah (Institute of Juristic Discussions) in 1970 and [[Muhammad Miyan Deobandi]] was appointed its first director.{{Sfn|Amini|2017|p=48, 106}}<ref>{{cite web |title=About Mabahith-e-Fiqhiyyah |url=https://www.jamiatulamaihind.com/mubahish_fiqh_aur_islah.html |publisher=Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind (A) |access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref> The institute organised its fifteenth juristic seminar in March 2019.<ref name="mabahith">{{cite news |title=مباحث فقہیہ جمعیۃ علماء ہند کا تین روزہ فقہی اجتماع 27 مارچ سے نئی دہلی میں ! |language=Urdu|trans-title= Three days seminar of the Mabahith Fiqhiyyah of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind going to be in New Delhi, from 27 March|url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/39080 |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=Millat Times |date=26 March 2019}}</ref> The seminar discussed whether [[Google AdSense]], [[Paytm]] cash and other things related with mobile and internet were allowed under Islamic law. It was attended by Muslim jurists including [[Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri]] and [[Shabbir Ahmad Qasmi]].<ref name="mabahith"/>

=== Jamiat Youth Club ===
The Jamiat Youth Club was established in July 2018. It aims to provide youth with training in different self-defense techniques to deal with community crises.<ref name="siasat">{{cite news |author1=Safoora |title=What is Jamiat's 'Youth Club wing' is all about? |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/what-jamiats-youth-club-wing-all-about-1385864/ |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=The Daily Saisat |date=28 July 2018}}</ref> It was called a "pilot project" and it was reported that the Jamiat expects to train about 1.25 million youngsters every year and about 12.5 million youth in over a hundred Indian districts are expected to join the Jamiat Youth Club by 2028.<ref name="siasat"/><ref name="financial">{{cite news |title=Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind forms RSS-like 'Jamiat Youth Club', to train 12 lakh youths every year |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/jamiat-ulama-i-hind-forms-rss-like-jamiat-youth-club-to-train-12-lakh-youths-every-year/1261298/ |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=Financial Express |date=28 July 2018}}</ref> [[Mahmood Madani]] said that the club will train the youth like the [[The Bharat Scouts and Guides|Scouts and Guides]], with an emphasis on physical training and different ways to strengthen their mental ability.<ref name="financial"/>

=== Halal trust ===
The Jamiat has a [[halal]]-declaring agency known as the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind Halal Trust.<ref name="milli">{{cite news |title=Jamiat Ulama-e Hind Halal Trust reliable institution |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/2117-jamiat-ulama-e-hind-halal-trust-reliable-institution/ |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=Milli Gazette |date=13 August 2011}}</ref> It was set up in 2009 and was recognised by the [[Department of Islamic Development Malaysia]] in 2011 as "a reliable and authoritative institution for issuing Halal Certificates to meat, meat products and slaughter houses."<ref name="milli"/> As of April 2020, its secretary is Niaz Ahmad Farooqi.<ref>{{cite news |title=JUHHT clarifies on certificate to Patanjali products |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/juhht-clarifies-on-certificate-to-patanjali-products |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=Greater Kashmir |date=30 April 2020}}</ref>

In November 2023, the UP government registered an FIR against Jamiat Halal Trust and several other organisations for allegedly providing fake halal certifications. The allegation claimed that this was done to increase sales.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-11-18 |title=Case against Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind, others for providing 'forged' halal certificates; JUH trashes allegations |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/case-against-jamiat-ulama-i-hind-others-for-providing-forged-halal-certificates-juh-trashes-allegations |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=[[National Herald]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2023-11-18 |title=Case against Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind, others for providing 'forged' halal certificates to boost sales |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/case-against-jamiat-ulama-i-hind-others-for-providing-forged-halal-certificates-to-boost-sales/article67548479.ece |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=UP govt hands over halal certificate case to STF |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/up-govt-hands-over-halal-certificate-case-to-stf-101700505436937.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=اترپردیش میں حلال سند یافتہ اشیا پر پابندی کے بعد انڈیا کو 'حلال فری' بنانے کی بحث کیوں؟ |trans-title=After the ban on halal-certified products in Uttar Pradesh, why the discussion of making India 'halal-free'? |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/articles/cnlprjv99n1o |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=[[BBC Urdu]] |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UP STF Arrests 4 Office Bearers Of Halal Council Of India In Extortion Case (Video) |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/up-stf-arrests-4-office-bearers-of-halal-council-of-india-in-extortion-case-video |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref> However, Jamiat denied the allegations,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-11-18 |title=اتر پردیش میں حلال سرٹیفیکیشن کو لے کر تنازعہ پر جمعیۃ علماء ہند ناراض، وضاحتی بیان جاری |trans-title=Jamiat Ulema-i-Hind angry over dispute over Halal certification in Uttar Pradesh, issues explanatory statement |url=https://www.qaumiawaz.com/national/jamiat-ulema-i-hind-angry-over-controversy-over-halal-certification-in-uttar-pradesh-issues-explanatory-statement |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Qaumi Awaz |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-30 |title=جمعیت علماء حلال ٹرسٹ کے حلال سرٹیفکیشن کا مسئلہ: ایک اہم وضاحت |trans-title=Issue of Halal Certification of Jamiat Ulama Halal Trust: A Critical Explanation |url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/105511 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428093427/https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/105511 |archive-date=2024-04-28 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Baseerat Online |language=ur}}</ref> filed a petition in the Supreme Court, and thereafter received interim protection from any coercive action by the Uttar Pradesh government against the ban on manufacture and sale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Ashish |title=Halal certification controversy: Supreme Court protects Jamiat chief Mahmood Madani against coercive action |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/supreme-court-serves-notice-to-up-govt-on-plea-against-ban-on-manufacturing-food-products-with-halal-certification-2864926 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=Halal certification ban: Top Court grants protection to Jamiat chief Mahmood Madani |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/halal-certified-products-ban-supreme-court-grants-interim-protection-to-jamiat-chief-mahmood-madani-2493520-2024-01-25 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-13 |title=Uttar Pradesh halal ban: Halal India, Jamiat Ulama Maharashtra granted interim protection by SC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttar-pradesh-halal-ban-halal-india-jamiat-ulama-maharashtra-granted-interim-protection-by-sc-9158237/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-12 |title=SC protects Halal India, Jamiat Ulama Mah from coercive action in halal ban FIR |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-protects-halal-india-jamiat-ulama-mah-from-coercive-action-in-halal-ban-fir-101707736649587.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Jamiat National Open School ===
Jamiat National Open School was established in February 2021. It is similar to the [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS),<ref name="cognate">{{cite news |first=Ghazala|last=Ahmad |title=Jamiat Ulema-E-Hind Launches 'Jamiat Open School' To Provide Secondary Level Education To Madrasa Students |url=https://thecognate.com/jamiat-ulema-e-hind-launches-jamiat-open-school-to-provide-secondary-level-education-to-madrasa-students/ |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=The Cognate |date=22 February 2021}}</ref> and provides trained staff and infrastructure to students through which they can study computers, mathematics, sciences, language and other subjects offered under the NIOS. The school was established to provide students with high quality and contemporary academic learning, in part because thousands of students graduate from Islamic [[madrasas]] every year, but often lack adequate contemporary secular education abilities and skills.<ref name="yusra">{{cite news |first=Yusra|last=Husain |title=Jamiat open school to have smart classes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/jamiat-open-school-to-have-smart-classes/articleshow/81320613.cms |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=Times of India |date=4 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="cognate"/>

The Jamiat provides scholarships to students undertaking professional courses such as [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]], [[Master of Technology|M.Tech]], BCA, and other medical and engineering courses.<ref name="lokmat">{{cite news |title=JuH distributes scholarship to non-Muslims |url=https://english.lokmat.com/politics/juh-distributes-scholarship-to-non-muslims-students/ |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=Lokmat |date=20 March 2021}}</ref> Since 2012 the scholarships are offered to financially weak students through the Taleemi Imdadi Fund.<ref name="lokmat"/>

===Legal Cell Institute===

Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind also has the Legal Cell institute, through which it helps Muslims accused of [[Islamic terrorism]] to fight legal battles, including individuals like Faheem Ansari and Sabauddin, who were later acquitted in the [[2008 Mumbai Attacks]]. However, not all those aided by the Legal Cell were acquitted. For instance, in the [[2006 Mumbai train bombings|7/11 Mumbai train blasts case]], several Muslim accused who received legal support from the Jamiat were convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment or death, such as Faisal Shaikh and Asif Khan. Similarly, in the [[2010 Pune bombing|2010 Pune German Bakery blast case]], Mirza Himayat Baig, who was aided by the Jamiat, was convicted and sentenced to death in 2013. Same way, several accused were acquitted but many others aided by Jamait Ilema e Hind were convicted of Islamist terrorism in many other cases including [[March 2003 Mumbai bombing|Mulund blast case]], the [[Gateway_of_India#Events_and_incidents|Gateway of India blasts case]], and the [[2011 Mumbai bombings|13/7 Mumbai triple blasts]]. The Institute has also provided legal aid in high-profile cases involving individuals who were later convicted, such as [[Yasin Bhatkal]], co-accused with [[2010 Pune bombing|Mirza Himayat Baig]] in the German Bakery blast, who was also convicted and sentenced to death.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alam |first1=Mahtab |title=It Takes More Than Guns to Kill a Man |url=https://thewire.in/law/shahid-azmi-eight-death-anniversary |access-date=25 July 2021 |work=The Wire |date=11 February 2018 |quote=At the Jamiat Ulema Hind Maharashtra Legal Cell, a group engaged in providing legal help to the terror accused}}</ref><ref name="newindia">{{cite news |first=Waleed|last=Hussain |title=An innocent man deserves a fair trial: Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind president |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/may/22/an-innocent-man-deserves-a-fair-trial-jamiat-ulama-i-hind-president-1980207.html |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=New Indian Express}}</ref>

It was set up by Arshad Madani in 2007 and, as of May 2019, has aided in 192 acquittals across India.<ref name="newindia"/> Madani stated he started the institute when he saw that innocent people are picked up and incarcerated regularly on different charges in India and their families spend their savings and sell their assets and homes to fight the legal battle in order to prove their innocence.<ref name="newindia"/> According to a May 2019 report of [[The New Indian Express]], "the first three cases that the legal cell took up were the [[2006 Mumbai train bombings|7/11 Mumbai train blasts]], the [[2006 Malegaon bombings|2006 Malegaon blasts]] and the Aurangabad Arms haul case in September 2007."<ref name="newindia"/> The people accused in these were represented by [[Shahid Azmi]],<ref>{{cite news |first=Harneet|last=Singh |title=The unlikely lawyer as an unlikely hero |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/the-unlikely-lawyer-as-an-unlikely-hero/ |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=Indian Express |date=9 August 2012}}</ref> who later defended [[Faheem Ansari]] and Sabauddin, both accused of the [[2008 Mumbai Attacks]].<ref name="ooutlook2012">{{cite news |title=Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind Provides Legal Aid in Many Cases |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/jamiat-ulema-e-hind-provides-legal-aid-in-many-cases/769606 |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=Outlook India |date=22 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="ie">{{cite news |title=After 12 yrs in jail, Faheem Ansari is out: Karkare told officials I was innocent |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/after-12-yrs-in-jail-faheem-ansari-is-out-karkare-told-officials-i-was-innocent/ |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=Indian Express |date=8 November 2019}}</ref> Azmi was however assassinated on 11 February 2010;<ref>{{cite news |title=26/11 accused Fahim Ansari's lawyer Shahid Azmi shot dead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/26/11-accused-fahim-ansaris-lawyer-shahid-azmi-shot-dead/articleshow/5561910.cms |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=Times of India |date=11 February 2010}}</ref> and the Institute assisted both of them in the trial court and then in the high court. The high court upheld their acquittal, and both were freed of the conspiracy charges.<ref name="ooutlook2012"/> The Institute defended nine Muslim youth who were accused of the 2006 Malegaon blasts;<ref>{{cite news |title=2006 Malegaon blast: Notice to ATS, CBI, home ministry |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/2006-malegaon-blast-notice-to-ats-cbi-home-ministry-113102000124_1.html |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=Business Standard |date=20 October 2013}}</ref> and all of them were acquitted in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=All nine accused discharged in 2006 Malegaon blasts case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/charges-dropped-against-eight-muslim-men-in-malegaon-2006-blast-case/story-9fjSJywJ90ZZDH1NiohviI.html |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 April 2016}}</ref>

Other cases where the institute has provided legal aid in defense of the accused include those in the [[March 2003 Mumbai bombing|Mulund blast case]], the [[August 2003 Mumbai bombings|Gateway of India blasts case]], and the [[2011 Mumbai bombings|13/7 Mumbai triple blasts]].<ref name="ooutlook2012"/> The institute's support is not limited to Muslims, as they aided a Hindu man in 2012 who was given a death sentence, and he was later acquitted.<ref name="ooutlook2012"/> In March 2019, aided by the institute, eleven Muslims who had been booked under [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act|TADA]] were acquitted by the Special TADA Court after spending 25 years in jail.<ref name="wire">{{cite news |title=Eleven Muslims Acquitted 25 Years After Being Charged Under Anti-Terrorism Law |url=https://thewire.in/law/muslim-men-acquitted-tada-babri-masjid |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=The Wire |date=1 March 2019}}</ref> In June 2021, two men were cleared of the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act|UAPA]] charges after they spent nine years in jail, and they were seen thanking [[Gulzar Azmi]] of the Legal Cell for aiding them in the long legal battle.<ref>{{cite news |title=Two men, cleared of UAPA charges, regret the 9 years they lost in jail |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/mumbai/story/two-men-acquitted-uapa-charges-tajola-jail-navi-mumbai-1816255-2021-06-17 |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=India Today |date=17 June 2021}}</ref>

The head of the Legal Cell Institute, Gulzar Azmi, maintains that "We do not have any issues if terrorists are hanged, but what hurts us is when innocent people are falsely booked in terror cases."<ref>{{cite news |first=Rohit|last=Bhan |title=Gujarat Police Stop Release of Book by Man Acquitted in Akshardham Attack Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gujarat-police-stop-publication-of-book-by-man-acquitted-in-akshardham-attack-case-755651 |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=NDTV |date=6 July 2015}}</ref> In a more recent case, the institute has been reported to be helping two people accused of terror activities who have been arrested by the [[Anti-Terrorism Squad]] in July 2021. Arshad Madani was quoted as saying about this case that "the process of using terrorism as a weapon to destroy the lives of Muslim youth continues. Out legal struggle will continue till the honourable release of innocent Muslims."<ref>{{cite news |title=Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind cleric to provide legal assistance to terror suspects |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/city/lucknow/jamiat-ulema-e-hind-cleric-to-provide-legal-assistance-to-terror-suspects/videoshow/84431681.cms |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=Times of India |date=15 July 2021}}</ref>

===Publications division===
[[File:Manmohan Singh, releasing a collection of Parliamentary speeches of Maulana Syed Asad Madani, at the Fida-e-Millat Seminar on "Hazarat Maulana Syed Asad Madani Life and Contribution", in New Delhi on April 23, 2007.jpg|thumb|[[Manmohan Singh]], former Prime Minister of India, releasing a collection of the parliamentary speeches of [[Asad Madni]], former President of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, on 23 April 2007.]]
Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind also has a publications division through which it has published books such as ''Islam mai Imamat awr Imarat ka Tasawwur'' (The Concept of Leadership and Emirate in Islam), ''Hindustan aur Masla-e-Imarat (India and the Issue of Emirate)'' and ''Islam The Benevolent for all Constructive Programs of Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind''.
{{Sfn|Jami'i|1995|p=358}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind's publications |url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n88193620/ |publisher=[[WorldCat]] |access-date=15 July 2021}}</ref>

==Administration==
{{See also|List of Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind people}}
[[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]] was the first president of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, appointed after [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]] served as an interim president until November 1920. Dehlawi succeeded Hasan as the second president of the Jamiat and was succeeded by [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]] in 1940.<ref>{{cite book |first=Asir|last=Adrawi |author1-link=Asir Adrawi |title=Ma'asr Shaykh al-Islam |publisher=Darul Muallifeen |location=Deoband |page=258 |edition=5th |language=ur}}</ref> [[Asad Madni]] served as the fifth president until February 2006 and was succeeded by his brother [[Arshad Madani]] on 8 February 2006.<ref name="indiankanoon149461836">{{cite web |title=Jamiat Ulama-I-Hind & Anr. vs Maulana Mahmood Asad Madni & Anr. on 25 August, 2008 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/149461836/ |website=IndianKanoon |access-date=11 July 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711061749/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/149461836/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Jamiat split into Arshad and Mahmood faction in March 2008.<ref name="ht"/><ref name="etv"/> [[Mahmood Madani]] became the interim president of Mahmood faction on 27 May 2021 after the death of its former president [[Usman Mansoorpuri]], and Arshad Madani serves as the president of the Arshad faction.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arshad Madani elected President of Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind |url=https://www.therahnuma.com/arshad-madani-elected-president-of-jamiat-ulama-i-hind/ |access-date=23 July 2021 |work=The Rahnuma |date=9 March 2021 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723152357/https://www.therahnuma.com/arshad-madani-elected-president-of-jamiat-ulama-i-hind/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maulana Mahmood Madani elected interim chief of Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/maulana-mahmood-madani-elected-interim-chief-of-jamiat-ulemaehind/2091352 |access-date=23 July 2021 |work=Outlook India |date=27 May 2021}}</ref> Mahmood Madani was appointed the president of Mahmood faction on 18 September 2021.<ref name="millattimes">{{cite news |title=سبھی ریاستی جمعیتوں کی متفقہ تجویز پر مولانا محمود مدنی اگلے ٹرم کے لئے صدر منتخب جمعیۃ علماء ہند طالبان کی نئی حکومت سے حقوق انسانی کے احترام اور بھارت سے خوشگوار تعلقات کے خواہاں |trans-title= Mahmood Madani appointed president of JuH's Mahmood faction|url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/75115 |access-date=19 September 2021 |work=Millat Times |date=18 September 2021 |language=ur}}</ref>

Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind has a general secretary; the first was [[Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi]] and the last general secretary of the united Jamiat was Mahmood Madani, who later on became the first general secretary of its Mahmood faction.<ref name="ht"/>{{Sfn|Wasif Dehlavi|1970|p=74}}<ref name="qindeel">{{cite news |title=مولانا محمود مدنی جمعیت علمائے ہند(م) کے قومی صدر منتخب |language=Urdu|trans-title=Mahmood Madani appointed the president of Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind (M) |url=https://qindeelonline.com/maulana-mahmood-madni-jamiat-ulama-e-hind-k-qaumi-sadar-muntakhab/ |access-date=12 July 2021 |work=Qindeel |date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527072622/https://qindeelonline.com/maulana-mahmood-madni-jamiat-ulama-e-hind-k-qaumi-sadar-muntakhab/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The current general secretary of the Mahmood faction is Hakeemuddin Qasmi.<ref name="qindeel"/> In December 2020, Masoom Saqib Qasmi was appointed the general secretary of the Arshad faction.<ref>{{cite news |title=جمعیۃ علماء ہند کے ناظم عمومی منتخب ہونے پر مفتی معصوم ثاقب قاسمی کو جمعیۃ علماء کرناٹک نے پیش کی تہنیت |language=Urdu|trans-title=Mufti Masoom Saqib Qasmi appointed the general secretary of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind |url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/129962 |access-date=12 July 2021 |work=Baseerat Online |date=26 December 2020 |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226111153/https://www.baseeratonline.com/129962 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During 1920, Muhammad Sadiq Karachivi, a co-founder of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, established a state-unit of the Jamait in [[Karachi]], and remained its president throughout his life.{{Sfn|Adrawi|2016|p=127}} The Jamiat now has state units throughout India. These include Jamiat Ulama [[Assam]], Jamiat Ulama [[Bihar]], Jamiat Ulama [[Jharkhand]], Jamiat Ulama [[Karnataka]], Jamiat Ulama [[Madhya Pradesh]], Jamiat Ulama [[Maharashtra]], Jamiat Ulama [[Odisha]], Jamiat Ulama [[Rajasthan]], Jamiat Ulama [[Uttar Pradesh]], Jamiat Ulama [[Uttarakhand]], Jamiat Ulama [[Telangana]], and Jamiat Ulama [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind to elect its President for Bihar and Jharkhand |url=https://twocircles.net/2007aug05/jamiat_ulema_e_hind_elect_its_president_bihar_and_jharkhand.html |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=Two Circles |date=5 August 2007 |archive-date=17 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317202838/http://twocircles.net/2007aug05/jamiat_ulema_e_hind_elect_its_president_bihar_and_jharkhand.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Shane |last=Alam|language=Urdu|title=جمعیت علماء مدھیہ پردیش نے لیا سی اے اے اور این پی آر کے خلاف صوبائی سطح پر تحریک چلانے کا فیصلہ |trans-title= Jamiat Ulama Madhya Pradesh decided to participate against the CAA and NPR at a state level|url=https://www.hindsamachar.in/national-news/news/anti-caa-nrc-meeting-in-bhopal-jamate-ulam-mp-7427 |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=Hindi Samachar |date=17 February 2020 |archive-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714122535/https://www.hindsamachar.in/national-news/news/anti-caa-nrc-meeting-in-bhopal-jamate-ulam-mp-7427 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind (M) governing body |url=https://www.jamiat.org.in/masters/jamiat_governing_body/ |publisher=Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712135731/https://www.jamiat.org.in/masters/jamiat_governing_body/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Islamic scholar and the founder of [[All India United Democratic Front]], [[Badruddin Ajmal]], is the state-president for the Assam unit.<ref name="bi"/>

==See also==
* [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]]
* [[Anjuman-i-Ulama-i-Bangala]]
* [[Imarat-e-Shariah]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |author1-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |translator= Murtaz Hussain F Qureshi |volume= 2 |title=History of Dar al-Ulum Deoband |date=1981 |publisher=Idara-e-Ehtemam |location=Darul Uloom Deoband |edition=1st}}
* {{cite book |last1=Amini |first1=Noor Alam Khalil|author-link=Noor Alam Khalil Amini |title=Pas-e-Marg-e-Zindah |trans-title = After the Death of Living |publisher=Idara Ilm-o-Adab |location=Deoband |edition=5th|date=February 2017 |language=Urdu}}
* {{cite book|last1=Islam |first1=Shamsul|title=Muslims Against Partition of India| edition=3rd|date=2018 |isbn = 978-81-7221-092-2 | location = New Delhi | publisher = Pharos}}
* {{cite book |last1=Deobandi |first1=Muhammad Miyan |author1-link=Muhammad Miyan Deobandi |editor1-last=Shahjahanpuri |editor1-first=Abu Salman |editor1-link=Abu Salman Shahjahanpuri |title=ʻUlmāʼ-i ḥaq ke mujāhidānah kārnāme |date=2005 |publisher=Jamiat Publications |location=Lahore |isbn=978-969-8793-25-8 |oclc=70629055 |language=ur}}
** Alternate edition: {{cite book |last1=Deobandi |first1=Muhammad Miyan|title=Ulama-e-Haq awr Unke Mujahidana Karname |trans-title= The True Scholars and Their Revolutionary Struggles|volume = 1 |publisher=Faisal Publications |location=Deoband |language=ur |date = }}
* {{cite journal |editor1-last=Jami'i |editor1-first=Muhammad Salim |title=Jamiat Ulama Number |journal=Al-Jamiat Weekly |date=27 October 1995 |volume=8 |issue=43 |publisher=Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind |language=ur}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mansoorpuri |first1=Salman|author-link1=Salman Mansoorpuri|title=Tehreek Azadi-e-Hind Mai Muslim Ulama aur Awaam ka Kirdar |trans-title= The Role of Indian Muslim scholars and people in the Independence Struggle |date=2014 |publisher=Deeni Kitab Ghar |location=Deoband |language=ur}}
** Alternate edition: {{cite book |last1=Mansoorpuri |first1=Salman |last2= Ahmad |first2= Muizuddin|title=Tehreek Azadi-e-Hind Mai Muslim Ulama aur Awaam ka Kirdar |url=https://archive.org/details/BestUrduBooks218/TAHREEK_E_AZADI_E_HIND_MEIN_ULAMA_AUR_AWAM_KA_KIRDAR |date=2004 |publisher=Kutub Khana Naimia |location=Deoband |language=ur|oclc= 62342294|trans-title=The Role of Indian Muslim scholars and people in the Independence Struggle}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wasif Dehlavi |first1=Hafizur Rahman |author1-link=Hafizur Rahman Wasif Dehlavi |title=Jamī'at-i Ulamā par ek tārīk̲h̲ī tabṣirah |trans-title= A Historical Review the Jamiat Ulama|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/jamiat-e-ulma-par-ek-tareekhi-tabsira-hafizur-rahman-wasif-ebooks |date=1970 |language=ur|oclc=16907808}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Adrawi |first1=Asir |author-link=Asir Adrawi|title=Tareekh Jamiat Ulama i Hind |publisher=Al-Jamiat Book Depot |location=Delhi |language=ur}}
* {{Cite thesis|last=Malik|first=Rizwan|title=Mawlǎnǎ Husayn Ahmad Madani and Jami'yat 'Ulamǎ'-i Hind 1920-1957: status of Islam and Muslims in India|date=1995 |publisher=University of Toronto|isbn=0-612-02673-6|oclc=222319112}}
* {{citation|last=Metcalf|first=Barbara|author-link=Barbara Metcalf|title=Husain Ahmad Madani: The Jihad for Islam and India's Freedom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQjrAQAAQBAJ|year=2012|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-210-6|ref={{sfnref|Metcalf, Husain Ahmad Madani|2012}}}}
* {{citation |last=Moj |first=Muhammad |title=The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbm2BgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-78308-389-3 |ref={{sfnref|Moj, The Deoband Madrassah Movement|2015}}}}
* {{cite thesis |last1= Shireen |first1=Syeda Lubna |title=A Study of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind with special reference to Hussain Ahmed Madani In Freedom Movement (A.D. 1919-A.D.1947) |publisher=Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University |location= Aurangabad |date= 8 October 2014 |hdl=10603/54426 |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/54426 |access-date=3 August 2021 |language=en}}

{{Islam in South Asia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamiat Ulema-E-Hind}}
[[Category:1919 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Islamic organizations established in 1919]]
[[Category:Islamic organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Deobandi organisations]]
[[Category:Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]
[[Category:Deobandi good articles]]

Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya

2026-05-01T04:36:33Z

VaughnBrooks3:

{{Short description|Minority Hindu community of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{infobox ethnic group|
| group = Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya
| population = 51,000{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}
| popplace = India
| langs = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]]
| rels = Hindu
| related = [[Mistri (caste)|Mistri]], [[Gurjar Kshatriya Kadia]]
}}
'''Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya'''<ref name=e>{{cite news|title=મહારાષ્ટ્રના નાગપુર ખાતે કચ્છ ગુર્જર ક્ષત્રિય સમાજ રાષ્ટ્રીય મહાસભાનું અધિવેશન (Election of President of Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya Samaj held at Nagpur, Maharashtra)|url=http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/20110607/gujarat/kutch4.html|access-date=20 July 2012|newspaper=Gujarat Samachar|date=7 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516162804/http://gujaratsamachar.com/20110607/gujarat/kutch4.html|archive-date=16 May 2012}}</ref><ref name=db>{{cite news|title=સમૂહ લગ્નોથી સમાજ ગિઠત થાય / 38th Mass community marriage Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya held at Anjar|url=http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/article/KUT-1188171-1833300.html|access-date=31 July 2012|newspaper=Divya Bhaskar|date=9 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=HC raps mgmt of Gurjar Kshatriya Samaj-Gondia|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-24/nagpur/29698752_1_writ-petition-court-receiver-appeal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034254/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-24/nagpur/29698752_1_writ-petition-court-receiver-appeal|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=20 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 June 2011}}</ref><ref name=db1>{{cite news|title=कर्मठ है कच्छ गुर्जर क्षत्रिय समाज (Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya Samaj people are hardworking)|url=http://www.bhaskar.com/article/CHH-OTH-1645943-2618166.html|access-date=2 August 2013|newspaper=Dainik Bhaskar|date=6 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011142039/http://www.bhaskar.com/article/CHH-OTH-1645943-2618166.html|archive-date=11 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=सम्मेलन ने खत्म की झिझक, अब बस्तर में भी ब्याह करके आएंगी गुजराती बेटियां (कच्छ गुर्जर क्षत्रिय गुजराती समाज का अखिल भारतीय महासभा ) |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/chhatisgarh/raipur/news/latest-jagdalpur-news-024002-1861843.html |access-date=28 February 2019 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=3 June 2018 |language=hi}}</ref> (also known as '''Mistri'''<ref>{{cite news|title=મંદિર પ્રકરણમાં ખોટા કેસ થાય તેવો મિસ્ત્રી સમાજને ભય Barla Mandir case – Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya / Mistri Samaj of Madhapar afraid of false implication|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/100206041820_mandir_case.html|access-date=27 April 2019|newspaper=Divya Bhaskar|date=6 February 2010}}</ref><ref name=Shambles/> or '''Mestri'''<ref name=ks/><ref name=gj1>{{cite book|title=Gujarat, Part 1 By Kumar Suresh Singh, Rajendra Behari Lal|year=2003|pages=912–915|isbn=9788179911044|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Cy_-FXW9BQC&q=Mestri+KUTCH&pg=PA912|last1=Lal|first1=R. B.|publisher=Popular Prakashan }}</ref>) are a minority [[Hindu]] community of [[Gujarat]]<ref name=gjs>[http://sje.gujarat.gov.in/ddcw/showpage.aspx?contentid=1736&lang=english List of Socially and Educationally Backward Classes declared by Gujarat State]</ref> in India, who claim to be [[Kshatriya]].<ref name=gj1/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bqWENSsOIAIC&q=kutch+gurjar+kshatriya |title=Indian Anthropologist: Journal of the Indian Anthropological Association |date=1998 |publisher=Indian Anthropological Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Panigrahi |first1=Nilakantha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CwpuAAAAMAAJ&q=kutch+gurjar+kshatriya |title=Trading Community of India: An Anthropological Study of Ethnicity |last2=Panda (Anthropologist) |first2=Premananda |date=2000 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-563-4 |language=en}}</ref> They are an artisan community related with masonry, artistic carvings, sculpting and building and construction works. They are also known as the '''Mistris of Kutch''' adopting word '''[[Mistri]]''', a term used in [[British India]] for master-craftsman, [[contractors|thekedar]], foreman or supervisor or for those who were expert in building and construction.<ref name=Shambles/><ref name=ks>{{cite book|title=India's communities by Kumar Suresh Singh|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=2287|isbn=9780195633542|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lZuAAAAMAAJ&q=MISTRI++KUTCH|quote=MESTRI: They are also known as Mistri. Kota in Rajasthan is believed to be their native place from where they came to Kutch in vs 1234 in search of livelihood. In Gujarat, the community is distributed in about eighteen villages of the Bhuj and Anjar}}</ref><ref name=M>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzbkTbqgGEoC&q=mistri&pg=PA316 Mistri] Encyclopaedia of Backward Castes By Neelam Yadav Page 316.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzbkTbqgGEoC&q=kadia&pg=PA316 Kadia, Gurjar Ksahtriya Kadia, Gurjar Kadia] Encyclopaedia of Backward Castes By Neelam Yadav Page 264, 316</ref>

==History==
[[File:Paliyas belonging to Mistris of Kutch at Dhaneti.jpg|thumb|''[[Paliya]]''s belonging to war heroes of Mistris of Kutch, standing at [[Dhaneti]] dating back to 1178 AD]]

The community is believed to be from [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]].<ref name=ks/> These warrior community first entered into [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and founded 36 villages in the area, while others moved further into Kutch. Around 1177–78 AD ([[Vikram Samvant|VS]] 1234), a major group migrated to Kutch from Saurashtra<ref name=ks/> under the leadership of Patel Ganga Maru.<ref name=kgk/> They settled in the village of [[Dhaneti]].<ref name=D>Kumar Ganti Itihass (History of Kumar Gnati) Published in year 1896.</ref><ref name=kgk/> There are several [[Paliya|Paria]]s of the community, located near village pond of Dhaneti, standing as memorials of the war that was fought in 1178 AD. The community members still go once every year to offer [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] and their respects to their fore-fathers.<ref name=dh>{{cite news|title=ધાણેટી ખાતે કચ્છ ગુ.ક્ષ. સમાજ...(Pooja held at Dhaneti by Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya for their Shurapura & Dada)|url=http://www.kutchmitradaily.com/article.aspx?site_id=3&news_id=17476|access-date=9 July 2013|newspaper=Kutch Mitra Daily|date=23 June 2012|archive-date=29 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129144742/http://www.kutchmitradaily.com/article.aspx?site_id=3&news_id=17476|url-status=dead}}</ref>

This group, later, for survival changed their occupation from warrior to builders and made their distinct identity not only by building historical forts, palaces, temples and architects not only in [[Kutch, Gujarat|Kutch]] but also all over [[British India]], primarily in the fields of laying railways, bridges and also in coal mining.<ref name=Shambles>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/20010312/ina12017.html |title=In the shambles of Pride of Kutch lies priceless art |publisher=Expressindia.com |date=2001-03-12 |access-date=2013-09-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220074425/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/20010312/ina12017.html |archive-date=20 December 2012 }}</ref><ref name=o>{{cite web |title=Gurjar Kshatriyas in India |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223215843/https://www.india9.com/i9show/Gurjar-Kshatriyas-36231.htm |website=www.india9.com/i9show/Gurjar-Kshatriyas-36231.htm |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref>

The Kutch Gurjar Kshatriyas left Dhaneti and went on to establish eighteen villages in Kutch<ref name=ks/><ref name=o/> which were granted to them by the King: [[Anjar, India|Anjar]], [[Sinugra]], [[Khambhra]], [[Nagalpar]], [[Khedoi]], [[Madhapar]], [[Hajapar]], [[Kukma]], [[Galpadar]], [[Reha Mota|Reha]], [[Vidi, Kutch|Vidi]], [[Jambudi]], [[Devaliya]], [[Lovaria]], [[Nagor]], [[Meghpar (Anjar)|Meghpar]], [[Chandiya]] and [[Kumbharia, Kutch District, Gujarat|Kumbharia]].<ref name=kgk/>

Over the centuries, they have been known or identified by some other names like [[Kadia (term)|Kadia]]s, [[Kadia Kshatriyas]] and Kumar Gnati.<ref name=M/><ref name=kgk/>

==Culture==
They are a Hindu community. Some are followers of [[Swaminarayan]] and [[Pranami]] sub-sects of Hinduism. They are vegetarian in diet and avoid consumption of alcohol. The staple food is [[khichdi]], vegetables, pulses and [[Butter milk|butter-milk]].<ref name=gj1/>

=== Clans ===
The community consists of clans like [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathod]], [[Chauhan (surname)|Chauhan]], [[Chavda (Gurjar clan)|Chawda]], [[Jethwa]], [[Yadav]], [[Chudasama (Rajput clan)|Chudasama]], [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]], [[Taunk]], [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]], [[Sarvaiya|Sawaria]], [[Vaghela (Gurjar clan)|Vaghela]], [[Vegad]], [[Varu (surname)|Varu]], [[Maru (surname)|Maru]], [[Gahlot|Gohil]], [[Parihar (clan)|Padhiyar]], [[Bhalsod]], who enjoy same status. However, earlier till decade of 1950, independence of India, most of people of the community preferred to [[prefix]] Mistri (Mesteri) to their name as a mark of identification of their caste and profession (contractor).<ref name=gj1/>

=== Marriage ===
The community are an [[endogamy|endogamous]] community who practice the principle of clan [[exogamy]]. [[Dowry]] is generally not asked for, neither practice of [[bride price]] is there in the ''Mistri'' community. Divorce is generally not encouraged; however, divorce can be claimed in certain cases.<ref name=gj1/>

Betrothal ceremony generally precedes marriage, which is held usually within one year of engagement and marriage is observed as per [[Hindus|Hindu]] rites by [[Saptapadi|taking seven circumambulation of fire]].<ref name=gj1/>

Widow remarriage (''ghargenu'') is allowed, where the women is usually married outside husband's family.<ref name=kgk/><ref name=gj1/>

==In Kutch==
[[File:Chabutro Sinugra.jpg|thumb|A [[Chabutro]] built by Seth Khora Ramji Chawda in year 1900 standing at village Sinugra, shows the unique architect and skill of Mistris of Kutch.]]
The Kutch Gurjar Kshatriyas were master craftsmen, architects and contractors and have played a major role in erection and construction of the majority of forts, palaces and architecture of Kutch. It was because of this they came to be known as Mistri in Kutch.<ref name=ks/>

==Indian railways==
It was during 1850 to 1930 AD that the KGK migrated outside Kutch and were involved in the construction of major rail-bridges and the laying down of railway tracks in almost all major rail routes of undivided British India doing the "Railway Thekedari" ([[Railway]] [[Contractors]] also ''Thikadari'') and as [[Contractors|Thekedar]] (or Thikadar) in [[Irrigation]] projects and Forest Department and Public Works Department.<ref name=kgk/> They have also done major roadway, road bridges, canal works, irrigation dams and barrage work throughout [[British India]] from 1850 to 1980. The communities largest contribution is in the building of the early railway lines and bridges throughout British India. Their works in Railway construction span from 1850 to 1980 for more than one and a quarter of century.<ref name=xxx/><ref name=nnn>''Nanji Bapa ni Nondh-Pothi'' published from Vadaroda in Gujarati (1999). Nanji Govindji's recorded diary of railway line opening and contracts done by community (era 1870-1950) compiled by Dharshi J. Tank. The book was awarded ''Aank Sidhhi Award'' by Kutch Shakti at Mumbai in 2000.</ref><ref name=kgk/><ref name=gj1/><ref name=o/><ref>{{cite news |title=જ્યાં જેસલ જાડેજા પોઢે છે તે અંજારનો વિકાસ પણ પોઢી ગયો |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/kut-buj-anjar-city-the-village-of-kutchs-jesal-jadeja-2279286.html |access-date=16 July 2025 |date=2021}}</ref>

==Docks, dams and canals in British India==

The KGK contributed to the building of docks, dams, barrages and irrigation canals between 1850 and 1980,<ref name=nnn/> and they in the eighteenth century had been among the communities who built the first [[Bombay Port Trust|ports of Bombay]] and [[Hornby Vellard]]. Other docks were developed in Bombay during 1870–1895 (Prince's Docks built in 1885 and Victoria Docks built in 1891<ref>{{cite web|author=Thomas Gatten|agency=TNN|date=13 December 2008|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Princes-and-Victoria-docks-in-state-of-decay/articleshow/3830373.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509204411/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-13/mumbai/27945763_1_victoria-docks-port-cities-harbour |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-05-09 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Prince's and Victoria docks in state of decay |access-date=2013-09-30}}</ref>) in which many Mistris of Kutch and Kadia Kshatriyas of Saurashtra worked. The Mandavi Docks, bridge over Rukhmavati at [[Mandvi]] and many road bridges across territories of British India are built by the community using their mason's skills.<ref name=kgk/>

==Mining==

In the regions of [[British India]] known as [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], the ''Kutch Gurjar Kshatriyas'' pioneered Indian involvement in coal mining from 1894. They broke the previous monopolies held by British and other Europeans, establishing many collieries at Jharia coalfields and Ranigunj coalfield.<ref name=Y>''Diary of Golden Days at Jharia – A Memoir and History of Gurjar Kashtriya community of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia'' – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa, co-author Raja
Pawan Jethwa of Calcutta (1998).</ref><ref name=xxx>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbNHAAAAYAAJ&q=expert+contractor|title=Census of India, 1981: Bihar. Series 4|publisher=Controller of Publications – Bihar|year=1981|page=22}}</ref>

[[Seth Khora Ramji]] of Sinugra was the first Indian to break the British monopoly in the Jharia Coalfields.<ref name=Y/><ref name=K>Encyclopedia of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa by British Authority (1920)</ref> Natwarlal Devram Jethwa<ref name=Y/> says that {{blockquote|The East Indian Railway in 1894-95 extended its line from [[Barakar]] to [[Dhanbad]] via [[Katras]] and [[Jharia]]. Messrs. Khora Ramji in 1894 was working on railway lines contract of Jharia branch line and with his brother Jetha Lira and was also building Jharia Railway Station, when he discovered coal in Jharia belt. The location of his three collieries named [[Jharia Khas|Khas Jherria]], [[Jeenagora]], Gareria is mentioned also in 1917 Gazetteers of Bengal, Assam, Bihar and Orissa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/bengalassambehar00playuoft/bengalassambehar00playuoft_djvu.txt |title=Gazetteers of Bengal, Assam, Bihar and Orissa 1917 Khora Ramji Colliries |access-date=2013-09-30}}</ref>}}

==Present status==

===Distribution in India===
The community members are found scattered throughout India and Community's associations exist in the states of [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, [[Rajasthan]], [[Delhi]], Uttar Pradesh, [[Madhya Pradesh]], Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, Orissa and [[West Bengal]].<ref name=kgk/><ref>{{cite news |title=कच्छ गुर्जर समाज का परिचय सम्मेलन 20 को |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/chh-rai-hmu-mat-latest-raipur-news-031506-2626010-nor.html |access-date=12 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=श्री कच्छ गुर्जर क्षत्रिय समाज (KGK) के महासभा प्रमुख हुए पदाधिकारियों से रूबरू {{!}} खबरगली |url=https://khabargali.com/index.php/Article/sarai-kacacha-gaurajara-kasataraiya-samaaja-kgk-kae-mahaasabhaa-paramaukha-haue |access-date=12 March 2025 |work=khabargali.com |agency=Khabargali}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=कच्छ गुर्जर क्षत्रिय समाज की सदभावना यात्रा पहुंची धनबाद |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/dhanbad/story-sadbhavna-yatra-of-kutch-gurjar-kshatriya-samaj-reached-dhanbad-8325017.html |access-date=12 March 2025 |work=Hindustan |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=कच्छ गुर्जर क्षत्रिय समाज चाईबासा के कल्याण मंडप का मंत्री दीपक बिरूवा ने किया शिलान्यास |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/jharkhand/chaibasa/news/minister-deepak-biruwa-laid-the-foundation-stone-of-the-kalyan-mandap-of-kutch-gurjar-kshatriya-samaj-chaibasa-134572583.html |access-date=12 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ranchi: लालजी हीरजी रोड स्थित गुजराती स्कूल भवन में श्री कच्छ गुर्जर क्षत्रिय समाज ने कच्छी नववर्ष मनाया |url=https://jantaserishta.com/local/jharkhand/ranchi-shri-kutch-gurjar-kshatriya-samaj-celebrated-kutchhi-new-year-in-gujarati-school-bhawan-located-on-lalji-hirji-road-ranchi--3377772 |access-date=12 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Panigrahi |first1=Nilakantha |last2=Panda (Anthropologist) |first2=Premananda |title=Trading Community of India: An Anthropological Study of Ethnicity |date=2000 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-563-4 |pages=186–188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CwpuAAAAMAAJ&q=kutch+gurjar+kshatriya |access-date=16 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tradition takes centre stage as Gujaratis plan grand dandiya nights to celebrate Navratri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/tradition-takes-centre-stage-as-gujaratis-plan-grand-dandiya-nights-to-celebrate-navratri/articleshow/104271112.cms |access-date=7 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=9 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=कच्छ गुर्जर क्षत्रिय ट्रस्ट भवन में नवरात्रि उत्सव |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/dhanbad/story-navratri-celebration-at-kutch-gurjar-kshatriya-trust-bhavan-8854154.html |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=www.livehindustan.com |date=16 October 2023 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Automation |first1=Bhaskar |title=कच्छ गुर्जर क्षत्रिय समाज ने दी पुलवामा के शहीदों को श्रद्धांजलि |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/chhattisgarh/korba/news/chhattisgarh-news-kutch-gurjar-kshatriya-samaj-paid-tribute-to-the-martyrs-of-pulwama-071044-6633503.html |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dhanbad News: कच्छ गुर्जर क्षत्रिय महिला मंडल ने मनाया सावनोत्सव |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/dhanbad/kutch-gurjar-womens-association-celebrated-sawan-festival |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=Prabhat Khabar |date=27 July 2025 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=कच्छ गुर्जर क्षत्रिय समाज ने की सामूहिक पूजा - |url=https://www.jagran.com/odisha/rourkela-kachh-gurjar-samaj-16581944.html |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=Jagran |date=22 August 2017 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CM Vishnudev Sai Walks to Garba Pandal |url=https://english.dainikjagranmpcg.com/states/chhattisgarh/68db778fd59e1/article-5709 |access-date=8 October 2025 |work=english.dainikjagranmpcg.com |date=30 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

===Present day identity===
They are marked as one of the [[Socially and Educationally Backward Class|Socially and Educationally Backward]] community by Government. The community on national level is referred as "Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya" mostly in present-day India. However, the "Mistri", which was mostly used during the last century and before is nowadays only used in Kutch and Gujarat. The term Mestri/Mistry is used to refer to community by the Government of Gujarat and the [[Other Backward Class]] Certificate as per the ''Bakshi Panch'' report.<ref name=gjs/><ref name=M/><ref name=kgk>''Kutch Gurjar Kshatriys : A brief History & Glory: by Raja Pawan Jethwa. (2007) Calcutta.''  The Book has separate sections: INTRODUCTION : Gives an overview of Kutch Gurjar Kshtriya community and its ancient history (I) KGK and Architect built by them mainly in Princely State of Cutch. (II) KGK and Railway : Gives details of some major Railway work with mileage wise details (III) KGK Surnames & History : Section gives details of various Kshatriya clan's history and origin of their surnames. (IV) Section deals with Kuldevi names various clans of KGK worship.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=कच्छ गुर्जर क्षत्रिय समाज ने की सामूहिक पूजा - |url=https://www.jagran.com/odisha/rourkela-kachh-gurjar-samaj-16581944.html |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=Jagran |date=2023 |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

[[Category:Tribes of Kutch]]
[[Category:Kutch district]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]

Battle of Gujrat (1797)

2026-04-19T22:59:45Z

VaughnBrooks3:

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Gujrat (1797)
| width =
| partof = [[Afghan–Sikh Wars]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| date = 29 April – 2 May 1797
| place = [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
| coordinates = 
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = Sikh victory
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 ={{tree list}}
*[[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|25px]] [[Sikh Confederacy]]
**[[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|25px]] [[Shaheedan Misl]]
**[[File:Sikh Empire flag.svg|25px]] [[Sukerchakia Misl]]
**[[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|25px]] [[Ahluwalia Misl]]
**[[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|25px]] [[Kanhaiya Misl]]
**[[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|25px]] [[Ramgarhia Misl]]
**[[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|25px]] [[Dallewalia Misl]]
**[[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|25px]] [[Bhangi Misl]]
{{tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = {{Flag|Durrani Empire}}
| commander1 = [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|20px]] Ram Singh Bedi{{KIA}} [[File:Sikh Empire flag.svg|20px]] [[Ranjit Singh]] [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|20px]] [[Bhag Singh Ahluwalia]] [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|20px]] Jaimal Singh Kanhaiya [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|20px]] [[Jodh Singh Ramgarhia]] [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|20px]] [[Tara Singh Ghaiba]] [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|20px]] [[Sahib Singh Bhangi]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of Herat until 1842.svg|20px]] Ahmad Khan Shahanchibashi{{KIA}} [[File:Flag of Herat until 1842.svg|20px]] Kamil Din [[File:Flag of Herat until 1842.svg|20px]] Murid Khan [[File:Flag of Herat until 1842.svg|20px]] Asadullah [[File:Flag of Herat until 1842.svg|20px]] Ali Khan
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = 12,000 cavalry
| casualties1 = 1,500 Sikhs killed
| casualties2 = 3,000 Afghans killed
| notes =
}}
{{Campaignbox Afghan-Sikh Wars}}
The '''Battle of Gujrat (1797)''' was fought between the forces of the [[Durrani Empire]] led by Ahmad Khan Shahanchibashi and the Sikh forces led by various Sardars. After [[Zaman Shah|Zaman Shah's]] third failed invasion of [[Punjab]], he left Shahanchibashi as governor of the [[Rohtas Fort]] and the region between the [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] and [[Indus]] rivers. Known for his oppressive rule and ambition to conquer Gujrat, Shahanchibashi faced a holy war organized by Ram Singh Bedi. After recruiting Sikhs for the war, the Sikh and Durrani forces clashed in Gujrat, where the Sikhs emerged victorious and plundered the defeated Afghans.

==Background==
In 1796, [[Shah Zaman]] crossed the Indus River to move closer to [[Delhi]], commanded by a well-equipped army of over 30,000 troops.{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|p=582}}{{sfn|Singh|1992|p=100}} Sikh chiefs gathered in [[Amritsar]] and relocated their families to the hills as news of the invasion spread.{{sfn|Singh|1992|p=100}} Sher Muhammad Khan Wazir led 12,000 soldiers into Lahore on December 31, 1796, and Shah Zaman arrived in [[Lahore]] on January 1, 1797. The Muslim community embraced him, while Hindu store owners showed little emotion.{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|p=583}} Shah Zaman led a large force to Amritsar, engaging in a bloody battle with the Sikhs in which the latter came out victorious. The defeated Durrani soldiers and Shah Zaman fell to Lahore.{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|p=583}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=14}}
[[Mahmud Shah Durrani]], Shah Zaman's brother, revolted against him and started his return route to [[Kabul]], leaving Ahmad Khan Shahanchibashi in command of 12,000 Afghan soldiers in the [[Punjab]].{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|p=583}}

===Shahanchibashi's plan===
At [[Rohtas Fort]], Ahmad Khan Shahanchibashi, was the Durrani governor of the [[Sindh Sagar Doab]]. His command was to arrest and bring back to Kabul all Sikhs who were attempting to cross into his domain.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=15}} Upon the Shah's retreat, the Sikh chiefs were in the process of reclaiming their territories. [[Ranjit Singh]] was preparing to seize Rohtas, whereas Milkha Singh arrived in [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]] with Sahib Singh to continue on to [[Rawalpindi]] shortly thereafter.{{sfn|Singh|2010|p=165}} Hayat Khan, the son of Chaudhri Rahmat Khan Waraich of Jalalpur, seized the [[Islamgarh]] fort and initiated a rebellion against Sahib Singh of Gujrat. Shahanchibashi resolved to remove the Sikh sardars from Gujrat.{{sfn|Singh|2010|p=25}} Leaving his women in the fortress of Rohtas under the protection of Ilyas Khan, he crossed the [[Jhelum River]] at the head of 12,000 cavalry.{{sfn|Singh|1983|p=70}}
The advance guard was under the command of Allah Yardad Khan. The primary body was under his direct supervision. The rear guard was under the command of Bahadur Khan. Shahanchibashi established Islamgarh as the center of his operations.{{sfn|Singh|2010|p=165}} His strategy involved commencing the campaign from [[Sialkot]] in the east, advancing against the Sikhs from Gujrat towards Jehlam, encircling them along the riverbanks, and compelling their surrender.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=482}}

===Dharamyudh against Shahanchibashi===
Bedi Ram Singh hailed from the village of Kotli Faqir Chand Bedian, located in the Sialkot district. The news of Shahanchibashi's oppressive acts infuriated him and he was determined to launch [[Dharamyudh (Sikhism)|Dharam yudh]] against the Afghan leader.{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|p=584}} Therefore, Bedi journeyed from village to village, mobilizing young men to enlist in the dharam yudh ([[holy war]]) against Shahanchibashi, accompanied by the resounding beat of drums. Among those who answered his call were Jodh Singh and Diwan Singh [[Bajwa]] of Kalaswalie, who arrived with approximately 250 men, along with the Wadalia sardars.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=482}}{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|p=584}}

==Battle==
Ram Singh led his forces as they moved on [[Sialkot]], the location of Shahanchibashi's army. Shahanchibashi sent Ali Khan, Asadullah, Murid Khan, and Kamil Din to lead a strong army. Many young men, both Sikh and Hindu, started to join the [[Shaheedan Misl|Shahids]].{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=483}}

===First Day of the Battle===
The battle on the first day occurred at Protian. The combatants advanced toward Torian, where another intense confrontation occurred. The battles were conducted over an area of approximately 10 square kilometres.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=483}} In certain locations, the Afghans were gaining the advantage, while in others, the Sikhs were in a more dominant position.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=483}} By evening, the situation remained a stalemate.{{sfn|Singh|2010|p=165}} At nightfall, both parties returned to their respective camps. They ignited fires, prepared meals, and administered care to the injured. The reserves maintained a watch. The fighters retired for the night.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=483}}

===Second Day===
The Afghans relocated their camp to the [[Chenab River]] during the night. At dawn, both sides prepared once more for the battle. Ram Singh was at the forefront and several Sardars followed his lead. Trenches were excavated. A furious battle was fought throughout the entire day but at end both parties retreated and no one had emerged victorious.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=483}}{{sfn|Singh|2010|p=166}}

===Third Day===
At a great distance from [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], Shahanchibashi commanded the bulk of the Afghan army. From the western bank of the Chenab River, Ram Singh and his Sikh followers moved forward. From the west came Sikh sardars like Sahib Singh and [[Ranjit Singh]].{{sfn|Singh|2010|p=165}} Seven kilometers east of Gujrat, there was a furious battle. Shahanchibashi and Ram Singh were both shot dead.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=484}} The Durrani army fled away while being decimated.{{sfn|Singh|1992|p=100}}{{sfn|Hasrat|1977|p=37}} Nearly 3,000 Afghans and about half that number of the Sikhs were slain and wounded.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=484}} A large booty consisting of camels, horses and war material fell into the hands of the Sikhs.{{sfn|Singh|2010|p=165}}

==Aftermath==
Shahanchibashi's corpse received the worst disdain and disrespect. Attached on a spearhead and displayed in several cities and villages, the head was crowned with a towering Afghan hat.{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|p=585}} Ranjit Singh gathered noteworthy tribute from the Muslim leaders under his control when Shahanchibashi died.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=15}}

The Sikhs expected Shah Zaman's invasion in the winter of 1797, knowing that he intended to repeat his earlier invasions.{{sfn|Singh|2010|p=166}} On [[Diwali]], several Sikh leaders decided to get together in Amritsar to plan how to repel the invasion.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=491}} They invited [[Sahib Singh of Patiala|Sahib Singh]], the [[Patiala]] ruler, to the meeting in Amritsar, but he being a loyal subject of the Afghan king, refused the invitation on the grounds that their plans for this season would be no more successful than those for the previous one.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=492}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls |volume=4 |edition=3rd, illustrated |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=978-8121501651 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Singh |first=Dalbir |title=Rise, Growth and Fall of Bhangi Misal |year=2010 |publisher=Department of History, Punjabi University Patiala |url=https://archive.org/details/RiseGrowthAndFallOfTheBhangiMisal/mode/2up |type= |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Heritage of the Sikhs |edition=2nd, revised |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |year=1983 |isbn=978-0836410068 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WqHXAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Lion of Lahore, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839 |volume=5 |edition=3rd, illustrated |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |year=1978 |isbn=978-8121505154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1huAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: S-Z |volume=4 |edition=2nd |publisher=Punjabi University |year=1992 |isbn=978-8173805301 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XhXYAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy |publisher=Singh Bros. |year=1999 |isbn=978-8172052171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiluAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hasrat |first=Bikrama Jit |title=Life and Times of Ranjit Singh: A Saga of Benevolent Despotism |publisher=V.V. Research Institute Book Agency |year=1977 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPgdAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:1797 in India]]

Nathuram Premi

2026-04-19T21:25:53Z

VaughnBrooks3: Added some post added tags

{{Short description|Indian writer, publisher and poet (1881–1960)}}

{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nathuram Premi
| image = Nathuram_Premi.jpg
| caption = Nathuram Premi
| birth_date = 26 November 1881
| birth_place = [[Deori, Sagar]], ([[Bundelkhand]]), [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| death_date = {{death-date and age|30 January 1960|26 November 1881}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|publisher|poet|editor|linguist|scholar}}
| spouse = Rama Devi
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Nathuram Premi''' (26 November 1881 – 30 January 1960) was an Indian writer, publisher, poet, editor, and linguist in the field of [[Jainism]] as well as [[Hindi]] literature. A budding poet, he wrote under the nom de plume of "Premi". Although belonging to the [[Digambara]] sect of [[Jainism]], he adopted a non-sectarian attitude and published and translated many [[Digambara]] as well as [[Śvetāmbara]] works. Working as a clerk in a firm in Mumbai he rose to establish his own publishing house and bookstore Hindi Granth Ratnākar Kāryālay which published works of many of the biggest names in Indian literature, including Munshi [[Premchand]], Hajariprasad Dvivedi, Jainendrakumar, Yashpal, [[Swami Satyabhakta]], Sharatchandra Chatterjee and [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. The bookshop and publishing house now called [[Hindi Granth Karyalay]] is now being managed by his grandson and great-grandson 100 years after its establishment.

==Early life==
{{Unreferenced section|date= March 2020}}
Born on 26 November 1881 in Deori, in the district of [[Sagar District|Sagar]] in [[Bundelkhand]], Madhya Pradesh, Nāthūrām Premī was the eldest child of Tundelal Modi, a travelling merchant of modest means, belonging to the [[Parwar (Jain)|Paravāra]] community of [[Digambara]] Jains hailing from [[Bundelkhand]]. He studied in grammar school and was the monitor of his class. He cleared his pre-high school exams in 1898 and became a schoolteacher nearby at [[Rehli]]. In the late 1890s, he married Rama Devi, who was from the nearby village of Sarkheda, in the district of Sagar.

==Career in Hindi and Jain literature==
[[Image:Premijifamily.jpg|thumb|right|Premiji's family in 1913 CE: Premiji along with his young son, Hemchandra and wife, Ramadevi]]
Nāthūrām Premī excelled in the field of literature as a poet, editor, writer and publisher earning respect and affection of his contemporaries like Munshi [[Premchand]], Mahaviraprasad Dwivedi, Rahul Sankrityayan, [[Sukhlal Sanghvi|Pandit Sukhlalji]], Muni Jinavijayaji, Ganeshprasadji Varni, Pandit Becharadasji Doshi, Pandit Agarchand Nahata and Dr Dalsukh Malvania.<ref>Pandit Sukhlalji, Muni Jinavijayaji, Pandit Becharadasji Doshi, Pandit Agarchand Nahata and Dr Dalsukh Malvania acknowledged their debt to Premiji in a festschrift dedicated to him Section l, "Abhinandana", Premī Abhinandana Grantha, Pages 1–62.</ref> Premiji and Munshi Premchand were close friends, and he published the first edition of Munshi Premchand's classic novel, ''Godān''. He also published Premchand's short story collections entitled Nava Nidhi and Sapta Saroj.

===A budding poet ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2020}}
Under the inspiration of his guru Syed Amir Ali Mir, Nathuram became a budding poet, writing in Urdu and Braj under the nom de plume of "Premi". Since then he was affectionately called Premiji by his friends and contemporaries. His poems were published in the literary magazines of the time, Rasika Mitra, Rasika Vātikā and Kāvya Sudhākara.

===Editor and writer===

{{IAST|While he was working for the Digambara Jain Tīrthakṣetra Committee, Premiji also edited ''Jain Mitra'', making it one of the most influential Jain magazines of that era. In 1912,<ref>{{IAST|''Jain Hitaiṣī''}} ran from 1912 to 1921, when it had to be closed down due to lack of funds.</ref> he founded the ''Jain Hitaiṣī'', a Jain magazine with a reformist and questioning approach. Jain Hitaiṣī was known for the forthright views of its editorials and academically sound articles on Jain history, culture and society. His ''Jain Sāhitya aur Itihās'', is a collection of articles that he wrote for Jain Mitra and Jain Hitaiṣī, which set the benchmark for scholarly research into Jain history.<ref>He later re-edited these articles and produced a compilation, first published in 1942, and a second edition in 1956. His grandson Yashodhar's wife Vijayalakshmi helped him with the second edition.</ref>
He also edited classics such as the ''Banārasīvilāsa'', ''Daulatapadasangraha'', ''Jinaśataka'' and ''[[Banarasidas|Ardha Kathānaka]]''. Premiji also edited and published ''Ardha Kathānaka'', ''Banārasīvilāsa'' and many other [[Digambara]] Jain works, including Ācārya [[Kundakunda]]'s ''Bārasa Anuvekkhā'' and Ācārya Amrtacandra's ''Puruṣāthadiddhyupāya''. He also edited and published for the first time, the [[Śvetāmbara]] classic ''Upamitibhavaprañcakathā.''}}

===Establishment of Hindi Granth Karyalay===
[[File:Hindi granth karyalay.JPG|thumb|300px|Hindi Granth Karyalay at Hirabaug, C.P. Tank, Mumbai founded by Pandit Nathuram Premi in 1912]]
On 24 September 1912 Premiji founded the publishing house ''Hindi Granth Ratnākar Kāryālay'' (now known as ''Hindi Granth Karyalay'') at C.P. Tank, Mumbai. It was to become the foremost Hindi publishing house in India and is also the oldest bookstore of [[Mumbai]]. The first publication was a Hindi translation of John Stuart Mill's [[On Liberty]], titled ''Svādhīnatā'' translated by Mahavira Prasad Dvivedi. He published almost the entire oeuvre of [[Sharat Chandra Chatterji]], the Bengali writer, and some works of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], such as ''Ānkh kī Kirkirī'', and ''Naukā Dūbī''. Premiji also published Hindi translations of the Gujarati writer KM Munshi, such as ''Gujarāt ke Nāth'' and ''Pātan kā Prabhutva''. Other famous works published include Munshi [[Premchand]]'s classic novel, ''Godān'' and short story collections titled ''Nava Nidhi'' and ''Sapta Saroj''. He also published works of then new writers such as Hajariprasad Dvivedi, Jainendrakumar, Yashpal, Acharya Chatursen, and Pandit Sudarshan. He also published the Bengali plays of Dvijendra Lal Rai for the first time in Hindi.

In memory of Seth Manikchandra, Premiji established the ''Manikacandra Jain Granthamālā'' wherein he published Jain scriptures, for the first time systematically edited by philologists. The ''Manikacandra Jain Granthamālā'' published over 48 [[Digambara]] Jain texts, mostly written in [[Prakrit]], [[Apabhramsa|Apabhramśa]] or [[Sanskrit]]. He ran the Manikacandra Jain Granthamālā on an honorary basis between 1915 and the 1950s selling all the books at cost price. When his health began to fail, it was decided to hand over the series to ''Bhāratīya Jñānapītha'' in [[Varanasi]].<ref>Unfortunately after that, the series came to a halt and none of its books are available today.</ref>

===A non-sectarian Jain scholar===

Premiji was non-sectarian in his attitude and shared a good rapport with many [[Śvetāmbara]] scholars. Besides many Digambara scriptures, he published and translated many Śvetāmbara scriptures. He once remarked to Sukhlalji that he wished that the learned [[Digambara]] scholars would give up their sectarian views.<ref name="ReferenceA">Jain Study Circular (January–April 2006 Issue)</ref> During those times there used to be heated debate whether Acarya [[Umasvati|Umāsvāti (Umāsvāmī)]] belonged to the Śvetāmbara or the Digambara tradition. Premiji, although a Digambara himself, went against views of Digambara community and opined that he was neither, but belonged to the [[Yapaniya|Yāpanīya]] tradition.<ref>Premī, Nāthūrām (1956)</ref> [[Sukhlal Sanghvi|Pt. Sukhlal Sanghvi]], a Śvetāmbara Jain scholar observed Premiji's non-sectarian attitude:<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
:"He was considered to be a Pandit – a scholar of Jain tradition. To me it was a surprise! How could his writings be so impartial and audacious? I had come in contact with many Jain friends and scholars, but until then, excepting a few, I had not come across any scholar who was as non-sectarian or fearless as Premiji. So I had developed the perception that it was impossible to find a Jain scholar who was non-sectarian as well as fearless. Premiji's writings gradually made me realise that I had the wrong notion. This was the foremost reason for me to be attracted towards him.
:[...]
:We had an excellent understanding of traditions of one another but we had no sectarian complicities."

===Contribution to other Indian languages===

{{IAST|Premiji was adept at several languages. One of his mentors, Pannalal Bakhliwal, taught him Bengali and on his own, he studied and mastered [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. His Sanskrit background helped him to learn Prakrit and Apabhramśa, His command of languages as well as grasp of Jain Philosophy resulted in requests for translation of ancient Jain texts. At the behest of the ''Srīmad Rājacandra Granthamālā'', he translated from Gujarati into Hindi [[Shrimad Rajchandra|Śrīmad Rājacandra's]] ''Mokṣamālā''. This translation was unique in that he translated the prose segments into prose and the poetry into verse form. He also translated Ācārya ''Amrtacandra's Puruṣārthasiddhyupāya'' from Sanskrit to Hindi.}}

===Social reformer===
[[Image:Premijifestschrift.jpg|thumb|left|Premiji in 1946]]

{{IAST|Under the editorship of Premiji, ''Jain Mitra'' became a progressive magazine challenging the Jain community to change with the times and give up its orthodoxy. ''Jain Mitra'' became a masthead for all those who wanted the Jain community to move forward. He was at the centre of this movement for social freedom, universal progress and modern education. He also began advocating widow remarriage. This was unheard of in the conservative Jain community of that time and there was much opposition. But other Jain reformers, such as [[kshullak|Kṣullaka]] [[Ganeshprasad Varni|Ganeshprasadji Varni]] of [[Bundelkhand]], publicly backed Premiji. In 1914, Premiji and Varniji both addressed a rally at Sonagiri, a Digambara Jain place of pilgrimage in [[Bundelkhand]], where they publicly declared their support for widow remarriage.
Pt. Sukhlal Sanghavi praised reforms initiated by Premiji and compared him with King Ajātaśatru who personified openness and generosity:<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
"During his formative years, he had been exposed to narrow traditional culture traits. Nevertheless, his social convictions had become extremely progressive, similar to his religious convictions. Thus, in his household, there was never the confining custom of women covering their faces. Hem Chandra's wife Champa, who was quite young and pretty, had as much freedom to conduct herself in the presence of all as did Ramabahin, or Hem Chandra, or Premiji himself. Premiji was a reformer in the true sense. He had his own brother married the second time to a widow, without any concern about the wrath of the orthodox traditionalist. Observing the conduct of Champa with Premiji, a stranger could not tell that she was his daughter-in-law. He/she would think that Champa was his only daughter – close to his heart. It was an atmosphere of complete freedom around Premiji. Orthodox and reformer, both will agree wholeheartedly that Premiji personified Ajātaśatru – a personality in Buddhist literature who embodied freedom, open-mindedness and generosity, who was appreciated by all."
In 1946, a grand luncheon was organised in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] to commemorate the release of a festschrift in his honour, titled "Premī Abhinandana Grantha". However Premiji refused to attend as in that year Bengal had suffered a great famine and he could not accept the invitation for a grand luncheon when there were thousands of people in Bengal dying of starvation.<ref>''Premī Abhinandana Grantha'', was edited by the Vedic scholar Dr Vasudev Sharan Aggarwal with messages by Indian luminaries such as Sir Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, Purushottamdas Tandon and Kaka Kalelkar was formally launched in Calcutta.</ref>}}

==Premiji's legacy==

Under his tutelage, Hindi Granth Ratnākar Kāryālay became India's No. 1 publishers of Hindi literature. In recognition of his contributions to Indian literature, the acclaimed Hindi novelist Vishnu Prabhakar called Premiji the ''"Bhīsma Pitāmaha"'' of Hindi publishing.

[[Image:Tattvarthasutra.jpg|thumb|right|Front and back cover of ''Tattvārthasūtra'' by ''Prabhācandra'' – Volume 7 of ''Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series'' (2008)]]

Premiji had suffered from asthma for a long time and died owing to old age on 30 January 1960. He left behind his daughter-in-law and two grandsons, Yashodhar Modi and Vidyadhar Modi. They are continuing his legacy along with their children.

In Premiji's memory, his grandson Yashodhar Modi has started the '''Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series'''. This series has published select volumes focusing on subjects as varied as Jainism, philosophy and yoga and published original texts by ancient and medieval Jain ascetics such as ''[[Kundakunda]], Samantabhadra, [[Pujyapada|Pūjyapāda]], Joindu, Prabhācandra, Vādirāja, Bhāvadeva ''and many others, usually accompanied by translation in either Hindi or English.

Also, modern scholars such as Premiji himself, Prof. Ludwig Alsdorf, [[Maurice Bloomfield|Prof. Maurice Bloomfield]], Prof. Willem Bollée and Dr. [[Jaykumar Jalaj]] have been and are being published in the Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series.

==Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series==

Jain Studies : Their Present State and Future Tasks
By Prof Dr Ludwig Alsdorf
English tr. by Bal Patil P
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 1}
Published in 2006
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-13-1}}

The Story of Paesi
Prakrit text in Roman and Devanagari
English tr. by Prof Dr Willem Bollée
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 2}
Published in 2005
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-03-2}}

Ratnakaranda Shravakacara
Sanskrit text by Acarya Samantabhadra
Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 3}
Published in 2006, 2006
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-04-9}}

Vyavahara Bhashya Pithika
Prakrit text in Roman
English tr. by Prof Dr Willem Bollée
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 4}
Published in 2006, 2011
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-70-4}}

Samadhitantra
Sanskrit text by Acarya Pujyapada
Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 5}
Published in 2006, 2006, 2008
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-06-3}}

Atthapahuda
Prakrit text by Acarya Kundakunda
Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 6}
Published in 2006, 2008
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-15-5}}

Tattvarthasutra
Sanskrit text by Acarya Prabhacandra
Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 7}
Published in 2008
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-16-2}}

Yogamrit : Yog Sahaj Jivan Vigyan
By Mahavir Sainik
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 8}
Published in 2006
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-17-9}}

Paramatmaprakasha
Apabhramsa text by Acarya Joindu
Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 9}
Published in 2007
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-09-4}}

Yogasara
Apabhramsa text by Acarya Joindu
Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 10}
Published in 2007, 2009
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-12-4}}

Dhyanastava
Sanskrit text by Acarya Bhaskaranandi
Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 11}
Published in 2007
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-20-9}}

Dhyanashataka
Prakrit text by Jinabhadragani Kshamashramana
Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
Published in 2007, 2009
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 12}
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-21-6}}

Barasa Anuvekkha
Prakrit text by Acarya Kundakunda
Sanskrit tr. & Hindi gloss by Pt. Nathuram Premi
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 13}
Published in 2010
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-22-3}}

Ishtopadesha
Sanskrit text by Acarya Pujyapada
Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 14}
Published in 2007, 2009
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-23-0}}

Life and Stories of the Jain Saviour Parshvanatha
An English tr. of Acarya Bhavadeva's Parsvacaritram
by Prof Dr Maurice Bloomfield
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 15}
Published in 2008
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-24-7}}

Tattvasara
Prakrit text by Acarya Devasena
Sanskrit gloss by Muni Ratnabhanuvijay
English tr. by Manish Modi
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 16}
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-25-4}}

The Apabhramsha of Svayambhudeva's Paumacariu
By Dr Eva de Clercq
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 17}
Published in 2010
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-28-5}}

Jainism and the Definition of Religion
By Dr Piotr Balcerowicz
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 18}
Published in 2009
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-29-2}}

Dravyasamgraha
Prakrit text by Acarya Nemicandra
English tr. by Prof Dr Nalini Balbir
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 19}
Published in 2010
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-30-8}}

Tattvarthasutra
Sanskrit text by Acarya Prabhacandra
Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj, English tr. by Anish Shah
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 20}
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-31-5}}

Rayanasara
Prakrit text by Acarya Kundakunda
Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 21}
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-32-2}}.

Jainism : An Eternal Pilgrimage
By Bal Patil
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 23}
Published in 2008, 2011
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-54-4}}

Dravyasamgraha
Prakrit text by Acarya Nemicandra
Hindi tr. by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 24}
Published in 2009
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-37-7}}

Parshvanathacaritram
Sanskrit text by Acarya Vadiraja
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 25}
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-27-8}}

Parshvacaritram : The Life of Parshva
Sanskrit text by Acarya Gunabhadra
English tr. by Prof Dr Willem Bollée
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 26}
Published in 2008
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-35-3}}

Jain Sahitya aur Itihas
By Pt. Nathuram Premi
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 27}
Published in 1942, 1956, 2012
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-02-5}}

Tales of Atonement
Stories from Malayagiri's Commentary on the Vyavahara Bhashya
English tr. by Prof Dr Willem Bollée
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 28}
Published in 2008
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-38-4}}

Yogashastra : A Handbook on the Three Jewels of Jainism
Sanskrit text by Acarya Hemacandra
English tr. by Prof Dr Olle Qvarnström
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 29}
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-40-7}}

Samayasara
Prakrit text by Acarya Kundakunda
Hindi translation by Dr Jaykumar Jalaj
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 30}
2012
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-45-2}}

Dhyanabattisi
Braj text by Banarasidasa
English tr. by Jerome Petit
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 31}
Published in 2010
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-48-3}}

Tattvarthasutra
Sanskrit text by Acarya Umasvati
English tr. by Prof Dr Duli Chandra Jain
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 32}
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-50-6}}

Svarupa Sambodhana
Right Instruction on the Nature of the Soul
Sanskrit text by Acarya Akalanka
English tr., notes and introduction by Nagin J. Shah
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 33}
Published in 2011
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-51-3}}

Shastrasarasamuccaya
Sanskrit text by Acarya Maghanandi
English tr. by Shreyans Sukhani
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 34}
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-52-0}}

Three Prakrit Grammars
By Saartje Verbeke
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 35}
Published in 2010
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-55-1}}

Ishtopadesha
Sanskrit text by Acarya Pujyapada
Gujarati tr. by Pravina Mehta, English tr. by Manish Modi
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 36}
Published in 2010
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-56-8}}

Bhaktamara Stotra
Sanskrit text by Acarya [[Manatunga]]
Hindi poetic tr. and gloss by Pt Nathuram Premi, English tr. by Manish Modi
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 37}
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-57-5}}

Mrityu Mahotsava
Sanskrit text by an Unknown Writer
Hindi tr. by Shreyans Sukhani, Gujarati tr. by Dr Shilpa Vasani, English tr. by Manish Modi
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 38}
Published in 2010
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-58-2}}

Aradhanasara
Prakrit text by Acarya Devasena
English tr. by Prof Dr Nalini Balbir
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 39}
Published in 2010
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-62-9}}

Tattvarthasutra : That Which Is
Sanskrit text by Acarya Umasvati
English tr. by Nathmal Tantia
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 40}
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-64-3}}

Ratnakarandaka Shravakacara
Sanskrit text by Acarya Samantabhadra
English tr. by Prof Dr Willem Bollée
{Pandit Nathuram Premi Research Series Volume 41}
2012
{{ISBN|978-81-88769-66-7}}

==Bibliography==

#Aggarwal, Vasudev Sharan (Ed.). ''Premī Abhinandana Grantha''. Tikamgarh: Premī Abhinandana Grantha Samiti, 1946.
#Premī, Nāthūrām. ''Jain Sāhitya aur Itihās''. Second Edition. Mumbai: Samśodhita Sāhitya Mālā {{IAST|Puṣpa}} 1, 1942/1956.
#Banārasīdāsa. ''Ardha Kathānaka''. Ed. with a detailed Preface by Nāthūrām Premī. Mumbai: Samśodhita Sāhitya Mālā {{IAST|Puṣpa}} 2, 1946/1957.
#Amrtacandra, Ācārya. {{IAST|''Puruṣārthasiddhyupāya''.}} Ed. with an Introduction by Nāthūrām Premī. Āgās: Śrīmad Rājacandra Āśrama, 1904.
#Goyaliya, Ayodhyaprasad. ''Jain Jāgarana ke Agradūta''. Varanasi: Bhāratīya Jñānapītha, 1952
#Śāstrī, Phūlcandra (Ed.). ''Paravāra Jain Samāj kā Itihās''. Jabalpur: Śrī {{IAST|Bhāratavarṣīya}} Digambara Jain Paravāra Sabhā, 1992.
#{{cite journal | last =Pt. Sukhlal | first =Sanghavi |translator=Sunita Jain |translator2=Duli Chandra Jain | title =Life of Pandit Nathu Ram Premi: Scholar And Social Reformer | journal =Jain Study Circular |date=January–April 2006 | publisher =Jain Study Circular Inc | location =New York }}

==Footnotes and references==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.gohgk.com
*https://web.archive.org/web/20151217120702/http://www.hindibooks.8m.com/
*http://www.jainstudy.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303053307/http://jainstudy.org/ |date=3 March 2009 }}
*http://www.bombaysamachar.com/frmStoryShow.aspx?sNo=21964
*http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/a-publishing-house-thrives-on-a-legacy-of-reform-ushered-in-by-its-founder-2767539/#sthash.4SKmdTxg.dpuf

{{Modern Jain writers}}
{{Jainism Topics}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Premi, Nathuram}}
[[Category:People from Sagar, Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars of Jainism]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Writers from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Translators to Hindi]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:Indian religious writers]]

Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:06Z

VaughnBrooks3: Added basic info needs work

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{About|the constituency of the Himachal Pradesh Assembly|constituencies in other states|Bilaspur Assembly constituency (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bilaspur
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 48
| map_image = 48-Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh constituency.svg
| mla = Trilok Jamwal

| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:83903}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Bilaspur''' is one of the 68 assembly constituencies of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]]. It is a segment of [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bilaspur.html Elections in]</ref><ref name=hpceo>{{cite web |url=https://electionhp.gov.in/e_atlas/slider/data1/images/himachal_pradesh.jpg |title=Assembly constituencies – Himachal Pradesh |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185849/https://electionhp.gov.in/e_atlas/slider/data1/images/himachal_pradesh.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| D.R. Shankhyan
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Kishori Lal
|
|-
|[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Anand Chand]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 February 2017 |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111120632/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| Sada Ram Thakur<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 February 2017 |archive-date=17 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117225012/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Babu Ram Gautam
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 February 2017 |archive-date=17 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117030357/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Sada Ram Thakur<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 February 2017 |archive-date=17 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117193918/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 February 2017 |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| rowspan=2|[[Jagat Prakash Nadda]]
|rowspan=2|[[File:J.P. Nadda in New Delhi - 2018 (cropped).jpg|50px]]
|-
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 February 2017 |archive-date=17 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117185927/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Tilak Raj Sharma<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_Feb_2003/StatReport2003_HP.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 February 2017 |archive-date=17 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117194636/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_Feb_2003/StatReport2003_HP.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Jagat Prakash Nadda]]
|[[File:J.P. Nadda in New Delhi - 2018 (cropped).jpg|50px]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| Bumber Thakur
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Subhash Thakur]]<ref name=election2017/>
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Trilok Jamwal]]
|
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilaspur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Trilok Jamwal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,988 |percentage=47.76% |change={{decrease}}5.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bumber Thakur|party=Indian National Congress|votes=30,712|percentage=47.34%|change={{increase}}5.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Subhash Sharma|party=Independent politician|votes=1,499|percentage=2.31%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Amar Singh|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=388|percentage=0.60%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Puja Pal|party=Rashtriya Devbhumi Party|votes=367|percentage=0.57%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=276 |percentage=0.43% |change= {{decrease}}11.20 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=64,877|percentage=77.32%|change={{increase}}0.88}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,903 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.62 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilaspur<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subhash Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=31,547 |percentage=53.43% |change={{increase}}15.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bumber Thakur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,685 |percentage=41.81% |change={{decrease}}6.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basant Ram Sandhu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,300 |percentage=2.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=322 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,862 |percentage=11.62% |change= {{increase}}1.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,046 |percentage=76.44% |change= {{increase}}5.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,244 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilaspur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bumber Thakur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,347 |percentage=47.86% |change={{increase}}32.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Chandel |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,206 |percentage=37.76% |change={{decrease}}14.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitender Chandel |party=Independent politician |votes=3,607 |percentage=7.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. D. Lakhanpal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,095 |percentage=4.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=782 |percentage=1.54% |change={{decrease}}0.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daulat Ram Sharma |party=Himachal Lokhit Party |votes=534 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,141 |percentage=10.11% |change= {{decrease}}13.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,867 |percentage=71.28% |change= {{decrease}}2.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,367 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilaspur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[J. P. Nadda]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,634 |percentage=51.76% |change={{increase}}6.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bamber Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=13,453 |percentage=28.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tilak Raj]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,438 |percentage=15.63% |change={{decrease}}35.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sri Kanth Lal Sharma |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=886 |percentage=1.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Lal Thakur |party=Communist Party of India |votes=362 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Singh Chandel |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=266 |percentage=0.56% |change={{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,181 |percentage=23.49% |change= {{increase}}17.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,594 |percentage=73.83% |change= {{decrease}}3.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,468 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilaspur<ref name="Wayback Machine">{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tilak Raj]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,868 |percentage=50.91% |change={{increase}}16.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[J. P. Nadda]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,142 |percentage=44.84% |change={{decrease}}11.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baldev Singh Thakur |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=1,167 |percentage=2.60% |change={{decrease}}3.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Kumar Pandit |party=Independent politician |votes=434 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Singh |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=308 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,726 |percentage=6.07% |change= {{decrease}}15.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,919 |percentage=77.50% |change= {{increase}}5.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,958 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.75 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilaspur<ref name="Wayback Machine" />}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[J. P. Nadda]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,189 |percentage=55.99% |change={{increase}}4.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Ram Gautam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,140 |percentage=34.72% |change={{decrease}}10.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sada Ram Thakur |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=2,195 |percentage=5.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagat Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=795 |percentage=2.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=399 |percentage=1.05% |change={{decrease}}0.35 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,049 |percentage=21.27% |change= {{increase}}14.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,844 |percentage=73.11% |change= {{decrease}}0.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,333 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilaspur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[J. P. Nadda]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,500 |percentage=51.87% |change={{decrease}}9.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Ram Gautam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,274 |percentage=45.27% |change={{increase}}9.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=475 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,226 |percentage=6.60% |change= {{decrease}}19.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,741 |percentage=73.43% |change= {{increase}}2.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,229 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilaspur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadaram Thakur |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,309 |percentage=61.44% |change={{increase}}14.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,547 |percentage=35.39% |change={{decrease}}13.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Diwakar Sharma |party=Proutist Bloc, India |votes=400 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bachan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=356 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,762 |percentage=26.05% |change= {{increase}}24.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,802 |percentage=71.18% |change= {{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,288 |ref = |change= {{increase}}31.55 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}12.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilaspur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Ram Gautam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,125 |percentage=48.90% |change={{increase}}5.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sada Ram Thakur |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,757 |percentage=47.28% |change={{decrease}}2.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=545 |percentage=2.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bachan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=178 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=368 |percentage=1.62% |change= {{decrease}}5.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,751 |percentage=71.39% |change= {{increase}}0.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,147 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilaspur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=11 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sada Ram Thakur |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,445 |percentage=50.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Partap Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,957 |percentage=42.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh Maratha |party=Independent politician |votes=482 |percentage=2.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Lal |party=Janata Party |votes=350 |percentage=1.68% |change={{decrease}}43.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=169 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gajan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=167 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karam Dev Chatak |party=Lokdal |votes=129 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,488 |percentage=7.13% |change= {{decrease}}1.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,863 |percentage=71.18% |change= {{increase}}7.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,704 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}4.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilaspur<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anand Chand]] |party=Independent politician |votes=8,821 |percentage=54.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sant Ram Sant |party=Janata Party |votes=7,398 |percentage=45.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,423 |percentage=8.77% |change= {{decrease}}18.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,219 |percentage=62.99% |change= {{increase}}20.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,026 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilaspur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,431 |percentage=50.03% |change={{increase}}2.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sant Ram |party=Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh |votes=2,477 |percentage=22.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanshi Ram Bhandari |party=Independent politician |votes=756 |percentage=6.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=564 |percentage=5.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=497 |percentage=4.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldip Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=477 |percentage=4.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Teg Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=337 |percentage=3.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kali Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=232 |percentage=2.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=84 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,954 |percentage=27.21% |change= {{increase}}15.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,855 |percentage=43.12% |change= {{decrease}}6.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,932 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}13.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilaspur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. R. Shankhyan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,815 |percentage=47.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Nath |party=Swatantra Party |votes=5,157 |percentage=35.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,140 |percentage=7.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gokal |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes=679 |percentage=4.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=440 |percentage=3.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hariman |party=Independent politician |votes=221 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,658 |percentage=11.47% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,452 |percentage=51.54% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,859 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://ceohimachal.nic.in/ HP official website of the Chief Electoral Officer]

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|31.33|76.76|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Rajesh Kumar Singh (Bihar politician, born 1974)

2026-04-11T20:37:01Z

VaughnBrooks3: new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{About|||Rajesh Kumar Singh (disambiguation){{!}}Rajesh Kumar Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajesh Kumar Singh
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Mohiuddinnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mohiuddinnagar]]
| term_start = November 2020
| predecessor = [[Ejya Yadav]]
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1974|03|04}}<ref>{{cite web |title=MLA Date of Births |url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |publisher=Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref>
| parents = Kameshwar Singh
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession = Social Service and Agriculture
| education = [[Graduation]]
}}
'''Rajesh Kumar Singh''' is an [[Indian politician|Indian]] politician, currently a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party]] and a MLA from [[Mohiuddinnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mohiuddinnagar]] constituency of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BIHAR VIDHAN SABHA/Know your MLA |url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/Knowyourmla.html |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=vidhansabha.bih.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=राजेश कुमार सिंह, Bharatiya Janata Party प्रत्याशी {{!}} Rajesh Kumar Singh, Bharatiya Janata Party Candidate From Mohiuddinnagar, Delhi Assembly Elections 2020, बिहार विधानसभा चुनाव २०२० |url=https://hindi.news18.com//assembly-election-2020/bihar-chunav/rajesh-kumar-singh-s04a137c01-bharatiya-janata-party-profile/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=News18 India |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajesh Kumar Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MOHIUDDINNAGAR(SAMASTIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=12279 |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajesh Kumar Singh-राजेश कुमार सिंह Bjp Candidate Mohiuddinnagar Election Result 2020 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/bihar/candidates/rajesh-kumar-singh-bjp-2020-mohiuddinnagar-137-bihar |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहार: सरकारी स्‍कूल की लाइब्रेरी बनी हवाई जहाज, हेडमास्‍टर ने अपने पैसे से दी 'शिक्षा उड़ान' |url=https://www.aajtak.in/education/news/story/government-school-library-in-bihar-turned-into-aeroplane-shiksha-udaan-samastipur-library-for-education-lbse-1391214-2022-01-12 |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Aaj Tak |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rajesh Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

Narendra Chawla

2026-04-11T10:20:33Z

VaughnBrooks3: Added the entry initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{notability|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Narendra Kumar Chawla
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1961|01|13}}
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| office = Mayor of South Delhi Municipal Corporation
| term_start = April 2018
| term_end = 2022
| predecessor =
| successor = Office merged into Municipal Corporation of Delhi
| office2 = Leader of the House, South Delhi Municipal Corporation
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| spouse = Urmila Chawla
| children = 2 daughters
| occupation = Politician, businessman
| known_for = Mayor of South Delhi (2018)
}}

'''Narendra Chawla''' (13 January 1961) also known as '''Narendra Kumar Chawla'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ex Mayor Narendra Kumar Chawla – Ex Mayor SDMC |url=https://www.narendrachawla.in/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Delhi]]. He was a former mayor of [[South Delhi Municipal Corporation]]. He was elected unopposed as the mayor of South Delhi in April 2018. He was a councillor representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from Janakpuri West ward.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2018-04-26 |title=Chawla is new South Delhi mayor |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/delhi/chawla-new-south-delhi-mayor-1502627988.html |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-04 |title=Delh: Three parks to be opened by South MCD in Oct-Nov |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/south-delhi-mc-parks-mcd-7550047/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is also the leader of the house in the South MCD.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-21 |title=Restaurants must display jhatka and halal distinction, South MCD rules |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/restaurants-must-display-jhatka-and-halal-distinction-south-mcd-rules-7155158/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 22 May 2022, East Delhi Municipal Corporation (EDMC), North Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC), and South Delhi Municipal Corporation (SDMC), the three civic bodies which had their own mayor, were unified again as the Municipal Corporation of Delhi. Raja Iqbal Singh became the mayor after BJP regained the power.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sheenu |date=2025-04-25 |title=MCD Elections 2025: BJP's Raja Iqbal Singh becomes new mayor of Delhi |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/delhi/mcd-elections-2025-raja-iqbal-singh-of-bjp-becomes-delhi-new-mayor-breaking-mayoral-polls-latest-updates-2025-04-25-987304 |access-date=2 July 2025 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-22 |title=BJP nominates Raja Iqbal Singh for Delhi Mayor, Jai Bhagwan Yadav for deputy as AAP bows out of race |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/bjp-nominates-raja-iqbal-singh-for-delhi-mayor-jai-bhagwan-yadav-for-deputy-as-aap-bows-out-of-race/articleshow/120477701.cms |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In June 2021, he was elected as a member of the [[Delhi Development Authority]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-15 |title=Delhi civic bodies set to get mayors elected unopposed on Wednesday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/83549947.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-17 |title=BJP's Mukesh Suryan takes oath as SDMC Mayor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/delhi/story/bjp-s-mukesh-suryan-takes-oath-sdmc-mayor-1815843-2021-06-17 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chawla is from [[Janakpuri]], Delhi. He is the son of Sunder Lal Chawla. His mother's name is Raj Chawla. After schooling in Janakpuri, he completed his graduation in commerce in 1980 at Motilal Nehru College of Commerce which is affiliated with the [[University of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narender Chawla(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- 015-S-JANAKPURI WEST(SOUTH DELHI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/delhi2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=2331 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He married Urmila, a councilor from Janakpuri West,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urmila Chawla(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- 106-JANAK PURI WEST(WEST) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Delhi2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5801 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> and together they have two daughters. He owns and runs Shivam Advertising Agency while his wife runs a ladies wear shop.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.narendrachawla.in/ Chawla's personal website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chawla. Narendra}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Mayors of Delhi]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]

{{Delhi-BJP-politician-stub}}

Parshuram Mandir, Walkeshwar

2026-04-11T09:45:14Z

VaughnBrooks3: new new stub!

{{Short description|Parshuram Mandir in Mumbai}}{{See also-text|[[Jabreshwar Mahadev Mandir]]}}{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Shree Bhagwan Parshuram Mandir|native_name=श्री भगवान परशुराम मंदिर|native_name_lang=Hi|image=Parshuram Mandir, Walkeshwar.jpg|caption=View of the Parshuram Mandir on the bank of the ancient Banganga tank at Walkeshwar area in the Malabar Hill residencial area of Mumbai. Photographed by Santosh Chaudhary|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|deity=Lord Parshuram|tradition=Gaud Sarswat Brahmins|governing_body=Gaud Sarswat Temple Trust|location=Walkeshwar|district=Mumbai|state=Maharashtra|country=India|founded_by=Hariganga Ranchhoddas Bhansali|established=1965|coordinates={{Coord|18.9450623|N|72.7939628|E}}}}
'''Parshuram Mandir''' ([[Devanagari]]: परशुराम मंदिर) at [[Walkeshwar]] in the city of [[Mumbai]] is a Hindu temple dedicated to [[Parashurama|Lord Parshuram]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2016-05-13 |title=The past is present |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/the-past-is-present/article8598845.ece |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is located on the bank of the sacred [[Banganga Tank|Banganga tank]] at [[Malabar Hill]] area in [[South Mumbai]]. The location of the temple is legendary and associated with Lord Parshuram in [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sengar |first=Resham SengarResham |title=Banganga Tank in Mumbai - a place associated with an epic legend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/banganga-tank-in-mumbai-a-place-associated-with-an-epic-legend/articleshow/68010448.cms |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The temple is looked after by [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin|Gaud Sarswat Brahmins]] community. It is managed by the trust called as ''Gaud Sarswat Temple Trust''. The present temple was built in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banganga & Walkeshwar – The Voice of Malabar Hills |url=https://thevoiceofmalabarhills.com/banganga-walkeshwar/ |access-date=2025-11-09 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dev Diwali 2023: Banganga In South Mumbai To Light Up For Tripurari Purnima |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/weekend/dev-diwali-2023-banganga-in-south-mumbai-to-light-up-for-tripurari-purnima |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== Legend ==
According to legend, the location of the Banganga tank is also associated with Lord Parshuram in Hinduism. It is said that Lord Parshuram had arrived at this place during Vedic period.<ref name=":0" /> In the text [[Skanda Purana]], there is a legend of Lord Parshuram that he threw his ''Parshu'' into the sea to reclaim narrow strip of coastal land along the Konkan region of Maharashtra to Kerala. The Hindu adherents believe that the location of Banganga in Maharashtra is starting point. The term Parshu refers to the battle axe of Lord Parshuram.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Banganga Tank |url=https://exhibits.jioinstitute.edu.in/spotlight/banganga-tank |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=Exhibits@Jio Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2015-09-19 |title=वाळकेश्वर येथील पुरातन बाणगंगा मंदिर - Marathi News {{!}} Banganga Temple In Walkeshwar - Latest Vastu Lekh News at Loksatta.com |url=https://www.loksatta.com/vasturang/banganga-temple-in-walkeshwar-1142473/ |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
[[File:Shree Bhagwan Parshuram Mandir, Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Shree Bhagwan Parshuram Mandir at Banganga]]
[[File:Panorama of Banganga tank, Walkeshwar.jpg|thumb|View of the other temples on the bank of Banganga tank opposite to the Parshuram Mandir at Walkeshwar ]]

== History ==
Earlier there was a garden on the western bank of the Banganga tank, owned by a lady ''Hariganga Ranchhoddas Bhansali''. Due the legendary significance of the Banganga tank associated with Lord Parshuram, she donated the land of the garden for the construction of the present Parshuram Mandir to the trust in the February month of the year 1965.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> The history of the temple is recorded on the inscription board established in the premises of the temple.
[[File:Parshuram Mandir Inscription Board, Walkeshwar.jpg|thumb|Inscription board at the temple about the history of the present Parshuram Mandir]]
[[File:Ancient idol at Parshuram Mandir, Walkeshwar.jpg|thumb|An ancient Hindu deity idol at the gate of the temple.]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="150" perrow="4">
File:Parshuram Mandir at Banganga.jpg|View from inside the temple of Lord Parshuram
File:Garbhagriha of Parshuram Mandir, Walkeshwar.jpg|[[Garbhagriha]] of the Parshuram Mandir
File:Lord Ganesha's Griha at Parshuram Mandir, Walkeshwar.jpg|Lord Ganesha's Griha at Parshuram Mandir
File:Inside of Parshuram Mandir, Walkeshwar.jpg|Inside of Parshuram Mandir
File:Parshuram Mandir, Mumbai.jpg
File:Parshuram Mandir.jpg
File:Parshuram Mandir Mumbai.jpg|View of the Parshuram Mandir from some far distance
</gallery>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Places in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Parashurama temples]]

New Palace, Morbi

2026-04-09T13:45:31Z

VaughnBrooks3: new details

{{Short description|Palace in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox building
| name = New Palace
| location_town = [[Morbi]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| years_built =
| construction_start_date = 1931
| completion_date = 1944
| architect = Kumar Ramsinh
| owner =
| architectural_style = [[Art Deco]]
| client = [[Mahendrasinhji|Mahendrasinhji Lakhdiraji]]
}}
The '''New Palace''' is a historic [[palace]] located in the city of [[Morbi]], [[India]]. Built between 1931 and 1944 in the [[Art Deco]] style, it was commissioned by the [[Mahendrasinhji|Mahendrasinhji Lakhdiraji]].

== Description ==
In 1931, [[Mahendrasinhji|Mahendrasinhji Lakhdiraji]] commissioned Kumar Ramsinh, a graduate of the [[Architectural Association School of Architecture|Architectural Association]] and the second Indian partner at Gregson, Batley and King, to design this palace for his personal use.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lang |first=Jon T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxyGbhlKQXQC |title=A Concise History of Modern Architecture in India |date=2002 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7824-017-6 |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Benton |first1=Charlotte |url=https://archive.org/details/artdeco191019390000unse |title=Art deco 1910-1939 |last2=Benton |first2=Tim |last3=Wood |first3=Ghislane |date=2003 |publisher=Boston : Bulfinch Press/AOL Time Warner Book Group |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8212-2834-0 |pages=388–389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-08 |title=Modern Bombay and the People Who Shaped It: A Record of Architects & Firms - Art Deco |url=https://www.artdecomumbai.com/research/modern-bombay-people-who-shaped-it-record-architects-firms/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=www.artdecomumbai.com |language=en-US}}</ref> It was designed in the [[Art Deco]] style.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Tour: The New Palace - Kinfolk |url=https://www.kinfolk.com/stories/home-tour-the-new-palace/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=www.kinfolk.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Banham |first=Joanna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MlKhCAAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Interior Design |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-78758-4 |pages=603 |language=en |orig-date=}}</ref> It was built and furnished between 1931 and 1944.<ref name=":0" /> It was executed by the contractors Shapoorji Pallonji.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=Princely States and the Emergence of Art Deco in Bombay - Art Deco |url=https://www.artdecomumbai.com/research/princely-states-and-the-emergence-of-art-deco-in-bombay/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=www.artdecomumbai.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

It has a pink plaster exterior with horizontal lines and curved corners.<ref name=":1" /> The interiors include rooms, a lounge with dining booths, two bars with triple-decker cushioned barstools, a gym, and a swimming pool.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> It has a library with walnut wood paneling and a fireplace.<ref name=":2" /> Furniture for it was purchased from a firm based on [[Tottenham Court Road]], [[London]].<ref name=":2" /> Mahendrasinhji also commissioned Polish artist [[Stefan Norblin de la Gourdaine|Stefan Norblin]] to beautify the palace interiors with his paintings.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhala |first=Angma Dey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGpECgAAQBAJ |title=Royal Patronage, Power and Aesthetics in Princely India |date=2015-10-06 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-31657-2 |pages=18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Kamayani |date=2022-10-11 |title=Drawing Hindu epics in Art Deco style, this Polish artist left behind a striking legacy |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1034201/drawing-hindu-epics-in-art-deco-style-this-polish-artist-left-behind-a-striking-legacy |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> Stefan created large murals and canvases featuring hunting scenes, [[Shiva]] in prayer, [[Krishna]] for [[Apollo]] riding his chariot across the sky,<ref name=":1" /> portraits of the Mahendrasinhji ancestors, and imagery showcasing the local flora and fauna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stefan Norblin: The Polish artist who painted Hindu gods in Indian palaces |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8xe17pegrno |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{coord|22.8128|70.8497|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Palaces in India]]
[[Category:Palaces in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:1944 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1944]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Art Deco architecture in India]]

Nirajoy Tripura

2026-04-04T21:38:00Z

VaughnBrooks3: new new entry!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nirajoy Tripura
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939-7-12|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web| url = https://tripuraassembly.nic.in/current%20members%20profilenew.pdf | website = [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] | title = Oath / Affirmation by Eleventh Legislative Assembly Members | page = 34}}</ref>
| birth_place = Chawmanu
| spouse = Kasha Laxmi Tripura
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| order =
| office = Member of [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| status = 
| term_start = 2008
| term_end = 2018
| alongside = 
| monarch =
| president =
| governor_general =
| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
| governor =
| deputy =
| lieutenant =
| vicechair =
| succeeding = 
| constituency = [[Chawamanu Assembly constituency|Chawmanu]]
| majority =
| predecessor = [[Shyama Charan Tripura]]
| successor = [[Sambhu Lal Chakma]]
}}
'''Nirajoy Tripura''' (born 12 July 1939) is an Indian politician and the former member of the Tripura Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2008 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in |access-date=22 January 2023}}</ref> He has been a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] since 1967. In the 2008 Tripura Assembly election he was defeated Shyama Charan Tripura by a margin of 1101 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Tripura 2008 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2008/tripura/196/25 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2008 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in |access-date=22 January 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripura, Nirajoy}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tripuri people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2013–2018]]

{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Malvika Nair

2026-04-03T18:43:08Z

VaughnBrooks3: Added first details needs work - done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{distinguish|Malavika Nair (Malayalam actress){{!}}another Malayalam actress with a similar name}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Malvika Nair
| image = Malvika Nair.jpg
| caption = Nair in 2021
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = {{Indented plainlist|
* [[St Francis College for Women]], [[Hyderabad]] (B.A Social Science)
* [[University of Edinburgh]] (M.S Philosophy)
}}

| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2012{{ndash}}present
}}

'''Malvika Nair''' is an Indian actress who mainly appears in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films. Nair's notable works include ''[[Black Butterfly (2013 film)|Black Butterfly]]'' (2013),
''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]'' (2014), ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'' (2015), ''[[Taxiwaala]]'' (2018), ''[[Modern Love Hyderabad]]'' (2022) and ''[[Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi]]'' (2024).

==Early life and education==
Malvika Nair was born in [[Delhi]] in a Malayali family. Her family soon moved to [[Kerala]] and she attended the [[Toc-H Public School]] in [[Vyttila]], [[Kochi]],<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/shades-of-youth/article4099780.ece Shades of youth – Thrissur]. The Hindu (16 November 2012). Retrieved 9 September 2015.</ref> before returning to [[New Delhi]], where she continued her studies at [[D.A.V. College Managing Committee|DAV]] Sreshtha Vihar.<ref name="schooling1">[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-challenging-role/article5617314.ece Etcetera: Challenging role]. The Hindu (25 January 2014). Retrieved 9 September 2015.</ref><ref name="schooling2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/160105/entertainment-tollywood/article/my-exams-are-still-my-top-priority-malavika-nair |title=My exams are still my top priority: Malavika Nair |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=5 January 2016 |access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref> She is a graduate from [[St Francis College for Women]] in [[Begumpet]], [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/221118/my-college-friends-mostly-ask-about-vijay-deverakonda-malavika-nair.html |title=My college friends mostly ask about Vijay Deverakonda: Malavika Nair |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=22 November 2018 |access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref> She has a master's degree in philosophy from [[University of Edinburgh]].

==Career==

While studying, Nair modelled, appearing in various advertisements as well as the [[Mohan Sithara]]-directed music video, "Rithukkal". She subsequently began to receive acting offers and eventually entered the film industry at age 13.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/tests-ahead/article7000675.ece Tests ahead – Hyderabad]. The Hindu (17 March 2015). Retrieved 9 September 2015.</ref> In her first few films she had minor supporting or cameo roles; in ''[[Ustad Hotel]]'', she made a brief appearance in a song sequence,<ref name = dc>[http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130813/entertainment-mollywood/article/new-kid-block The new kid on the block | Deccan Chronicle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702033749/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130813/entertainment-mollywood/article/new-kid-block |date=2 July 2015 }}. Archives.deccanchronicle.com (13 August 2013). Retrieved 9 September 2015.</ref> while in ''[[Puthiya Theerangal]]'' and ''[[Karmayodha]]'' she played the daughter of [[Nedumudi Venu]] and [[Mohanlal]]'s characters, respectively.<ref name="schooling1" /> Her first major role was as Reena, a house maid who faces an [[acid attack]], in the Malayalam drama film ''[[Black Butterfly (2013 film)|Black Butterfly]]'' (2013), a remake of ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]''.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/no-glitz-no-gimmicks/article4424089.ece No glitz, no gimmicks – KERALA]. The Hindu (17 February 2013). Retrieved 9 September 2015.</ref>

After watching her performance in ''Black Butterfly'', [[Balaji Sakthivel]], director of its original version, was impressed and recommended aspiring director [[Raju Murugan]] to cast her in his romantic drama film ''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]'' (2014).<ref name="schooling1" /> She portrayed an independent blind girl in the film and prior to the shoot, attended a workshop where she interacted with blind people.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-am-not-comfortable-with-glamour-roles-Malavika-Nair/articleshow/34006420.cms I am not comfortable with glamour roles: Malavika Nair – The Times of India]. ''The Times of India''. (21 April 2014). Retrieved 9 September 2015.</ref> Pairing alongside [[Attakathi Dinesh|Dinesh]], Malavika portrayed Sudhanthirakodi and won critical acclaim for her portrayal. Behindwoods noted her as "effectuated excellence", while Sify.com's review stated she was "superb" and that she "lives the role".<ref>[http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/cuckoo/cuckoo-review.html Cuckoo (aka) Cuckoo review]. Behindwoods.com. Retrieved 9 September 2015.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150428115305/http://www.sify.com/movies/cuckoo-review-tamil-pcmbm0ihbbjci.html Review : Cuckoo]. Sify.com. Retrieved 9 September 2015.</ref> Her performance was subsequently rewarded with the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]], [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress]]<ref name=VijayAwards2015>{{cite news|last1=Upadhyaya |first1=Prakash |title=9th Vijay Awards 2015: Complete Winners' List & Photos |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-2015-winners-list-photos-live-updates-630385 |access-date=22 June 2025 |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=26 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506045445/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-2015-winners-list-photos-live-updates-630385 |archive-date=6 May 2015 }}</ref> as well as the SICA Award for Best Newcomer and the Vikatan Award for Best Actress.<ref>[http://www.cinegoer.net/telugu-cinema/news-archives/january-2015/malavika-nair-the-find-of-yevade-subramanyam-300115.html Malavika Nair | Yevade Subramanyam | Nag Ashwin | Nani | Vikatan Best Actress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630044311/http://www.cinegoer.net/telugu-cinema/news-archives/january-2015/malavika-nair-the-find-of-yevade-subramanyam-300115.html |date=30 June 2015 }}. CineGoer.net (30 January 2015). Retrieved 9 September 2015.</ref> Prior to ''Cuckoo'', she had a Malayalam release, ''[[Pakida]]'', in which she portrayed a fifteen-year-old girl who is sold to a brothel by her own father.<ref name = dc/>

Nair next appeared in the Telugu film ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'' (2015) alongside [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], with a critic noting she "shows a lot of spunk and comes up with a matured performance for a newcomer".<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Yevade-Subramanyam/movie-review/46646813.cms Yevade Subramanyam Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India]. ''The Times of India''. (21 March 2015). Retrieved 9 September 2015.</ref> Malavika's next release was the romantic drama, ''[[Kalyana Vaibhogame]]'' (2016), opposite [[Naga Shaurya]]. It was directed by [[B. V. Nandini Reddy]] and the film was praised and her role was well appreciated. Sify wrote that "Malavika Nair who wowed the audiences with her performance in ''Yevade Subramanyam'' shines again as modern independent minded girl. She steals the show in many scenes".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kalyana Vaibhogame review: An endearing film |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kalyana-vaibhogame-review-an-endearing-film-review-telugu-qdhlhtejgbeei.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308165904/http://www.sify.com/movies/kalyana-vaibhogame-review-an-endearing-film-review-Telugu-qdhlhtejgbeei.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 March 2016 |access-date=28 July 2020 |work=Sify |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, she starred as Alamelu Gemini Ganeshan in the [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] biopic, ''[[Mahanati]]'', directed by [[Nag Ashwin]], which was successful at the box-office ran of 100 days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2018 |first=Janani |last=K. |title=Mahanati Movie Review: Nag Ashwin crafts a soulful ode to Savitri's life |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/mahanati-nadigaiyar-thilagam-review-keerthy-suresh-samantha-akkineni-dulquer-salmaan-1231202-2018-05-10 |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, she starred in ''[[Orey Bujjiga]]'' opposite [[Raj Tarun]] which was later directly released on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role(s)
!Language
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan="3" |2012
|| ''[[Ustad Hotel]]'' || Brief appearance in a song sequence || rowspan="5"|[[Malayalam]] || || <ref>
{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malavika-nair-hoori-in-ustad-hotel-is-a-popular-actress-in-tollywood/articleshow/64735129.cms |title=Malavika Nair: Hoori in Ustad Hotel is a popular actress in Tollywood |website=The Times of India |date=25 June 2018 |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Karmayodha]]'' || Diya ||Credited as Malavya || <ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rajesh-pillai-is-back-with-motorcycle-diaries/985537/2 |title=Rajesh Pillai is back with Motorcycle Diaries |work=The Indian Express |date=10 August 2012 |access-date=24 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Theerangal]]'' || Minikkutty || Credited as Malavika Sai ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/coast-of-good-hope/article3942322.ece |title=Coast of good hope |work=The Hindu |date=27 September 2012 |access-date=24 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Black Butterfly (2013 film)|Black Butterfly]]'' || Reena|| Credited as Malavika Sai||<ref>{{cite news |last1=George |first1=Anjana |title=Malavika Nair: Hoori in Ustad Hotel is a popular actress in Tollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malavika-nair-hoori-in-ustad-hotel-is-a-popular-actress-in-tollywood/articleshow/64735129.cms |access-date=15 September 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=25 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''[[Pakida]]'' || Kani|| ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2014/feb/16/This-Game-Flatters-Only-to-Deceive-576262.html |title=This Game Flatters Only to Deceive |work=The New Indian Express |date=16 February 2014 |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012051431/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2014/feb/16/This-Game-Flatters-Only-to-Deceive-576262.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]'' || Sudhanthirakodi
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/My-father-cried-after-watching-Cuckoo-Malavika-Nair/articleshow/33508883.cms |title=My father cried after watching Cuckoo: Malavika Nair |website=The Times of India |date=9 April 2014 |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 ||''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'' || Anandhi
| rowspan="12" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/Malavika-Nair-is-a-class-XI-student/articleshow/46370256.cms |title=Malavika Nair is a class XI student! |website=The Times of India |date=25 February 2015 |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 ||''[[Kalyana Vaibhogame]]'' || Divya|| ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Malavika-Nair-returns-with-%E2%80%98Kalyana-Vaibhogame%E2%80%99/article13980914.ece |title=Malavika Nair returns with 'Kalyana Vaibhogame' |newspaper=The Hindu |date=4 January 2016 |access-date=8 January 2020 |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2018 || ''[[Mahanati]]'' || Alamelu Gemini Ganesan|| ||<ref name="Mahanati and Taxiwaala">{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/mahanati-taxiwaala-malavika-nair-5458676/ |title=The actor in me wanted to accept Mahanati and Taxiwaala: Malavika Nair |website=The Indian Express |date=22 November 2018 |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vijetha (2018 film)|Vijetha]]''|| Chaithra || ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Adivi |first1=Sashidhar |title=Malavika Nair in Raj Tarun's film |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/100819/malavika-nair-in-raj-taruns-film.html |access-date=8 January 2020 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=10 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Taxiwaala]]'' || Sisira Bharadwaj || ||<ref name="Mahanati and Taxiwaala"/>
|-
| rowspan="1"|2019 || ''[[Ninu Veedani Needanu Nene]]'' || Psychology student || Cameo appearance ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthick-naren-and-malavika-nair-play-extended-cameos-in-kannadi/articleshow/68688513.cms |title=Karthick Naren and Malavika Nair play extended cameos in 'Kannadi' |website=The Times of India |date=3 April 2019 |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Orey Bujjiga]]''
|Krishnaveni
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2 October 2020 |title='Orey Bujjiga' review: Been there, seen that |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/orey-bujjiga-review-the-telugu-rom-com-rides-on-an-old-predictable-tale/article32751092.ece |access-date=2 October 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |2022
|| ''[[Thank You (2022 film)|Thank You]]'' || Parvati "Paaru" || ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Adivi |first1=Sashidhar |title=Raashii Khanna and Naga Chaitanya team up |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/040421/raashii-khanna-and-naga-chaitanya-team-up.html |access-date=8 April 2021 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=4 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
| ''[[Phalana Abbayi Phalana Ammayi]]'' || Anupama Kasturi || ||
|-
| ''[[Anni Manchi Sakunamule]]''|| Arya Prasad || ||
|-
| ''[[Devil: The British Secret Agent]]''|| Manimekala || || <ref>{{cite news|last1=Malavika Nair's character poster from Devil was out|title= Malavika Nair's character poster from Devil out|url= https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/oct/15/malavika-nairs-character-poster-from-devil-out-48619.html|access-date=15 October 2023| work=Cinema Express|date=15 October 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2024 || ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''|| [[Uttarā|Uttara]] ||Cameo appearance ||
|-
|''[[Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi]]'' || Pranaya || [[Kannada]] ||
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganesh's 41st film 'Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi' sets Independence Day release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jun/25/ganeshs-41st-film-krishnam-pranaya-sakhi-sets-independence-day-release-date |accessdate=27 June 2024 |work=The New Indian Express|date=11 June 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|2026 ||''[[Biker (film)|Biker]]'' || Ananya || Telugu ||
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2024 |title=Sharwanand's Next Venture '#Sharwa36' Goes On Floors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sharwanands-next-venture-sharwa36-kicks-off/articleshow/108293757.cms |accessdate=22 March 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="1" |2022
|''[[Modern Love Hyderabad]]''
|Vandana Bharadwaj
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|Segment: "What Clown Wrote this Script?"
|}

==Awards and nominations==

{{Infobox actor awards
| name = Malavika Nair
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| wins = 3
| nominations = 3
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015
| [[9th Vijay Awards|Vijay Awards]]
| [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress|Best Debut Actress]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Cuckoo (2014 film)|''Cuckoo'']]
| {{won}}
| <ref name=VijayAwards2015/>
|-
| [[62nd Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/filmfare-awardssouth-2015-here-is-a-complete-list-of-winners-1012420.html |title=Filmfare Awards (South) 2015: The complete list of winners |website=CNN-News18 |date=27 June 2015 |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| Best Actress
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vikatan.com/oddities/miscellaneous/102483-|title=ஆனந்த விகடன் விருதுகள் 2014 ({{transliteration|ta|ISO|ānanda vikaṭan virutugaḷ 2014}})|language=ta |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |date=8 January 2015 |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Debut Actress – Tamil
| {{nom}}
| {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| 2016
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
| ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/siima-2016-nominations-out-%E2%80%93-here-list-43912 |title=SIIMA 2016 nominations out – here is the list |website=The News Minute |date=27 May 2016 |access-date=8 January 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803135047/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/siima-2016-nominations-out-%E2%80%93-here-list-43912 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| [[66th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
| ''[[Taxiwaala]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=6325281|name=Malavika Nair}}
* {{Instagram|id=malvikanairofficial}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Malavika Nair
|list=
{{FilmfareTamilBestActress}}
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Malavika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]

Kolaghat Thermal Power Station

2026-03-26T14:10:27Z

VaughnBrooks3: enhance article per sources additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Coal-fired power station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Kolaghat Thermal Power Station
| name_official =
| image = Kolaghat Thermal Power Station - WBPDCL - East Midnapore 2015-05-01 8581.JPG
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption=
| coordinates = {{coord|22|24|56|N|87|52|12|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| country = India
| location = [[Mecheda]], [[Medinipur district|Medinipur]], [[West Bengal]]
| status = O
| construction_began =
| commissioned = 1984
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner =
| operator = [[West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited]]
| th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_units_operational= 6 X 210 [[Megawatt|MW]]
| ps_units_manu_model = [[Bharat Heavy Electricals|BHEL]] [[Siemens]]
| th_cogeneration =
| th_combined_cycle =
| ps_electrical_capacity= 1.26 [[Gigawatt|GW]]
| ps_electrical_cap_fac=
| website =
| extra =
}}
'''Kolaghat Thermal Power Station''' is a major [[thermal power station]] in [[West Bengal]]. It is located at [[Mecheda]], approx. 55 km from [[Kolkata]] in the [[Purba Medinipur district]]. The power plant is operated by [[West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited]] ([https://wbpdcl.co.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/PDCL/FINAL/Pages/Home.html WBPDCL])

The power plant has six units of 210 MW, each for a total capacity of '''1260 MW'''. The units were commissioned in two stages during the period of 1984 to 1995.

==Installed capacity==
Following is the unit wise capacity of the plant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/component/content/article/14-sample-data-articles/90-generatingunits-kolaghat-overview.html|title=Kolaghat Thermal Power Station|access-date=11 March 2013|archive-date=6 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206175637/http://wbpdcl.co.in/component/content/article/14-sample-data-articles/90-generatingunits-kolaghat-overview.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Stage !! Unit Number !! Installed Capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of Commissioning !! Status
|-
| I || 1 || 210 || September 1990 || Demolished
|-
| I || 2 || 210 || March 1986 || Demolished
|-
| I || 3 || 210 || October 1984 || Operational
|-
| II || 4 || 210 || April 1995 || Operational
|-
| II || 5 || 210 || May 1991 || Operational
|-
| II || 6 || 210 || January 1994 || Operational
|-
|}
== Demolition ==
In a significant move to address long-standing pollution concerns, two chimneys at the Kolaghat Thermal Power Station were demolished on April 13, 2025. The controlled implosions marked a pivotal step in the plant's environmental mitigation efforts, though the future operational status of remaining units remains unclear at this stage.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ananda | first=ABP | title=দূষণের জের, কোলাঘাটে ভেঙে ফেলা হল তাপবিদ্যুৎ কেন্দ্রের ২টি চিমনি | website=Bengali News, Bangla News, Breaking News in Bangla, Latest Bangla News, বাংলা খবর, বাংলার আজকের খবর, ABP Bengali, এবিপি আনন্দ - ABP Ananda | date=2025-04-13 | url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/east-midnapore-kolaghat-thermal-power-station-2-chimneys-were-demolished-1130199 | language=bn | access-date=2025-06-19}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Energy|India}}
* [[Kolaghat]]
* [[Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station]]
* [[Santaldih Thermal Power Station]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Electricity generation|state=collapsed}}2.{{Power stations of West Bengal |state=collapsed}}

[https://wbpdcl.co.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/PDCL/FINAL/Pages/kolaghat-thermal-power-station.html WBPDCL]

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{india-powerstation-stub}}

Rishton Ka Manjha

2026-03-25T18:59:33Z

VaughnBrooks3: new a details!

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| executive_producer =
| image = Rishton Ka Manjha.png
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|4|2}}
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2021|8|23}}
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| company = Tent Cinema
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| cinematography =
| location = Kolkata
| editor =
| producer = Susanta Das
| num_episodes = 191
| num_seasons =
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| composer =
| end_theme =
| open_theme =
| theme_music_composer =
| starring = Aanchal Goswami Krushal Ahuja
| presenter =
| creative_director =
| director =
| writer = Parridhi Jaiswal
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| related = ''Deep Jwele Jaai''
}}

'''''Rishton Ka Manjha''''' ({{translation|The chain of relationships}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television drama series that premiered from 23 August 2021 aired on [[Zee TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2021 |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/rishton-ka-manza-to-launch-on-zee-tv-in-august/|title=Rishton Ka Manza to launch on Zee TV Zin August|website=Biz Asia}}</ref> It is Produced by Tent Cinema and starred Aanchal Goswami and Krushal Ahuja in the lead-roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/aanchal-goswami-is-set-to-play-the-lead-in-her-next-299663|title=Aanchal Goswami is set to play the lead in her next|website=The Tribune|access-date=12 October 2021|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410193001/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/aanchal-goswami-is-set-to-play-the-lead-in-her-next-299663|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/krushal-ahuja-set-to-make-his-hindi-television-debut-293821|title=Krushal Ahuja is set to make his Hindi television debut|website=The Tribune}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> It is a remake of [[Zee Bangla]]'s TV series ''Deep Jwele Jaai''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/nabanita-das-indrajit-chakraborty-starrer-deep-jwele-jai-to-have-its-hindi-remake/articleshow/81683882.cms|title=Nabanita Das and Indrajit Chakraborty starrer Deep Jwele Jai to have its Hindi Remake?|website=The Times of India|date=14 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/mishmee-das-and-uday-pratap-singh-to-play-prominent-roles-in-deep-jwele-jais-hindi-remake/articleshow/84966757.cms|title=Mishmee Das and Uday Pratap Singh to play prominent roles in Deep Jwele Jai's Hindi Remake|website=The Times of India|date=2 August 2021 }}</ref> The show marks Krushal Ahuja's debut in the Hindi-television industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/krushal-ahuja-who-has-made-his-hindi-television-debut-with-zee-tvs-show-rishton-ka-manjha-gets-candid-302308|title=Krushal Ahuja who has made his Hindi Television Debut with Zee TV's Rishton Ka Manjha get candid|website=The Tribune}}</ref> It ended on April 2, 2022, and was replaced by ''[[Mithai (Hindi TV series)|Mithai]]'' in its timeslot.

==Premise==
The story of the show revolves around Diya and Arjun, two youths from the city of Kolkata. Diya is the happy girl who dreams of making it big in badminton. However, she faces all kinds of opposition, and the broad story is about how she meets Arjun who goes on to become a strong support for her in her life journey.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Aanchal Goswami]] as Diya Arjun Agrawal (née Mukherjee): Mohan and Meera's daughter; Bablu's sister; Arjun's Wife; Ajit's ex-fiancée
* [[Krushal Ahuja]] as Arjun Amitabh Agrawal: Amitabh and Madhuri's youngest son; Diya's Husband; Luv and Kush's younger brother; Tina's ex-fiancé

===Recurring===
*[[Nandini Chatterjee]] as Madhuri Amitabh Agrawal: Amitabh's wife; Luv, Kush and Arjun's mother
*[[Bharat Kaul]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bharat-kaul-to-start-shooting-for-hindi-serial-from-wednesday/articleshow/84796131.cms|title=Bharat Kaul to start shooting for Hindi Serial from Wednesday|website=The Times Of India|date=27 July 2021 }}</ref> as Amitabh Agrawal: Madhuri's husband; Luv, Kush and Arjun's father
*Priyanka Nayan as Deepika Luv Agrawal: Luv's wife
*[[Manav Sachdev]] as Luv Amitabh Agrawal: Madhuri and Amitabh's eldest son; Arjun and Kush's elder brother; Deepika's husband
*Farhina Parvez as Niharika Kush Agrawal: Kush's wife
*[[Uday Pratap Singh (actor)|Uday Pratap Singh]] as Kush Amitabh Agarwal: Madhuri and Amitabh's second son; Arjun's elder brother; Luv's younger brother; Niharika's husband
*Madhavi Singh as Dadi: Amitabh's mother; Luv, Kush and Arjun's grandmother
*[[Mishmee Das]] as Tina Singhal: Sanjeev's daughter; Arjun's ex-fiancé
*Abhishek Singh as Karan Mathur: Arjun and Diya's rival
*Tapasya Dasgupta as Meera Mukherjee: Mohan's wife; Diya and Bablu's mother
*Kavita Banerjee as Kavita Mathur: Karan's sister and Arjun and Diya's rival

==Production==
===Development===
Krushal Ahuja was cast as the main lead even before the show received a title.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/krushal-ahuja-to-play-the-lead-in-the-hindi-remake-of-deep-jwele-jai/articleshow/82272683.cms|title=Krushal Ahuja to play the lead in Hindi Remake of Deep Jwele Jai|website=The Times of India|date=27 April 2021 }}</ref>

===Shooting===
The shoot began in June in [[Kolkata]] and later halted due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/shooting-of-new-serials-pauses-over-mou-row/articleshow/83935481.cms|title=Kolkata Shooting of new serials pauses over MoU Row |website=The Times of India|date=29 June 2021}}</ref>

===Release===
The first promo was launched for the show along with the promo of another show, ''[[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]]'' on 30 July 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-tv-to-launch-meet-rishton-ka-manjha-on-monday/|title=Zee TV to launch Meet and Rishton Ka Manjha on Monday|website=Biz Asia|date=21 August 2021 }}</ref>

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
! style="background:orange; width:5%;"| Language
! style="background:orange; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:orange; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:orange; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:orange; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:orange; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''Deep Jwele Jaai'' দীপ জ্বেলে যাই
| 13 July 2015
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 5 March 2017
| Original
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''Rishton Ka Manjha'' रिश्तों का मांझा
| 23 August 2021
| [[Zee TV]]
| 2 April 2022
| rowspan="2"| Remake
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''Sanjha Sufana'' ਸੰਝ ਸੁਫ਼ਨਾ
| 26 September 2022
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 23 June 2023
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]

Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

2026-03-21T17:45:06Z

VaughnBrooks3: add information for consistency and updated info for accuracy

{{short description|One of the ancient Sanskrit scriptures of Hinduism}}
{{Infobox Upanishad
| image = Brihadaranyaka Upanishad verses 1.3.1 to 1.3.4, Shatapatha Brahmana, Shukla Yajurveda, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg
| caption = ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'', verses 1.3.1 to 1.3.4 (Sanskrit, Devanagari script)
| alt = for alternate text of the title image per [[BP:ALT]]
| name = Brihadaranyaka
| Devanagari = बृहदारण्यक
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Bṛhadāraṇyaka
| meaning =
| composition_date = 7th-6th century BCE{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=11-12}}
| authors = [[Yajnavalkya]]
| type = [[Mukhya Upanishads]]
| Veda = [[Shukla Yajurveda]]
| Brahmana = [[Shatapatha Brahmana]]
| Aranyaka = Brihad Aranyaka
| chapters = 6
| verses = 
| philosophy = [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Ātman]], [[Brahman]]
| commentary = [[Adi Shankara]], [[Madhvacharya]], [[Rangaramanuja]]
| verse = "[[Aham Brahmasmi]]"
}}
{{Upanishads}}
{{italic}}
The '''''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad''''' ({{langx|sa|बृहदारण्यकोपनिषद्}}, {{IAST3|Bṛhadāraṇyak Upaniṣad}}) is one of the [[Mukhya Upanishads|Principal Upanishads]] and one of the first Upanishadic scriptures of [[Hinduism]].{{snf|Deussen|1980a|p=23}} A key scripture to various schools of [[Hinduism]], the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' is tenth in the [[Muktikā]] or "canon of 108 Upanishads".{{sfn|Deussen|1980b|pp=556-557}}

The ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' is estimated to have been composed about 7th–6th century BCE. The [[Sanskrit]] language text is contained within the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'', which is itself a part of the [[Yajurveda#Shukla Yajurveda|Shukla Yajur Veda]].<ref name="EoH 93">{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Constance|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0816073368|page=93}}</ref>
The ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' is a treatise on [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Ātman]] (Self), includes passages on [[metaphysics]], ethics, and a yearning for knowledge that influenced various [[Indian religions]], ancient and medieval scholars, and attracted secondary works such as those by [[Adi Shankara]] and [[Madhvacharya]].<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda#page/n0/mode/2up Brihadaranyaka Upanishad with Adi Shankara's commentary] – Swami Madhavananada (Translator)</ref><ref>''Brihadaranyaka Upanisad with the commentary of Madhvacharya,'' Translated by Rai Bahadur Sriśa Chandra Vasu (1933); {{oclc|222634127}}.</ref>

==Chronology==
The chronology of ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'', like other Upanishads, is uncertain and contested.<ref name=stephenphillips>Stephen Phillips (2009), ''Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy,'' Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231144858}}, Chapter 1</ref> The chronology is difficult to resolve because all opinions rest on scanty evidence, an analysis of archaism, style, and repetitions across texts, driven by assumptions about the likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.<ref name=stephenphillips/> Patrick Olivelle states, "in spite of claims made by some, in reality, any dating of these documents (early Upanishads) that attempts a precision closer than a few centuries is as stable as a house of cards".{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=11-12}}

The chronology and authorship of the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'', along with ''Chandogya'' and [[Kaushitaki Upanishad|''Kaushitaki Upanishads'']], is further complicated because they are compiled anthologies of literature that must have existed as independent texts before they became part of these Upanishads.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=11-12}}

The exact year and even the century of the Upanishad's composition is unknown. Scholars have offered different estimates ranging from 900 BCE to 600 BCE, all preceding Buddhism. ''Brihadaranyaka'' is one of the first Upanishads, along with [[Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana|''Jaiminiya Upanishad'']] and ''Chandogya Upanishads''.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=10-17}}<ref>Fujii, M. 1997, “On the Formation and Transmission of the Jaiminīya-Upaniṣad-Brāhmaṇa”, ''Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts: New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas,'' ed. M. Witzel, [[Harvard Oriental Series]], Opera Minora, 2], Cambridge, 89–102</ref> The ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' was in all likelihood composed in the earlier part of 1st millennium BCE, in the 7th–6th century BCE, give or take a century or so, according to Patrick Olivelle.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=11-12}} The text was likely a living document and some verses were edited over some time before the 6th century BCE.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=11-12}}

==Etymology and structure==
[[File:Biogradska suma.jpg|left|thumb|Brihadaranyaka Upanishad literally means the "Upanishad of the great forests".]]
''Brihadaranyaka'' literally means "great wilderness or forest". The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad is credited to ancient sage [[Yajnavalkya]], but was likely refined by a number of ancient Vedic scholars. The Upanishad forms the last part, that is the fourteenth ''kānda'' of ''Śatapatha Brāhmana'' of "Śhukla Yajurveda".{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=389-397}} The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad has six ''adhyayas'' (chapters) in total. There are two major [[recension|recensions]] for the text – the Madhyandina and the Kanva recensions. It includes three sections: ''Madhu kānda'' (the 4th and 5th chapter of the fourteenth ''kānda'' of Satapatha Brahmana), ''Muni kānda'' (or ''Yajnavalkya Kanda'', the 6th and 7th chapter of 14th ''kānda'' of Satapatha Brahmana) and ''Khila kānda'' (the 8th and 9th chapter of the fourteenth ''kānda'' of Satapatha Brahmana).{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=389-397}}<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/80 80]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref>

The first and second chapters of the Upanishad's ''Madhu kānda'' consists of six [[brahmana]]s each, with varying number of hymns per brahmana. The first chapter of the Upanishad's ''Yajnavalkya kānda'' consists of nine brahmanams, while the second has six brahmanas. The ''Khila kānda'' of the Upanishad has fifteen brahmanas in its first chapter, and five brahmanas in the second chapter.{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=399-544}}

==Content==
===First chapter===
The ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' starts by stating one of the many Vedic theories of creation of the universe. It asserts that there was nothing before the universe began. Then, [[Prajapati]] created the universe from this nothingness as a sacrifice to themself, imbuing it with ''Prana'' (life force) to preserve it in the form of cosmic inert matter and individual psychic energy.{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=389-397}}<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda#page/n41/mode/2up Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Chapter 1], Translator: S Madhavananda, pages 5–29</ref> The ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' asserts that the world is more than just matter and energy; it is also constituted by Atman or Brahman (Self, Consciousness, Invisible Principles, and Reality) as well as Knowledge.{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=389-397}}

The Brahmana 4 in the first chapter announces the non-dual [[monism|monistic]] metaphysical premise that Atman and Brahman are identical Oneness. It asserts that because the universe came out of nothingness when the only principle existent was "I am He", the universe, after coming into existence, continues as ''Aham brahma asmi'' (I am Brahman).<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda#page/n41/mode/2up Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Chapter 1], Translator: S Madhavananda, pages 92–118</ref> In the last brahmana of the first chapter, the Upanishad explains that the Atman (Self) inspires by being self-evident (name identity), through empowering forms, and through action (work of a living being). The Self, states Brihadaranyaka, is the imperishable one that is invisible and concealed pervading all of reality.{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=389-397}}

===Second chapter===
The ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' starts the second chapter as a conversation between [[Ajatashatru]] and ''Balaki Gargya'' on theory of dreams, positing that human beings see dreams entirely unto themselves because mind draws, in itself, the powers of sensory organs, which it releases in the waking state.{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=389-397}} Brihadaranyaka in brahmana 3 asserts that the human mind can perceive and construct its own reality. Mind is a means, prone to flaws. It emphasizes the struggle to realize the true, unknowable nature of Atman-Brahman, described as "neti, neti" (not this, not this), beyond qualities or characteristics.{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=389-397}}

In the fourth brahmana of the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'', [[Yajnavalkya]] and his wife [[Maitreyi]] engage in a dialogue about love and spirituality. Yajnavalkya states that one doesn't connect with and love forms, nor does one connect or love mind, rather one connects with the Self, the Self of one's own and one's beloved. All love is for the sake of one's Self, and the Oneness one realizes in the Self of the beloved.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda#page/n41/mode/2up Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Chapter 2 Section IV], Translator: S Madhavananda, pages 347–377</ref> He then asserts that this knowledge of the Self, the Self, and Brahman is what makes one immortal, and the connection is also immortal. All longing is the longing for the Self, as the Self represents the true, the immortal, the real, and infinite bliss.{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=425-445}}

The fifth brahmana introduces the ''Madhu theory'', giving this section the name ''Madhu Khanda.''{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=437-443}} The ''Madhu theory'' is one of the foundational principles of [[Vedanta]] schools of Hinduism, as well as other [[Āstika and nāstika|āstika]] schools of Indian philosophies.<ref name=madhavanandamadhu/> ''Madhu'' literally means "honey", or the composite fruit of numerous actions on the field of flowers. In this theory, notes [[Paul Deussen]],{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=437-443}} the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad asserts that "Atman exists" (Self exists), that all organic beings (plants, animals, human beings and gods) are all beings are interconnected with each other and Brahman (Cosmic Self); it further asserts that inorganic nature (fire, air, earth, water, space) is the field where the beings act, and where their numerous actions create fruits that they separately and together experience. The Upanishad then states that everything is connected, beings affect each other, organic beings affect the inorganic nature, inorganic nature affects the organic beings, one is the "honey" (result, fruit, food) of the other, everyone and everything is mutually dependent, nourishing and nurturing each other, all stemming from one Brahman, resulting in blissful oneness.{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=437-443}}<ref name=madhavanandamadhu>[https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda#page/n41/mode/2up Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Chapter 2 Section IV], Translator: S Madhavananda, pages 377–404</ref> This theory appears in various early and middle Upanishads, and parallels [[Immanuel Kant]]'s doctrine of "the affinity of phenomena" built on "the synthetic unity of [[apperception]]".{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=437-443}}<ref>Alan Jacobs (1999), ''The Principal Upanishads: The Essential Philosophical Foundation of Hinduism,'' Watkins, {{ISBN|978-1905857081}}</ref>

The last brahmanam of the Upanishad's first section is a ''Vamsa'' (generational line of teachers) with the names of 57 Vedic scholars who are credited to have taught the ''Madhu Khanda'' from one generation to the next.{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=437-443}}{{Sfn|Muller|1884|p=118}}

===Third chapter===
The third chapter is a metaphysical dialogue between ten ancient sages, on the nature of Reality (Brahman), Atman (individual self), and [[Moksha|Mukti]] (liberation). This metaphysical dialogue was held at the court of the [[Janaka|King Janaka]] in Mithila during the occasion of the [[Bahudakshina Yajna]] organised by the king at his court. The Bahudakshina Yajna was organised by the King Janaka to find out the greatest scholar of [[Vedas]] called as [[Brahmistha]] among the participating Brahmin scholars at the court.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varghese |first=Alexander P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC&q=Brahmistha |title=India: History, Religion, Vision and Contribution to the World |date=2008 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0903-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-02-23 |title=Yajnavalkya and Asvala [Section I] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-brihadaranyaka-upanishad/d/doc118302.html |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> Paul Deussen calls the presentation of ancient scholar Yajnavalkya in this chapter "not dissimilar to that of Socrates in the dialogues of Plato".{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=443-445}} Among other things, the chapter presents the theory of perceived empirical knowledge using the concepts of ''graha'' (sensory action) and ''atigraha'' (sense). It lists 8 combinations of graha and atigraha: breath and smell, speech and name (ideas), tongue and taste, eye and form, ear and sound, skin and touch, mind and desire, arms and work respectively.{{sfn|Muller|1884|p=125}} The sages debate the nature of death and whether any ''graha'' and ''atigraha'' prevails after one dies. After ruling out six of the sensory actions, they assert that one's ideas (name) and one's actions and work (karma) continue to have an impact on the universe even after one's physical death.{{sfn|Muller|1884|p=125}}{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=448-449}}

The fourth brahmana of the third chapter asserts, "it is your Self which is inside all", all Selfs are one, immanent and transcendent. The fifth brahmana states that profound knowledge requires one to give up showing off one's erudition, then to adopt childlike curiosity and simplicity, followed by becoming silent, meditating, and being observant (''muni''). This marks the beginning of the journey toward profound knowledge and understanding the Self of all things, where freedom from frustration and sorrow is found.{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=450-464}}

In the sixth and eighth brahmana, focus is on the concept of the imperishable (''[[akshara]]''). In these brahmanas, [[Gargi Vachaknavi]] and [[Yajnavalkya|Yajñavalka]] engage in philosophical inquiries and debates, exploring the ultimate truth and the imperishable nature of reality. The discussions explore deep philosophical ideas, highlighting the importance of seeking spiritual wisdom and the quest to understand the timeless, unchanging reality that transcends the material world.{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=450-464}}

The seventh brahmana explores the interconnectedness of the Self with all of existence, emphasizing its role as the inner controller, often without the knowledge of beings. It asserts that the Self is the true essence.{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=457-465}} The ninth brahmana, the longest in the third chapter, introduces the "neti, neti" principle, which is later discussed along with the analogical equivalence between the physical features of a man and those of a tree. It highlights that the root of a man is his Self.{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=466-475}}<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n145/mode/2up Kausitaki Upanishad] Robert Hume (Translator), Oxford University Press, pages 125–127</ref> The last hymns of chapter 3 in Brihadaranyaka Upanishad also attest to the prevalent practice of the renouncing [[sannyasa|ascetic]] life by the time Brihadaranyaka Upanishad was composed in Vedic age of India, and it is these ascetic circles that are credited for major movements such as [[Yoga]] as well as the [[śramaṇa]] traditions later to be called [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]] and heterodox [[Hinduism]].<ref>Geoffrey Samuel (2008), ''The Origins of Yoga and Tantra,'' Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521695343}}, page 8, Quote: such (yogic) practices developed in the same ascetic circles as the early śramaṇa movements (Buddhists, Jainas and Ajivikas), probably in around the sixth or fifth BCE.</ref>

{{quote|
<poem>
When one tears out the tree from its roots,
the tree can grow no more,
out of which root<ref>the entire poem equates root to be the ''atman'', Self of a human being</ref> the man grows forth,
when he is struck down by death?
He, who is born, is not born,
Who is supposed to beget him anew? (...)
Brahman<ref>Self of an individual human being that is One with every human being, everything in Universe, the cosmic Self</ref> is bliss, Brahman is knowledge,
It is the highest good of one who gives [[dāna|charity]],
and also of one who stands away (renounces) and knows it.</poem>|Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, 3:9{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=466-475}}<ref>The poem is long, relevant extract in Sanskrit: अन्यतस् अञ्जसा प्रेत्य सम्भवस् | यद् समूलम् उद्वृहेयुर् अवृहेयुर् | वृक्षम्न पुनराभवेत्। मर्त्यस् स्विन् मृत्युना वृक्णस्कस्मान्मूलात्प्ररोहति ॥ ६ ॥ जात एव न जायते | को न्वेनं जनयेत्पुनः | विज्ञानमानन्दं ब्रह्म रातिर्दातुः परायणम्ति ष्ठमानस्य तद्विद इति ॥ ७ ॥; Source: [http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/brinew-proofed.html?lang=sa Brihadaranyaka Upanishad] Sanskrit Documents, For second archive, see Wikisource</ref>}}

===Fourth chapter===
The fourth chapter of ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' begins with a dialogue between King Janaka and Yajnavalka. It explores various aspects of the "Self exists" theory, its phenomenal manifestations, and its philosophical implications on [[soteriology]]. In the first brahmanam of the fourth chapter, the Upanishad states that the Self manifests in human life in six forms: ''Prajna'' (consciousness), ''Priyam'' (love and the will to live), ''Satyam'' (reverence for truth, reality), ''Ananta'' (endlessness, curiosity for the eternal), ''Ananda'' (bliss, contentness), and ''Sthiti'' (the state of enduring steadfastness, calm perseverance).{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=475-507}}

In the second brahmanam, the Upanishad explores the question, "what happens to Self after one dies?", and provides the root of two themes that play a central role in later schools of Hinduism: first, the concept of Self as individual Selves (dualism), and second, the concept of Self being One and Eternal, neither coming nor going anywhere, because it is everywhere and in everyone in Oneness (non-dualism). This chapter discusses the widely cited "neti, neti" (नेति नेति, "not this, not this") principle on one's journey to understanding Self. The second brahmanam concludes that Self exists is self-evident, Self is blissfully free, Self is eternally invulnerable, and Self is indescribable knowledge.{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=475-507}}

The hymn 4.2.4 of ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' is one of many instances in the ancient Sanskrit text where the characters involved in philosophical debate greet each other with [[Namaste]] (नमस्ते), a practice in the [[culture of India]].<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda#page/n617/mode/2up Brihadaranyaka 4.2.4] S Madhavananda (Translator), pages 590–592</ref>

The third brahmanam of the fourth chapter discusses the premises of [[moksha]] (liberation, freedom, emancipation, self-realization), and provides some of the most studied hymns of Brihadaranyaka. Paul Deussen calls it, "unique in its richness and warmth of presentation", with profoundness that retains its full worth in modern times.{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|p=482}} It translates as follows,

{{quote|
<poem>
But when he appearing to be a god or a king, thinks 'I alone am this world! I am all!' — that is his highest world.
Now, this is the aspect of his that is beyond what appears to be good, freed from what is bad, and without fear.

"It is like this. As a man embraced by a woman he loves is oblivious to everything within or without, so this person embraced by the ''prajna'' (conscious, aware, self) consisting of knowledge is oblivious to everything within or without. Clearly, this is the aspect of his where all desires are fulfilled, where the self is the only desire, and which is free from desires and far from sorrows.

Here a father is not a father, a mother is not a mother, worlds are not worlds, gods are not gods, and Vedas are not Vedas.
Here a thief is not a thief, a murderer is not a murderer, an outsider is not an outsider, a pariah is not a pariah, a recluse is not a recluse, and an ascetic is not an ascetic.
Neither the good nor the bad follows him, for he has now passed beyond all sorrows of the heart.
(...)
So did Yajnavalkya instruct him.
"This is his highest goal!
This is his highest attainment!
This is his highest world!
This is his highest bliss!
On just a fraction of this bliss do other creatures live.
</poem>
|Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Chapter 4, Brahmanam 3, Hymns 20–32, Translated by Patrick Olivelle{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=115}}}}

The fourth brahmanam continues to build the thematic description of Atman-Brahman (Self) and the state of self-realization as achieved. Yajnavalkya declares that knowledge is Self, knowledge is freedom, knowledge powers inner peace. In hymn 4.4.22, the Upanishad states:{{sfn|Muller|1884|p=161}}

{{Translated blockquote
| show-language = no
| language = sa|स वा एष महानज आत्मा योऽयं विज्ञानमयः प्राणेषु य एषोऽन्तर्हृदय आकाशस्तस्मिञ्छेते सर्वस्य वशी सर्वस्येशानः सर्वस्याधिपतिः स न साधुना कर्मणा भूयान्नो एवासाधुना कनीयानेष सर्वेश्वर एष भूताधिपतिरेष भूतपाल एष सेतुर्विधरण एषां लोकानामसंभेदाय तमेतं वेदानुवचनेन ब्राह्मणा विविदिषन्ति यज्ञेन दानेन तपसाऽनाशकेनैतमेव विदित्वा मुनिर्भवति। एतमेव प्रव्राजिनो लोकमिच्छन्तः प्रव्रजन्ति।{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=124}}
| brackets = no
| translation = He is that great unborn Self, who consists of Knowledge, is surrounded by the Prânas (life-force), the ether within the heart. In it [Self] there reposes the ruler of all, the lord of all, the king of all. He does not become greater by good works, nor smaller by evil works. He is the lord of all, the king of all things, the protector of all things. He is a bank and a boundary, so that these worlds may not be confounded. He who knows him [Self], becomes a Muni. Wishing for that world, mendicants leave their homes.
| author = Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Chapter 4, Brahmanam 4, Hymn 22, {{sfn|Muller|1884|p=179}}
}}

Max Müller and Paul Deussen, in their respective translations, describe the Upanishad's view of "Self" and "free, liberated state of existence" as, "[Self] is imperishable, for he cannot perish; he is unattached, for he does not attach himself; unfettered, he does not suffer, he does not fail. He is beyond good and evil, and neither what he has done, nor what he has omitted to do, affects him. (...) He therefore who knows it [reached self-realization], becomes quiet, subdued, satisfied, patient, and collected. He sees self in Self, sees all as Self. Evil does not overcome him, he overcomes all evil. Evil does not burn him, he burns all evil. Free from evil, free from spots, free from doubt, he became Atman-Brâhmana; this is the Brahma-world, O King, thus spoke Yagnavalkya."{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=475-507}}{{sfn|Muller|1884|p=161}}

The last brahmanam of the Upanishad's second section is another ''Vamsa'' (generational line of teachers) with the names of 59 Vedic scholars who are credited to have taught the hymns of ''Muni Khanda'' from one generation to the next, before it became part of Brihadaranyaka.{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=475-507}}{{sfn|Muller|1884|pp=185-186}}
===Fifth and sixth chapters===
The fifth and sixth chapters of ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' are known as ''Khila Khanda'', which literally means "supplementary section, or appendix".{{sfn|Muller|1884|p=189-190}} Each brahmanam in the supplement is small except the fourteenth. This section, suggests Paul Deussen, was likely written later to clarify and add ideas considered important in that later age.{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|p=507}}

Some brahmanams in the last section of ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'', such as the second and third brahmanam in fifth chapter, append ethical theories, while fourth brahmanam in the fifth chapter asserts that "empirical reality and truth is Brahman".{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=509-510}} In the fourth brahmanam of sixth chapter, sexual rituals between a husband and wife are described to conceive and celebrate the birth of a child.{{sfn|Deussen|1980a|pp=534-544}}

==Teachings==
{{Hindu scriptures |expanded=Upanishads}}
The ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' has been an important work in [[Vedanta]] and it discusses many early concepts and theories foundational to [[Hinduism]] such as [[Karma in Hinduism|karma]], [[Brahman|Atman-Brahman]], the afterlife, etc.<ref name=tull28/><ref>{{cite book|author=Hans Torwesten|title=Vedanta: Heart of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWptZtEa0hcC&pg=PA55|year=1994|publisher=Grove |isbn=978-0-8021-3262-8|pages=55–57}}</ref>

=== Creation ===
The ''Brihadaranyaka'' contains various passages which discuss the beginning of the universe and its creation. A key figure in this process is the deity [[Prajapati]], who creates the world through liturgical recitation, [[Yajna|priestly sacrifice]], dividing up his own body, copulation, giving birth to various [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] and demons.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=37-39}}

The verse 1.4.1 on the creation states: "in the beginning this world was just a single body (atman) shaped like a man. He looked around and saw nothing but himself."{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=45-47}} The ''Brihadaranyaka'' goes on to state that this single body became afraid and wanted to have a companion, so he split his body into two, made a wife and copulated with her to create all living beings.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=45-47}}

=== Atman ===
The ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' teaches the theory of [[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]] (the Self), which is the eternal inner reality in a person. It is described by the ''Brihadaranyaka'' as follows:<blockquote>
This innermost thing, this self (atman)—it is dearer than a son, it is dearer than wealth, it is dearer than everything else...a man should regard only his self as dear to him. When a man regards only his self as dear to him, what he holds dear will never perish.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=49}}</blockquote>This self is also the source of all vital functions:<blockquote>As a spider sends forth its thread, and as tiny sparks spring forth from a fire, so indeed do all the vital functions (prana), all the worlds, all the gods, and all beings spring from this self (atman). Its hidden name (Upanishad) is 'The real behind the real,' for the real consists of the vital functions, and the self is the real behind the vital functions.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=63-65}}</blockquote>According to the ''Brihadaranyaka,'' this self travels through various worlds and takes up a body:<blockquote>It is this person—the one that consists of perception among the vital functions ([[prana]]), the one that is the inner light within the heart. He travels across both worlds, being common to both. Sometimes he reflects, sometimes he flutters, for when he falls asleep he transcends this world, these visible forms of death. When at birth this person takes on a body, he becomes united with bad things, and when at death he leaves it behind, he gets rid of those bad things.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=111-113}}</blockquote>However, this self is not just something individual, since the ''Brihadaranyaka'' states:<blockquote>When a chunk of salt is thrown in water, it dissolves into that very water, and it cannot be picked up in any way. Yet, from whichever place one may take a sip, the salt is there! In the same way this Immense Being has no limit or boundary and is a single mass of perception.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=69}}</blockquote>Furthermore, this self which is an imperishable reality and the "radiant and immortal person" in all things, cannot be grasped:<blockquote>About this self (atman), one can only say 'not—, not—' ([[neti neti]]). He is ungraspable, for he cannot be grasped. He is undecaying, for he is not subject to decay. He has nothing sticking to him, for he does not stick to anything. He is not bound; yet he neither trembles in fear nor suffers injury.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=111}} </blockquote>And yet, it is only by reflecting on one's atman that one can gain knowledge:<blockquote>You see, [[Maitreyi]]—it is one's self (atman) which one should see and hear, and on which one should reflect and concentrate. For by seeing and hearing one's self, and by reflecting and concentrating on one's self, one gains the knowledge of this whole world.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=69}}</blockquote>

=== Brahman and Atman ===
Another term found in the ''Brihadaranyaka'' is [[Brahman]], and this is closely associated with the term atman. According to the ''Brihadaranyaka'', "in the beginning this world was only brahman, only one."{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=49-51}} Then Brahman, which was "not fully developed", created the "ruling power" among the gods and then it also created all the [[Castes in India|castes]] (brahmin, ksatriya, vaisya and shudra) as well [[Dharma]].{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=49-51}}

According to the ''Brihadaranyaka'' there are "two visible appearances (rupa) of brahman":<{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=65-67}}

* One form has a fixed shape, is mortal, stationary, this refers to the body as well as things in the external world
* the form other is without a fixed shape, is immortal and in motion. It also refers to "the person within the sun's orb" as well as to "breath and the space within the body". Furthermore, "the visible appearance of this person is like a golden cloth, or white wool, or a red bug, or a flame, or a white lotus, or a sudden flash of lightning."{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=65-67}}
The ''Brihadaranyaka'' also equates the world and Brahman with fullness and space ([[akasha]]):{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=133}}<blockquote>The world there is full; the world here is full; fullness from fullness proceeds. After taking full from the full, it still remains completely full. Brahman is space. The primeval one is space. Space is windy.</blockquote>
According to the ''Brihadaranyaka'', the atman is none other than Brahman itself, the ultimate truth and creative principle of the universe:<blockquote>This self (atman) is the honey of all beings, and all beings are the honey of this self. The radiant and immortal person in the self and the radiant and immortal person connected with the body (atman)—they are both one's self. It is the immortal; it is brahman; it is the Whole. This very self (atman) is the lord and king of all beings. As all the spokes are fastened to the hub and the rim of a wheel, so to one's self (atman) are fastened all beings, all the gods, all the worlds, all the breaths, and all these bodies (atman).{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=73}}</blockquote>[[Yajnavalkya|Yajñavalkya]] also explains the Brahman with the phrase "the self within all is this self of yours," and this is said to be "the one who is beyond hunger and thirst, sorrow and delusion, old age and death."{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=83}} He also calls the Brahman-Atman the "inner controller, the immortal" which is present in earth, water (and other elements) but is different from them and controls them from within. This self "sees, but he can't be seen; he hears, but he can't be heard; he thinks, but he can't be thought of; he perceives, but he can't be perceived."{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=87-89}}

''The Brihadaranyaka'' also describes ''"''the highest Brahman" as "the heart," which is "the abode of all beings" and "the foundation of all beings." This brahman in the space of the heart is said to be "the controller of all, the lord of all, the ruler of all," and is not affected or changed by karma (action).{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=109-125}}

This brahman in the heart, also called [[Prajapati]], is also described in the ''Brihadaranyaka'' as follows:<blockquote>This person here is made of mind and consists of light. Lodged here deep within the heart, he is like a grain of rice or barley; he is the lord of all, the ruler of all! Over this whole world, over all there is, he rules.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=135}}</blockquote>

Those who know the truth of brahman-atman become "calm, composed, cool, patient, and collected" and are not affected by evil or doubt. The text also states that those who are without desire will go to Brahman after death:<blockquote>Now, a man who does not desire—who is without desires, who is freed from desires, whose desires are fulfilled, whose only desire is his self—-his vital functions (prana) do not depart. Brahman he is, and to brahman he goes.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=121-127}}</blockquote>

===Karma===
One of the earliest formulation of the [[Karma]] doctrine occurs in the ''Brihadaranyaka'' which states:<ref name=tull28>Tull, Herman W. ''The Vedic Origins of Karma: Cosmos as Man in Ancient Indian Myth and Ritual.'' SUNY Series in Hindu Studies. P. 28</ref>

{{Quote|
<poem>
'He's made of this. He's made of that.' What a man turns out to be depends on how he acts and on how he conducts himself. If his actions are good, he will turn into something good. If his actions are bad, he will turn into something bad. A man turns into something good by good action and into something bad by bad action. And so people say: 'A person here consists simply of desire.' A man resolves in accordance with his desire, acts in accordance with his resolve, and turns out to be in accordance with his action.
</poem>
|Brihadaranyaka Upanishad|Hymns 4.4.5–4.4.6{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=121}}}}

=== Afterlife ===
The text also contains some speculations about the afterlife. In one passage, Yajñavalkya is asked what happens to a man who has died and he states that after death "a man turns into something good by good action (karma) and into something bad by bad action."{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=81}}

The ''Brihadaranyaka'' also describes how the atman leaves the body at death and takes up a new life.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=119}} The text describes the process as follows:<blockquote>As a caterpillar, when it comes to the tip of a blade of grass, reaches out to a new foothold and draws itself onto it, so the self (atman), after it has knocked down this body and rendered it unconscious, reaches out to a new foothold and draws itself onto it.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=1121}}</blockquote>

===Ethics===
The ''Brihadaranyaka'' includes hymns on virtues and ethics.<ref>S Wesley Ariarajah (1986), "Hindu Spirituality," ''The Ecumenical Review,'' 38(1), pages 75–81</ref><ref>Harold Coward (2003), "Ethics and Nature in the World’s Religions," in ''Environment across Cultures,'' Wissenschaftsethik und Technikfolgenbeurteilung, Volume 19, {{ISBN|978-3642073243}}, pp 91–109</ref> In verse 5.2.3 it recommends three virtues: self-restraint (दमः, [[Temperance (virtue)#Hinduism|damah]]), charity (दानं, [[Dāna|daanam]]), and compassion for all life (दया, [[Compassion#Hinduism|daya]]).<ref name=kane>PV Kane, [https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n61/mode/2up Samanya Dharma], History of Dharmasastra, Vol. 2, Part 1, page 5</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatterjea|first1=Tara|title=Knowledge and Freedom in Indian Philosophy|publisher=Lexington Books|location=Oxford|page=148}}</ref>

{{quote|
तदेतत्त्रयँ शिक्षेद् दमं दानं दयामिति<ref>[http://sanskritdocuments.org/all_sa/brinew-proofed_sa.html Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]</ref> 
Learn three cardinal virtues – temperance, charity and compassion for all life.
|Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, V.ii.3|<ref name=kane/><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda#page/n843/mode/2up Brihadaranyaka Upanishad], Translator: S Madhavananda, page 816, For discussion: pages 814–821</ref>}}

These basic Vedic ethical principles found in the ''Brihadaranyaka'' later developed into the more complex [[yamas]] (ethical rules) found in various schools of [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Āgāśe|first1=K. S.|title=Pātañjalayogasūtrāṇi|date=1904|publisher=Ānandāśrama|location=Puṇe|page=102|url=https://archive.org/stream/patanjaliyoga/yoga_sutras_three_commentaries#page/n111/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name="jl">James Lochtefeld, "Yama (2)", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N–Z, Rosen Publishing. {{ISBN|9780823931798}}, page 777</ref><ref>Kaneda, T. (2008). "Shanti, peacefulness of mind." C. Eppert & H. Wang (Eds.), ''Cross cultural studies in curriculum: Eastern thought, educational insights,'' {{ISBN|978-0805856736}}, Taylor & Francis, pages 171–192</ref>

===Psychology===
The verses in the ''Brihadaranyaka'' contain theories pertaining to [[psychology]] and human motivations.<ref>Aron & Aron (1996), Love and expansion of the self: The state of the model, Personal Relationships, 3(1), pages 45–58</ref><ref>Masek and Lewandowski (2013), "The self expansion model of motivation and cognition," in ''The Oxford Handbook of Close Relationships'' (Editors: Simpson and Campbell), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195398694}}, page 111</ref> Verse 1.4.17 describes the desire for progeny as the desire to be born again. The ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' states a behavioral theory that links action to one's nature, suggesting that behavioral habits shape a person:

<blockquote><poem>
According as one acts, so does he become.
One becomes virtuous by virtuous action,
bad by bad action.
— Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 4.4.5<ref>[http://www.himalayanacademy.com/basics/fourf/ Four facts of Hinduism]</ref>
</poem></blockquote>

Ancient and medieval Indian scholars have referred to the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' as a foundation for discussing psychological theories, the nature of psyche, and the interactions between body, mind, and Self. For example, Adi Shankara in his commentary on the ''Brihadaranyaka'' explains the relation between consciousness, the mind and the body.<ref>KR Rao (2005), Perception, cognition and consciousness in classical Hindu psychology. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 12(3), pages 3–30</ref><ref>RH Trowbridge (2011), Waiting for Sophia: 30 years of conceptualizing wisdom in empirical psychology. Research in Human Development, 8(2), pages 149–164</ref>

''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' asserts that the mind creates desire, with its basis rooted in pleasure.<ref>{{cite book |last=Radhakrishnan |first=S. |url= |title=The Principal Upanishads |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |year=1953 |isbn= |page=169 |access-date=}}</ref> It states that the eye is the cause of material wealth, as wealth is created through sight, whereas the ears represent spiritual wealth, as knowledge is shared through listening.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Brhadaranyaka Upanisad with commentary of Sankaracarya|last=Swami Madhavananda|year=1950 |url=https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda#page/n219/mode/2up}}</ref> In the dialogue between Yajnavalkya and Maitreyi, husband and wife, the Upanishad suggests that one does not love an object for the sake of the object but for the sake of the subject, which is the Self (the Self of the other person).

===Metaphysics===
Verse 1.3.28 acknowledges that metaphysical statements in the Upanishads are meant to guide the reader from unreality to reality. The metaphysics of ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' often presents a kind of [[Nonduality (spirituality)|non-dualism]] or [[monism]]. For instance, in verse 2.4.13 [[Yajnavalkya|Yajñavalkya]] asserts that everything in the universe is the Self. Some passages state that Brahman is the whole:<blockquote>Clearly, this self is brahman—this self that is made of perception, made of mind, made of sight, made of breath, made of hearing, made of earth, made of water, made of wind, made of space, made of light and the lightless, made of desire and the desireless, made of anger and the angerless, made of the righteous and the unrighteous; this self that is made of everything.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=121}}</blockquote>Upanishadic metaphysics is further elucidated in the [[Madhu-vidya]] (honey doctrine), where the essence of every object is described to be same to the essence of every other object. The ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' looks at reality as being indescribable and its nature to be infinite and consciousness-bliss. The cosmic energy is thought to integrate in the microcosm and in the macrocosm as well as the individual and the universe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Madhu Vidya |url=https://www.hoopladigital.com/title/16739974 |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=hoopla digital}}</ref>

===Different interpretations===
The ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' has attracted secondary literature and commentaries (''[[bhasya]]'') from many scholars. In these secondary texts, the same passages have been interpreted in differently by various sub-schools of [[Vedanta]], including [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]] (monism), [[Dvaita]], and [[Vishistadvaita]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6hwNAQAAIAAJ |year=1988| publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-1866-4|pages=39–44}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Madhva|title=The Principal Upaniṣads: Chandogya-Brihadaranyaka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVUpAAAAYAAJ|year =1999|publisher= Dvaita Vedanta Studies and Research Foundation|pages=i–iv}}</ref>

The phrase "neti, neti" (not this, not this) is a profound concept found in the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'', and it has been interpreted differently by [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]] and [[Ramanuja]]. Shankara interprets it as a negation of all empirical attributes and forms. According to Shankara, Brahman (ultimate reality) is beyond all distinctions and is the only true reality, and everything else is an illusion (''[[Maya (religion)|maya]]''). Ramanuja interprets "neti, neti" not as a complete negation but as an acknowledgment of limitations of human language and conceptualization when describing Brahman. This perspective emphasizes the infinite and glorious nature of the Divine, suggesting that the negation is more about the limitation of our understanding than about Brahman itself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raghavachar S S |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.170086 |title=Ramanuja On The Upanishads |date=1972 |pages=71–73}}</ref>

==Popular mantras==

===Pavamāna Mantra===
{{Main|Pavamana Mantra}}

This is from the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (1.3.28)

{{quote|<poem>असतो मा सद्गमय । Asatō mā sadgamaya
तमसो मा ज्योतिर्गमय । tamasō mā jyōtirgamaya
मृत्योर्मा अमृतं गमय । mr̥tyōrmā amr̥taṁ gamaya
ॐ शान्तिः शान्तिः शान्तिः ॥ [[Om]] śāntiḥ śāntiḥ śāntiḥ
– ''Br̥hadāraṇyakopaniṣat'' 1.3.28</poem>
}}

Translation:
{{quote|<poem>From untruth lead me to Truth.
From darkness lead me to Light.
From death lead me to Immortality.
Om Peace, Peace, Peace.<ref>[http://www.worldprayers.org/archive/prayers/invocations/from_untruth_lead_us_to.html Ancient vedic prayer] World Prayers Society (2012)</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derrett |first1=J. Duncan M. |year=2009 |title=An Indian metaphor in St John's Gospel |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=271–86 |jstor=25183679 |doi=10.1017/S1356186300011056|s2cid=163900856 }}</ref></poem>
}}

==Editions==
*Albrecht Weber, ''The {{IAST|Çatapatha-Brāhmaṇa}} in the Mādhyandina-Çākhā, with extracts from the commentaries of {{IAST|Sāyaṇa}}, Harisvāmin and Dvivedānga'', Berlin 1849, reprint Chowkhamba Sanskrit Ser., 96, Varanasi 1964.
*Willem Caland, ''The {{IAST|Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa}} in the {{IAST|Kāṇvīya}} Recension'', rev. ed. by Raghu Vira, Lahore 1926, repr. Delhi (1983)
* [[Émile Senart]], ''Brihad-Aranyaka Upanishad'', Belles Lettres (1967) {{ISBN|2-251-35301-1}}
*[http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/ved/yvw/upanisad/bau/bau.htm TITUS online edition] (based on both Weber and Caland)
* [[Sivananda Saraswati]], ''[http://www.dlshq.org/books/es25.htm The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad: Sanskrit text, English translation, and commentary]''. Published by [[Divine Life Society]], 1985.

==Translations==
*Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n93/mode/2up Brihadaranyaka Upanishad], Oxford University Press
*Max Müller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/72/mode/2up The Upanishads – includes Brihadaranyaka], The Sacred Books of the East – Volume 15, Oxford University Press
* {{cite book|first=Sarvepalli|last=Radhakrishnan |author-link = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|year=1994|title=[[The Principal Upanishads]]|location=New Delhi|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=81-7223-124-5|orig-year= 1953}}
* [[Swami Madhavananda]], [https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda#page/n0/mode/2up Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]
*[http://www.universaltheosophy.com/legacy/movements/ancient-east/vedic-india/brihadaranyaka-upanishad/ Brihadaranyaka Upanishad], Translations by Johnston, Nikhilānanda, Madhavananda
*[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-brihadaranyaka-upanishad/index.html The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (with the Commentary of Śaṅkarācārya)] original Sanskrit and English translation

==In literature==
Poet [[T. S. Eliot]] makes use of the story "The Voice of the Thunder" and for the source of "''datta'', ''dayadhvam'', and ''damyata''{{-"}} found in the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad''. Sections of the story appear in his poem ''[[The Waste Land]]'' under [[s:The Waste Land#What the Thunder Said.5B40.5D|part V "What the Thunder Said"]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bloom|first1=Harold|title=T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|page=58}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
*{{Cite book |last=Deussen |first=Paul |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.191073 |title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda |date=1980a |volume=1|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |isbn=978-81-208-1468-4 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Deussen |first=Paul |url=https://archive.org/details/sixty-upanishads-of-the-veda-vol-2-paul-deussen |title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda |date=1980b |volume=2|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |isbn=978-81-208-1469-1 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Muller |first=F. Max |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22552/page/n3/mode/1up|title=The Sacred Books of the East: The Upanishads Part. 2 |date=1884|volume=XV|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
*{{Cite book |last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEarlyUpanisads|title=The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-512435-4 |language=en}}
== Further reading ==
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GL0M7vT7SkC&source=gbs_book_other_versions |title=Upanisads |date=2008 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-954025-9 |language=en}}

==External links==
{{wikisourcelang|sa|बृहदारण्यकोपनिषद्|Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (Sanskrit)}}
{{wikiquote}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150511165242/http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gret_utf.htm#BrhUp GRETIL etext]
*[http://www.arshabodha.org/BrihadaranyakaUpanishad.html Brihadaranyaka Upanishad] mp3 recordings of classes by Swami Tadatmananda, Arsha Bodha Center
*[http://vedantahub.org/brihadaranyaka-upanishad/ Video/Audio classes, Reference texts, Discussions and other Study material on Brihadaranyaka Upanishad at Vedanta Hub]
*{{Librivox book |title=Brihadaranyaka Upanishad |author=Unknown}}

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Indian Philosophy|state=collapsed}}

{{Mukhya Upanishads}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Upanishads]]

Kaaka Muttai

2026-03-20T20:37:20Z

VaughnBrooks3: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by M. Manikandan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaaka Muttai
| image = Kaaka Muttai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. Manikandan]]
| producer = [[Dhanush]] [[Vetrimaaran]]
| writer = M. Manikandan
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = {{ubl|Anand Annamalai|Anand Kumaresan}}
}}
| starring = [[J. Vignesh]] [[Kaakkaa Muttai Ramesh|V. Ramesh]] [[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
| music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| cinematography = M. Manikandan
| editing = [[Kishore Te]]
| studio = [[Wunderbar Films]] [[Grass Root Film Company]]
| distributor = [[Fox Star Studios]]
| runtime = 109 minutes
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|09|05|Toronto International Film Festival|ref1=<ref name="tiff">{{Cite web |last=Bailey |first=Cameron |title=The Crow's Egg |url=http://www.tiff.net/festivals/thefestival/programmes/discovery/the-crows-egg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822015848/http://www.tiff.net/festivals/thefestival/programmes/discovery/the-crows-egg |archive-date=22 August 2014 |access-date=4 September 2014 |website=TIFF}}</ref>|2015|06|05|Worldwide}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}12 [[crore]]<ref name="Gross">{{Cite web |last=V.P |first=Nicy |date=23 June 2015 |title='Kaaka Muttai' Third Weekend Box Office Collection: M Manikandan Directorial Continues Impressive Run |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kaaka-muttai-third-weekend-box-office-collection-m-manikandan-directorial-continues-impressive-636811 |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=ibtimes.co.in}}</ref>
}}
'''''Kaaka Muttai''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written, directed and filmed by [[M. Manikandan]], in his directorial debut. Jointly produced by [[Dhanush]]'s Wunderbar Films, [[Vetrimaaran]]'s [[Grass Root Film Company]] and distributed by [[Fox Star Studios]], it stars newcomers [[J. Vignesh]] and [[Kaakkaa Muttai Ramesh|V. Ramesh]] in the title roles, alongside [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[Ramesh Thilak]], [[Yogi Babu]] in supporting roles and [[Silambarasan]] in a cameo appearance. The film's storyline revolves around two slum children in [[Chennai]], whose desire is to taste a pizza at local restaurant, Pizza Spot.

Vetrimaaran approached Manikandan in a film festival, after he saw one of his short films being screened. When asked by Vetrimaaran to develop a script, Manikandan wrote a storyline based on slum children and also inspired incidents from his life. Then the team cast real children living in the slum, in order to have a realistic approach. Following an official announcement in mid-January 2013, the film began production in that May 2013. It was shot in real slums and streets across [[Chennai]] within 61 working days. The film explores the themes of class-based discrimination, consumerism and media sensationalism. The film's [[soundtrack]] and [[Film score|score]] is composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] and editing was done by [[Kishore Te]].

The film had its world premiere on 5 September 2014 as '''''The Crow's Egg''''' at the [[39th Toronto International Film Festival]], and was further screened at many other film festival circuits before its worldwide theatrical release on 5 June 2015 as ''Kaaka Muttai''. It opened to widespread critical acclaim praising the performances of the cast members, storyline, screenplay, direction and other major technical aspects. In addition to the critical and audience response, the film further achieved commercial success at the box-office.<ref name=":9" /> ''Kaaka Muttai'' was occasionally listed at the "Best Tamil Films of 2015". It was further considered one of the "25 Greatest Tamil Films of the Decade" by ''[[Film Companion]]'';<ref name=":10" /> the same website ranked the actors Vignesh and Ramesh's and Aishwarya Rajesh's performance as two of the "100 Greatest Performances of the Decade".<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Greatest Performances of the Decade |url=https://filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html#section1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219043509/https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html#section1 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Film Companion}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] as ''[[Half Ticket (2016 film)|Half Ticket]]'' (2016).

''Kaaka Muttai'' won the [[National Film Awards|National Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]] and [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]], for the actors Ramesh and Vignesh, at the [[62nd National Film Awards]].{{Efn|Despite the film's release in June 2015, the film was nominated and won two awards at the [[62nd National Film Awards]], as the film was shot during the 2013–14 eligibility period and was sent to film festival circuits, before the planned theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2015 |title=62nd National Film Awards: Dhanush's Kakka Muttai wins the Best Children's film and Best Child Actors award! |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/62nd-national-film-awards-dhanushs-kakka-muttai-wins-the-best-childrens-film-and-best-child-actors-award-487593/ |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Bollywood Life}}</ref>|name="NationalAward"}} It was the strong contender to be shortlisted for the [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] but lost to the [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language film ''[[Court (2014 film)|Court]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2015 |title=Why 'Kaaka Muttai' deserved a chance at the Oscars this year |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/why-kaaka-muttai-deserved-a-chance-at-the-oscars-this-year-1110839.html |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Uday |date=23 September 2015 |title=India picks Chaitanya Tamhane's Court as Oscar entry |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/biLgNeofqUcKxWKHttKA0O/The-jury-is-out.html |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=mint}}</ref> At the [[63rd Filmfare Awards South]], the film won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Film]], out of its four nominations in the Tamil branch. M. Manikandan received an award for Best Debut Director at the [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards]], where it was nominated in other four categories. The film also won six [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]], six [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]], two [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]] and an [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]. In July 2017, the [[Tamil Nadu government]] announced [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|State Film Awards]] for films released during the 2009–2014 period in which ''Kaaka Muttai'' won three awards: [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Aishwarya Rajesh), [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]] (Vignesh and Ramesh) and a [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Prize for Best Film]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2017 |title=Tamil Nadu announces state film awards for six years all at once |url=https://scroll.in/reel/843764/tamil-nadu-announces-state-film-awards-for-six-years-all-at-once |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tamil Nadu government announces state film awards for 2009–2014 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jul/14/tamil-nadu-government-announces-state-film-awards-for-2009-2014-1628446.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=14 July 2017 |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In a tiny concrete-and-tin [[Chennai]] home in the slums live two young brothers with their mother and their grandmother. Their father is in the prison for unknown reasons and with an ageing mother-in-law, the mother does her best to keep the kitchen fires burning. The brothers spend their time playing games and stealing and devouring eggs from the crows' nests. Their love for these eggs leads them to start calling themselves Periya Kaaka Muttai and Chinna Kaaka Muttai.

Periya Kaaka Muttai and Chinna Kaaka Muttai constantly beg their mother and their grandmother for toys they cannot afford and later, for a television. The two women finally bring a television to their home, a gift from [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] to Ration Card Holders who live below Poverty Line. Periya Kaaka Muttai and Chinna Kaaka Muttai see a [[pizza]] commercial that strikes them. Meanwhile, a brand new pizza shop named Pizza Spot comes up in the neighbourhood, Actor [[Silambarasan]] inaugurates the place. Remembering the looks of enjoyment on [[Silambarasan]]'s face when he tasted pizza there, Periya Kaaka Muttai and Chinna Kaaka Muttai thereafter think of nothing else but getting their first taste of those pizzas.

Periya Kaaka Muttai and Chinna Kaaka Muttai go to the railway tracks each morning to collect the charcoal that falls from goods trains. They sell the charcoal at a scrap metal shop. They usually hand the money over to their mother, who is saving up to pay their lawyer to get her husband out of prison. But once Periya Kaaka Muttai and Chinna Kaaka Muttai become aware of the cost of a pizza, they begin saving the money for themselves instead, lying to their mother that they have not collected any charcoal since they were out playing. Periya Kaaka Muttai and Chinna Kaaka Muttai succeed in saving ₹ 300 required to buy a pizza but they are sent away by the Pizza Spot's watchman since they are badly dressed their clothes, which reflects the fact that they are local slum-dwellers. The boys narrate this story to their friend Pazharasam, who works as a lineman with the railways. Pazharasam tells them that people place a lot of importance on clothes and he advises them to save up and purchase new clothes before approaching Pizza Spot again.

Periya Kaaka Muttai and Chinna Kaaka Muttai go to the work again to save money for buying new clothes at the [[Chennai Citi Centre]]. In the meantime, Periya Kaaka Muttai and Chinna Kaaka Muttai show their grandmother the pamphlet from Pizza Spot. Their grandmother tries to make them a home-cooked pizza using [[Dosa (food)|Dosa]] batter, but they fail her attempts and they insult her. After finally saving up enough money for new clothes, when Periya Kaaka Muttai and Chinna Kaaka Muttai see [[Chennai Citi Centre]], they realise that it is another big mall which would definitely not allow them inside. But they somehow manage to acquire a newly bought pair of clothes from a couple of rich children by buying them [[Panipuri]] from a street vendor, much against the wishes of the rich boys father, who had denied them the treat as he considered it unhygienic.

Periya Kaaka Muttai and Chinna Kaaka Muttai felt happy and they return to Pizza Spot in their new clothes. Another group of slum boys who are envious and sceptical about the Periya Kaaka Muttai's and Chinna Kaaka Muttai's story about going to eat pizza them to take a video of what transpires with Periya Kaaka Muttai and Chinna Kaaka Muttai at Pizza Spot. Periya Kaaka Muttai and Chinna Kaaka Muttai are once again confronted by the pizza spot's watchman and he now forces them to go home right away, but they protest by saying that they have money and they are wearing new clothes. This argument attracts the attention of the pizza spot's Supervisor, who comes out and slaps Periya Kaaka Muttai. This is caught on video by the other slum boys, who laugh at their humiliation. Periya Kaaka Muttai and Chinna Kaaka Muttai felt sad and disappointed and they return to their slum, only to be further overwhelmed by the miserable sight of their dead grandmother. Periya Kaaka Muttai and Chinna Kaaka Muttai feel guilty and responsible when they remember that they were insulting their grandmother some time ago.

In the slum, Naina and his friend were watching the video of Periya Kaaka Muttai being slapped by the Pizza Spot's supervisor, they try to make money by threatening the Pizza Spot's owner to release the video to the media. The Pizza Spot's owner realises he could be imprisoned and Pizza Spot sealed by the Government due to the filmed act of discrimination and violence against the children. He offers Naina one hundred thousand rupees for not making the video public. He agrees, but his friend releases it to the media hoping to make some money, unaware of the huge sum being offered. This stirs up tension among the Pizza Spot's owner, who finally decide to publicly apologise Periya Kaaka Muttai and Chinna Kaaka Muttai. Periya Kaaka Muttai and Chinna Kaaka Muttai are welcomed to the pizza spot on a red carpet reminiscent of actor [[Silambarasan]] being welcomed in the inauguration ceremony. The Pizza Spot's owner also promises them free pizzas for life. Even as Periya Kaaka Muttai and Chinna Kaaka Muttai begin to finally enjoy their first pizza, they tell each other that the home-cooked Pizza which their grandmother had earlier made for them using [[Dosa (food)|Dosa]] batter had tasted much better.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[J. Vignesh]] as Periya Kaaka Muttai
* [[Kaakkaa Muttai Ramesh|V. Ramesh]] as Chinna Kaaka Muttai
* [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] as Periya Kaaka Muttai's and Chinna Kaaka Muttai's mother
* [[Nivas Adithan]] as Periya Kaaka Muttai's and Chinna Kaaka Muttai's father
* Shanthi Mani as Periya Kaaka Muttai's and Chinna Kaaka Muttai's grandmother<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=24 June 2015 |title=கைதட்டலுக்காக 76 ஆண்டுகள் காத்திருந்தேன்... காக்காமுட்டை பாட்டி! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/48492- |access-date=25 February 2024 |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]]}}</ref>
* [[Babu Antony]] as Shiva Chidambaram
* [[Joe Malloori]] as Pazharasam
* [[Ramesh Thilak]] as Naina
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Naina's friend
* Vazhakku En Muthuraman as Police Officer
* Vettai Muthukumar as Pizza Spot's Supervisor
* R. S. B. Arivalagan as Drunkard
* Rajasekhar
* [[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]] as Shiva Chidambaram's assistant
* Vijay Muthu as Pavadai
* Sumathi G. as Pavadai's wife
* [[Silambarasan]] as himself in a cameo appearance
{{colend}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
{{Quote box
| quote = I thought a children's movie will be a good idea to introduce myself as a director. Children's films generally have a safety net. If you do things correctly and make the kids act well, the film will turn out well. And, screenplays that are based on desires and goals will have a tighter structure because they are plot-driven. With kids the normal motivational factors like money and fame don't work as they do with adults.
| source = — [[M. Manikandan]], about making his debut with a children's film, ''Kaaka Muttai'', in an interview with ''[[India Today]]''.<ref name=":0" />
| align = right
| width = 25%
}}
[[M. Manikandan]], a former wedding photographer, had directed a short film named ''Wind'' in late 2010, primarily for his cinematography in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parthasarathy |first=Anusha |date=2 June 2011 |title=The 'reel' life |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-reel-life/article2071132.ece |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It was critically raved by cinephiles and other celebrities, and also got the attention of director [[Vetrimaaran]], when the film was screened at a film festival, where he was a jury member.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Singh |first=Suhani |date=2 June 2015 |title=M Manikandan talks about his national award winning film Kaakka Muttai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kaakka-muttai-m-manikandan-tamil-film-national-awards-best-childrens-film-best-child-actors-255192-2015-06-02 |access-date=13 August 2021 |magazine=India Today}}</ref> Vetrimaaran personally approached Manikandan, to ask about his other future film projects, where Manikandan narrated a script about slum children and its essence, impressed and decided to produce the film under his [[Grass Root Film Company]] banner.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |title=The reason behind making Kaaka Muttai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-reason-behind-making-kaaka-muttai/articleshow/47799679.cms |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> He later called Manikandan to meet him and [[Dhanush]] in Delhi to progress about the narration of the script and storyline, but Dhanush said that he liked the script and also joined the film as a co-producer under the [[Wunderbar Films]] banner.<ref name=":0" /> Vetrimaaran said that the storyline has an artistic approach and had similarities to ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008).<ref name=":1" />

The script's basic plot line is inspired from his life, where his son often have craved for [[pizza]], but he could have a little money to buy it, one day. Then he inspired that "what if someone who couldn't afford a pizza wished to have one",<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2015 |title=Oh for that pizza! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/oh-for-that-pizza/article7279590.ece |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> which he kept as a basic idea pitching the story line.<ref name=":1" /> To develop the conflict stronger, he characterised the lead artists as slum children and also realised that the kids get attracted to things only because of catchy advertisements.<ref name=":1" /> Initially, he had planned to produce the film on his own, through [[crowdfunding]], where he suggested his friends to send money for the production of the project, before Vetrimaaran agreed to produce the film.<ref name=":1" /> On the occasion of [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] (26 January 2013),<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2013 |title=Dhanush & Vetrimaran launch 'Kaaka Muttai' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Dhanush-Vetrimaran-launch-Kaaka-Muttai/articleshow/18218213.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110214507/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-28/news-interviews/36595223_1_priya-anand-siva-karthikeyan-maiden-production-venture |archive-date=10 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN}}</ref> both Dhanush and Vetrimaaran announced the project officially under the title ''Kaaka Muttai''.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

=== Casting and filming ===
For a children's film, Manikandan eventually planned to cast professional children from the film, but as he was not convinced with their performances, he made a visit to real slums across [[Mylapore]] to pick slum children, who do not have an acting experience. In the process, he picked J. Vignesh and Ramesh, hailing from the fishermen community, both under 15. Manikandan also trained the kids and gave a lot of rehearsals before the shoot. He eventually said that, "During shooting both of them would fight with each other often. But on screen they will look like siblings."<ref name=":0" /> He added that the children will play the lead protagonists and there are no typical male or female leads.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Janani Karthik |date=1 June 2013 |title=Child artists to dominate Kaaka Muttai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Child-artists-to-dominate-Kaaka-Muttai/articleshow/20366817.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113160954/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-01/news-interviews/39674483_1_dhanush-slums-child-artists |archive-date=13 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] was roped to play the mother of the siblings. She was very hesitant at first to play a mother role at such an early stage in her career, but, after seeking advice from her ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'' co-star Vijay Sethupathi, she decided to be part of the film. Producer [[Vetrimaaran]] was initially sceptical to cast [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] and thought it would be more apt to cast an actual mother from the slums.<ref>{{Citation |title=Iyshwarya Rajesh {{!}} Kaaka Muttai {{!}} Star talk |date=13 June 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9lTyag40kw |access-date=29 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> [[Yogi Babu]] and [[Ramesh Thilak]] appear in supporting roles.<ref name="The New Indian Express">{{Cite web |title='Kaaka Muttai' Won't be Cinematically Emotional: Manikandan |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Kaaka-Muttai-Wont-be-Cinematically-Emotional-Manikandan/2014/08/20/article2389274.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823091830/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Kaaka-Muttai-Wont-be-Cinematically-Emotional-Manikandan/2014/08/20/article2389274.ece |archive-date=23 August 2014 |access-date=25 November 2014 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> While Manikandan handled the cinematography, Kishore Te., who was a regular in Vetrimaaran's projects, was assigned as the film editor, which became one of the last works of the editor before his death in March 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 March 2015 |title=Award-winning film editor Kishore Te dies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/awardwinning-film-editor-dies/article6968023.ece |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=6 March 2015 |title=National award winning editor TE Kishore passes away |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/te-kishore-aadukalam-vijaya-hospital-eeram-243209-2015-03-06 |access-date=13 August 2021 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>

The principal photography began during late-May 2013, where the entire film will be completed within a single stretch of 61 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moviebuzz |date=31 May 2013 |title=Dhanush & Vetri's 'Kakka Muttai' starts rolling! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-vetris-kakka-muttai-news-tamil-nf5mFebgdea.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627090235/http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-vetris-kakka-muttai-news-tamil-nf5mFebgdea.html |archive-date=27 June 2013 |access-date=10 November 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In order to have a realistic approach, the makers shot the film entirely in real slums and streets of [[Chennai]].<ref name=":0" /> In August 2013, [[Silambarasan]] accepted to make a [[cameo appearance]] in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Janani Karthik |date=29 August 2013 |title=Simbu does a cameo in Dhanush's film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Simbu-does-a-cameo-in-Dhanushs-film/articleshow/22118517.cms |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gautam Sunder |date=1 September 2013 |title=STR does cameo for 'Kaaka Muttai' |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130901/entertainment-kollywood/article/str-does-cameo-kaaka-muttai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902084213/http://deccanchronicle.com/130901/entertainment-kollywood/article/str-does-cameo-kaaka-muttai |archive-date=2 September 2013 |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> He joined the team in September 2013 to film scenes alongside [[Babu Antony]] who plays a landlord.{{cn|date=March 2026}} Manikandan said that, it was difficult to capture the real attitude of kids and bring it to the screen. Further, he faced challenges such as to get a similar expression in the next shot, and to avoid night shoots with kids. But he was aware of the challenges and worked on the film.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=3 June 2015 |title=Kaaka Muttai opening could not have been more aptly timed |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/kaaka-muttai-opening-could-not-have-been-more-aptly-timed/story-4RSBXAyNYqTigFsE7EQVzO.html |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The entire shooting of the film was wrapped up within March 2014.<ref name=":1" />

== Themes and influences ==
{{Quote box
| quote = ''Kaaka Muttai'' shows the effects of globalization in a metropolitan city. It critiques politics, media and reverses the quest for a pizza into a symbol of consumerism which is shunned at the end. The ending leaves an indelible impact and finds resonance with the middle class movie-going audience irrespective of their cultural background.
| source = — Subagunarajan VMS, editor of the magazine ''Kaatchi Pizhai''.<ref name="TOIB">{{Cite web |date=2015-07-03 |title=Kaaka Muttai: A rare crossover from the region |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/kaaka-muttai-a-rare-crossover-from-the-region/ |access-date=2021-08-13 |website=Times of India Blog}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 25%
}}
Manikandan said that few scenes of the film had inspired from ''[[Not One Less]]'', ''[[City of God (2002 film)|City of God]]'' and ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'', based on the visual themes and setting in slums.<ref name=":1" /> He had pointed out a scene where the boys' mother (Aishwarya Rajesh) gives an interview to a news channel. But as a similar scene was present in ''Not One Less'', he had to delete that scene.<ref name=":1" /> ''[[The Times of India]]''-based critic M. Suganth said that Manikandan's earnestness in the filmmaking invites comparison with Iranian films like ''[[Children of Heaven]]'' (1997).<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=Kaaka Muttai Movie Review {4/5}: Critic Review of Kaaka Muttai by Times of India |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaaka-muttai/movie-review/47550069.cms |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref>

Writing for American magazine ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', Jordan Mintzer called ''Kaaka Muttai'' "an allegory for the vast class differences that persist in India, revealing how people try to profit off a system that leaves little room for advancement."<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Mintzer |first=Jordan |date=4 September 2014 |title='The Crow's Egg' ('Kaakkaa Muttai'): Toronto Review |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/crows-egg-kaakkaa-muttai-toronto-730393 |access-date=8 September 2014 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Another reviewer from the ''[[Indo-Asian News Service]]'' called that "the film is filled with layers aimed at different sections of the audience, one of them being urban poverty, the other being discrimination based on class system", but praised director for using humour as a theme to keep the film mostly light hearted, though it deals with a very serious subject.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2015 |title='Kaaka Muttai' review: A film that will make you crow with joy |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/kaaka-muttai-review-a-film-that-will-make-you-crow-with-joy_1608178.html |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Zee News}}</ref> Arpita Bose, writing an article for ''The Times of India'', said that the "theme is not culture-specific but contemporary and universal. At its core, the film is about the adventures of two slum boys in a world that is taking on a swanky avatar backed by moneyed entrepreneurs, shrewd politicians and loafing opportunists."<ref name="TOIB" /> Writing for the ''[[Film Companion]]'' website, Harsh B. H. Said that the film follows "the themes of class-divide and the perils of consumerism, with just the right amount of irony, without coming off as preachy".<ref>{{Cite web |last=B.H |first=Harsh |date=27 July 2021 |title=Kaaka Muttai Tackles Consumerism And Class Divide With Biting Satire |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/kaaka-muttai-tamil-movie-hotstar-kaaka-muttai-tackles-consumerism-and-class-divide-with-biting-satire-dhanush-aishwarya-rajesh/ |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Film Companion}}</ref> In addition to the themes of class-based discrimination, the film was noted for media sensationalism listed by Surendhar M. K. of ''Firstpost'', in his article about 'How media sensationalism drives diverse narratives in Tamil cinema'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2019 |title=Kaaka Muttai, Aruvi, Kavan, Sarvam Thaala Mayam: How media sensationalism drives diverse narratives in Tamil cinema |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaaka-muttai-aruvi-kavan-sarvam-thaala-mayam-how-media-sensationalism-drives-diverse-narratives-in-tamil-cinema-6230191.html |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kaaka Muttai
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 4 May 2015
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:04
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| prev_title = [[Kaaval (2015 film)|Kaaval]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Trisha Illana Nayanthara]]
| next_year = 2015
}}

The film's four-song [[soundtrack]] and [[Film score|score]] was composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]. Kumar earlier worked with [[M. Manikandan|Manikandan]] in the short film ''Wind'', and was brought on board for the project, due to his regular collaborations with [[Vetrimaaran]], the film's producer. [[Na. Muthukumar]] penned down the lyrics for the songs in the film. The film's audio was released on 4 May 2015 at [[Suryan FM 93.5|Suryan FM Radio Station]] and [[Prasad Labs]] in [[Chennai]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title='Kakka Muttai' audio launched |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kakka-muttai-audio-launched-imagegallery-kollywood-pfftnqhgijbai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507081014/http://www.sify.com/movies/Kakka-Muttai-audio-launched-imagegallery-Kollywood-pfftnqhgijbai.html |archive-date=7 May 2015 |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Except for the film's composer, the entire cast and crew, including the producers Dhanush and Vetrimaaran attended the launch event and released the songs. [[Think Music]] marketed the soundtrack album.<ref name=":5" />

[[Karthik Srinivasan|Karthik]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' called the album as "GVP's best in a long time!"<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2015 |title=Kaakka Muttai (Music review), Tamil – G V Prakash Kumar by Milliblog! |url=https://milliblog.com/2015/05/05/kakka-muttai-music-review-tamil-g-v-prakash-kumar/ |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> while Vipin Nair of Music Aloud rated the album 8 stars (out of 10), saying that the tracks are "light and likeable".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2015 |title=Kaakka Muttai – Music Review (Tamil Soundtrack) |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2015/05/07/kaakka-muttai-music-review-tamil-soundtrack/ |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Music Aloud}}</ref>{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:04

| title1 = Sel Sel
| extra1 = Sathya Prakash
| length1 = 4:58
| title2 = Maanjaave Kaanjaachu
| extra2 = [[Gaana Bala]], Srihari
| length2 = 4:53
| title3 = Karuppu Karuppu
| extra3 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| length3 = 3:32
| title4 = Edhai Ninaithom
| extra4 = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| length4 = 4:41
}}

== Release ==
The film was selected to be screened at the [[39th Toronto International Film Festival]] (TIFF),<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2014 |title=Dhanush's 'Kaaka Muttai' to have world premiere at Toronto International Film Festival |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/dhanushs-kaaka-muttai-to-have-world-premiere-at-toronto-international-film-festival/ |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2014 |title=Dhanush's 'Kaaka Muttai' selected for Toronto Film Festival |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140821/entertainment-kollywood/article/dhanushs-%E2%80%98kaaka-muttai%E2%80%99-selected-toronto-film-festival |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> which was the first film by a debut Tamil director to have its world premiere at Toronto since the festival's inception in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Boski |date=20 August 2014 |title=Dhanush's 'Kaaka Muttai' to premiere at Toronto International Film Festival |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dhanush-s-kaaka-muttai-to-premiere-at-toronto-international-film-festival-2012282 |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=DNA India}}</ref> It had its world premiere under the international title ''The Crows Egg'' on 5 September 2014,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhanush's Tamil drama 'Kaaka Muttai' to have its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dhanushs-tamil-drama-kaaka-muttai-to-have-its-world-premiere-at-the-toronto-international-film-festival/493120-71.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823051457/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dhanushs-tamil-drama-kaaka-muttai-to-have-its-world-premiere-at-the-toronto-international-film-festival/493120-71.html |archive-date=23 August 2014 |access-date=25 November 2014 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref> and received standing ovation from the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rukmini Chopra |date=6 September 2014 |title=Dhanush's film Kaaka Muttai receives a standing ovation at Toronto International Film Festival! |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/dhanushs-film-kaaka-muttai-receives-a-standing-ovation-at-toronto-international-film-festival/ |access-date=8 September 2014 |website=Bollywoodlife.com}}</ref> In addition, the film was furthermore screened at the [[Rome Film Festival]] held during October 2014,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhanush's Kaaka Muttai to be Screened at Rome Film Festival |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dhanushs-kaaka-muttai-to-be-screened-at-rome-film-festival-673773 |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2014 |title=Dhanush's Kaaka Muttai goes to Rome film fest |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-10-03/Dhanushs-Kaaka-Muttai-goes-to-Rome-film-fest/110020 |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=The Hans India}}</ref> and at the [[Dubai International Film Festival]] during late-December 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kakka Muttai-Off to Dubai International Film Festival |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kakka-muttai-off-to-dubai-international-film-festival-news-tamil-olukjvjcdjccd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121084708/http://www.sify.com/movies/kakka-muttai-off-to-dubai-international-film-festival-news-tamil-olukjvjcdjccd.html |archive-date=21 November 2014 |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was further screened at the Brisbane Asia Pacific Film Festival,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2021 |title=Tamil films that have won awards at international film festivals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-films-that-have-won-awards-at-international-film-festivals/photostory/81068304.cms |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> the [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]] on 8 April 2015 (during the inaugural day of the ceremony),<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=4 April 2015 |title='Kaaka Muttai' goes to Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kaaka-muttai-goes-to-indian-film-festival-of-los-angeles-115040400139_1.html |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=6 April 2015 |title=National Award-winning Tamil movie Kaakkaa Muttai delivers a slice of Chennai slum life |url=http://scroll.in/article/718380/national-award-winning-tamil-movie-kaakkaa-muttai-delivers-a-slice-of-chennai-slum-life |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> and also at the [[Gold Coast Film Festival]].<ref>[http://www.gcfilmfestival.com/event/140/The%20Crow%E2%80%99s%20Egg%20(Kaaka%20Muttai) Gold Coast Film Festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416134144/http://www.gcfilmfestival.com/event/140/The%20Crow%E2%80%99s%20Egg%20(Kaaka%20Muttai) |date=16 April 2015 }}. Gcfilmfestival.com (18 April 2015). Retrieved 16 June 2015.</ref>

The film's worldwide theatrical rights acquisition was brought by the corporate multi-media production house, [[Fox Star Studios]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=13 September 2014 |title=One flew over the kaaka's nest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/with-rave-reviews-at-the-toronto-film-festival-last-week-kaaka-muttai-director-m-manikandan-talks-about-his-film/article6407984.ece |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> in order to ensure a wide reach towards the audience.<ref name=":6" /> ''Kaaka Muttai''{{'}}s theatrical trailer was screened during the inaugural day premiere at IFFLA in Los Angeles, during April 2015, and was positively received by audience.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kaakka Muttai official trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaakka-muttai-official-trailer/articleshow/46943365.cms |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Since it is a children's film, the producers planned to release on the occasion of [[Summer vacation|summer holidays]], to attract more family audience.<ref name=":0" /> In mid-May 2015, the makers announced that the film will be released on 5 June 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2015 |title=Dhanush's production Kaakkaa Muttai to release in June |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhanush-s-production-kaakkaa-muttai-to-release-in-june/story-gnhsxWkiDnPQy9tyo8ZNmM.html |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In addition to the theatrical release in India, the film was also screened at overseas countries,<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 2015 |title=Kaakka Muttai set for overseas release |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/kaakka-muttai-set-for-overseas-release/article7258060.ece |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> including [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=":3" /> The film was theatrically released in [[Karnataka]] on 19 June 2015,<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |title=Kaakka Muttai becomes tax-free in Karnataka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaakka-muttai-becomes-tax-free-in-karnataka/articleshow/47755331.cms |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> where the [[Karnataka Government]] granted tax-free in the state,<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" /> becoming the first non-[[Kannada film]] to receive tax-exemption in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=19 June 2015 |title=Tax exemption for 'Kaaka Muttai' in Karnataka |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/tax-exemption-for-kaaka-muttai-in-karnataka-115061900221_1.html |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhanush's Kaakka Muttai First Non-Kannada Film to go Tax Free in Karnataka |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dhanushs-kaakka-muttai-first-non-kannada-film-to-go-tax-free-in-karnataka-773540 |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> It was theatrically released on Kerala on 26 June 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kaakka Muttai in Kerala from June 26 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaakka-muttai-in-kerala-from-june-26/articleshow/47810689.cms |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

The presenters of the film, Dhanush and Vetrimaaran, along with the distributor Fox Star Studios, associated with charitable [[Non-governmental organization|non-government organisation]] called Bhumi for the well-being of the actors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=20 June 2015 |title='Kaaka Muttai' makers to provide financial aid for film's kids |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kaaka-muttai-makers-to-provide-financial-aid-for-film-s-kids-115062000190_1.html |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref> The company CEO, Vijay Singh, released a statement saying "The Chennai-based NGO will be entrusted with a substantial sum of money towards the food, education and additional needs of the two child actors. Bhumi will be entrusted with the responsibility of handling the money for the monthly expenses as well as monitoring the progress of the kids till they turn 21. At 21, the entire sum of money will be handed over to the kids for their future needs".<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2015 |title=Dhanush and Fox Star Studios provide financial aid to Kaaka Muttai child artists Vignesh and Ramesh! |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/dhanush-and-fox-star-studios-provide-financial-aid-to-kaaka-muttai-cild-artists-vignesh-and-ramesh-524458/ |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Bollywood Life}}</ref> The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Star Vijay]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2015 |title=Kaaka Muttai Trailer – Dhanush, Vetri Maaran – Tamil Cinema 360 |url=http://tamilcinema360.com/kaaka-muttai-trailer-dhanush-vetri-maaran/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150419130622/http://tamilcinema360.com/kaaka-muttai-trailer-dhanush-vetri-maaran/ |archive-date=19 April 2015 |access-date=2 July 2015 |publisher=Tamil Cinema 360}}</ref> and was premiered during the occasion of [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] (15 August 2015).<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2015 |title=Kaaka Muttai to be aired on Independence Day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kaaka-muttai-to-be-aired-on-independence-day/articleshow/48355432.cms |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was also released through the [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]]-service [[Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaaka Muttai |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/kaaka-muttai/1000070415 |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Disney+ Hotstar}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
In the first day of its release, ''Kaaka Muttai'' collected {{INR}}90 lakh worldwide, with {{INR}}40 lakh accounting from the [[Chennai]] city box-office collection from 144 shows.{{cn|date=March 2026}} The film's collection steadily increased to {{INR}}1.10 crore upon the second day and {{INR}}1.35 crore on the third day,{{cn|date=March 2026}} totalling up to ₹3.35 crore, as the three-day collection.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Ians |date=7 June 2015 |title='Kaaka Muttai' takes box office by storm |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/kaaka-muttai-box-office-by-storm/article7291593.ece |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> According to trade analyst Trinath, the number was considered as a "phenomenal" figure, as the film had no star cast.<ref name=":8" /> The number of shows steadily increased from 192 screens,<ref name=":8" /> owing to the positive response from the audience, which boosted the weekday collections as the film had collected ₹85 lakh (on 8 June) and ₹92 lakh (on 9 June), respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Kaaka Muttai' is making merry at the box office |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kaaka-muttai-is-making-merry-at-the-box-office-news-tamil-pgikU0eeddgbb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180416/http://www.sify.com/movies/kaaka-muttai-is-making-merry-at-the-box-office-news-tamil-pgikU0eeddgbb.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film had collected {{INR}}7.1 crore, domestically at the first week of its release.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2015 |title=Kaaka Muttai a sleeper hit, picks up Rs 7.1 cr in domestic market |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/kaaka-muttai-a-sleeper-hit-picks-up-rs-7-1-cr-in-domestic-market/article1-1358813.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615093243/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/kaaka-muttai-a-sleeper-hit-picks-up-rs-7-1-cr-in-domestic-market/article1-1358813.aspx |archive-date=15 June 2015 |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Within ten days, the film had earned {{INR}}8.6 crore, according to [[Taran Adarsh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=V.P |first=Nicy |date=15 June 2015 |title='Kaaka Muttai' Second Weekend Box Office Collection: Winning Streak of Dhanush Production Continues in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kaaka-muttai-second-weekend-box-office-collection-winning-streak-dhanush-production-continues-635881 |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=ibtimes.co.in}}</ref> The film's overall collection stands at ₹12 crore from three weeks.<ref name="Gross" /> Its success at the box-office, was noted by trade analysts and film critics, that how content-oriented films triumph over commercial South Indian films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2015 |title=2015: When content triumphed over star-power in South Cinema |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/2015-when-content-triumphed-over-star-power-in-south-cinema/story-QaIOcOt7KGfNZKzEdk4lhP.html |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[G. Dhananjayan]] also noted ''Kaaka Muttai''{{'}}s success as an example, that how content-oriented films fare well, as few anticipated big-budget films in Tamil fared badly at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2015 |title=2015: Stars, big budget, formula for success |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/2015-stars-big-budget-formula-for-success/ |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Times of India Blog}}</ref> Many news articles, listed the film as one of the "most profitable films of 2015".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2015 |title=Dhanush's 'Kaaka Muttai' finds success at the box office |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dhanushs-kaaka-muttai-finds-success-at-the-box-office-1006040.html |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=News18}}</ref> ''Kaaka Muttai'' was listed second at [[Kollywood]]'s hit-films produced in a limited budget in 2015 according to ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kollywood's hit films with a tight budget in 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/kollywoods-hit-films-with-a-tight-budget-in-2015/photostory/48214533.cms |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film ran for 50 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Kaaka Muttai' hits half century |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kaaka-muttai-hits-half-century-news-tamil-phyjI0eehjggh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813161141/https://www.sify.com/movies/kaaka-muttai-hits-half-century-news-tamil-phyjI0eehjggh.html |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title=Kaaka Muttai completed 50 days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaaka-muttai-completed-50-days/articleshow/48198804.cms |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''Kaaka Muttai'' received universal critical acclaim, praising the direction, script, screenplay, performances and other technical aspects of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=5 June 2015 |title='Kaaka Muttai' Movie Review: Live Audience Response |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kaaka-muttai-movie-review-live-audience-response-634801 |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=ibtimes.co.in}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=100|count=12|average=7.10|ref=yes|access-date=7 October 2023}}

==== India ====
In his review for ''[[The Hindu]]'', film critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]] called the film as an "outstanding debut" by Manikandan, going on to add, "This is one of the most assured debuts I've seen — one deserving of more than just that consolation-prize-of-a-National-Award [...] ''Kaaka Muttai'' is so entertaining that it's easy to forget how sad the undercurrents are".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=5 June 2015 |title=Kaaka Muttai: An outstanding debut |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/kakka-muttai-an-outstanding-debut/article7286460.ece |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Writing for the same publication, Udhav Naig wrote, "Award-winning films have a troubled reputation amongst the general film audience. These films are brushed aside as ‘high-brow’ and ‘slow’. Debutant filmmaker M Manikandan's ''Kaaka Muttai'' [...] breaks from these imagined prejudices: ''Kaaka Muttai'' is a highly entertaining film, with a spotlight on poverty".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=5 June 2015 |title=Kaaka Muttai: Of silly desires and urban poverty |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/kaaka-muttai-of-silly-desires-and-urban-poverty/article7286575.ece |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Deepanjana Pal of ''Firstpost'' wrote, "''Kaakka Muttai'' (is) one of the most charming films you'll see this year. It's beautifully shot, without making either slums or poverty look photogenic and exotic".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2015 |title=Kaakka Muttai: This National Award-winning, charming film about 2 slum kids is a must-watch |url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/kaaka-muttai-this-national-award-winning-charming-film-about-2-slum-kids-is-a-must-watch-2280938.html |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>

M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 4 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Manikandan's ''Kaaka Muttai'' is multi-layered; on the surface, it is all warm and inviting — a feel-good film about two kids and their simple desire and the earnestness in the filmmaking invites comparison with Iranian films like ''[[Children of Heaven]]''...there is a hard base to it as well and from time to time, the film turns into a commentary on the class divide in our society and how it is exploited by wily politicians, an allegory of the effects of globalisation, and even a satire on media's obsession with sensationalism".<ref name=":2" /> S. Saraswathi of ''[[Rediff]]'' gave it 4 out of 5, too, calling it "a delightful entertainer with a subtle message".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |title=Review: Kaaka Muttai is brilliant |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-kaaka-muttai-is-brilliant/20150605.htm |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Rediff}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "(It's) A charming little treat of a film [...] Held together by a sharp screenplay that throws up some pleasant surprises, this film is light, easy and enjoyable. The film works because it is intelligent and uncompromising. ''Kaaka Muttai'' is a slice of life vibrant film which is sure to put a big smile on your face as you are stepping out of the movie hall."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Kaaka Muttai' Review: A vibrant slice of life film! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kaaka-muttai-review-a-vibrant-slice-of-life-film-review-tamil-pgeqAhbeibfef.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203001517/http://www.sify.com/movies/kaaka-muttai-review-a-vibrant-slice-of-life-film-review-Tamil-pgeqAhbeibfef.html |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave it 3.5 stars and wrote, "with unenhanced visuals that gives a sense of verisimilitude, acting that isn't staged and dramatised in any obvious sense, and more importantly, characters that bring alive a subsection of the populace, ''Kaakka Muttai'' is sure to make you at least a slightly better person than you were before, owing to the reflective power of the film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=subramanian |first=anupama |date=6 June 2015 |title=Movie review 'Kaaka Muttai': It will leave an ineradicable scratch in your mind |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150605/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-kaakka-muttai-it-will-leave-ineradicable |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Gauthaman Bhaskaran gave 3.5 out of 5 stars wrote "A neatly packaged, well structured narrative with three dimensional characters, Kaaka Muttai (Crow's Egg) is a delight to behold".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=Kaaka Muttai review: A small film with a big heart |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/kaaka-muttai-review-a-small-film-with-a-big-heart/story-sncLXTxAHMyK0eoULhczxO.html |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Uday Bhatia of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' wrote, "the film invites us to admire the resourcefulness of the two siblings without turning them into objects of pity or sentiment. It's the strangest feel-good film you'll see this year: two kids in rags, happily walking past piles of garbage, their heads full of pizza".<ref>[http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/jaHdrukBDQKO0K88ANef0H/Film-Review-Kaaka-Muttai.html Film Review: Kaaka Muttai]. Livemint. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 saying "Like all good films that children can watch, 'Kaakkaa Muttai' has many terrific take-aways, but they are delivered minus hammering."<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2020 |title=Kaakkaa Muttai (Tamil) movie review |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kaakkaa-muttai-tamil-movie-review/ |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Suhani Singh of India Today wrote "''Kaakka Muttai'' celebrates the joys of childhood and the vivid imagination of kids, who find a way to reach their goal even if it is the most arduous one."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Singh |first=Suhani |date=12 June 2015 |title=Kaakka Muttai review: The child actors steal the show |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kaakka-muttai-review-m-manikandanj-vignesh-ramesh-and-aishwarya-ramesh-255802-2015-06-05 |access-date=13 August 2021 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>

==== Overseas ====
Reviewing for the British news portal, ''[[The Guardian]]'', Mike McCahill stated "M Manikandan's latter-day parable mines both laughter and tears from the struggles of two young brothers to put food on the table".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2015 |title=The Crow's Egg review – fraternal adventure in dog-eat-slumdog Chennai |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/nov/23/the-crows-egg-review-bollywood |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Paul Byrnes, writing for ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', said that "The vast Indian film industry produces many films like this – relatively unsophisticated in technique, but rich in observation and character detail. It's rare to see one with so much satirical edge, or such warm characterisation. The boys were recruited from a slum like the one we see. The style is not quite neo-realism, but that is the main ingredient, with large amounts of Tamil flavour."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Byrnes |first=Paul |date=17 November 2015 |title=The Crow's Egg review: Young stars carry neo-realistic fable full of Tamil flavour |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/the-crows-egg-review-young-stars-carry-neorealistic-fable-full-of-tamil-flavour-20151118-gl1l2e.html |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Jordan Mintzer of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' said "''The Crow's Egg'', is an amusing, energetic, occasionally poignant and somewhat unwieldy, that's part kids movie, part social drama, part Bollywood-style musical montage and part third world farce. And while all the parts do not necessarily form a perfect pie, the film provides some vivid moments and a handful of strong performances, which should help give it a boost".<ref name=":4" /> Mythili Ramachandran of ''[[Gulf News]]'' said "Without a star cast or exotic locations, here is a director who dared to present a simple story, without trapping himself in the regular mould of Tamil cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2015 |title=Review: 'Kaakka Muttai' is a rare gem |url=https://gulfnews.com/going-out/movie-reviews/review-kaakka-muttai-is-a-rare-gem-1.1529199 |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Gulf News}}</ref> Writing for the ''[[South China Morning Post]]'', James Marsh said "The light-hearted and witty script [...] incorporates everything from political corruption to media manipulation, painting a rich and vibrant portrait of the contemporary Indian experience."<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2015 |title=Film review: The Crow's Egg is a light-hearted gem from Tamil cinema |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/film-tv/article/1885193/film-review-crows-egg-light-hearted-gem-tamil-cinema |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=South China Morning Post}}</ref>

=== Film charts ===

{{div col|colwidth=25 em}}
* 1st – [[Baradwaj Rangan]], ''[[The Hindu]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=26 December 2015 |title=2015 Round-up: Top 20 Tamil films |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/roundup-of-top-20-tamil-films-of-2015/article8031697.ece |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
* 1st – Haricharan Pudipeddi, ''[[Sify]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Best Tamil Films of 2015 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/10-best-tamil-films-of-2015-imagegallery-kollywood-pm5m5Nejbcaja.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231182359/http://www.sify.com/movies/10-Best-Tamil-Films-of-2015-imagegallery-Kollywood-pm5m5Nejbcaja.html |archive-date=31 December 2015 |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
* 1st – Siddharth Srinivas, ''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2015 |title=2015 in retrospect: Tamil films with unique storylines, formats |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/2015-in-retrospect-tamil-films-with-unique-storylines-formats/story-TUXR46ciZ9JC4nvZdKsZSL.html |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* 1st – Sreedhar Pillai, ''Firstpost''<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2015 |title='Kaaka Muttai', '36 Vayadhinile' and 'OK Kanmani': Here are the 10 best Tamil films of 2015 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaaka-muttai-36-vayadhinile-and-ok-kanmani-here-are-the-10-best-tamil-films-of-2015-2557026.html |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>
* 3rd – Latha Srinivasan, ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=28 December 2015 |title=Best of 2015: Ten Tamil movies that were a must watch this year! |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-best-of-2015-ten-tamil-movies-you-shouldn-t-miss-2160109 |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=DNA India}}</ref>
* Top 10 (listed alphabetically) – 10 Contemporary Indian Tamil Films by ''[[Vogue India]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title=11 contemporary Tamil films you need to watch if you're exploring South Indian cinema |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/best-new-tamil-films-to-watch-south-indian-cinema-super-deluxe-madras |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Vogue India}}</ref>
* Top 25 (listed alphabetically) – Baradwaj Rangan, ''[[Film Companion South]]'' (25 Greatest Tamil Films of the Decade)<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=25 Greatest Tamil Films Of The Decade {{!}} Film Companion |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/tamil.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029023419/https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/tamil.html |archive-date=29 October 2019 |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Film Companion}}</ref>
* Top 15 (listed alphabetically) ''[[The Hindu]]'' Cinema Team (Favourite Tamil Films of the Decade)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |last2=S |first2=Srivatsan |last3=Kumar |first3=Pradeep |last4=Sunder |first4=Gautam |date=31 December 2019 |title=The Hindu Cinema team's favourite Tamil films of the decade |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-hindu-cinema-teams-favourite-tamil-films-of-the-decade/article30441995.ece |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" |[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| rowspan="6" |7 January 2016
|Best Film
|[[Dhanush]]
[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2016 |title=Vikatan Awards 2015: Baahubali, Ok Kanmani, Kaaka Muttai walk away with top honours [Complete Winners List] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vikatan-awards-2015-here-complete-list-winners-662345 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109185124/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vikatan-awards-2015-here-complete-list-winners-662345 |archive-date=9 January 2016 |access-date=15 May 2017 |work=International Business Times}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|{{sort|Manikandan|[[M. Manikandan]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Dialogue
|{{sort|Annamalai|Anand Annamalai}}, Anand Kumaresan
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Editor
|{{sort|Te|[[Kishore Te]]}} (Posthumously awarded)
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Story
|{{sort|Manikandan|[[M. Manikandan]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Child Artist
|{{sort|Vignesh|[[J. Vignesh]]}} [[V. Ramesh]]
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="9" scope="row" |[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| rowspan="9" |14 February 2016
|Best Producer
|[[Dhanush]]
[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuttha Medai 2015 winners performs at 9th Edison Award 2016 |url=http://www.astroulagam.com.my/KollywoodMasala/articledetails/tabid/4719/articleId/1812/9th-Edison-Award-2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521110636/http://www.astroulagam.com.my/KollywoodMasala/articledetails/tabid/4719/articleId/1812/9th-Edison-Award-2016 |archive-date=21 May 2017 |access-date=21 May 2017 |publisher=[[Astro (television)|Astro Ulagam]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite episode |title=9th Edison Awards 2016 |series=Edison Awards (India) |network=[[Star Vijay]] |date=14 February 2016 |location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress
|{{sort|Rajesh|[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Character Actress
|{{sort|Mani|Shanthi Mani}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Juvenile Artist
|{{sort|Vignesh|J. Vignesh}} V. Ramesh
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|{{sort|Manikandan|[[M. Manikandan]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Screenplay
|{{sort|Manikandan|[[M. Manikandan]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Story
|{{sort|Manikandan|[[M. Manikandan]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Background Score
|{{sort|Kumar|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Debut Director
|{{sort|Manikandan|[[M. Manikandan]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="3" |[[63rd Filmfare Awards South|18 June 2016]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
|[[Dhanush]]
[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2016 |title=Nominations for the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13750-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515110610/http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13750.html |archive-date=15 May 2017 |access-date=15 May 2017 |website=Filmfare}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2016 |title=Vikram, Nayan bags 63rd Filmfare Awards (Tamil) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-nayan-bags-63rd-filmfare-awards-tamil-news-tamil-qgujmDdeahhcd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515110943/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-nayan-bags-63rd-filmfare-awards-tamil-news-tamil-qgujmDdeahhcd.html |archive-date=15 May 2017 |access-date=15 May 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=18 June 2016 |title=63rd Filmfare Awards South 2016 live updates: Winners' list, photos |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/63rd-filmfare-awards-south-2016-live-updates-winners-list-photos-683283 |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=ibtimes.co.in}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |title=Winners: 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south/articleshow/52814105.cms |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
|{{sort|Manikandan|[[M. Manikandan]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
|{{sort|Rajesh|[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[IIFA Utsavam]]
| rowspan="4" |[[1st IIFA Utsavam|24–25 January 2016]]
|Best Performance In A Leading Role — Male
|{{sort|Vignesh|J. Vignesh}}
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Utsavam 2015 Nominees — Tamil |url=http://www.iifautsavam.com/nominees-tam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522080647/http://www.iifautsavam.com/nominees-tam.html |archive-date=22 May 2017 |access-date=22 May 2017 |publisher=[[IIFA Utsavam]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Performance In A Supporting Role — Female
|{{sort|Rajesh|[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Performance In A Comic Role
|{{sort|Thilak|[[Ramesh Thilak]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|{{sort|Kumar|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]]
| rowspan="2" |8 April 2015
|Audience's Choice Award for Best Feature Film
|[[Dhanush]]
[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2015 |title='Kaaka Muttai' wins big at IFFLA |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kaaka-Muttai-wins-big-at-IFFLA/articleshow/46916218.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515111551/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kaaka-Muttai-wins-big-at-IFFLA/articleshow/46916218.cms |archive-date=15 May 2017 |access-date=15 May 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dore |first=Shalini |date=13 April 2015 |title='Chauranga' Wins Top Prize at Indian Film Festival Los Angeles |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/festivals/chauranga-wins-top-prize-at-indian-film-festival-los-angeles-1201471412/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515112029/http://variety.com/2015/film/festivals/chauranga-wins-top-prize-at-indian-film-festival-los-angeles-1201471412/ |archive-date=15 May 2017 |access-date=15 May 2017 |website=Variety}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor Jury Award
|{{sort|Vignesh|J. Vignesh}} V. Ramesh
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[62nd National Film Awards|3 May 2015]]{{efn|name="NationalAward"}}
|[[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]]
|[[Dhanush]]
[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=62nd National Film Awards for 2014 |url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515113139/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2017 |access-date=15 May 2017 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2015 |title=Dhanush 'proud' of winning two National Awards for his production 'Kaaka Muttai' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dhanush-proud-of-winning-two-national-awards-for-his-production-kaaka-muttai-977233.html |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=News18}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2015 |title=Dhanush 'proud' with Kaaka Muttai's two National Awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/dhanush-proud-with-kaaka-muttais-two-national-awards/ |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
|{{sort|Vignesh|J. Vignesh}} V. Ramesh
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |28 April–1 May 2016
|Best Film
|[[Dhanush]]
[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 7th annual NTFF 2016 - Tamilar Awards 2016 winners announced! |url=http://www.ntff.no/node/136 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515115841/http://www.ntff.no/node/136 |archive-date=15 May 2017 |access-date=15 May 2017 |publisher=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress
|{{sort|Rajesh|[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|{{sort|Thilak|[[Ramesh Thilak]]}} (also for ''[[Orange Mittai]]'')
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Editor
|{{sort|Te|[[Kishore Te]]}} (Posthumously awarded)
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|30 June–1 July 2016]]
|Best Film — Tamil
|[[Dhanush]]
[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA Awards: 2015 Winners |url=http://siima.in/2016/winners.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170515120215/http://siima.in/2016/winners.html |archive-date=15 May 2017 |access-date=15 May 2017 |publisher=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8eGGnFwAMhI |title=SIIMA 2016 Main Event Full Episode Tamil Awards |date=22 August 2016 |publisher=[[YouTube]] |place=Singapore |access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref>

<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title=SIIMA Awards 2015 Tamil winners list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siima-awards-2015-tamil-winners-list/articleshow/48399961.cms |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress – Tamil
|{{sort|Rajesh|[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Comedian – Tamil
|{{sort|Babu|[[Yogi Babu]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Debutant Director — Tamil
|{{sort|Manikandan|[[M. Manikandan]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" |[[Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival]]
| rowspan="1" |25 November 2015
|[[NETPAC]] Award
|[[Dhanush]]
[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |{{cn|date=March 2026}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |13 July 2017
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Prize (Best Film)]]
|[[Dhanush]]
[[Vetrimaaran]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2017 |title=Tamil Nadu announces the State Film Awards for six consecutive years in surprise move. Here's the complete list of winners |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721040608/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/ |archive-date=21 July 2017 |access-date=21 July 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2017 |title=TN Govt. announces Tamil Film Awards for six years |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721040708/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |archive-date=21 July 2017 |access-date=21 July 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|{{sort|Rajesh|[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
|{{sort|Vignesh|J. Vignesh}} V. Ramesh
|{{won}}
|}

== Remake ==
Filmmaker [[Samit Kakkad]] watched the film at a festival in [[Mumbai]] and expressed his interest in adapting the film into [[Marathi language]]. Later he worked on that film, which was titled ''[[Half Ticket (2016 film)|Half Ticket]]'' and altered the script in a minor way to include certain nuances of the Marathi language, by changed the setting to Mumbai instead of Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Hari |date=27 June 2016 |title='Kaaka Muttai' gets a makeover in Mumbai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/%E2%80%98Kaaka-Muttai%E2%80%99-gets-a-makeover-in-Mumbai/article14404861.ece |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] retained the tracks of the original counterpart for this film, also making his Marathi debut.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhanage |first=Mihir |title=Dhanush's Kaaka Muttai gets a Marathi remake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/dhanush-kaaka-muttai-oscars-marathi/articleshow/51693811.cms |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film produced by Video Palace, alongside [[Fox Star Studios]], which distributed the original film, released on 22 July 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2016 |title=Manikandan's Kaaka Muttai will have a Marathi remake |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/manikandan-s-kaaka-muttai-will-have-a-marathi-remake/story-APW9nRikM6nRUgaz8WKWzH.html |access-date=13 August 2021 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3973410}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|kaakkaa_muttai_2014}}

{{National Film Award Best Children's Film}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil}}{{Wunderbar Films}}
{{Vetrimaaran}}
{{M. Manikandan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Children's comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Films about discrimination]]
[[Category:Films about consumerism]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Best Children's Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Fox Star Studios films]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. Manikandan]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Child Artist National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films produced by Dhanush]]
[[Category:2014 children's films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]

Azhagaana Ponnuthan

2026-03-16T21:50:48Z

VaughnBrooks3: enhance intro after review and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Azhagaana Ponnuthan.jpg
| director = Thiru
| producer = K. Keshavan
| starring = [[Namitha]] Kartheesh [[R. Parthiban]]
| cinematography = K. V. Suresh
| editing = MP Ravichandran
| music = [[Sundar C. Babu]]
| studio = k Cinema
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|3|12}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Azhagaana Ponnuthan''''' ({{translation|She is a beautiful girl}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] written and directed by Thiru that stars [[Namitha]] and newcomer Kartheesh, with [[R. Parthiban]] playing an older version of Karthick's role. The film is an unofficial remake of the American film ''[[Summer of '42]]'' (1971) directed by [[Robert Mulligan]]. The film's score and soundtrack composed by [[Sundar C. Babu]]. The film was released on 12 March 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2010 |title=Friday Fury- March 12 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-12-news-tamil-kkfqMwbdheb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202043544/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-12-news-tamil-kkfqMwbdheb.html |archive-date=2 February 2013 |access-date=2 October 2025 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
An ageing Karthik recollects his travels with a woman whom he had developed an affinity in his teens. A younger Karthik falls instantly for a woman named Jennifer, who is older than him. She is admired and respected by everyone, especially men. It is all but Karthik's wild imagination is the rest. Karthik sings duets with Jennifer and runs behind her. However, in the latter half, he goes into a shell, brooding over his love and beloved. Twists and turns reveal that Jennifer's husband died in the [[India–Pakistan war of 1971]]. What happens then forms the climax.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Namitha]] as Jennifer
*Kartheesh as Karthik
**[[R. Parthiban]] as older Karthik
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Karthik's father
*[[Abhishek Shankar|Abhishek]]
*[[Mayilswamy]]
*[[Vasu Vikram]]
*Shyam Ganesh
*[[Balu Anand]]
*[[Bava Lakshmanan]]
*[[Nellai Siva]]
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]]
*Victoria
*Nisha
*Lakshya
}}

==Production==
The film was launched in 2006 and was finished in 2009 due to delay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2010 |title=Heights of stardom |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heights-of-stardom/articleshow/5624558.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220140454/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Heights-of-stardom/articleshow/5624558.cms |archive-date=February 20, 2025 |access-date=22 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Namitha refused to star halfway through the film. After Thiru filed a complaint at the Producers' Council, it was decided that Namitha should complete the film.<ref name="H">{{Cite web |last=M |first=Marimuthu |title=14 Years Of Azhagaana Ponnuthan: டீனேஜ் பையனின் காதல்.. பெண்ணை தவறாக சித்தரித்த சமூகத்தின் கதை! |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/a-special-article-on-the-completion-of-14-years-since-the-release-of-azhagaana-ponnuthan-131710210098652.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423083941/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/a-special-article-on-the-completion-of-14-years-since-the-release-of-azhagaana-ponnuthan-131710210098652.html |archive-date=23 April 2025 |access-date=12 March 2026 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Sundar C. Babu]]. Namitha received flak for not participating in the audio release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2009 |title=Glam girls in trouble |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/glam-girls-in-trouble/articleshow/4959406.cms |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/o6e3P |archive-date=March 12, 2026 |access-date=22 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Azhagaana Ponnuthan
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype =
| artist = [[Sundar C. Babu]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption =
| released = 2010
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label =
| producer = Sundar C. Babu
| prev_title = [[Sindhu Samaveli]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = [[Agam Puram]]
| next_year = 2010
}}
*"Vaanathu Nilavu" – [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] – [[Yugabharathi]]
*"Poovin Vayathenna" – Afsal – Kavivarman
*"Meesai Mulaivida" – [[Naresh Iyer]] – Kavivarman
*"Saama Kodangi" – Ganga – Yugabharathi
*"Enakkulle" – Karthik – Yugabharathi

== Release and reception ==
Since the film was given an [[A certificate|'A' (adults onl) certificate]], the film was not released in many theatres and was a flop.<ref name="H" /> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Keep away from this film, which leaves you cold!"<ref>{{cite web |title=Azhagana Ponnuthan |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14935139&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318042809/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14935139&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=2010-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-08 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2010s coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:Films about puberty]]
[[Category:Films about India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Luciano Vincenzoni]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sundar C. Babu]]
[[Category:Films set in 1971]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Unofficial film adaptations]]

Irrfan Khan

2026-03-15T14:37:56Z

VaughnBrooks3: improve intro based on references and corrected details

{{short description|Indian actor (1967–2020)}}
{{Redirect|Irrfan|other use|Irfan Khan (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Irrfan Khan
| image = Irrfan Khan Profile.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Sahabzade Irfan Ali Khan<ref name="NYT" />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1967|01|07}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2020|04|29|1967|01|07}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-irrfan-khan-laid-to-rest-in-mumbai-family-friends-attend-last-rites-2822993|title=Irrfan Khan laid to rest in Mumbai family friends attend last rites|publisher=DNA India|date=29 April 2020|access-date=9 June 2020|archive-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609140643/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-irrfan-khan-laid-to-rest-in-mumbai-family-friends-attend-last-rites-2822993|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhagat|first1=Shalini Venugopal|title=Irrfan Khan, Bollywood Star at Home in Hollywood, Dies at 53|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/29/movies/irrfan-khan-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=29 April 2020|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200429130424/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/29/movies/irrfan-khan-dead.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/04/29/arts/29reuters-india-obituary-irrfankhan.html|title=Irrfan Khan, Indian Actor in 'Life of Pi', Dies of Cancer Aged 54|work=The New York Times|date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429122338/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/04/29/arts/29reuters-india-obituary-irrfankhan.html|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>
| burial_place =
| birth_place = [[Tonk, Rajasthan]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1985–2020
| works = [[Irrfan Khan filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Sutapa Sikdar|1995}}
| children = 2, including [[Babil Khan|Babil]]
| website = 
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Irrfan Khan|Full list]]
| honours = [[Padma Shri]] (2011)
}}

'''Irrfan Khan''' ({{IPA|hns|ɪrfaːn xaːn}}; born '''Sahabzade Irfan Ali Khan'''; 7 January 1967{{spnd}}29 April 2020)<ref name="death">{{cite news|title=Irrfan Khan, actor extraordinaire and India's face in the West, dies at 53|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/irrfan-khan-dies-at-53/story-Hd8s2xZ6uNeqDjgV0sl7zI.html|access-date=29 April 2020|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 April 2020|language=en|archive-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613153209/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/irrfan-khan-dies-at-53/story-Hd8s2xZ6uNeqDjgV0sl7zI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> was an Indian actor who worked in [[Indian cinema]] as well as [[British cinema|British]] and [[American cinema|American films]]. Widely regarded as one of the finest actors in [[world cinema]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jurassic-world-actor-irrfan-khan-756206|title='Jurassic World' Actor Irfan Khan on Upcoming Film: "It Will Be Like a Scary Adventure"|first1=Ariston|last1=Anderson|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=10 December 2014|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008160426/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jurassic-world-actor-irrfan-khan-756206|archive-date=8 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/jul/25/irrfan-khan-bollywood-d-day|title=Irrfan Khan: 'I object to the term Bollywood'|first1=Nosheen|last1=Iqbal|work=the Guardian|date=25 July 2013|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009211929/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/jul/25/irrfan-khan-bollywood-d-day|archive-date=9 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Khan's career spanned over 30 years and earned him [[List of awards and nominations received by Irrfan Khan|numerous accolades]], including a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]], an [[Asian Film Award]], and six [[Filmfare Awards]]. In 2011, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honour.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|title=Padma Awards|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|date=2015|access-date=21 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> In 2021, he was posthumously awarded the [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award]].

Khan made his film debut with a small role in ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'' (1988), which was followed by years of struggle. He acted in a few [[Film and Television Institute of India]] student films such as ''Reconnaissance'' (1990), directed by Sandeep Chattopadhyay.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Das|first=Samarpita|date=30 April 2020|title=Watch: Irrfan's first film from FTII will give you the rush|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/watch-irrfans-first-film-ftii-will-give-you-rush-818749|access-date=10 March 2021|work=IB Times|language=en|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525000618/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/watch-irrfans-first-film-ftii-will-give-you-rush-818749|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Debnath|first=Shanoli|date=1 May 2020|title=প্রকাশ্যে ইরফানের তরুণ বয়সের অপ্রকাশিত শর্ট ফিল্ম, রইল লিঙ্ক|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/sandeep-chatterjees-ftii-diploma-film-reconnaissance-starring-irrfan-khan-anita-kanwar-surfaces-online-217529/|access-date=10 March 2021|work=Indian Express Bangla|language=bn-IN|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116035037/https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/sandeep-chatterjees-ftii-diploma-film-reconnaissance-starring-irrfan-khan-anita-kanwar-surfaces-online-217529/|url-status=live}}</ref> Among his first Hindi movies were ''[[Drishti (film)|Drishti]]'' (1990), a film by Govind Nihalani staring Dimple Kapadia and Shekhar Kapoor, in which he had a small but prominent role, and ''[[Ek Doctor Ki Maut]]'' (also in 1990), in which he portrayed a journalist and shared a major role opposite lead players Pankaj Kapur and Shabana Azmi. After this, he acted in the British film ''[[The Warrior (2001 British film)|The Warrior]]'' (2001). He had his breakthrough as a leading actor in the Hindi movies ''[[Haasil (film)|Haasil]]'' (2003) and ''[[Maqbool]]'' (2004). He went on to gain critical acclaim for his roles in ''[[The Namesake (film)|The Namesake]]'' (2006) for which he was nominated for the [[Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male]], ''[[Life in a... Metro]]'' (2007), and ''[[Paan Singh Tomar (film)|Paan Singh Tomar]]'' (2011). For portraying the [[Paan Singh Tomar|title character]] in the last of these, he won the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]]. Further success came for his starring roles in ''[[The Lunchbox]]'' (2013), ''[[Piku]]'' (2015), and ''[[Talvar (film)|Talvar]]'' (2015) and he had supporting roles in the Hollywood films ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man (film)|The Amazing Spider-Man]]'' (2012), ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]'' (2012),<ref>{{Cite news|title=On Irrfan Khan's birth anniversary, son Babil shares unseen video footage and remembers actor's 'tech-challenged moments'|date=7 January 2021|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/on-irrfan-khans-birth-anniversary-son-babil-shares-unseen-video-footage-and-remembers-actors-tech-challenged-moments/articleshow/80149574.cms|access-date=24 March 2021|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110075407/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/on-irrfan-khans-birth-anniversary-son-babil-shares-unseen-video-footage-and-remembers-actors-tech-challenged-moments/articleshow/80149574.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Jurassic World]]'' (2015), and ''[[Inferno (2016 film)|Inferno]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite news|title=Irrfan Khan, 'Life of Pi,' and 'Slumdog Millionaire' Star Dies at 53|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/asia/irrfan-khan-dead-dies-indian-actor-life-of-pi-1234592705/|access-date=29 April 2020|work=Variety|date=28 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429174611/https://variety.com/2020/film/asia/irrfan-khan-dead-dies-indian-actor-life-of-pi-1234592705/|archive-date=29 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{cite news|last=Bradshaw|first=Peter|title=Irrfan Khan: a seductive actor capable of exquisite gentleness|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/apr/29/irrfan-khan-a-sensitive-and-seductive-actor-lunchbox-peter-bradshaw|access-date=29 April 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=29 April 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145034/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/apr/29/irrfan-khan-a-sensitive-and-seductive-actor-lunchbox-peter-bradshaw|url-status=live}}</ref> His other notable roles were in ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008), ''[[New York (2009 film)|New York]]'' (2009), ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]'' (2014), and ''[[Gunday]]'' (2014), and the television series ''[[In Treatment]]'' (2010).<ref>{{cite news|last=Chhabra|first=Aseem|title=Excerpt: Irrfan Khan; The Man, The Dreamer, The Star by Aseem Chhabra|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/excerpt-irrfan-khan-the-man-the-dreamer-the-star-by-aseem-chhabra/story-P9mcVEhTnHSWCxD3fGo3eK.html|access-date=29 April 2020|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 April 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145034/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/excerpt-irrfan-khan-the-man-the-dreamer-the-star-by-aseem-chhabra/story-P9mcVEhTnHSWCxD3fGo3eK.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Irrfan Khan: Top Indian Footfalls|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/india-footfalls.php?actorid=254&role=24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102075113/https://boxofficeindia.com/india-footfalls.php?actorid=254&role=24|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 November 2020|access-date=29 April 2020|website=Box Office India}}</ref> His highest-grossing Hindi film release came with the comedy-drama ''[[Hindi Medium]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lahoreherald.com/saba-qamar-misses-irfan-khan/|title=I'm sorry for not keeping in touch with Irfan Khan, says Saba Qamar|website=Lahore Herald|date=10 March 2022|access-date=11 February 2023|archive-date=11 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211134509/https://lahoreherald.com/saba-qamar-misses-irfan-khan/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2017), and his final film appearance was in its sequel ''[[Angrezi Medium]]'' (2020), both of which won him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] in [[63rd Filmfare Awards|2018]] and [[66th Filmfare Awards|2021]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Re-watching Irrfan: From Salaam Bombay to Angrezi Medium|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/re-watching-irrfan-from-salaam-bombay-to-angrezi-medium-1672387-2020-04-29|access-date=29 April 2020|work=India Today|date=29 April 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145034/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/re-watching-irrfan-from-salaam-bombay-to-angrezi-medium-1672387-2020-04-29|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2017, his films had grossed {{US$|3.643 billion|long=no|link=yes}} ({{INR|{{#expr:(3643/1000)*(1000/{{To USD|1000|IND|year=2017}}) round 0}} billion|link=yes}}) at the worldwide box office.<ref name="mojo" /> Khan was diagnosed with [[neuroendocrine cancer]] in March 2018,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/16/entertainment/irrfan-khan-tumor/index.html|title='Life of Pi' star Irrfan Khan reveals he has a rare tumor|first=Lisa Respers|last=France|work=CNN|access-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316162432/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/16/entertainment/irrfan-khan-tumor/index.html|archive-date=16 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43426481|title=Life of Pi actor has rare tumour|date=16 March 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=16 March 2018|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613093743/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43426481|archive-date=13 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and died from the disease on 29 April 2020.<ref name="death" /> Khan was described by [[Peter Bradshaw]] of ''[[The Guardian]]'' as "a distinguished and charismatic star in Hindi and English-language movies whose hardworking career was an enormously valuable bridge between South Asian and Hollywood cinema".<ref name="guardian" /> He was honoured in the 'In memoriam' segment of the [[93rd Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Gittins|first=William|date=April 24, 2021|title=In Memoriam Oscars 2021: directors, actors and writers who died in 2020|url=https://en.as.com/en/2021/04/25/latest_news/1619317219_989708.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425142051/https://en.as.com/en/2021/04/25/latest_news/1619317219_989708.html|archive-date=April 25, 2021|access-date=April 27, 2021|work=[[Diario AS]]}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Khan was born on 7 January 1967 into a [[Pathans of India|Pashtun]] family in [[Tonk, Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/irrfan-khan-the-man-the-dreamer-the-star-review-kite-runner-to-actor/article31008269.ece|title='Irrfan Khan The Man, The Dreamer, The Star' review: Kite runner to actor|work=The Hindu|date=7 March 2020|access-date=29 April 2020|first=Sathya|last=Saran|quote=We read with some surprise about the boy who preferred to fly kites than go hunting with his father, prompting his father to tell him he was a Brahmin born in the family of Pathans.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308180638/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/irrfan-khan-the-man-the-dreamer-the-star-review-kite-runner-to-actor/article31008269.ece|archive-date=8 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyaddaa.com/entertainment-news/the-life-journey-of-bollywoods-most-versatile-actor-irrfan-khan-4912377.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430010132/http://www.dailyaddaa.com/entertainment-news/the-life-journey-of-bollywoods-most-versatile-actor-irrfan-khan-4912377.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 April 2020|title=The Life Journey Of Bollywood's Most Versatile Actor, Irrfan Khan|work=Daily Addaa|first=Prakriti|last=Vasdev|date=29 April 2020|access-date=29 April 2020|quote=Born as Sahabzade Irfan Ali Khan on 7 January 1967 in Rajasthan's Tonk, Irrfan belonged to a Muslim Pathan family who retained a tire business.}}</ref> Khan's mother, Saeeda Begum Khan was from [[Tonk, India|Tonk]], and his father, Yaseen Ali Khan, was from the Khajuriya village in Rajasthan's [[Tonk district]], and they ran a [[tire|tyre]] business.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/02/14/stories/2009021452931300.htm|location=Chennai, India|title=Cutting across roles|date=14 February 2009|access-date=4 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221043902/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/02/14/stories/2009021452931300.htm|archive-date=21 February 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=eem>{{Cite news|last=O'Connor|first=Ashling|title=From Bollywood to Boston|work=Times Online|date=27 March 2007|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/bollywood/article1576324.ece|access-date=4 December 2010|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615194342/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/bollywood/article1576324.ece|archive-date=15 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Irrfan-Khan-to-make-a-film-on-his-father/articleshow/21422148.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422204321/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Irrfan-Khan-to-make-a-film-on-his-father/articleshow/21422148.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2021|title=Irrfan Khan to make a film on his father|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/irrfan-s-mother-saeeda-begum-dies-in-jaipur-1671060-2020-04-25|title=Irrfan's mother Saeeda Begum dies in Jaipur|website=India Today|date=25 April 2020 |access-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426010722/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/irrfan-s-mother-saeeda-begum-dies-in-jaipur-1671060-2020-04-25|archive-date=26 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> He spent his childhood in Tonk, and then Jaipur. Irrfan was good at [[cricket]] and was selected to play in the [[CK Nayudu Trophy]] for emerging players in the under-23 category, a tournament seen as a stepping stone to [[first-class cricket]] in India. However, he did not attend as he could not afford travel expenses.<ref>{{Citation|last=Abish Mathew|title=Son Of Abish feat. Vir Das & Irrfan Khan|date=10 November 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3d7NjfTziNM|access-date=29 June 2018|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145049/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3d7NjfTziNM|url-status=live}}</ref>

He showed interest in acting under the influence of his maternal uncle who himself was a theatre artist in [[Jodhpur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/Apr/29/uncle-who-gave-irrfan-khan-his-first-acting-lessons-heartbroken-at-bollywood-stars-death-2136948.html|title=Uncle who gave Irrfan Khan his first acting lessons heartbroken at Bollywood star's death|work=The New Indian Express|date=29 April 2020|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145035/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/apr/29/uncle-who-gave-irrfan-khan-his-first-acting-lessons-heartbroken-at-bollywood-stars-death-2136948.amp|url-status=live}}</ref> In Jaipur, Khan was introduced to noted theatre artists and did several stage performances in the city. Khan completed his MA in [[Jaipur]] before joining the [[National School of Drama]] (NSD) in New Delhi in 1984 to study acting.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Irrfan-Khans-fond-memoir-from-National-School-of-Drama/articleshow/50740210.cms|title=Irrfan Khan's fond memoir from National School of Drama|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145043/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Irrfan-Khans-fond-memoir-from-National-School-of-Drama/articleshow/50740210.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/news-archives/latest/together-after-22-years/|title=Together after 22 years|date=6 February 2010|website=The Himalayan Times|language=en-US|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225130949/https://thehimalayantimes.com/news-archives/latest/together-after-22-years/|archive-date=25 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In his early days in Mumbai, he took up a job as an air conditioner repairman and visited the home of his acting inspiration, [[Rajesh Khanna]], in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/irrfan-khan-biography-1588144500-1|title=Irrfan Khan Biography: Early Life, Death, Family, Education, Films, Awards, Unknown Facts, Controversies and More|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145049/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/amp/irrfan-khan-biography-1588144500-1|url-status=live}}</ref> Later in an interview Irfan stated, "The kind of craze witnessed by Rajesh Khanna has not been duplicated by anyone. He was the biggest and the most real star [[Bollywood]] has produced. I'd say stardom is that feeling of being possessed by your idol; you are so overwhelmed with euphoria you lose touch with reality."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?237473|title=Hall Of Mirrors|publisher=outlookindia.com|date=19 May 2008|access-date=19 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127132859/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?237473|archive-date=27 January 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
===Early career (1987–1990)===
Soon after his graduation from NSD in 1987, Khan made his debut with [[Mira Nair]]'s ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'' where he was offered a minor role. However, his scenes were reduced in the final cut.<ref name=tgi-seasons /> He played [[Lenin]] in a teleplay on [[Doordarshan]] titled ''Laal Ghaas Par Neele Ghode'', based on a translation by [[Uday Prakash]] of a Russian play by Mikhail Shatrov.<ref name=tgi-seasons>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-actor-for-all-seasons/cid/1322221|title=The actor for all seasons|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145050/https://www.telegraphindia.com/cfile:ulture/the-actor-for-all-seasons/cid/1322221|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=toidarr>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/chandrakanta-to-banegi-apni-baat-a-look-at-irrfan-khans-notable-work-on-television/photostory/75445274.cms|title=Chandrakanta to Banegi Apni Baat; a look at Irrfan Khan's notable work on television|date=29 April 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/chandrakanta-to-banegi-apni-baat-a-look-at-irrfan-khans-notable-work-on-television/photostory/75445274.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He was then cast as a psycho killer, the main antagonist of the show, in the serial ''Darr''.<ref name=toidarr /> He also played the famous revolutionary, Urdu poet and Marxist political activist of India, [[Makhdoom Mohiuddin]], in ''[[Kahkashan]]'', produced by [[Ali Sardar Jafri]].<ref name=toidarr /> He acted in some of the episodes of ''[[Star Bestsellers]]'' (aired on Star-Plus). He also appeared in two episodes of the [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|SET India]] serial ''Bhanvar''. He acted in numerous television serials throughout the 1990s, including ''[[Chanakya (TV series)|Chanakya]]'', ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'', ''Sara Jahan Hamara'', ''[[Banegi Apni Baat]]'', ''[[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]'', ''[[Shrikant]]'', ''AnooGoonj'' on Doordarshan, ''Star Bestsellers'' ([[Star Plus]]), ''Sparsh''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/irrfan-khan-passes-away-at-53-heres-looking-at-the-popular-shows-he-has-done-on-television/articleshow/75444797.cms|title=Irrfan Khan passes away at 53; here's looking at the popular shows he has done on television|website=The Times of India|date=29 April 2020|language=en|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145107/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/irrfan-khan-passes-away-at-53-heres-looking-at-the-popular-shows-he-has-done-on-television/articleshow/75444797.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[The Great Maratha]] on DD National.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=30 April 2020|title=Chandrakanta's Akhilendra Mishra aka Kroor Singh on co-star Irrfan Khan: It's tragic that a person who struggled all his life to achieve success, couldn't live to enjoy it|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-chandrakantas-akhilendra-mishra-aka-kroor-singh-on-co-star-irrfan-khan-its-tragic-that-a-person-who-struggled-all-his-life-to-achieve-success-couldnt-live-to-enjoy-it/articleshow/75452746.cms|website=The Times of India|date=29 April 2020|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430053219/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-chandrakantas-akhilendra-mishra-aka-kroor-singh-on-co-star-irrfan-khan-its-tragic-that-a-person-who-struggled-all-his-life-to-achieve-success-couldnt-live-to-enjoy-it/articleshow/75452746.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He also played a double role in the popular 90s supernatural fantasy period drama, Chandrakanta, which was based on a novel written by Devki Nandan Khatri in 1888.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Misra|first=Shubhangi|date=2 May 2020|title=Chandrakanta, the show in which Irrfan won hearts four lines at a time|url=https://theprint.in/features/chandrakanta-the-show-in-which-irrfan-won-hearts-four-lines-at-a-time/412322/|access-date=28 June 2020|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-date=3 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503225548/https://theprint.in/features/chandrakanta-the-show-in-which-irrfan-won-hearts-four-lines-at-a-time/412322/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Television work and film career (1990–2008)===
He featured opposite [[Roopa Ganguly]] in [[Basu Chatterjee]]'s critically acclaimed drama film ''[[Kamla Ki Maut]]'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/960485/irrfan-1967-2020-a-powerhouse-talent-gone-too-soon|title=Irrfan (1967–2020): A powerhouse talent gone too soon|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|date=29 April 2020|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145119/https://scroll.in/reel/960485/irrfan-1967-2020-a-powerhouse-talent-gone-too-soon|archive-date=11 October 2020|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> In the 1990s, he appeared in the critically acclaimed films ''[[Ek Doctor Ki Maut]]'' (1990),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/from-the-namesake-to-ek-doctor-ki-maut-rare-and-unseen-moments-of-irrfan-khan-through-the-years/photostory/75445298.cms|title=From 'The Namesake' to 'Ek Doctor Ki Maut'; Rare and unseen moments of Irrfan Khan through the years!|date=29 April 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/from-the-namesake-to-ek-doctor-ki-maut-rare-and-unseen-moments-of-irrfan-khan-through-the-years/photostory/75445298.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Such a Long Journey (film)|Such a Long Journey]]'' (1998), as well as various other films, which went unnoticed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/irrfan-khan-the-commoner-khan-who-became-a-star/story-pgameu9mG4uoJ3LPNhMSFN.html|title=Irrfan Khan, the commoner Khan who became a star|date=29 April 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145108/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/irrfan-khan-the-commoner-khan-who-became-a-star/story-pgameu9mG4uoJ3LPNhMSFN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1998, he played [[Valmiki]] in Sanjay Khan's serial ''[[Jai Hanuman (1997 TV series)|Jai Hanuman]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/irrfan-khan-death-actor-worked-in-many-tv-serials-chandrakanta-chanakya-banegi-apni-baat-tmov-1-1185615.html|title=चंद्रकांता- चाणक्य तक, छोटे पर्दे पर भी चला इरफान खान का जादू|website=aajtak.intoday.in|date=29 April 2020|language=hi|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145110/https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/story/irrfan-khan-death-actor-worked-in-many-tv-serials-chandrakanta-chanakya-banegi-apni-baat-tmov-1059670-2020-04-29|url-status=live}}</ref> He also did an episode named 'From Reel to Real' in horror television show [[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]] in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ssshhhh...Koi Hai – Watch Episode 9 – From Reel to Real on Disney+ Hotstar|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/ssshhhhkoi-hai/1260004376/from-reel-to-real/1000234010|access-date=19 November 2020|website=Disney+ Hotstar|language=en|archive-date=2 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102084711/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/ssshhhhkoi-hai/1260004376/from-reel-to-real/1000234010|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Irfan Khan Tabu still1.jpg|thumb|upright|Irrfan Khan at the premiere of ''[[The Namesake (film)|The Namesake]]'' with [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]]]
[[Asif Kapadia]] cast him as the lead in ''[[The Warrior (2001 British film)|The Warrior]]'', a historical film completed in 11 weeks on location in [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]]. In 2001, ''The Warrior'' opened at international film festivals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/interview/6016.html|title=I now see myself in new light: Irfan Khan|website=IndiaGlitz|date=23 April 2004|access-date=21 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810131035/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/interview/6016.html|archive-date=10 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Irfan Khan credited this film in preventing him giving up his acting career.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-30 |title=BBC Three Counties Radio - Chetan Patak, In conversation: Actor Irfan Khan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01dgq4w |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Between 2003 and 2004, he acted in [[Ashvin Kumar]]'s short film, ''Road to Ladakh''; the film received rave reviews at international festivals.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kalla|first1=Avinash|title=On the High Road To Ladakh|journal=The-south-asian.com|date=March 2003|url=http://www.the-south-asian.com/March2003/Film-Road%20to%20Ladakh.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030412180514/http://www.the-south-asian.com/March2003/Film-Road%20to%20Ladakh.htm|archive-date=12 April 2003}}</ref> That same year, he played the title role in the critically acclaimed ''[[Maqbool]]'', an adaptation of [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Macbeth]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-irrfan-khan-landed-role-of-maqbool/411201/|title=Irrfan Khan landed the role of Maqbool after Naseeruddin Shah vetoed Kamal Haasan|last=Chhabra|first=Aseem|date=29 April 2020|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145109/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-irrfan-khan-landed-role-of-maqbool/411201/|url-status=live}}</ref>

His first [[Bollywood]] lead role came in 2005 with ''[[Rog]]''. His performance was praised by critics; one wrote, "Irfaan's eyes speak louder than his words and every time he is in frame, be it talking to his buddy Manish or arguing with Suhel, he shows his capability as an actor".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smashits.com/rog/movie-review-4157.html|title=Movie Review of Rog – Irfaan bangs into commercial cinema too – Bollywood Articles|publisher=SmasHits.com|access-date=21 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820021939/http://www.smashits.com/rog/movie-review-4157.html|archive-date=20 August 2013}}</ref> Thereafter, he appeared in several films either playing the leading role or a supporting role as a [[villain]]. In 2004, he won the [[Filmfare Best Villain Award]] for his role in ''[[Haasil (film)|Haasil]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/16haasil.htm|title='Haasil' is not for everybody|work=Rediff.com|date=16 May 2003|access-date=21 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002631/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/16haasil.htm|archive-date=6 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> He also played an [[antagonist]] in the Telugu film ''[[Sainikudu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mahesh-babu-on-sainikudu-co-star-irrfan-s-demise-brilliant-actor-gone-too-soon-1672422-2020-04-29|title=Mahesh Babu on Sainikudu co-star Irrfan's demise: Brilliant actor gone too soon|website=India Today|date=29 April 2020 |access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145110/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mahesh-babu-on-sainikudu-co-star-irrfan-s-demise-brilliant-actor-gone-too-soon-1672422-2020-04-29|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2007, he appeared in the box office hits ''[[The Namesake (film)|The Namesake]]'' and ''[[Life in a... Metro]]''. His chemistry with [[Konkona Sen Sharma|Konkana Sen]] was one of the highlights of the latter; it also won him the [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award]]. These roles were closely followed by his appearances in the international films, ''[[A Mighty Heart (film)|A Mighty Heart]]'' and ''[[The Darjeeling Limited]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/padma-shri-irrfan-khan-passes-away-at-54-here-are-some-of-his-most-iconic-performances-5202501.html|title=Padma Shri Irrfan Khan passes away at 54: Here are some of his most iconic performances|website=Moneycontrol|date=29 April 2020|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145114/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/padma-shri-irrfan-khan-passes-away-at-54-here-are-some-of-his-most-iconic-performances-5202501.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite his success in Bollywood, he continued to work on television. He anchored ''[[Mano Ya Na Mano (2006 TV series)|Mano Ya Na Mano]]'' (airing on [[STAR One]]), and hosted ''[[Kyaa Kahein]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/irrfan-khan-death-news-legacy-modern-classics-salaam-bombay-to-angrezi-medium/story/402356.html|title=Salaam Bombay! to Angrezi Medium: Irrfan Khan's legacy of modern classics|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=29 April 2020|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145112/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/irrfan-khan-death-news-legacy-modern-classics-salaam-bombay-to-angrezi-medium/story/402356.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===International success (2008–2020)===
Khan played a police inspector in the 2008 film ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'', for which he and the cast of the movie won [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture]]. About him, [[Danny Boyle]] said, "he has an instinctive way of finding the 'moral centre' of any character, so that in ''Slumdog'', we believe the policeman might actually conclude that Jamal is innocent." Boyle compared him to an athlete who can execute the same move perfectly over and over. "It's beautiful to watch."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1959014,00.html#ixzz1eF4cWXZo|magazine=Time|title=Keeping It Real|date=15 February 2010|access-date=9 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209014219/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1959014,00.html#ixzz1eF4cWXZo|archive-date=9 February 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2009, he featured in the film ''[[Acid Factory]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/acid-factory-is-ghajini-multiplied-by-six/story-iSExSThUILaSoiixfBpctK.html|title=Acid Factory is Ghajini multiplied by six|date=2 October 2009|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145120/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-govt-playing-tricks-to-keep-hathras-victim-s-family-away-from-fact-finding-team-left-parties/story-Y0FPMk3jKqvRbOPUqIwLXL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He appeared as an [[FBI]] agent in ''[[New York (2009 film)|New York]]'' (2009),<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saltz|first=Rachel|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/27/movies/27saltz.html|title=Friendships in the Big City, Bent by 9/11|date=26 June 2009|work=The New York Times|access-date=29 April 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624235759/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/27/movies/27saltz.html|archive-date=24 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and opposite [[Natalie Portman]] as a Gujarati diamond merchant in the [[Mira Nair]]-directed segment of the eleven-part feature ''[[New York, I Love You]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/new-york-i-love-you-2009|title=New York, I Love You movie review (2009) {{!}} Roger Ebert|last=Ebert|first=Roger|website=rogerebert.com|language=en|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313064340/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/new-york-i-love-you-2009|archive-date=13 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, he worked on the third season of the HBO series ''[[In Treatment]]'', enacting the part of Sunil, who is finding it difficult to come to terms with his wife's death and loneliness after moving to the New York City borough of [[Brooklyn]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hbo.com/in-treatment/cast-and-crew/sunil|title=In Treatment – Sunil|website=HBO|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210093917/https://www.hbo.com/in-treatment/cast-and-crew/sunil|archive-date=10 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Khan played Dr. Rajit Ratha in ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man (film)|The Amazing Spider-Man]]'' in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/amazing-spider-man-widest-india-release-342712|work=The Hollywood Reporter|first=Nyay|last=Bhushan|title='The Amazing Spider-Man' Gets Widest-Ever India Release for A Hollywood Film|date=28 June 2012|access-date=4 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029013613/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/amazing-spider-man-widest-india-release-342712|archive-date=29 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> He played the adult version of Piscine "Pi" Molitor Patel in [[Ang Lee]]'s film adaptation of ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]'', which became a critical and commercial success worldwide. His lead role in ''[[Paan Singh Tomar (film)|Paan Singh Tomar]]'' (2012), as the eponymous real-life athlete turned [[dacoit]], won him the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]].<ref name="60thaward">{{cite press release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=18 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417215938/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|archive-date=17 April 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, he starred in ''[[The Lunchbox]]'', which won the Grand Rail d'Or at [[Cannes Film Festival]] and received a [[BAFTA]] nomination, and became his highest-grossing [[Hindi film]] to date.<ref name="firstpost" />

[[File:Introduction of the cast and crew of the opening film “Life of Oi" on stage, at the inaugural ceremony of the 43rd International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2012), in Panaji, Goa on November 20, 2012.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Khan with cast and crew of ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]'' in 2012.]]

In 2014, Khan appeared in ''[[Gunday]]'', which was a moderate box office success. He also made guest appearances in the films ''[[The Xposé]]'' and ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]'', playing an important role in the latter. In 2015, he played the lead role in the film ''[[Piku]]'' alongside [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Amitabh Bachchan]]. Khan co-starred in the 2015 film ''[[Jurassic World]]''. In the same year, he also appeared in the acclaimed thriller ''[[Talvar (film)|Talvar]]'' in which his performance was praised. He appeared in ''[[Jazbaa]]'' in October 2015 alongside [[Aishwarya Rai]] which was very well received by critics. He was next seen alongside [[Tom Hanks]] in the 2016 adaptation of [[Dan Brown]]'s [[Robert Langdon]] thriller ''[[Inferno (2016 film)|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/irrfan-khan-to-work-with-tom-hanks-in-inferno/article1-1317056.aspx|title=Irrfan Khan to work with Tom Hanks in Inferno|first1=Prashant|last1=Singh|work=Hindustan Times|location=New Delhi|date=15 February 2015|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906155445/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/irrfan-khan-to-work-with-tom-hanks-in-inferno/article1-1317056.aspx|archive-date=6 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> That same year, he also starred in ''[[Madaari]]'', a 2016 Indian social thriller film directed by [[Nishikant Kamat]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Madaari – Movie|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3339|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206135750/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3339|archive-date=6 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2017, Khan appeared in two films, ''[[Hindi Medium]]'' which was commercially and critically successful. Khan's portrayal as Raj Batra in ''Hindi Medium'' earned him several accolades, one of which was the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{cite news|title=63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018: Complete winners' list|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018-complete-winners-list/articleshow/62582673.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 January 2018|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180205074042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018-complete-winners-list/articleshow/62582673.cms|archive-date=5 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Hindi Medium'' became a sleeper hit in India and China, becoming his highest-grossing Hindi release, surpassing ''The Lunchbox''.<ref name="firstpost">{{cite news|title=Hindi Medium records higher box office opening than Dangal, Bajrangi Bhaijaan in China; Irrfan's highest grosser worldwide|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hindi-medium-records-higher-box-office-opening-than-dangal-bajrangi-bhaijaan-in-china-irrfans-highest-grosser-worldwide-4420391.html|access-date=6 April 2018|work=[[Firstpost]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629203820/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hindi-medium-records-higher-box-office-opening-than-dangal-bajrangi-bhaijaan-in-china-irrfans-highest-grosser-worldwide-4420391.html|archive-date=29 June 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also starred in ''[[No Bed of Roses]]'' (2017).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/doob-stunning-flow-crafted-images-1502522442.html/amp|title='Doob': Stunning flow of crafted images – The Statesman|date=4 November 2017|website=thestatesman.com|access-date=25 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429134611/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/doob-stunning-flow-crafted-images-1502522442.html/amp|archive-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> As of 2017, his films had grossed {{US$|3.643 billion|long=no|link=yes}} ({{INR|{{#expr:(3643/1000)*(1000/{{To USD|1000|IND|year=2017}}) round 0}} billion|link=yes}}) at the worldwide box office.<ref name="mojo">{{cite web|title=Irrfan Khan Movie Box Office Results|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/people/chart/?view=Actor&id=irrfankhan.htm|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|year=2017|access-date=7 April 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409043106/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/people/chart/?view=Actor&id=irrfankhan.htm|archive-date=9 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> His next release was ''[[Qarib Qarib Singlle]]'' opposite [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]], who was making her debut in Hindi cinema.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chowdhury|first1=Titas|title=Parvathy Thiruvothu reveals why she didn't do Hindi films after Qarib Qarib Singlle|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/parvathy-thiruvothu-reveals-why-she-didn-t-do-hindi-films-after-qarib-qarib-singlle-101635601980298.html|access-date=31 December 2022|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=30 October 2021|language=en|archive-date=31 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231030817/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/parvathy-thiruvothu-reveals-why-she-didn-t-do-hindi-films-after-qarib-qarib-singlle-101635601980298.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, Khan appeared in ''[[Karwaan]]'', with [[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Mithila Palkar]] and [[Kriti Kharbanda]]. He also appeared in ''[[Blackmail (2018 film)|Blackmail]]'' opposite [[Kirti Kulhari]], the same year.<ref>{{Citation|title=Karwaan Review {3.5/5}: Brilliant performances by Dulquer and Irrfan|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/karwaan/movie-review/65225677.cms|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/blackmail-movie-review-irrfan-khan-suffers-through-a-messy-and-mediocre-film-1833532|title=Blackmail Movie Review: Irrfan Khan Suffers Through A Messy And Mediocre Film|website=NDTV.com|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145121/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/blackmail-movie-review-irrfan-khan-suffers-through-a-messy-and-mediocre-film-1833532|url-status=live}}</ref> His Hollywood film ''[[Puzzle (2018 film)|Puzzle]]'' also released in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Puzzle review – Kelly Macdonald sees the big picture in jigsaw indie|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jun/20/puzzle-review-jigsaw-kelly-macdonald-irrfan-khan-edinburgh-film-festival|access-date=20 March 2021|work=the Guardian|date=20 June 2018|language=en|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173105/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jun/20/puzzle-review-jigsaw-kelly-macdonald-irrfan-khan-edinburgh-film-festival|url-status=live}}</ref>

Khan's final film appearance was in ''[[Angrezi Medium]]'', directed by [[Homi Adajania]], which was released on 13 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/irrfan-khan-dulquer-salmaan-starrer-karwan-release-june-1/|title=Irrfan Khan and Dulquer Salmaan starrer Karwan to release on June 1|date=23 January 2018|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date = 24 January 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180123175040/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/irrfan-khan-dulquer-salmaan-starrer-karwan-release-june-1/|archive-date = 23 January 2018|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Other work==
In September 2015, he was appointed the [[brand ambassador]] for "''Resurgent Rajasthan''", a campaign by the [[Government of Rajasthan|state government of Rajasthan]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Local-boy-Irrfan-in-Jaipur-as-a-face-of-Resurgent-Rajasthan/articleshow/48879463.cms|title=Local boy Irfan in Jaipur as a face of Resurgent Rajasthan|date=8 September 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926075722/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Local-boy-Irrfan-in-Jaipur-as-a-face-of-Resurgent-Rajasthan/articleshow/48879463.cms|archive-date=26 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> He lent his voice to the light and sound show at the war memorial for the Indian army at Vidhan Sabha Road, Jaipur. The show portrayed the valour and courage of Rajasthani soldiers, and their historic and modern triumphs in battle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/irrfan-khan-is-the-new-face-of-rajasthan-tourism-1157495.html|title=Irrfan Khan is the face of a special campaign for Rajasthan|date=28 October 2015|access-date=14 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022140659/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/irrfan-khan-is-the-new-face-of-rajasthan-tourism-1157495.html|archive-date=22 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
On 23 February 1995, Khan married writer and fellow NSD graduate Sutapa Sikdar. They had two sons, actor [[Babil Khan|Babil]] and Ayan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/irrfan-khans-wife-sutapa-sikdar-was-his-reason-to-live-heres-a-look-back-at-their-love-story-2597609.html|title=Irrfan Khan's Wife Sutapa Sikdar was His Reason to Live, Here's a Look Back at Their Love Story|date=29 April 2020|access-date=29 April 2020|website=News18|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429151133/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/irrfan-khans-wife-sutapa-sikdar-was-his-reason-to-live-heres-a-look-back-at-their-love-story-2597609.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2012, he changed the spelling of his first name from "Irfan" to "Irrfan"; he said he liked the sound of the extra "r" in his name.<ref>{{cite news|title=Paan Singh Tomar has become a symbol: Irrfan|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/paan-singh-tomar-has-become-a-symbol-irrfan/235989-8-66.html|access-date=20 March 2012|newspaper=IBN Live|date=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307131416/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/paan-singh-tomar-has-become-a-symbol-irrfan/235989-8-66.html|archive-date=7 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> He later dropped "Khan" from his name because according to a 2016 interview, he wanted his work and not his lineage to define him.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/why-irrfan-dropped-khan-from-his-name-1672447-2020-04-29|title=Why Irrfan Khan dropped Khan from his name|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=5 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505035601/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/celebrities/story/why-irrfan-dropped-khan-from-his-name-1672447-2020-04-29|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Illness and death==
In March 2018, he announced on [[Twitter]] that he had been diagnosed with [[neuroendocrine cancer]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/irrfan-khan-says-he-has-neuroendocrine-tumour-is-travelling-abroad-for-treatment/story-o9jW5Zjy5bECRlrws7rcaI.html|title=Irrfan Khan has neuroendocrine tumour, is travelling abroad for treatment|date=16 March 2018|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=26 March 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326202427/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/irrfan-khan-says-he-has-neuroendocrine-tumour-is-travelling-abroad-for-treatment/story-o9jW5Zjy5bECRlrws7rcaI.html|archive-date=26 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> He sought treatment in the UK for a year, and returned to India in February 2019.

Khan was admitted to Mumbai's [[Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital]] on 28 April 2020, where he started receiving treatment for a [[large intestine|colon]] infection caused by the disease,<ref>{{Cite news|newspaper=Hindustan Times|title=Irrfan Khan admitted to ICU at Mumbai's Kokilaben hospital|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/irrfan-khan-undergoing-treatment-at-kokilaben-hospital/story-Z90Hlkjnb5oreUcUjDNyMI.html|date=28 April 2020|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=3 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503133026/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/irrfan-khan-undergoing-treatment-at-kokilaben-hospital/story-Z90Hlkjnb5oreUcUjDNyMI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> but in course of the treatment, he died the next day, at the age of 53.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Life of Pi' actor Irrfan Khan dies of cancer at 54|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Life-Arts/Obituaries/Life-of-Pi-actor-Irrfan-Khan-dies-of-cancer-at-54|access-date=24 March 2021|website=Nikkei Asia|language=en-GB|archive-date=23 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323160520/https://asia.nikkei.com/Life-Arts/Obituaries/Life-of-Pi-actor-Irrfan-Khan-dies-of-cancer-at-54|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=it-actor>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/irrfan-dies-at-53-in-mumbai-1672361-2020-04-29|title=Actor Irrfan dies at 53 in Mumbai after two-year battle with cancer|work=India Today|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429094201/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/irrfan-dies-at-53-in-mumbai-1672361-2020-04-29|url-status=live}}</ref> His mother Saeeda Begum, aged 93, had died just four days prior in Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Irrfan Khan's last words were about his late mother|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/celebrity-news/irrfan-khans-last-words-were-about-his-late-mother/ar-BB13ndNM?li=AAgfYGb|website=www.msn.com|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=16 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516121714/https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/celebrity-news/irrfan-khans-last-words-were-about-his-late-mother/ar-BB13ndNM?li=AAgfYGb|url-status=live}}</ref>

Film personalities and literary figures around the globe paid tributes online upon the news of his death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/left-too-soon-tributes-pour-in-on-social-media-as-irrfan-khan-passes-away-5202031.html|title='Left too soon': Tributes pour in on social media as Irrfan Khan passes away|date=29 April 2020|access-date=29 April 2020|url-status=live|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429192049/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/left-too-soon-tributes-pour-in-on-social-media-as-irrfan-khan-passes-away-5202031.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/veteran-actor-angrezi-medium-star-irrfan-khan-passes-away-at-53-tributes-pour-in/articleshow/75444247.cms|title=Irrfan Khan, actor of 'Maqbool' and 'Angrezi Medium', passes away at 53; tributes pour in|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=29 April 2020|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430225137/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/veteran-actor-angrezi-medium-star-irrfan-khan-passes-away-at-53-tributes-pour-in/articleshow/75444247.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Khan was buried at the Versova Kabristan in Mumbai and his last rites were performed by his sons.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Irrfan buried at Versova Kabristan, sons Babil and Ayan perform last rites|date=29 April 2020 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/irrfan-buried-at-versova-kabristan-sons-babil-and-ayan-perform-last-rites-1672463-2020-04-29|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430050831/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/irrfan-buried-at-versova-kabristan-sons-babil-and-ayan-perform-last-rites-1672463-2020-04-29|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Main|Irrfan Khan filmography}}

==Accolades==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Irrfan Khan}}

[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Padma Shri Award to Shri Sahabzade Irrfan Ali Khan, at an Investiture Ceremony II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 01, 2011.jpg|thumb|Khan receiving his [[Padma Shri]] in 2011]]

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Award
! scope="col"|Nominated work
! scope="col"|Category
! scope="col"|Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}.
|-
|2004
!scope="row"|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|''[[Haasil (film)|Haasil]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]]
|{{Won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=ffawards>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/irrfan-khan-passes-away-40511.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430040714/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/irrfan-khan-passes-away-40511.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 April 2020|title=Irrfan Khan passes away|work=Filmfare|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2007
!scope="row"|[[Independent Spirit Awards]]
|''[[The Namesake (film)|The Namesake]]''
|[[Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male|Best Supporting Male]]
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spiritawards/bob-dylan-movie-leads-indie-spirit-awards-idUSN2749218720071127|title=Bob Dylan movie leads indie Spirit Awards|website=Reuters|date=27 November 2007|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527014923/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spiritawards/bob-dylan-movie-leads-indie-spirit-awards-idUSN2749218720071127|archive-date=27 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2008
!scope="row"|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|''[[Life in a... Metro]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|{{Won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=ffawards />
|-
|2011
!scope="row"|[[Padma Shri]]
|{{mdash}}
|Arts
|{{Won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43476602|title=Obituary: Irrfan Khan|date=29 April 2020|work=BBC News|access-date=29 April 2020|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429092526/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43476602|archive-date=29 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2013
!scope="row"|[[National Film Awards]]
|rowspan="3"|''[[Paan Singh Tomar (film)|Paan Singh Tomar]]''
|[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{Won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/paan-singh-tomar-wins-national-awards-for-best-film-156422-2013-03-18|title=Paan Singh Tomar wins big at National Awards|date=18 March 2013|website=India Today|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=30 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530105702/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/paan-singh-tomar-wins-national-awards-for-best-film-156422-2013-03-18|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{Nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=ffawards />
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]]
|{{Won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=ffawards />
|-
|2014
!scope="row"|[[Asian Film Awards]]
|''[[The Lunchbox]]''
|[[Asian Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{Won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/the-grandmaster-grandly-masters-asian-film-awards-1201148772/|title='The Grandmaster' Grandly Masters Asian Film Awards|work=Variety|date=27 March 2014|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513065850/http://variety.com/2014/film/news/the-grandmaster-grandly-masters-asian-film-awards-1201148772/|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018
! rowspan="5" scope="row"|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Hindi Medium]]''
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]]
|{{Nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2018/winners|title=Filmfare Award 2018 Winners – List of Filmfare Award Winners|work=Filmfare|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121125745/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2018/winners|archive-date=21 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{Won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2018/nominations|title=Filmfare Awards 2018 Nominations {{!}} 63rd Filmfare Awards 2018|work=Filmfare|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715124831/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2018/nominations?year=2017|archive-date=15 July 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2021
|rowspan="2"|''[[Angrezi Medium]]''
|{{Won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2018/winners|title=Filmfare Award 2021 Winners – List of Filmfare Award Winners|work=Filmfare|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121125745/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2018/winners|archive-date=21 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]]
|{{Nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2018/nominations|title=Filmfare Awards 2018 Nominations {{!}} 66rd Filmfare Awards 2021|work=Filmfare|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715124831/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2018/nominations?year=2017|archive-date=15 July 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{mdash}}
|[[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]
|{{Won|Honoured}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Irrfan Khan's wife Sutapa Sikdar tells Babil the heartbreaking reason behind skipping an awards show, watch|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/irrfan-khan-s-wife-sutapa-sikdar-tells-babil-the-heartbreaking-reason-behind-skipping-an-awards-show-watch-101616945053640.html|access-date=4 April 2021|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 March 2021|language=en|archive-date=30 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330174914/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/irrfan-khan-s-wife-sutapa-sikdar-tells-babil-the-heartbreaking-reason-behind-skipping-an-awards-show-watch-101616945053640.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022
!scope="row"|[[22nd IIFA Awards|IIFA Awards]]
|''[[Angrezi Medium]]''
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2022-04-01|title=IIFA 2022 Nominations: Shershaah takes the lead with 12 Nominations, Ludo and 83 emerge as strong contenders; check out the complete list : Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/iifa-2022-nominations-shershaah-takes-lead-12-nominations-ludo-83-emerge-strong-contenders-check-complete-list/|access-date=2022-06-06|language=en|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401133243/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/iifa-2022-nominations-shershaah-takes-lead-12-nominations-ludo-83-emerge-strong-contenders-check-complete-list/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Instagram}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|irrfan-khan}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Irrfan Khan
|list =
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
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{{FilmfareAwardBestVillain}}
{{FilmfareCriticsAwardBestActor}}
{{Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award}}
{{IIFAAwardBestActor}}
{{IIFAAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestActor}}
{{StarGuildAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{ScreenAwardBestActor}}
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}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
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|d-search = Q360927
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Bollywood
|portal3 = Films
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Irrfan}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Best Actor Asian Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]
[[Category:Deaths from neuroendocrine cancer]]
[[Category:Best Actor National Film Award winners]]
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[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
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[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
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[[Category:Male actors from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Method actors]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]

Surendranath Sen

2026-03-15T05:05:52Z

VaughnBrooks3: Put Up A Info

{{Short description|Indian historian}}{{Infobox person
| name = Surendranath Sen
| image = Surendranath Sen.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 29 July 1890
| birth_place = British India
| death_date = 30 October 1962
| death_place = India
| occupation = Historian, archivist
| employer = National Archives of India
| known_for = Studies on the Indian Rebellion of 1857
| notable_works = ''Eighteen Fifty-Seven''
| title = Director, National Archives of India
}}
'''Surendranath Sen''' (1890–1962) was an Indian historian best known for his scholarly work on the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and the early phase of British colonial rule in India. He served as Director of the [[National Archives of India]] and was a prominent figure in the development of modern, source-based Indian historiography during the mid-20th century.

== Early life and education ==
Surendranath Sen was born on 29 July 1890 in [[Bengal]], [[British India]]. He pursued higher education in history and related disciplines, eventually specializing in modern Indian history with a focus on archival research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of History |url=https://www.caluniv.ac.in/academic/department/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814183343/https://www.caluniv.ac.in/academic/department/history.html |archive-date=2020-08-14 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=www.caluniv.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://authorities.loc.gov/ |title=Sen}}</ref>

== Selected works ==

* ''Eighteen Fifty-Seven''
* ''Articles and archival reports published through the National Archives of India''
* ''The Military System of The Marathas''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Surendranath}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]

Sone Pe Suhaaga

2026-03-13T09:08:02Z

VaughnBrooks3: quick refined references as per guidelines further

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sone Pe Suhaaga
| image = Sone Pe Suhaaga.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Bapaiah]]
| producer = Abdul Hafiz Nadiadwala
| writer = [[Kader Khan]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[R. Selvaraj (screenwriter)|R. Selvaraj]]
| screenplay = [[R. Selvaraj (screenwriter)|R. Selvaraj]]
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Jeetendra]] [[Anil Kapoor]] [[Poonam Dhillon]] [[Sridevi]] [[Kimi Katkar]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography = A.Venkat
| editing = Waman Bhonsle Gurudutt Shirali
| studio = A. G. Films Pvt Ltd
| released = {{Film date|1988|08|26|df=yes}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sone Pe Suhaaga''''' ({{translation}} ''Borax on Gold'', met. ''Icing on the Cake'' or ''Cherry on Top'') is a 1988 Indian [[Hindi Language|Hindi-language]] [[action drama film]], produced by Abdul Hafiz Nadiadwala on A. G. Films Pvt Ltd banner and directed by [[K. Bapaiah]]. The film features an ensemble cast of [[Nutan]], Dharmendra, Jeetendra, [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Poonam Dhillon]], [[Sridevi]], [[Kimi Katkar]], [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Anupam Kher]] and [[Navin Nischol]].

''Sone Pe Suhaaga'' released worldwide on 26 August 1988.

==Plot==
Constable Vishwanath, an upright policeman in Bombay, lives a simple life with his wife Usha, their elder son Vijay and infant twin boys. His honesty brings him into contact with Basheer Ahmed, a thief who, consumed by guilt, confesses his theft of ₹10 lakhs and surrenders the money to Vishwanath. This act of repentance is thwarted by a Sub-Inspector Teja, a corrupt and ambitious officer who sees an opportunity for gain. Teja murders Vishwanath in cold blood, frames Basheer for the crime and turns his attention to silent the family.

In the chaos that follows, Usha flees with her three children & Basheer. During the frantic escape one of the twins, who is in high fever, dies & the other sleeps & Usha couldn't differentiate them & by mistake [[yeets]] her alive child in the river, she soon realises her mistake but it has been too late, she believes dead after the child slips into the river. Teja strikes again, separating Vijay from his mother. With her family torn apart, Usha is left only with one surviving infant son, never realizing that the other twin is alive.

Years pass. Teja rises through the underworld, amassing wealth and power while continuing his illegal activities, including a thriving kidney-trafficking racket. Vijay, having grown up on his own, becomes a principled industrialist determined to use the law to bring down criminals. His fight for justice puts him on a collision course with Teja when he takes up the case of Dr. Prem, his close friend. Prem had exposed Teja's organ racket and was shot dead on his wedding day by Jogindar, Teja’s ruthless son. Before dying, Prem named Jogindar as the killer, but Teja manipulates the courts through Justice Nyaychand Rastogi. Instead of convicting Jogindar, Teja has an orphan named Ravi falsely identified as the culprit. Unbeknownst to all, Ravi is actually Usha’s lost son (one of the twin, who was cremated by Usha by mistake).

Meanwhile, fate introduces several new players. Meena, a spirited pickpocket, repeatedly crosses paths with Vijay. What begins in irritation blossoms into romance, and through Meena, Vijay is unexpectedly reunited with his long-lost mother Usha. Teja alarmed at this development, frames Vijay for crimes he did not commit and sending him to prison.

Vikram, a street-smart ruffian, is recruited by Teja to eliminate Vijay. However, it is soon revealed that Vikram is in fact Ashwini Kumar, an undercover CBI officer tasked with dismantling Teja's empire. Ashwini becomes emotionally involved with Shraddha, Prem's widow and vows to avenge her husband's murder.

As the web tightens, Basheer is released from jail after years of wrongful imprisonment. He also attempts to expose Teja, but is silenced by the police. Nevertheless, he reconnects with Usha and through her, Ashwini and Vijay learn more about Teja's long history of crimes. While Ravi continues to live as an orphan, he finds love with Usha (the granddaughter of Vijay’s loyal associate Dinanath). In a dramatic turn, Usha recognizes Ravi as her missing son.

Teja, fearing exposure, kidnaps Basheer and Usha, blackmails Ravi into falsely confessing that he is Jogindar, leading to Ravi’s wrongful conviction and death sentence. At the same time, Jogindar kills Justice Rastogi, who on his deathbed reveals Teja's conspiracy in a final confession. Ravi is exonerated and the three young men — Vijay, Ravi, Ashwini unite to confront Teja and Jogindar.

The climax sees the trio overcoming Teja's forces in a battle of vengeance and justice. Teja and his son are finally defeated and peace is restored to the fractured family. The film concludes with a celebratory ending, as Vijay weds Meena, Ravi marries his beloved Usha, Ashwini finds happiness with Shraddha.
This refers SONE PE SUHAAGA.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Nutan]] as Usha
* [[Dharmendra]] as CBI Officer Ashwini Kumar / Vikram Dada
* [[Jeetendra]] as Vijay
* [[Anil Kapoor]] as Ravi
* [[Poonam Dhillon]] as Advocate Shraddha
* [[Sridevi]] as Meena
* [[Kimi Katkar]] as Usha
* [[Satyendra Kapoor]] as Dinanath
* [[Bharat Bhushan]] as Kashinath
* [[Nirupa Roy]] as Mrs. Kashinath
* [[Kader Khan]] as Basheer Ahmed
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Jogindar
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as Teja
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Advocate / Justice Nyaychand Rastogi
* [[Navin Nischol]] as Constable Vishwanath
* [[Asrani]] as Conman
* [[Bharat Kapoor]] as Prakash
* [[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Jailor
* [[Ajinkya Deo]] as Dr. Prem
* [[Tom Alter]] as Dr. Rex
* [[Mahesh Anand]] as Robert
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Chori Chori"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Seene Se"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], Kishore Kumar
|-
| "Dil Aafridam"
| Asha Bhosle, Kishore Kumar
|-
| "Pyar Hamara"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Nitin Mukesh]]
|-
| "Hat Jao"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=|title=Sone Pe Suhaaga}}

[[Category:1980s action drama films]]
[[Category:1988 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Bapayya]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]

Pilot Premnath

2026-03-04T04:48:00Z

VaughnBrooks3: new a stub!

{{short description|1978 film by A. C. Tirulokchandar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pilot Premnath.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]]
| screenplay = A. C. Tirulokchandar
| based_on = {{based on|''Mezhugu Bommaigal''|R. Venkat}}
| producer = D. M. Chandrasena M. M. Saleem T Mukundan Menon
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Malini Fonseka]]
| cinematography = T. S. Vinayagam
| editing = B. Kanthasamy
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Cine India Productions
| released = {{film date|df=y|1978|10|30}}
| country = India Sri Lanka
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Pilot Premnath''''' ({{IPAc-en|p|r|eɪ|m|n|ɑː|θ}}) is a 1978 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written and directed by [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as the eponymous character. It is based on R. Venkat's play ''Mezhugu Bommaigal'' ({{Translation|Wax Figurines}}). The film, the first joint Indo-Sri Lankan [[Co-production (media)|co-production]] in history, was shot entirely in Sri Lanka, while post-production took place in India. It was released on 30 October 1978.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2021}}
Pilot Premnath, devastated by the tragic loss of his wife in an accident, redirects his love and affection towards his two sons and a blind daughter. However, a significant shift occurs when he discovers an unsent letter written by his late wife.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Premnath
* [[Malini Fonseka]] as Premnath's wife
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Premnath's son
* [[Jai Ganesh]] as Premnath's son
* [[Jayachitra]] as Vijayakumar's lover
* [[Sridevi]] as Kanchan
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Balu
* Prem Anand as Kanchan's lover
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Premnath's co-pilot
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Premnath's co-pilot's wife
* [[Sathyapriya]] as Premnath's son's lover
}}

== Production ==

''Pilot Premnath'' was directed by [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]], who also wrote the screenplay while [[Aaroor Dass]] wrote the dialogues. The film was produced by D. M. Chandrasena, Mukundan Menon and M. M. Saleem. The first joint Indo-Sri Lankan co-production in history, it was shot entirely in Sri Lanka, while post-production took place in [[Chennai|Madras]], India.<ref name="randor guy" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Susitha |date=10 July 2012 |title=Indo-Lanka film-production after four decades |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/220710/magazine/indo-lanka-film-production-after-four-decades-488180.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908102308/https://www.sundaytimes.lk/220710/magazine/indo-lanka-film-production-after-four-decades-488180.html |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)|The Sunday Times]] |location=Sri Lanka}}</ref> The film was an adaptation of the play ''Mezhugu Bommaigal'' written by R. Venkat.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatramanan |first=Geetha |date=30 March 2012 |title=Drama with dignity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/drama-with-dignity/article3259629.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216164859/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/drama-with-dignity/article3259629.ece |archive-date=16 December 2018 |access-date=16 December 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Sivaji Ganesan portrayed the lead character originally played by [[A. R. Srinivasan]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=6 January 2012 |title=Showbitz – 'Kolaveri' rules! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/showbitz-kolaveri-rules/article2780445.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327110530/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/showbitz-kolaveri-rules/article2780445.ece |archive-date=27 March 2021 |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and Sridevi portrayed that character's blind daughter, reprising the role originally played by [[Sachu]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=13 April 2012 |title=Showbitz |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/showbitz/article3311063.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327104126/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/showbitz/article3311063.ece |archive-date=27 March 2021 |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2020 |title=ரோஜா மலரே! - 67: நடிகரால் ஏற்பட்ட காயம் - குமாரி சச்சு |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2020/dec/06/rose-flower-67-injury-by-actor-kumari-sachu-3517632.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908073036/https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2020/dec/06/rose-flower-67-injury-by-actor-kumari-sachu-3517632.html |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], and written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pilot Premnath Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/pilot-premnath-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610044413/https://mossymart.com/product/pilot-premnath-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan-2/ |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Azhagi Oruthi" belongs to [[Baila music|Baila]], a [[Music of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan]] genre.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=6 February 2018 |title=His Surangani ferried Baila tunes from Lankan shores |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/his-surangani-ferried-baila-tunes-from-lankan-shores/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121020054/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/his-surangani-ferried-baila-tunes-from-lankan-shores/ |archive-date=21 November 2020 |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ilangaiyin Ilam Kuyil
| extra1 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Vani Jairam]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Azhagi Oruthi
| extra2 = [[P. Jayachandran]], [[L. R. Eswari]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Muruganendra Thirunaamam
| extra3 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length3 =
| title4 = Who Is The Black Sheep
| extra4 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length4 =
| title5 = Kopithootta Mudhalalikku
| extra5 = L. R. Eswari, [[Ceylon Manohar]]
| length5 =
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Pilot Premnath'' was released on 30 October 1978, [[Diwali]] day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 2019 |title=கமலுக்கு 'சிகப்பு ரோஜாக்கள்' - ரஜினிக்கு 'தாய் மீது சத்தியம்' - மேலும் கமலுக்கு 4 ; ரஜினிக்கு 2 |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/523272-1978-kamal-rajini.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103074104/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/523272-1978-kamal-rajini.html |archive-date=3 November 2019 |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Excellent photography is the chief asset of ''Pilot Premnath''". ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Captivating photography and M. S. Viswanathan's music. A few of the melodious numbers are bound to become hits".<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 December 1978 |title=பைலட் பிரேம்நாத் |url=https://ibb.co/M1W0PSh |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907060409/https://ibb.co/M1W0PSh |archive-date=7 September 2022 |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |pages=12}}</ref> Kousigan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the film for its music and cinematography, especially the capturing of Sri Lankan locales on camera.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=கெளசிகன் |date=12 November 1978 |title=பைலட் பிரேம்நாத் |url=https://ibb.co/mDPgBMD |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704081842/https://ibb.co/mDPgBMD |archive-date=4 July 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=57 |language=ta}}</ref> Naagai Dharuman of ''Anna'' praised the performances of cast, Aaroor Das's dialogues, Vinayagam's cinematography and Tirulokachander's direction.<ref>{{cite news |last=தருமன் |first=நாகை |date=19 November 1978 |title=பைலட் பிரேம்நாத் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_34/4.jp2/full/1000,1365/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518032122/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_34/4.jp2/full/1000,1365/0/default.jpg |archive-date=18 May 2025 |access-date=18 May 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> ''[[Kumudam]]'' described Tirulokchandar as an expert in making a rich story dramatic, the ending as delicious ending, and concluded it was a once-in-a-lifetime feat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தீனதயாளன் |first=பா. |date=18 June 2016 |title='நட்சத்திர இயக்குநர்' திருலோகசந்தர்! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/2016/jun/18/‘நட்சத்திர-இயக்குநர்’-திரு-2527155.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621152304/http://www.dinamani.com/cinema/2016/06/18/%E2%80%98%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E2%80%99-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81/article3488610.ece |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=9 July 2024 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 48 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2020 |title=விகடன் பொக்கிஷம்: ஒரு தீபாவளி... 11 படங்கள்! |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/vikatan-pokkisham-11-pictures-to-a-diwali |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815135708/https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/vikatan-pokkisham-11-pictures-to-a-diwali |archive-date=15 August 2023 |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Historian [[Randor Guy]] noted that the film was a "reasonable success" in both the countries it was produced.<ref name="randor guy" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="randor guy">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=19 April 2014 |title=Pilot Premnath 1978 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/pilot-premnath-1978/article5928817.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707102205/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/pilot-premnath-1978/article5928817.ece |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=16 December 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{A. C. Tirulokchandar}}

[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s Sri Lankan films]]
[[Category:1978 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. C. Thirulokachandar]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Sri Lankan films]]

Rahi Badal Gaye

2026-03-04T00:01:11Z

VaughnBrooks3: refined lead further and added references

{{short description|1985 Hindi Film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = February 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rahi Badal Gaye
| image = Rahi Badal Gaye poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| writer =
| story = Humayun Mirza
| screenplay = Humayun Mirza
| producer = Ravi Malhotra
| director = [[Ravi Tandon]]
| starring = [[Rishi Kapoor]] [[Shabana Azmi]] [[Padmini Kolhapure]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = M. R. Vasudev
| editing = Waman Bhonsle Gurudutt Shirali
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|1985|04|05|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Rahi Badal Gaye''''' is a 1985 [[Hindi film|Hindi]] [[Romantic film|Romantic]] [[Drama film]], produced by Ravi Malhotra under the R. M. Films banner and directed by [[Ravi Tandon]]. It stars [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Shabana Azmi]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shabana Azmi: News, Movies, Photos, Videos & Updates |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/shabana-azmi/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Padmini Kolhapure]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padmini Kolhapure: News, Movies, Photos, Videos & Updates |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/padmini-kolhapure/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Suresh Oberoi]], and [[Shakti Kapoor]]. The music was composed by [[R. D. Burman]].

Rishi Kapoor had to endure 7 slaps from Padmini Kolhapure in a scene in [[Prem Rog]] where it was required to slap the character. He jokinging said that he would take revenge when if situation was reversed. Rahi Badal Gaye presented that opportunity but he finished the scene without payback.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padmini Kolhapure Slapped Rishi Kapoor 8 Times; Here's How He Responded 3 Years Later |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/padmini-kolhapure-slapped-rishi-kapoor-8-times-heres-how-he-responded-3-years-later-ws-dkl-9324229.html |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Rishi Kapoor]] as Amar Lal / Flight Lieutenant Pawan Kumar Saxena (Double Role)
* [[Shabana Azmi]] as Bhavna
* [[Padmini Kolhapure]] as Sangeeta
* [[Suresh Oberoi]] as Dr. Mehra
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Vikram Mehra "Vicky"
* [[Rajendra Nath|Rajendranath]] as Raghunathan
* [[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]] as Ashalata
* Sunder Taneja as Police inspector

==Soundtrack==
The film has 6 tracks which were written by [[Gulshan Bawra]] and composed by [[R. D. Burman]].
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Meri Dua Hai" (Solo)
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Hillori Hillori"
| Kishore Kumar
|-
| "Ek Baat Dil Mein Aayi Hai, Kahoon Ya Na Kahoon"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Aasman Se Ek Sitara Is Zameen Pe Aa Gaya"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[R. D. Burman]]
|-
| "Chori Chori Is Tarah Se Mil Jati Hai Nazar"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]]
|-
| "Meri Dua Hai Phoolon Si Tu Khile" (Duet)
| Shailendra Singh, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0364627}}

[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1985 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravi Tandon]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Abhi (2003 film)

2026-03-03T21:39:11Z

VaughnBrooks3: Creating data.

{{short description|2003 film by Dinesh Babu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Abhi (2003 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Dinesh Babu]]
| writer = Dinesh Babu
| producer = [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]]
| starring = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = [[Dinesh Babu]]
| editing = S. Manohar
| studio = Poornima Enterprises
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2003|04|25|df=yes}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| gross = 16 crore<ref name=":0" />
}}

'''''Abhi''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action comedy film]] written and directed by [[Dinesh Babu]] and produced by [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]] under Poornima Enterprises. The film stars [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] in the titular role, with [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]], making her debut in [[Kannada cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |date=1 June 2013 |title=The volatile diva |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/335945/volatile-diva.html |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> [[Dr. Rajkumar]] sang a song for the film composed by [[Gurukiran]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Riti |first=M D |date=April 25, 2003 |title=Jains find Puneet Rajakumar's song offensive |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/25puneet.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220202746/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/25puneet.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Abhimanyu (2003 film)|Abhimanyu]]'', with [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]] reprising Puneeth Rajkumar's role and Ramya reprising her role in the Telugu version.

''Abhi'' was released on 25 April 2003 and became a commercial success at the box office.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2019-03-12 |title=Best movies of Puneeth Rajkumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/best-movies-of-puneeth-rajkumar/photostory/68373663.cms |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Abhi, a college student in [[Bangalore]], meets a [[Muslim]] girl Bhanu as her relatives are staying in Abhi's rental house. Abhi and Bhanu get to know each other and begin a relationship. Bhanu's father Mohammed Khan learns about this and gets shocked and enraged upon learning Abhi's identity. Mohammed Khan arrives in Bangalore to search for Abhi, finds him at the college and begins to attack him. Abhi does not agree with Khan's behaviour and brutally thrashes Khan in the college but stops after learning that Khan is Bhanu's father.

Khan vacates the house, and they all leave for [[Hubli]]. Abhi and his friends head to Hubli and manage to talk with Bhanu. Bhanu's grandmother advises Abhi to leave the house immediately as Khan and his men will be coming back from the [[mosque]] after the prayer. Abhi asks Bhanu's grandmother about the reason why Khan tried to kill him earlier, and she tells him to ask his mother Janaki. Abhi returns home and reveals details about Khan to Janaki. Janaki reveals to Abhi that she is his adopted mother and his real parents are Ruksana Bano and Joseph.

Ruksana and Joseph fell in love, eloped and got married, but their [[Interfaith marriage|inter-religion marriage]] was not accepted by Khan and his father Abdul Ghaffar Khan. Khan and Abdul Ghaffar Khan learnt about Ruksana and Joseph's location, where they brutally killed them and were about to kill an infant Abhi, but the local people arrived and saved Abhi from danger. When many people were hesitant to adopt Abhi, Janaki adopted Abhi as her own son and they left for [[Bangalore]] for a new life.

Learning this, Abhi decides to breakup with Bhanu for Janaki's sake. Bhanu also learns about Abhi's past from her grandmother, where she also decides to breakup with Abhi for her family's sake. Bhanu meets Abhi and the two breakup with each other. Khan assumes that Bhanu ran away to marry Abhi and tries to kill him, but Abhi defeats Khan. Bhanu's grandmother advises Khan to stop his cruelty. Khan realizes his mistake and allows Bhanu to marry Abhi.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] as Abhishek "Abhi"
* [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] as Bhanu
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Bhanu's grandmother
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Janaki Sudarshan, Abhi's mother
* [[Umashree]] as Haseena Begum
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]] as Mohammad Khan
* Hulivana Gangadharaiah as Abdul Ghaffar Khan
* [[B. Jaya (actress)|B. Jaya]] as Radha
* Shailaja Joshi as Mohammad Khan's wife
* [[Suneel Puranik]] as Joseph
* Rekha V. Kumar as Ruksana Bano
* Bharath Bhagavathar as [[Inspector|SI]] Saif Ali
* [[Enagi Nataraj]]
* [[Raju Ananthaswamy]]
* [[Honnavalli Krishna]]
* [[Vaijanath Biradar]]
* Kavya Prakash
* Gundu Rao
* Sridhar
* Nagaraj
* Guruprasad
* Mahesh
* Sundaresh
* Tumkur Mohan
}}

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Abhi
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Gurukiran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =June 2007
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|iyS1coOG6pg|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}

}}

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mama Mama Maja Madu
| extra1 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
| lyrics1 = [[Hamsalekha]]
| length1 = 4:12
| title2 = Sum Sumne
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sowmya Raoh]]
| lyrics2 = Bangiranga
| length2 = 3:53
| title3 = Ee Nanna Kannane
| extra3 = Udit Narayan, [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| lyrics3 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| length3 = 5:07
| title4 = Vidhi Baraha
| extra4 = [[Dr. Rajkumar]]
| lyrics4 = K. Kalyan
| length4 = 4:30
| title5 = Bittaku Guru
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Chetan Sosca]]
| lyrics5 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| length5 = 4:45
}}

== Reception ==
''[[Chitraloka.com]]'' wrote "The redeeming feature of this film is the mixture. A right film at the right time from equally right banner!."<ref>{{cite web |date=26 April 2003 |title=Abhi Movie Review |url=https://chitraloka.com/news/139-films-latest-news/2691-upendra-direction-movie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502025557/https://chitraloka.com/news/139-films-latest-news/2691-upendra-direction-movie.html |archive-date=2 May 2023 |accessdate=2022-05-30 |website=[[Chitraloka.com]] |publisher=}}</ref> ''[[Viggy]]'' wrote that "One can say, film Abhi in general, exceeds Puneet's earlier film ''[[Appu (2002 film)|Appu]]'' in all respect, Good film to watch."<ref>{{cite web |title=Abhi film review |url=http://viggy.com/english/review_abhi.asp |website=[[Viggy]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt5618626}}
{{Dinesh Baboo}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abhi (2003 Film)}}
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dinesh Baboo]]
[[Category:Romance films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]

Amar Prem Ki Prem Kahani

2026-03-02T04:38:29Z

VaughnBrooks3: Creating new pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Amar Prem Ki Prem Kahani.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| director = Hardik Gajjar
| writer = Rupinder Inderjit
| producer = {{ubl|[[Jyoti Deshpande]]|Parth Gajjar|Poonam Shroff}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Sunny Singh (actor)|Sunny Singh]]
* [[Aditya Seal]]
* [[Pranutan Bahl]]
}}
| cinematography = Hanoz V. Kerawala
| editing = Kanu Prajapati Prashant Singh Rathore
| music = Prasad Sashte
| studio = [[Jio Studios]] A Hardik Gajjar Films Backbencher Pictures Production
| distributor = [[JioCinema]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|10|4}}
| runtime = 117 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Amar Prem Ki Prem Kahani''''' ({{Translation|Amar Prem's Love Story}}), is a 2024 Indian Hindi-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Hardik Gajjar and written by Rupinder Inderjit. The film stars [[Sunny Singh (actor)|Sunny Singh]], [[Aditya Seal]] in the title role, alongside [[Pranutan Bahl]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Simran | title=Amar Prem Ki Prem Kahani trailer: Sunny Singh, Aditya Seal play lovers, Pranutan Bahl turns evil in queer romance | website=DNA India | date=26 September 2024 | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-amar-prem-ki-prem-kahani-trailer-sunny-singh-aditya-seal-play-lovers-pranutan-bahl-turns-evil-in-queer-romance-3109897}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Sunny Singh (actor)|Sunny Singh]] as Amar
* [[Aditya Seal]] as Prem
* [[Pranutan Bahl]] as Mandy
* Diksha Singh
* Jinder Sethi
* Tarsem Paul
* Baljinder Kaul
* Sanju Solanki
* Jhumma Mitra as Bijoya Prem's Mother

== Production ==
The film was announced on [[JioCinema]] starring [[Sunny Singh (actor)|Sunny Singh]] and [[Aditya Seal]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Mishra | first=Vinay MR | title=Aditya Seal and Sunny Singh to Star in Amar Prem: A Groundbreaking Gay Romance Film | website=The Times of India | date=6 July 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aditya-seal-and-sunny-singh-to-star-in-amar-prem-a-groundbreaking-gay-romance-film/articleshow/111531145.cms | access-date=4 October 2024 | archive-date=4 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004033549/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aditya-seal-and-sunny-singh-to-star-in-amar-prem-a-groundbreaking-gay-romance-film/articleshow/111531145.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> The film was shot in [[Chandigarh]] and [[London]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Kanabar | first=Nirali | title=Amar Prem Ki Prem Kahani OTT release date: Stream Aditya Seal, Sunny Singh's romantic film on THIS platform | website=OTTPlay | date=17 September 2024 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/amar-prem-ki-prem-kahani-ott-release-date-aditya-seal-sunny-singh/debe5fa363368 | access-date=4 October 2024 | archive-date=4 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004033428/https://www.ottplay.com/news/amar-prem-ki-prem-kahani-ott-release-date-aditya-seal-sunny-singh/debe5fa363368 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Amar Prem Ki Prem Kahani
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Prasad Sashte
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2024|9|24}}<ref>{{cite web | title=EP by Prasad S, Kunaal Vermaa, Priyanka R Bala, Sahil Sultanpuri & Traditional on Apple Music | website=Apple Music - Web Player | date=24 September 2024 | url=https://music.apple.com/ua/album/amar-prem-ki-prem-kahani-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1769578500}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=11|s=22}}
| label = [[Times Music]]
| language = Hindi
| producer =
| misc =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = {{Duration|m=22|s=27}}
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kasturi
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kunaal Vermaa]]
| length1 = 3:52
| title2 = Dheemi Dheemi
| extra2 = Aasa Singh
| lyrics2 = Kunaal Vermaa
| length2 = 3:58
| title3 = Gabru
| extra3 = Swarjit Singh, Divya Bhura
| lyrics3 = Priyanka R Bala
| length3 = 3:57
| title4 = Main To Adhura
| extra4 = Varun Jain
| lyrics4 = Sahil Sultanpuri
| length4 = 3:34
| title5 = Cha Chadheya
| extra5 = Sudhir Yaduvanshi
| lyrics5 = Priyanka R Bala
| length5 = 3:00
| title6 = Chaap Tilak
| extra6 = [[Javed Ali]]
| lyrics6 = Traditional
| length6 = 4:06
}}

== Release ==
The trailer of the film was released on 24 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title=Amar Prem Ki Prem Kahani trailer out: Sunny Singh romances Aditya Seal in same-sex love story; film to stream on JioCinema from October 4 4 : Bollywood News | website=Bollywood Hungama | date=25 September 2024 | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/amar-prem-ki-prem-kahani-trailer-sunny-singh-romances-aditya-seal-sex-love-story-film-stream-jiocinema-october-4/ | access-date=4 October 2024 | archive-date=4 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004033431/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/amar-prem-ki-prem-kahani-trailer-sunny-singh-romances-aditya-seal-sex-love-story-film-stream-jiocinema-october-4/ | url-status=live }}</ref> It premiered on [[JioCinema]] on 4 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=S | first=Hari Prasad | title=OTT Bold Movie: ఓటీటీలోకి నేరుగా వస్తున్న మరో బోల్డ్ మూవీ.. స్ట్రీమింగ్ డేట్ ఇదే | website=Hindustantimes Telugu | date=17 September 2024 | url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ott-bold-movie-amar-prem-ki-prem-kahani-a-gay-love-story-to-stream-on-jio-cinema-on-october-4th-121726554340760.html | language=te | access-date=4 October 2024 | archive-date=4 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004033551/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ott-bold-movie-amar-prem-ki-prem-kahani-a-gay-love-story-to-stream-on-jio-cinema-on-october-4th-121726554340760.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sushmita Dey of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film a rating of 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Dey | first=Sushmita | title=Amar Prem Ki Prem Kahani Movie Review: Sunny Singh, Aditya Seal Starrer Is A Heartwarming Coming Out Story | website=Times Now | date=4 October 2024 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/amar-prem-ki-prem-kahani-movie-review-sunny-singh-aditya-seal-starrer-is-a-heartwarming-coming-out-story-review-113903601 | access-date=4 October 2024 | archive-date=4 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004033428/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/amar-prem-ki-prem-kahani-movie-review-sunny-singh-aditya-seal-starrer-is-a-heartwarming-coming-out-story-review-113903601 | url-status=live }}</ref> Rishabh Suri from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' dismissed the film as "senseless".<ref>{{cite web | last=Suri | first=Rishabh | title=Amar Prem Ki Prem Kahani review: Sunny Singh, Aditya Seal's senseless rom-com wins the 'why does this film exist' award | website=Hindustan Times | date=4 October 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/amar-prem-ki-prem-kahani-review-sunny-singh-aditya-seal-s-senseless-rom-com-wins-the-why-does-this-film-exist-award-101728026488721.html}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt27116571}}
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/amar-prem-ki-prem-kahani/4027239 ''Amar Prem Ki Prem Kahani''] on [[JioCinema]]

{{Portal bar|India|Film}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]

Sidharth Bharathan

2026-02-28T11:29:54Z

VaughnBrooks3:

{{short description|Indian actor and filmmaker}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sidharth Bharathan
| image = Sidharth Bharathan 2017.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|5|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| alma_mater = [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]]
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actor|director|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 2002–present
| awards = [[Kerala Film Critics Awards]],[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
| children = 1
| spouse = {{Marriage|Anju Mohan Das|2008|2013|end=divorced}} {{Marriage|Sujina Sreedhar|2019}}
| father = [[Bharathan]]
| mother = [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]]
| known for = ''[[Nammal]]'' (2002) ''[[Nidra (2012 film)|Nidra]]'' (2012) ''[[Chandrettan Evideya]]'' (2015) ''[[Bramayugam]]'' (2024)
}}
'''Sidharth Bharathan''' (born 26 May 1983)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2024/Mar/21/sidharth-bharathani-wouldve-persisted-with-acting-had-i-got-the-roles-naslen-is-getting-now|title=Sidharth Bharathan: I would've persisted with acting had I got the roles Naslen is getting now|author=Vivek Santhosh|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=21 March 2024}}</ref> is an Indian actor, screenwriter and film director who prominently works in [[Malayalam films]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sidharth-bharathan-set-to-play-the-lead-in-paranu-paranu-paranu-chellan-8859649.html|title=Sidharth Bharathan Set To Play The Lead In Paranu Paranu Paranu Chellan|date=21 April 2024}}</ref> He made his acting debut in ''[[Nammal]]'' (2002)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/nammal-review-malayalam-pcluy2cdbfgbg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512003335/https://www.sify.com/movies/nammal-review-malayalam-pcluy2cdbfgbg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 May 2022|title=Nammal|work=[[Sify]]|date=24 April 2003}}</ref> and directional debut in ''[[Nidra (2012 film)|Nidra]]'' (2012).<ref name=announced>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101204125732/http://sify.com/movies/siddharth-to-remake-nidra-in-malayalam-news-malayalam-kmbjp2bdaah.html "Siddharth to remake Nidra in Malayalam"]. [[Sify.com]]. 2 December 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2012.</ref><ref name=Screen>{{cite news|url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/siddharth-bharathan-remakes-father-s-classic-film-nidra/725667/|title=Siddharth Bharathan remakes father's classic film Nidra|author=Unni R. Nair|newspaper=[[Screen India]]|publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]|date=17 December 2010|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|access-date=13 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201214053/http://www.screenindia.com/news/siddharth-bharathan-remakes-father-s-classic-film-nidra/725667/|archive-date=1 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Sidharth was born on 26 May 1983 to film director [[Bharathan]] and actress [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kpac-lalitha-son-sidharth-bharathan-7828326/|title=Sidharth Bharathan: 'I realised that there are no twists in life when Amma left me'|website=indianexpress.com|date=21 March 2022}}</ref> He was married to Anju Mohan Das since 12 December 2008 for about five years and later divorced in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/when-sidharth-bharathan-opened-up-about-his-first-marriage/articleshow/95687435.cms|title=ആ കുട്ടിയുടെ ജീവിതം കുളമാക്കി! നല്ലൊരു തീരുമാനം എടുക്കേണ്ടതായിരുന്നു! ആദ്യവിവാഹത്തെക്കുറിച്ച് സിദ്ധാര്‍ത്ഥ് പറഞ്ഞത്|website=malayalam.samayam.com|date=22 November 2022}}</ref> On 31 August 2019, he married Sujina and they have a daughter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deepika.com/cinema/CinemaNews.aspx?ID=4115|title=സിദധാർഥ ഭരതൻ വീണടം വിവാഹിതനായി : Cinema News|date=September 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sidharth-bharathan-blessed-with-a-baby-girl-heres-the-picture-of-the-newborn/articleshow/77121054.cms|title=Sidharth Bharathan blessed with a baby girl: Here's the pict|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=23 July 2020}}</ref>

==Career==
===2002–2004: Debut and breakthrough===
Sidharth began his film career through the Malayalam film ''[[Nammal]]'' in 2002 <ref>{{cite news|title=Kinescope|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/23/stories/2002122300330300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030721020641/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/23/stories/2002122300330300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2003|accessdate=22 January 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 December 2002}}</ref> along with [[:simple:Jishnu Raghavan|Jishnu Raghavan]] and [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] and also he received [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]] for [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Best Debut Actor]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kerala-film-producers-association-to-tighten-noose-on-online-movie-reviewers/article67469609.ece|title=Kerala Film Producers' Association to tighten noose on online movie reviewers|newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 October 2023}}</ref> And also acted in several films ''[[Rasikan]]'', ''[[Youth Festival]]'', ''Kakkakarumban'' and ''[[Ennittum]]'' along with [[Kaniha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sidharth-bharathan-says-it-was-both-an-honour-and-a-challenge-working-with-mammootty-in-bramayugam/articleshow/103784137.cms|title=Sidharth Bharathan says it was both 'an honour and a challen|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=19 September 2023}}</ref> Then, he had acted in ''[[Rebecca Uthup Kizhakkemala]]'', ''[[Spirit (2012 film)|Spirit]]'' and ''[[Olipporu]]'' in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 January 2013|title=Rebecca Uthup Kizhakkemala inspired by the story of Gold|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rebecca-uthup-kizhakkemala-inspired-by-the-story-of-gold/articleshow/17900303.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref> In 2023, he made his acting comebock through ''[[Vela (film)|Vela]]'' and ''[[Bramayugam]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bramayugam-movie-review-mammoottys-performance-elevates-this-middling-film-on-the-evils-of-unrestricted-power/article67848964.ece
|access-date=2024-02-15|title='Bramayugam. But this film is designed as a fantasy, mystery tale with a few mildly scary moments thrown in|newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 February 2024 |last1=Praveen |first1=S. R. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/bramayugam-mammootty-sadasivan-hopeless-horror-film-9170870|access-date=2024-02-22|title='Bramayugam' Mammootty's miraculous run continues with the bleakest Indian horror film in years, a take-no-prisoners tirade against humanity.|date=21 February 2024 }}</ref>

===2012–present: Directional debut and beyond===
He made his directorial debut and played the lead role in ''[[Nidra (2012 film)|Nidra]]'' and also acted as a lead actor along with [[Rima Kallingal]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150621152111/http://www.sify.com/movies/Nidra-releases-on-Feb-24-imagegallery-malayalam-mcslT9aejgh.html?html=5 "Nidra releases on Feb 24"]. [[Sify.com]]. 24 February 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2012.</ref> it was a remake of the 1981 Malayalam film of the same name directed by his father.<ref name="Mathrubhumi news">{{cite news|title=Nidra starts|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/236533/|accessdate=10 December 2011|newspaper=Mathrubhumi|date=10 December 2011|archive-date=10 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210234950/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/236533/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has also worked as a [[scenarist]] for the film ''Isha'', a segment in the anthology film ''[[5 Sundarikal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-five-sundarikal-is-an-interesting-anthology/20130624.htm|title=Review: 5 Sundarikal is an interesting anthology|author=Paresh C Palicha|date=24 June 2013}}</ref> Also directed successful films ''[[Chandrettan Evideya]]'', ''[[Djinn (2023 film)|Djinn]]'' and ''[[Chathuram]]''.<ref>{{cite news|author=Liza George |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-bit-of-luck-and-destiny/article4385945.ece |title=A bit of luck and destiny |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2013-02-06 |access-date=2013-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Apr/19/unni-lalu-and-sidharth-bharathans-next-film-titled-paranu-paranu-paranu-chellan|title=Unni Lalu and Sidharth Bharathan's next film titled 'Paranu Paranu Paranu Chellan'|website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=19 April 2024}}</ref>

==Accident and aftermath==
Sidharth was seriously injured in an accident on 11 September 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/malayalam-actor-gets-back-car-crash-after-miracle-recovery-34816|title=Malayalam actor gets back from car-crash after miracle recovery|website=www.thenewsminute.com|date=2 October 2015}}</ref> The [[Ford Figo]] car he was driving hit a wall on the road at Chambakkara near [[Kochi]] and the actor sustained serious injuries in his leg and head.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/managed-to-pull-through-due-to-god-s-grace-sidharth-bharathan-115100101067_1.html|title=Managed to pull through due to God's grace: Sidharth Bharathan|website=www.business-standard.com|date=1 October 2015}}</ref> He was in the [[ventilator]] of the [[Medical Trust Hospital]].<ref>[http://www.kaumudi.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=68899 " Actor Siddharth Bharathan seriously injured in accident"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218024238/http://www.kaumudi.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=68899 |date=18 February 2018 }}. ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]]''. 11 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sidharth-bharathan-walks-back-to-life/articleshow/49193262.cms|title=Sidharth Bharathan walks back to life|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=2 October 2015}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As an actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! Ref
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Nammal]]'' || Shyam || Debut film || <ref name="asianetnews.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/sidharth-bharathan-remember-late-actor-jishnu-raghavan-nrn-rs0taj|title='നീണ്ട ഏഴ് വർഷങ്ങൾ.. ഓർത്തു കൊണ്ടേയിരിക്കുന്നു'; ജിഷ്ണുവിന്റെ ഓർമയിൽ സിദ്ധാർത്ഥ് ഭരതൻ|website=asianetnews.com|language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2004 || ''[[Youth Festival]]'' || Arjun || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.msidb.org/m.php?509|title= Youth Festival (2004)}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kakkakarumban'' || Ramesan || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3634|title=Kakkakarumban}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rasikan]]'' || Sudhi || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rasikan-review-malayalam-pclvFedjaahfb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312105440/https://www.sify.com/movies/rasikan-review-malayalam-pclvFedjaahfb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 March 2022|title = Rasikan|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ennittum]]'' || Jeeth || ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News28/6-9-05e/malayalam-movies-news-swarnamalya.html | title=Malayalam movies : Swarnamalya tries her luck in Malayalam }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2012 || ''[[Nidra (2012 film)|Nidra]]'' || Raju || Also director || <ref name=TH>Vijay George (23 February 2012). [http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2923500.ece "An emotional journey"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. Retrieved 11 November 2012.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Spirit (2012 film)|Spirit]]'' || Sameer || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/actor-siddharth-thrilled-with-response-to-spirit-483554.html|title=Actor Siddharth thrilled with response to 'Spirit'|website=www.news18.com|date=21 June 2012}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2013 || ''[[Rebecca Uthup Kizhakkemala]]'' || Arjun || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/director-sundar-das-hosts-the-muhurth-of-upcoming-film-rebecca-uthup-in-kochi/articleshow/17019251.cms|title=Director Sundar Das hosts the muhurth of upcoming film 'Rebecca Uthup' in Kochi|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=10 January 2014|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Olipporu]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/News/Fahad%20Fazil%20in%20Olipporu.-4654-1 |title=Fahad Fazil in "Olipporu". :News - Movie News, Film News, Cinema News - Malayalam Movie News |website=www.metromatinee.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119110429/http://www.metromatinee.com/News/Fahad%20Fazil%20in%20Olipporu.-4654-1 |archive-date=2012-11-19}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Njan Ninnodu Koodeyundu]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Njan Ninnodu Koodeyundu Movie Review-Fairly Good|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/16167/malayalam/njan-ninnodu-koodeyundu/5028/review/|publisher=nowrunning|date=2015-03-23|accessdate=2015-10-30}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''Koppayile Kodumkattu'' || || ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-havent-finished-koppayile-kodumkattu-parvathy-nair/articleshow/52925460.cms|title=I haven't finished 'Koppayile Kodumkattu': Parvathy Nair|author=Deepa Soman|newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Vela (film)|Vela]]'' || SI Ashok Kumar || || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shane Nigam-Sunny Wayne film Vela gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/20/shane-nigam-sunny-wayne-film-vela-gets-a-releasedate-48795.html |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=20 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''[[Bramayugam]]'' || Kodumon Potti's cook || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bramayugam completes censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/jan/30/bramayugam-completes-censorship-formalities-51619.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=30 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sookshmadarshini]]''||Dr. John|| ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sookshmadarshini: Nazriya Nazim's comeback Malayalam film, also starring Basil Joseph, goes on floors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sookshmadarshini-nazriya-nazims-comeback-malayalam-film-also-starring-basil-joseph-goes-on-floors/article68228279.ece/ |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=The Hindu|date=29 May 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2025 || ''[[Bazooka (film)|Bazooka]]'' || CI Arjun Ramaswamy || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's a release update on Mammootty's Bazooka |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/nov/12/heres-a-release-update-on-mammoottys-bazooka-49478.html |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=12 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aabhyanthara Kuttavaali]]'' || Peter || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-02-28 |title=Asif Ali's Abhyanthara Kuttavali confirms release date, teaser out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/28/asif-alis-abhyanthara-kuttavali-confirms-release-date-teaser-out |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dheeran (2025 film)|Dheeran]]'' ||Gireeshan|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-03-06 |title=First look of Dheeran unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/06/first-look-of-dheeran-unveiled |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Paranu Paranu Paranu Chellan'' || || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sidharth-bharathan-and-unni-lalu-to-headline-paranu-paranu-paranu-chellan/articleshow/109434409.cms|title=Sidharth Bharathan and Unni Lalu to headline 'Paranu Paranu|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=19 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''Flask'' || || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=Express |date=2025-02-12 |title=Saiju Kurup & Suresh Krishna starrer Flask completes shooting |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Feb/12/saiju-kurup-suresh-krishna-starrer-flask-completes-shooting |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sumathi Valavu]]'' || Chemban || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-02-13 |title=Arjun Ashokan-starrer Sumathi Valavu gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/13/arjun-ashokan-starrer-sumathi-valavu-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bha Bha Ba]]'' || Damodaran || ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Dileep's Bha Bha Ba goes on floors|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/15/dileeps-bha-bha-ba-goes-on-floors|accessdate=30 August 2024|work=Cinema Express|date=15 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2026 || ''[[Magic Mushrooms (film)|Magic Mushrooms]]'' || Vasanthan Kumar || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-11-30 |title=Vishnu Unnikrishnan's Magic Mushrooms gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/30/vishnu-unnikrishnans-magic-mushrooms-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Spa'' || || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-10 |title=Abrid Shine’s Spa release deferred by a day |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Feb/10/abrid-shines-spa-release-deferred-by-a-day |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film| Sambhavam Adhyayam Onnu}} || {{TableTBA}} || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-15 |title=Askar Ali-Vineeth Kumar starrer Sambhavam Adhyayam Onnu gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Feb/15/askar-ali-vineeth-kumar-starrer-sambhavam-adhyayam-onnu-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===As a director===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
| | 2012 || ''[[Nidra (2012 film)|Nidra]]'' || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/78222.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220084926/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/78222.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 February 2012|title='Nidhra' for next week |website=IndiaGlitz |date=18 February 2012|access-date=18 February 2012}}</ref><ref name=failure>Sanjith Sidhardhan (1 June 2012). [https://archive.today/20130126092414/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-01/news-and-interviews/31958011_1_directorial-debut-flick-thilakan "Humbled in the presence of veterans: Sidharth Bharathan"]. ''[[The Times of India]]''. Retrieved 11 November 2012.</ref>
|-
| | 2015 || ''[[Chandrettan Evideya]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Sidharth Bharathan's next titled Chandrettan Evideya|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/chandrettan-evideya/cast-crew.html|publisher=Filmibeat}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sidharth's next titled Chandrettan Evideya|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/16566/malayalam/chandrettan-evideya/cast.and.crew.htm|publisher=Now Running|access-date=20 April 2015|archive-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702235040/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/16566/malayalam/chandrettan-evideya/cast.and.crew.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| | 2017 || ''[[Varnyathil Aashanka]]'' ||<ref name="mollywoodtimes">{{cite web|title=Kunchacko Boban replaces Asif Ali in Sidharth Bharathan's Next.|url=http://mollywoodtimes.com/2017/04/11/kunchacko-boban-replaces-asif-ali-sidharth-bharathans-next/|website=Mollywood Times|access-date=2017-08-19|date=2017-04-11|archive-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824013635/http://mollywoodtimes.com/2017/04/11/kunchacko-boban-replaces-asif-ali-sidharth-bharathans-next/|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name="manoramaonline">{{cite web|title= Sidharth Bharathan's next is 'Varnyathil Aashanka'|url= http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/sidharth-bharathan-to-direct-asif-ali-in-varnyathil-aashanka.html |website=Manorama Online|access-date=2017-08-19|date=2017-02-15}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Chathuram]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=ChathuramA |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/chathuram/movieshow/80839022.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chathuram Movie (Nov 2022) - Trailer, Star Cast, Release Date {{!}} Paytm.com |url=https://paytm.com/movies/chathuram-movie-detail-157586 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Paytm |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || '' [[Djinn (2023 film)|Djinn]]'' || <ref>{{cite news |last1=Digital Native |title=Soubin Shahir's 'Djinn' wrapped up |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/soubin-shahir-s-djinn-wrapped-120407 |accessdate=17 March 2020 |publisher=The News Minute}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India-1">{{cite news |last1=TIMESOFINDIA.COM |title=Dulquer Salmaan unveils the motion poster of Soubin Shahir's 'Djinn' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-unveils-the-motion-poster-of-soubin-shahirs-djinn/articleshow/77328279.cms |accessdate=3 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |ref=The Times of India-1}}</ref>
|}

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.}}
|-
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|2002]]
| ''[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Awards]]''
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Best New Comer]]
| ''[[Nammal]]''
| {{Won}}
| <ref name="Critics Awards">[https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html "കേരള ഫിലിം ക്രിട്ടിക്‌സ് അവാര്‍ഡ് 1977 - 2012"]. Kerala Film Critics Association. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| [[Malayalam|2023]]
| ''[[Award|Master Vision International Awards]]''
| [[Award|Best Director]]
| ''[[Chathuram]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sidharth-bharathans-chathuram-gets-an-a-certificate/articleshow/88828892.cms|title=Sidharth Bharathan's 'Chathuram' gets an 'A' certificate|date=11 January 2022|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Kerala State Film Award]]''
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|''[[Bramayugam]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news
|title =Sidharth Bharathan on Best Supporting Actor win at 55th Kera ..
|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/127549962.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |publisher =timesofindia |date =27 January 2026 |accessdate =27 January 2026 |language =English }}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1338020}}
* {{Instagram|sidharthbharathan}}

{{Commons category|Sidharth Bharathan}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharathan, Siddharth}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]

Mahima Dharma

2026-02-13T01:17:35Z

VaughnBrooks3: enhanced references and added references per sources

{{Short description|Hindu sect}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox religion
| name = Mahima Dharma
| image = Mahima sadhu near Baneswaranasi, Odisha.jpg
| imagewidth =
| alt =
| caption = A Mahima sadhu from Odisha with the characteristic ''barada badi'', palm-leaf fan symbolic of Mahimaism
| abbreviation =
| type =
| main_classification = [[Hindu sect]]
| orientation =
| scripture =
| theology = Faith in ''ALEKH''
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| area = Western Odisha and Central Odisha
| headquarters = Mahima Gadi ମହିମା ଗଡ଼ି
| founder = Prabuddha Guru Mahima Swami
| founded_date = 1862 CE (after Mahima Swamy attained ''siddhi'')
| founded_place = Kapilasa Hill
| parent =
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}}

'''Mahima Dharma''' (Odia: ମହିମା ଧର୍ମ) also known as '''Mahima Panth''', is a [[Hindu sect]] practiced primarily in [[Odisha]] and nearby states. The religious movement was based on the worship of God, known as ALEKH, as attributeless; as condemnation of all religious customs set by the rich and upper-class society generally.<ref name=boloji>{{cite web|last1=Mishra|first1=R.N.|title=The Alekh Cult: A Religion of the Masses|url=http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=10554|website=Boloji.com|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Alakh'' was used by [[Sant (religion)|sants]] (saint) and bhakts (worshippers) in the [[Bhakti era]] of India, including gurus [[Nanak]] and [[Kabir]], who would chant, "''[[Alakh Niranjan]]''." Exclaiming the name of God ([[Sankirtan]] Yajna) was given prominence in all of the different ways of worship. [[Nath|Nathpanthis]] would also chant the same.

Alakh means "''invisible''" and [[Niranjan]] means "''spotless''", virtually the same.

Mahima Dharma is also known as ''Kumbhipatia'', and its followed as ''Khumbupati''.<ref> P. 115 ''The Voice of Silence: Sonepur Durbar and Indian Cultural Traditions'' By Pabitra Mohana Nāẏaka</ref> Devotees are also known as, ''Alekhanamis'', ''Alekhgirs'', and ''Alekheyas''.

==Founder==
The founder of Mahima Dharma was Mahima Swami, or Mahima Gosain as he was also called.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahima Dharma, Bhima Bhoi and Biswanathbaba |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/may2005/engpdf/mahima_dharma_bhima_bhoi_biswanathbaba.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224314/http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/may2005/engpdf/mahima_dharma_bhima_bhoi_biswanathbaba.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-26 }}</ref> The first known report of Mahima Swami's existence was in 1867 in the newspaper ''Utkala Deepika'' in Orissa.

While Mahima Swami was his title, his name was Mukund Das,<ref> ''Tattwabodhini Patrika''; P. 61 ''Mahima Dharmadhara'' By Satrughna Nath </ref> a Brahman.<ref> P. 115 ''The Voice of Silence: Sonepur Durbar and Indian Cultural Traditions'' By Pabitra Mohana Nāẏaka </ref><ref> He was Brahmin by caste as mentioned in ''Mahima Vinod'' Volume 11 of Bhima Bhoi. </ref> For many years, Mahima Gosain was in deep meditation in the caves at Himalaya. From there, Swami travelled to many regions and at last appeared in Puri (Odisha) in 1826 as Dhulia Gosain, where Swami settled on the dusty roads of [[Puri]]. People used to ask him queries on their well being and, surprisingly, it all happened to be true. It is believed once Swami was invited to Puri Mukti Mandap and there he confirmed [[Brahman|Brahm]] (not Brahmā) is [[nirguna]] ("''attributeless''") and sunya ("''void''.")

From Puri Swami moved to hill caves of Khandagiri, Dhauligiri, Nilagiri etc. near [[Bhubaneswar]] (capital of Orissa state). During that period Swami lived on water alone for twelve years and people used to call him ''Nirahari Gosain''. In 1838, Swami moved to Kapilash hill of Dhenkanal district of Orissa and spent twenty-one days in Atma Yoga Samadhi (unification of human mind) with ''balkal'' of the ''kumbhi'' tree (bark of careya arborea), leaving his clothes on a huge round stone. A great seven-hooded snake spread its hood covering his head. The nearby area of the forest was illuminated by the luster of the body of Swami. On the 21st day, a tribal, Sadananda of nearby Deogram village, witnessed the magnificent Atma Yoga Samadhi of Swami and served him fruits for twelve years during the stay of Swami at Kapilash hill. For this, Swami came to be known as ''Phalahari Gosain''. The next twelve years Swami survived on cow's milk alone, rendered as service by the ruler of Dhenkanal, King Bhagirathi Bhramarbar Bahadur. Both the king and the queen had the opportunity to witness Swami on top of Kapilash hill and would serve him milk in new earthen pots.

Later, Swami moved to Kakanpada village of [[Rairakhol]] with his first disciple Sidha Govinda Baba. It is said he made an appearance to a blind [[Bhima Bhoi]] and blessed him with eyesight. Upon seeing the Swami, Bhima, with all his humbleness, prayed to the Swami to make him blind again as the torture of mankind was intolerable for him. Swami blessed him to compose a poem on ''Nirguna Brahma'' to spread the Mahima cult. After this, Swami retired back to Kapilash hill. Many believe the journey of Swami to Rairakhol was through air, not by foot.

After spending twelve years in Kapilash hill, Mahima Prabhu travelled around for twenty-four years as ''Brahmabadhuta'' (wandering mendicant of supreme order) and spread Mahima Dharma in Odisha and the neighboring states, before taking'' Samadhi'' at Joranda, [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]], of Odisha on the 10th day after the new moon of 1876. The place where Mahima Swami disappeared (merged Himself in the Mahanityapura) is called Mahima Gadi. It is the heart of all Mahima movement around world.<ref>''Satya Mahima Dharma Itihasa'' by Brahmabadhuta Biswanath Baba.</ref>

Preachers of the sect have been Brahmans and non-Brahmans. Gangadhar Das Mahanto (Brahman) and Ram Das Mahanto (Brahman) were promulgators.<ref> P . 76 ''The Border Society: A Study of Network and Linkage'' By Sudhendu Chanda </ref>

==Beliefs==
Mahima Dharma teaches belief in a single God (parambrahma or the supreme-soul who is formless and omnipresent) named ''Alekha''.

Mahima Dharma became a powerful force for liberation in India because, as a traditional Indian religion, it stood uncompromising in its rejection of the caste system. Sri [[Bhima Bhoi]], an initiate and ardent disciple of Mahima Swami who collected, disseminated and created ''bhajans'' from the teachings of Mahima Swami, was a [[Khond]] from Odisha.

The distinct and original teachings of Mahima Dharma are often conveyed using terms that may have an unrelated meaning in other Indian religious traditions. This has led scholars to see similarities between Mahima Dharma and, variously, the traditions of "[[crypto-Buddhism]]",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Shashank Shekhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SwY1EQAAQBAJ&q=Gajapati+&pg=PR23 |title=Casting the Buddha: A Monumental History of Buddhism |date=2024-12-17 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=978-93-6113-764-8 |language=en |quote=Some scholars , in fact , argue that Buddhism continued to survive in the form of the Mahima cult in Odisha .}}</ref> Panchashakas, Jainism and Tantra.

Adherents reject idol worship as well as the Advaita tradition of Vaishnavism. Charity through the provision of food for those in need is an essential part of Mahima Dharma.

===Harmony with mainstream deities===
While the sect opposes the worship of God as any personalized deity, it does not criticize an anthropomorphised god. Bhim Bhoi himself in his ''Nirbeda Sadhana'' write of the existence of Lord Jagannath. To Bhima Bhoi again [[Shesha|Ananta]] is an incarnation of Vishnu and identified with Mahima Swami.<ref> P. 97 ''Religious Movements in Orissa: In Nineteenth Century'' By Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra</ref> The Mahimapanthis and Bhima Bhoi in particular accept that Mahima Gosain is the incarnation of the ocean-dwelling Vishnu Lord Jagannath.<ref> P. 167 ''Construction of an Identity Discourse: Oriya Literature and the Jagannath Cult (1866-1936)'' By Subhakanta Behera</ref>

Many Mahima temples have a seven-hooded snake, alluding to Vishnu, but more particularly to Vishnu's serpent-guard, [[Vasuki]].

==Practices==
[[File:Mahima Alekha monk walking on Bhubaneswar road.JPG|thumb|A Mahima Alekha monk walking on a [[Bhubaneswar]] road]]
The religion is essentially monotheistic in nature. Mahima religion strictly opposes the caste system and idol worship. The religion strictly forbids adultery, the consumption of any intoxicants, violence, and the consumption of any flesh. Food and water have to be taken before sunset. The Mahima devotee should rise around four in the morning and perform Sarana/Darsana before sunrise. Sarana/Darsana is the act of complete surrender of the self to Mahima Prabhu. The same is repeated three times a day including noon and evening before sunset. They are sometimes misinterpreted as followers of Surya, the Sun god, which is not true; they characterize their worship as that of the Supreme Lord of the indescribable grace (Alekha).

The religion has a monastic order, whose members, like Buddhist monks, do not constitute a priestly class and have no control over lay practitioners. They lead a life of poverty, celibacy, piety and constant movement, as the monks are not allowed to sleep in the same place on two consecutive nights nor take meals twice from the same house on any day. Acting on the strict order of the Mahima Swami to avoid any kind of idol worship, the followers of mahima dharma shunned the worship of [[Jagannath|Lord Jagannath]]. In 1881, a large number of [[iconoclasm|iconoclastic]] followers of mahima dharma, from [[Sambalpur]] and [[Raipur]], gathered in [[Puri|Jagannath Puri]], reportedly seizing the three [[murti]]s and setting them afire on the [[Grand Trunk Road]]. A [[First information report|complaint]] was lodged and all the invaders were jailed.

To shed light on the Mahima as a sociocultural revolt against the Caste system, bearing a close resemblance to the [[Dalit Buddhist movement]], [[Mayadhar Mansingh]] wrote in ''History of Oriya Literature:'' "This Mahima or Alekh religion does not recognise the caste system and is severely iconoclastic. It asks people to have faith only in the one invisible power that created this world and to worship Him and Him only. Except for its faith in a personal God, the tenets of this religion have remarkable resemblance to Buddhism. Many scholars indeed think that this Alekh religion is nothing but a revival of Buddhism in Orissa in a new garb."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Malik, S. K. | journal=Contemporary Voice of Dalit | title=Genesis, Historicity and Persistence of Dalit Protest Literature and Movements in Odisha | volume=13 | issue=1 | pages=81–94 | publisher=SAGE Publications India | date=1 May 2021 | issn=2455-328X | doi=10.1177/2455328X20987370 | s2cid=233926734 }}</ref><ref name="Mansinha 1962 p. ">{{cite book | last=Mansinha | first=M. | title=History of Oriya Literature | publisher=New Delhi | series=Sahitya Akademi. Histories of literature | year=1962 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwFIAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2022-09-17 | page=}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Satya Mahima Dharma]]
* [[Joranda Gadhi]]
*[[Sant Mat]]
*[[Contemporary Sant Mat movements]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Satya Mahima Dharma Itihasa'' by Brahmabadhuta Biswanath Baba, 1–47
* ''Philosophy of Mahima Dharma'' by Brahmabadhuta Biswanath Baba (translated to English by Sri Sarbeswar Das)
* ''Mahima Dharmadhara'' by Prof. Satrughna Nath, 55–57
* Banerjee-Dube, Ishita. 2001. 'Issues of Faith, Enactment of Contest: The Founding of Mahima Dharma in Nineteenth-Century Orissa'. In Kulke, H. and Schnepel, B. (eds.), ''Jagannath Revisited'', New Delhi: Manohar, 149–177.
* Eschmann, Anncharlott 1978. "Mahima Dharma: An Autochthonous Hindu Reform Movement," in Eschmann A., Kulke, H. & Tripathi, C.G. (eds). ''The Cult of Jagannath and the Regional Tradition of Orissa'', New Delhi: Manohar, 375–410.
* Guzy, Lidia 2002. ''Baba-s und Alekh-s – Askese und Ekstase einer Religion im Werden''. Berlin: Weissensee Verlag.

{{Commons category|Mahimaism}}
{{Hindu reform movements}}

[[Category:Hindu denominations]]
[[Category:Hindu new religious movements]]
[[Category:Nirguna worship traditions]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Odisha]]
[[Category:Sects that require vegetarianism]]

Swadhin Kumar Mandal

2026-02-12T03:07:18Z

VaughnBrooks3: Refined content and updated sections

{{short description|Indian chemist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Swadhin Kumar Mandal
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Organometallic chemistry]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | Carbon Solutions, Inc. California | [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Kalyani]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[University of California, Riverside]] | [[University of Göttingen]]}}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist|S. S. Krishnamurthy|Robert C. Haddon|[[Herbert W. Roesky]]}}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[catalysis]] and [[drug development]]
| awards = {{ublist| 2020 Bessel Prize, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany
2018 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}

'''Swadhin Kumar Mandal''' (Bengali: স্বাধীন কুমার মন্ডল) is a Bengali Indian organometallic chemist and a professor at the department of chemical sciences of the [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata]]. Mandal, an [[Alexander von Humboldt Fellow]], is known for his studies in the fields of catalysis, new drug development and material chemistry. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to chemical sciences in 2018.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=535 |title=View Bhatnagar Awardees |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}. In 2020, he was awarded the Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Research Award [https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/en/apply/sponsorship-programmes/friedrich-wilhelm-bessel-research-award (https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/en/apply/sponsorship-programmes/friedrich-wilhelm-bessel-research-award])by Alexander von Humboldt (AvH) Foundation, Germany in recognition of his outstanding research accomplishments. In 2022, he was awarded the Erna and Jakob Michael visiting professorship at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel. In 2021, he was elected as a fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences (FASc) and in 2024, he was elected as a fellow of the Indian National Science Academy (FNA).

== Biography ==
[[File:Kalyani University.jpg|thumb|left|Kalyani University]]
Swadhin Kumar Mandal, born on 15 August 1973 in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], graduated with honors in chemistry from the [[University of Kalyani]] in 1993 and followed it up with a master's degree from the same university in 1996.<ref name="Profile on IISER Pune">{{Cite web |url=https://www.iiserkol.ac.in/~swadhin.mandal/CVSMWeb.pdf |title=Profile on IISER Pune |date=2018-12-22 |website=IISER Pune |access-date=2018-12-22}}</ref> Subsequently, he enrolled for doctoral studies at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] under the guidance of
Setharampattu Seshaiyer Krishnamurthy and after securing a PhD in 2002, he moved to the US to do the post-doctoral studies, under Robert C. Haddon of the [[University of California at Riverside]] (2002–2006);<ref name="Haddon Research Group: Group">{{Cite web |url=https://haddon.ucr.edu/group.html |title=Haddon Research Group: Group |date=2018-12-22 |website=haddon.ucr.edu |access-date=2018-12-22}}</ref> later, he worked at the laboratory of [[Herbert W. Roesky]] of the [[University of Göttingen]] (2006–2007), holding an [[Alexander von Humboldt Fellow|Alexander von Humboldt fellowship]].<ref name="Chemistry Tree - Swadhin K. Mandal">{{Cite web |url=https://academictree.org/chemistry/peopleinfo.php?pid=750555 |title=Chemistry Tree - Swadhin K. Mandal |date=2018-12-22 |website=academictree.org |access-date=2018-12-22}}</ref> During his stay in the US. he also worked at Carbon Solutions, Inc. California, and on his return to India, he joined the [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata]] (IISER Kolkata) where he holds the position of a professor.<ref name="Swadhin Mandal Professor Dept: Chemical Sciences (DCS)">{{Cite web |url=http://www3.iiserkol.ac.in/people/faculty/dcs/swadhin-mandal |title=Swadhin Mandal Professor Dept: Chemical Sciences (DCS) |date=2018-12-22 |website=IISER Pune |access-date=2018-12-22}}</ref> At IISER, he heads a laboratory, ''Swadhin K. Mandal's Sensitive Lab''<ref name="SENSITIVE LAB">{{Cite web |url=http://swadhin-mandal.weebly.com/ |title=SENSITIVE LAB |date=2018-12-22 |website=SENSITIVE LAB |language=en |access-date=2018-12-22}}</ref> where he hosts several doctoral and post-doctoral researchers.<ref name="Members">{{Cite web |url=http://swadhin-mandal.weebly.com/members.html |title=Members |date=2018-12-22 |website=SENSITIVE LAB |language=en |access-date=2018-12-22}}</ref><ref name="Dr. Swadhin Mandal's group">{{Cite web |url=https://www.iiserkol.ac.in/~swadhin.mandal/members.htm |title=Dr. Swadhin Mandal's group |date=2018-12-22 |website=www.iiserkol.ac.in |access-date=2018-12-22}}</ref>

Mandal focuses his research on designing dual catalyst for [[hydroamination]] and has published a number of articles.{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}}<ref name="S K Mandal - Google Scholar Citations">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=mqfkB_4AAAAJ&hl=en |title=S K Mandal - Google Scholar Citations |date=2018-12-22 |website=scholar.google.com |access-date=2018-12-22}}</ref> [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles has listed 85 of them.<ref name="S K Mandal - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/12990008_Swadhin_K_Mandal |title=S K Mandal - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune |date=2018-12-22 |website=ResearchGate |language=en |access-date=2018-12-22}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2018.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last1=Mandal |first1=Swadhin K. |last2=Datta |first2=Ayan |last3=Govindarajan |first3=R. |last4=Vijaykumar |first4=Gonela |last5=Vardhanapu |first5=Pavan K. |last6=Hota |first6=Pradip Kumar |last7=Bhattacharjee |first7=Rameswar |last8=Sau |first8=Samaresh Chandra |date=2018-11-30 |title=Transforming atmospheric CO2 into alternative fuels: a metal-free approach under ambient conditions |journal=Chemical Science |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=1879–1884 |language=en |doi=10.1039/C8SC03581D |pmid=30842857 |issn=2041-6539|pmc=6371756 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=P |first1=Sreejyothi |last2=Sau |first2=Samaresh Chandra |last3=Vardhanapu |first3=Pavan K. |last4=Mandal |first4=Swadhin K. |date=2018-08-17 |title=Halo-Bridged Abnormal NHC Palladium(II) Dimer for Catalytic Dehydrogenative Cross-Coupling Reactions of Heteroarenes |journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry |volume=83 |issue=16 |pages=9403–9411 |doi=10.1021/acs.joc.8b01053 |pmid=30015486 |s2cid=51637722 |issn=0022-3263}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Bhunia |first1=Mrinal |last2=Vijaykumar |first2=Gonela |last3=Adhikari |first3=Debashis |last4=Mandal |first4=Swadhin K. |date=2017-12-04 |title=Highly Active Carbene Potassium Complexes for the Ring-Opening Polymerization of ε-Caprolactone |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |volume=56 |issue=23 |pages=14459–14466 |doi=10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01892 |pmid=29144126 |issn=0020-1669}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Sau |first1=Samaresh Chandra |last2=Bhattacharjee |first2=Rameswar |last3=Vardhanapu |first3=Pavan K. |last4=Vijaykumar |first4=Gonela |last5=Datta |first5=Ayan |last6=Mandal |first6=Swadhin K. |date=2016 |title=Metal-Free Reduction of CO2 to Methoxyborane under Ambient Conditions through Borondiformate Formation |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |language=en |volume=55 |issue=48 |pages=15147–15151 |doi=10.1002/anie.201609040 |pmid=27860175 |issn=1521-3773}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Pariyar |first1=Anand |last2=Vijaykumar |first2=Gonela |last3=Bhunia |first3=Mrinal |last4=Dey |first4=Suman Kr. |last5=Singh |first5=Santosh K. |last6=Kurungot |first6=Sreekumar |last7=Mandal |first7=Swadhin K. |date=2015-05-13 |title=Switching Closed-Shell to Open-Shell Phenalenyl: Toward Designing Electroactive Materials |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=137 |issue=18 |pages=5955–5960 |doi=10.1021/jacs.5b00272 |pmid=25933051 |bibcode=2015JAChS.137.5955P |issn=0002-7863}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Drug development]]
* [[Catalysis]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Chemistry}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://academictree.org/chemistry/tree.php?pid=750555 |title=Chemistry Tree - Swadhin K. Mandal Family Tree |date=2018-12-22 |website=academictree.org |access-date=2018-12-22}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandal, Swadhin Kumar}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:University of Kalyani alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Riverside alumni]]
[[Category:University of Göttingen alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]

Ravi Jadhav

2026-02-10T02:57:56Z

VaughnBrooks3: Improved article clarity and structure

{{short description|Marathi film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravi Jadhav
| image = Ravi Jadhav Indian Movie Director.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|09|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| birth_name = Ravindra Harishchandra Jadhav<ref>{{cite web |title=RAVINDRA HARISHCHANDRA JADHAV AWARDS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Ravindra-Harishchandra-Jadhav/awards |website=Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Film director
| yearsactive =
| othername =
| spouse = Meghana Jadhav
| children = 2
| parents = Harishchandra Jadhav (father) Shubhangini Jadhav (mother)
| website = {{URL|www.ravijadhav.com}}
}}
'''Ravindra Jadhav''' (born 22 September 1971) known professionally as Ravi Jadhav is an Indian film director, actor, screenwriter and producer. He made his directorial debut with the Marathi musical drama ''[[Natarang]]'' in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-kaccha-limbu/articleshow/60008608.cms|title=Kaccha Limbu Movie Review: This Ravi Jadhav, Sonali Kulkarni starrer has many shades of grey, but is not weepy|website=Pune Mirror|access-date=3 July 2019|archive-date=3 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703184010/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-kaccha-limbu/articleshow/60008608.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ravi studied in Sir J.J Institute of Applied art<ref name="TOI-20091229">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Atul-Kulkarni-goes-from-wrestler-to-dancer/articleshow/5391253.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629121546/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-29/news-interviews/28085780_1_marathi-films-marathi-cinema-natarang |url-status=live |archive-date=29 June 2013 |title=Atul Kulkarni goes from wrestler to dancer |last=Kolwankar |first=Gayatri |date=29 December 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 May 2013}}</ref> and won the 2009 [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi]].

Some of his other films are ''[[Balak Palak]]'', produced by [[Ritesh Deshmukh]],<ref name="TOI-20120913">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/marathi/news-interviews/Riteishs-debut-Marathi-films-first-look-out/articleshow/16381778.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024183109/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-13/news-interviews/33815419_1_riteish-deshmukh-marathi-ravi-jadhav |url-status=live |archive-date=24 October 2012 |title=Riteish's debut Marathi film's first look out |last=Phadke |first=Aparna |date=13 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 May 2013}}</ref> and [[Balgandharva (film)|''Balgandharva'']], which won three national awards at the [[59th National Film Awards]].<ref name="59thnfa">{{cite web |title=59th National Film Awards for 2011 -Feature Films |url=http://dff.nic.in/Pagesfrom59thNFAPressRelease-featured.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |accessdate=2 April 2012 |format=PDF}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ravi was born in Mumbai, India to Harishchandra Jadhav, and Shubhangini Jadhav. He studied Visual Communication and Graphic Design at Sir J.J Institute of Applied art.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.marathi.tv/people/ravi-jadhav-bio/|title=Ravi Jadhav Wiki, Wife, Biography, Contact, Movie, Address|date=2019-03-19|website=Marathi.TV|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref> Soon after he graduated, Ravi began his career as a creative director and copywriter for a leading advertising agency.

== Career ==
Ravi made his directorial debut with Marathi musical drama ''[[Natarang]]'' in 2010, which is based on the 1978 novel ''Natrang'' by Dr. Anand Yadav. His next film was [[Balgandharva (film)|''Balgandharva'']]. It was screened at the Cannes and Venice film festivals.<ref name=":0" />

Ravi achieved an image of a director who does not shy away from bold topics by making films on sex education (''[[Balak-Palak]]'') and the life of nude models in fine arts (such as in his 2018 film, [[Nude (2018 film)|''Nude'']]).

He also directed ''Tomorrow's Decided'', a music video for [[Pentagram (Indian band)|Pentagram]], an [[electro-rock]] band based in Mumbai.<ref name="TOI-20121130">{{cite news|last=Shetty|first=Akshata|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-30/news-and-interviews/35484066_1_vishal-dadlani-papal-mane-randolph-correia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192539/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-30/news-and-interviews/35484066_1_vishal-dadlani-papal-mane-randolph-correia|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2014|title=Pentagram video to make you conscious of your rights|date=30 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=6 May 2013}}</ref> He also wrote lyrics for ''Saazani'', a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] single, sung by [[Shekhar Ravjiani]],<ref name="TOI-20120428">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Shekhar-Ravjianis-Marathi-tadka/articleshow/12895886.cms|title=Shekhar Ravjiani's Marathi tadka|date=28 April 2012|work=The Times of India|accessdate=6 May 2013}}</ref> and directed the music video.<ref name="PM-20120905">{{cite news|url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/19/201209052012090508275536443f701c3/We-had-to-match-the-SEL-magic.html?pageno=3|title=Five Questions With - Shekhar Ravjiani ; We had to match the SEL magic|date=5 September 2012|work=Pune Mirror|accessdate=6 May 2013}}</ref>

== National honours and recognitions ==

* His Short Fiction film Mitraa (2014) won Silver Lotus Award in the |[[National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film|Best Short Fiction Film]] category at the [[62nd National Film Awards]] held in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ravi Jadhav: From a mill worker to a National Award winner |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/once-upon-a-film-ravi-jadhav-rampaat-sairat-5760563/ |website=Indian Express |publisher=The Indian Express [P] Ltd. |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Marathi short film 'Mitraa' has more than one reason to celebrate |url=https://scroll.in/reel/378/marathi-short-film-mitraa-has-more-than-one-reason-to-celebrate |website=Scroll |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|-
! scope="row"|[[National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film|Best Short Fiction Film]]
|''Mitraa''
|Marathi
|Producer: Athaansh Communications Director: Ravi Jadhav
|{{INR}} 50,000/- Each
|-
|}

* His film [[Balgandharva (film)|''Balgandharva'']] (2011) won the maximum number of Silver Lotus Awards (3) at the [[59th National Film Awards]] held in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lata Mangeshkar praises Subodh Bhave's Balgandharva |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/lata-mangeshkar-heaps-praises-at-subodh-bhaves-balgandharva/articleshow/78563123.cms |website=Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=City artistes' stellar show in national awards for cinema |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/city-artistes--stellar-show-in-national-awards-for-cinema/921515/ |website=Indian Express |publisher=The Indian Express ltd |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|-

! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|''[[Balgandharva (film)|Balgandharva]]''
|Marathi
|[[Anand Bhate]]
|{{INRConvert|50|k}}
|-

! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|''[[Balgandharva (film)|Balgandharva]]''
|Marathi
|[[Neeta Lulla]]
|{{INRConvert|50|k}}
|-

! scope="row" |[[National Film Award for Best Make-up Artist|Best Make-up Artist]]
|''[[Balgandharva (film)|Balgandharva]]''
|Marathi
|Vikram Gaikwad
|{{INRConvert|50|k}}
|-
|}

* His film [[Natarang]] (2010) won the best Feature film award in the Regional Awards at the [[57th National Film Awards]] held in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=At a glimpse: The 57th National Award winners |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/at-a-glimpse-the-57th-national-award-winners-776582-10.html |website=News18 |publisher=Cable News Network LP, LLLP. A Time Warner Company. |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Name of Film
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- ! scope="row"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|Best Feature Film in Marathi]]
|''[[Natarang]]''
|Producer: [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd.]] Director: Ravindra Harishchandra Jadhav
|{{INR}} 1,00,000/- Each
|-
|}

* His film [[Natarang]] (2010) won seven awards at the annual [[Zee Gaurav Puraskar|Zee Gaurav Award]]s ceremony, including best director for Ravindra Jadhav, best music composition for [[Ajay–Atul]] and best supporting actor for [[Kishor Kadam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49583:2010-02-20-18-46-26&catid=26:2009-07-09-02-01-20&Itemid=3|title=झी गौरव पुरस्कार : 'नटरंग' आणि 'मी शिवाजीराजे'ने मारली बाजी|language=Marathi|date=20 February 2010|publisher=Daily Loksatta}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
Ravi Jadhav's movie ''Nude'' was pulled out from the Indian Panorama section of the upcoming International Film Festival of India (IFFI). The Information and Broadcasting Ministry of India explained that the film was not complete and hence did not have the censorship certificate. The director maintained that he had made a sincere movie. The Central Board Of Film Certification (CBFC) set up a special jury presided by actor Vidya Balan to view the film. It was then passed without any cuts and given an A certification.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/my-patience-has-paid-off-ravi-jadhav/story-n4WT1KU58Lb3711BsW2TAO.html|title=My patience has paid off: Ravi Jadhav|date=2018-04-21|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Natarang]]''
| Marathi
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Balgandharva (film)|Balgandharva]]''
| Marathi
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Balak-Palak]]''
| Marathi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
| ''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]''
| Marathi
|
|-
| ''[[Rege]]''
| Marathi
| Producer only
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
| ''[[Coffee Ani Barach Kahi]]''
| Marathi
| Producer only
|-
| ''[[Timepass 2]]''
| Marathi
|
|-
| ''[[Bioscope (2015 film)|Bioscope]]''
| Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Veena-Jamkar-Taptapadi-Ravi-Jadhav-Mitraa-Lalbaug-Parel-Tukaram-Bioscope/articleshow/33277369.cms|title=Veena against marriage? - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Banjo (2016 film)|Banjo]]''
| Hindi
| Debut in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Kachcha Limboo]]''
| Marathi
|Acting debut<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/bold-but-not-beautiful/article19470993.ece|title=Kachcha Limbu: Bold but not beautiful|first=Namrata|last=Joshi|date=11 August 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Nude (2018 film)|Nude]]''
| Marathi
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Rampaat]]''
| Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/ravi-jadhav/15529|title=Ravi Jadhav - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Timepass 3]]''
| Marathi
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Taali (TV series)|Taali]]''
| Hindi
| TV series on [[JioCinema]]
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Main Atal Hoon]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2165634}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadhav, Ravi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Marathi film directors]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Marathi screenwriters]]
[[Category:Marathi film producers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]

Gyanesh Mukherjee

2026-02-07T19:33:28Z

VaughnBrooks3: added new data

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Gyanesh Mukhopadhyay
| native_name = জ্ঞানেশ মুখোপাধ্যায়
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = 5 July 1926
| birth_place = [[Shyambazar]], [[Calcutta]], [[British India|British Raj]]
| death_date = 8 May 2008
(aged 81)
|death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal ]], [[India]]
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| occupation = Theater Actor, director
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gyanesh Mukherjee''' (5 July 1926 – 8 May 2008) was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] actor, director and theater personality.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gyanesh Mukherjee movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/gyanesh-mukherjee-81856|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529114652/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/gyanesh-mukherjee-81856|url-status=live|archive-date=29 May 2019|access-date=2020-07-25|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

== Career ==
He was involved with [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA).{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} In his film career, Mukherjee worked with number of famous directors like [[Ritwik Ghatak]], [[Mrinal Sen]] and [[Tapan Sinha]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} Since the late 1950s to the 1970s, he played a prolific role in cinema as well as theatre.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} In 1973 he directed the film ''Achena Atithi'' which was remade in Hindi as ''Anjane Mehmaan'' in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anjane Mehmaan (1975)|url=https://indiancine.ma/QRF|access-date=2020-07-25|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> He founded Mass theaters group in [[Kolkata]]. Mukherjee died in Kolkata on 8 May 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Komal Gandhar (1961)|url=https://indiancine.ma/JYE|access-date=2020-07-25|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Title
|-
|
| ''[[Ganga (1960 film)|Ganga]]''
|-
|
| ''[[Achena Atithi (1973 film)|Achena Atithi]]''
|-
|
| ''Ekti Jibon''
|-
|
| ''Chandaneer''
|-
|
| ''[[Hirer Angti]]''
|-
|
| ''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]''
|-
|
| ''[[Jukti Takko Aar Gappo]]''
|-
|
| ''Pratisodh''
|-
|
| ''Ekhane Pinjar''
|-
|
| ''[[Bari Theke Paliye]]''
|-
|
| ''[[Mrigayaa]]''
|-
|
| ''[[Ajantrik]]''
|-
|
| ''[[Alo (film)|Alo]]''
|-
|
| ''[[Khana Baraha]]''
|-
|
| ''[[Priyo Bandhabi]]''
|-
|
| ''Mansur Miyar Ghora''
|-
|
| ''Banashree''
|-
|
| ''Swikarokti''
|-
|
| ''[[Gajamukta]]''
|-
|
| ''Tero Nadir Parey''
|-
|
| ''Rakta Rekha''
|-
|
| ''Chhotto Jignasa''
|-
|
| ''Kal Tumi Aleya''
|-
|
| ''[[Akash Kusum]]''
|-
|
| ''Chhaya Surya''
|-
|
| ''Baishey Shravana''
|-
|
| ''Desh''
|-
|
| ''[[Janani (1993 film)|Janani]]''
|-
|
| ''[[Target (1995 film)|Target]]''
|-
|
| ''[[Damu (1996 film)|Damu]]''
|-
|
| ''[[Mukhyamantri (1996 film)|Mukhyamantri]]''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0611525}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Gyanesh}}
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]
[[Category:Bengali theatre personalities]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]

Bimal Dasgupta

2026-02-06T06:06:30Z

VaughnBrooks3: Added initial post w/ sources.

{{short description|Bengali revolutionary (1910–2000)}}
{{about|Indian revolutionary and member of the Bengal Volunteers|Indian abstract artist|Bimal Das Gupta}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bimal Dasgupta
| image = Bimal Dasgupta.jpg
| caption = Photograph of Bimal Dasgupta
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1910|04|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Jhalkathi, [[Barishal]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2000|03|03|1910|04|29|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Midnapore]],
[[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupation = Revolutionary
| organization = [[Bengal Volunteers]]
| movement = [[Indian Freedom Movement]]
| known for =
| citizenship =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bimal Dasgupta''' (29 April 1910 – 3 March 2000), nicknamed "Makhan", was an Indian revolutionary and member of the [[Bengal Volunteers]] who carried out assassinations against British colonial officials in an attempt to secure Indian independence.
<ref name="mymedinipur">{{cite web|url=https://mymedinipur.com/medinipur-freedom-movement-freedom-fighter/Bimal-Dasgupta/freedom-fighters-of-undivided-medinipur/freedom-fighters-of-bengal|website=mymedinipur.com|title=Bimal Dasgupta-medinipur-freedom-movement-freedom-fighter-mymedinipur|access-date=January 19, 2022}}</ref>

== Family ==
Bimal Dasgupta was born in [[Jhalokati District]], [[Barishal]] in 1910.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}} His father was Akhyay Kumar Dasgupta, an ayurvedic doctor.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}} His mother's name was Sushila Devi. His father came to [[Midnapore]] permanently when he was only 4 years old. His parental uncle Hiralal Dasgupta was already lived here. They were four brothers and five sisters. He joined the [[Bengal Volunteers]], a revolutionary organisation of [[British India]].<ref name="Sansad">{{Cite book|title=Sansad Bangali Charitavidhan (Bengali)|last=Vol I|first=Subodhchandra Sengupta & Anjali Basu|publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2002|isbn=81-85626-65-0|location=Kolkata|pages=297}}</ref>

==Education==
Dasgupta started his education at Mahendra babur [[Pathsala]], [[Mir Bazar]].<ref>{{Cite book|title= অন্বেষন |last=সোমরাজ বোস |first=VOL.I|publisher=Soumen Jana | year=2013|location=Kolkata|pages=61}}</ref> Then he was admitted to the [[Vidyasagar Vidyapith]] as a class 5 student at Hindu school from class 7 to class10. Hindu school was a private school at that time. Later he came under the influence of [[Dinesh Gupta]], who was a student of [[Midnapore College]] at that time. Dinesh Gupta came to Midnapore after the instruction of Netaji [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and stayed with his brother Jyotish Gupta who was a lawyer in Midnapore judges court. This way Dasgupta joined the Bengal Volunteers, a revolutionary organisation of British India. His paternal uncle was Hiralal Dasgupta,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Swadhinata Sangrame Barisal |last=Hiralal Dasgupta |first=VOL.I|publisher=Shishu Sahitya Samsad Pvt Ltd|year=2013|location=Kolkata|pages=100| isbn =9788186806272}}</ref> headmaster of [[Midnapore Collegiate School]]. He forced his uncle to patronize a handicraft fair on collegiate school premises and continued it till 7 April.

== Revolutionary activities ==

[[ File:Andaman Cellular Jail - Port Blair 2009-04-15 4150246.JPG |thumb|Dasgupta's name on the Andaman Cellular Jail list, Port Blair 2009]]
[[File:Bimal dasgupta 1.jpg|thumb|Bimal Dasgupta after release]]
Dinesh Gupta fought in the Battle of the [[Writers' Building|Writers Buildings]] but somehow survived.<ref name="bp">{{cite book |last=Mohanta |first=Sambaru Chandra |year=2012 |chapter=Gupta, Dinesh Chandra |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gupta,_Dinesh_Chandra |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> After discussion it was decided by the Bengal Volunteers group that the first target would be James Peddie the [[District Magistrate]] of [[Medinipur]]. Peddie had earned notoriety, he would beat the salt [[Satyagraha|satyagrahis]] to unconsciousness and even killed some of them by kicking them. He would also take unarmed women to the open streets, strip them and leave them there. A list of four names was sent to the Calcutta Headquarters of the Bengal volunteers for approval. They were Shashanka Dasgupta, Phani Kundu, [[Jyoti Jibon Ghosh]] and Bimal Dasgupta. On 7 April at around 5:00 p.m., Peddie went to the fair{{clarify|date=March 2024}} to distribute prizes, along with two officers, 16 police dogs and 16 bodyguards. He was busy in the exhibition when Ghosh and Dasgupta shot him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wbcorrectionalservices.gov.in/history_heritage03.html|title=Midnapore Central Correctional Home|website=wbcorrectionalservices.gov.in|access-date=February 24, 2018}}</ref> After the shootout they took a cycle and fled to the Salbani Jungle. There they boarded from two different railway stations [[Godapiasal railway station|Godapiasal]] and [[Salboni railway station|Salboni]], and reached [[Purulia]] by Gomo Passenger.{{clarify||date=March 2024}} A revolutionary named Binod Sen aks Binod Bihari Sen from village Godapiasal helps them for this matter. After that they spent some days in [[Asansol]] and [[Kolkata]]. His uncle refused to give any information about Peddies' killers and lost his job.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/600128/|title= Emperor vs Nirmal Jiban Ghose And Ors. on 30 August, 1934| access-date= October 28, 2021}}</ref> He worked in [[Jharia coalfield]] for some time during this period.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hssXP1hBYscC&q=Bhattacharya+killed+magistrate+Douglas&pg=PA254|title=History of the Freedom Movement in India (1857–1947)|last=S. N. Sen|year=1997|publisher=New Age International |isbn=9788122410495|access-date=March 11, 2018}}</ref> Some days later Dasgupta was again given the responsibility of killing Villiers, chief editor of the newspaper ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' of Clive Street. On July 29, 1931, Dasgupta shot Villiers in his office. He got caught before he could take the cyanide out of his pocket. Police eventually found him as a defendant in the Peddie Murder case after he was assumed to be dead, as the revolutionary [[Kanailal Bhattacharjee]], who killed R. R. Galik, a judge of the [[Alipore]] court, on 27 July 1931 and was martyred under the name of Bimal Dasgupta (or Bimal Gupta) so that the police would stop searching for the real Dasgupta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Club |first=Laughing |date=2013-09-18 |title=MARXIST INDIANA: 134. Kanailal Bhattacharya (1909-27.7.1931) |url=http://radhikaranjan.blogspot.com/2013/09/blog-post.html |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=MARXIST INDIANA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dey |first=Soilish |title=মৃত্যুর চেয়ে বড় |publisher=Biswabani Prakasani |pages=171}}</ref> The sacrifice of Bhattacharjee, to remain anonymous and save another revolutionary from the hands of the police is rare in history. At the initiative of Netaji [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], three barristers stood for the revolutionaries in the special tribunal. Ghosh was acquitted and during cross-examination, key witness Sushil Das said, "Peddi's killer is not Bimal Dasgupta." To save Dasgupta, [[Raja Narendra Lal Khan]] of Medinipur had instructed Das to say this. Although Dasgupta was acquitted of the murder of Peddie, he was sentenced to ten years in prison in the Villiers murder case.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/local-18/west-midnapore-even-after-independence-revolutionary-bimal-dasgupta-was-arrested-from-medinipur-college-ground-pbd-642923.html |title=Independence Day 2021: দেশ স্বাধীনের পর মেদিনীপুর কলেজ মাঠ থেকে পাকড়াও করা হয়েছিল বিপ্লবী বিমল দাশগুপ্ত-কে!|date=16 August 2021 |publisher= bengali.news18.com|access-date=October 28, 2021}}</ref>

==Prison Life==

In the middle of 1932, Dasgupta was sent to the Andaman Cellular Jail. In 1936 he went on a hunger strike to demand the status of a political prisoner.<ref>{{Cite book|title= Islands Of India |last= Dr. Sarit Kumar Mukerji |publisher= Publications Division |date= December 15, 2009| isbn= 9788123022857|pages=242 }}</ref> The fast was called off with the mediation of Subhash Chandra Bose and [[Muzaffar Ahmad]]. He was repatriated in 1938 but was not released. Dasgupta spent four years in various prisons on the mainland of Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.midnapore.in/bv.html|title= -Bengal Volunteers of Midnapore|access-date=October 28, 2021}}</ref>

==Last life==

After being freed in 1942 he was looking after the land in his home in Medinipur. He worked as a sales inspector of [[Anandabazar Patrika|Anandabazar newspaper]] after independence.<ref>{{Cite book|title=বেঙ্গল ভলান্টিয়ার
|last= MADHUMANTI SENGUPTA |publisher= Ananda Publishers |date= January 1, 2016 |isbn=978-9389876772|location= Kolkata |pages=}}</ref>

== Death==

Bimal Dasgupta died on March 3, 2000.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.bhavans.info/heritage/martyrs.asp| title=FLASH BACK : Three Collectors Killed: More Martyrs Born| publisher=bhavans.info| access-date=December 21, 2021| archive-date=January 19, 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119075232/https://www.bhavans.info/heritage/martyrs.asp| url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dasgupta, Bimal}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Anti-British establishment revolutionaries from East Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian nationalism]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian murderers]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries from West Bengal]]

Mahamaya Temple, Raipur

2026-01-31T11:25:54Z

VaughnBrooks3: Added first place from scratch - done

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Mahamaya Temple|Mahamaya Mandir]] of [[Ratanpur]]}}
{{infobox Hindu temple
|name=Shree Rajrajeshwari Maa Mahamaya Devi Mandir Raipur
|coordinates={{coord|21|13|54|N|81|37|43|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|image= {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 270
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/3/2/1/1
| image1 =
| caption1 = Mahamaya Temple
| image2 = Mahamaya Mandir,Raipur.JPG
| caption2 = Temple Entrance
}}
|caption=
|alt=alt
|map_type=India Chhattisgarh#India
|map_size=250px
|map_caption=Location of Mahamaya Mandir
|elevation_m=
|map_alt=map_alt
|coordinates_footnotes=|country=[[India]]|state=[[Chhattisgarh]]|province=|district=[[Raipur district|Raipur]]|locale=|location=|native_name_lang=native_name_lang|native_name=Mahamaya Mandir|architect=|deity=Mahamaya Samaleswari|temple_tank=|tower=|tradition=|temple_tree=|festivals=[[Navaratri]] [[Durga Ashtami]] [[Vijayadashami]]|architecture_type=[[Hindu temple architecture|Nagara Style]]|temple_quantity=|monument_quantity=|elevation_footnotes=|inscriptions=|established=17th-18th Century|year_completed=|creator=Raja Mordhwaj|temple_board=Shree Rajrajeshwari Maa Mahamaya Devi Mandir Raipur Trust|website=|facade_direction=|footnotes=}}
'''Shree Rajrajeshwari Maa Mahamaya Devi Mandir Raipur''' or popularly '''Mahamaya Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Durga|Devi Mahamaya]], located at [[Purani Basti, Raipur|Purani Basti]], [[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]]. The temple is one of the 36 ''Shaktipeeths'' or 36 forts of [[Chhattisgarh]]. It was renovated between 17th-18th Century by [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha confederacy]] rulers.


== Legend ==
Once King Mordhwaj went on a tour of his kingdom with his queen Kumuddhati Devi. When they were returning, it was early morning.  King Mordhwaj was on the other side of the river Karun, while crossing the river a thought came to mind that after retiring from the morning routine, travel ahead.  Thinking of this, they put their halts on the river bank which is now present Mahadevghat.  The maidservants started taking the queen towards the river to take a bath by wearing a cloth veil.  As soon as the river reached near, the queen and her maids saw that a huge rock was lying in the water and three giant snakes were sitting with their hoods spread from three sides.  Seeing this scene they all got scared and screamed and returned to the halt.  All the news was sent to the king. As soon as the news was received, the king immediately came to that place. When he also saw this scene, he was surprised. Immediately called his ''Raj Jyotishi'' and ''Rajpurohit''.  He also saw and meditated and told the king that Rajan, this is not a stone but an idol of the goddess and is lying upside down.  On the advice given by him, King Mordhwaj worshiped methodically after bathing and slowly started moving towards the rock.  Three giant snakes started sliding from there one by one.  After they left, the king touched that rock and bowed down and got it straightened. Everyone was astonished to see that she stood not on a rock but on a lion and that Mahishasuramardini is an idol of the octagonal goddess Bhagwati. Seeing this, everyone bowed with folded hands. At that time a voice came out of the idol, ''"O Rajan!  I am your Kuldevi. You worship me and honor me, I myself Mahamaya."'' The king consulted his pandits, acharyas and astrologers and took advice. Everyone advised that the life of Bhagwati Maa Mahamaya should be consecrated, only then it was learned that a new temple has been constructed in the present old township area for some other deity.  After completing the construction work in the same temple according to the order of the goddess, the life of Adishakti Maa Mahamaya was consecrated by bringing it from Kharun river completely by Vedic and Tantric method.  Let us tell you that the idol of the Goddess installed in the temple is visible from outside.  But as soon as one enters the temple, the idol starts looking straight.<ref>{{Cite web |last=नवभारतटाइम्स.कॉम |date=2020-07-26 |title=श‍िला ने कहा, करो मेरी प्रतिष्‍ठा तब तांत्रिक व‍िध‍ि से बना यह द‍िव्‍य मंद‍िर |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/dharam-karam/religion-and-spiritualism/mystery-related-to-raipur-ma-mahamaya-temple-82703/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=नवभारत टाइम्स |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-01 |title=1400 साल पुराना है मां महामाया मंदिर का इतिहास, यहां आज भी पत्थर की चिंगारी से जलती है पहली ज्योत {{!}} Navratri 2019: Maa Mahamaya Temple, history story and importance |url=https://www.patrika.com/raipur-news/navratri-2019-maa-mahamaya-temple-history-story-and-importance-5163031/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सदियों से आस्था का केंद्र है रायपुर स्थित श्री महामाया देवी का मंदिर |url=https://www.prabhasakshi.com/articles-on-gods/shri-mahamaya-devi-temple-is-located-in-raipur |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Prabhasakshi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-23 |title=इस मंदिर में देवी की प्रतिमा जहां रखी वहां से हिली नहीं इसलिए दिखती है तिरछी |url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/raipur-this-is-the-mystery-of-statue-of-goddess-in-mahamaya-temple-of-raipur-2832032 |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
|title=
|width=180 | height=190
|align=center
|footer=
|
|Maa Mahamaya on [[Mahanavami]]
|alt1=
|
|Maa Samleshwari on [[Mahanavami]]
|alt2=
|File:Gate to Mahamaya Mandir.JPG
|Gate of Mahamaya Mandir
|alt3=
|File:Mahamaya Mandir,Raipur.JPG
|Mahamaya Temple Entrance
|alt4=
|File:Shree Rajrajeshwari Maa Mahamaya Devi Mandir.JPG
|Mahamaya Temple
|alt5=
|File:Lion statue in front Mahamaya.JPG
|Lion in front of Maa Mahamaya
|alt6=
|File:Samleshwari devi..JPG
|Samleshwari Temple Entrance
|alt7=
|
|Panoramic View of Navdurga in Mahamaya Mandir
|alt8=
|File:Painting 3 Mahamaya Mandir,Raipur.JPG
|Sculpture of Mahisasurmardini
|alt9=
|File:Painting 4 Mahamaya Mandir,Raipur.JPG
|Sculpture of Ram Darbar
|alt10=
|File:Shri Rajrajeshwari Maa Mahamaya Devi Mandir.JPG
|Sculpture of Shiv
|alt11=
}}

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Hindu temples in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]

Nayka Dam

2026-01-23T12:48:21Z

VaughnBrooks3: expanded lead for consistency further and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Nayka Dam
| name_official = Bhogavo-I Water Resources Project
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map = India Gujarat
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption = Nayka Dam
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = dam
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| location = Gautamgadh, Sayla, [[Surendranagar District]]
| purpose = Irrigation
| status = o
| construction_began =
| opening = 1961
| demolished =
| cost = Rs 75.03 Lakhs
| owner =
| dam_type = Earthen
| dam_height =
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation= {{convert|15|m|ft|lk=in|sigfig=2}}
| dam_length = {{convert|2012|m|ft|lk=in|sigfig=2}}
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_crosses = [[Bhogavo River]]
| spillway_count = Vertical 20, Automatic 14
| spillway_type = [[Ogee]]
| spillway_capacity = 2097 m3/s
| res_name = Nayka Bhogavo I Reservoir<ref name="wris">{{cite web |title=Nayka(W- Bhogavo I) Dam D05532 |url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Nayka(W-_Bhogavo_I)_Dam_D05532 |publisher=India-WRIS |accessdate=27 December 2018}}</ref>
| res_capacity_total = 18 [[million cubic metre|MCM]]
| res_capacity_active =13 [[million cubic metre|MCM]]
| res_capacity_inactive=
| res_catchment = {{convert|435|km2|sqft|lk=in|sigfig=2}}
| res_surface =
| res_elevation =
| res_max_depth =
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| plant_hydraulic_head =
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| website = [http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=1902&lang=English Nayka dam]
| extra = Gujarat and Indian WRIS specifications differ
}}
'''Nayka Dam''' is an earthen dam on the [[Bhogavo River]] located near [[Surendranagar city|Surendranagar]] in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite web| publisher=Narmada Water Resources, Water Supply and kalpsar department (Water Resources)| title=Vadhvan Bhogavo Basin| date=2015-12-24| accessdate=2015-12-24| url=http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=1973&lang=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| work=Daily News and Analysis| title=Rains make farmers happy, commuters sad in Ahmedabad| date=2011-06-11| accessdate=2012-06-02| url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_rains-make-farmers-happy-commuters-sad-in-ahmedabad_1564698}}</ref> Nayka is a major source of water and helps with flood control.

The dam serves seven villages. One village is fully and another village partially submerged behind the dam. The reservoir covers {{convert|122|ha|acre sqmi|lk=on}} forest land, {{convert|140|ha|acre sqmi|lk=on}} wasteland, {{convert|324|ha|acre sqmi|lk=on}} cultivable land.<ref name="gg">{{cite web | url=https://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=1902&lang=English | title=Bhogavo-1 Water Resources Project | publisher=Narmada, Water Resources, Water Supply and Kalpsar Department (Water Resources Division) | work=Government of Gujarat | accessdate=2015-12-24}}</ref>

The Nayka Dam irrigated {{convert|1935|ha|acre sqmi|lk=on}} in 1997–98.<ref name="gg"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Gujarat}}

[[Category:Dams in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Surendranagar district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-dam-stub}}

Ganges Canal

2026-01-22T06:57:25Z

VaughnBrooks3:

{{Short description|Irrigation canal system in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Hatnote|For the canal system in [[Sri Ganganagar]] district of [[Rajasthan]], see [[Ganga Canal (Rajasthan)]]}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
[[File:GangesCanal2.jpg|right|250px|thumb|The Ganges Canal highlighted in red stretching between its headworks off the [[Ganges river]] in [[Haridwar district|Hardwar]] and its confluence with the [[Yamuna River|Jumna river]] below [[Cawnpore]] (now Kanpur).]]
[[Image:Ganges canal oldEIC bridge1854.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Photograph of an old bridge on the Ganges Canal (constructed before 1854 during [[Company rule in India|East India Company rule in India]]). The photograph was taken from a moving car.]]

The '''Ganges Canal''' or '''Ganga Canal''' is a [[canal]] system that irrigates the [[Doab]] region between the [[Ganges River]] and the [[Yamuna River]] in India.

The canal is primarily an irrigation canal, although parts of it were also used for navigation, primarily for its construction materials. Separate navigation channels with lock gates were provided on this system for boats to negotiate falls. Originally constructed from 1842 to 1854, for an original head discharge of 6000 ft³/s, the Upper Ganges Canal has since been enlarged gradually for the present head discharge of 10,500 ft³/s (295 m³/s). The system consists of the main canal of 272 miles and about 4,000 miles long distribution channels. The canal system irrigates nearly 9,000 km² of fertile agricultural land in ten districts of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]]. Today the canal is the source of agricultural prosperity in much of these states, and the irrigation departments of these states actively maintain the canal against a fee system charged from users.

There are some small hydroelectric plants on the canal capable of generating about 33 MW if running at full capacity; these are at Nirgajini, Chitaura, Salawa, Bhola, Jani, Jauli and Dasna.<ref>
{{Cite web
|url = http://irrigation.up.nic.in/irrigation%20rates.pdf
|title = UP Irrigation department, Irrigation charges 2014.
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6ZKBQJF14?url=http://irrigation.up.nic.in/irrigation%20rates.pdf
|archive-date = 16 June 2015
|df = dmy
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url = http://irrigation.up.nic.in/irrigation%20rates.pdf
|title = Webcite - UP Irrigation department, Irrigation charges 2014.
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6ZKBQJF14?url=http://irrigation.up.nic.in/irrigation%20rates.pdf
|archive-date = 16 June 2015
|df = dmy
}}</ref>

==Structure==
[[Image:Headworks ganges canal haridwar1860.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Photograph (1860) of the head works of the Ganges Canal in [[Haridwar]], by [[Samuel Bourne]].]]
[[Image:Headworks ganges canal haridwar2008a.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Photograph (2008) of the head works of the Ganges Canal in Haridwar, taken from the opposite side.]]
The canal is administratively divided into the Upper Ganges Canal from [[Haridwar]] to [[Aligarh]], with some branches, and the Lower Ganges Canal which
constitutes several branches below Aligarh.

===Upper Ganges Canal===
The Upper Ganges canal is the important and the original ''Ganges Canal'', which starts at the
[[Bhimgoda Barrage]] near [[Har ki Pauri]] at
[[Haridwar]], traverses [[Roorkee]], [[Purkazi|Purquazi]], [[Sardhana]] (Meerut district), [[Muradnagar]], [[Dasna]], [[Bulandshahr]], [[Khurja]], [[Harduaganj]] and continues to Nanau (near Akrabad) in
[[Aligarh district]], where it bifurcates into the
[[Kanpur]] branch and [[Etawah]] branch.

===Lower Ganges Canal===
A channel from Chaudhary Charan Singh [[Barrage (dam)|barrage]] at [[Narora]] (Bulandshahr district) intersects the canal system
48 km downstream from Nanau (Aligarh district), and continues past the [[Sengar River]] and [[Sersa River]], past [[Shikohabad]] in [[Firozabad|Firozabad District]] to become the Bhognipur branch which was opened in 1880. This branch, starting at Jera village in Mainpuri district, runs for 166 km to reach Kanpur.

At kilometre 64 the Balrai escape carries excess water through a 6.4 km. channel through the ravines to discharge into the Yamuna. This branch has 386 km. of distributary channels.

The Bhognipur branch, together with the Kanpur and Etawah branches, is known as the Lower Ganges Canal. The old channels of the old Kanpur and Etawah branches between Nanau and the point of intersection by the channel from Narora, are known as "stumps", and are utilized only when the supply of water in the lower Ganges system runs low.<ref>
{{Cite web
|title= District Gazetter: Etawah (UP), Chapter IV: Agriculture and Irrigation
|url = http://etawah.nic.in/gaz/4.htm
}} Describes the canal works in central UP under the fifth plan</ref> The main branch of the river passes Kanpur (behind [[IIT Kanpur]] campus) before breaking into several branches. A branch of it terminates Kanpur Jal Sansthan which comes from behind [[J. K. Temple]].

==History==
[[Image:Ganges canal roorkee1860.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Watercolor (1863) titled, "The Ganges Canal, [[Roorkee]], [[Saharanpur District]] ([[Uttar Pradesh|U.P.]])." The canal was the brainchild of [[Proby Cautley|Sir Proby Cautley]]; construction began in 1840, and the canal was opened by Governor-General Lord Dalhousie in April 1854.]]
[[Image:GangesCanalRoorkee2008.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Photograph (2008) of an [[East India Company]]-era (1854) bridge on the Ganges Canal near [[Roorkee]]]]
An irrigation system was felt necessary after the disastrous [[Agra famine of 1837–38]], in which nearly 800,000 people died, and nearly ten million rupees was spent on relief works, resulting in considerable loss of revenue to the [[British East India Company]]. One of the moving forces behind the canal was Colonel [[Proby Cautley]], who was confident that a 500-kilometre canal was feasible. There were many obstacles and objections to his project, mostly financial, but Cautley persevered and after spending six months walking and riding through the area taking measurements, he managed to persuade the British East India Company to sponsor the project.

Digging of the canal began in April 1842.<ref name=gaze/> Cautley had to make his own bricks, [[Kiln|brick kiln]] and mortar. Initially, he was opposed by the [[Hindu]] priests at Haridwar, who felt that the waters of the [[holy river]] Ganges would be imprisoned but Cautley pacified them by agreeing to leave a gap in the dam from where the water could flow unchecked. He further appeased the priests by undertaking the repair of bathing ghats along the river. He also inaugurated the dam by the worship of [[Ganesh|Lord Ganesh]], the god of good beginnings. The dam was faced with many complications- among them was the problem of the mountainous streams that threatened the canal. Near [[Roorkee]], the land fell away sharply and Cautley had to build an aqueduct to carry the canal for half a kilometre. As a result, at Roorkee the canal is 25 metres higher than the original river. When the canal formally opened on 8 April 1854,<ref name=gaze>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_144.gif Upper Ganges Canal] Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 12, p. 138.</ref> its main channel was {{convert|348|mi|km}} long, its branches {{convert|306|mi|km}} long and the various tributaries over {{convert|3000|mi|km}} long. After irrigation was commenced in May 1855,<ref name=gaze/> over {{convert|767000|acre|km2|-1}} in 5,000 villages were irrigated.

In 1877 the whole canal system of the lower Doabs underwent radical alteration. The Lower Ganges Canal, with a feed from a channel from Narora, was constructed into the ghar tract of Etawah, and became the Bhognipur branch. Around 1900, according to the Nuttall Encyclopedia of 1907, it had a total extent of {{convert|3700|mi|km}}, of which {{convert|500|mi|km}} were navigable. Building of this canal also eventually led to the establishment of first engineering college in India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iitr.ac.in/institute/pages/History.html|work=IIT Roorkee Website|publisher=IIT Roorkee|access-date=14 July 2013|title=History, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee }}</ref> the College of Civil Engineering at Roorkee (Now [[Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee]]).<ref>{{Citation
|publisher = Secundra Orphan Press
|date = 1851
|location = Agra
|title = Account of Roorkee College
|ol = 7157290M}}</ref>

<gallery class="center">
Image:Ganga canal.jpg|The Ganges Canal.
Image:Ganges canal oldEIC bridge1854b.jpg|The same East India Company bridge as in the lead paragraph photographed from the other side.
File:Ganges canal water mill1854b.jpg|A water mill on the canal.
Image:Ganges canal oldEIC locks1854b.jpg|150-year-old locks on the canal.
</gallery>

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Cautley |first=Proby T. |author-link=Proby Thomas Cautley |title=Report of the Ganges Canal Works from their Commencement Until the Opening of the Canal in 1854 |place=London |publisher=Smith, Elder |date=1860 }}
*{{cite book |last=Cautley |first=Proby T. |author-link=Proby Thomas Cautley |title=Ganges Canal: a disquisition on the heads of the Ganges and Jumna canals, North-Western Provinces, in reply to strictures by Major-General Sir Arthur Cotton |url=https://archive.org/stream/gangescanaladis01cautgoog#page/n7/mode/1up |year=1864|place=London }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Nuttall}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ganges Canal}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170719115021/http://irrigation.up.nic.in/history.htm History of Irrigation in Uttar Pradesh]

{{Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|29|46|N|78|12|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganges Canal}}
[[Category:Ganges]]
[[Category:Kanpur]]
[[Category:Haridwar]]
[[Category:Canals in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Canals opened in 1854]]
[[Category:1854 establishments in India]]

Dal Khalsa (Sikh army)

2026-01-02T20:27:08Z

VaughnBrooks3: Added initial stub w/ infobox.

{{short description|Sikh military confederation during the 18th century in Punjab}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Dal Khalsa
| image =
| alt = Nishan Sahib
| caption = [[Nishan Sahib|Flag]]
| dates = 1748–1799
| disbanded = 1799
| country = [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|20 px]] [[Sikh Confederacy]] {{small|[[Ahluwalia Misl]]}} {{small|[[Bhangi Misl]]}} {{small|[[Kanhaiya Misl]]}} {{small|[[Ramgarhia Misl]]}} {{small|[[Singhpuria Misl]]}} {{small|[[Panjgarhia Misl]]}} {{small|[[Nishanwalia Misl]]}} {{small|[[Sukerchakia Misl]]}} {{small|[[Dallewalia Misl]]}} {{small|[[Nakai Misl]]}} {{small|[[Shaheedan Misl]]}}
| allegiance = [[Khalsa]]
| branch = *Budha Dal
*Tarna Dal
*[[Nihang|Akali-Nihang]]
| role = Cavalry, infantry<ref name="kaur2007">{{cite book |last1=Kaur |first1=Madanjit |title=The regime of Maharaja Ranjit Singh : historians' observations |date=2007 |publisher=Unistar Books |location=Chandigarh, India |isbn=9788189899547 |pages=57–58}}</ref>
| command_structure = Misldari system
| garrison = [[Akal Takht]], [[Amritsar]]
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| motto = ''[[Deg Tegh Fateh]]''
| colors = Dark blue, basant (xanthic)
| equipment = Matchlock, sabres<ref name="kaur2007" />
| battles = *Mughal-Sikh Wars
*[[Afghan-Sikh Wars]]
| battles_label = Wars
| commander1 = [[Nawab Kapur Singh]] (founder) [[Baba Deep Singh]] [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] [[Baghel Singh]] [[Baba Darbara Singh|Darbara Singh]] [[Charat Singh]] [[Maha Singh]]
| commander1_label = Commanders
| commander2 = [[Guerilla warfare]]<ref name="kaur2007" />
| commander2_label = Fighting style
| commander3 = [[File:Blue Putaran Nishan Sahib.png|20 px]] [[Khalsa Fauj]]
| commander3_label = Predecessor
| commander4 = [[File:Sikh Empire Battle Standard-1.jpg|20 px]] [[Sikh Khalsa Army]]
| commander4_label = Successor
}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

'''Dal Khalsa''' was the name of the combined military forces of 11 Sikh [[Sikh Confederacy|misls]] that operated in the 18th century (1748–1799) in the [[Punjab region]]. It was established by [[Nawab Kapur Singh]] in late 1740s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Cynthia Keppley |title=Fighting for faith and nation : dialogues with Sikh militants |date=1997 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=0-585-12702-6 |location=Philadelphia |pages=108 |oclc=44966032}}</ref>

==History==

===Mughal rule of Punjab===
[[File:Painting of Guru Gobind Singh on horseback and holding bird of prey while marching with his army of Sikhs.jpg|thumb|Painting of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] on horseback while marching with his army of Sikhs]]{{Further information|Khalsa Fauj}}
The religion of [[Sikhism]] began at the time of the [[Babur#Conquest of Northern India|conquest of Northern India]] by [[Babur]]. His grandson, [[Akbar]], supported religious freedom and after visiting the [[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]] of [[Guru Amar Das]] had a favorable impression of Sikhism. As a result of his visit he donated land to the langar and had a positive relationship with the [[Sikh gurus]] until his death in 1605.<ref>{{harvnb|Kalsi|2005|pages=106–107}}</ref> His successor, [[Jahangir]], saw the Sikhs as a political threat. He arrested [[Guru Arjan Dev]] because of Sikh support for [[Khusrau Mirza]]<ref>{{harvnb|Markovits|2004|page=98}}</ref> and ordered him to be put to death by torture. Guru Arjan Dev's [[Martyrdom in Sikhism|martyrdom]] led the sixth Guru, [[Guru Har Gobind]], to declare Sikh [[sovereignty]] in the creation of the [[Akal Takht]] and to establish a fort to defend [[Amritsar]].<ref name="Jestice 2004 pages=345-346">{{harvnb|Jestice|2004|pages=345–346}}</ref> [[Jahangir]] attempted to assert authority over the Sikh by jailing Guru Har Gobind at [[Gwalior]] and released him after some time with 52 other [[Rajput]] ([[Hindu]]) kings on Guru Hargobind's orders. Sikhism did not have any further issues with the [[Mughal Empire]] until the death of Jahangir in 1627. His successor, [[Shah Jahan]] "took offense" at Guru Har Gobind's sovereignty and after a series of assaults on Amritsar forced the Sikhs to retreat to the [[Sivalik Hills]].<ref name="Jestice 2004 pages=345-346"/> Guru Har Gobind's successor, [[Guru Har Rai]] maintained the guruship in the Sivalik Hills by defeating local attempts to seize Sikh land and taking a neutral role in the power struggle between [[Aurangzeb]] and [[Dara Shikoh]] for control of the [[Timurid dynasty]]. The ninth Guru, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], moved the Sikh community to [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]] and traveled extensively to visit and preach in Sikh communities in defiance of Aurangzeb, who attempted to install [[Ram Rai]] to the guruship. He aided [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] [[Brahmin]]s in avoiding [[conversion to Islam]] and was arrested and confronted by Aurangzeb. When offered a choice between [[conversion or death]], he chose to die rather than compromise his principles and was executed.<ref>{{harvnb|Johar|1975|pages=192–210}}</ref> [[Guru Gobind Singh]], assumed the guruship in 1675 and to avoid battles with Sivalik Hill Rajas moved the guruship to [[Paonta Sahib|Paunta]]. He built a large fort to protect the city and garrisoned an army to protect it. The growing power of the Sikh community alarmed Sivalik Hill Rajas who attempted to attack the city but the Guru's forces routed them at the [[Battle of Bhangani]]. He moved on to [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]] and established the [[Khalsa]], a collective army of baptized Sikhs on March 30, 1699. The establishment of the Khalsa united the Sikh community against various Mughal-backed claimants to the guruship.<ref>{{harvnb|Jestice|2004|pages=312–313}}</ref> In 1701, a combined army composed of the Sivalik Hill Rajas and the [[Mughal army]] under [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]] attacked [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]] and, following a retreat by the Khalsa, were defeated by the Khalsa at the [[Battle of Muktsar]]. In 1707, Guru Gobind Singh accepted an invitation by [[Bahadur Shah I]], Aurangzeb's successor to meet in southern India. When he arrived in [[Nanded]] in 1708, he was injured by agents of Wazir Khan, the governor of [[Sirhind]]. After this incident his wounds were stitched and he began to recover. A few days after, some Sikhs brought a very stiff bow to present to Guru Gobind Singh. As they were discussing whether anybody would ever be able to put a string on the bow, Guru Gobind Singh accepted the challenge. Though the bow was stringed, due to the force he applied on the bow the wounds which were still fresh started bleeding profusely. Guru Gobind Singh then declared that he would be leaving for [[Moksha|heavenly abode]] and asked his Sikhs to prepare for the cremation.

===Banda Singh Bahadur===
{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#FF9900; color:black; width:30em; max-width:40%" cellspacing="5"
| align="left"| ''"It is singular that these people not only behaved firmly during the execution, but they would dispute and wrangle with each other who should suffer first; and they made interest with the executioner to obtain the preference."''
|-
| align="left"| ''-Seir Mutakherin by Seid Gholam Hossein Khan''
|}
[[File:Painting from an illustrated folio of a Mughal manuscript depicting the Battle of Sirhind (1710), also known as the Battle of Chappar Chiri. From the ‘Tawarikh-i Jahandar Shah’, Awadh or Lucknow, ca.1770.jpg|thumb|Painting from an illustrated folio of a Mughal manuscript depicting the [[Battle of Chappar Chiri|Battle of Sirhind]] (1710), also known as the Battle of Chappar Chiri. From the ‘Tawarikh-i Jahandar Shah’, Awadh or Lucknow, ca.1770. The Sikh Khalsa forces are dressed in blue whilst the Mughals are wearing white]]
[[Banda Singh Bahadur]] was an [[Bairagi (Ascetics)|Bairagi]] [[ascetic]] who converted to Sikhism after meeting [[Guru Gobind Singh]] at [[Nanded]]. A short time before his death, Guru Gobind Singh ordered him to reconquer [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]] and gave him a letter that commanded all Sikhs to join him. After two years of gaining supporters, Banda Singh Bahadur initiated an agrarian uprising by breaking up the large estates of [[Zamindar#Mughal era|Zamindar families]] and distributing the land to the poor Sikh, Hindu, and Muslim peasants who farmed the land.<ref name="Singh 2008 pages=25-26">{{harvnb|Singh|2008 |pages=25–26}}</ref> Banda Singh Bahadur started his rebellion with the defeat of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] armies at [[Samana, India|Samana]] and [[Sadhaura]] and the rebellion culminated in the defeat of [[Sirhind]]. During the rebellion, Banda Singh Bahadur made a point of destroying the cities in which Mughals had been cruel to Sikhs, including executing [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]] in revenge for the deaths of [[Guru Gobind Singh]]'s sons after the Sikh victory at Sirhind.<ref>{{harvnb|Nesbitt |2005 |page=61}}</ref> He ruled the territory between the [[Sutlej]] river and the [[Yamuna]] river, established a capital in the [[Himalayas]] at [[Lohgarh (Bilaspur)|Lohgarh]], and struck coinage with the faces of [[Guru Nanak]] and Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name="Singh 2008 pages=25-26" /> In 1716, his army was defeated by the Mughals after he attempted to defend his fort at Gurdas Nangal. He was captured along with 700 of his men and sent to [[Old Delhi|Delhi]] where he was tortured and executed after refusing to convert to Islam.

===Sivalik hills===
[[File:River Ganga meandering through the Shivalik ranges, Rishikesh.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The [[Ganges]] cutting through the [[Sivalik Hills]]]]
After 1716, the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Muhammad Shah]] began a campaign of [[Chhota Ghalughara|genocide]] against Sikhs through his Governor of [[Lahore Subah|Lahore]], [[Abdus Samad Khan]]. His son and, later, successor, [[Zakariya Khan Bahadur]] led a standing army dedicated to eliminating Sikhs, executed Sikhs publicly, and offered monetary rewards for the heads of killed Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sikhs |last=Singh |first=Patwant |year=2001 |publisher=Image |isbn=978-0-385-50206-1 |pages=78–79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5i3FJTOvDXEC&q=mughal%20genocide%20sikhs&pg=PT83}}</ref> The Sikhs "retaliated by killing government functionaries and plundering Mughal posts, arsenals, and treasuries"<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sikhs |last=Singh |first=Patwant |year=2001 |publisher=Image |isbn=978-0-385-50206-1 |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5i3FJTOvDXEC&q=mughal%20genocide%20sikhs&pg=PT83}}</ref> but could not assemble an army.<ref name="Browne 1788 13">{{cite book |title=India tracts: containing a description of the Jungle Terry districts, their revenues, trade, and government: with a plan for the improvement of them. Also an history of the origin and progress of the Sicks. |last=Browne |first=James |year=1788 |publisher=Logographic Press |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zExFAAAAYAAJ&q=browne%20india%20tracts&pg=RA1-PA13 }}</ref> The persecution of the [[Mughal Empire]] forced some Sikhs to abandon the outward signs of their faith, but "the more sincere had to seek a refuge among the recesses of the hills or in the woods to the south of the [[Sutlej]]"<ref name="Cunningham 1918 89">{{cite book |title=A history of the Sikhs, from the origin of the nation to the battles of the Sutlej |last=Cunningham |first=Joseph Davey |year=1918 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31113/page/n40 89] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31113 |quote=history of the sikhs cunningham. }}</ref> The Sikhs went into hiding during this period. From 1718-1738, the Sikhs carried out a [[guerrilla war]] against the Mughal Empire in the area around the [[Sivalik Hills]].<ref name="Browne 1788 13"/> Historian Josepeh Cunningham writes of the period: "The Sikhs were scarcely again heard of in history for the period of a generation".<ref name="Cunningham 1918 89"/>

===Dal Khalsa===
In 1733, [[Zakariya Khan Bahadur]] attempted to negotiate a peace with the Sikhs by offering them a [[jagir]], the title [[Nawab]] to their leader, and unimpeded access to the [[Harmandir Sahib]]. After discussion at a [[Sarbat Khalsa]], [[Nawab Kapur Singh|Kapur Singh]] was elected leader of the Sikhs and took the title of Nawab. Nawab Kapur Singh combined the various Sikh militias into two groups; the Taruna Dal and the Buddha Dal, which would collectively be known as the Dal Khalsa. Sikh militias over 40 years of age would be part of the Buddha Dal and Sikh militas under 40 years were part of the Taruna Dal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singha|first=H. S.|title=Sikh Studies, Book 6|year=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=8170102588|page=37}}</ref> The Taruna Dal was further divided in five [[jathas]], each with 1300 to 2000 men and a separate drum and banner.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Narang|first1=K. S.|last2=Gupta|first2=H. R.|title=History of Punjab: 1500 - 1558|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6oGRgAACAAJ|access-date=15 July 2010 |page=216 |year=1969}}</ref> The area of operations of each ''Dal'', or army, was [[Hari ke Pattan]], where the [[Sutlej]] river and [[Beas River]] meet; the Taruna Dal would control the area east of Hari ke Pattan while the Budha Dal would control the area west of it.<ref name="Singha2000">{{cite book|last=Singha|first=H. S|title=The encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA39|access-date=16 July 2010|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=39–}}</ref> The purpose of the Budda Dal, the veteran group, was to protect [[Gurdwara]]s and train the Taruna Dal, while the Taruna Dal would act as combat troops. However, in 1735, the agreement between Zakariya Khan and Nawab Kapur Singh broke down and the Dal Khalsa retreated to the [[Sivalik Hills]] to regroup.
Later the command of Dal Khalsa was taken by [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] who was an able and powerful administrator.

==== Categorization of the Dal Khalsa ====
{{See also|Nihang#Divisions}}
After 1733, the Dal Khalsa was fundamentally divided into two groups, the Buddha Dal (meaning 'the old army') and the Taruna Dal (meaning 'the young army'). Each was assigned with component ''[[Jatha]]s'' (meaning 'battalions', originally referred to an armed group of Sikhs) during a meeting in Amritsar on 14 October 1745. There were around a total of twenty-five jathas established at that time (whom had been born out of a coalescing of numerous smaller'','' pre-existing ''Jathas''), later their numbers swelled to sixty-five by 1748.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Sukhdial |url=https://gurmatveechar.com/books/English_Books/English_Thesis_Papers/The.Rise.Growth.and.Fall.of.the.Bhangi.Misal.by.Dalbir.Singh.(GurmatVeechar.com).pdf |title=Rise, Growth and Fall of Bhangi Misal |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |year=2010 |pages=19–20 |quote=Acting in accordance with the circumstances the Sikhs assembled at Amritsar on 14 October 1745 on the occasion of Diwali and passed a Gurmata for merging all the small Jathas into twenty five strong Jathas." // "Around 1748, the number of these Jathas rose up to the strength of sixty five.}}</ref> After the [[Sarbat Khalsa]] of 1748, the numerous ''Jathas'' were rearranged and further subdivided under constituent [[misl]]s as follows, which in-turn were divided between the Buddha and Taruna Dals:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Herrli |first=Hans |title=The Coins of the Sikhs |year=1993 |pages=11}}</ref>

* Buddha Dal
** [[Ahluwalia (misl)|Ahluwalia misl]]
** [[Dallewalia Misl|Dallewalia misl]]
** [[Singhpuria Misl|Faizullapuria or Singhpuria misl]]
** [[Singh Krora Misl|Karorasinghia or Punjgarhia misl]]
** [[Nishanwalia Misl|Nishanwalia misl]]
** [[Shaheedan Misl|Shaheedan misl]] and [[Nihang]]s
* Taruna Dal
** [[Bhangi Misl|Bhangi misl]]
** [[Kanhaiya Misl|Khanaya misl]]
** [[Nakai Misl|Nakkai misl]]
** [[Ramgarhia Misl|Ramgarhia misl]]
** [[Sukerchakia Misl|Sukarchakia misl]]

Note - the [[Phulkian Misl|Phulkian misl]] was not part of either the Buddha nor Taruna Dal, as they were not a member of the Dal Khalsa having been excommunicated from the formation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Harbans |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |date=1992–1998 |publisher=Punjabi University |location=Patiala |isbn=8173801002}}</ref>

The leaders of the Dal Khalsa would meet twice a year at Amritsar for the Sarbat Khalsa legislature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Sardar Harjeet |title=Faith & philosophy of Sikhism |date=2009 |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |isbn=978-81-7835-721-8 |location=Delhi, India |pages=193 |oclc=428923087}}</ref>

====Invasion of Nader Shah====
In 1738, [[Nader Shah]] of the [[Afsharid dynasty]] invaded [[Muhammad Shah]]'s [[Mughal Empire]]. Nadir Shah defeated the Mughal Empire in the [[Battle of Karnal]] and proceeded to sack [[Old Delhi|Delhi]]. During the panic before and after the Battle of Karnal, important functionaries of the Mughal Empire fled Delhi but were intercepted by small jathas of the Dal Khalsa and relieved of their wealth.<ref name="Cunningham 1918 89"/> Nadir Shah took away all the treasury, including the [[Peacock Throne]]. When Nadir Shah began his retreat, the Sikhs who had been seeking refuge in the [[Sivalik Hills]] came down from the mountains and mercilessly plundered the treasure of the Persian Army. Afterwards the Dal Khalsa established a fort at Dallewal near the [[Ravi River|Ravi river]] and began levying taxes in the area around [[Lahore]].<ref name="Browne 1788 13"/>
During this period, the Muslim historian Nur Mohammed, though full of contempt for Sikhs, was constrained to pay tribute to them of their character, in the following words:

"In no case they would slay a coward, nor would they put an obstacle in the way of a fugitive. They do not plunder the wealth and ornaments of a woman, be she a well to do lady or a maid servant. There is no adultery among these dogs, nor are they mischievous people given to thieving. Whether a woman is young or old, they call her 'buriya' and asked her to get out of the way. The word 'buriya' in Indian language means 'an old lady'. There is no thief at all among these dogs, nor is there any house breaker born among these miscreants. They do not make friends with adulterers and house breakers, though their behaviors on the whole is not commendable."

==== Dissolution ====
The Dal Khalsa was dissolved after the Sikh Confederacy came to an end with the conquests of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]], who effectively absorbed the rest of the Misls.<ref name="kaur2007" /> However, aspects of the military force lingered on and influenced the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] of the later [[Sikh Empire]].<ref name="kaur2007" />

==Battles fought by Sikhs==
# [[Battle of Rohilla]]
# [[Battle of Kartarpur]]
# [[Battle of Amritsar (1634)]]
# [[Battle of Lahira]]
# [[Battle of Kiratpur]]
# [[Battle of Bhangani]]
# [[Battle of Nadaun]]
# [[Battle of Guler (1696)]]
# [[Battle of Basoli]]
# [[Battle of Anandpur (1700)]]
# [[First siege of Anandpur]]
# Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702)
# [[First Battle of Anandpur (1704)]]
# [[Second Battle of Anandpur]]
# [[First Battle of Chamkaur|First Battle of Chamkaur (1702)]].<ref>{{cite book|title= History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E|author= Surjit Singh Gandhi|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vZFBp89UInUC&q=hargobind+jahangir&pg=PA822|publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Dist.|year= 2007|isbn= 9788126908585|page= 822}}</ref>
# [[Battle of Sarsa]]
# [[Second Battle of Chamkaur (1704)]].<ref>{{cite book|title= History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E|author= Surjit Singh Gandhi|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vZFBp89UInUC&q=hargobind+jahangir&pg=PA822|publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Dist.|year= 2007|isbn= 9788126908585|page= 822}}</ref>
# [[Battle of Muktsar]]
# [[Battle of Sonepat]]
# [[Battle of Ambala]]
# [[Battle of Samana]]
# [[Battle of Chappar Chiri]]
# [[Battle of Sadhaura]]
# [[Battle of Rahon (1710)]]
# [[First Battle of Lohgarh|Battle of Lohgarh]]
# [[Battle of Jammu]]
# [[Kapuri expedition]]
# [[Battle of Jalalabad (1710)]]
# [[Siege of Gurdaspur]] or [[Battle of Gurdas Nangal]]
# Battle of Wan (1726)
# [[Battle of Manupur]]
# [[Siege of Ram Rauni]]
# [[Battle of Amritsar (1757)]]
# Battle of Lahore (1759)
# [[Battle of Sialkot (1761)]]
# [[Battle of Gujranwala (1761)]]
# [[Sikh Occupation of Lahore]]<ref name="Mehta">{{Cite book|title=Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1813|last1=Mehta|first1=J. L.|year=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|page=303|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA250 |access-date=2010-09-23}}</ref>
# [[Vadda Ghalughara]] or [[Battle of Kup]]
# [[Battle of Harnaulgarh]]
# [[Skirmish of Amritsar (1762)]]
# [[Battle of Sialkot (1763)]]
# [[Battle of Sirhind (1764)]]
# Battle of Chenab
# [[Siege of Darbar Sahib (1764)]]
# [[Battle of Kunjpura (1772)]]
# [[Sikh raids on Delhi]]
# Rescue of captured Girls (1769)
# Battle of Ghanaur
# [[Battle of Rohtas (1779)]]
# [[Capture of Delhi and Red Fort (1783)]]
# [[Battle of Amritsar (1797)]]
# [[Battle of Amritsar (1798)]]
# [[Battle of Lahore (1799)]]
# [[Gurkha-Sikh War]]
# [[Battle of Attock]]
# [[Siege of Multan (1818)|Battle of Multan]]
# [[Battle of Shopian]]
# [[Battle of Balakot]]
# [[Battle of Peshawar (1834)]]
# [[Battle of Jamrud]]
# [[Sino-Sikh War]]
# [[Battle of Mudki]]
# [[Battle of Ferozeshah]]
# [[Battle of Baddowal]]<ref name="sarsa">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06k5ygAACAAJ|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=92|author= Jacques, Tony|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5}}</ref><ref name="jacques">Jacques, p. 93</ref>
# [[Battle of Aliwal]]
# [[Battle of Sobraon]]
# [[Battle of Chillianwala]]
# [[Battle of Ramnagar]]
# [[Siege of Multan (1772)|Siege of Multan]]
# [[Battle of Gujrat]]
# [[Battle of Saragarhi]]

==See also==

* [[Sant Sipahi]]
* [[Miri piri]]
* [[Gatka]]
* [[Shastar Vidya]]
* [[Deg Tegh Fateh|Degh Tegh Fateh]]
* [[Dharamyudh (Sikhism)|Dharamyudh]]
* [[Nihang]]
* [[Afghan–Sikh Wars]]
* [[Rakhi system]], the payment-for-protection tax implemented and practiced by the Dal Khalsa

==References==

<references/>

== Bibliography ==
*{{citation |title=Sikhism (Religions of the World) |last=Kalsi |first=Sewa Singh |year=2005 |publisher=Chelsea House Publications |isbn=978-0-7910-8098-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhismreligions00sewa |url-access=registration }}
*{{citation |title=A history of modern India, 1480-1950 |last=Markovits |first=Claude |year=2004 |publisher=Anthem Press |location=London |isbn=978-1-84331-152-2 }}
*{{citation|title=Holy people of the world: a cross-cultural encyclopedia, Volume 3 |last=Jestice |first=Phyllis G. |year=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-355-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&q=guru+har+gobind+jahangir&pg=PA345 }}
*{{citation |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur |last=Johar |first=Surinder Singh |year=1975 |publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison Center for South Asian Studies |isbn=81-7017-030-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFomYOVXsAkC&q=tegh+bahadur+martyrdom&pg=PA192 }}
*{{citation |title=Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy |last=Singh |first=Pritam |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-45666-1 |pages=25–26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQLDcjhNoJwC&q=dal+khalsa+banda+bahadur&pg=PA26 }}
*{{citation |title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction |last=Nesbitt |first=Eleanor |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-280601-7 |page=61 }}

[[Category:Military units and formations of the Sikhs]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1747]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1780]]

Mana Akasha

2026-01-02T12:18:17Z

VaughnBrooks3:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mana Akasha
| image = manaakasha.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Nitai Palit]]
| producer = [[Ras Bihari Misra]]
| writer = [[Basant Mahapatra]]
| screenplay = Nitai Palit
| starring = [[Shanti Swaroop Misra]] [[Prashant Nanda]] Chandana [[Bhanumati Debi]] [[Dhira Biswal]] [[Gobind Tej]] [[Nityananda Misra]]
| music = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cinematography = [[Krishna Chakraborty]]
| editing = [[Ramesh Joshi]]
| distributor = Ideal Distributor
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1974|12|08}}
| runtime = 167 min
| country = India
| language = Odia
| budget =
}}
'''''Mana Akasha''''' is a 1974 [[Oriya film]] directed by [[Nitai Palit]] based on Basant Mahapatra's Novel '''''Jhara Baula'''''.<ref>K. Moti Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake :''Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas'': Publisher, Routledge, United Kingdom</ref> The film portrays [[socio-economic]] conflicts in rural Odisha.

== Plot ==
Sashank Patnaik and Rudra Choudhury are close friends. Rudra's son Bhanu develops love relationship with Sashank's daughter Mala. After demise of Rudra, Sashank tries to acquire the properties of Rudra. In spite of knowing Mala is pregnant and Bhanu is her lover, Sasank tries to kill Bhanu by giving poison to be the owner of the whole property. But later on Sashank realizes his mistake helps unite Bhanu and Mala.

==Cast==
*[[Shanti Swaoop Misra]]... Bhanu Pratap
*[[Prashant Nanda]]... Srikant
*[[Dhira Biswal]]... Sashank Patnaik
*[[Gobind Tej]]... Rudra Choudhury
*Chandana... Mala
*[[Bhanumati Debi]]... Mala's mother
*[[Narendra Behera]]
*[[Shyamalendu Bhatacharjee]]
*Bhim Singh

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Composer !! lyric
|-
| 1
| "Mora Kania Suna Pania"
| [[Chitta Ranjan Jena]] & [[S. Janaki]]
| [[Upendra Kumar]]
| [[Shibabrata Das]]
|-
| 2
| "Bahuchhe Hure Huria Dhuka Phutichhe Phula"
| [[Sikandar Alam]] & [[Purnaprabha Bahidar]]
| [[Upendra Kumar]]
| [[Ras Bihari Misra]]
|-
| 3
| "E Bana Jharana Nachi Nachi Jaa Na"
| [[Chitta Ranjan Jena]], [[Sikandar Alam]] & [[Purnaprabha Bahidar]]
| [[Upendra Kumar]]
| [[Shibabrata Das]]
|-
| 4
| "Mora Phula Bali"
| [[Mohini Mohan Rath]] & [[Purnaprabha Bahidar]]
| [[Upendra Kumar]]
| [[Shibabrata Das]]

|}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://petlinks.blogspot.in/2011/12/bahuchhe-hure-huria-dhuka-futichhe-ful.html |title=Goldmine|accessdate=11 May 2014}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0249781|Mana Akasha}}

[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:1970s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]

Ananya Jahanara Kabir

2025-12-29T17:49:55Z

VaughnBrooks3:

{{Short description|Indian literary scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Ananya Jahanara Kabir
| honorific_suffix = FBA
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_place = India 
| citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| occupation = [[Literary scholar]]
| education = [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] [[University of Oxford]], [[University of Cambridge]]
| employer = [[University of Leeds]], [[King's College London]]
| awards = [[Infosys Prize]] (2017), [[Humboldt Prize]] (2018) [[Fellow of the British Academy]] (2023)
| website = 
}}

'''Ananya Jahanara Kabir''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|FBA}} is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[literary scholar]]. She studied literature at the [[University of Calcutta]], [[University of Oxford]], and [[University of Cambridge]], and has taught at the [[University of Leeds]] and [[King's College London]]. She is the author of numerous research papers and three books. Her prizes include the [[Infosys Prize]] for humanities in 2017,<ref name="InfosysPrizeKabir">{{Cite web |title=Ananya Jahanara Kabir – Infosys Prize 2017 Laureate |url=https://www.infosysprize.org/laureates/2017/ananya-jahanara-kabir.html |website=Infosys Prize |access-date=29 December 2025}}</ref> and the [[Humboldt Prize]] in 2018.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Explore the Humboldt Network |url=https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/en/connect/explore-the-humboldt-network?tx_solr%5Bq%5D=kabir |access-date=27 October 2021}}</ref> Kabir was elected a Fellow of the [[British Academy]] in 2023.<ref name="BritishAcademy2023">{{Cite web |title=Professor Ananya Jahanara Kabir FBA |url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/fellows/ananya-jahanara-kabir-fba/ |website=The British Academy |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Kabir completed her undergraduate studies in literature at the [[University of Calcutta]]. She pursued postgraduate studies at the [[University of Oxford]] and earned her PhD from the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref name="BritishAcademy2023" />

==Career==
Kabir has held academic positions at the [[University of Leeds]] and is currently a professor at [[King's College London]], where she specialises in postcolonial studies, cultural memory, and literary theory.<ref name="BritishAcademy2023" />

==Awards and honours==
* [[Fellow of the British Academy]] (2023) – Elected for her distinguished work in the humanities.<ref name="BritishAcademy2023" />
* [[Humboldt Research Award]] (2018) – For academic excellence and international collaboration.<ref name="auto"/>
* [[Infosys Prize]] for Humanities (2017) – For her contributions to literary and cultural studies.<ref name="InfosysPrizeKabir" />

==Personal life==
She belongs to the Kabir lineage of Calcutta and is thereby related to [[Humayun Kabir (Bengal politician)|Humayun Kabir]] and Justice [[Altamas Kabir]] among others.

==Publications==
* {{cite journal |last=Kabir |first=Ananya Jahanara |title=The Creolizing Turn and Its Archipelagic Directions |journal=Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry |volume=10 |issue=1 |year=2023 |pages=90–103 |doi=10.1017/pli.2022.31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/pli.2022.31|doi-access=free }}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kabir |first=Ananya Jahanara |title=The Creolizing Turn and Its Archipelagic Directions |journal=Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry |volume=10 |issue=1 |year=2023 |pages=90–103 |doi=10.1017/pli.2022.31 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/pli.2022.31|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* "Africa Fashion Futures: Creative Economies, Global Networks and Local Development". ''Geography Compass'', Vol. 15(9) (2021). Co-authored with Lauren England, Roberta Comunian, and [[Eka Ikpe]]. [https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12589 DOI]
* {{cite book |last1=Kabir |first1=Ananya Jahanara |title=Partition's Post-Amnesias: 1947, 1971 and Modern South Asia |date=2013 |publisher=Women Unlimited |isbn=9788188965779}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kabir |first1=Ananya Jahanara |title=Territory of desire: representing the Valley of Kashmir |date=2009 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=9780816653560}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Kabir |editor1-first=Ananya Jahanara |editor2-last=Williams |editor2-first=Deanne |title=Postcolonial approaches to the European Middle Ages: translating cultures |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521827310}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kabir |first1=Ananya Jahanara |title=Paradise, death, and doomsday in Anglo-Saxon literature |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521806003}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/professor-ananya-jahanara-kabir Profile at King's College London]
* [https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/fellows/profiles/ananya-jahanara-kabir-fba/ British Academy Fellow profile]
* [https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/en/connect/explore-the-humboldt-network/singleview/1201466/prof-dr-ananya-jahanara-kabir Humboldt Foundation profile]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kabir, Ananya Jahanara}}
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Leeds]]
[[Category:Academics of King's College London]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Academy]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Ayiloor Gram Panchayat

2025-12-28T05:42:24Z

VaughnBrooks3: Creating info

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Ayiloor''' is a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Palakkad district]], state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is a local government organisation that serves the villages of [[Ayiloor]], [[Kairady]] and [[Thiruvazhiyad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224724&rlbtype=V |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |access-date=30 December 2013 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235615/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224724&rlbtype=V |archive-date=30 December 2013 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|type:event|format=dms|display=title}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Palakkad district]]

{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}

Sikh History Research Centre

2025-12-27T12:44:17Z

VaughnBrooks3: Put Up Stub

{{lead too short|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox institute
| name = Sikh History Research Centre
| established = 1930
| image = Sikh History Research Centre.jpg
| head_label = Head
| head = Dr. Kuldip Singh Dhillon
| city = [[Amritsar]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| country = [[India]]
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| faculty =
| website = [https://shrckca.org/ Official website]
}}

The management committee of [[Khalsa College, Amritsar|Khalsa College Amritsar]] created the '''Sikh History Research Centre''' in 1930 to write and publish the Sikh history from a modern historical perspective.<ref name="history" />

== History ==
In 1930, a Sikh Research Centre was founded within the college of [[Ganda Singh (historian)|Ganda Singh]], who headed it until 1947.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=23 March 2022 |title=Treasure trove of the past: Sikh Research Centre at Khalsa College, Amritsar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/treasure-trove-of-the-past-sikh-research-centre-at-khalsa-college-amritsar-379994 |access-date=20 June 2024 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> The Sikh Research Centre of Khalsa College has since grown to encompass a library and art galleries, containing thousands of artefacts, books, manuscripts, and paintings related to Sikhs and Sikhism.<ref name=":0" />

[[Karam Singh (historian)|Karam Singh]] was to be given the lead role in creating this centre by the committee. However, due to his sudden demise, the centre was started instead as the Sikh History Department under Khalsa College by S. Jagat Singh and subsequently taken over by [[Ganda Singh (historian)|Dr. Ganda Singh]] on 20 October 1931.<ref name="ajit" />

On 7 February 2019, a new building for the centre was inaugurated.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://shrckca.org/ |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=Sikh History Research Centre}}</ref> There are five galleries displaying Sikh artefacts and artwork housed at the centre.<ref name=":1" />

The current collection is 6,397 books, 375 paintings, 601 manuscripts, newspapers dating back to 1904, 675 files/books/journals, coinage, historical photographs, and weaponry.<ref name=":0" />

== Centre resources ==
In this centre, historic resources relating to Sikh history are available, beginning with the time period of [[Guru Nanak]] up to the present. These resources are in languages including Persian, Punjabi, and English.

Generally, these have been collected by obtaining copies from Khudabakksh Library Patna, Rampur Raja Library Rampur (U.P.), Salarjung Museum Hyderabad, Sindhis office Puna, and the Jaipur State Archives department, as well as, from abroad, the [[India Office]] Library London.<ref name="ajit" />

== Centre library ==
The Centre library contains approximately 7000 rare books.<ref name="books" />

Apart from these, there are another 601 manuscripts, including 207 in Punjabi, 219 in Persian, 123 in English, 41 in [[Urdu]], and 11 in [[Sanskrit]] and Hindi.<ref name="tribune" /><ref name="history" /> There are volumes of Punjabi magazines like ''Phulwari'', ''Gurmat Parkash'' and the English magazine ''Sikh Review'', from 1904–1988, and 35 bound volumes of proceedings of the Sikh History Conference.

Also starting in 1904, there are 380 files of English, Punjabi, Urdu, and Hindi newspapers<ref name="journals" /> from the Punjab region. Ninety files of selected newspaper cuttings are also available and 35 bindings are preserved of the in-house magazine of Khalsa College. The centre also houses a collection of old coins, armaments, paintings, and other items of historical importance.

For the facilitation of research scholars, the Centre has undertaken the task of conserving rare documents. Over 325000 pages have already been digitized at the Centre as part of its first phase of a broader digitization project.

Restoration of manuscripts is an ongoing, in-house project. Digitization of paintings and art effects will be completed sometime in the future, and numerous articles are already on display in various galleries that were set up in new the building of the Centre in December 2018.<ref name="tribune" />

== Publications ==
The Sikh History Research Centre has generated twenty-five publications to date, including:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Publications |url=https://shrckca.org/publication/ |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=Sikh History Research Centre}}</ref>

# ''An Historical Account of Bhai Vasti Ram & Bhai Ram Singh''
# ''A Short Life Sketch of Maharaja Ala Singh''
# ''A Catalogue of Punjabi and Urdu Manuscripts''
# ''A Catalogue of Persian and Sanskrit Manuscripts''
# ''History of Khalsa College''
# ''Dr. Ganda Singh Journal of Sikh Historical & Religious Studies''
# ''Sardar Sundar Singh Majithia: Life Work & Mission''
# ''A Brief History of Khalsa College Amritsar (1892–2003)''
# Jangnama Qazi Noor Muhammad - Dr. Ganda Singh (Ed.)

== List of heads ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of heads of the Sikh History Research Centre<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikh History Research Centre Establishment & Heads |url=https://shrckca.org/sikh-history-research-centre/ |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=Sikh History Research Centre}}</ref>
!No.
!Name
!Term
|-
|1.
|[[Ganda Singh (historian)|Ganda Singh]]
|1931-1949
|-
|2.
|Kirpal Singh
|1949-1965
|-
|3.
|Parkash Singh
|1965-1981
|-
|4.
|Davinder Singh Vidyarthi
|1981-1990
|-
|5.
|Gurdev Singh Deol
|1990-1996
|-
|6.
|Kulwinder Singh Bajwa
|1996-2007
|-
|7.
|Inderjit Singh Gogoani
|2007-2017
|-
|8.
|Kuldip Singh
|2017-2021
|-
|9.
|Joginder Singh
|2021-2022
|-
|10.
|Hardev Singh
|2022-present
|}

== See also ==
*[[Sikh Missionary College]]
*[[History of Sikhism]]

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="ajit">{{Cite web|url=http://beta.ajitjalandhar.com/news/20171227/4/2037641.cms#2037641|title=ਸਿੱਖ ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕਾਰ ਡਾਕਟਰ ਗੰਡਾ ਸਿੰਘ ਨੂੰ ਯਾਦ ਕਰਦਿਆਂ|website=ਅਜੀਤ: ਸੰਪਾਦਕੀ|language=en|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref>
<ref name="books">{{Cite web|url=http://khalsacollege.edu.in/download/sikhhistory1.xlsx|title=Books list at SHRC}}</ref>
<ref name="history">{{Cite web|url=http://khalsacollege.edu.in/SikhHistoryAndReference.php|title=Khalsa College Amritsar|website=khalsacollege.edu.in|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref>
<ref name="journals">{{Cite web|url=http://khalsacollege.edu.in/download/sikhhistory2.xlsx|title=List of journals newspapers etc. at SHRC khalsa college compound, Amritsar}}</ref>
<ref name="tribune">{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.tribuneindia.com/c/35829549|title=Clipping of Tribune India - Amritsar Tribune|website=epaper.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref>

</references>

{{coord|31.635066|74.834911|display=title}}

[[Category:Education in Amritsar]]
[[Category:Libraries in India]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in India]]
[[Category:1930 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1930]]

Bhuyera

2025-12-09T23:02:32Z

VaughnBrooks3: minor adjusted details for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhuyera
| subdivision_type = Country
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| unit_pref = Metric
| native_name =
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| coordinates = {{coord|23|33|34.2|N|87|34|58.1|E|display=inline,title}}
| area_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3,779
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ausgram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ausgram]]
| website = {{URL|purbabardhaman.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Bhuyera''' is a village located in the [[Ausgram II]] CD Block in [[Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision]] of the [[Purba Bardhaman district]], in [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>[http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/Reports/RWS/RWS_PhysicalMPRDetailStatewise.aspx?Stateid=gOC6uaSCVrk%3D&StateName=EZxXNv%2Bf5kmIFbIQnR2EiA%3D%3D&MonthId=p3%2FWxox47tE%3D&YearId=vyL0nfUhL1o%3D&DistrictId=qTWhAj3eVD8%3D&DistrictName=QUEHtSRH5BH%2FtCIkZdOsJw%3D%3D Integrated Management Information System (IMIS)]{{Dead link|date=July 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Transport ==
At around {{convert|20|km||abbr=}} from [[Purba Bardhaman district|Guskara]], the journey to Bhuyera from the town can be made by bus to Chhora then 2 km by own arrangement and nearest rail station [[Guskara railway station|Guskara]] .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf|title=District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Series 20 Part XII A, Census of India 2011|work=Page 637: Map of Bhatar CD Block|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations 2011|accessdate=21 January 2019}}</ref>
==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|23|11|N|87|45|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical site, W: river project, C: craft centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|14|0|N|87|52|0|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Bardhaman | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Bardhaman]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|30|0|N|87|45|0|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Guskara| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Guskara]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|15|12|N|87|50|19|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Goda | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Goda, Purba Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|16|6|N|87|52|21|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Bahir Sarbamangala | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Bahir Sarbamangala]] (CT)|shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|17|4|N|87|52|54|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Mirzapur | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Mirzapur, Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|15|10|N|87|53|30|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Nari | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Nari, Purba Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|13|6|N|87|55|0|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Gangpur | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Gangpur]] (CT)|shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|25|25|N|87|32|33|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Raipur | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Raipur, Purba Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|24|30|N|87|32|50|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Bud Bud | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Bud Bud]] (CT)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|23|30|N|87|32|50|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Sukdal | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Sukdal]] (CT)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|27|7|N|87|33|10|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Mankar| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Mankar]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|30|56|N|87|39|42|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Ausgram| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Ausgram, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|25|11|N|87|55|0|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Bhatar| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Bhatar]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|20|43|N|87|41|8|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Galsi| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Galsi, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|26|20|N|87|35|1|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Amrargar| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Amrargar]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|18|33|N|87|52|14|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Kamnara| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Kamnara]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|11|19|N|87|58|12|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17=Barshul| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Barshul]] (R)| shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|15|45|N|87|58|42|E}} | label-pos18=top|label18=Hatgobindapur| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Hatgobindapur]] (R)| shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|32|30|N|87|37|23|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Bononabagram| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Bononabagram]] (R)| shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|22|16|N|87|37|39|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20=Pursha| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Pursha]] (R)| shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|20|15|N|87|34|58|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21=Kurmun| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Kurmun]] (R)| shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|33|34|N|87|34|58|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Bhuyera| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Bhuyera, Bardhaman]] (R)|shape-color22=black| label-size22=13|label-color22=black 
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|17|39|N|87|38|47|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Adrahati| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Adrahati]] (R)| shape-color23=#C42222
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|34|19|N|87|38|59|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Pandu Rajar Dhibi| numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]] (H)| shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|22|8|N|87|28|15|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Randiha| numbered25=W| mark-title25= [[Randiha]] (H)| shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|51|N|87|42|1|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Dwariapur| numbered26=C| mark-title26= [[Dwariapur, Bardhaman]] (C)| shape-color26=#AA6666
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|12|16|N|87|57|36|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Saktigarh| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Saktigarh, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|11|11|N|88|0|57|E}} | label-pos28=top|label28=Palsit| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Palsit]] (R)| shape-color28=#C42222
|mark-coord29={{coord|23.2722|87.5665}}| label29=Damodar River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=45| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|23.5661|87.8404}}| label30=Ajay River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=0| label-pos30=right| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none}}

== Population ==
Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 18.79% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 9.87% of total population in Bhuyera village.<ref name="census3-20112">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables|title=Census tables | publisher=Government of India|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|title=District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman|work=Table 2.2|publisher=Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|archive-date=21 January 2019|url-status=dead|accessdate=25 January 2019}}</ref>

==Religious beliefs and festivals==

[[Durga Puja]], [[Kali]] Puja and [[Jagaddhatri]] Puja are the main festivals that are celebrated in Bhuyera. Dhaneshwar Shiv Puja also a main festival of 10 villages including Bhuyera, organised Sankranti Mela on Charak Sankranti at Dhonkora. Maliara Rajbari first started Durga Puja in Bhuyera in the 17th century and is still celebrated traditionally. In the last few years, local clubs and communities have competed with each other for designing the best Durga Puja ''murtis'' (idols), ''mandaps'' (interior of abode), and ''pandals'' (bamboo and cloth makeshift enclosures) with hundreds of thousands of rupees often being spent by each club.{{CN|date=December 2025}}
[[File:Jagaddhatri Puja at Maliara Mukherjee Family.jpg|thumb|Jagaddhatri Puja at Mukherjee Family]]

[[Jagaddhatri]] Puja is one of the main festivals of Bhuyera celebrated by locals traditionally.
The [[Jagaddhatri]] Puja of Mukherjee family, Parikhapara adjacent to Parimal Mukherjee lane,<ref>{{cite web|title=Details of Lane|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Parimal+Mukherjee+Ln,+Maliara,+West+Bengal+722142/@23.4756948,87.2269223,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x39f77349c9131819:0xc415009b52109c6c!8m2!3d23.4756948!4d87.229111}}</ref> deserves a special mention in this regard. Folklore has it that this puja was started in 1920 by late Suborna Bala Mukherjee. Hundreds of people of Maliara gathers to celebrate [[Jagaddhatri]] Puja with Mukherjee family and the festival last for 3 days. The exact history of the deity is unknown, but family records date it back to 1900.

With respect to its tribal history, people in Bhuyera fly Kites to celebrate "Mage Porob","Baa Porob","Baraam Puja", the day of a "Ho" tribal god. This is on the last day of the month of Poush, i.e. Poush [[Sankranti]]. Apart from kite-flying, a fair is also held on Poush Sankranti. It has a rural flavour and is characterised by the trading of handicraft and household goods. The items of the trade include spades, knives and other iron tools, combs and other goods made of buffalo-horn, baskets (''jhuri'' and ''dhama'') and platters for husking (''kula'') made of bamboo and cane, etc.{{CN|date=December 2025}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]

This Our Paradise

2025-11-28T04:28:35Z

VaughnBrooks3: Put Up A Pg

{{Short description|2024 novel by Karan Mujoo}}{{Infobox book
| image = This our paradise.jpg
| author = Karan Mujoo
| genre = Novel
| publisher = Penguin Random House
| pub_date = May 2024
}}
{{Italic title}}
'''''This Our Paradise''''' is a 2024 novel by Karan Mujoo. It follows the lives of two Kashmiri families — one Hindu and one Muslim — as they navigate the political and social unrest in the 1990s. The two main protagonists are an unnamed eight-year-old boy and a young man named Shahid. Through their narrative were seen the rising [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgency in Kashmir]] and its bloody aftermath. The book was published by [[Penguin Random House]] in May 2024.

== Reception ==
Manisha Gangahar of [[The Tribune (India)|''The Tribune'']] while reviewing the book wrote that "one of the novel's strengths lies in its ability to humanise the [[Kashmir conflict]], providing readers with an intimate glimpse into the scars of the turmoil."<ref>{{cite web |last=Ganghar |first=Manisha |date=June 23, 2024 |title=Collective human tragedy comes forth in Karan Mujoo's novel based on Kashmir |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/collective-human-tragedy-comes-forth-in-karan-mujoos-novel-based-on-kashmir-633277 |access-date=November 26, 2024 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> Kartik Chauhan in his review for ''[[Scroll.in]]'' called the book, "a tender, heartbreaking, and ingeniously panoramic." He further wrote, "Straddling these two narratives, Mujoo deftly captures at least two Kashmirs. One of the exiled and abused Pandits, and the other of mounting militancy. In either, however, a deep sense of defeat and dislocation is registered, impressing an old, timeless truth: wars make corpses of all."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chauhan |first1=Kartik |title='This Our Paradise': Karan Mujoo's debut novel is tender, heartbreaking, and ingeniously panoramic |url=https://scroll.in/article/1069745/this-our-paradise-karan-mujoos-debut-novel-is-tender-heartbreaking-and-ingeniously-panoramic |website=Scroll |date=21 July 2024 |access-date=Jul 21, 2024}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote: "In Mujoo's vivid picture of Kashmiri society, nobody is overlooked, not even the Henz or the boat people, who are at the bottom of the caste ladder. The reader is taken into a settlement of sweepers, scavengers and tanners."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jha |first1=Sharmistha |title=Review: This Our Paradise by Karan Mujoo |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-this-our-paradise-by-karan-mujoo-101730962187105.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=Nov 7, 2024}}</ref> [[Anuradha Bhasin]] of [https://kashmirtimes.com/ Kashmir Times] wrote, "In this poignant and thought-provoking novel, Mujoo masterfully weaves a tale of two families – Pandit and Muslim – caught in the crossfire of the Kashmir conflict, subtly dwelling on the complexities of the war and the human condition with no choice but to endure its multi-folded consequences.

Set in Kashmir of 1989-90, it is not just a tale of exile told in black and white, it is a story of Kashmir through a nuanced exploration of the gray areas of Kashmir’s most turbulent phases in history, told with a peppering of the burden of history and the different hues of political ideologies and religious identities that breathed across the landscape."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhasin |first=Anuradha |date= |title=Piecing together fragments of a landscape torn by conflict |url=https://kashmirtimes.com/book-review-piecing-together-fragments-of-a-landscape-torn-by-conflict/ |website=Kashmir Times}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:2024 debut novels]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novels]]
[[Category:War novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Novels set in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Novels about families]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict in fiction]]
[[Category:Penguin Random House books]]

Baisaran Valley

2025-11-13T16:41:50Z

VaughnBrooks3: Creating new article.

{{Short description|Valley in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox valley
| name = Baisaran Valley
| other_name = Baisaran Meadow
| etymology =
| photo = Mini Switzerland of india photo.jpg
| photo_caption = Baisaran Valley in 2017
| country = {{Flag|India}}
| region = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
| district = [[Anantnag district|Anantnag]], Kashmir
| parent =
| range = [[Himalaya]]n
| border = [[Sind Valley]]
| border1 = [[Lidder Valley]]
| city =
| landmark =
| river = [[Lidder River]]
| location =
| elevation_ft = 8000
| coordinates = {{coord|34|00|11|N|75|20|02|E|display=inline,title}}
| capital_coordinates =
| mouth_coordinates =
| length_mi =
| length_orientation =
| width_mi =
| width_orientation =
| height_imperial =
| depth_ft =
| area_mi2 =
| population =
| orogeny =
| period =
| map =
| map_caption =
| map_background =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Baisaran Valley''' is a [[meadow]] located about 5–7 km from [[Pahalgam]] in the [[Anantnag district]] of the [[Kashmir Valley]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref name="Vivek_2025">{{cite web | author= Vivek | title = Rough terrain, no security: Why attackers chose Pahalgam's Baisaran| website = Indiatoday.in| date = 23 April 2025| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pahalgam-terrorist-attack-rough-terrain-no-security-attackers-pahalgams-baisaran-osint-2713520-2025-04-23 | access-date = 24 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pahalgam-horror-where-is-baisaran-valley-kashmirs-mini-switzerland-hit-by-deadliest-terror-attack-in-years-11745370381342.html|title=Pahalgam Attack: Where is Baisaran, the fabled meadow of Kashmir rattled by the deadliest terror assault in years?}}</ref> Situated at an altitude of around {{Convert|8000|ft|m}}, it is surrounded by dense pine forests and the [[Pir Panjal range]].<ref name="Guru_2016">{{cite web | last = Shubha | first = Guru| title = Baisaran| work = The Times of India| date = June 23, 2016| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/baisaran/articleshow/49892385.cms| access-date = April 28, 2025}}</ref>

==Incidents==
{{Main|2025 Pahalgam attack}}
On 22 April 2025, a [[2025 Pahalgam attack|terrorist attack]] occurred in Baisaran meadow of India's Kashmir, where terrorists rounded up and opened fire on tourists, mainly targeting Hindus, resulting in 26 deaths and more than 20 injuries.<ref name="Sengar_2025">{{cite web| last = Sengar | first = Mukesh Singh | editor-last = Bose | editor-first = Saikat Kumar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pahalgam-terror-attack-baisaran-meadow-5-killers-3-spots-10-minutes-of-heavy-fire-how-pahalgam-attack-unfolded-8242547|title=5 Killers, 3 Spots, 10 Minutes Of Heavy Fire: How Pahalgam Attack Unfolded | work = India News | publisher = NDTV | date = April 24, 2025 | access-date = April 29, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-attack-terrorists-mingled-with-crowd-herded-them-towards-armed-members-who-killed-toursists-at-baisaran/article69534814.ece|title=Pahalgam terrorist attack: Terrorists mingled with crowd, herded them towards armed members who killed tourists at Baisaran}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pahalgam-terror-attack-terrorists-gunshots-heard-people-screaming-video-2713035-2025-04-22|title=Video: Moment when terrorists attacked tourists at scenic Baisaran in Pahalgam}}</ref> The attack, claimed by [[The Resistance Front]],{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} a proxy of the [[Islamic terrorism|terrorism group]], [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], based in [[Pakistan]], targeted tourists in a crowded area, exploiting Baisaran's seclusion. The area is accessible only by foot or pony which delayed rescue efforts. Security forces launched a counter-terrorism operation, and the remaining tourists were evacuated from the region. In response to the incident, The [[Indian Government|Indian government]] suspended the [[Indus Waters Treaty|Indus Water Treaty]], rescinded visas of [[Pakistanis|Pakistan nationals]], and ordered those in the country to leave within 48 hours.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2025 |title=India closes main border crossing with Pakistan after Kashmir attack |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8g2njm2d2o |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=bbc.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Commons category|Baisaran Valley}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Kashmir Valley}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Anantnag district]]
[[Category:Valleys of Jammu and Kashmir]]

1999–2000 National Football League (India)

2025-10-30T21:58:47Z

VaughnBrooks3: Creating new post

{{Short description|4th season of National Football League}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]
| season = 1999–2000
| dates = {{nobreak|9 December 1999 – 26 March 2000}}
| winners = [[Mohun Bagan]] 2nd NFL title 2nd [[List of Indian football champions|Indian title]]
| runners-up = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| relegated = {{ubl|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]|[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]}}
| continentalcup1 = [[2000–01 Asian Club Championship|Asian Club Championship]]
| continentalcup1 qualifiers = ''none''
| continentalcup2 =
| continentalcup2 qualifiers =
| continentalcup3 =
| continentalcup3 qualifiers =
| league topscorer = [[Igor Shkvyrin]] (11 goals)<ref>{{cite web |title= From the History Book|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=1965 |website=All India Football Federation |publisher=the-aiff.com |access-date=19 October 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717033518/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=1965 |archivedate=17 July 2014}}</ref>
| biggest home win = Churchill Brothers 5–0 Dempo
| biggest away win = Dempo 1–7 [[Mahindra United F.C.|Mahindra & Mahindra]]
| highest scoring =
| total goals =
| average goals =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest losses =
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason = [[1998–99 National Football League (India)|1998–99]]
| nextseason = [[2000–01 National Football League (India)|2000–01]]
}}
The '''1999–2000 National Football League''', also known as the '''Coca-Cola National Football League''' for sponsorship reasons, was the fourth season of [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]], the top Indian league for association football clubs, since its inception in 1996.

==Overview==
It was contested by 12 teams, and [[Mohun Bagan]] won the championship<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohun Bagan Trophy room|url=https://themohunbaganac.com/trophy-room-2/|website=themohunbaganac.com|publisher=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club|access-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126082005/https://themohunbaganac.com/trophy-room-2/|archive-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> under the coach Subrata Bhattacharya. This is their second National Football League title. Churchill Brothers came second and Salgaonkar came third. For the first time, the tournament was played without any group stage (as that was followed in previous seasons) and in "Home and Away" system. Dempo and BSF (Border Security Force) were relegated from the National Football League.

==League standings==
{{Location map+|India |width=400|float=right|caption=Locations of teams in the 1999–00 National Football League|places={{Location map~ |India |lat=31.22000|long=75.77000 |label=[[JCT FC|JCT]]|position=right }}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=12.966667 |long=77.566667 |label=[[ITI Sports Club|ITI]]|position=left }}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=9.93123|long=76.26730 |label=[[FC Kochin|Kochin]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=8.5241|long=76.9366 |label=[[SBI Kerala (football team)|SBT]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=31.3260|long=75.5762 |label=[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=18.97500|long=72.82583 |label=[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra & Mahindra]]|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=22.56972 |long=88.36972 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;">{{nobreak|Kolkata}}</div>|mark=Blue pog.svg|position=left}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=19.00 |long=86.00 |label=<div style="font-size:90%;">'''{{nobreak|[[Football in Kolkata|Kolkata]] clubs:}}''' 
{{nobreak|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]}} 
{{nobreak|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]}} 
{{nobreak|[[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]}} 
</div>
|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=15.49300|long=73.81800 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;">{{nobreak|Goa}}</div>|mark=Blue pog.svg|position=left}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=14.00 |long=86.00 |label=<div style="font-size:90%;">'''{{nobreak|[[Goa]] clubs:}}''' 
{{nobreak|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]}} 
{{nobreak|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]}} 
{{nobreak|[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]}} 
</div>
|position=right}}}}{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|show_limit=5
|sortable_table=y

|team1=MB |name_MB =[[Mohun Bagan]]
|team2=CB |name_CB =[[Churchill Brothers Sports Club|Churchill Brothers]]
|team3=SAL |name_SAL=[[Salgaocar Sports Club|Salgaocar]]
|team4=KOC |name_KOC=[[FC Kochin|Kochin]]
|team5=JCT |name_JCT=[[JCT FC|JCT]]
|team6=MAH |name_MAH=[[Mahindra United F.C.|Mahindra & Mahindra]]
|team7=KEB |name_KEB=[[Kingfisher East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|team8=TA |name_TA =[[Tollygunge Agragami]]
|team9=SBT |name_SBT=[[State Bank of Travancore]]
|team10=ITI|name_ITI=[[ITI Sports Club|Indian Telephone Industries]]
|team11=BSF|name_BSF=[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]
|team12=DEM|name_DEM=[[Dempo Sports Club|Dempo]]

|win_MB =14|draw_MB =5|loss_MB =3 |gf_MB =36|ga_MB =17
|win_CB =12|draw_CB =5|loss_CB =5 |gf_CB =36|ga_CB =17
|win_SAL=11|draw_SAL=6|loss_SAL=5 |gf_SAL=26|ga_SAL=15
|win_KOC=9 |draw_KOC=7|loss_KOC=6 |gf_KOC=27|ga_KOC=21
|win_JCT=9 |draw_JCT=7|loss_JCT=6 |gf_JCT=20|ga_JCT=18
|win_MAH=8 |draw_MAH=9|loss_MAH=5 |gf_MAH=26|ga_MAH=16
|win_KEB=8 |draw_KEB=8|loss_KEB=6 |gf_KEB=25|ga_KEB=21
|win_TA =6 |draw_TA =8|loss_TA =8 |gf_TA =18|ga_TA =27
|win_SBT=7 |draw_SBT=3|loss_SBT=12|gf_SBT=20|ga_SBT=34
|win_ITI=3 |draw_ITI=9|loss_ITI=10|gf_ITI=18|ga_ITI=27
|win_BSF=4 |draw_BSF=5|loss_BSF=13|gf_BSF=9 |ga_BSF=23
|win_DEM= 1|draw_DEM=8|loss_DEM=13|gf_DEM=9 |ga_DEM=34

|update=complete
|source=[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india00.html rsssf.com]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india00.html 4th "Coca Cola" National Football League] at [[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]

{{National Football League seasons (India)}}
{{I-League seasons}}
{{1999–2000 in Indian football}}
{{2000 in Asian Football (AFC)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1999-2000 Indian National Football League}}
[[Category:National Football League (India) seasons]]
[[Category:1999–2000 in Indian football]]
[[Category:1999–2000 in Asian association football leagues|India]]

Vinod Chopra Films

2025-10-23T17:45:29Z

VaughnBrooks3: small reworked details as per guidelines and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian film production company}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|Companies|date=July 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2019}}
}}

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Vinod Chopra Films
| logo = Vinod Chopra Films logo.png
| logo_size = 250px
| foundation = 1985
| location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| founder = [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]
| key_people = Vidhu Vinod Chopra
| industry = [[Motion pictures]]
| products = [[Film production]]
| type = [[Private company|Private Limited Company]]
}}

'''Vinod Chopra Films''' is an Indian film production company owned and operated by Hindi film-maker [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0006765/|title=Vidhu Vinod Chopra|website=IMDb|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref> It was founded by Chopra in 1985. It has made many major Bollywood films since then.<ref>{{Citation|last=Vidhu Vinod Chopra Films|title=Vinod Chopra Films {{!}} A Retrospective|date=2012-04-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1KMBz-Dqlg|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>

==Film production==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Release date || Film || Director || Other notes || Writer
|-
| 14 March 1986 || ''[[Khamosh]]''|| rowspan="5" | [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] || The studio's first release as Vinod Chopra Films || [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]], Ranjit Kapoor, [[Saeed Akhtar Mirza]], [[Sudhir Mishra]], [[Kundan Shah]] and [[Manjul Sinha]]
|-
| 3 November 1989 || ''[[Parinda]]''|| Won 2 [[National Film Awards]]
Won 6 [[Filmfare Awards]]
| Screenplay by [[Shiv Kumar Subramaniam]], Story by [[Nana Patekar]] and Ishraq-Suja
|-
| 15 April 1994 || ''[[1942: A Love Story]]'' || Won 9 Filmfare Awards || [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]], [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] and Kamna Chandra
|-
| 17 July 1998 || ''[[Kareeb]]''|| Promos by [[Rajkumar Hirani]] || Kamna Chandra and [[Abhijat Joshi]]
|-
| 27 October 2000 || ''[[Mission Kashmir]]'' || Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]]
Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Director]]
| [[Vikram Chandra (novelist)|Vikram Chandra]], [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]], [[Abhijat Joshi]], [[Suketu Mehta]] and Atul Tiwari
|-
| 19 December 2003 || ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]'' || [[Rajkumar Hirani]] || Won [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]
Won 4 Filmfare Awards
| Screenplay by [[Rajkumar Hirani]], [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] and Lajan Joseph Oommen; Story by [[Rajkumar Hirani]] and [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]
|-
| 10 June 2005 || [[Parineeta (2005 film)|''Parineeta'']] || [[Pradeep Sarkar]] || Won [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director]]
Won 5 Filmfare Awards
| [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] and [[Pradeep Sarkar]]
|-
| 1 September 2006 || ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' || [[Rajkumar Hirani]] || Won 4 National Film Awards
Won 4 Filmfare Awards
| [[Rajkumar Hirani]] and [[Abhijat Joshi]]
|-
| 16 February 2007 || ''[[Eklavya: The Royal Guard]]'' || [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] || Submitted to the [[80th Academy Awards]] for [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] || [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] and [[Abhijat Joshi]]
|-
| 25 December 2009 || ''[[3 Idiots]]'' || [[Rajkumar Hirani]] || Won 3 National Film Awards
Won 6 Filmfare Awards
| [[Rajkumar Hirani]] and [[Abhijat Joshi]]
|-
| 15 June 2012 || ''[[Ferrari Ki Sawaari]]'' || Rajesh Mapuskar || Rajesh Mapuskar's debut film || Rajesh Mapuskar and [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]
|-
| 19 December 2014 || [[PK (film)|''PK'']] || [[Rajkumar Hirani]] || Co-produced with [[UTV Motion Pictures]] and Rajkumar Hirani Films || [[Rajkumar Hirani]] and [[Abhijat Joshi]]
|-
| 16 January 2015 (US) || ''[[Broken Horses]]'' || [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] || Co-produced with [[Reliance Entertainment]] || [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] and [[Abhijat Joshi]]
|-
| 8 January 2016 || [[Wazir (film)|''Wazir'']] || [[Bejoy Nambiar]] || Co-produced with Rajkumar Hirani Films and [[Getaway Films]] || [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] and [[Abhijat Joshi]]
|-
| 29 June 2018 || ''[[Sanju]]''|| [[Rajkumar Hirani]] || Starring [[Ranbir Kapoor]] as [[Sanjay Dutt]] and Co-produced with Rajkumar Hirani Films|| [[Rajkumar Hirani]] and [[Abhijat Joshi]]
|-
| 1 February 2019 || ''[[Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga]]'' || [[Shelly Chopra Dhar]] || Starring [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Sonam Kapoor]], [[Rajkummar Rao]] and [[Juhi Chawla]] ||[[Gazal Dhaliwal]] and Shelly Chopra Dhar
|-
| 7 February 2020 || [[Shikara (2020 film)|''Shikara'']] || rowspan="2"|[[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] || Starring [[Aadil Khan]] and [[Sadia Khateeb]]|| [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]], [[Rahul Pandita]] and [[Abhijat Joshi]]
|-
| 27 October 2023 || ''[[12th Fail]]''|| Starring [[Vikrant Massey]] and [[Medha Shankar]] || [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]
|}

==Highest-grossing films (under Chopra's vice-chairmanship)==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Highest-grossing films (under Chopra's vice-chairmanship)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Bollywood-Movies-That-Crossed-Rs-200-Crore-Club/19-06-2019-172064|title=Bollywood Movies That Crossed Rs 200 Crore Club|last=Gandhi|first=Eiha|website=BW Businessworld|language=en|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>
! Rank !! Name !! Year of release !! Domestic Gross (adjusted for inflation) !! Starring !! Director
|-
| 1 ||''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' ||2014|| {{INRConvert|7.35|b}} || [[Aamir Khan]] & [[Anushka Sharma]] || [[Rajkumar Hirani]]
|-
| 2 || ''[[3 Idiots]]'' ||2009|| {{INRConvert|3.93|b}} || [[Aamir Khan]] & [[Kareena Kapoor]] || [[Rajkumar Hirani]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vinod Chopra Films}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1985]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1985]]

NIFTY 500

2025-10-20T08:06:00Z

VaughnBrooks3: corrected section to improve readability and added references after review

{{Short description|Indian stock market index}}{{Update|date=April 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

{{Infobox financial index
| name = NIFTY 500
| logo = 500 logo.png
| image =
| caption =
| foundation =
| constituents = 500
| operator = [[NSE Indices]]
| exchanges = [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]]
| symbol = ^CRSLDX
| weighting =
| related = [[NIFTY 50]]{{br}}[[NIFTY Next 50]]
| owner = [[National Stock Exchange of India]]
| homepage = {{URL|www.nseindia.com/}}|currency=[[Indian Rupee]]|mcap=
}}
The '''NIFTY 500''' is an Indian broad-based [[stock market index]] of the companies listed in the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=India|first=NSE|date=|title=NSE NIFTY 500|url=https://www1.nseindia.com/products/content/equities/indices/nifty_500.htm|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> It contains top 500 listed companies on the NSE. The NIFTY 500 index represents about 96.1% of free float market capitalization and about 96.5% of the total turnover on the National Stock Exchange ([[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://finance.indiamart.com/markets/nse/sp_cnx_500.html |title=Current Status S&P CNX 500 |publisher=Indiamart |access-date=19 September 2011 |archive-date=28 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228021801/http://finance.indiamart.com/markets/nse/sp_cnx_500.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

NIFTY 500 companies are disaggregated into 72 [[Industry (economics)|industry]] indices.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Corporate Affairs |url=http://www.iepf.gov.in/IEPF/FAQs-INDICES.html |website=www.iepf.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of Corporate Affairs}}</ref> Industry weights in the index reflect industry weights in the market. For example, if the [[banking]] sector has a 5% weight in the universe of stocks traded on the [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]], banking stocks in the index would also have an approximate representation of 5% in the index.<ref>{{cite web |title=Introducing a New Broad-based Index of Financial Development |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2016/wp1605.pdf |publisher=www.imf.org}}</ref> NIFTY 500 can be used for a variety of purposes such as benchmarking fund portfolios, launching of index funds, ETFs and other structured products.

== Record values ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Category
! colspan="2"|All-time highs
|-
| Closing || 16,003.95<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-12-01|title=India's record stock rally made investors richer by Rs 72 lakh crore in 2021|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/indias-record-stock-rally-made-investors-richer-by-rs-72-lakh-crore-in-2021/articleshow/88501755.cms|access-date=2021-12-26|website=The Economic Times|language=en}}</ref>|| Thursday, 01 December 2022
|-
| Intra-day || 16,041.65 <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-19|title=Markets close in red after record gains; Sensex dips to 61,716, Nifty ends at 18,419|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/market-closes-in-red-after-record-gains-sensex-dips-to-61-716-nifty-ends-at-18419-101634638446834.html|access-date=2021-12-07|website=The Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>|| Thursday, 01 December 2022
|}

== Constituents ==
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2025}}
The constituents of Nifty 500 as of 26 November 2024:
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Nifty 500 List
|'''Sl.No'''
|'''Company Name'''
|'''Industry'''
|'''Symbol'''
|'''Series'''
|'''ISIN Code'''
|-
|1
|[[360 One WAM|360 ONE WAM Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|360ONE
|EQ
|INE466L01038
|-
|2
|3M India Ltd.
|Diversified
|3MINDIA
|EQ
|INE470A01017
|-
|3
|ABB India Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|ABB
|EQ
|INE117A01022
|-
|4
|ACC Ltd.
|Construction Materials
|ACC
|EQ
|INE012A01025
|-
|5
|AIA Engineering Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|AIAENG
|EQ
|INE212H01026
|-
|6
|APL Apollo Tubes Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|APLAPOLLO
|EQ
|INE702C01027
|-
|7
|[[AU Small Finance Bank|AU Small Finance Bank Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|AUBANK
|EQ
|INE949L01017
|-
|8
|Aarti Industries Ltd.
|Chemicals
|AARTIIND
|EQ
|INE769A01020
|-
|9
|[[Aavas Financiers|Aavas Financiers Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|AAVAS
|EQ
|INE216P01012
|-
|10
|Abbott India Ltd.
|Healthcare
|ABBOTINDIA
|EQ
|INE358A01014
|-
|11
|[[Action Construction Equipment|Action Construction Equipment Ltd.]]
|Capital Goods
|ACE
|EQ
|INE731H01025
|-
|12
|[[Adani Energy Solutions|Adani Energy Solutions Ltd.]]
|Power
|ADANIENSOL
|EQ
|INE931S01010
|-
|13
|[[Adani Enterprises|Adani Enterprises Ltd.]]
|Metals & Mining
|ADANIENT
|EQ
|INE423A01024
|-
|14
|[[Adani Green Energy|Adani Green Energy Ltd.]]
|Power
|ADANIGREEN
|EQ
|INE364U01010
|-
|15
|Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Ltd.
|Services
|ADANIPORTS
|EQ
|INE742F01042
|-
|16
|[[Adani Power|Adani Power Ltd.]]
|Power
|ADANIPOWER
|EQ
|INE814H01011
|-
|17
|Adani Total Gas Ltd.
|Oil Gas & Consumable Fuels
|ATGL
|EQ
|INE399L01023
|-
|18
|[[Adani Wilmar|Adani Wilmar Ltd.]]
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|AWL
|EQ
|INE699H01024
|-
|19
|[[Aditya Birla Group|Aditya Birla Capital Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|ABCAPITAL
|EQ
|INE674K01013
|-
|20
|[[Aditya Birla Fashion and Retail|Aditya Birla Fashion and Retail Ltd.]]
|Consumer Services
|ABFRL
|EQ
|INE647O01011
|-
|21
|Aegis Logistics Ltd.
|Oil Gas & Consumable Fuels
|AEGISLOG
|EQ
|INE208C01025
|-
|22
|Aether Industries Ltd.
|Chemicals
|AETHER
|EQ
|INE0BWX01014
|-
|23
|Affle (India) Ltd.
|Information Technology
|AFFLE
|EQ
|INE00WC01027
|-
|24
|Ajanta Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
|Healthcare
|AJANTPHARM
|EQ
|INE031B01049
|-
|25
|[[Alembic Pharmaceuticals|Alembic Pharmaceuticals Ltd.]]
|Healthcare
|APLLTD
|EQ
|INE901L01018
|-
|26
|[[Alkem Laboratories|Alkem Laboratories Ltd.]]
|Healthcare
|ALKEM
|EQ
|INE540L01014
|-
|27
|Alkyl Amines Chemicals Ltd.
|Chemicals
|ALKYLAMINE
|EQ
|INE150B01039
|-
|28
|[[Allcargo Logistics|Allcargo Logistics Ltd.]]
|Services
|ALLCARGO
|EQ
|INE418H01029
|-
|29
|[[Alok Industries|Alok Industries Ltd.]]
|Textiles
|ALOKINDS
|EQ
|INE270A01029
|-
|30
|Amara Raja Energy & Mobility Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|ARE&M
|EQ
|INE885A01032
|-
|31
|Amber Enterprises India Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|AMBER
|EQ
|INE371P01015
|-
|32
|[[Ambuja Cements|Ambuja Cements Ltd.]]
|Construction Materials
|AMBUJACEM
|EQ
|INE079A01024
|-
|33
|Anand Rathi Wealth Ltd.
|Financial Services
|ANANDRATHI
|EQ
|INE463V01026
|-
|34
|[[Angel One (company)|Angel One Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|ANGELONE
|EQ
|INE732I01013
|-
|35
|Anupam Rasayan India Ltd.
|Chemicals
|ANURAS
|EQ
|INE930P01018
|-
|36
|Apar Industries Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|APARINDS
|EQ
|INE372A01015
|-
|37
|[[Apollo Hospitals|Apollo Hospitals Enterprise Ltd.]]
|Healthcare
|APOLLOHOSP
|EQ
|INE437A01024
|-
|38
|[[Apollo Tyres|Apollo Tyres Ltd.]]
|Automobile and Auto Components
|APOLLOTYRE
|EQ
|INE438A01022
|-
|39
|Aptus Value Housing Finance India Ltd.
|Financial Services
|APTUS
|EQ
|INE852O01025
|-
|40
|Archean Chemical Industries Ltd.
|Chemicals
|ACI
|EQ
|INE128X01021
|-
|41
|[[Asahi India Glass|Asahi India Glass Ltd.]]
|Automobile and Auto Components
|ASAHIINDIA
|EQ
|INE439A01020
|-
|42
|[[Ashok Leyland|Ashok Leyland Ltd.]]
|Capital Goods
|ASHOKLEY
|EQ
|INE208A01029
|-
|43
|[[Asian Paints|Asian Paints Ltd.]]
|Consumer Durables
|ASIANPAINT
|EQ
|INE021A01026
|-
|44
|[[Aster DM Healthcare|Aster DM Healthcare Ltd.]]
|Healthcare
|ASTERDM
|EQ
|INE914M01019
|-
|45
|[[AstraZeneca|AstraZenca Pharma India Ltd.]]
|Healthcare
|ASTRAZEN
|EQ
|INE203A01020
|-
|46
|Astral Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|ASTRAL
|EQ
|INE006I01046
|-
|47
|Atul Ltd.
|Chemicals
|ATUL
|EQ
|INE100A01010
|-
|48
|[[Aurobindo Pharma|Aurobindo Pharma Ltd.]]
|Healthcare
|AUROPHARMA
|EQ
|INE406A01037
|-
|49
|Avanti Feeds Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|AVANTIFEED
|EQ
|INE871C01038
|-
|50
|[[DMart|Avenue Supermarts Ltd.]]
|Consumer Services
|DMART
|EQ
|INE192R01011
|-
|51
|Axis Bank Ltd.
|Financial Services
|AXISBANK
|EQ
|INE238A01034
|-
|52
|BEML Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|BEML
|EQ
|INE258A01016
|-
|53
|BLS International Services Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|BLS
|EQ
|INE153T01027
|-
|54
|BSE Ltd.
|Financial Services
|BSE
|EQ
|INE118H01025
|-
|55
|Bajaj Auto Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|BAJAJ-AUTO
|EQ
|INE917I01010
|-
|56
|Bajaj Finance Ltd.
|Financial Services
|BAJFINANCE
|EQ
|INE296A01024
|-
|57
|Bajaj Finserv Ltd.
|Financial Services
|BAJAJFINSV
|EQ
|INE918I01026
|-
|58
|Bajaj Holdings & Investment Ltd.
|Financial Services
|BAJAJHLDNG
|EQ
|INE118A01012
|-
|59
|Balaji Amines Ltd.
|Chemicals
|BALAMINES
|EQ
|INE050E01027
|-
|60
|Balkrishna Industries Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|BALKRISIND
|EQ
|INE787D01026
|-
|61
|Balrampur Chini Mills Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|BALRAMCHIN
|EQ
|INE119A01028
|-
|62
|Bandhan Bank Ltd.
|Financial Services
|BANDHANBNK
|EQ
|INE545U01014
|-
|63
|Bank of Baroda
|Financial Services
|BANKBARODA
|EQ
|INE028A01039
|-
|64
|Bank of India
|Financial Services
|BANKINDIA
|EQ
|INE084A01016
|-
|65
|Bank of Maharashtra
|Financial Services
|MAHABANK
|EQ
|INE457A01014
|-
|66
|Bata India Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|BATAINDIA
|EQ
|INE176A01028
|-
|67
|Bayer Cropscience Ltd.
|Chemicals
|BAYERCROP
|EQ
|INE462A01022
|-
|68
|Berger Paints India Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|BERGEPAINT
|EQ
|INE463A01038
|-
|69
|Bharat Dynamics Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|BDL
|EQ
|INE171Z01026
|-
|70
|Bharat Electronics Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|BEL
|EQ
|INE263A01024
|-
|71
|Bharat Forge Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|BHARATFORG
|EQ
|INE465A01025
|-
|72
|Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|BHEL
|EQ
|INE257A01026
|-
|73
|Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd.
|Oil Gas & Consumable Fuels
|BPCL
|EQ
|INE029A01011
|-
|74
|Bharti Airtel Ltd.
|Telecommunication
|BHARTIARTL
|EQ
|INE397D01024
|-
|75
|Bikaji Foods International Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|BIKAJI
|EQ
|INE00E101023
|-
|76
|Biocon Ltd.
|Healthcare
|BIOCON
|EQ
|INE376G01013
|-
|77
|Birla Corporation Ltd.
|Construction Materials
|BIRLACORPN
|EQ
|INE340A01012
|-
|78
|Birlasoft Ltd.
|Information Technology
|BSOFT
|EQ
|INE836A01035
|-
|79
|Blue Dart Express Ltd.
|Services
|BLUEDART
|EQ
|INE233B01017
|-
|80
|Blue Star Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|BLUESTARCO
|EQ
|INE472A01039
|-
|81
|Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|BBTC
|EQ
|INE050A01025
|-
|82
|Borosil Renewables Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|BORORENEW
|EQ
|INE666D01022
|-
|83
|Bosch Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|BOSCHLTD
|EQ
|INE323A01026
|-
|84
|Brigade Enterprises Ltd.
|Realty
|BRIGADE
|EQ
|INE791I01019
|-
|85
|Britannia Industries Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|BRITANNIA
|EQ
|INE216A01030
|-
|86
|C.E. Info Systems Ltd.
|Information Technology
|MAPMYINDIA
|EQ
|INE0BV301023
|-
|87
|CCL Products (I) Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|CCL
|EQ
|INE421D01022
|-
|88
|CESC Ltd.
|Power
|CESC
|EQ
|INE486A01021
|-
|89
|CG Power and Industrial Solutions Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|CGPOWER
|EQ
|INE067A01029
|-
|90
|CIE Automotive India Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|CIEINDIA
|EQ
|INE536H01010
|-
|91
|CRISIL Ltd.
|Financial Services
|CRISIL
|EQ
|INE007A01025
|-
|92
|CSB Bank Ltd.
|Financial Services
|CSBBANK
|EQ
|INE679A01013
|-
|93
|Campus Activewear Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|CAMPUS
|EQ
|INE278Y01022
|-
|94
|Can Fin Homes Ltd.
|Financial Services
|CANFINHOME
|EQ
|INE477A01020
|-
|95
|Canara Bank
|Financial Services
|CANBK
|EQ
|INE476A01022
|-
|96
|Caplin Point Laboratories Ltd.
|Healthcare
|CAPLIPOINT
|EQ
|INE475E01026
|-
|97
|Capri Global Capital Ltd.
|Financial Services
|CGCL
|EQ
|INE180C01042
|-
|98
|Carborundum Universal Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|CARBORUNIV
|EQ
|INE120A01034
|-
|99
|Castrol India Ltd.
|Oil Gas & Consumable Fuels
|CASTROLIND
|EQ
|INE172A01027
|-
|100
|Ceat Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|CEATLTD
|EQ
|INE482A01020
|-
|101
|Cello World Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|CELLO
|EQ
|INE0LMW01024
|-
|102
|Central Bank of India
|Financial Services
|CENTRALBK
|EQ
|INE483A01010
|-
|103
|Central Depository Services (India) Ltd.
|Financial Services
|CDSL
|EQ
|INE736A01011
|-
|104
|Century Plyboards (India) Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|CENTURYPLY
|EQ
|INE348B01021
|-
|105
|Aditya Birla Real Estate Ltd.
|Forest Materials
|ABREL
|EQ
|INE055A01016
|-
|106
|Cera Sanitaryware Ltd
|Consumer Durables
|CERA
|EQ
|INE739E01017
|-
|107
|Chalet Hotels Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|CHALET
|EQ
|INE427F01016
|-
|108
|Chambal Fertilizers & Chemicals Ltd.
|Chemicals
|CHAMBLFERT
|EQ
|INE085A01013
|-
|109
|Chemplast Sanmar Ltd.
|Chemicals
|CHEMPLASTS
|EQ
|INE488A01050
|-
|110
|Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd.
|Oil Gas & Consumable Fuels
|CHENNPETRO
|EQ
|INE178A01016
|-
|111
|Cholamandalam Financial Holdings Ltd.
|Financial Services
|CHOLAHLDNG
|EQ
|INE149A01033
|-
|112
|Cholamandalam Investment and Finance Company Ltd.
|Financial Services
|CHOLAFIN
|EQ
|INE121A01024
|-
|113
|Cipla Ltd.
|Healthcare
|CIPLA
|EQ
|INE059A01026
|-
|114
|City Union Bank Ltd.
|Financial Services
|CUB
|EQ
|INE491A01021
|-
|115
|Clean Science and Technology Ltd.
|Chemicals
|CLEAN
|EQ
|INE227W01023
|-
|116
|Coal India Ltd.
|Oil Gas & Consumable Fuels
|COALINDIA
|EQ
|INE522F01014
|-
|117
|Cochin Shipyard Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|COCHINSHIP
|EQ
|INE704P01025
|-
|118
|Coforge Ltd.
|Information Technology
|COFORGE
|EQ
|INE591G01017
|-
|119
|Colgate Palmolive (India) Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|COLPAL
|EQ
|INE259A01022
|-
|120
|Computer Age Management Services Ltd.
|Financial Services
|CAMS
|EQ
|INE596I01012
|-
|121
|Concord Biotech Ltd.
|Healthcare
|CONCORDBIO
|EQ
|INE338H01029
|-
|122
|Container Corporation of India Ltd.
|Services
|CONCOR
|EQ
|INE111A01025
|-
|123
|Coromandel International Ltd.
|Chemicals
|COROMANDEL
|EQ
|INE169A01031
|-
|124
|Craftsman Automation Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|CRAFTSMAN
|EQ
|INE00LO01017
|-
|125
|CreditAccess Grameen Ltd.
|Financial Services
|CREDITACC
|EQ
|INE741K01010
|-
|126
|Crompton Greaves Consumer Electricals Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|CROMPTON
|EQ
|INE299U01018
|-
|127
|Cummins India Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|CUMMINSIND
|EQ
|INE298A01020
|-
|128
|Cyient Ltd.
|Information Technology
|CYIENT
|EQ
|INE136B01020
|-
|129
|DCM Shriram Ltd.
|Diversified
|DCMSHRIRAM
|EQ
|INE499A01024
|-
|130
|DLF Ltd.
|Realty
|DLF
|EQ
|INE271C01023
|-
|131
|DOMS Industries Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|DOMS
|EQ
|INE321T01012
|-
|132
|Dabur India Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|DABUR
|EQ
|INE016A01026
|-
|133
|Dalmia Bharat Ltd.
|Construction Materials
|DALBHARAT
|EQ
|INE00R701025
|-
|134
|Data Patterns (India) Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|DATAPATTNS
|EQ
|INE0IX101010
|-
|135
|Deepak Fertilisers & Petrochemicals Corp. Ltd.
|Chemicals
|DEEPAKFERT
|EQ
|INE501A01019
|-
|136
|Deepak Nitrite Ltd.
|Chemicals
|DEEPAKNTR
|EQ
|INE288B01029
|-
|137
|Delhivery Ltd.
|Services
|DELHIVERY
|EQ
|INE148O01028
|-
|138
|[[Devyani International Limited|Devyani International Ltd.]]
|Consumer Services
|DEVYANI
|EQ
|INE872J01023
|-
|139
|Divi's Laboratories Ltd.
|Healthcare
|DIVISLAB
|EQ
|INE361B01024
|-
|140
|Dixon Technologies (India) Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|DIXON
|EQ
|INE935N01020
|-
|141
|Dr. Lal Path Labs Ltd.
|Healthcare
|LALPATHLAB
|EQ
|INE600L01024
|-
|142
|Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd.
|Healthcare
|DRREDDY
|EQ
|INE089A01023
|-
|143
|E.I.D. Parry (India) Ltd.
|Chemicals
|EIDPARRY
|EQ
|INE126A01031
|-
|144
|EIH Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|EIHOTEL
|EQ
|INE230A01023
|-
|145
|EPL Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|EPL
|EQ
|INE255A01020
|-
|146
|Easy Trip Planners Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|EASEMYTRIP
|EQ
|INE07O001026
|-
|147
|Eicher Motors Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|EICHERMOT
|EQ
|INE066A01021
|-
|148
|Elecon Engineering Co. Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|ELECON
|EQ
|INE205B01023
|-
|149
|Elgi Equipments Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|ELGIEQUIP
|EQ
|INE285A01027
|-
|150
|Emami Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|EMAMILTD
|EQ
|INE548C01032
|-
|151
|Endurance Technologies Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|ENDURANCE
|EQ
|INE913H01037
|-
|152
|Engineers India Ltd.
|Construction
|ENGINERSIN
|EQ
|INE510A01028
|-
|153
|Equitas Small Finance Bank Ltd.
|Financial Services
|EQUITASBNK
|EQ
|INE063P01018
|-
|154
|Eris Lifesciences Ltd.
|Healthcare
|ERIS
|EQ
|INE406M01024
|-
|155
|Escorts Kubota Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|ESCORTS
|EQ
|INE042A01014
|-
|156
|Exide Industries Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|EXIDEIND
|EQ
|INE302A01020
|-
|157
|FDC Ltd.
|Healthcare
|FDC
|EQ
|INE258B01022
|-
|158
|FSN E-Commerce Ventures Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|NYKAA
|EQ
|INE388Y01029
|-
|159
|Federal Bank Ltd.
|Financial Services
|FEDERALBNK
|EQ
|INE171A01029
|-
|160
|Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore Ltd.
|Chemicals
|FACT
|EQ
|INE188A01015
|-
|161
|Fine Organic Industries Ltd.
|Chemicals
|FINEORG
|EQ
|INE686Y01026
|-
|162
|Finolex Cables Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|FINCABLES
|EQ
|INE235A01022
|-
|163
|Finolex Industries Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|FINPIPE
|EQ
|INE183A01024
|-
|164
|Firstsource Solutions Ltd.
|Services
|FSL
|EQ
|INE684F01012
|-
|165
|Five-Star Business Finance Ltd.
|Financial Services
|FIVESTAR
|EQ
|INE128S01021
|-
|166
|Fortis Healthcare Ltd.
|Healthcare
|FORTIS
|EQ
|INE061F01013
|-
|167
|GAIL (India) Ltd.
|Oil Gas & Consumable Fuels
|GAIL
|EQ
|INE129A01019
|-
|168
|GMM Pfaudler Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|GMMPFAUDLR
|EQ
|INE541A01023
|-
|179
|GMR Airports Infrastructure Ltd.
|Services
|GMRINFRASTRUCT
|EQ
|INE776C01039
|-
|170
|Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|GRSE
|EQ
|INE382Z01011
|-
|171
|General Insurance Corporation of India
|Financial Services
|GICRE
|EQ
|INE481Y01014
|-
|172
|Gillette India Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|GILLETTE
|EQ
|INE322A01010
|-
|173
|Gland Pharma Ltd.
|Healthcare
|GLAND
|EQ
|INE068V01023
|-
|174
|Glaxosmithkline Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
|Healthcare
|GLAXO
|EQ
|INE159A01016
|-
|175
|Glenmark Life Sciences Ltd. REBRANDED AS ALIVUS
|Healthcare
|ALIVUS
|EQ
|INE03Q201024
|-
|176
|Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
|Healthcare
|GLENMARK
|EQ
|INE935A01035
|-
|177
|Global Health Ltd.
|Healthcare
|MEDANTA
|EQ
|INE474Q01031
|-
|178
|Godawari Power & Ispat Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|GPIL
|EQ
|INE177H01021
|-
|179
|Godfrey Phillips India Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|GODFRYPHLP
|EQ
|INE260B01028
|-
|180
|Godrej Consumer Products Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|GODREJCP
|EQ
|INE102D01028
|-
|181
|Godrej Industries Ltd.
|Diversified
|GODREJIND
|EQ
|INE233A01035
|-
|182
|Godrej Properties Ltd.
|Realty
|GODREJPROP
|EQ
|INE484J01027
|-
|183
|Granules India Ltd.
|Healthcare
|GRANULES
|EQ
|INE101D01020
|-
|184
|Graphite India Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|GRAPHITE
|EQ
|INE371A01025
|-
|185
|Grasim Industries Ltd.
|Construction Materials
|GRASIM
|EQ
|INE047A01021
|-
|186
|Great Eastern Shipping Co. Ltd.
|Services
|GESHIP
|EQ
|INE017A01032
|-
|187
|Grindwell Norton Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|GRINDWELL
|EQ
|INE536A01023
|-
|188
|Gujarat Ambuja Exports Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|GAEL
|EQ
|INE036B01030
|-
|189
|Gujarat Fluorochemicals Ltd.
|Chemicals
|FLUOROCHEM
|EQ
|INE09N301011
|-
|190
|Gujarat Gas Ltd.
|Oil Gas & Consumable Fuels
|GUJGASLTD
|EQ
|INE844O01030
|-
|191
|Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation Ltd.
|Metals & Mining
|GMDCLTD
|EQ
|INE131A01031
|-
|192
|Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizers and Chemicals Ltd.
|Chemicals
|GNFC
|EQ
|INE113A01013
|-
|193
|Gujarat Pipavav Port Ltd.
|Services
|GPPL
|EQ
|INE517F01014
|-
|194
|Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals Ltd.
|Chemicals
|GSFC
|EQ
|INE026A01025
|-
|195
|Gujarat State Petronet Ltd.
|Oil Gas & Consumable Fuels
|GSPL
|EQ
|INE246F01010
|-
|196
|H.E.G. Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|HEG
|EQ
|INE545A01016
|-
|197
|HBL Power Systems Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|HBLENGINE
|EQ
|INE292B01021
|-
|198
|HCL Technologies Ltd.
|Information Technology
|HCLTECH
|EQ
|INE860A01027
|-
|199
|HDFC Asset Management Company Ltd.
|Financial Services
|HDFCAMC
|EQ
|INE127D01025
|-
|200
|HDFC Bank Ltd.
|Financial Services
|HDFCBANK
|EQ
|INE040A01034
|-
|201
|HDFC Life Insurance Company Ltd.
|Financial Services
|HDFCLIFE
|EQ
|INE795G01014
|-
|202
|HFCL Ltd.
|Telecommunication
|HFCL
|EQ
|INE548A01028
|-
|203
|Happiest Minds Technologies Ltd.
|Information Technology
|HAPPSTMNDS
|EQ
|INE419U01012
|-
|204
|Happy Forgings Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|HAPPYFORGE
|EQ
|INE330T01021
|-
|205
|Havells India Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|HAVELLS
|EQ
|INE176B01034
|-
|206
|Hero MotoCorp Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|HEROMOTOCO
|EQ
|INE158A01026
|-
|207
|Himadri Speciality Chemical Ltd.
|Chemicals
|HSCL
|EQ
|INE019C01026
|-
|208
|Hindalco Industries Ltd.
|Metals & Mining
|HINDALCO
|EQ
|INE038A01020
|-
|209
|Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|HAL
|EQ
|INE066F01020
|-
|210
|Hindustan Copper Ltd.
|Metals & Mining
|HINDCOPPER
|EQ
|INE531E01026
|-
|211
|Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd.
|Oil Gas & Consumable Fuels
|HINDPETRO
|EQ
|INE094A01015
|-
|212
|Hindustan Unilever Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|HINDUNILVR
|EQ
|INE030A01027
|-
|213
|Hindustan Zinc Ltd.
|Metals & Mining
|HINDZINC
|EQ
|INE267A01025
|-
|214
|Hitachi Energy India Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|POWERINDIA
|EQ
|INE07Y701011
|-
|215
|Home First Finance Company India Ltd.
|Financial Services
|HOMEFIRST
|EQ
|INE481N01025
|-
|216
|Honasa Consumer Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|HONASA
|EQ
|INE0J5401028
|-
|217
|Honeywell Automation India Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|HONAUT
|EQ
|INE671A01010
|-
|218
|Housing & Urban Development Corporation Ltd.
|Financial Services
|HUDCO
|EQ
|INE031A01017
|-
|219
|ICICI Bank Ltd.
|Financial Services
|ICICIBANK
|EQ
|INE090A01021
|-
|220
|ICICI Lombard General Insurance Company Ltd.
|Financial Services
|ICICIGI
|EQ
|INE765G01017
|-
|221
|ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company Ltd.
|Financial Services
|ICICIPRULI
|EQ
|INE726G01019
|-
|222
|ICICI Securities Ltd.
|Financial Services
|ISEC
|EQ
|INE763G01038
|-
|223
|IDBI Bank Ltd.
|Financial Services
|IDBI
|EQ
|INE008A01015
|-
|224
|IDFC First Bank Ltd.
|Financial Services
|IDFCFIRSTB
|EQ
|INE092T01019
|-
|225
|IFCI Ltd.
|Financial Services
|IFCI
|EQ
|INE039A01010
|-
|226
|IIFL Finance Ltd.
|Financial Services
|IIFL
|EQ
|INE530B01024
|-
|227
|IRB Infrastructure Developers Ltd.
|Construction
|IRB
|EQ
|INE821I01022
|-
|228
|IRCON International Ltd.
|Construction
|IRCON
|EQ
|INE962Y01021
|-
|229
|ITC Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|ITC
|EQ
|INE154A01025
|-
|230
|ITI Ltd.
|Telecommunication
|ITI
|EQ
|INE248A01017
|-
|231
|India Cements Ltd.
|Construction Materials
|INDIACEM
|EQ
|INE383A01012
|-
|232
|Indiamart Intermesh Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|INDIAMART
|EQ
|INE933S01016
|-
|233
|Indian Bank
|Financial Services
|INDIANB
|EQ
|INE562A01011
|-
|234
|Indian Energy Exchange Ltd.
|Financial Services
|IEX
|EQ
|INE022Q01020
|-
|235
|Indian Hotels Co. Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|INDHOTEL
|EQ
|INE053A01029
|-
|236
|Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
|Oil Gas & Consumable Fuels
|IOC
|EQ
|INE242A01010
|-
|237
|Indian Overseas Bank
|Financial Services
|IOB
|EQ
|INE565A01014
|-
|238
|Indian Railway Catering And Tourism Corporation Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|IRCTC
|EQ
|INE335Y01020
|-
|239
|Indian Railway Finance Corporation Ltd.
|Financial Services
|IRFC
|EQ
|INE053F01010
|-
|240
|Indigo Paints Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|INDIGOPNTS
|EQ
|INE09VQ01012
|-
|241
|Indraprastha Gas Ltd.
|Oil Gas & Consumable Fuels
|IGL
|EQ
|INE203G01027
|-
|242
|Indus Towers Ltd.
|Telecommunication
|INDUSTOWER
|EQ
|INE121J01017
|-
|243
|IndusInd Bank Ltd.
|Financial Services
|INDUSINDBK
|EQ
|INE095A01012
|-
|244
|Info Edge (India) Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|NAUKRI
|EQ
|INE663F01024
|-
|245
|Infosys Ltd.
|Information Technology
|INFY
|EQ
|INE009A01021
|-
|246
|Inox Wind Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|INOXWIND
|EQ
|INE066P01011
|-
|247
|Intellect Design Arena Ltd.
|Information Technology
|INTELLECT
|EQ
|INE306R01017
|-
|248
|InterGlobe Aviation Ltd.
|Services
|INDIGO
|EQ
|INE646L01027
|-
|249
|Ipca Laboratories Ltd.
|Healthcare
|IPCALAB
|EQ
|INE571A01038
|-
|250
|J.B. Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
|Healthcare
|JBCHEPHARM
|EQ
|INE572A01036
|-
|251
|J.K. Cement Ltd.
|Construction Materials
|JKCEMENT
|EQ
|INE823G01014
|-
|252
|JBM Auto Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|JBMA
|EQ
|INE927D01044
|-
|253
|JK Lakshmi Cement Ltd.
|Construction Materials
|JKLAKSHMI
|EQ
|INE786A01032
|-
|254
|JK Paper Ltd.
|Forest Materials
|JKPAPER
|EQ
|INE789E01012
|-
|255
|[[JM Financial|JM Financial Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|JMFINANCIL
|EQ
|INE780C01023
|-
|256
|JSW Energy Ltd.
|Power
|JSWENERGY
|EQ
|INE121E01018
|-
|257
|JSW Infrastructure Ltd.
|Services
|JSWINFRA
|EQ
|INE880J01026
|-
|258
|JSW Steel Ltd.
|Metals & Mining
|JSWSTEEL
|EQ
|INE019A01038
|-
|259
|Jai Balaji Industries Ltd.
|Metals & Mining
|JAIBALAJI
|BE
|INE091G01018
|-
|260
|Jammu & Kashmir Bank Ltd.
|Financial Services
|J&KBANK
|EQ
|INE168A01041
|-
|261
|Jindal Saw Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|JINDALSAW
|EQ
|INE324A01024
|-
|262
|Jindal Stainless Ltd.
|Metals & Mining
|JSL
|EQ
|INE220G01021
|-
|263
|Jindal Steel & Power Ltd.
|Metals & Mining
|JINDALSTEL
|EQ
|INE749A01030
|-
|264
|Jio Financial Services Ltd.
|Financial Services
|JIOFIN
|EQ
|INE758E01017
|-
|265
|Jubilant Foodworks Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|JUBLFOOD
|EQ
|INE797F01020
|-
|266
|Jubilant Ingrevia Ltd.
|Chemicals
|JUBLINGREA
|EQ
|INE0BY001018
|-
|267
|Jubilant Pharmova Ltd.
|Healthcare
|JUBLPHARMA
|EQ
|INE700A01033
|-
|268
|Jupiter Wagons Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|JWL
|EQ
|INE209L01016
|-
|269
|Justdial Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|JUSTDIAL
|EQ
|INE599M01018
|-
|270
|Jyothy Labs Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|JYOTHYLAB
|EQ
|INE668F01031
|-
|271
|K.P.R. Mill Ltd.
|Textiles
|KPRMILL
|EQ
|INE930H01031
|-
|272
|KEI Industries Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|KEI
|EQ
|INE878B01027
|-
|273
|KNR Constructions Ltd.
|Construction
|KNRCON
|EQ
|INE634I01029
|-
|274
|KPIT Technologies Ltd.
|Information Technology
|KPITTECH
|EQ
|INE04I401011
|-
|275
|KRBL Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|KRBL
|EQ
|INE001B01026
|-
|276
|KSB Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|KSB
|EQ
|INE999A01015
|-
|277
|Kajaria Ceramics Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|KAJARIACER
|EQ
|INE217B01036
|-
|278
|Kalpataru Projects International Ltd.
|Construction
|KPIL
|EQ
|INE220B01022
|-
|279
|Kalyan Jewellers India Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|KALYANKJIL
|EQ
|INE303R01014
|-
|280
|Kansai Nerolac Paints Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|KANSAINER
|EQ
|INE531A01024
|-
|281
|Karur Vysya Bank Ltd.
|Financial Services
|KARURVYSYA
|EQ
|INE036D01028
|-
|282
|Kaynes Technology India Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|KAYNES
|EQ
|INE918Z01012
|-
|283
|Kec International Ltd.
|Construction
|KEC
|EQ
|INE389H01022
|-
|284
|Kfin Technologies Ltd.
|Financial Services
|KFINTECH
|EQ
|INE138Y01010
|-
|285
|[[Kotak Mahindra Bank|Kotak Mahindra Bank Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|KOTAKBANK
|EQ
|INE237A01028
|-
|286
|Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Ltd.
|Healthcare
|KIMS
|EQ
|INE967H01017
|-
|287
|L&T Finance Ltd.
|Financial Services
|LTF
|EQ
|INE498L01015
|-
|288
|L&T Technology Services Ltd.
|Information Technology
|LTTS
|EQ
|INE010V01017
|-
|289
|[[LIC Housing Finance|LIC Housing Finance Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|LICHSGFIN
|EQ
|INE115A01026
|-
|290
|LTIMindtree Ltd.
|Information Technology
|LTIM
|EQ
|INE214T01019
|-
|291
|Larsen & Toubro Ltd.
|Construction
|LT
|EQ
|INE018A01030
|-
|292
|Latent View Analytics Ltd.
|Information Technology
|LATENTVIEW
|BE
|INE0I7C01011
|-
|293
|Laurus Labs Ltd.
|Healthcare
|LAURUSLABS
|EQ
|INE947Q01028
|-
|294
|Laxmi Organic Industries Ltd.
|Chemicals
|LXCHEM
|EQ
|INE576O01020
|-
|295
|Lemon Tree Hotels Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|LEMONTREE
|EQ
|INE970X01018
|-
|296
|[[Life Insurance Corporation of India]]
|Financial Services
|LICI
|EQ
|INE0J1Y01017
|-
|297
|Linde India Ltd.
|Chemicals
|LINDEINDIA
|EQ
|INE473A01011
|-
|298
|Lloyds Metals And Energy Ltd.
|Metals & Mining
|LLOYDSME
|EQ
|INE281B01032
|-
|299
|Lupin Ltd.
|Healthcare
|LUPIN
|EQ
|INE326A01037
|-
|300
|MMTC Ltd.
|Services
|MMTC
|EQ
|INE123F01029
|-
|301
|MRF Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|MRF
|EQ
|INE883A01011
|-
|302
|MTAR Technologies Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|MTARTECH
|EQ
|INE864I01014
|-
|303
|Macrotech Developers Ltd.
|Realty
|LODHA
|EQ
|INE670K01029
|-
|304
|Mahanagar Gas Ltd.
|Oil Gas & Consumable Fuels
|MGL
|EQ
|INE002S01010
|-
|305
|Maharashtra Seamless Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|MAHSEAMLES
|EQ
|INE271B01025
|-
|306
|[[Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services Limited|Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|M&MFIN
|EQ
|INE774D01024
|-
|307
|Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|M&M
|EQ
|INE101A01026
|-
|308
|Mahindra Holidays & Resorts India Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|MHRIL
|EQ
|INE998I01010
|-
|309
|Mahindra Lifespace Developers Ltd.
|Realty
|MAHLIFE
|EQ
|INE813A01018
|-
|310
|[[Manappuram Finance|Manappuram Finance Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|MANAPPURAM
|EQ
|INE522D01027
|-
|311
|Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd.
|Oil Gas & Consumable Fuels
|MRPL
|EQ
|INE103A01014
|-
|312
|Mankind Pharma Ltd.
|Healthcare
|MANKIND
|EQ
|INE634S01028
|-
|313
|Marico Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|MARICO
|EQ
|INE196A01026
|-
|314
|Maruti Suzuki India Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|MARUTI
|EQ
|INE585B01010
|-
|315
|Mastek Ltd.
|Information Technology
|MASTEK
|EQ
|INE759A01021
|-
|316
|Max Financial Services Ltd.
|Financial Services
|MFSL
|EQ
|INE180A01020
|-
|317
|Max Healthcare Institute Ltd.
|Healthcare
|MAXHEALTH
|EQ
|INE027H01010
|-
|318
|Mazagoan Dock Shipbuilders Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|MAZDOCK
|EQ
|INE249Z01012
|-
|319
|Medplus Health Services Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|MEDPLUS
|EQ
|INE804L01022
|-
|320
|Metro Brands Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|METROBRAND
|EQ
|INE317I01021
|-
|321
|Metropolis Healthcare Ltd.
|Healthcare
|METROPOLIS
|EQ
|INE112L01020
|-
|322
|Minda Corporation Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|MINDACORP
|EQ
|INE842C01021
|-
|323
|Motherson Sumi Wiring India Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|MSUMI
|EQ
|INE0FS801015
|-
|324
|[[Motilal Oswal Financial Services|Motilal Oswal Financial Services Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|MOTILALOFS
|EQ
|INE338I01027
|-
|325
|MphasiS Ltd.
|Information Technology
|MPHASIS
|EQ
|INE356A01018
|-
|326
|[[Multi Commodity Exchange|Multi Commodity Exchange of India Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|MCX
|EQ
|INE745G01035
|-
|327
|[[Muthoot Finance|Muthoot Finance Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|MUTHOOTFIN
|EQ
|INE414G01012
|-
|328
|NATCO Pharma Ltd.
|Healthcare
|NATCOPHARM
|EQ
|INE987B01026
|-
|329
|NBCC (India) Ltd.
|Construction
|NBCC
|EQ
|INE095N01031
|-
|330
|NCC Ltd.
|Construction
|NCC
|EQ
|INE868B01028
|-
|331
|NHPC Ltd.
|Power
|NHPC
|EQ
|INE848E01016
|-
|332
|NLC India Ltd.
|Power
|NLCINDIA
|EQ
|INE589A01014
|-
|333
|NMDC Ltd.
|Metals & Mining
|NMDC
|EQ
|INE584A01023
|-
|334
|NMDC Steel Ltd.
|Metals & Mining
|NSLNISP
|EQ
|INE0NNS01018
|-
|335
|NTPC Ltd.
|Power
|NTPC
|EQ
|INE733E01010
|-
|336
|Narayana Hrudayalaya Ltd.
|Healthcare
|NH
|EQ
|INE410P01011
|-
|337
|National Aluminium Co. Ltd.
|Metals & Mining
|NATIONALUM
|EQ
|INE139A01034
|-
|338
|Navin Fluorine International Ltd.
|Chemicals
|NAVINFLUOR
|EQ
|INE048G01026
|-
|339
|Nestle India Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|NESTLEIND
|EQ
|INE239A01024
|-
|340
|Network18 Media & Investments Ltd.
|Media Entertainment & Publication
|NETWORK18
|EQ
|INE870H01013
|-
|341
|Nippon Life India Asset Management Ltd.
|Financial Services
|NAM-INDIA
|EQ
|INE298J01013
|-
|342
|[[Nuvama Group|Nuvama Wealth Management Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|NUVAMA
|EQ
|INE531F01015
|-
|343
|Nuvoco Vistas Corporation Ltd.
|Construction Materials
|NUVOCO
|EQ
|INE118D01016
|-
|344
|Oberoi Realty Ltd.
|Realty
|OBEROIRLTY
|EQ
|INE093I01010
|-
|345
|Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd.
|Oil Gas & Consumable Fuels
|ONGC
|EQ
|INE213A01029
|-
|346
|Oil India Ltd.
|Oil Gas & Consumable Fuels
|OIL
|EQ
|INE274J01014
|-
|347
|Olectra Greentech Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|OLECTRA
|EQ
|INE260D01016
|-
|348
|[[One97 Communications|One 97 Communications Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|PAYTM
|EQ
|INE982J01020
|-
|349
|Oracle Financial Services Software Ltd.
|Information Technology
|OFSS
|EQ
|INE881D01027
|-
|350
|PB Fintech Ltd.
|Financial Services
|POLICYBZR
|EQ
|INE417T01026
|-
|351
|PCBL Ltd.
|Chemicals
|PCBL
|EQ
|INE602A01031
|-
|352
|PI Industries Ltd.
|Chemicals
|PIIND
|EQ
|INE603J01030
|-
|353
|[[PNB Housing Finance|PNB Housing Finance Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|PNBHOUSING
|EQ
|INE572E01012
|-
|354
|PNC Infratech Ltd.
|Construction
|PNCINFRA
|EQ
|INE195J01029
|-
|355
|PVR INOX Ltd.
|Media Entertainment & Publication
|PVRINOX
|EQ
|INE191H01014
|-
|356
|Page Industries Ltd.
|Textiles
|PAGEIND
|EQ
|INE761H01022
|-
|357
|Patanjali Foods Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|PATANJALI
|EQ
|INE619A01035
|-
|358
|Persistent Systems Ltd.
|Information Technology
|PERSISTENT
|EQ
|INE262H01021
|-
|359
|Petronet LNG Ltd.
|Oil Gas & Consumable Fuels
|PETRONET
|EQ
|INE347G01014
|-
|360
|Phoenix Mills Ltd.
|Realty
|PHOENIXLTD
|EQ
|INE211B01039
|-
|361
|Pidilite Industries Ltd.
|Chemicals
|PIDILITIND
|EQ
|INE318A01026
|-
|362
|Piramal Enterprises Ltd.
|Financial Services
|PEL
|EQ
|INE140A01024
|-
|363
|Piramal Pharma Ltd.
|Healthcare
|PPLPHARMA
|EQ
|INE0DK501011
|-
|364
|Poly Medicure Ltd.
|Healthcare
|POLYMED
|EQ
|INE205C01021
|-
|365
|Polycab India Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|POLYCAB
|EQ
|INE455K01017
|-
|366
|Poonawalla Fincorp Ltd.
|Financial Services
|POONAWALLA
|EQ
|INE511C01022
|-
|367
|[[Power Finance Corporation|Power Finance Corporation Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|PFC
|EQ
|INE134E01011
|-
|368
|Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd.
|Power
|POWERGRID
|EQ
|INE752E01010
|-
|369
|Praj Industries Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|PRAJIND
|EQ
|INE074A01025
|-
|370
|Prestige Estates Projects Ltd.
|Realty
|PRESTIGE
|EQ
|INE811K01011
|-
|371
|Prince Pipes and Fittings Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|PRINCEPIPE
|EQ
|INE689W01016
|-
|372
|Prism Johnson Ltd.
|Construction Materials
|PRSMJOHNSN
|EQ
|INE010A01011
|-
|373
|Procter & Gamble Hygiene & Health Care Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|PGHH
|EQ
|INE179A01014
|-
|374
|[[Punjab National Bank]]
|Financial Services
|PNB
|EQ
|INE160A01022
|-
|375
|Quess Corp Ltd.
|Services
|QUESS
|EQ
|INE615P01015
|-
|376
|R R Kabel Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|RRKABEL
|EQ
|INE777K01022
|-
|377
|[[RBL Bank|RBL Bank Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|RBLBANK
|EQ
|INE976G01028
|-
|378
|[[REC Limited|REC Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|RECLTD
|EQ
|INE020B01018
|-
|379
|RHI MAGNESITA INDIA LTD.
|Capital Goods
|RHIM
|EQ
|INE743M01012
|-
|380
|RITES Ltd.
|Construction
|RITES
|EQ
|INE320J01015
|-
|381
|Radico Khaitan Ltd
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|RADICO
|EQ
|INE944F01028
|-
|382
|Rail Vikas Nigam Ltd.
|Construction
|RVNL
|EQ
|INE415G01027
|-
|383
|Railtel Corporation Of India Ltd.
|Telecommunication
|RAILTEL
|EQ
|INE0DD101019
|-
|384
|Rainbow Childrens Medicare Ltd.
|Healthcare
|RAINBOW
|EQ
|INE961O01016
|-
|385
|Rajesh Exports Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|RAJESHEXPO
|EQ
|INE343B01030
|-
|386
|Ramkrishna Forgings Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|RKFORGE
|EQ
|INE399G01023
|-
|387
|Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd.
|Chemicals
|RCF
|EQ
|INE027A01015
|-
|388
|Ratnamani Metals & Tubes Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|RATNAMANI
|EQ
|INE703B01027
|-
|389
|RattanIndia Enterprises Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|RTNINDIA
|EQ
|INE834M01019
|-
|390
|Raymond Ltd.
|Textiles
|RAYMOND
|EQ
|INE301A01014
|-
|391
|Redington Ltd.
|Services
|REDINGTON
|EQ
|INE891D01026
|-
|392
|Reliance Industries Ltd.
|Oil Gas & Consumable Fuels
|RELIANCE
|EQ
|INE002A01018
|-
|393
|Restaurant Brands Asia Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|RBA
|EQ
|INE07T201019
|-
|394
|Route Mobile Ltd.
|Telecommunication
|ROUTE
|EQ
|INE450U01017
|-
|395
|SBFC Finance Ltd.
|Financial Services
|SBFC
|EQ
|INE423Y01016
|-
|396
|[[SBI Card|SBI Cards and Payment Services Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|SBICARD
|EQ
|INE018E01016
|-
|397
|[[SBI Life Insurance Company|SBI Life Insurance Company Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|SBILIFE
|EQ
|INE123W01016
|-
|398
|SJVN Ltd.
|Power
|SJVN
|EQ
|INE002L01015
|-
|399
|SKF India Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|SKFINDIA
|EQ
|INE640A01023
|-
|400
|SRF Ltd.
|Chemicals
|SRF
|EQ
|INE647A01010
|-
|401
|Safari Industries (India) Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|SAFARI
|EQ
|INE429E01023
|-
|402
|Sammaan Capital Ltd.
|Financial Services
|SAMMAANCAP
|EQ
|INE148I01020
|-
|403
|Samvardhana Motherson International Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|MOTHERSON
|EQ
|INE775A01035
|-
|404
|Sanofi India Ltd.
|Healthcare
|SANOFI
|BE
|INE058A01010
|-
|405
|Sapphire Foods India Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|SAPPHIRE
|EQ
|INE806T01012
|-
|406
|Saregama India Ltd
|Media Entertainment & Publication
|SAREGAMA
|EQ
|INE979A01025
|-
|407
|Schaeffler India Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|SCHAEFFLER
|EQ
|INE513A01022
|-
|408
|Schneider Electric Infrastructure Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|SCHNEIDER
|EQ
|INE839M01018
|-
|409
|Shree Cement Ltd.
|Construction Materials
|SHREECEM
|EQ
|INE070A01015
|-
|410
|Shree Renuka Sugars Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|RENUKA
|EQ
|INE087H01022
|-
|411
|[[Shriram Group|Shriram Finance Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|SHRIRAMFIN
|EQ
|INE721A01013
|-
|412
|Shyam Metalics and Energy Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|SHYAMMETL
|EQ
|INE810G01011
|-
|413
|Siemens Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|SIEMENS
|EQ
|INE003A01024
|-
|414
|Signatureglobal (India) Ltd.
|Realty
|SIGNATURE
|EQ
|INE903U01023
|-
|415
|Sobha Ltd.
|Realty
|SOBHA
|EQ
|INE671H01015
|-
|416
|Solar Industries India Ltd.
|Chemicals
|SOLARINDS
|EQ
|INE343H01029
|-
|417
|Sona BLW Precision Forgings Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|SONACOMS
|EQ
|INE073K01018
|-
|418
|Sonata Software Ltd.
|Information Technology
|SONATSOFTW
|EQ
|INE269A01021
|-
|419
|Star Health and Allied Insurance Company Ltd.
|Financial Services
|STARHEALTH
|EQ
|INE575P01011
|-
|420
|[[State Bank of India]]
|Financial Services
|SBIN
|EQ
|INE062A01020
|-
|421
|Steel Authority of India Ltd.
|Metals & Mining
|SAIL
|EQ
|INE114A01011
|-
|422
|Sterling and Wilson Renewable Energy Ltd.
|Construction
|SWSOLAR
|EQ
|INE00M201021
|-
|423
|Sterlite Technologies Ltd.
|Telecommunication
|STLTECH
|EQ
|INE089C01029
|-
|424
|Sumitomo Chemical India Ltd.
|Chemicals
|SUMICHEM
|EQ
|INE258G01013
|-
|425
|Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company Ltd.
|Healthcare
|SPARC
|EQ
|INE232I01014
|-
|426
|Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
|Healthcare
|SUNPHARMA
|EQ
|INE044A01036
|-
|427
|Sun TV Network Ltd.
|Media Entertainment & Publication
|SUNTV
|EQ
|INE424H01027
|-
|428
|[[Sundaram Finance|Sundaram Finance Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|SUNDARMFIN
|EQ
|INE660A01013
|-
|429
|Sundram Fasteners Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|SUNDRMFAST
|EQ
|INE387A01021
|-
|430
|Sunteck Realty Ltd.
|Realty
|SUNTECK
|EQ
|INE805D01034
|-
|431
|Supreme Industries Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|SUPREMEIND
|EQ
|INE195A01028
|-
|432
|Suven Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
|Healthcare
|SUVENPHAR
|EQ
|INE03QK01018
|-
|433
|Suzlon Energy Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|SUZLON
|EQ
|INE040H01021
|-
|434
|Swan Energy Ltd.
|Diversified
|SWANENERGY
|EQ
|INE665A01038
|-
|435
|Syngene International Ltd.
|Healthcare
|SYNGENE
|EQ
|INE398R01022
|-
|436
|Syrma SGS Technology Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|SYRMA
|EQ
|INE0DYJ01015
|-
|437
|TBO Tek Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|TBOTEK
|EQ
|INE673O01025
|-
|438
|TVS Motor Company Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|TVSMOTOR
|EQ
|INE494B01023
|-
|439
|TVS Supply Chain Solutions Ltd.
|Services
|TVSSCS
|EQ
|INE395N01027
|-
|440
|[[Tamilnad Mercantile Bank|Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|TMB
|EQ
|INE668A01016
|-
|441
|Tanla Platforms Ltd.
|Information Technology
|TANLA
|EQ
|INE483C01032
|-
|442
|Tata Chemicals Ltd.
|Chemicals
|TATACHEM
|EQ
|INE092A01019
|-
|443
|Tata Communications Ltd.
|Telecommunication
|TATACOMM
|EQ
|INE151A01013
|-
|444
|Tata Consultancy Services Ltd.
|Information Technology
|TCS
|EQ
|INE467B01029
|-
|445
|Tata Consumer Products Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|TATACONSUM
|EQ
|INE192A01025
|-
|446
|Tata Elxsi Ltd.
|Information Technology
|TATAELXSI
|EQ
|INE670A01012
|-
|447
|[[Tata Investment Corp|Tata Investment Corporation Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|TATAINVEST
|EQ
|INE672A01018
|-
|448
|Tata Motors Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|TATAMOTORS
|EQ
|INE155A01022
|-
|449
|Tata Power Co. Ltd.
|Power
|TATAPOWER
|EQ
|INE245A01021
|-
|450
|Tata Steel Ltd.
|Metals & Mining
|TATASTEEL
|EQ
|INE081A01020
|-
|451
|Tata Technologies Ltd.
|Information Technology
|TATATECH
|EQ
|INE142M01025
|-
|452
|Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra) Ltd.
|Telecommunication
|TTML
|EQ
|INE517B01013
|-
|453
|Tech Mahindra Ltd.
|Information Technology
|TECHM
|EQ
|INE669C01036
|-
|454
|Tejas Networks Ltd.
|Telecommunication
|TEJASNET
|EQ
|INE010J01012
|-
|455
|[[New India Assurance|The New India Assurance Company Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|NIACL
|EQ
|INE470Y01017
|-
|456
|The Ramco Cements Ltd.
|Construction Materials
|RAMCOCEM
|EQ
|INE331A01037
|-
|457
|Thermax Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|THERMAX
|EQ
|INE152A01029
|-
|458
|Timken India Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|TIMKEN
|EQ
|INE325A01013
|-
|459
|Titagarh Rail Systems Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|TITAGARH
|EQ
|INE615H01020
|-
|460
|Titan Company Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|TITAN
|EQ
|INE280A01028
|-
|461
|Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
|Healthcare
|TORNTPHARM
|EQ
|INE685A01028
|-
|462
|Torrent Power Ltd.
|Power
|TORNTPOWER
|EQ
|INE813H01021
|-
|463
|Trent Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|TRENT
|EQ
|INE849A01020
|-
|464
|Trident Ltd.
|Textiles
|TRIDENT
|EQ
|INE064C01022
|-
|465
|Triveni Engineering & Industries Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|TRIVENI
|EQ
|INE256C01024
|-
|466
|Triveni Turbine Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|TRITURBINE
|EQ
|INE152M01016
|-
|467
|Tube Investments of India Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|TIINDIA
|EQ
|INE974X01010
|-
|468
|[[UCO Bank]]
|Financial Services
|UCOBANK
|EQ
|INE691A01018
|-
|469
|UNO Minda Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|UNOMINDA
|EQ
|INE405E01023
|-
|470
|UPL Ltd.
|Chemicals
|UPL
|EQ
|INE628A01036
|-
|471
|[[UTI Asset Management|UTI Asset Management Company Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|UTIAMC
|EQ
|INE094J01016
|-
|472
|[[Ujjivan Small Finance Bank|Ujjivan Small Finance Bank Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|UJJIVANSFB
|EQ
|INE551W01018
|-
|473
|UltraTech Cement Ltd.
|Construction Materials
|ULTRACEMCO
|EQ
|INE481G01011
|-
|474
|Union Bank of India
|Financial Services
|UNIONBANK
|EQ
|INE692A01016
|-
|475
|United Breweries Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|UBL
|EQ
|INE686F01025
|-
|476
|United Spirits Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|UNITDSPR
|EQ
|INE854D01024
|-
|477
|Usha Martin Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|USHAMART
|EQ
|INE228A01035
|-
|478
|V-Guard Industries Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|VGUARD
|EQ
|INE951I01027
|-
|479
|V.I.P. Industries Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|VIPIND
|EQ
|INE054A01027
|-
|480
|Vaibhav Global Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|VAIBHAVGBL
|EQ
|INE884A01027
|-
|481
|Vardhman Textiles Ltd.
|Textiles
|VTL
|EQ
|INE825A01020
|-
|482
|Varroc Engineering Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|VARROC
|EQ
|INE665L01035
|-
|483
|Varun Beverages Ltd.
|Fast Moving Consumer Goods
|VBL
|EQ
|INE200M01021
|-
|484
|Vedant Fashions Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|MANYAVAR
|EQ
|INE825V01034
|-
|485
|Vedanta Ltd.
|Metals & Mining
|VEDL
|EQ
|INE205A01025
|-
|486
|Vijaya Diagnostic Centre Ltd.
|Healthcare
|VIJAYA
|EQ
|INE043W01024
|-
|487
|Vodafone Idea Ltd.
|Telecommunication
|IDEA
|EQ
|INE669E01016
|-
|488
|Voltas Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|VOLTAS
|EQ
|INE226A01021
|-
|489
|Welspun Corp Ltd.
|Capital Goods
|WELCORP
|EQ
|INE191B01025
|-
|490
|Welspun Living Ltd.
|Textiles
|WELSPUNLIV
|EQ
|INE192B01031
|-
|491
|Westlife Foodworld Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|WESTLIFE
|EQ
|INE274F01020
|-
|492
|Whirlpool of India Ltd.
|Consumer Durables
|WHIRLPOOL
|EQ
|INE716A01013
|-
|493
|Wipro Ltd.
|Information Technology
|WIPRO
|EQ
|INE075A01022
|-
|494
|[[Yes Bank|Yes Bank Ltd.]]
|Financial Services
|YESBANK
|EQ
|INE528G01035
|-
|495
|ZF Commercial Vehicle Control Systems India Ltd.
|Automobile and Auto Components
|ZFCVINDIA
|EQ
|INE342J01019
|-
|496
|Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd.
|Media Entertainment & Publication
|ZEEL
|EQ
|INE256A01028
|-
|497
|Zensar Technologies Ltd.
|Information Technology
|ZENSARTECH
|EQ
|INE520A01027
|-
|498
|Eternal Ltd.
|Consumer Services
|ETERNAL
|EQ
|INE758T01015
|-
|499
|Zydus Lifesciences Ltd.
|Healthcare
|ZYDUSLIFE
|EQ
|INE010B01027
|-
|500
|eClerx Services Ltd.
|Services
|ECLERX
|EQ
|INE738I01010
|}

== Other Notable Indices ==
[[NIFTY 50]]: Top 50 listed companies on the NSE. A diversified 50 stock index accounting for 13 sectors of the Indian economy.

[[NIFTY Next 50]]: Also called NIFTY Juniors. Represents 50 companies from NIFTY 100 after excluding the NIFTY 50 companies.

NIFTY 100:<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIFTY 100 |url=https://www.nseindia.com/market-data/live-market-indices}}</ref> Diversified 100 stock index representing major sectors of the economy. NIFTY 100 represents top 100 companies based on full market capitalization from NIFTY 500.

NIFTY 200:<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIFTY 200 |url=https://www.nseindia.com/market-data/live-market-indices}}</ref> Designed to reflect the behavior and performance of large and mid market capitalization companies.

== Index Methodology ==
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2025}}
Eligibility Criteria for Selection of Constituent Stocks:

All equity shares listed on the NSE are eligible for inclusion in the NIFTY indices. Convertible stock, bonds, warrants, rights, and preferred stock that provide a guaranteed fixed return are not eligible for inclusion in the NIFTY indices.

To be considered for inclusion in [https://www1.nseindia.com/content/indices/ind_nifty_500.pdf NIFTY 500 index], companies must form part of eligible universe. The eligible universe includes:

i. Companies ranked within top 800 based on both average daily turnover and average daily full market capitalization based on previous six months period data

ii. Companies traded for at least 90% of days during the previous six months period

iii. Securities will be included if rank based on full market capitalization is among top 350

iv. Securities will be included if full market capitalization is 1.50 times of the last constituent in NIFTY 500

v. Securities will be excluded if rank based on full market capitalization falls below 800

vi. Eligibility criteria for newly listed security is checked based on the data for a three-month period instead of a six-month period

'''Index Re-Balancing''': Index is re-balanced on semi-annual basis. The cut-off date is January 31 and July 31 of each year, i.e. For semi-annual review of indices, average data for six months ending the cut-off date is considered. Four weeks prior notice is given to market from the date of change.

'''Index Governance''': A professional team manages all NSE indices. There is a three-tier governance structure comprising the Board of Directors of NSE Indices Limited, the Index Advisory Committee (Equity) and the Index Maintenance Sub-Committee.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
* [[NIFTY 50]]
* [[BSE SENSEX]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:NIFTY 500}}
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Indian stock market indices]]

Santosham Film Awards

2025-10-13T21:33:30Z

VaughnBrooks3: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Tollywood award ceremony}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
'''Santosham Film Awards''', currently known as '''Santosham South Indian Film Awards''' are one of the most popular awards given for [[Telugu films|Tollywood films]] and Telugu Music Artistes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Santosham Awards fiasco: Ramesh Aravind allegedly ‘insulted,’ Allu Aravind denies Tollywood’s involvement |website=Hindustan Times |date=4 December 2023 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/santosham-awards-fiasco-ramesh-aravind-insulted-allu-aravind-tollywood-chiranjeevi-allu-arjun-101701686067374.html |access-date=23 May 2024 |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221161640/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/santosham-awards-fiasco-ramesh-aravind-insulted-allu-aravind-tollywood-chiranjeevi-allu-arjun-101701686067374.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Background==
The awards first began in 2004 by the annual ''[[Santosham (magazine)|Santosham]]'' magazine which was started in 2003. The awards felicitate all of the technicians and actors for their contribution to [[Telugu Cinema|Tollywood]] and Telugu Music Industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nagfans.com/page.php?name=Content&pid=362 |title=Official Empire of Akkineni Fans - A N R - Nagarjuna - Naga Chaithanya - Sumanth - Sushanth - Amala - Akhil - www.nagfans.com - Events - Santosham Awards 2004 |website=nagfans.com |access-date=13 August 2012 |archive-date=13 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513154045/http://nagfans.com/page.php?name=Content&pid=362 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Popular awards===
* [[Santosham Best Film Award|Best Film]]
* [[Santosham Best Director Award|Best Director]]
* [[Santosham Best Producer Award|Best Producer]]
* [[Santosham Best Actor Award|Best Actor]]
* [[Santosham Best Actress Award|Best Actress]]
* Best Supporting Actor
* Best Supporting Actress
* [[Santosham Best Villain Award|Best Villain]]
* Best Debut Director
* Best Debut Actor
* [[Santosham Best Debut Actress Award|Best Debut Actress]]
* Best Young Performers
* [[Santosham Best Comedian Award|Best Comedian]]
* [[Santosham Best Music Director Award|Best Music Director]]
*Best Character Actor
* Best Lyricist
* Best Male Playback Singer
* Best Female Playback Singer

===Technical Awards===
* [[Santosham Best Art Direction Award|Best Art Direction]]
* Best Action
* [[Santosham Best Cinematographer Award|Best Cinematographer]]
* [[Santosham Best Editing Award|Best Editing]]
* Best Choreography
* Best Story
* [[Santosham Best Screenplay Award|Best Screenplay]]
* [[Santosham Best Dialogue Award|Best Dialogue]]
* Best Sound Recording

== Ceremonies ==

* [[22nd Santosham Film Awards]]
* [[21st Santosham Film Awards]]
* [[20th Santosham Film Awards]] (replaced 18th and 19th ceremonies)
*[[17th Santosham Film Awards]]
*[[16th Santosham Film Awards]]
*[[15th Santosham Film Awards]]
*[[14th Santosham Film Awards]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Santosham Film Awards| ]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2004]]
[[Category:Telugu film awards]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh awards]]

Pancha-Dravida

2025-09-21T05:24:27Z

VaughnBrooks3: minor add page for consistency and added references

{{short description|One of the two major groupings of Brahmins}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
'''Pancha Dravida''' ({{lit|Five Dravida}} from [[Sanskrit]]: पंच ''pancha'') is one of the two major groupings of [[Brahmin]]s in Hinduism, of which the other is [[Pancha-Gauda]].

== In ''Rajatarangini'' ==
[[Kalhana]], in his ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' (c. 12th century CE), classifies the following five Brahmin communities as Pancha Dravida, stating that they reside to the south of the [[Vindhyas]]:<ref name="JGL_2002">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z |author=James G. Lochtefeld |publisher=Rosen |year=2002 |isbn=9780823931804 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/490 490]–491}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXyWE6KbG8oC&pg=PA168 |title=Caste in Life: Experiencing Inequalities |editor=D. Shyam Babu and [[R. S. Khare|Ravindra S. Khare]] |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2011 |isbn=9788131754399 |page=168 }}</ref>

* Karnataka ([[Karnataka Brahmins]])
* Tailanga ([[Telugu Brahmins]])
* Dravida (Brahmins of [[Tamil Brahmins|Tamil Nadu]] and [[Malayali Brahmin|Kerala]])
* Maharashtraka ([[Maharashtrian Brahmin]]s)
* Gurjara ([[:Category:Brahmin communities of Gujarat|Gujarati]], [[:Category:Brahmin communities of Rajasthan|Marwari and Mewari Brahmins]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Abu in Bombay State: A Scientific Study of the Problem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BM8BAAAAMAAJ&q=pancha+dravida+gurjara+rajasthan|first=A V|last=Pandya|publisher=Charutar Vidya Mandal|year=1952|page=29|oclc=50873388|quote=It is interesting to note here that the Brahmin groups of Marwar and Mewar belong to the Gurjara group of the Panch Dravida division, whereas those of the Jaipur, Shekhavati, Haraoti and other areas of Rajasthan lying to the east of the Aravallis belong to the Panch Gaud group.}}</ref>)

== In the ''Sahyādrikhaṇḍa'' ==
A fragment of the ''[[Sahyadrikhanda|Sahyādrikhaṇḍa]]'', featured in [[Hemadri]]'s ''Chatur-varga-chintamani'' (13th century), quotes [[Shiva]] to name the following divisions of the Pancha Dravidas:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rosalind O'Hanlon |title=Performance in a World of Paper: Puranic Histories and Social communication in Early Modern India |year=2013 |journal=Past and Present |issue=219 |publisher=Oxford University Press / The Past and Present Society |jstor=24543602 |page=104 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deshpande |first=Madhav |date=2010 |title=Pañca-Gauḍa and Pañca-Drāviḍa: Contested Borders of a Traditional Classification |journal=Studia Orientalia |volume=108 |pages=34}}</ref>

* Drāviḍa
* Tailaṅga
* Karnāṭa
* Madhyadeśa (identified with Mahārāṣṭra in variant readings)
* Gurjara

== In the ''kaifiyat''s ==
The [[Maratha confederacy|Maratha]]-era ''[[kaifiyat]]s'' (bureaucratic records) of [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], which give an account of the society in the southern Maratha country, mention the following Brahmin communities as Pancha Dravida:<ref name="KNC_1994">{{cite book |author=Krishnaji Nageshrao Chitnis |title=Glimpses of Maratha Socio-economic History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k--C9xHsSnEC&pg=PA95 |year=1994 |publisher=Atlantic |isbn=978-81-7156-347-0 |pages=95–96 }}</ref>

* Andhra-Purva Desastha
* Dravida Desastha
* Karnataka Brahmins
* [[Deshastha Brahmin|Desastha]]

The ''kafiyat''s classify the Gurjara Brahmins as Pancha Gauda. They also mention the following 16 sub-castes of the Pancha-Dravidas:<ref name="KNC_1994"/>

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Smarta]]
* [[Konkanastha]]
* [[Karhade]]
* [[Varkari]]
* [[Madhyandina Shakha|Madhyandin]]
* Vanas
* [[Karnataka Brahmins|Karnataka]]
* Shashtika
* Nandavamshika
* Srivaishnava Telanga
* [[Srivaishnava]]
* Pratham-Shakhikanva
* Kirvant
* Sihavasai
* Nurcher
* Shenavi
* Govalkonde
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Brahmin communities]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}