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Aparupa Poddar

2026-05-05T19:59:23Z

Varundigitalmedia: added pg...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Aparupa Poddar {{small|''Afrin Ali''}}
| birth_name = Aparupa Poddar
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|1|8}}
| birth_place = [[Serampore]], West Bengal, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]]
| salary1 =
| term_start1 = 16 May 2014
| term_end1 = 4 June 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Sakti Mohan Malik]]
| successor1 = [[Mitali Bag]]
| chiefminister1 =
| office2 =
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| spouse = Mohd. Shakir Ali
| college =
| children = 3
| alma_mater = [[Hooghly Mohsin College]] [[The University of Burdwan]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]]) [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University]], Hyderabad ([[LL.B]]) ([[LL.M]])
| faculty =
| website =
| source =
}}

'''Afrin Ali''' née '''Aparupa Poddar''' (born 8 January 1986) is an Indian politician and a [[member of parliament]] to the [[16th Lok Sabha|16th 17th Lok Sabha]] from [[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)]], [[West Bengal]].<ref name="Aparupa Poddar">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Aparupa Poddar |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/4844?from=members |access-date=20 July 2025 |publisher=Digital Sansad |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720132758/https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/4844?from=members |archive-date=20 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aparupa Poddar (Afrin Ali) |url=https://prsindia.org/mptrack/17-lok-sabha/aparupa-poddar-afrin-ali |website=PRSIndia |access-date=26 August 2021}}</ref> She won the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 & 2019 Indian general election]] as an [[All India Trinamool Congress]] candidate.<ref>{{cite web|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2529.htm?ac=29|accessdate=17 May 2014|archive-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517163645/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2529.htm?ac=29|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Controversies==
The allegations relating to the first controversy, regarding financial corruption, were confirmed to be true on 5 October 2017, when she confessed that she had taken a bribe from Narada News boss Mathew Samuel as part of [[Narada sting operation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Narada sting: Trinamool MP admits taking Rs 3 lakh bribe|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/narada-sting-trinamool-mp-admits-taking-rs-3-lakh-bribe/articleshow/60963863.cms}}</ref>

The allegations regarding the second controversy are regarding her religion. Born into a Hindu family and named Aparupa Poddar at birth, she married a Muslim man. She then stood for election from a parliamentary constituency which is reserved for those belonging to the [[scheduled caste]]s. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] lodged a complaint with the Election Commission seeking cancellation of her candidature on the plea that she had converted to Islam and hence she did not belong to a scheduled caste. Aparupa Poddar then claimed, that she had changed her name but not her religion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Name game: Arambagh TMC candidate lands herself in trouble |url=http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/viewer.aspx |work=Hindustan Times|location=Kolkata|date= 10 April 2014 |accessdate=13 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608140626/http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/viewer.aspx |archivedate=8 June 2014 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|AparupaPoddarOnline}}
{{external media
| float=right
| video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HhVLQBFD7Pc Aparupa Poddar, TMC, Winner from Arambagh, West Bengal]
}}
{{17th Lok Sabha members from all states}}
{{16th LS members from West Bengal}}
{{17th LS members from West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poddar, Aparupa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Hooghly Mohsin College alumni]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Dergaon Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T16:02:53Z

Varundigitalmedia: Added Article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dergaon
| constituency_no = 104
| type = SLA
| map_image = Dergaon Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kaziranga Lok Sabha constituency|Kaziranga]]
| district = [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
'''Dergaon Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Dergaon forms part of the [[Kaziranga Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref><ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

==Details==

Following are details on Dergaon Assembly constituency:
*Country: India
* State: Assam
* District: Jorhat district
* Lok Sabha Constituency: Kaziranga Lok Sabha constituency
* Area Includes: Kakodunga Dev. Block, Dergaon Municipality, Golaghat North Dev. Block(Part), Golaghat Central Dev. Block(Part), Golaghat East Dev. Block(Part), Jorhat Dev. Block(Part), Majuli Dev. Block (Part), North-West Dev. Block(Part)

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Election
!Member
!Party affiliation
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
!Debeswar Rajkhowa
! rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
!Ramnath Das
Narendra Nath Sarma
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
!Ramnath Das
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|1965^
!N.K. Hazaarika
! rowspan="2" |[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
!Narendra Nath Sarma
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
!Imalendra Baruah
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
!Ramesh Das
![[Janata Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
!Hemprakash Narayan
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
!Bhabendra Nath Bharali
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
!Hemprakash Narayan
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
![[Sushila Hazarika]]
![[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
!Hemprakash Narayan
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
![[Sushila Hazarika]]
![[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
!Aroti Hazarika Kachari
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Bhabendra Nath Bharali]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}
^ Indicates Bye-Elections

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dergaon}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mridul Kumar Dutta|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= sagorika bora|party=Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| candidate= PULIN GOGOI |party= Aam Aadmi Party votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dergaon<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = [[Bhabendra Nath Bharali]]
|votes = 63,079
|percentage = 52.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Aroti Hazarika Kachari
|votes = 46,807
|percentage = 38.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rita Das
|votes = 3,622
|percentage = 3.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhuban Chandra Saikia
|votes = 3,225
|percentage = 2.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Ajit Hazarika
|votes = 1,828
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,050
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,272
|percentage = 13.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,20,611
|percentage = 82.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,46,486
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Golaghat district]]
* [[Dergaon]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Golaghat district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Assam]]

Chintalapudi, Eluru district

2026-05-04T01:01:15Z

Varundigitalmedia:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chintalapudi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Telugu
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.0417|N|80.5901|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district| Eluru ]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Unknown
| named_for = At the entrance of town there are number of Tamarind trees చింతచెట్టు in Telugu language so the name of town called as చింతలపూడి
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Chintalapudi
| government_type = Commissioner
| governing_body = Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 35242
| population_as_of = 2019
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/(S(n4z31k3yubko1q55qqoxkqak))/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627687|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=11 November 2014}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534460
| area_code = 08823, +91
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| registration_plate = AP 37 (previous), AP 39(previous), now AP40
| website =
| footnotes = |
| MLA =
}}

'''Chintalapudi''' is a town municipality, constituency and mandal headquarters in [[Eluru district|Eluru]] District of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise villages |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/WestGodavari.pdf |website=Revenue Department - AP Land |publisher=National Informatics Center |accessdate=11 November 2014 |page=3 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214094218/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/WestGodavari.pdf |archivedate=14 December 2014 }}</ref> Chintalapudi is one of oldest town in the Andhra Pradesh, but still it is under developed. There is no proper road and transport to the town. People of the town still struggling to reach the nearest cities. There is lot of history around this town, dates back to 600BC to 300BC.The human movement here from 2300 years ago. The village named Jeelakargudem is located 15 km away from here and contains some of the oldest ancient monuments in [[History of Buddhism in India|Buddhism]]. The carvings on the Sandrock hill are really surprising . According to the ASI and some historians the historical site belongs to Ashoka reign. The historical site is one of the best tourist attraction in the locality, but lack of proper care from government and people the site is ruining. This region is also famous for cultivation of palm oil. It contributes nearly 50% to 60% of total district cultivation of palm oil.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} According to some sources this region contains [https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-50657226#cobssid=s a vast coal reserves] in the country. Your can find more on this in some popular news journals.

==Demographics==
Chintalapudi is located in Eluru district, Andhra Pradesh. It has population of 35242 of which 12438 are males while 13514 are females as per Population Census 2011. In Chintalapudi village population of children with age 0-6 is 2652. Average Sex Ratio of Chintalapudi village is 1087 which is higher than Andhra Pradesh state average of 993. Child Sex Ratio for the Chintalapudi as per census is 997, higher than Andhra Pradesh average of 939. Chintalapudi village has higher literacy rate compared to Andhra Pradesh. In 2011, its literacy rate was 78.08% compared to 67.02% of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/587947-chintalapudi-andhra-pradesh.html|title = Chintalapudi Village Population - Chintalapudi - West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh}}</ref>

== Transport ==
[[Eluru]] is the nearest city to Chintalapudi at a distance of 47 km. APSRTC runs busses from [[Eluru]], [[Jangareddygudem]], [[Nuzvid|Nuzivid]] and [[Sattupalli]] to bus station at Chintalapudi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/aug/08/two-new-bus-services-from-jangareddygudem-launched-1506800.html|title=Two new bus services from Jangareddygudem launched|date=8 August 2016 | newspaper=The New Indian Express | access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Eluru district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Deobandi movement

2026-04-29T06:58:52Z

Varundigitalmedia: Added New Info

{{Short description|Sunni revivalist movement in South Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox Religious group
| group = Deobandi Movement
| image =
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 270
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image1 = Darul Uloom Deoband.jpg
| image2 = Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (cropped).jpg
| image3 = Hussain Ahmad Madani (cropped).jpg
| image4 = Sabbir Ahmad Usmani (cropped).jpg
| image5 = Taqi Usmani (cropped).jpg
| image6 = Shah Ahmad Shafi.jpg
}}
| caption = Clockwise from top: [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], [[Taqi Usmani]], [[Shah Ahmad Shafi]], [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]
}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}
{{Islam}}{{Sunni Islam}}{{Islamism sidebar}}
The '''Deobandi movement''' or '''Deobandism'''<ref>{{citation |last1=Ahmad |first1=Ishtiaq |author-link1=Ishtiaq Ahmad (political scientist) |last2=Bashir |first2=Aamir |title=India and Pakistan: Charting a Path to Peace |publisher=Society for Tolerance and Education, Pakistan (STEP) |year=2004 |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gpuAAAAMAAJ |quote=Deobandism had originated in British-ruled India during the mid-nineteenth century as a reformist ideology that aimed to regenerate Muslim society as it struggled to live within the confines of a colonized state.}}</ref>{{efn|It is also referred to as the '''Deobandi school''' (of Islam),<ref>{{cite book |author=Tahir Abbas |date=March 2011 |title=Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-136-95960-8 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdC90uc8PfQC&pg=PA34}}</ref> and the '''Deobandi sect'''.<ref>Kamran Bokhari, [https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-long-shadow-of-deobandism-in-south-asia/ The Long Shadow of Deobandism in South Asia], New Lines Magazine, 23 November 2021.</ref> The practitioners of Deobandism however deny that it is a sect.<ref>[https://mcb.org.uk/british-muslims-reject-trial-by-media-of-the-deobandi-movement/ British Muslims Reject Trial by Media of the Deobandi Movement], Muslim Council of Britain, 7 September 2007.</ref>}} is a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] Islamic revivalist movement that traces its origins to the founding of the [[Darul Uloom]] madrasa in [[Deoband]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], in the late 19th century. The Deobandi movement's Indian clerical wing, [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], was founded in 1919 and played a major role in the [[Indian independence movement]] through its participation in the [[pan-Islamism|pan-Islamist]] [[Khilafat Movement|''Khilafat'' movement]] and propagation of the doctrine of [[composite nationalism]].

Deobandis are adherents of [[Sufism]] and the movement encompasses a variety of [[Sufi orders]]. They oppose folklore-based practices which they regard as superstitious and advocate for reform within Sufism. In terms of [[fiqh|jurisprudence]], the Deobandis uphold the doctrine of {{Transliteration|ar|[[taqlid]]}} and adhere to one of the four Sunni {{Transliteration|ar|[[madhhab|madhahib]]}} (schools) – {{Transliteration|ar|[[Hanafi school|Hanafi]]}}, {{Transliteration|ar|[[Maliki school|Maliki]]}}, {{Transliteration|ar|[[Shafi'i school|Shafi'i]]}}, and {{Transliteration|ar|[[Hanbali school|Hanbali]]}}. Deobandis opposed the influence of non-Muslim cultures on the Muslims living in South Asia. The movement also contributed immensely to the revival of [[Deobandi hadith studies|hadith studies]], and many Deobandi [[hadith scholars]] wrote numerous authoritative and comprehensive commentaries.

The founders of the Deobandi school drew inspiration from the Sunni scholarly tradition of {{Transliteration|ar|[[Madrasah-i Rahimiyah|Madrasah-i Rahimiyya]]}} and were influenced by the teachings of the South Asian Sufi refomer and Islamic scholar [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]]. The movement pioneered religious education through the {{Transliteration|ar|[[Dars-i Nizami]]}} associated with the [[Lucknow]]-based {{Transliteration|ar|[[ulama]]}} of [[Firangi Mahal]] with the goal of preserving traditional Islamic teachings from the influx of modernist and secular ideas during [[British Raj|British colonial rule]]. Politically, Deobandis were deeply connected to the [[pan-Islamism|pan-Islamist]] movements of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]], [[Syed Ahmad Barelvi|Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi]]'s {{Transliteration|ar|Tariqat-i Muhammadiyya}}, and the [[Silk Letter Movement]] in the subcontinent. The contemporary strands of the Deobandi movement are highly diverse, with many engaged in peaceful preaching and educational efforts, while others are [[militant Islamism|militant]]. After the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] in 1979, several Deobandis volunteered to fight the Soviet military forces in Afghanistan and joined the [[Afghan mujahideen|Afghan ''mujahideen'']].

In its early years, Deobandi scholars engaged in theological debates with [[Christianity in India|Christian]] and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] scholars with the objective of defending Islamic faith and advocating for the overthrow of British colonialism. Deobandi theologians of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], in particular, discussed multiculturalism and [[opposition to the partition of India]], with a view to safeguarding the religious freedom of [[Muslims in India]]. On the other hand, Deobandi scholars of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]], led by [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], played a leading role in the [[Pakistan Movement]]. Today, the movement has spread from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh to various parts of the world.

== Foundation and expansion ==

{{Deobandi}}[[British Raj|British colonialism]] in [[colonial India|India]]<ref name="Luv Puri">{{cite journal |last=Puri |first=Luv |date=3 November 2009 |title=The Past and Future of Deobandi Islam |url=https://ctc.usma.edu/the-past-and-future-of-deobandi-islam/ |journal=[[CTC Sentinel]] |location=West Point, New York |publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center]] |volume=2 |issue=11 |pages=19–22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121211544/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/the-past-and-future-of-deobandi-islam/ |archive-date=21 January 2022 }}</ref> was seen by a group of Indian scholars—consisting of [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], [[Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi|Muhammad Yaqub Nanawtawi]], [[Rafiuddin Deobandi]], [[Sayyid Muhammad Abid]], [[Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi]], [[Fazlur Rahman Usmani]] and [[Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi]]—to be corrupting Islam.<ref>
{{cite web |title=The Six Great Ones |publisher=Darul Uloom Deoband |url=http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/english/introulema/founders1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308214818/http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/english/introulema/founders1.htm |archive-date=8 March 2016}}
</ref> The group founded an Islamic seminary (''[[madrassa]]'') known as [[Darul Uloom Deoband]],<ref name="Luv Puri" /><ref name="Hashmi">
{{cite book |last=Hashmi |first=Arshi Saleem |chapter=Historical Roots of the Deobandi Version of Jihadism and Its Implications for Violence in Pakistan |editor1=Jawad Syed |editor2=Edwina Pio |editor3=Tahir Kamran |editor4=Abbas Zaidi |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-94965-6 |location=[[Basingstoke]] |page=139 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3 |lccn=2016951736 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 |quote=Some prominent founders of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], such as [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]] and [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], drew further inspiration from the religiopoliticial concept of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi|Shah Waliullah]] and they set up an Islamic seminary at [[Deoband]] in [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] on 30 May 1866}}</ref><ref name="Lapidus">{{citation |title=A History of Islamic Societies |first=Ira Marvin |last=Lapidus |edition=revised |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0521779332 |page=626 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3mVUEzm8xMC&pg=PA626}}</ref><ref name="Urban Terrorism">{{cite book |last1=Asthana |first1=N. C. |last2=Nirmal |first2=Anjali |title=Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities |publisher=Shashi Jain for Pointer Publishers |location=Jaipur |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-7132-598-6 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA66}}</ref> where the [[Islamic revival]]ist and [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] ideology of the Deobandis began to develop. In time, the Darul Uloom Deoband became the second largest focal point of Islamic teaching and research after the [[Al-Azhar University]], [[Cairo]]. Towards the time of the [[Indian independence movement]] and afterward in post-colonial India, the Deobandis advocated a notion of [[composite nationalism]] by which Muslims and Hindus were seen as one nation who were asked to be [[Hindu–Muslim unity|united in the struggle]] against the British rule.<ref name="Asghar Ali"/>

In 1919, a large group of Deobandi scholars formed the political party [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] and [[Opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]].<ref name="Asghar Ali" /> Deobandi scholar [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]] helped to spread these ideas through his text ''[[Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam]]''.<ref name="Asghar Ali">{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Asghar |title=Islamic identity in secular India |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/900-islamic-identity-in-secular-india-part-i |work=[[The Milli Gazette]] |date=9 April 2011 |quote=The Ulama of Deoband opposed partition and stood by united nationalism. Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani, then chief of Jami’at-ul-Ulama-i-Hind, wrote a tract ''Muttahida Qaumiyyat aur Islam'' i.e., the Composite Nationalism and Islam justifying composite nationalism in the light of Qur’an and hadith and opposing Muslim League’s separate nationalism. While the educated elite were aspiring for power and hence wanted their exclusive domain; the Ulama’s priority was an independent India where they could practice Islam without fear or hindrance.}}</ref> A group later dissented from this position and joined [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]'s [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], including [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], [[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]] and [[Muhammad Shafi]], who formed the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]] in 1945.<ref>''A History of Pakistan and Its Origins'', Christophe Jaffrelot, p. 224</ref>

Through the organisations such as Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind and [[Tablighi Jamaat]],<ref name="Asghar Ali" /><ref name="Burki Tablighi Jamaat">{{cite journal |last=Burki |first=Shireen Khan |date=2013 |title=The Tablighi Jama'at: Proselytizing Missionaries or Trojan Horse? |journal=Journal of Applied Security Research|location=London |publisher=[[Routledge]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=98–117 |doi=10.1080/19361610.2013.738407 |s2cid=144466130 |issn=1936-1629}}</ref><ref name="Kuiper Tablighi Tamaat">{{cite web |last=Kuiper |first=Matthew J. |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0250.xml |title=Tablighi Jamaʿat—Oxford Islamic Studies Online |date=22 February 2018 |website=www.oxfordbibliographies.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303040002/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0250.xml |archive-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Deobandi movement began to spread.<ref>Lloyd Ridgeon (2015). ''Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age''. Bloomsbury Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1472532237}}. p. 191.</ref><ref>Youssef Aboul-Enein ''Militant Islamist Ideology: Understanding the Global Threat'' Naval Institute Press, 2011, {{ISBN|978-1612510156}} p. 223.</ref> Graduates of Darul Uloom Deoband in India from countries such as South Africa, China, and [[Malaysia]] opened thousands of ''madaaris'' throughout the world.<ref name="Abbas">{{cite book |last=Abbas |first=Tahir |title=Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-415-57224-8 |location=London |pages=33–34 |chapter=Islamic political radicalism: origins and destinations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdC90uc8PfQC&pg=PA33}}</ref>

=== India ===
The Deobandi movement in India is managed and spread by Darul Uloom Deoband<ref name="Luv Puri" /><ref name="Hashmi" /><ref name="Lapidus" /><ref name="Urban Terrorism" /> and the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind.<ref name="Asghar Ali" /><ref name="Burki Tablighi Jamaat" /><ref name="Kuiper Tablighi Tamaat" />

=== Pakistan ===
{{further|Islamism in Pakistan|Sectarian violence in Pakistan}}
Of Pakistan's estimated 230 million Muslims, some 15-30% consider themselves Deobandi.<ref name="Rohan Bedi">{{citation|first1=Rohan |last1=Bedi |title=Have Pakistanis Forgotten Their Sufi Traditions? |place=Singapore |publisher=International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research at [[Nanyang Technological University]] |date=April 2006 |page=3 |url=http://www.pvtr.org/pdf/RegionalAnalysis/SouthAsia/Madrassa%20_IDSS%20_%20_FINAL_.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091018/http://www.pvtr.org/pdf/RegionalAnalysis/SouthAsia/Madrassa%20_IDSS%20_%20_FINAL_.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2013 }} This estimates that 15% of Pakistani Muslims are Deobandi and 20% Shia, which equates to about 19% of Pakistan's Sunni Muslims being Deobandi.</ref> According to Heritage Online, nearly 65% of the total seminaries ([[Madrasah]]) in Pakistan are run by Deobandis, whereas 25% are run by [[Barelvi]]s, 6% by [[Ahl-i Hadith]] and 3% by various [[Shia]] organisations. The Deobandi movement in Pakistan was a major recipient of funding from Saudi Arabia from the early 1980s up until the early 2000s, where after this funding was diverted to the rival Ahl-i Hadith movement.<ref name="Sareen">{{cite book |first=Sushant |last=Sareen |title=The Jihad Factory: Pakistan's Islamic Revolution in the Making |page=282 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Har Anand Publications |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSxZhFenUusC|isbn=978-8124110751 }}</ref> Having seen Deoband as a counterbalance to Iranian influence in the region, Saudi funding is now strictly reserved for the Ahl-i Hadith.<ref name="Sareen" />

Deobandi-affiliated groups such as the [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|TTP]], [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan|SSP]], [[Lashkar-e-Taiba|Let]], etc. have a militant character<ref name="Gugler p.371">{{cite book |last=Gugler |first=Thomas K. |chapter=Islamization and Barelvis in Pakistan |editor1=Jawad Syed |editor2=Edwina Pio |editor3=Tahir Kamran |editor4=Abbas Zaidi |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=London |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-94965-6 |page=371 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3 |lccn=2016951736 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA371}}</ref> and have [[Persecution of Sufis|attacked and destroyed Sufi sites]] holy to Sunni Muslims of the Barelvi movement, such as [[Data Darbar]] in [[Lahore]], [[Abdullah Shah Ghazi]]'s tomb in [[Karachi]], Khal Magasi in Balochistan, and [[Rahman Baba]]'s tomb in [[Peshawar]].<ref name="Gugler p.371"/>

=== Afghanistan ===
{{seealso|Taliban}}
Deobandi is the most popular Islamic movement in the Pashtun belt on both sides of the [[Durand Line]] that separates [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Sareen" /><ref name="Luv Puri" /> Moreover, prominent Afghan and [[Pakistani Taliban]] leaders have studied in Deobandi seminaries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ctc.usma.edu/the-past-and-future-of-deobandi-islam/ |title=The Past and Future of Deobandi Islam |date=3 November 2009 |website=Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121211544/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/the-past-and-future-of-deobandi-islam/ }}</ref>

=== South Africa ===
{{Main|Deobandi movement in South Africa}}

The Deobandi Movement has an international presence today, with its full-fledged manifestation in South Africa, a country where the movement was initiated through the Indian [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] merchant class.<ref>{{Citation |last=Moosa |first=Ebrahim |title=Deobandīs in Africa |date=2015 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/deobandis-in-africa-COM_27718?s.num=1&s.au=%22Moosa,+Ebrahim%22 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE |publisher=Brill }}</ref> The Islamic education system of the Deobandi movement, as well as the necessary components of social and political organisations such as the Tablighi Jamat and [[Jamiatul Ulama South Africa]] are fully functioning effectively in South Africa, as they do in India. Madrasas in South Africa provide Islamic higher education and are now centers for Islamic education for foreigners who are interested in receiving a Deobandi-style education. Many of their graduates, especially from Western countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, are Western students. Some of South African madrasas are recognised globally, providing [[fatwa]] services. South Africa is now known for producing exceptional Islamic literature through translation and compilation. Similarly, the Tabligh Jamaat is a hub in South Africa that spreads throughout South and East Africa. Graduates of South African madrassas spend their time in service of the Tablighi Jamaat, among them are [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]], [[Masihullah Khan]], [[Mahmood Hasan Gangohi]]<ref name="Hashmi" /> and [[Asad Madni]]. South African Deobandi Muslims have many important and influential educational and socio-political organisations that educate the people and play an important role in religious and social activities. Among them are [[Jamiatul Ulama South Africa]] and the [[Muslim Judicial Council]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khalili |first=Muhammadullah |author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi |date=2016 |title=Influence of Deoband School of Thought In South Africa |url=https://www.academia.edu/34768122 |url-status=live |journal=[[University of KwaZulu-Natal]] |page=15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029023652/https://www.academia.edu/34768122/Influence_of_Deoband_School_of_Thought_In_South_Africa |archive-date=29 October 2022 }}</ref>

=== Iran ===
{{Main|Deobandi movement in Iran}}

Students from various regions, including [[Sistan and Baluchestan province|Sistan and Baluchestan]] in Iran, attended Deoband, which led to the spread of its founders ideas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Durani |first=Abdul Gufur |date=2013 |title=Advent of Deobandi Thinking in India and Its Impact on Iranian Baluchistan |url=https://jsr.usb.ac.ir/article_848.html?lang=en |journal=Journal of Subcontinent Researches |volume=4 |pages=22 |doi=10.22111/jsr.2013.848|doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 }}</ref> This movement had a significant impact on some of the new generation of Iranian intellectuals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>{{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/islam-in-iran-xiii-islamic-political-movements-in-20th-century-iran|title=Islam In Iran Xiii. Islamic Political Movements In 20th Century Iran|first=Ashraf|last=Ahmad|year=2000}}</ref> After entering Iran, the students of this school continued to expand this thinking and with the formation of missionary groups. These thoughts have been strengthened on one hand due to the cultural relationships between the [[Baloch people|Baloch tribes]] and on the other hand due to the connection of Sistan and Baluchestan's Iran and India's Hanafi religious leaders in Iran.{{Sfn|Durani|2013|p=22}} Today, Deobandi thinking is one of the intellectual currents in Sistan and Baluchestan and preaching groups are active in different cities and villages. Its playing a crucial role in Iran's political landscape. The Deobandis aimed to homogenise religious schools and were opposed to certain popular practices. The [[Naqshbandi]] order played an important role for the Deobandi movement in the Persian-speaking world.<ref name=":dawn">{{Cite news |last=Salman |first=Peerzada |date=21 May 2015 |title=The role of Deobandi school of thought in Iran discussed |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1183212}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
{{further|Islamism in the United Kingdom}}
In the 1970s, Deobandis opened the first British-based Muslim religious seminaries (Darul-Ulooms), educating imams and religious scholars.<ref name=Who/> Deobandis "have been quietly meeting the religious and spiritual needs of a significant proportion of British Muslims, and are perhaps the most influential British Muslim group."<ref name=Who>{{citation |url=http://www.onreligion.co.uk/who-are-britains-muslims/ |title=Who are Britain's Muslims? |date=12 August 2016 |work=On Religion magazine |first1=Abdul-Azim |last1=Ahmed |archive-date=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809154515/http://www.onreligion.co.uk/who-are-britains-muslims/ }}</ref> In 2007, the Deobandis ran 17 seminaries (out of a total of 26 in the UK) and were producing 80 percent of home-trained Muslim clerics. They also ran 600 of Britain's nearly 1,500 mosques.<ref name="Hardline">{{cite news |last1=Norfolk |first1=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Norfolk |date=7 September 2007 |title=Hardline takeover of British Masjid |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/hardline-takeover-of-british-mosques-khdjz2cjpnc |newspaper=[[The Times]]}}</ref> In 2014 it was reported that 45 per cent of Britain's mosques and nearly all the UK-based training of Islamic scholars were controlled by the Deobandis.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bowen |first1=Innes |date=14 June 2014 |title=Who runs our mosques? |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2014/06/who-runs-our-mosques/ |newspaper=[[The Spectator]]}}</ref>

Journalist [[Andrew Norfolk]] found that the leading Deobandi preacher loathed western values, called on Muslims to "shed blood" for Allah and preached contempt for Jews, Christians and Hindus.<ref name="Hardline" /> In 2015 [[Ofsted]] highlighted the Deobandi seminary in [[Holcombe, Greater Manchester|Holcombe]] as a good example of a school "promoting British values, preventing radicalisation and protecting children".<ref name="Ofsted201415">{{citation |title=The Annual Report of Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Education, Children's Services and Skills 2014/15 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/483347/Ofsted_annual_report_education_and_skills.pdf |date=1 December 2015 |publisher=House of Commons |pages=95–96}} [https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/24830/2/Ofsted_annual_report_education_and_skills_Redacted.pdf Alternative URL].</ref> Norfolk disagreed with the assessment.<ref name="AndrewNorfolk19April2016">{{citation |title=Prisons chief praises extreme Islamic sect |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/religion/article/prisons-chief-praises-islamic-sect-that-warns-of-repulsive-christian-women-srjb6cdc6 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=19 April 2016 |first1=Andrew |last1=Norfolk |author-link =Andrew Norfolk}}</ref>

==Beliefs==
With its roots in Islamic scholastic traditions of [[Mughal India]] and pre-modern [[Afghanistan]], the Deobandi movement traces its lineage to the Sunni revivalist movements of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]] and his successors, including [[Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi|Shah Abdul Aziz]], [[Shah Muhammad Ishaq]], and [[Shah Ismail Dehlvi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bokhari |first=Kamran |date=23 November 2021 |title=The Long Shadow of Deobandism in South Asia |url=https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-long-shadow-of-deobandism-in-south-asia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123222852/https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-long-shadow-of-deobandism-in-south-asia/ |archive-date=23 November 2021 |website=Newslines Magazine}}</ref><ref name="newageislam Ismail Dehlawi">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Rehan |date=3 February 2020 |title=Shah Ismail Dehlawi, a Grandson of Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, Represented a Fusion of Sufism with Salafism |url=https://www.newageislam.com/islamic-personalities/rehan-khan/shah-ismail-dehlawi-grandson-shah-waliullah-dehlawi-represented-fusion-sufism-with-salafism/d/121025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509084123/https://www.newageislam.com/islamic-personalities/rehan-khan/shah-ismail-dehlawi-grandson-shah-waliullah-dehlawi-represented-fusion-sufism-with-salafism/d/121025 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |website=New Age Islam}}</ref><ref name="britannica">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ranjit-Singh-Sikh-maharaja Profile of Sikh ruler Ranjit Singh on Encyclopedia Britannica] Retrieved 16 August 2018</ref><ref name="GoogleBooks">[https://books.google.com/books?id=LFaIp-8BEDoC&dq=shah+ismail+shaheed&pg=PT4 Profile of Dehlvi on books.google.com website] Retrieved 16 August 2018</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinan Siyech |first=Mohammed |date=4 February 2020 |title=What Makes a Movement Violent: Comparing the Ahle Hadith (Salafists) in India and Pakistan |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/what-makes-movement-violent-comparing-ahle-hadith-salafists-india-and-pakistan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418223600/https://www.mei.edu/publications/what-makes-movement-violent-comparing-ahle-hadith-salafists-india-and-pakistan |archive-date=18 April 2021 |website=MEI}}</ref><ref name="Ulama-e-Deoband">{{cite web |title=Maslak of Ulama-e-Deoband – Darul Uloom Deoband – India |url=https://darululoom-deoband.com/en/the-track/}}</ref> Scholars of the Deobandi movement view themselves as the spiritual heirs of Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, with early Deobandi leaders actively reviving his Sufi reformist teachings.<ref name="Kozlowski"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Olivier |title=Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=9780521397001 |page=57|edition=Second}}</ref> Shah Waliullah Dehlawi was a contemporary of [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]], and they studied in [[Medina]] under some of the same teachers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bokhari |first=Kamran |date=23 November 2021 |title=The Long Shadow of Deobandism in South Asia |url=https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-long-shadow-of-deobandism-in-south-asia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123222852/https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-long-shadow-of-deobandism-in-south-asia/ |archive-date=23 November 2021 |website=Newslines Magazine}}</ref> [[Muhammad Iqbal]] said: "The Deobandi movement is neither a creed (Aqidah) nor a denomination (Tayifa) – terms by which its antagonists try to incite the masses against it – but it is a comprehensive picture and a complete edition of the tack of the Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama’ah in which all the offshoots of the Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama’ah are seen joined with their root."<ref>"History of Darul Uloom Deoband", Vol.1, 1980</ref>

=== Theology ===
Deobandis follow the [[Maturidi]] school of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Islamic theology]].<ref name="Spevack 2014 49"/><ref>David Emmanuel Singh, Islamization in Modern South Asia: Deobandi Reform and the Gujjar Response, p 167.</ref><ref name="deoband.org">{{cite web |author=ibnummabd |url=http://www.deoband.org/about-2/ |title=About |publisher=Deoband.org |date=2009-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060851/http://www.deoband.org/about-2/ |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Their schools teach a short text on beliefs known as ''[[al-'Aqa'id al-Nasafiyya]]'' by the Hanafi-Maturidi scholar [[Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi]].<ref name="Bruinessen, Stefano Allievi p 100">Martin van Bruinessen, Stefano Allievi, Producing Islamic Knowledge: Transmission and Dissemination in Western Europe, p 100. {{ISBN|1136932860}}</ref>

The official Deobandi book, ''[[al-Muhannad 'ala al-Mufannad]]'' (The Sword on the Disproved), also known as: ''al-Tasdiqat li-Daf' al-Talbisat'' (Endorsements Repelling Deceits), is a work that summarises the beliefs generally held by the Deobandis. It was authored by [[Khalil Ahmad al-Saharanpuri]] (d. 1346/1927) in order to defend and remit the Deobandis from the charge of [[kufr]] (unbelief or blasphemy) levied against them by their opponents.<ref>{{cite book |first=Brannon D. |last=Ingram |title=Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkFyDwAAQBAJ |date=2018 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=9780520970137 |page=254}}</ref>

According to Brannon D. Ingram, Deobandis differ from Barelvis on three theological positions.<ref name="kizb3">{{citation |last1=Ingram |first1=Brannon D. |title=Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam |pages=7, 64, 100, 241 |year=2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOVvDwAAQBAJ&q=Imkan-i+Kizb |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520298002}}</ref> Gangohi stated that God has the ability to lie.<ref name="rag2">{{citation |last1=Ingram |first1=Brannon D. |title=Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism |journal=The Muslim World |volume=99 |issue=3 |page=484 |year=2009 |url=https://www.academia.edu/282790 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x}}</ref> This doctrine is called ''Imkan-i Kizb''.<ref name="kizb3" /><ref name="rag2" /> According to this doctrine, because God is omnipotent, God is capable of lying.<ref name="kizb3" /> Gangohi also supported the doctrine that God has the ability to make additional prophets after Muhammad (''Imkan-i Nazir'') and other prophets equal to Muhammad.<ref name="kizb3" /><ref name="rag2" /> Gangohi clarifies that although God has the ability to make prophets on "par" with Muhammad, he "would never do so".<ref name="kizb3" />

Some Deobandis, known as ''Mamati'' Deobandis, believe that the Prophet is not alive in his grave. This contrasts with the ''Hayati'' Deobandis and [[Barelvis]] who believe that he is alive in his grave.<ref>Rana, M.A., 2011. Evolution of militant groups in Pakistan. ''Conflict and Peace Studies,'' 4(2), p.137.</ref>

===Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)===
{{Main|Deobandi fiqh}}

Deobandis are strong proponents of the doctrine of ''[[Taqlid]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara Daly |title=Islamic revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-19-566049-8 |edition=3rd impression. |location=New Delhi |page=141}}</ref><ref>
{{citation |last=Commins |first=David |title=The Mission and the Kingdom: Wahhabi Power behind the Saudi throne |page=144 |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQN6q16dIjAC |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=9781838609528 |quote=That tendency [of reviving the community of believers] emerged in a town north of Delhi called Deoband and it is therefore known as the Deobandi movement. While they shared the Wahhabis' dedication to ritual correctness, their scrupulous adherence to the Hanafi legal school clearly set them apart from the Arabian Hanbalis. |orig-year=2006}}</ref><ref name="Ingram 2018">{{cite book |last=Ingram |first=Brannon D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOVvDwAAQBAJ |title=Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-0520298002 |location=[[Oakland, California|Oakland]] |lccn=2018014045}}</ref> In other words, they believe that a Deobandi must adhere to one of the four schools ([[madhhabs]]) of Sunni Islamic Law and discourage inter-school eclecticism.<ref>Martin Van Bruinessen, Julia Day Howell, Sufism and the 'Modern' in Islam, p 130, {{ISBN|1850438544}}</ref> They themselves claim to be the followers of the Hanafi school.<ref name="Spevack 2014 49">{{cite book |first=Aaron |last=Spevack |title=The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri |page=49 |publisher=State University of New York Press |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4384-5370-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htx8BAAAQBAJ&q=Hanafi}}</ref><ref>[http://essays.ssrc.org/sept11/essays/metcalf.htm Metcalf, Barabara. ''"Traditionalist" Islamic Activism: Deoband, Tablighis, and Talibs''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901024438/http://essays.ssrc.org/sept11/essays/metcalf.htm |date=1 September 2009 }}. "These orientations – "Deobandi," "Barelvi" or "Ahl-i Hadith" – would come to define sectarian divisions among Sunni Muslims of South Asian background to the present."</ref> Students at madrasas affiliated with the Deobandi movement study the classic books of Hanafi Law such as ''Nur al-Idah'', ''Mukhtasar al-Quduri'', ''Sharh al-Wiqayah'', and ''Kanz al-Daqa’iq'', culminating their study of the madhhab with the ''Hidayah'' of ''al-Marghinani''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haque |first=Ziaul |title=Muslim Religious Education in Indo-Pakistan |journal=Islamic Studies |year=1975 |volume=14 |issue=4 |page=284 |publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad |quote=The following books and subjects are studied ... Fiqh: Hidayah, Quduri, Nur al-Idah, Sharh-i Waqayah, Kanz al-Daqa'iq}}</ref>

With regard to views on ''Taqlid'', one of their main opposing reformist groups are the [[Ahl-i Hadith|Ahl-i-Hadith]], also known as the ''[[Ghair Muqallid]]'', the nonconformists, because they eschewed ''taqlid'' in favor of the direct use of Quran and Hadith.<ref>{{cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara Daly |title=Islamic revival in British India : Deoband, 1860–1900 |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=0-19-566049-8 |page=141 |edition=3rd impression.}}</ref> They often accuse those who adhere to the rulings of one scholar or legal school of blind imitation'','' and frequently demand scriptural evidence for every argument and legal ruling.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Khan |first=Fareeha |title=Traditionalist Approaches to Shari'ah Reform: Mawlana Ashraf 'Ali Thanawi's Fatwa on Women's Right to Divorce |year=2008 |page=59 |publisher=University of Michigan |quote=Polemicists from among the Ahl-i Hadith were especially being targeted in Thanawi's explanation, since they accused those who adhered to the rulings of one scholar or legal school of "blind imitation". It was the practice of the Ahl-i Hadith to demand and provide proofs for every argument and legal ruling.}}</ref> Almost since the very beginnings of the movement, Deobandi scholars have generated a copious amount of scholarly output in an attempt to defend their adherence to a ''madhhab'' in general. In particular, Deobandis have penned much literature in defense of their argument that the Hanafi madhhab is in complete accordance with the ''[[Quran]]'' and ''[[Hadith]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zaman |first=Muhammad Qasim |title=The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change |year=2002 |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=24 |quote=The Deobandi sensitivity to the Ahl-i Hadith challenge is indicated by the polemics they engaged in with the Ahl-i Hadith and by the large commentaries on classical works of hadith written specifically to refute them}}</ref>

=== Hadith ===
{{See also|Hadith studies}}
In response to this need to defend their ''[[madhhab]]'' in the light of scripture, Deobandis became particularly distinguished for their unprecedented salience to the study of ''[[Hadith]]'' in their madrasas. Their ''[[madrasa]]'' curriculum incorporates a feature unique among the global arena of Islamic scholarship, the ''Daura-e Hadis'', the capstone year of a student's advanced madrasa training, in which all six canonical collections of the Sunni Hadith (the [[Kutub al-Sittah|''Sihah Sittah'']]) are reviewed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zaman |first=Muhammad Qasim |title=The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change |year=2002 |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=39 |quote=...gave a new and, in the Indian context, unprecedented salience to the study of hadith in their madrasas. Hadith had, of course, been studied in precolonial Indian madrasas, but the Deobandis instituted the practice of studying (or, more exactly, "reviewing") all six of the Sunni canonical collections of hadith in the course of a single year; this practice has come to serve in Indian and Pakistani madrasas as the capstone of a student’s advanced madrasa}}</ref>

In a Deobandi madrasa, the position of ''Shaykh al-Hadith'', or the resident professor of [[Sahih Bukhari]], is held in much reverence. Their views were widely shared by a broad range of [[Islah|Islamic reform]] movements of the colonial period.<ref name="Luv Puri" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Metcalf |first=B.D. |date=2002 |title=Traditionalist' Islamic Activism:Deoband, Tablighis, and Talibs |url=https://hdl.handle.net/1887/10068 |journal=International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World |pages=5–6 |hdl=1887/10068 |via=Leiden University Scholarly Publications}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=L. Esposito |first=John |title=The Oxford encyclopedia of the modern Islamic world Volume 1 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995 |isbn=0-19-509612-6 |location=New York |pages=362 |quote="DEOBANDIS... It was a pioneer effort to transmit the religious sciences, specifically the dars-i-nizami identified with the Lucknow-based 'ulama' of Farangi Mahal.. The goal of the school was to preserve the teachings of the faith in a period of non-Muslim rule and considerable social change..."}}</ref>

=== Sufism ===
{{see also|Persecution of Sufis|Salafi–Sufi relations}}
[[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]] outlined the creedal beliefs of Deobandis in his ''[[Al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad]]'':

{{Quote frame|Our way is following the greatest Imam, [[Abu Hanifa al-Nu'man]] – Allah Exalted is He be pleased with him – in the peripherals; and followers of the noble Imam [[Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari]] and the noble Imam [[Abu Mansur al-Maturidi]] (Allah be pleased with them) in creed and the fundamentals; and that we are adherents to the following Sufi ways: the most distinguished way of the [[Naqshbandi]] masters, the most pure way of the [[Chishti]] masters, the most glorious way of the [[Qadiri]] masters, and the most radiant way of the [[Suhrawardiyya|Suhrawardi]] masters (Allah be pleased with them all).
— Al-Muhannad 'ala al-Mufannad (Questions One and Two)}}

The founding leaders of the Deobandi movement drew on and popularized [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]]'s criticism of certain folk rituals and practices that had crept into Sufi circles during the preceding century.<ref name="Kozlowski"/> Inspired by Shah Waliullah Dehlawi's Sufi reformist teachings,<ref name="Kozlowski"/> Deobandis are strictly opposed to excessive celebratory rituals during the [[Mawlid]] (celebration of the birthday of [[Muhammad]]), elaborate festivities during the [[urs]] (annual remembrance of the date of death of notable religious figures), and [[mourning of Muharram]].<ref name="Deoband unity">{{Cite web |last=Deoband.org |date=2010-07-18 |title=A call to Deobandi-Barelwi unity? Fatwas from two leading Deobandi institutes |url=https://www.deoband.org/2010/07/theology-rulings/a-call-to-deobandi-barelwi-unity-fatwas-from-two-leading-deobandi-institutes/ |website=Deoband.org }}</ref><ref name="Gugler p.377" /><ref name="Kozlowski" /><ref name="Ingram" /><ref name="Sirriyeh" /> Deobandis also reject the construction of [[maqam (shrine)|maqams]] (structures over graves) and [[ziyarat]] (pilgrimage) to them. They further oppose certain practices associated with [[dervish]]es such as the singing of [[qawwali]]s, and performing [[sama (Sufism)|sama]], which are used to achieve [[wajd]] (religious ecstacy), as they believe these are [[bid'ah]] ("forbidden religious innovations").<ref name="Deoband unity" /><ref name="Gugler p.377">
{{cite book |last=Gugler |first=Thomas K. |chapter=Islamization and Barelvis in Pakistan |editor1=Jawad Syed |editor2=Edwina Pio |editor3=Tahir Kamran |editor4=Abbas Zaidi |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=London |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-94965-6 |page=377 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3 |lccn=2016951736 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA377}}
</ref><ref name="Kozlowski">
{{citation |author=Gregory C. Kozlowski |title=Muslim Endowments and Society in British India |date=21 November 1985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CuWLhmn4JmYC&pg=PA76 |page=76 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0521259866}}
</ref><ref name="Ingram">
{{citation |last1=Ingram |first1=Brannon D. |title=Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism |url=https://www.academia.edu/282790 |journal=The Muslim World |volume=99 |issue=3 |page=480 |year=2009 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x}}
</ref><ref name="Sirriyeh">
{{citation |first=Elizabeth |last=Sirriyeh |title=Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defence, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the Modern World |publisher=Routledge Curzon |year=2014 |isbn=978-1136812767 |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8BmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49}}
</ref> Deobandis also oppose certain forms of istighatha practices.

Deoband's curriculum combined the study of [[Islamic holy books]] (the [[Quran]], [[hadith]] and [[Sharia|religious law]]) with rational subjects ([[Islamic logic|logic]], [[Islamic philosophy|philosophy]] and [[Islamic attitudes towards science|science]]). At the same time, it was strongly Sufi in orientation and affiliated with the [[Chishti Order]].<ref name="Lapidus" /> [[Taqi Usmani]], the most famous Deobandi scholar, was trained as a Chishti, as were the four founders of the Deoband madrasa. [[Mahmood Ashraf Usmani]], the former head of Darul Ulum Karachi, defended the concept of [[tariqa]] and [[bay'ah]] based on the incident of the [[Pledge of the Tree]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-20 |title=The Silsilahs of Tasawwuf and the Reality of Bay'ah |publisher=IlmGate |url=https://www.ilmgate.org/the-silsilahs-of-tasawwuf-and-the-reality-of-bayah/ }}</ref> [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] graduated from Darul Uloom Deoband and was widely considered a preeminent Sufi of modern India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-01 |title=Ashraf 'Ali Thanawi's Conception of Islamic Mysticism |work=IlmGate | A Digital Archive of Islamic Knowledge |publisher=IlmGate |url=https://www.ilmgate.org/ashraf-ali-thanawi%e2%80%99s-conception-of-islamic-mysticism/ }}</ref>

The founders of the Deobandi school, [[Qasim Nanawtawi]] and [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], were inspired by the doctrine of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]]<ref name="Hashmi" /> and other sources. Gangohi studied under the Sufi shaykh [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]], although he differed with him on many points.<ref name="BrannonIngram479">{{citation |last1=Ingram |first1=Brannon D. |title=Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism |url=https://www.academia.edu/282790 |journal=The Muslim World |volume=99 |issue=3 |page=479 |year=2009 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x}}</ref> However Gangohi's ''Fatawa-yi Rashidiyya'' rejected Sufi practices.<ref name="Ingram" />

Gangohi opposed the Sufi doctrine that Muhammad has knowledge of the unseen (''[[Ilm (Arabic)|ilm]]-e [[al-Ghayb|Ghayb]]'').<ref name="Ingram p.484">{{citation |last1=Ingram |first1=Brannon D. |title=Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism |journal=The Muslim World |volume=99 |issue=3 |page=484 |year=2009 |url=https://www.academia.edu/282790 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x}}</ref><ref name="kizb">{{citation |last1=Ingram |first1=Brannon D. |title=Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam |pages=7, 64, 100, 241 |year=2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOVvDwAAQBAJ&q=Imkan-i+Kizb |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520298002}}</ref> This belief of the Deobandis conflicts with traditional Sufi views of Muhammad having unparalleled and unequal knowledge that encompasses the unseen realm.<ref name="Ingram p.484" /><ref name="kizb" /> Gangohi also issued multiple fatwas against Mawlid and stated it is bidʿah,<ref name="kizb2">{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOVvDwAAQBAJ&q=Imkan-i+Kizb |title=Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam |pages=66 |first1=Brannon D. |last1=Ingram |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520298002 |year=2018}}</ref> and opposed the practice of standing up in honour of Muhammad during the day of Mawlid.<ref name="kizb2" />

[[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]], noted hadith scholar and Deobandi shaykh, stated, {{blockquote|The reality of "tasawwuf" is merely correction of intention. It begins with "actions are only according to intentions" and ends with "that you worship [[God in Islam|Him]] as if you see Him."<ref name="aamir">{{cite journal |author1=Amir Bashir |editor1-last=Muhammad Anwar Khan Qasmi |title=Deobandi Sūfi Doctrine: Towards a Comprehensive Understanding of Tasawwuf within the Context of Tawhīd and Sunnah |journal=Islamic Literature Review |date=December 2015 |volume=2 |issue=2 |page=2 |publisher=Deoband Institute of Islamic Thought |location=Deoband |issn=2349-1795}}</ref>}}

== Scholarship ==
=== Deobandi fiqh ===
{{Main|Deobandi fiqh}}

[[File:Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband.jpg|thumb|188x188px|[[Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband]]]]
[[Deobandi fiqh]], originating from the Hanafi school of Islamic law, is a distinctive school of [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]] that highly values the strict adherence to the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, also known as [[Taqlid]].<ref name=":MKM">{{Cite thesis |last=Mas’ūd |first=Muḥammad Khālid |url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/ng451k789 |title=Trends in the interpretation of Islamic law as reflected in the Fatāwá literature of Deoband School: a study of the attitudes of the 'Ulamā' of Deoband to certain social problems and inventions |publisher=[[McGill University]] |year=1969 |location=Canada |degree=MA |page=25 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101071755/https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/ng451k789 |url-status=live }}</ref> Deobandi scholars view Taqlid as a crucial means of ensuring the proper interpretation and application of Islamic law, especially for individuals without the necessary knowledge and expertise to engage in [[Ijtihad]]. However, Ijtihad is also recognised as necessary for the evolution of [[Sharia|Islamic law]], but it should be approached with caution and respect for Islamic scholarship traditions.{{Sfn|Mas’ūd|1969|p=25}} Darul Uloom Deoband established the first Department of Fatwa, or Darul Ifta, in 1892, followed by other [[List of Deobandi madrasas|Deobandi madrasas]] and organisations such as the [[Islamic Fiqh Academy (India)]], which constitute the bedrock for the development of the Deobandi fiqh.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Wani |first=Bilal Ahmad |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/159343947.pdf |title=Contribution of Darul 'Ulum Deoband to the Development of Tafsir |date=2012 |isbn=978-3-659-56556-4 |edition= |location=India |oclc=892098479 |degree=M.Phil. |pages=53–54 |publisher=Shah-i-Hamadan Institute of Islamic Studies, [[University of Kashmir]]}}</ref> [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]] is considered the founder of Deobandi fiqh, with [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] and [[Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani]] regarded as key figures.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ullah |first=Mohammed |title=The Contribution of Deoband School to Hanafi Fiqh A Study of Its Response to Modern Issues and Challenges |publisher=Centre for Federal Studies, [[Jamia Hamdard]] |year=2018 |page= |location=India |hdl=10603/326073 |degree=PhD |pages=152}}</ref> The earliest text of Deobandi fiqh is ''[[Fatawa-e-Rashidiya]]'', with other important texts including ''[[Imdad-ul-Fatawa]]'' and ''[[Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband]]''.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=104, 152}} Deobandi fiqh plays a vital role in [[Judiciary of Afghanistan|Afghanistan's judiciary]] system,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ibrahim |first=Arwa |date=23 August 2021 |title=Explainer: The Taliban and Islamic law in Afghanistan |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/23/hold-the-taliban-and-sharia-law-in-afghanistan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129083909/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/23/hold-the-taliban-and-sharia-law-in-afghanistan |archive-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> with [[Taqi Usmani]] and [[Khalid Saifullah Rahmani]] recognised as prominent contemporary [[Faqīh|faqihs]] of the Deobandi school.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=166, 169}} Digital initiatives such as [[Darulifta-Deoband.com]] and [[Askimam]] demonstrate the digitisation of Deobandi fiqh.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=105–106}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Questioning guidelines at Askimam |url=https://askimam.org/page/ask-question |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421014917/http://www.askimam.org/page/ask-question |archive-date=21 April 2015 |website=askimam.org}}</ref> A significant [[fatwa]] in Deobandi fiqh is the ''[[Fatwa of Peace for Humanity]]'', issued by [[Farid Uddin Masood]] in 2016, endorsed by over 100,000 Islamic scholars from Bangladesh, declaring terrorism as [[haram]] or forbidden, based on Islamic scripture and tradition.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hussain |first=Maaz |date=21 June 2016 |title=Anti-Terror Fatwa Endorsed by 100,000 Bangladeshi Islamic Scholars |work=[[Voice of America]] |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/fatwa-endorsed-by-bangladeshi-islamic-scholars-aims-to-curb-terrorism/3384976.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022202905/https://www.voanews.com/amp/fatwa-endorsed-by-bangladeshi-islamic-scholars-aims-to-curb-terrorism/3384976.html |archive-date=22 October 2021}}</ref>

== Politics ==
{{Main|Deobandi politics}}

Deobandi politics is deeply influenced by the doctrines of the [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamist]] movements of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]], [[Syed Ahmad Barelvi]]'s ''Tariqa-i Muhammadiyyah'', and the [[Silk Letter Movement]] in the subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moj |first1=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Crg1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 |title=The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies |date=March 2015 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-78308-390-9 |language=en}}</ref> The clerical movements led by Shah Waliullah Dehlawi and his followers viewed the decline of Muslim political power in India as a consequence of spiritual and moral degeneration, which they attributed to the corrupting influences of polytheistic practices from non-Muslim locals and foreign philosophical ideas. These scholars maintained that the ''[[Ulama|ulema]]'' should take the vanguard role in actively organizing efforts to re-establish Islamic political power and issued ''[[fatawa]]'' independently of governmental institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bokhari |first=Kamran |date=23 November 2021 |title=The Long Shadow of Deobandism in South Asia |url=https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-long-shadow-of-deobandism-in-south-asia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123222852/https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-long-shadow-of-deobandism-in-south-asia/ |archive-date=23 November 2021 |website=Newslines Magazine}}</ref>

By the mid-19th century, [[Shah Muhammad Ishaq]] had trained a circle of influential students, including [[Mamluk Ali Nanautawi]] and [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]], who mentored [[Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi]] and [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]]. Their movement waged armed uprisings against the British and established an Islamic emirate in [[Thana Bhawan]], but their forces were defeated at the [[Battle of Shamli]]. Hajji Imdadullah fled to [[Mecca]] and Gangohi was arrested by the British; Qasim Nanawtwi, however, managed to retreat to the town of [[Deoband]] where he was sheltered by his relatives.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bokhari |first=Kamran |date=23 November 2021 |title=The Long Shadow of Deobandism in South Asia |url=https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-long-shadow-of-deobandism-in-south-asia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123222852/https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-long-shadow-of-deobandism-in-south-asia/ |archive-date=23 November 2021 |website=Newslines Magazine}}</ref>

Nanawtwi regarded [[British Raj|British Christian rule]] as a decisive rupture in the Indian political system which was long dominated by Muslims. He envisioned the establishment of a seminary in Deoband as a means of cultivating a religious elite capable of restoring Islamic rule and enhancing the influence of the ''[[ulema]]'' in South Asia. Following Gangohi’s release from imprisonment, the seminary of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] was established in 1866. It emerged as the epicenter of an extensive network of affiliated ''[[madaris]]'' across the subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bokhari |first=Kamran |date=23 November 2021 |title=The Long Shadow of Deobandism in South Asia |url=https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-long-shadow-of-deobandism-in-south-asia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123222852/https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-long-shadow-of-deobandism-in-south-asia/ |archive-date=23 November 2021 |website=Newslines Magazine}}</ref>

=== Deobandi jihadism ===
[[File:Sami-ul-Haq.jpg|left|thumb|203x203px|[[Sami-ul-Haq]]]]{{Main|Deobandi jihadism}}

[[Deobandi jihadism]] pertains to a [[militant]] interpretation of Islam that draws upon the teachings of the Deobandi movement. The Deobandi movement underwent three waves of armed conflict. The first wave resulted in the establishment of an Islamic territory centered on [[Thana Bhawan]] by the movement's elders during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]],<ref name="Luv Puri" /><ref name="Urban Terrorism" /><ref name="Ingram 2009">{{cite journal |last=Ingram |first=Brannon D. |date=June 2009 |title=Sufis, Scholars, and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism |url=https://www.academia.edu/282790 |journal=The Muslim World |location=Chichester, West Sussex |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=478–501 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x |via=Academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=1991 |isbn=90-04-07026-5 |editor1-last=Lewis |editor1-first=B. |edition=2nd |volume=2 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=205 |editor2-last=Pellat |editor2-first=Ch. |editor3-last=Schacht |editor3-first=J. |editor3-link=Joseph Schacht |orig-year=1965}}</ref> prior to the founding of Darul Uloom Deoband.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhammad Yahya |first=Abul Fatah |url=https://archive.org/download/IslamiBoi/Deoband_Andolon.pdf |title=দেওবন্দ আন্দোলন: ইতিহাস ঐতিহ্য অবদান |publisher=Al-Amin Research Academy Bangladesh |year=1998 |location=Dhaka |pages=156 |language=bn |trans-title=Deoband Movement: History, Tradition and Contribution}}</ref> [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]] served as the [[Amir al-Mu'minin]] of this Islamic territory, [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]] as the [[Chief justice]], and [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]] as the [[Commander-in-chief]].{{Sfn|Muhammad Yahya|1998|p=156}} However, following the British victory over the Deobandi forces in the [[Battle of Shamli]], the territory fell. After the establishment of Darul Uloom Deoband, [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]] initiated the second wave. He attempted to mobilise an armed resistance against the British through various initiatives, including the formation of the Samratut Tarbiat. When the British uncovered his [[Silk Letter Movement]], they arrested him and held him captive in Malta. Following his release, he and his followers entered mainstream politics and actively participated in the democratic process. In the late 1970s, the [[Durand Line|Pakistan–Afghan border]] became the epicenter of the Deobandi jihadist movement's third wave, which was fueled by the [[Soviet–Afghan War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moj |first1=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Crg1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 |title=The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies |date=March 2015 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-78308-390-9 }}</ref><ref name="Luv Puri" /> Under the auspices of President [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]], its expansion occurred through various madrasas, such as [[Darul Uloom Haqqania]] and [[Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]], with political support provided by [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (S)]].

Trained militants from the Pakistan–Afghan border participated in the Afghan jihad and later formed various organisations. Deobandis were the most committed volunteers and enthusiastic participants in the Afghan Jihad against Soviets. Most of the traditional ''[[madaris]]'' in Pakistan that actively supported the [[Afghan mujahideen|Afghan Mujahideen]] were affiliated with the Deobandi school.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moj |first1=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Crg1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 |title=The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies |date=March 2015 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-78308-390-9 |language=en}}</ref> The most prominent example of Deobandi jihadism is the Taliban, who established [[Sharia|Islamic rule]] in Afghanistan. [[Sami-ul-Haq]], the head of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (S), is regarded as the "father of the Taliban."

==Organisations==
{{main|List of Deobandi organisations}}

===Jamiat Ulema-I-Hind===
{{Main article|Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind}}

Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind is one of the leading Deobandi organisations in India. It was founded in British India in 1919 by [[Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi]], [[Sanaullah Amritsari]] and several other scholars including [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]] who was elected its first interim president.{{Sfn|Wasif Dehlavi|1970|p=45}} The Jamiat has propounded a theological basis for its nationalistic philosophy. Their thesis is that Muslims and non-Muslims have entered upon a mutual contract in India since independence, to establish a secular state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding the Attraction of Salafi and Wahhabi Movements |publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies |url=https://www.ipcs.org/comm_select.php?articleNo=4755 |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=www.ipcs.org}}</ref> The Constitution of India represents this contract.<ref>{{citation |last=Smith |first=Donald Eugene |title=India as a Secular State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zXWCgAAQBAJ |year=1963 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7778-2 |at=p. 144, note 7}}</ref>

===Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam===
[[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]] (JUI) is a Deobandi organisation, part of the Deobandi movement.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2411683.stm |work=BBC News |title=Profile: Maulana Fazlur Rahman |date=2002-11-06 |first=Haroon |last=Rashid}}</ref> The '''JUI''' formed when members broke from the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] in 1945 after that organisation backed the [[Indian National Congress]] against the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]'s lobby for a separate Pakistan.{{cn|date=May 2024}} The first president of the JUI was [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]].

===Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam===
[[Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam]] ({{langx|ur|مجلس احرارلأسلام}}), also known in short as '''Ahrar''', was a conservative Deobandi political party in the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the [[British Raj]] (prior to the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Pakistan]]) founded 29 December 1929 at [[Lahore]]. [[Chaudhry Afzal Haq]], [[Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari]], [[Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi]], [[Mazhar Ali Azhar]], [[Zafar Ali Khan]] and [[Dawood Ghaznavi]] were the founders of the party.<ref>Ahmad, Syed N. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wzm36rEol3sC Origins of Muslim consciousness in India: a world-system perspective]''. New York u.a: Greenwood Press, 1991. p. 175</ref> The Ahrar was composed of Indian Muslims disillusioned by the [[Khilafat Movement]],<ref name="Barbhuiya2020">{{cite book |last1=Barbhuiya |first1=Atiqur Rahman |title=Indigenous People of Barak Valley |publisher=Notion Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-64678-800-2 |quote=Muslim politics in India opened a new chapter after the formation of Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in 1919 A.D. under the initiative of [[Ulema]] of [[Deoband]]. It was founded by the dedicated freedom fighter Sheikh-Ul-Hindi Maulana Mahmudul Hasan of Darul-Uloom, Deoband. Jamiat played a very active role in India's freedom struggle.}}</ref><ref name="McDermottGordonEmbreeDalton2014">{{cite book |title=Sources of Indian Traditions: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-231-13830-7 |editor1-last=McDermott |editor1-first=Rachel Fell |edition=3rd |series=Introduction to Asian Civilizations |volume=2 |location=New York |page=457 |chapter=To Independence and Partition |jstor=10.7312/mcde13830.15 |editor2-last=Gordon |editor2-first=Leonard A. |editor3-last=Embree |editor3-first=Ainslie T. |editor4-last=Pritchett |editor4-first=Frances W. |editor5-last=Dalton |editor5-first=Dennis |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8qJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA457}}</ref><ref name="Asghar Ali" /> which cleaved closer to the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]].<ref name="Jaffrelot">Christophe Jaffrelot. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&q=militia&pg=PA243 A history of Pakistan and its origins]''. Anthem Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-84331-149-2}}</ref>{{page needed |date=August 2014}} The party was associated with opposition to [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and against establishment of an independent [[Pakistan]] as well as criticism of the [[Ahmadiyya]] movement.<ref>{{cite book |first=Kalim |last=Bahadur |title=Democracy in Pakistan: crises and conflicts |page=176 |publisher=Har Anand Publications |year=1998}}</ref> After the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, Majlis-e-Ahrar divided in two parts. Now, Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam is working for the sake of Muhammad{{vague|date=February 2014}}, nifaaz '''Hakomat-e-illahiyya''' and Khidmat-e-Khalq. In Pakistan, Ahrar secretariat is in [[Lahore]] and in India it is based in [[Ludhiana]].

=== Tablighi Jamaat ===
[[Tablighi Jamaat]], a non-political Deobandi missionary organisation, began as an offshoot of the Deobandi movement.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Political Islam: a Critical Reader |last=Volpi |first=Frederic |year=2001 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1134722075 |oclc=862611173}}{{Page needed|date=February 2018}}</ref> Its inception is believed to be a response to Hindu reform movements, which were considered a threat to vulnerable and non-practising Deobandi Muslims. It gradually expanded from a local to a national organisation, and finally to a transnational movement with followers in over 200 countries. Although its beginnings were from the Deobandi movement, it has now established an independent identity though it still maintains close ties with Deobandi ulema in many countries with large South Asian Muslim populations such as the UK.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Timol |first1=Riyaz |title=Structures of Organisation and Loci of Authority in a Glocal Islamic Movement: The Tablighi Jama'at in Britain |journal=Religions |date=14 October 2019 |volume=10 |issue=10 |page=573 |doi=10.3390/rel10100573 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Associated organisations===
* [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]]
* [[Jamiatul Ulama South Africa]]
* [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Britain]]
* [[Jam'iyyatul Ulama Canada]]
* [[Jamiat-Ul-Ulama of Mauritius]]
* [[Majlisul Ulama Zimbabwe]]
* [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]]
* [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Bangladesh]]
* [[Jamiat Ulama-Nepal]]
* [[Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam]]
* [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan]]
* [[Islami Andolan Bangladesh]]
* [[Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh]]
* [[Muslim Union Party]]
* [[All Ceylon Jamiyyathul Ulama]]
* [[Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat]]

===Associated militant organisations===

====Lashkar-e-Jhangvi====
[[Lashkar-e-Jhangvi]] (LJ) (Army of [[Haq Nawaz Jhangvi|Jhangvi]]) was a Deobandi militant organisation.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Templin |first=James D. |date=June 2015 |title=Religious Education of Pakistan's Deobandi Madaris and Radicalisation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26351354 |journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |location=[[Nanyang Technological University]], Singapore |publisher=[[S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies|International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research]] |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=15–21 |jstor=26351354 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> Formed in 1996, it operated in [[Pakistan]] as an offshoot of [[Sipah-e-Sahaba]] (SSP). [[Riaz Basra]] broke away from the SSP over differences with his seniors.<ref name="roul20050602">{{Cite journal |last=Roul |first=Animesh |title=Lashkar-e-Jhangvi: Sectarian Violence in Pakistan and Ties to International Terrorism |journal=Terrorism Monitor |volume=3 |issue=11 |publisher=Jamestown Foundation |date=2 June 2005 |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=497&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=180&no_cache=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903120850/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=497&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=180&no_cache=1 |archive-date=3 September 2014}}</ref> The group, now practically defunct since the unsuccessful [[Operation Zarb-e-Azab]], is considered a [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist group]] by [[Pakistan]] and the United States,<ref name=bbc20030130>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2711239.stm |title=Pakistani group joins US terror list |publisher=BBC News South Asia |date=30 January 2003}}</ref> It was involved in attacks on civilians and protectors of them.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ahmad, Tufail |date=21 March 2012 |url=http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/6208.htm |title=Using Twitter, YouTube, Facebook and Other Internet Tools, Pakistani Terrorist Group Lashkar-e-Jhangvi Incites Violence against Shi'ite Muslims and Engenders Antisemitism |publisher=The Middle East Media Research Insititue, memri.org }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-quetta-bombing-idUSBRE91I0Q420130219 |title=Pakistani Shi'ites call off protests after Quetta bombing arrests |date=19 February 2013 |work=Reuters}}</ref> Lashkar-e-Jhangvi is predominantly [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan Shias killed in Gilgit sectarian attack |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-19280339 |work=BBC News |date=16 August 2012 |quote=A predominantly Punjabi group, Lashkar-e-Jhangvi is linked with the 2002 murder of US reporter Daniel Pearl and other militant attacks, particularly in the southern city of Karachi.}}</ref> The group has been labelled by intelligence officials in Pakistan as a major security threat.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/politics/105710-iran-condemns-terrorist-attacks-in-pakistan |title=Iran condemns terrorist attacks in Pakistan |newspaper=Tehran Times |date=17 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904022747/http://www.tehrantimes.com/politics/105710-iran-condemns-terrorist-attacks-in-pakistan |archive-date=4 September 2014}}</ref>

====Taliban====
The [[Taliban]] ("students"), alternative spelling Taleban,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/144382.stm |title=Analysis: Who are the Taleban? |date=2000-12-20 |work=BBC News}}</ref> is an [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]] political and [[militant]] movement in [[Afghanistan]]. It spread into Afghanistan and formed a government, ruling as the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] from September 1996 until December 2001, with [[Kandahar]] as the capital.
While in power, it enforced its strict interpretation of [[Sharia|Sharia law]].<ref name=Abrams>{{cite book |last=Abrams |first=Dennis |title=Hamid Karzai |year=2007 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-7910-9267-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hamidkarzai0000abra/page/14 14] |quote=As soon as it took power though, the Taliban imposed its strict interpretation of Islamic law on the country |url=https://archive.org/details/hamidkarzai0000abra/page/14 }}</ref> While many leading Muslims and Islamic scholars have been highly critical of the Taliban's interpretations of Islamic law,<ref name=Skain>{{cite book |last=Skain |first=Rosemarie |title=The women of Afghanistan under the Taliban |year=2002 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-1090-3 |page=41}}</ref> the Darul Uloom Deoband has consistently supported the Taliban in Afghanistan, including their 2001 destruction of the [[Buddhas of Bamiyan]],<ref name="Abbas"/> and the majority of the Taliban's leaders were influenced by Deobandi fundamentalism.<ref name=Maley2>{{cite book |last=Maley |first=William |title=Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban |year=2001 |publisher=C Hurst & Co |isbn=978-1-85065-360-8 |page=14}}</ref> [[Pashtunwali]], the Pashtun tribal code, also played a significant role in the Taliban's legislation.<ref name=Shaffer>{{cite book |last=Shaffer |first=Brenda |title=The limits of culture: Islam and foreign policy |year=2006 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-69321-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/limitsofculturei0000unse/page/277 277] |edition=illustrated |quote=The Taliban's mindset is, however, equally if not more deaned by Pashtunwali |url=https://archive.org/details/limitsofculturei0000unse/page/277 }}</ref> The Taliban were condemned internationally for their brutal [[Taliban treatment of women|treatment of women]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-nov-18-mn-5602-story.html |date=18 November 2001 |author1=James Gerstenzan |author2=Lisa Getter |title=Laura Bush Addresses State of Afghan Women |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/uncategorized/a-woman-among-warlords-womens-rights-in-the-taliban-and-post-taliban-eras/66/ |date=11 September 2007 |title=Women's Rights in the Taliban and Post-Taliban Eras |work=A Woman Among Warlords |publisher=[[PBS]] }}</ref>

====Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan====
[[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]] (the TTP), alternatively referred to as the Pakistani Taliban, is an [[umbrella organization|umbrella organisation]] of various [[Islamist]] militant groups based in the northwestern [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] along the [[Durand Line|Afghan border]] in Pakistan. In December 2007 about 13 groups united under the leadership of [[Baitullah Mehsud]] to form the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan.<ref name=Bajoria/><ref name=abbash/> Among the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan's stated objectives are resistance against the Pakistani state, enforcement of their interpretation of [[sharia]] and a plan to unite against [[NATO]]-led forces in Afghanistan.<ref name=Bajoria>{{cite web |last=Bajoria |first=Jayshree |title=Pakistan's New Generation of Terrorists |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=6 February 2008 |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F13611%2Fjayshree_bajoria%3Fgroupby%3D1%26hide%3D1%26id%3D13611%26filter%3D456 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514060717/http://www.cfr.org/publication/15422/pakistans_new_generation_of_terrorists.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F13611%2Fjayshree_bajoria%3Fgroupby%3D1&hide=1&id=13611&filter=456 |archive-date=14 May 2009}}</ref><ref name=abbash>{{cite journal |last=Abbas |first=Hassan |title=A Profile of Tehrik-I-Taliban Pakistan |journal=CTC Sentinel |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=1–4 |publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center]] |location=West Point, NY |date=January 2008 |url=http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/17868/profile_of_tehrikitaliban_pakistan.html |archive-date=1 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101073222/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/17868/profile_of_tehrikitaliban_pakistan.html }}</ref><ref name=gall2009327>{{cite news |author=Carlotta Gall |author2=Ismail Khan |author3-link=Pir Zubair Shah |author3=Pir Zubair Shah |author4=Taimoor Shah |title=Pakistani and Afghan Taliban Unify in Face of U.S. Influx |work=The New York Times |date=26 March 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/27/world/asia/27taliban.html |author-link=Carlotta Gall }}</ref>

The TTP is not directly affiliated with the Afghan Taliban movement led by [[Mullah Omar]], with both groups differing greatly in their histories, strategic goals and interests although they both share a primarily Deobandi interpretation of Islam and are predominantly [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]].<ref name=gall2009327/><ref name=scott>{{cite news |first=Scott |last=Shane |title=Insurgents Share a Name, but Pursue Different Goals |date=2009-10-22 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/23/world/asia/23taliban.html |work=The New York Times }}</ref>

====Sipah-e-Sahaba====
[[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan]] (SSP) is a banned Pakistani militant organisation, and a formerly registered Pakistani political party. Established in the early 1980s in [[Jhang]] by the militant leader [[Haq Nawaz Jhangvi]], its stated goal is primarily to deter major [[Shiite]] influence in Pakistan in the wake of the [[Iranian Revolution]].<ref name="Raman"/><ref name="UNHCR"/> The organisation was banned by President [[Pervez Musharraf]] in 2002 as being a [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist group]] under the [[Anti-terrorism legislation#Pakistan|Anti-Terrorism Act of 1997]].<ref name="Raman">B. Raman, [http://isianalysis.blogspot.com/2009/04/musharrafs-ban-analysis-18-1-2002.html "Musharraf's Ban: An Analysis"], ''South Asia Analysis Group '', Paper no. 395, 18 January 2002</ref><ref name="UNHCR">[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,,PAK,,440ed73f34,0.html "Pakistan: The Sipah-e-Sahaba (SSP), including its activities and status"], Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 26 July 2005</ref>
In October 2000 [[Masood Azhar]], another militant leader, and founder of [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JeM), was quoted as saying that "Sipah-e-Sahaba stands shoulder to shoulder with Jaish-e-Muhammad in Jehad."<ref name=satp>{{Cite web |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/Ssp.htm |title=Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan, Terrorist Group of Pakistan |website=www.satp.org}}</ref> A leaked U.S. diplomatic cable described JeM as "another SSP breakaway Deobandi organisation."<ref name=cable>{{cite news |title=2009: Southern Punjab extremism battle between haves and have-nots |date=2011-05-22 |work=Dawn |location=Pakistan |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/05/22/2009-southern-punjab-extremism-battle-between-haves-and-have-nots.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524053737/http://www.dawn.com/2011/05/22/2009-southern-punjab-extremism-battle-between-haves-and-have-nots.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 May 2011 }}</ref>

==Institutions==
{{main|List of Deobandi madrasas}}

Right after [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], the main center of Deobandism throughout the world, [[Mazahir Uloom, Saharanpur]] is the second known Deobandi madrassa in India, which produced the scholars like [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]. [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]]'s established [[Madrasa Shahi, Moradabad]], the alma of scholars like [[Mufti Mahmud]] and [[Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi]] has its position. [[Darul Uloom Karachi]], founded by [[Muhammad Shafi]], [[Jamia Binoria]] and [[Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]] in [[Pakistani]] are top Deobandi institutions there. [[Darul Uloom Bury]], [[Holcombe, Greater Manchester|Holcombe]], established by [[Yusuf Motala]] during 1970s is the first Deobandi madrassa of the West<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Hamid |title=The Dars-e-Nizami and the Transnational Traditionalist Madaris in Britain |year=2012 |pages=7, 17 |url=http://hamidmahmood.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/the-dissertation.pdf |quote=In the UK the Dār al-'Ulūm al-'Arabiyyah al-Islāmiyyah (Bury madrasa) and Jāmi’at ta’līm al-Islām (Dewsbury madrasa) are considered the 'Oxbridge' of the traditional madrasa world....The need for leadership and imams increased alongside the increasing number of Mosques and in 1975 the first madrasa was established in a village called Holcombe situated near Bury – known as Dār al-'Ulūm Bury or Bury Madrasa.}}</ref> In South Africa,<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Reetz |author-first=Dietrich |title=Muslim Schools and Education in Europe and South Africa |publisher=Waxmann Verlag |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-8309-7554-0 |editor1-last=Tayob |editor1-first=Abdulkader |location=[[Münster]] |pages=85–88 |chapter=The Tablīghī Madrassas in Lenasia and Azaadville: Local Players in the Global 'Islamic Field' |editor2-last=Niehaus |editor2-first=Inga |editor3-last=Weisse |editor3-first=Wolfram |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWqjAoRGxUcC&pg=PA85}}</ref><ref name="Timol 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Timol |first1=Riyaz |date=14 October 2019 |title=Structures of Organisation and Loci of Authority in a Glocal Islamic Movement: The Tablighi Jama'at in Britain |journal=[[Religions (journal)|Religions]] |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=10 |issue=10 |page=573 |doi=10.3390/rel10100573 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Darul Ulum [[Newcastle, South Africa|Newcastle]], was founded in 1971 by [[Cassim Sema|Cassim Mohammed Sema]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mohamed |first=Yasien |journal=ISIM Newsletter |year=2002 |volume=9 |page=30 |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/17556/ISIM_9_Islamic_Education_in_South_Africa.pdf?sequence=1 |quote=opportunities for studies were created locally when in 1971 the first Darul-Ulum was established in Newcastle, Kwazulu Natal. This Darul-Ulum was based on the Darsi-Nizami course from Deoband, India. |title=Islamic Education in South Africa }}</ref> and [[Darul Uloom Zakariyya|Dar al-Ulum Zakariyya]] in [[Lenasia]],<ref name="Eds. 85, 101">{{cite book |display-editors=etal |editor=Abdulkader Tayob |title=Muslim schools and education in Europe and South Africa |year=2011 |publisher=Waxmann |location=Münster; München [u.a.] |isbn=978-3-8309-2554-5 |pages=85, 101 |url=http://www.zmo.de/dietrich/Reetz%202011%20South%20Africa.pdf |quote=It became clear through field research by the author that Deobandi schools in several countries increasingly rely on graduates from Azaadville and Lenasia. The two schools and their graduates are functioning as network multiplicators between Deobandi schools worldwide. |archive-date=16 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116105719/http://www.zmo.de/dietrich/Reetz%202011%20South%20Africa.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |display-editors=etal |editor=Abdulkader Tayob |title=Muslim schools and education in Europe and South Africa |year=2011 |publisher=Waxmann |location=Münster; München [u.a.] |isbn=978-3-8309-2554-5 |pages=85, 101 |url=http://www.zmo.de/dietrich/Reetz%202011%20South%20Africa.pdf |quote=The Islamic schools in Lenasia and Azaadville in South Africa represent prominent examples of schools that provide religious education in a format which is firmly rooted in traditions and interpretations of Islam originating outside South Africa. Established by the Muslim minority community of the country, the schools follow the Deobandi interpretation of Islam from South Asia. |archive-date=16 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116105719/http://www.zmo.de/dietrich/Reetz%202011%20South%20Africa.pdf }}</ref><ref name="zmo.de">{{cite book |display-editors=etal |editor=Abdulkader Tayob |title=Muslim schools and education in Europe and South Africa |year=2011 |publisher=Waxmann |location=Münster; München [u.a.] |isbn=978-3-8309-2554-5 |pages=85, 101 |url=http://www.zmo.de/dietrich/Reetz%202011%20South%20Africa.pdf |quote=For the Tablighi Jama’at, the two schools are important switchboards for their preaching activities in South Africa, in Africa proper and around the world. |archive-date=16 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116105719/http://www.zmo.de/dietrich/Reetz%202011%20South%20Africa.pdf }}</ref> [[Madrasah In'aamiyyah]], [[Camperdown, KwaZulu-Natal|Camperdown]] is known for its Dar al-Iftaa (Department of Fatwa Research and Training) which runs the popular online fatwa service, Askimam.org.<ref name="themuslim500.com 2012">{{cite book |url=http://www.themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/TheMuslim500-2012-low.pdf |title=The 500 Most Influential Muslims |publisher=[[Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding]] |year=2012 |edition=4th |isbn=978-9957-428-37-2 |editor-last=Schleifer |editor-first=S. Abdallah |editor-link=Abdallah Schleifer |location=Jordan |page=110 |editor-last2=Al-Meheid |editor-first2=Minwer |editor-link2=:de:Minwer al-Meheid |editor-last3=Al-Rawadieh |editor-first3=AlMahdi |editor-last4=Ahmed |editor-first4=Aftab |editor-last5=Asfour |editor-first5=Zeinab |department=[[Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913223248/http://www.themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/TheMuslim500-2012-low.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam]] is the first established Deobandi madrassa in [[Bangladesh]], which produced the scholars like [[Shah Ahmad Shafi]], [[Junaid Babunagari]]. [[Al-Rashid Islamic Institute]], Ontario, Canada, [[Darul Uloom Al-Madania]] in [[Buffalo, New York]], [[Jamiah Darul Uloom Zahedan]] in Iran and [[Darul Uloom Raheemiyyah]] are some top Deobandi institutions.

==Notable members==
{{Main page|List of Deobandis}}

* [[Mahmud Deobandi]] (died 1886) – First teacher of Darul Uloom Deoband.<ref name="david">{{citation |author1=David Emmanuel Singh |title=The Independent Madrasas of India: Dar al-'Ulum, Deoband and Nadvat al-'Ulama, Lucknow |url=http://www.ocms.ac.uk/docs/madrasas_deoband.pdf |publisher=[[Oxford Centre for Mission Studies]] |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124071539/http://www.ocms.ac.uk/docs/madrasas_deoband.pdf }}</ref>
* [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]] (1851–1920) – Popularly known as "Shaykh al-Hind".<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Shoayb |title=Muslim Scholars of the 20th Century |year=2006 |publisher=Al-Kawthar Publications |pages=35–37 |quote=He began teaching the basic subjects and was regularly promoted until he became the head-teacher and the Shaykh al-Hadith. He served the Darul Uloom until 1914 (1333)...The Shaykh was very active politically as well. A movement known as Reshmi Roomal was formed in India to remove the British. He played a major role in advancing this movement.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Abu Ghuddah |first=Abd al-Fattah |script-title=ar:تراجم ستة من فقهاء العالم الإسلامي في القرن الرابع عشر وآشارهم الفقهية |year=1997 |publisher=Dar al-Basha'ir al-Islamiyyah |location=Beirut |page=15 |language=ar |quote=وكان أكبر كبارها وشيخ شيوخها الشيخ محمود حسن الديوبندي الملقب بشيخ العالم، والمعروف بشيخ الهند، وكان في الحديث الشريف مسند الوقت ورحلة الأقطار الهندية. (Trans. And the greatest of its [Dar al-Ulum Deoband's] great ones, and the shaykh of its shaykhs was Shaykh Mahmud Hasan al-Deobandi, who is entitled (al-mulaqqab) Shaykh al-'Aalam, and popularly known (al-ma'ruf bi) as Shaykh al-Hind. In regards to the noble Hadith, he was the authority of his time (musnid al-waqt), whom students traveled from all parts of India [to study with].)}}</ref>
* [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] (1863–1943)<ref>{{cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara Daly |title=Perfecting women : Maulana Ashraf ọAlī Thanawi's Bihishti zewar : a partial translation with commentary |year=1992 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-08093-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/perfectingwomenm00ashr/page/3 3–4] |quote=The Bihishti Zewar was written by Maulana Ashraf 'Ali Thanawi (1864–1943), a leader of the Deobandi reform movement that crystallized in north India in the late nineteenth century...Maulana Thanawi was an extraordinary successful exponent of reform. |url=https://archive.org/details/perfectingwomenm00ashr/page/3 }}</ref>
* [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]] (1863–1943) – [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] activist and Life Member of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].
* [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]] (1875–1933)<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Shoayb |title=Muslim Scholars of the 20th Century |year=2006 |publisher=Al-Kawthar Publications |pages=68–70 |quote=This great Hafiz of Hadith, excellent Hanafi jurist, legist, historian, linguist, poet, researcher and critic, Muhammad Anwar Shah Kashmiri...He went to the biggest Islamic University inIndia, the Darul Uloom al-Islamiyah in Deoband...He contributed greatly to the Hanafi Madhab...He wrote many books, approximately 40...Many renowned and erudite scholars praised him and acknowledged his brilliance...Many accomplished scholars benefited from his vast knowledge.}}</ref>
* [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]] (1879–1957)<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Shoayb |title=Muslim Scholars of the 20th Century |year=2006 |publisher=Al-Kawthar Publications |pages=215–216 |quote=After Shaykh al-Hind's demise, he was unanimously acknowledged as his successor. ..He was the President of the Jamiat Al-Ulama-Hind for about twenty years...He taught Sahih Al-Bukhari for about thirty years. During his deanship, the strength of the students academically impred...About 4483 students graduated and obtained a continuous chain of transmission (sanad) in Hadith during his period.}}</ref>
* [[Muhammad Ilyas al-Kandhlawi]] (1884–1944) – Founder of [[Tablighi Jamaat]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reetz |first=Dietrich |title=Keeping Busy on the Path of Allah: The Self-Organisation (Intizam) of the Tablighi Jama'at |journal=Oriente Moderno |year=2004 |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=295–305 |quote=In recent years, the Islamic missionary movement of the Tablighi Jama'at has attracted increasing attention, not only in South Asia, but around the globe...The Tablighi movement came into being in 1926 when Muhammad Ilyas (1885–1944) started preaching correct religious practices and observance of rituals...Starting with Ilyas' personal association with the Dar al-Ulum of Deoband, the movement has been supported by religious scholars, 'ulama', propagating the purist teachings of this seminary located in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. |doi=10.1163/22138617-08401018 }}</ref>
* [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]] (1887–1949)<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Shoayb |title=Muslim Scholars of the 20th Century |year=2006 |publisher=Al-Kawthar Publications |pages=167–170 |quote=He completed his formal education [from Deoband] in 1907 (1325) with specialization in Hadith. Thereafter he taught for some time at the Dar al-Uloom Deoband...He supported the resolution for the independence of Pakistan and assisted Muhammad Ali Jinnah...He was given the task of hoisting the flag of Pakistan...Due to his tremendous effort, the first constitution of Pakistan was based on the Quraan and Sunnah...Fath Al-Mulhim bi Sharh Sahih Muslim. Even though he passed away before being able to complete the book it was accepted and praised by many renowned scholars. These include Shaykh Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari and Shaykh Anwar Shah Kashmiri.}}</ref>
* [[Uzair Gul Peshawari]] (1886–1989), Indian independence activist and former head of Madrasa Rahmania in [[Roorkee]].
* [[Muhammad Shafi]] (1897–1976)<ref>{{cite web |last=Usmani |first=Muhammad Taqi |title=Shaykh Mufti Muhammad Shafi': The Grand Mufti of Pakistan |url=http://www.deoband.org/2011/12/history/biographies-of-scholars/shaykh-muhammad-shafi%E2%80%98-the-mufti-of-pakistan/ |work=Deoband.org |translator-first=Zameelur |translator-last=Rahman |date=December 2011 |quote=The scholar of great learning, Shaykh Mufti Muhammad Shafi' (Allah Almighty have mercy on him), is counted amongst the leading 'ulama of India and Pakistan...He completed his studies in the year 1325 H, and because he was from the advanced students in the period of his studies, the teachers of the Dar al-'Ulum selected him to become a teacher there...the teachers appointed him as the head of the Fatwa Department at Dar al-'Ulum...Ma‘arif al-Qur’an. This is a valuable exegesis of the Noble Qur’an which Shaykh [Muhammad Shafi'] compiled in the Urdu language in 8 large volumes.}}</ref>
*[[Majid Ali Jaunpuri]] (died 1935), He was regarded as an authority in logic and philosophy and authored marginal notes on major hadith collections.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rizwi |first=Syed Mehboob |title=Tārīkh Dārul ʿUlūm Deoband |publisher=Idāra-e-Ehtemām, Dārul ʿUlūm Deoband |year=1979}}</ref>
* [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]] (1898–1982)<ref>{{cite book |last=Bashir |first=Aamir |title=Shari'at and Tariqat: A Study of the Deobandi Understanding and Practice of Tasawwuf |year=2013 |publisher=Dar al-Sa'adah Publications |page=117 |url=http://ilmresources.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/shariat-tariqat-study-of-deobandi-understanding-practice-of-tasawwuf.pdf |quote=Muhammad Zakariyya can be termed as the "Reviver of Deobandi tasawwuf." He is the last in the long line of prominent scholar Sufis who epitomized Deobandi characteristics. |archive-date=16 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116105809/https://ilmresources.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/shariat-tariqat-study-of-deobandi-understanding-practice-of-tasawwuf.pdf }}</ref>
* [[Zayn al-Abidin Sajjad Meerthi]] (1910–1991), former head of the Islamic studies department of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].
* [[Abdul Matin Chowdhury (scholar)|Abdul Matin Chowdhury]] (1915–1990)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=al-Mahmud |first1=A.H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Syed Mahmudul |title=সননাতে নববীর মরত পরতীক: মাওলানা আবদল মতিন চৌধরী শাযখে ফলবাডী রাহ |year=2008 |pages=78–81 |url=https://archive.org/details/AllamaFulbari/page/n79 }}</ref>
* [[Fazlul Karim (scholar)|Fazlul Karim]] (1935–2006)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-05 |title=পীর সাহেব চরমোনাই |trans-title=Pir Saheb Charmonai |url=http://www.pirsahebcharmonai.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305225117/http://www.pirsahebcharmonai.com/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Shah Ahmad Shafi]] (1916–2020), former Chief of [[Hefajat-e-Islam Bangladesh]], rector of [[Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam Hathazari]] and also the chairman of [[Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah Education Board]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shah Ahmed Shafi, chief of Bangladesh Islamist group Hifazat-e Islam, dies |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2020/09/18/shah-ahmed-shafi-chief-of-bangladesh-islamist-group-hifazat-e-islam-dies |work=bdnews24.com}}</ref>
* [[Abdur Rahman Bangladeshi]] (1920–2015) – ''He was the founder director of [[Islamic Research Center Bangladesh]], [[Dhaka]] & Many Deobandi school.'' Ex chairman of the ''Shariah Council'' of Many [[Islamic banking and finance|Islamic Bank]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Noted Islamic scholar Mufti Abdur Rahman passes away |work=BD Chronicle |url=http://www.bdchronicle.com/detail/news/32/25208 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112173257/http://www.bdchronicle.com/detail/news/32/25208 |archive-date=12 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Muhammad Abdul Wahhab]] (1923–2018) – former Amir of the [[Tablighi Jamaat]] Pakistan Chapter.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims |year=2012 |publisher=The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre |location=Amman |isbn= |page=69 |editor=S. Abdallah Schleifer |quote=Leader of the Pakistan chapter of the Tablighi Jamaat [...] Hajji Abd al-Wahhab is a prominent Pakistani scholar with a significant following in South Asia and the United Kingdom...Abd al-Wahhab's work[...] stems from the prominent Islamic institution Darul Uloom Deoband, in India, where the latter studied before establishing a following in Pakistan.}}</ref>
* [[Nur Uddin Gohorpuri]] (1924–2005)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Limited |first1=Shabaka Soft |script-title=bn:আললামা গহরপরী পরিচিতি |language=bn |url=http://jamiagohorpur.com/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190817162703/http://jamiagohorpur.com/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A/ |website=jamiagohorpur.com |date=2 October 2011 |archive-date=17 August 2019}}</ref>
* [[Allama Khalid Mahmood|Khalid Mahmood]] (1925–2020) – UK. He was the founder and Director of The Islamic Academy of Manchester.<ref>[http://www.islamicacademy.eu Islamic Academy of Manchester] The Islamic Academy of Manchester</ref> which was established in 1974. He served formerly as a Professor at Murray College Sialkot and also at MAO College Lahore. He obtained a PhD in Comparative Religion from [[University of Birmingham]] in 1970. He has authored over 50 books, and has served as the Justice of Supreme court of Pakistan (Shariat Appellate Bench).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_3-12-2003_pg7_27 |title=SC Shariat Bench to hear appeal on presidential remissions today |last=Kamran |first=Mohammad |date=3 December 2003 |work=Daily Times |location=Pakistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020155016/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_3-12-2003_pg7_27 |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref>
* [[Muhammad Yunus Jaunpuri|Muhammad Yunus Jownpuri]] (1937-2017) – Senior Hadith Scholar and former Shaykh al-Hadith of Mazahir Uloom, Saharanpur. He was among the senior students and disciples of [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]].
* [[Usman Mansoorpuri]] (1944-2021) – First National President of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]'s Mahmood faction.
* [[Yusuf Motala]] (1946–2019) – UK; Founder and senior lecturer at Dar al-Ulum Bury, one of the oldest Deobandi Madrasas in the West; "He is a scholar's scholar – many of the United Kingdom's young Deobandi scholars have studied under his patronage."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims |year=2012 |publisher=The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre |location=Amman |isbn= |page=114 |editor=S. Abdallah Schleifer}}</ref>
* [[Nur Hossain Kasemi]] (1945–2020) – Former Secretary General of [[Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-14 |title=Nur Hossain Kasemi passes away at 75 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/nur-hossain-kasemi-passes-away-75-2010981 |work=The Daily Star }}</ref>
* [[Ebrahim Desai]], South Africa – Mufti and founder of [[Askimam]] fatwa portal (1963–2021).<ref name="themuslim500.com 2012" />
* [[Taha Karaan]], South African scholar and jurist (1969–2021).

===Contemporary Deobandis===
* [[Mahmudul Hasan (scholar)|Mahmudul Hasan]], Bangladesh – President of [[Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh]] and [[Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh]], Chancellor of [[:bn:জামিযা ইসলামিযা দারল উলম মাদানিযা|Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Madania]], Amir of Majlis-e-Dawatul Haq Bangladesh.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |date=2020-10-03 |title=Mahmudul Hasan new chairman of Qawmi Madrasa Education Board |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/news/mahmudul-hasan-new-chairman-qawmi-madrasa-education-board-1971733 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] }}</ref>
* [[Syed Rezaul Karim]] Vice President of [[Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh]] and [[Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh]], [[Emir|Amir]] of [[Islami Andolan Bangladesh]], President of the Bangladesh Mujahid Committee and Bangladesh Quran Education Board.
* [[A F M Khalid Hossain]] – Bangladeshi Islamic Scholar.
* [[Abdul Halim Bukhari]], Bangladesh – Chancellor of [[Al Jamia Al Islamia Patiya]].
* [[Hibatullah Akhundzada]], supreme leader of Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Siddique |first1=Abubakar |title=Who Is Haibatullah Akhundzada, The Taliban's 'Supreme Leader' Of Afghanistan? |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/akhundzada-taliban-supreme-leader/31448314.html |access-date=22 April 2022 |work=Gandhara |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=7 September 2021 |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007085037/https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/akhundzada-taliban-supreme-leader/31448314.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Junaid Babunagari]], Bangladeshi Islamic Scholar, He is serving as the assistant director of [[Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam Hathazari]], and secretary general of [[Hefajat-e-Islam Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Babunagari denounces government's claim of no death in Hefazat's 2013 protest |work=Dhaka Tribune |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/2018/11/05/babunagari-denounces-government-s-claim-of-no-death-in-hefazat-s-2013-protest |date= 5 November 2018 }}</ref>
* [[Syed Faizul Karim]] Senior Vice President of Islami Andolan Bangladesh. He is also the Vice President of Bangladesh Mujahid Committee and Bangladesh Quran Education Board and Central Member of Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh
* [[Mamunul Haque]] – Secretary General of [[Bangladesh Khelafat Majlish]] and President of [[Bangladesh Khelafat Majlish|Bangladesh Khelafat Youth Majlish]].<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশ খেলাফত মজলিসের নতন কমিটি গঠন |trans-title=Formation of new committee of Bangladesh Khilafah Majlis |url=https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/politics/385310/বাংলাদেশ-খেলাফত-মজলিসের-নতন-কমিটি-গঠন |website=Daily Naya Diganta |language=bn}}</ref>
* [[Muhibbullah Babunagari]], Chief advisor of [[Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh]] (born 1935)
* [[Rafi Usmani]], Pakistan – Former President and senior lecturer of [[Darul Uloom Karachi]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rahman |first=Azizur- |title=Introducing Darul-'Uloom Karachi |publisher=Public Information Department: Darul Uloom Karachi |page=21 |url=http://www.darululoomkarachi.edu.pk/ucms/books/Taaruf/(03)%20Taaruf%20English.pdf |editor=(Translated by Muhammad Shameem) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124133538/http://www.darululoomkarachi.edu.pk/ucms/books/Taaruf/(03)%20Taaruf%20English.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2014 }}</ref>
* [[Taqi Usmani]], Pakistan – Vice-president of Dar al-Ulum Karachi, Former judge on the Shariah Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, Deputy Chairman of the Islamic Fiqh Academy of the OIC, leading scholar of Islamic Finance,<ref>{{cite web |title=Mufti Taqi Usmani |url=http://www.albalagh.net/taqi.shtml |work=Albalagh |access-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> and often considered to be a leading scholar and figurehead of the Deobandi movement.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims |year=2012 |publisher=The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre |location=Amman |isbn= |page=89 |editor=S. Abdallah Schleifer |quote=Leading scholar for the Deobandis...Usmani is very important as a figurehead in the Deobandi movement}}</ref>
* [[Maulana Fazlur Rehman]], Pakistan – President of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]] (F).
* [[Nurul Islam Jihadi]], Secretary General of [[Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh]]. (born 1948)
* [[Allama Nurul Islam Olipuri]] – [[Mufassir]] from Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sylhet: Renowned Islamic scholar Allama Nurul Islam Olipuri speaking at the first day of the three daylong Tafsirul Quran Mahfil as Chief Guest in Sylhet organised by Khademul Quran Parishad, Sylhet recently. |work=The New Nation |url=http://thedailynewnation.com/news/46221/sylhet---renowned--islamic-scholar-allama-nurul-islam-olipuri-speaking-at-the--first-day-of-the-three-daylong-tafsirul-quran-mahfil-as-chief-guest-in-sylhet--organised-by-khademul-quran-parishad-sylhet-recently.html |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032610/http://thedailynewnation.com/news/46221/sylhet---renowned--islamic-scholar-allama-nurul-islam-olipuri-speaking-at-the--first-day-of-the-three-daylong-tafsirul-quran-mahfil-as-chief-guest-in-sylhet--organised-by-khademul-quran-parishad-sylhet-recently.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Tariq Jameel]], Pakistan – Prominent scholar and preacher in the Tablighi Jama'at.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims |year=2012 |publisher=The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre |location=Amman |isbn= |page=134 |editor=S. Abdallah Schleifer |quote=He has been very effective in influencing all types of the communities ranging from businessmen and landlords to ministers and sports celebrities.}}</ref>
* [[Ismail ibn Musa Menk]], Zimbabwean scholar.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Chimp Corps |date=28 April 2021 |title=Kyankwanzi: President Museveni, Mufti Menk Discuss 'Unity in Diversity' |url=https://chimpreports.com/kyankwanzi-president-museveni-mufti-menk-discuss-unity-in-diversity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428073826/https://chimpreports.com/kyankwanzi-president-museveni-mufti-menk-discuss-unity-in-diversity/ |archive-date=28 April 2021 |website=ChimpReports}}</ref>
* [[Abdur Rahman ibn Yusuf Mangera]], Mufti and founder of Whitethread Institute and Zamzam Academy.
* [[Muhammad Sufyan Qasmi]], current rector of [[Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband]].
* [[Rahmatullah Mir Qasmi]], founder and rector of [[Darul Uloom Raheemiyyah]].
* [[Mahfuzul Haque]], secretary general of [[Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh]].
* [[Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari]], founder and chief-Mufti of Darul Ifta Leicester.
* [[Abdolhamid Ismaeelzahi]], Iraninan Sunni Scholar who is regarded as a "spiritual leader for Iran’s Sunni Muslim population".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-06 |title=Iranian Sunni cleric says executions may inflame regional tensions |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-executions-idUSKCN10H0A8 }}</ref>
* [[Yasir Nadeem al Wajidi]], Chicago-based Indian Scholar and the founder of Darul Uloom Online.
* [[Zulfiqar Ahmad Naqshbandi|Zulfiqar Ahmad]], [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]] Islamic scholar and [[Sufi]] Shaykh.<ref name="deoband2">{{cite web |date=9 April 2011 |title=Pir Zulfiqar Naqshbandi Visits Darul Uloom Deoband |url=http://www.deoband.net/blogs/pir-zulfiqar-naqdhbandi-to-visit-deoband-in-april |website=deoband.net}}</ref>

== Bibliography of the movement ==
{{Main|Bibliography of Deobandi Movement}}

* ''[[Islamic Revival in British India]]''
* ''[[Revival from Below]]''
* ''[[The Deoband School And The Demand For Pakistan]]''
* ''A Special Issue on The Deoband Madrasa'', The Muslim World<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Issue:A Special Issue on The Deoband Madrasa |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/14781913/2009/99/3}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Index of Deobandi movement–related articles]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===General citations===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last1=Wasif Dehlavi |first1=Hafizur Rahman |author1-link=Hafizur Rahman Wasif Dehlavi |title=Jamī'at-i Ulamā par ek tārīk̲h̲ī tabṣirah |trans-title= A Historical Review the Jamiat Ulama|date=1970 |language=ur|oclc=16907808}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Deobandi movement}}
{{Darul Uloom Deoband}}
{{Islam topics}}
{{Islamism}}
{{Maturidi}}
{{Islamic theology|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Deobandi movement| ]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]
[[Category:Islam in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Sunni Islamic movements]]
[[Category:Sunni Islamic branches]]
[[Category:1866 establishments in India]]
[[Category:State ideologies]]

Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2026

2026-04-25T19:27:09Z

Varundigitalmedia: made a page

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2026
| team1_image = Flag of Zimbabwe.svg
| team1_name = Zimbabwe
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 23
| to_date = 26 July 2026
| team1_captain =
| team2_captain =
| no_of_twenty20s = 3
| team1_twenty20s_won =
| team2_twenty20s_won =
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs =
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs =
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets =
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets =
| player_of_twenty20_series =
}}

The [[Indian national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] are scheduled to tour Zimbabwe in July 2026 to play three [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.<ref>{{cite news |title=India to tour Zimbabwe for three T20Is in July |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-to-tour-zimbabwe-for-three-t20is-in-july-1530051 |access-date=1 April 2026 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe confirm India T20Is in July |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/138216/zimbabwe-confirm-india-t20is-in-july |access-date=1 April 2026 |work=[[Cricbuzz]]}}</ref> In April 2026, the [[Zimbabwe Cricket]] (ZC) confirmed the fixtures for the tour.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe to host India for T20I series in Harare |url=https://www.zimcricket.org/news/4682/Zimbabwe-to-host-India-for-T20I-series-in-Harare |access-date=1 April 2026 |work=[[Zimbabwe Cricket]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe to host India for T20I series in July |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/zimbabwe-to-host-india-for-t20i-series-in-july |access-date=1 April 2026 |work=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref> All the three matches will be played at the [[Harare Sports Club|Harare Sports Club Ground]] in [[Harare]].

==T20I series==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 July 2026
| time = 13:00
| night =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1530060.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Harare Sports Club|Harare Sports Club Ground]], [[Harare]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 July 2026
| time = 13:00
| night =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1530061.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Harare Sports Club|Harare Sports Club Ground]], [[Harare]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 July 2026
| time = 13:00
| night =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1530062.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Harare Sports Club|Harare Sports Club Ground]], [[Harare]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-zimbabwe-2026-1530058 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of Zimbabwe}}
{{International cricket in 2026}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2026}}
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2026]]
[[Category:2026 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2026 in Zimbabwean cricket]]

{{Cricket-tour-stub}}
{{Zimbabwe-cricket-tour-stub}}

Tarlok Singh Chauhan

2026-04-23T04:31:30Z

Varundigitalmedia: Starting basic biography w/ refs

{{short description|17th Chief Justice of Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
| name = Tarlok Singh Chauhan
| image = Justice Tarlok Singh Chauhan.png
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Jharkhand High Court|17th Chief Justice]] of [[Jharkhand High Court]]
| nominator = [[B. R. Gavai]]
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| term_start = 23 July 2025
| term_end = 8 January 2026
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[M. S. Ramachandra Rao (judge)|M. S. Ramachandra Rao]]|Sujit Narayan Prasd ''(acting)''}}
| successor = [[M. S. Sonak]]
| office1 = [[Judge]] of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start1 = 23 February 2014
| term_end1 = 22 July 2025
| appointer1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| nominator1 = [[P. Sathasivam]]
| status2 = Acting Chief Justice
| term_start2 = 19 October 2024
| term_end2 = 28 December 2024
| appointer2 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| predecessor2 = [[Rajiv Shakdher]]
| successor2 = [[Gurmeet Singh Sandhawalia|G. S. Sandhawalia]]
| appointer3 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| term_start3 = 20 April 2023
| term_end3 = 29 May 2023
| predecessor3 = {{ubl|[[Amjad Ahtesham Sayed|A. A. Sayed]]|[[Sabina (judge)|Sabina]] ''(acting)''}}
| successor3 = [[M. S. Ramachandra Rao (judge)|M. S. Ramachandra Rao]]
| birth_place = [[Rohru]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|1|9|df=y}}
| education = [[LL.B]]
| alma_mater = [[Bishop Cotton School (Shimla)|Bishop Cotton School, Shimla]], [[DAV College, Chandigarh]], [[Panjab University]]
}}
'''Tarlok Singh Chauhan''' (born 9 January 1964) is a retired Indian judge who served as the 17th Chief Justice of [[Jharkhand High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court of Jharkhand, India |url=https://jharkhandhighcourt.nic.in/judges_summary.php?jpi=OTk= |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=jharkhandhighcourt.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Batra |first=Rushil |date=2026-01-08 |title='No Institution Can Boast Of It Being Complete Without Respect For Ladies': Chief Justice Tarlok Singh Chauhan Retires From Jharkhand High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/events/jharkhand-high-court-chief-justice-tarlok-singh-chauhan-retires-518238 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-03 |title=झारखंड हाई कोर्ट को मिलेंगे नए चीफ जस्टिस, महेश सोनक लेंगे तरलोक सिंह की जगह |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/mahesh-sonak-will-be-new-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-high-court-201767404557667.html |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref> He is also former [[Judge]] of the [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://highcourt.hp.gov.in/ |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=highcourt.hp.gov.in}}</ref> where he also served as the [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] twice.

== Early life and career ==
Justice Chauhan was born on 9 January 1964 at [[Rohru]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]. He completed his schooling from [[Bishop Cotton School (Shimla)|Bishop Cotton School, Shimla]] and graduation from [[DAV College, Chandigarh]] while he did his [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]] from [[Panjab University]]. He was enrolled as an advocate with [[Bar Council of Himachal Pradesh]] in 1989 and joined the chamber of Lala Chhabil Das, [[Advocate general (India)|Advocate General]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ADVOCATE GENERAL HIMACHAL PRADESH |url=https://advocategeneral.hp.gov.in/profile/sh-chhabil-dass |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=advocategeneral.hp.gov.in}}</ref> He was appointed as additional judge of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]] on 23 February 2014 and was made permanent on 30 November 2014 where he also served as acting chief justice twice in 2023<ref name="tribuneindia">{{cite web |title=Justice Tarlok Chauhan Acting CJ of High Court : The Tribune India |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/justice-tarlok-chauhan-acting-cj-of-high-court-498783 |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=tribuneindia.com}}</ref> and in 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-23 |title=Justice Tarlok Chauhan cleared record 75,000 cases at Himachal High Court, now takes charge of CJ in Jharkhand |url=https://thenewzradar.com/himachal-pradesh/justice-tarlok-chauhan-cleared-record-75000-cases-at-himachal-high-court-now-takes-charge-of-cj-in-jharkhand/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 26 May 2025, the Supreme Court collegium recommended his appointment as chief justice of Jharkhand High Court<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2025-05-26 |title=Collegium recommends elevation of Justice Tarlok Singh Chauhan as Jharkhand High Court Chief Justice |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/collegium-recommends-elevation-of-justice-tarlok-singh-chauhan-as-jharkhand-high-court-chief-justice |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> and he was appointed in July 2025 and took oath as Jharkhand's Chief Justice on 23 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-07-23 |title=Justice Tarlok Singh Chauhan sworn in as Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court |url=https://theprint.in/india/justice-tarlok-singh-chauhan-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-high-court/2699179/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Tarlok Singh Chauhan sworn in as Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jharkhand/justice-tarlok-singh-chauhan-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-high-court-3644087 |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> He retired from the office on 8 January 2026.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leaflet |first=The |date=2026-01-02 |title=Over two days, Meghalaya, Patna, Kerala and Jharkhand get new chief justices |url=https://theleaflet.in/leaflet-reports/over-two-days-meghalaya-patna-kerala-and-jharkhand-get-new-chief-justices |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=The Leaflet |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NETWORK |first=LIVELAW NEWS |date=2026-01-02 |title=Centre Notifies Appointment Of Justice MS Sonak As Chief Justice Of Jharkhand High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/all-high-courts/centre-justice-ms-sonak-chief-justice-jharkhand-high-court-516724 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chauhan, Tarlok Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Himachal Pradesh High Court]]

Jagannath Abhyankar

2026-04-19T16:58:30Z

Varundigitalmedia: made stub

{{one source|date=July 2024}}
{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Jagannath Abhyankar
| native_name = जगन्नाथ अभ्यंकर
| honorific_suffix =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| image =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Council|Member of Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| constituency = Mumbai Teacher constituency
| term_start = 8 July 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena(UBT)]]
| occupation = Politician
| website =
}}

'''Jagannath Abhyankar''' ({{langx|mr|जगन्नाथ अभ्यंकर }}) is an Indian politician and leader of [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]] from [[Maharashtra]]. He is member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]].<ref name = MLCMumTeacher>{{cite news|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/politics/vidhan-parishad-election-result-2024-mumbai-graduate-and-teachers-constituency-kokan-graduate-nashik-teachers-constituency-anil-parab-jagannath-abhyankar-niranjan-davkhare-kishor-darade-wins-maharashtra-marathi-news-1294955 | title= मुंबई शिक्षक, पदवीधरमध्ये ठाकरेंचाच बोलबाला; नाशिकचा गड शिंदेंनी राखला! | accessdate=12 July 2024}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 2024: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Council <ref name=MLCMumTeacher/>

==See also==
* [[List of members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abhyankar, Jagannath}}
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena (UBT) politicians]]

Lundra Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:13:21Z

Varundigitalmedia: made

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lundra
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 9
| division = Surguja
| district = [[Surguja district|Surguja]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sarguja Lok Sabha constituency|Surguja]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = ST
| mla = Praboj Bhinj
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Pritam Ram]]
| electors = {{formatnum:193902}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| map_image = Lundra Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Lundra''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order – 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/chhattisgarh2013/|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref> It is in [[Surguja district|Surguja]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Atmaram Ingole
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|C Birsai
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Chamru Ram
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Asan Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Bhola Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Ram Kishun
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Bhola Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Ramdev Ram
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Vijay Nath
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Ramdev Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Chintamani Maharaj]]
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[Pritam Ram]]
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Chhattisgarh Election Result 2023: Full list of winners from BJP and Congress">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-winners-list-bjp-congress-bhupesh-baghel-live-updates-11701451241747.html|title=Chhattisgarh Election Result 2023: Full list of winners from BJP and Congress|last1=mint|date=3 December 2023|accessdate=10 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210105307/https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-winners-list-bjp-congress-bhupesh-baghel-live-updates-11701451241747.html|archivedate=10 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Prabodh Minz]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lundra<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Prabodh Minz]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 87,463
|percentage = 52.82
|change = +16.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. [[Pritam Ram]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=63,335|percentage=38.25|change=-12.96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Alexander Kerketta|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=2,599|percentage=1.57|change=-0.10}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2,906|percentage=1.76|change=+0.03}}
{{Election box majority|votes=24,128|percentage=14.57|change=-0.04}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=165,582|percentage=85.39|change=-0.55}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 193,902
|ref=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Lundra<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Pritam Ram]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 77,773
|percentage = 51.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vijaynath Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 55,594
|percentage = 36.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sumitra Singh Paikra
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,949
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,626
|percentage = 1.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,179
|percentage = 14.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,51,880
|percentage = 85.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|23.13|83.41|display=title}}

[[Category:Surguja district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]

Hata Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:46Z

Varundigitalmedia: made data...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hata
| constituency_no = 334
| map_image = 334-Hata.svg
| mla = [[Mohan Verma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
}}

'''Hata''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the [[Hata, India|Hata Nagar Palika]] in the [[Kushinagar district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Hata is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Kushi Nagar Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 334 amongst 403 constituencies.

This seat belonged to [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate [[Pawan Kedia]], who won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] by defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Radheshyam Singh by a margin of 53,076 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/hata.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Hata Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/hata.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Surya Bali
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Bankey Lal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Raja Ram
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Bankey Lal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Gulab Chand Sonkar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Basant
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Kuber
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Videshi Prasad Bharti
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Kripa Shankar Arya
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |Ramapati
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Ram Nakshatra
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="2" |Ramapati
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Radheshyam Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Pawan Kedia]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Mohan Verma]]
|}

== Election results =={{Election box begin | title=2012 Assembly elections: Hata<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>}}{{Election box candidate with party link
|party= Samajwadi Party
|candidate= Radheshyam Singh
|votes= 55,591
|percentage= 30.02
|change= {{steady}}
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
|party= Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate= Virendra
|votes= 38,923
|percentage= 21.02
|change= {{steady}}
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
|party= Independent politician
|candidate= Jamwanti
|votes= 27,388
|percentage= 14.19
|change= {{steady}}
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate= Jaswant Alias Atul
|votes= 9,389
|percentage= 5.07
|change= {{steady}}
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
|party= Peace Party of India
|candidate= Kashinath
|votes= 9,081
|percentage= 4.90
|change= {{steady}}
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
|party= Independent politician
|candidate= [[Pawan Kedia]]
|votes= 8,914
|percentage= 4.81
|change= {{steady}}
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
|party= Indian National Congress
|candidate= Ram Ashrya
|votes= 6,588
|percentage= 3.56
|change= {{steady}}
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
|party= Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|candidate= Anshuman
|votes= 6,328
|percentage= 3.42
|change= {{steady}}
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=
|candidate= Remaining 17 Candidates
|votes = 22,986
|percentage = 12.41
|change = {{steady}}
}}{{Election box majority
|votes = 16,668
|percentage = 9.0
|change = {{steady}}
}}{{Election box turnout
|votes= 1,85,188
|percentage= 56.81
|change= {{steady}}
}}{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin | title=2022 Assembly elections: Hata<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2022 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate= [[Mohan Verma]]
|votes= 120666
|percentage= 55.7
|change=
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
|party= Right to Recall Party Party
|candidate= Shailendra Pratap Singh
|votes= 560
|percentage= 0.26
|change=
}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Hata<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2022 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mohan Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:120666}}
|percentage = 55.7
|change = +5.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ranvijay Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:61301}}
|percentage = 28.3
|change = +3.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shiwang Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:21723}}
|percentage = 10.03
|change = -10.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rabeesh Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:5372}}
|percentage = 2.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Amrendra
|votes = {{formatnum:2291}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1214}}
|percentage = 0.56
|change = -0.38
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:59365}}
|percentage = 27.4
|change = +1.92
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:216619}}
|percentage = 58.0
|change = -1.01
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Hata<ref name="election2017"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pawan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:103864}}
|percentage = 49.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Radheshyam Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:50788}}
|percentage = 24.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Virendra
|votes = {{formatnum:42651}}
|percentage = 20.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Ajay Rav
|votes = {{formatnum:2366}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1933}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:53076}}
|percentage = 25.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:208257}}
|percentage = 59.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}
{{coord|26.74|83.74|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kushinagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Kaaki Sattai (2015 film)

2026-04-05T10:09:03Z

Varundigitalmedia:

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by R. S. Durai Senthilkumar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kaaki Sattai 2015 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. S. Durai Senthilkumar]]
| screenplay = [[Pattukkottai Prabakar]](Dialogues) [[R. S. Durai Senthilkumar]]
| story = [[R. S. Durai Senthilkumar]]
| producer = [[Dhanush]]
| starring = [[Sivakarthikeyan]] [[Sri Divya]]
| cinematography = [[M. Sukumar]]
| editing = [[Vivek Harshan]]
| music = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| studio = [[Wunderbar Films]]
| distributor = [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2015|02|27|df=y}}
| runtime = 156 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaaki Sattai |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kaaki-sattai-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotc5ndm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241230152514/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kaaki-sattai-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotc5ndm |archive-date=30 December 2024 |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Kaaki Sattai''''' ({{translation|[[Khaki]] Shirt}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy]] film directed by [[R. S. Durai Senthilkumar]] and produced by [[Dhanush]] under [[Wunderbar Films]]. The film stars [[Sivakarthikeyan]] and [[Sri Divya]], with [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and [[Vijay Raaz]] in supporting roles. It revolves around a police constable who wants to prove himself as a true, powerful police officer by finding ways to solve issues of corruption in the law-and-order system in the department of police.

[[Principal photography]] commenced in March 2014 and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] that September. The music was composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], cinematography was handled by [[M. Sukumar]], and editing by [[Vivek Harshan]]. The film was released on 27 February 2015.

== Plot ==
Mathimaran is a [[Constable|police constable]] who only reports to work and goes home daily without contributing anything useful to society as his boss, Inspector Sathyamurthy, does not want to get on the wrong side of the upper levels of the police, who are corrupt and politically influenced and is also unwilling to rock the present system due to past experience. Mathimaran and his fellow policemen never get any cases as a result, much to his irritation.

Mathimaran falls in love with Divya, who works as a nurse in a hospital, but hides his occupation from her as her family hates police officers. With her help, he finds out about an illegal [[organ donation]] racket orchestrated by a politician named Durai Arasan and Dr. Devasagayam, who is the chairman of the hospital where Divya works. They capture sick and injured migrant workers from [[North India]], make them [[brain death|brain dead]] by administering them [[carbon monoxide]] instead of [[oxygen]], and then harvest their organs, which they sell abroad for huge amounts of money. The organ donation scam gives Mathimaran his first real case, and he takes it on with enthusiasm after Sathyamurthy and Durai's estranged father Singaperumal, who had threatened to expose his son's misdeeds, are killed in a bomb blast orchestrated by Durai.

Mathimaran first confronts Devasagayam, who commits [[suicide]], but not before admitting his role in the scam and giving detailed information about it. He then decides to confront Durai and get him arrested, but the problem is that there is not enough evidence against Durai except Devasagayam's word, and Devasagayam is dead. He tries to get more information about Durai's role in the scam incognito. Unfortunately, Durai soon finds out that Mathimaran is after him, and a cat-and-mouse game begins between the two. In the process, Mathimaran is suspended from duty, as the police commissioner is close to Durai. Undaunted, he manages to expose the scam and Durai's involvement in it to the media, but Durai wriggles out of arrest.

Mathimaran decides to finish off Durai to end the scam once and for all. He creates a ruckus during a felicitation function for Durai. In the chaos that ensues, he shoots Durai in the leg and gives him the same treatment which had been meted out to the North Indian workers: administering him carbon monoxide and then harvesting his organs after he is declared brain dead. Durai's death is covered up as a terrorist attack. Mathimaran is eventually promoted to Inspector in reward for his efforts in thwarting the organ donation scam. He also gets accepted by Divya's family, despite being a police officer, and marries Divya.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sivakarthikeyan]] as Mathimaran Rathnavel, a [[constable]] later [[Police inspector|Inspector]]
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Sathyamurthy, R5 station inspector
* [[Sri Divya]] as Divya, a nurse working at the Devasagayam hospital and Mathimaran's [[love interest]]
* [[Vijay Raaz]] as Durai Arasan, a corrupt politician and organ trader
* Daffe Naveen as a migrant worker boy and Mathimaran's friend, who works in a tea shop and is killed for organ trade
* [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Meenakshi, Mathimaran's mother
* [[Yog Japee]] as Dr. Devasagayam, the owner of Devasagayam hospital. Helping Durai in human trade
* [[Manobala]] as Jyothi Lingam, MLA and Durai's henchman
* [[Mayilsamy]] as Sankara Narayanan alias Cyber Sanki / Sankiji Swamy
* [[Imman Annachi]] as Samarasam, R5 station head-constable
* [[E. Ramdoss]] as Subramanian, R5 station sub-inspector
* [[Nagineedu]] as Singaperumal, founder of man power agency and Durai Arasan's father
* [[Sujatha Sivakumar]] as Divya's mother
* Rail Ravi as Divya's father
* [[Yuvina Parthavi]] as Swetha, Divya's niece
* [[Vidyullekha Raman]] as Divya's friend
* [[Jeeva Ravi]] as Commissioner
* Suchithra Shivaraman as Mathimaran's sister
* [[Jangiri Madhumitha]] as a call girl
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Hobo
* [[Besant Ravi]] as Ravi
* [[Sampath Ram]] as Sampath, worker in man power agency but worked for Durai
* Singapore Deepan as Cyber Sanki teammate
* [[Raveendran (actor)|Raveendran]]
* [[Suryakanth (actor)|Suryakanth]]
* Ravi Venkatraman
* Manohar
* Diwakar
* Douglas Moorthy
* Dhivya Raaven
}}

== Production ==

After the success of ''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'' (2013), it was announced that the same team including producer [[Dhanush]], director [[R. S. Durai Senthilkumar]] and actor [[Sivakarthikeyan]] would collaborate for another venture.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=16 May 2013 |title=Sivakarthikeyan finally gets to work with Lingusamy |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Sivakarthikeyan-finally-gets-to-work-with-Lingusamy/2013/05/16/article1591579.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309222300/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Sivakarthikeyan-finally-gets-to-work-with-Lingusamy/2013/05/16/article1591579.ece |archive-date=9 March 2014 |access-date=9 March 2014 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2014 |title=Southern heroes who have donned the producer's hat |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/southern-heroes-who-have-donned-the-producer-s-hat-114052500222_1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901014029/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/southern-heroes-who-have-donned-the-producer-s-hat-114052500222_1.html |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=28 August 2014 |website=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> The film was initially titled ''Taana'', and when asked about whether the film would undergo a name change, Sivakarthikeyan clarified that the production unit was thinking of various possibilities and that if a suitable title did not come up, ''Taana'' would be retained.<ref name="Taana1">{{Cite web |date=22 July 2014 |title=''We will stick with Taana'' |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/we-will-stick-with-taana-sivakarthikeyan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205070020/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/we-will-stick-with-taana-sivakarthikeyan.html |archive-date=5 December 2024 |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> However, it was changed to ''Kaaki Sattai'', after a [[Kaakki Sattai|1985 film]]. The producers of the 1985 film were approached to obtain the rights for the title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2014 |title=Kamal Haasan gives it to Sivakarthikeyan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-haasan-gives-it-to-sivakarthikeyan/articleshow/44982248.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230125757/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-haasan-gives-it-to-sivakarthikeyan/articleshow/44982248.cms |archive-date=30 December 2024 |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Senthilkumar revealed that he had written the script keeping Dhanush in mind while working as an assistant director for ''[[Aadukalam]]'' (2011). He narrated the script to Dhanush but failed to materialise; after Sivakarthikeyan was cast, he tweaked the script to suit Sivakarthikeyan's [[comic timing]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=21 February 2015 |title=Cop with comic timing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cop-with-comic-timing/article6919741.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423235039/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cop-with-comic-timing/article6919741.ece |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=30 December 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Sri Divya]], who last paired with Sivakarthikeyan in ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]'' (2013), was again selected as the lead actress. She interacted with nurses to prepare for her role of a nurse.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=Sri Divya plays a nurse in Taanaa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sri-divya-plays-a-nurse-in-taanaa/articleshow/44707497.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230124908/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sri-divya-plays-a-nurse-in-taanaa/articleshow/44707497.cms |archive-date=30 December 2024 |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Vinu Damodar, a [[Koothu-P-Pattarai]] actor, was selected to play a small but significant role, making his film debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2014 |title=Taana team gets a new face |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/taana-team-gets-a-new-face/articleshow/36432124.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110141855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/taana-team-gets-a-new-face/articleshow/36432124.cms |archive-date=10 November 2023 |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Manobala]] was selected to play a supporting role, in his first collaboration with Sivakarthikeyan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2014 |title=Manobala's politics with Sivakarthikeyan |url=http://www.chennaivision.com/news/2014/106793.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818171042/http://www.chennaivision.com/news/2014/106793.php |archive-date=18 August 2014 |access-date=17 August 2014 |website=Chennaivision}}</ref>

Sivakarthikeyan said the film would, in contrast to the films of modern Tamil [[action hero]]es, feature realistic stunt sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudharshan |title="VAAIPUGAL AMAYAADHU… NAAMDHAAN AMAITHU KOLLA VENDUM" – SIVA KARTHIKEYAN |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-actors//an-exclusive-interview-with-siva-karthikeyan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406200754/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-actors//an-exclusive-interview-with-siva-karthikeyan.html |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began on 6 March 2014 at [[Pammal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2014 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's 'Taana' starts rolling |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan-s-taana-starts-rolling-news-tamil-odgsyuhcfec.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307131744/http://www.sify.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan-s-taana-starts-rolling-news-tamil-odgsyuhcfec.html |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=9 March 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> By May 2014, the film completed 12 days shooting in an apartment in and around [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganesan |first=Rajeshwari |date=6 May 2014 |title=Taana Likely to Release in September |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/taana-likely-release-september/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129160444/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/taana-likely-release-september/ |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en}}</ref> By June 2014, significant portions had been completed, and some sequences were shot at [[Binny and Co.|Binny Mills]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2014 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's 'Taana' is getting ready! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan-s-taana-is-getting-ready-news-tamil-ohykjAfahbjhi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725061531/http://www.sify.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan-s-taana-is-getting-ready-news-tamil-ohykjAfahbjhi.html |archive-date=25 July 2014 |access-date=11 August 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In September 2014, filming took place in [[Norway]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2014 |title=Sivakarthikeyan hugs girls in Norway |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-hugs-girls-in-norway/articleshow/41847807.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230131119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-hugs-girls-in-norway/articleshow/41847807.cms |archive-date=30 December 2024 |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] later the same month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Deepika |date=3 September 2014 |title=All is well with Sivakarthikeyan |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/well-sivakarthikeyan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423102403/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/well-sivakarthikeyan/ |archive-date=23 April 2024 |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref>

== Music ==
[[Anirudh Ravichander]] composed the soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2014 |title=Kaaki Sattai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/kaaki-sattai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1702963659 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241231131206/https://music.apple.com/us/album/kaaki-sattai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1702963659 |archive-date=31 December 2024 |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The song "I'm So Cool" is Sivakarthikeyan's third attempt at singing, after the title track of ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]'' (2013) and "Royapuram Peter" from ''[[Maan Karate]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2014 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's stylish look in 'I'm so cool' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-stylish-look-in-im-so-cool/articleshow/45413740.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231061539/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-stylish-look-in-im-so-cool/articleshow/45413740.cms |archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The audio rights are held by Wunderbar Studios, while [[Divo (record label)|Divo]] is the digital partner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2014 |title=Tamil film 'Kaaki Sattai' audio tops iTunes India charts; musician Anirudh Ravichander works magic with his seventh album |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tamil-film-kaaki-sattai-audio-tops-itunes-india-charts-musician-anirudh-ravichander-works-magic-with-his-seventh-album-732077.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202185627/https://www.news18.com/news/india/tamil-film-kaaki-sattai-audio-tops-itunes-india-charts-musician-anirudh-ravichander-works-magic-with-his-seventh-album-732077.html |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> Before the album was launched on 12 December 2014 at the [[Radio Mirchi]] FM station,<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2014 |title='Kakki Sattai' audio on Rajini b'day, release for X'mas? |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kakki-sattai-audio-on-rajini-bday-release-for-xmas-news-tamil-omflaLahffhic.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125093257/https://www.sify.com/movies/kakki-sattai-audio-on-rajini-bday-release-for-xmas-news-tamil-omflaLahffhic.html |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zR101ZTnDA |title=Kaaki Sattai Audio Launch |date=15 December 2014 |language=ta |publisher=[[Radio Mirchi|Mirchi Tamil]] |access-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/2zR101ZTnDA |archive-date=31 December 2024 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> the official track list was unveiled a few days earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2014 |title='Kakki Sattai' tracklist announced! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kakki-sattai-tracklist-announced-news-tamil-omjjx9headiaf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209140243/http://www.sify.com/movies/kakki-sattai-tracklist-announced-news-tamil-omjjx9headiaf.html |archive-date=9 December 2014 |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2014 |title=The tracklist of Kaaki Sattai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/the-tracklist-of-kaaki-sattai/articleshow/45410305.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202185323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/the-tracklist-of-kaaki-sattai/articleshow/45410305.cms |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Post the album's release, on 23 January <abbr>2015</abbr>, an instrumental track titled "The Mathimaran Instinct" was released through Anirudh's [[YouTube]] channel.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=558541241214726144 |user=anirudhofficial |title=#KaakiSattaiBGM – The Mathimaran Instinct Theme will be uploaded on YouTube this evening:) @Siva_Kartikeyan @durairsk |author=Anirudh Ravichander |author-link=Anirudh Ravichander |access-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/8BKOt |archive-date=31 December 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Reviewing the album, [[Karthik Srinivasan|Karthik]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' stated "Anirudh's music is now getting into a signature style – that's not entirely comforting".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=16 December 2014 |title=Kakki Sattai (Music review), Tamil – Anirudh |url=https://milliblog.com/2014/12/16/kakki-sattai-music-review-tamil-anirudh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421195009/https://milliblog.com/2014/12/16/kakki-sattai-music-review-tamil-anirudh/ |archive-date=21 April 2024 |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:25
| all_writing =
| title1 = Kaaki Sattai
| note1 = Title Track
| length1 = 3:43
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra1 = [[Vishal Dadlani]]
| title2 = Kadhal Kan Kattudhe
| length2 = 4:16
| lyrics2 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra2 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| title3 = The Trooper
| note3 = Theme
| length3 = 0:55
| lyrics3 = —
| extra3 = [[Instrumental]]
| title4 = I'm So Cool
| length4 = 3:49
| lyrics4 = [[Arunraja Kamaraj]]
| extra4 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Sivakarthikeyan]]
| title5 = Kaaki Sattai
| note5 = Theme
| length5 = 0:47
| lyrics5 = —
| extra5 = —
| title6 = Kattikida
| length6 = 4:27
| lyrics6 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| extra6 = [[Anthony Daasan]], [[M. M. Manasi]], Durga, [[Anitha Karthikeyan]]
| title7 = Shake That
| length7 = 3:03
| lyrics7 = [[Arunraja Kamaraj]], [[Brodha V]]
| extra7 = Anirudh Ravichander, Brodha V
| title8 = The Mathimaran Instinct
| note8 = Theme
| length8 = 1:24
| lyrics8 = —
| extra8 = —
}}

== Release ==
''Kaaki Sattai'' was released in theatres on 27 February 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2015 |title=Kaaki Sattai to hit the screens on 27th February |url=https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?catid=5&newsid=16811&nav=p |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250505102248/https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?catid=5&newsid=16811&nav=p |archive-date=5 May 2025 |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=LiveChennai}}</ref> It was distributed by [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2014 |title=Escape Artists buys 'VIP' & 'Taana' theatrical rights! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/escape-artists-buys-vip-taana-theatrical-rights-news-tamil-ogkjFqhfafdsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813125722/http://www.sify.com/movies/escape-artists-buys-vip-taana-theatrical-rights-news-tamil-ogkjFqhfafdsi.html |archive-date=13 August 2014 |access-date=11 August 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
{{expand section|date=December 2024}}
In its first four days, the film grossed {{INRConvert|156|m}} in [[Tamil Nadu]], described by [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] as the "biggest opening" for a Sivakarthikeyan film to that point.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2015 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's Tamil film 'Kaaki Sattai' strikes gold at box office |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/sivakarthikeyans-tamil-film-kaaki-sattai-strikes-gold-at-box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705213250/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/sivakarthikeyans-tamil-film-kaaki-sattai-strikes-gold-at-box-office/ |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
[[Sify]] wrote, "On the whole, ''Kakki Sattai'' is a crowd-pleaser that knows exactly who its audience is".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2015 |title=Kakki Sattai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kakki-sattai-time-pass-entertainer-review-tamil-pc1nTQddaggig.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225234311/http://www.sify.com/movies/kakki-sattai-time-pass-entertainer-review-tamil-pc1nTQddaggig.html |archive-date=25 December 2017 |access-date=27 February 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated it 2.5/5 and wrote that director "Durai Senthilkumar and actor Sivakarthikeyan have done an estimable job in making the film at least worth experiencing".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=28 February 2015 |title=Movie review 'Kaaki Sattai': One is certain to be dazzled and amused |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150228/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-kaaki-sattai-senthilkumar-has-done-estimable |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927225343/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150228/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-kaaki-sattai-senthilkumar-has-done-estimable |archive-date=27 September 2022 |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[The Hindu]]'', "As overlong, utterly generic, badly written, indifferently made action-comedy star vehicles propelled by Anirudh's growling guitar riffs go, ''Kaaki Sattai'' is as disposable as they come".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=27 February 2015 |title=Kaaki Sattai: Heavyweight film for lightweight hero |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/kaaki-sattai-review/article6941634.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111160858/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/kaaki-sattai-review/article6941634.ece |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=3 August 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "It is a serious subject but given that Sivakarthikeyan is the hero here, the treatment is lighter in ''Kaaki Sattai''. And that is the problem with the film. The film keeps alternating between the serious and the light tones".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=27 February 2015 |title=Kaaki Sattai Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Kaaki-Sattai/movie-review/46399757.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304084245/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Kaaki-Sattai/movie-review/46399757.cms |archive-date=4 March 2015 |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the film 1 out of 5 and wrote, "''Kakki Sattai'' seems like a work where money has been spent in a mindless pursuit" and felt Sivakarthikeyan was miscast.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=28 February 2015 |title=Kakki Sattai review: A silly romp around exotica and evil |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/kakki-sattai-review-a-silly-romp-around-exotica-and-evil/story-me3kaUhvlURp0SKmkHiroK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230160934/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/kakki-sattai-review-a-silly-romp-around-exotica-and-evil/story-me3kaUhvlURp0SKmkHiroK.html |archive-date=30 December 2024 |access-date=30 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{R. S. Durai Senthilkumar}}
{{Wunderbar Films}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2010s masala films]]
[[Category:2010s police films]]
[[Category:2015 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fiction about law enforcement]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about organ trade]]
[[Category:Films about police corruption]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. S. Durai Senthilkumar]]
[[Category:Films produced by Dhanush]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dilawar Khan's Tomb and Mosque

2026-03-31T21:06:59Z

Varundigitalmedia: Added Info

{{Short description|Mosque and tomb in Khed, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{about|mosque and tomb complex in Maharashtra|the similarly named mosque and Monument of National Importance in Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu, Madhya Pradesh#Places of interest{{!}}Mandu, Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Dilawar Khan's Tomb and Mosque
| infobox_width =
| image = Hazrat_Dilawar_khan_dargah,_rajgurunagar_(3).JPG
| caption = The former mosque, in partial ruins, in 2012
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| map_type = India Maharashtra
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the former mosque and dargah in [[Maharashtra]]
| location = [[Rajgurunagar]] ([[Khed taluka|Khed]]), [[Pune district|Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|18.85491|73.88456|region:IN-MH_type:landmark|format=dms|display=it}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] {{small|(former)}}
| rite =
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Mosque]] and [[dargah]]
| functional_status = '''Inactive''' {{small|(''partial ruinous state'')}}
| heritage_designation =
| administration = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| leadership =
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = {{ubl|[[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]|[[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]}}
| founded_by = Dilawar Khan {{small|(mosque)}}
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 1613 [[Common Era|CE]]
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length = {{cvt|35|ft|m|order=flip}}
| width = {{cvt|28|ft|m|order=flip}}
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = {{nowrap|One each {{small|(mosque and tomb)}}}}
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity =
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials = Stone
| designated =
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Dilawar Khan's Masjid | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-MH-M30 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value =
| designation2 = MANI | designation2_offname = Dilawar Khan's Tomb | designation2_type = | designation2_criteria = | designation2_date = | delisted2_date = | designation2_partof = | designation2_number = N-MH-M31 | designation2_free1name = | designation2_free1value = | designation2_free2name = | designation2_free2value = | designation2_free3name = | designation2_free3value =
| image = Hazrat_Dilawar_khan_dargah,_rajgurunagar_(2).JPG | image_size = 250 | caption = The tomb, undergoing restoration in 2012, with restored dome
}}
| footnotes = <ref name="ASI MNI">{{cite web |url=https://asi.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Maharashtra-Aurangabad-Circle-Mumbai-Circle-and-Nagpur-Circle.pdf |title=List of Centrally Protected Monuments / Sites under the jurisdiction of Maharashtra (Aurangabad Circle, Mumbai Circle and Nagpur Circle) |website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |date=August 2021 |access-date=27 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Damle, Himanshu |url=https://hdheritagewalks.wordpress.com/2023/07/30/mosque-and-tomb-of-dilawar-khan-rajgurunagar-khed-taluka-pune-district-maharashtra/ |title=MOSQUE AND TOMB OF DILAWAR KHAN, RAJGURUNAGAR, KHED TALUKA, PUNE DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA |work=HD Heritage Walks |date=2023-07-30 |access-date=2025-01-26 }}</ref>
}}

The '''Dilawar Khan's Tomb and Mosque''' are a [[dargah]] and former [[mosque]], in partial ruins, located in a walled complex in [[Rajgurunagar]] (formerly known as [[Khed taluka|Khed]]), in the [[Pune district]] of the state of [[Maharashtra]], India. The mosque was built by Dilawar Khan, a [[Mughal Empire]] commander, in 1613 [[Common Era|CE]], and the tomb holds his grave. Both the tomb and former mosque are [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monuments of National Importance]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.153598/page/n275/mode/2up |title=History of Medieval Deccan |editor-last=Sherwani |editor-first=Haroon Khan |editor-link=Haroon Khan Sherwani |volume=II |pages=266-267 |editor-last2=Joshi |editor-first2=P. M.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sohoni |first=Pushkar |author-link=Pushkar Sohoni |url= |title=The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India |date= |publisher=I. B. Taurus |year=2018 |isbn= |pages=163-164, 231 |language=en}}</ref> administered by [[Archeological Survey of India]].

==Tomb==
The tomb is built out of stone and lime mortar. The building is square, and with each wall containing two horizontal rows of three recessed arches. The central arch in the lower row and the two side arches in the upper row are minutely [[Multifoil arch|cusped]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burgess |first=Jas |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.536352/page/n105/mode/2up |title=Lists Of The Antiquarian Remains In The Bombay Presidency |date=1885 |pages=86}}</ref>

It is surmounted by a hemispherical dome, placed upon a circular drum. Flat kiosks stand at all four corners of the roof. An inscription over the main entrance records the date of Dilawar Khan's son as {{AH|1022|link=yes}}.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Mosque==
The mosque is located at the western end of the complex. Completed in 1613 CE and built by Nizam Shahi commander Dilawar Khan, the mosque measures {{convert|35|by|28|ft|m|order=flip}}. The [[façade]] contains three [[Multifoil arch|cusped]] arched entrances, with lotus medallions on the [[spandrel]]s, leading into the interior. The interior is divided into three aisles and two [[Bay (architecture)|bays]] by means of pillars with octagonal shafts. It is surmounted by a dome, resting on a very tall square drum.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> {{as of|2020}}, the mosque was in a partial ruinous state.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiamosques.wordpress.com/2020/06/29/dilawar-khan-mosque-rajgurunagar/ |title=Dilawar Khan mosque, Rajgurunagar |work=Mosques of India |date=2020-06-29 |access-date=2025-01-26 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Mumbai circle]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Dilawar Khan's Tomb, Khed}}
* {{commons category-inline|Dilawar Khan's Mosque, Khed}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:17th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pune district]]
[[Category:Dargahs in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1610s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Mughal mosques]]
[[Category:Mughal tombs]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1613]]
[[Category:Tombs in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Mosque ruins in India]]

Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-30T11:40:22Z

Varundigitalmedia: made new info...

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Odisha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Kendrapara {{Small|OD-15}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Odisha/Kendrapara.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Odisha]]
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| electors = 17,95,725{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
| incumbent_image =
| mp = [[Baijayant Panda]]
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| assembly_cons = [[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salipur]] [[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]] [[Patkura Assembly constituency|Patkura]] [[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara]] [[Aul Assembly constituency|Aul]] [[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajanagar]] [[Mahakalapada Assembly constituency|Mahakalapada]]
}}

'''Kendrapara Lok Sabha Constituency''' is one of the 21 [[Lok Sabha]] (Parliamentary) Constituencies in [[Odisha]] state in Eastern [[India]].

== Assembly Segments ==
[[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|Assembly Constituencies]] which constitute this Parliamentary Constituency, after delimitation of Parliamentary Constituencies and Legislative Assembly Constituencies of 2008 are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/odisha/kendrapara/electiondata.aspx|title = Assembly Constituencies under Kendrapara Parliamentary Constituency |access-date=25 March 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|94
|[[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salipur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
|[[Prasanta Behera]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|95
|[[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]]
|[[Sarada Prasad Padhan]]
|{{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|-
|96
|[[Patkura Assembly constituency|Patkura]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]
|[[Arvind Mohapatra]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=4}}
|-
|97
|[[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara]] (SC)
|[[Ganeswar Behera]]
|-
|98
|[[Aul Assembly constituency|Aul]]
|[[Pratap Keshari Deb]]
|-
|99
|[[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajanagar]]
|[[Dhruba Charan Sahoo]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|100
|[[Mahakalapada Assembly constituency|Mahakalapada]]
|[[Durga Prasan Nayak]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

Assembly Constituencies which constituted this Parliamentary Constituency, before delimitation of Parliamentary Constituencies and Legislative Assembly Constituencies of 2008 are:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Orissa
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|access-date=2008-09-20
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304184320/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf
|archive-date=2009-03-04 }}</ref> [[Aul]], [[Pattamundai]], [[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]], [[Kendrapara]], [[Patkura]], Kisannagar and [[Mahanga]].

== Elected members ==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|48.21}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|50.88}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|38.58}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|35.04}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|54.20}}
{{bar percent|1999|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|57.91}}
{{bar percent|1998|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|43.27}}
{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|50.51}}
{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|50.6}}
{{bar percent|1989|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|56.44}}
{{bar percent|1985 (bypoll)|{{party color|Janata Party}}|65.60}}
{{bar percent|1984|{{party color|Janata Party}}|50.14}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}|43.04}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}|68.64}}
{{bar percent|1971|{{party color|Utkal Congress}}|34.78}}
}}

Since its formation in 1952, 19 elections have been held till date including one bypoll in 1985. It was a two member constituency in 1957.

Elected members from the Kendrapara constituency are:<ref>{{cite web|title=Kendrapara Lok Sabha (General) Elections Result|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/parliamentary-constituencies/kendrapara.html|access-date=25 March 2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Nityanand Kanungo]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|[[Surendranath Dwivedy]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=4|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|Baishnab Charan Mallick
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Surendranath Dwivedy]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Surendra Mohanty]]
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Biju Patnaik]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Party}}
|-
|1985 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of [[Biju Patnaik]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC Bye Election: Kendrapara 1985 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/pc/byeDetail/275 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|[[Sarat Kumar Deb]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rabi Ray]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Srikant Kumar Jena]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Prabhat Kumar Samantaray]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=6|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Archana Nayak]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Kendrapara 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=15&pcname=Kendrapara&submit= |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Baijayant Panda]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Kendrapara 2019 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=17&pcname=Kendrapara&submit= |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|[[Anubhav Mohanty]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election in Odisha|2024]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Kendrapara lok sabha election results 2024: Kendrapara Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/odisha/kendrapara-constituency-result-18515 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Baijayant Panda]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1 June 2024 in 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Baijayant Panda]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Anshuman Mohanty]] by a margin of 66,536 votes.<ref name=":3" />

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Kendrapara]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Baijayant Panda]]
|votes = 6,15,705
|percentage = 48.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Anshuman Mohanty]]
|votes = 5,49,169
|percentage = 43.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sidharth Swarup Das
|votes = 94,832
|percentage = 7.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 5,815
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 66,536
|percentage = 5.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,83,464
|percentage = 71.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Anubhav Mohanty]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Baijayant Panda]] by a margin of 1,52,584 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Kendrapara]]<ref name="FP Par Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates (Phase-IV) (PC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase4/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%284th%20Phase-PC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2019 candidate list for Odisha |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019-candidate-list-for-odisha/articleshow/68686594.cms |access-date=18 April 2019 |work=Business Insider India |archive-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410080632/https://www.businessinsider.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019-candidate-list-for-odisha/articleshow/68686594.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Anubhav Mohanty]]
|votes = 6,28,939
|percentage = 50.87
|change = {{decrease}}1.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Baijayant Panda]]
|votes = 4,47,456
|percentage = 38.53
|change = {{increase}}28.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dharanidhar Nayak
|votes = 1,13,841
|percentage = 9.21
|change = {{decrease}}25.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rabindra Nath Behera
|votes = 5,138
|percentage = 0.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = KP
|candidate = Srikanta Samal
|votes = 1,868
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Santosh Kumar Das
|votes = 1,456
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Santosh Kumar Patra
|votes = 2,281
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 6,588
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,52,584
|percentage = 12.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,38,488
|percentage = 72.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|swing = {{decrease}}13.14
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Baijayant Panda]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Dharanidhar Nayak by a margin of 2,09,108 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Odisha Result Status|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/statewiseS18.htm?st=S18|publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA|access-date=31 May 2014|archive-date=28 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528011759/http://eciresults.nic.in/statewiseS18.htm?st=S18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Kendrapara]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3631-orissa-2014/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2014 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha Election 2014 - Orissa, Constituency: Aska (19)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/Pconstituency.aspx?eid=987&cid=15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917041233/http://empoweringindia.org/new/Pconstituency.aspx?eid=987&cid=15|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 September 2017|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|access-date=31 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Baijayant Panda]]
|votes = 6,01,574
|percentage = 52.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dharanidhar Nayak
|votes = 3,92,466
|percentage = 34.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bishnu Prasad Das
|votes = 1,18,707
|percentage = 10.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sk. Faruk
|votes = 6,199
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pramod Sahu
|votes = 6,193
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Md. Samim Aktar
|votes = 6,029
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sukumar Mallick
|votes = 2,221
|percentage = 0.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 7,610
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,09,108
|percentage = 18.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,37,607
|percentage = 73.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 15,55,444
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Baijayant Panda]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Ranjib Biswal]] by a margin of 1,27,107 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Kendrapara]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Baijayant Panda]]
|votes = 5,02,635
|percentage = 35.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ranjib Biswal]]
|votes = 3,75,528
|percentage = 26.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jnandev Beura
|votes = 80,392
|percentage = 5.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,27,107
|percentage = 12.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,83,010
|percentage = 68.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Odisha}}
{{Odisha elections}}
{{coord |20.497667|86.424726|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Odisha]]
[[Category:Kendrapara district]]
[[Category:Cuttack district]]

Eric Miéville

2026-03-27T18:26:12Z

Varundigitalmedia: Added New Details

{{Short description|British civil servant (1896–1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2016}}
[[File:Eric Miéville in 1948.jpg|thumb|Miéville in 1948]]

'''Sir Eric Charles Miéville''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCIE|KCVO|CSI|CMG}} (31 January 1896 – 16 September 1971) was a senior [[United Kingdom|British]] civil servant who served as Assistant Private Secretary to [[George VI]] from 1937 to 1945, and who also served as Private Secretary to several Governors-General of India and Canada.<ref name="times">{{cite news |title=Obituary: Sir Eric Miéville – Assistant Private Secretary to King George VI |work=[[The Times]] |page=14 |date=17 September 1971 }}</ref>

==Early life and family==
Eric Charles Miéville was born in [[Acton, London|Acton]], [[London]], England, the youngest son of Charles Ernest Miéville (1858–1940), a stockbroker and [[estate agent]], and Alice Huleat Garcia Bampfield (1864–1934).<ref>''1911 England Census''</ref> The Miéville family is Swiss in origin, descending from [[Yverdon-les-Bains]]. His uncle was the author Sir [[Walter Miéville]]. He was educated at [[St Paul's School, London|St Paul's School]]. In the First World War, he served with the [[Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment]], rising to the rank of Second Lieutenant, but was honourably discharged with a [[Silver War Badge]].<ref>''UK, Silver War Badge Records, 1914-1920''</ref>

==Career==
===China===
Miéville joined the Far Eastern Consular Service in 1919 as a [[student interpreter]] of [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. From 1920 to 1927, he served as a [[private secretary]] and local [[vice-consul]] to successive British Ministers in [[Beijing|Peking]].<ref name="times"/>

===Canada and India===
In 1927, Miéville was appointed secretary to the [[Governor General of Canada]], [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon]], in which capacity he served until the end of Lord Willingdon's tenure in 1931. Subsequently, he accompanied Freeman-Thomas to India upon his appointment as [[Governor-General of India]] and continued to serve as his secretary until the latter's retirement in 1936. From 1935 to 1936, he concurrently served as secretary on the Viceroy's Executive Council, and for his service was appointed Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]].<ref name="times"/>

===Assistant Private Secretary to George VI===
On 20 July 1936, Miéville was appointed Assistant Private Secretary to the Duke of York, succeeding [[Harold Campbell (courtier)|Harold Campbell]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34306 |date=20 July 1936 |supp=y |page=4668}}</ref> Following the [[abdication of Edward VIII]], he continued his service to the now-[[George VI]] until 1945. He resigned his position that year in favour of the private sector. He was elected to serve in various directorships, including as director of [[Westminster Bank]].<ref name="times"/>

===Return to India===
In the spring of 1947, [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]] requested Miéville return to India along with [[Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay|General Ismay]] to assist him during the crucial period leading up to the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence of India]]. Miéville reportedly did not hesitate, and left England in April 1947 to serve as private secretary to Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India, and as such played a minor role in the preparations of the [[partition of India]] in August. He was promoted to a Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (GCIE) in 1947, becoming one of the final recipients of the order.

{{Pull quote|text=Miéville's knowledge of the world and his experience of affairs made him a valuable member of a board of directors and this was recognized in many quarters. His understanding of people and his cheerful and sympathetic personality enabled him to contribute much to the handling of staff matters. He was a man of many and lasting friendships, which included conspicuously those with the distinguished personalities whom he had served so well and always so devotedly. |author=Obituary of Sir Eric Miéville |source=''[[The Times]]'', 17 September 1971<ref name="times"/>}}

==Personal and later life==
While posted in China, he married Dorothy Haslock on 7 March 1922.<ref>''UK, Foreign and Overseas Registers of British Subjects, 1628-1969'' for Eric Charles Mieville</ref>

Following his return from India in August 1947, Miéville rejoined the private sector. He was appointed director of numerous groups, including the Amalgamated Tin Mines of Nigeria in 1956<ref>{{cite news |title=Business changes |work=[[The Times]] |page=11 |date=17 November 1956}}</ref> and the London Tin Corporation in 1957.<ref>{{cite news |title=Business changes |work=[[The Times]] |page=12 |date=16 March 1957 }}</ref> In 1949, he was appointed to a Royal Commission on lotteries.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=38601 |date=3 May 1949 |supp= |page=2179}}</ref>

He died in [[Midhurst]], aged 75.<ref name="times"/>

==Honours==
*Companion of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (CMG), [[1930 New Year Honours|1930]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33566 |date=31 December 1929 |supp=y |page=4}}</ref>
*Companion of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (CSI), [[1933 Birthday Honours|1933]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33946 |date=2 June 1933 |supp=y |page=3803}}</ref>
*Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE), [[1936 New Year Honours|1936]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34238 |date=31 December 1935 |supp=y |page=6}}</ref>
*Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE), [[1948 New Year Honours|1948]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=38161 |date=30 December 1947 |supp=y |page=7}}</ref>
*Knight Commander of the [[Royal Victorian Order]] (KCVO), [[1943 Birthday Honours|1943]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=36033 |date=28 May 1943 |supp=y |page=2423}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U157543 MIEVILLE, Sir Eric Charles], ''Who Was Who'', A & C Black, 1920–2016 (online edition, Oxford University Press, 2014)

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mieville, Eric}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:English people of Swiss descent]]
[[Category:British civil servants]]
[[Category:People from Acton, London]]
[[Category:People educated at St Paul's School, London]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]]

Shree Shyam Mandir, Ghusuri

2026-03-25T09:16:38Z

Varundigitalmedia: Starting initial entry w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Temple in Howrah}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2022}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Shree Shyam Mandir, Ghusuri}}
'''Shree Shyam Mandir, Dhusuri''' is a temple located in [[Howrah]], one of the main trade hubs in the Indian city of [[Kolkata]]. Ghusuri Dham is the biggest [[Khatushyam|Khatu Shyam]] Temple in Eastern Region of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=মহামরীর আবহে রংহীন জন্মাষ্টমী, প্রায় ভক্তশূণ্য ঘুসুড়ি ধাম|url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/video/astrology/due-to-covid-19-celebrate-restricted-janmashtami-in-ghusuridham-at-howrah-bdd-qey3xr|access-date=2020-11-01|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=bn}}</ref>
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Shree Shyam Mandir, Ghusuri|state=West Bengal|country=India|creator=Shree Shyam Satsang Mandal|location=Ghusuri, Howrah|image=}}

== Brief history ==
The temple was built by Shree Shyam Satsang Mandal, Ghusuridham with the help and support of Shyam Bhakts in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shree Shyam Mandir Ghusuridham|url=https://www.facebook.com/ghusuridham/|access-date=2020-11-01|website=www.facebook.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Opening times ==
The temple remains open from 6:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. and 4:00 pm to 9:00 p.m.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shree Shyam Mandir Ghusuri Dham (श्री श्याम मंदिर घसुरी धाम)|url=https://shreeshyammandir.com/ghusuri-dham/|access-date=2020-11-01|website=Shree Shyam Mandir|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shree Shyam_Mandir, Ghusuridham}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in West Bengal]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

Satpal Tanwar

2026-03-24T05:41:55Z

Varundigitalmedia: Starting new article w/ infobox

{{short description|Activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Satpal Tanwar
| office = National President of [[Bhim Sena]]
| term_start = 1 October 2010
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ur
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|10|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Social activist
| spouse = Nisha Tanwar
| relatives =
| children =
| awards =
| signature =
}}

'''Satpal Tanwar''' (born 29 October 1984) is an Indian social activist, and the founder and National President of [[Bhim Sena]].

==Career==
Tanwar is the founder and national president of [[Bhim Sena]] (All India [[Ambedkar]] Army). Bhim Sena was founded by Tanwar in 2010 and he was the key person in organising 2017 protests at Jantar Mantar regarding inaction in the Saharanpur violence case. He was support to Bhim Army in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. P. N. |date=2017-05-23 |title=Violence returns to Saharanpur in Mayawati shadow, Bhim Army looks to grow |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203191841/http://www.apnlive.com/violence-returns-saharanpur-mayawati-shadow-bhim-army-looks-grow/ |archive-date=2020-12-03 |url=https://www.apnlive.com/violence-returns-saharanpur-mayawati-shadow-bhim-army-looks-grow/ |access-date=2020-10-12 |website=APN Live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sister, mother take stage |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/sister-mother-take-stage/cid/1520600 |access-date=2020-10-12 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

He took part in the [[April 2018 caste protests in India|April 2018 caste protests]] and organised members of Bhim Sena at Kamla Nehru Park in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Ashok|date=2018-04-03|title=Bharat bandh protests hit rail, road traffic in NCR|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/bharat-bandh-protests-hit-rail-road-traffic-in-ncr/article23421437.ece|access-date=2020-10-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2020, he organised a protest against the [[2020 Hathras gang rape and murder|Hathras gangrape]] case at Gurgaon, allying with other Dalit organizations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Global Tribune|date=2020-10-03|title=Congress To Hold Nationwide Campaign Over Hathras Gang-Rape Case, Opposing Yogi Govt|url=https://globaltribune.in/congress-hold-nationwide-campaign-over-hathras-gang-rape-case-opposing-yogi-govt/|access-date=2020-10-12|website=Global Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref>

Tanwar protested at the national level against the decision of classification in reservation given by the Supreme Court on 1 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Clarion |date=2024-08-05 |title=Dalit Parties Call for August 21 Bandh Against SC Verdict on Quota Sub-Categorisation |url=https://clarionindia.net/bahujan-parties-call-for-august-21-bandh-against-sc-verdict-on-quota-sub-categorisation/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=Clarion India |language=en-US}}</ref> To protest the decision of division in reservation of Scheduled Castes / Tribes, he announced a nationwide Bharat Bandh on 21 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Geetha Sunil |date=2024-08-03 |title=Bahujan Communities Announce Bharat Bandh on August 21 in Protest of Supreme Court's SC/ST Sub-Classification Ruling |url=https://en.themooknayak.com/society/bahujan-communities-announce-bharat-bandh-on-august-21-in-protest-of-supreme-courts-scst-sub-classification-ruling |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=The Mooknayak English - Voice Of The Voiceless |language=en}}</ref> After this call of Tanwar, many Dalit social organizations and political parties supported the Bharat Bandh of Bhim Sena.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Opposition Parties Support Dalit, Adivasi Organisations' Call for Bharat Bandh Over SC Judgment |url=https://thewire.in/rights/opposition-parties-support-dalit-adivasi-organisations-call-for-bharat-bandh-over-sc-judgment |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> After this, more than 28 lakh workers of Bhim Sena along with other Dalit social organizations successfully organized Bharat Bandh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-21 |title=Bharat Bandh highlights: Largely peaceful protests with sporadic incidents of violence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bharat-bandh-2024-nationwide-shutdown-live-updates-august-21/article68549326.ece |access-date=2024-10-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
Tanwar filed a case under the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|SC/ST Act]] against Haryanvi dancer Sapna Chaudhary for allegedly degrading the [[Dalit]] community in one of the folk ragni songs. She attempted suicide after the case in 2016, blaming Tanwar for running online propaganda against her. Later on the case against her was cancelled and he was booked for abetment.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Sep 6, 2016|title=Activist booked for Haryanvi singer's suicide attempt {{!}} Gurgaon News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Activist-booked-for-Haryanvi-singers-suicide-attempt/articleshow/54022290.cms|access-date=2020-10-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-06|title=Row over 'anti-Dalit' song: Day after singer Sapna Choudhary's suicide bid, charges and counter-charges|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/row-over-anti-dalit-song-day-after-singer-sapna-choudharys-suicide-bid-charges-and-counter-charges-3015764/|access-date=2020-10-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

He was then attacked by a group of unknown men (alleged supporters of Sapna) late at night.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-17|title=Gurgaon: Activist who filed case against Haryanvi singer 'attacked'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/gurgaon-activist-who-filed-case-against-haryanvi-singer-attacked/story-3GnDh7qdX5G3Mt1aVbqHjN.html|access-date=2020-10-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Later an Indian Army soldier was caught threatening him over the phone for drawing back the case.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soldier arrested for threatening Dalit activist over police case {{!}} All India Exservicemen Joint Action Front (Sanjha Morcha)| date=8 December 2016 |url=http://www.sanjhamorcha.com/?p=12774|access-date=2020-10-12}}</ref>

Tanwar landed in controversy again in 2022 for his misogynistic and derogatory remarks against [[Nupur Sharma (politician)|Nupur Sharma]], for her alleged blasphemous comments made during a television debate. He went on to offer 1 crore rupees to whoever severs her tongue and bring it to him. He claimed that she deserves to be hanged, which eventually got his Twitter account suspended.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-06-09 |title='नूपुर शर्मा की जुबान काटकर लाने वाले को 1 करोड़,' भीम सेना चीफ ने की विवादित टिप्पणी |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/prophet-mohamamd-row-1-crore-to-the-one-who-cut-off-nupur-sharma-tongue-bhim-army-chief-nawab-satpal-tanwar-made-controversial-remarks-2141992 |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> He was arrested, but later released on bail.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-21 |title=Court grants bail to Bhim Sena Chief arrested for threatening Nupur Sharma |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/court-bail-bhim-sena-chief-arrested-threatening-nupur-sharma-7980048/ |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ambedkarism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanwar, Satpal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:People from Gurgaon]]

Nepali Congress

2026-03-13T02:57:22Z

Varundigitalmedia: updated

{{Short description|Social democratic political party in Nepal}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Nepal Congress
| flag = Nepali Congress flag.svg{{!}}border
| logo = Nepalese Election Symbol Tree Green.svg
| logo_size = 100
| colorcode = {{party color|Nepali Congress}}
| president = [[Gagan Kumar Thapa]]<ref>{{cite web |title=नेपाली कांग्रेसको गगन–विश्व समूहलाई निर्वाचन आयोगको मान्यता |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2026/01/1850185/election-commission-recognizes-nepali-congress-gagan-bishwa-group |website=Online Khabar}}</ref>
| presidium = Central Working Committee
| leader2_title = Vice-president
| leader2_name = [[Bishwa Prakash Sharma]], [[Pushpa Bhusal]]
| leader3_title = General secretary
| leader3_name = [[Pradip Paudel]] [[Gururaj Ghimire]]<ref>https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2026/01/14/congress-central-committee-suspends-gagan-thapa-and-bishwa-sharma-for-five-years</ref>
| ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap|
|[[Social democracy]]
|[[Democratic socialism]]{{refn|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rishi |date=12 August 2006 |title=NC-NC (D) unity should spur change: Poudel |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nc-nc-d-unity-should-spur-change-poudel |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2022 |title=BP Koirala's socialism: What Nepal needs now for the dream to materialise |work=OnlineKhabar |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/bp-koirala-socialism-nepal.html |access-date=4 August 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="history">[http://www.nepalicongress.org/files/introduction.php "Nepali Congress, An Introduction"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208031552/http://www.nepalicongress.org/files/introduction.php|date=8 February 2011}}. Nepali Congress. Retrieved 14 July 2021.</ref>}}
|[[Third way]]{{refn|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=How to save the Nepali Congress from itself - Katmandu Journal |url=https://katmandujournal.com/2025/06/05/the-greatest-threat-to-nepali-congress/ |access-date=2026-01-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Opinion {{!}} Deuba’s moment to shine |url=https://kathmandupost.com/columns/2022/11/30/deuba-s-moment-to-shine |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>}}
}}
| headquarters = B.P. Smriti Bhawan, B.P. Nagar, [[Lalitpur, Nepal|Lalitpur]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Contacts|url=http://www.nepalicongress.org/index.php?linkId=66|website=Nepali Congress|access-date=8 June 2017}}</ref>
| think_tank = Policy Research and Training Centre<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/diaspora/465041-1614152123.html | title=१६ देशमा कांग्रेस केन्द्रीय नीति अनुसन्धान तथा प्रशिक्षण प्रतिष्ठान विस्तार }}</ref>
| regional = [[Network of Social Democracy in Asia]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://socdemasia.com/about | title=About }}</ref>
| international = [[Socialist International]] [[Progressive Alliance (political international)|Progressive Alliance]]
| membership_year = December 2021
| membership = {{increase}} 870,106<ref>{{Cite web |title=कांग्रेसले महाधिवेशन सकिएको चार महिनामै खुलायो सदस्यता |url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/03/30/16486284874622145.html |access-date=2 April 2022 |website=ekantipur.com |language=ne}}</ref>
| website = {{url|nepalicongress.org}}
| country = Nepal
| abbreviation = NC
| native_name = नेपाली कांग्रेस Nēpālī kāṅgrēs
| leader4_title = Joint general secretary
| leader4_name = [[Udaya Shumsher Rana]] [[Yogendra Chaudhary]] [[Dila Sangraula]] [[Prakash Rasaili]] [[Bahadur Singh Lama]] [[Farmullah Mansoor]] [[Karna Bahadur Budha]]
| leader5_title = Spokesperson
| leader5_name = [[Devraj Chalise]]
| founder = [[BP Koirala|B. P. Koirala]] and others
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1950|04|09}}
| merger = {{hlist|[[Nepali National Congress|National Congress]]|[[Nepal Democratic Congress|Democratic Congress]]}}
| student_wing = [[Nepal Student Union]]
| youth_wing = [[Nepal Tarun Dal]]
| womens_wing = [[Nepal Woman Association]]
| wing1_title = Labour wing
| wing1 = [[Nepal Trade Union Congress]]
| wing2_title = Peasant's wing
| wing2 = [[Nepal Farmers Association]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=नेपाल किसान संघ,काभ्रे |url=http://www.nepalicongresskavre.org.np/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125032056/http://www.nepalicongresskavre.org.np/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87/ |archive-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>
| position = [[Centrism|Centre]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2013 |title=Nepali Congress wins most votes in elections |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25135595 |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> to [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Gopal|title=Nepali Congress leader Deuba elected PM for fourth time|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nepal-politics/nepali-congress-leader-deuba-elected-pm-for-fourth-time-idUSKBN18X1ZY|work=Reuters|access-date=12 January 2018|date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
| seats1_title = [[Election Commission (Nepal)|ECN]] Status
| seats1 = [[List of political parties in Nepal#National parties|National Party {{small|(2nd largest)}}]]
| seats2_title = [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]]
| seats2 = {{composition bar|38|275|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
| seats3_title = [[National Assembly (Nepal)|National Assembly]]
| seats3 = {{composition bar|24|59|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
| seats4_title = [[Provincial Assembly (Nepal)|Provincial Assemblies]]
| seats4 = {{composition bar|176|550|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
| seats5_title = [[Chief minister (Nepal)|Chief Ministers]]
| seats5 = {{composition bar|4|7|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
| seats6_title = [[List of mayors of municipalities in Nepal|Mayors]]/[[List of chairpersons of rural municipalities in Nepal|Chairs]]
| seats6 = {{composition bar|333|753|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
| seats7_title = [[Local government in Nepal|Councillors]]
| seats7 = {{composition bar|13730|35011|hex={{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
| symbol = {{Nepali Congress/meta/symbol|size=100px{{!}}class=skin-invert}}
| colours = {{colorbox|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}} [[Green]], {{colorbox|#e52c1a}}. [[Red]]
}}
{{Nepali Congress sidebar}}

The '''Nepali Congress''' ('''NC'''; {{langx|ne|नेपाली कांग्रेस}} {{IPA|ne|neˈpali ˈkaŋres|}}), colloquially known as the '''Congress Party''', or simply the '''Congress''', is a [[Social democracy|social democratic]] [[List of political parties in Nepal|political party in Nepal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Prachanda back in government, Nepali Congress in opposition|url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Kathmandu:-Prachanda-back-in-government,-Nepali-Congress-in-opposition-57398.html|website=PIME AsiaNews|access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref> With 870,106 members as of the party's [[14th general convention of Nepali Congress|14th general convention]] in December 2021, it stands as largest party by membership in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=कांग्रेसले महाधिवेशन सकिएको चार महिनामै खुलायो सदस्यता |url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/03/30/16486284874622145.html |access-date=2 April 2022 |website=ekantipur.com |language=ne}}</ref><ref name="members">{{Cite news |last=Adhikari |first=Ashok |date=8 December 2021 |title=जनाधार बलियो बनाउँदै दल |trans-title=Parties strengthening base |pages=1 |work=Gorkhapatra |location=Nepal |type= |url=https://beta.gorkhapatraonline.com/viewer?file=https://beta.gorkhapatraonline.com/ArchiveNewsFile/61aff9d050832_gopa_pdf.pdf |access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref> In June 2023, the party started online membership since the emergence of youth leaders in vital posts to attract youths to the party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=असार १ देखि कांग्रेसको नयाँ सदस्य र नवीकरण अनलाइनमार्फत भर्न सकिने |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2023/06/1319559 |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=Online Khabar |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अनलाइनबाट नेपाली कांग्रेसको साधारण सदस्य बन्न सकिने |url=https://techpana.com/2023/142902/nepali-congress-general-membershio-through-online |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=Techpana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=डिजिटल बन्दै कांग्रेस : ५ लाख सदस्यता अनलाइन इन्ट्री |url=https://www.news24nepal.tv/?p=763235 |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=News24 : Premium News Channel |language=en}}</ref> The party remained the only among older parties to complete generation transition in leadership electing [[Gagan Thapa]] as party president.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 March 2016 |title=Sher Bahadur Deuba elected Nepali Congress president |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/sher-bahadur-deuba-elected-nepali-congress-president |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deuba assigns Khadka as acting Nepali Congress president |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2025/10/14/deuba-assigns-khadka-as-acting-nepali-congress-president |access-date=18 October 2025 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission recognises Gagan Thapa-led Nepali Congress |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2026/01/16/election-commission-recognises-gagan-thapa-led-nepali-congress |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> The party had won 38 seats in the [[2026 Nepalese general election|2026 general election]] and remaines as the largest parliamentary opposition group in the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]].

There have been seven Nepali Congress prime ministers and the party has led the government fourteen times.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Previous Election Facts and Figures |url=http://www.election.gov.np/EN/prevelection.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021001831/http://www.election.gov.np/EN/prevelection.html |archive-date=21 October 2008 |access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref> [[Matrika Prasad Koirala]], a founding member of the party was appointed as the first commoner prime minister following the end of the Rana regime in [[M.P. Koirala cabinet, 1951|1951]]. [[Subarna Shamsher Rana|Subarna Shumsher Rana]], another founding member of the party was appointed prime minister in 1958. Congress is the only party in Nepal to have been elected with a majority, with the party forming majority governments in [[1959 Nepalese general election|1959]], [[1991 Nepalese general election|1991]] and [[1999 Nepalese general election|1999]] under [[B.P. Koirala]], [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] and [[K.P. Bhattarai]] respectively with B.P. Koirala becoming the first elected prime minister of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 October 2008|title=Previous Election Facts and Figures|url=http://www.election.gov.np/EN/prevelection.html|access-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021001831/http://www.election.gov.np/EN/prevelection.html|archive-date=21 October 2008}}</ref> The party also formed coalition governments in 1995 and 1998 with [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] and [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] as prime ministers. The party emerged as the largest party following the [[2013 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2013 Constituent Assembly elections]] and led a [[Koirala cabinet, 2013|coalition government]] under [[Sushil Koirala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sovereign people make CA polls historic |url=http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=64849 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232450/http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=64849 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=5 August 2021}}</ref> After the promulgation of the constitution in 2015, the party led coalition governments under Deuba in [[Deuba cabinet, 2017|2017]] and [[Fifth Deuba Cabinet, 2021|2021]].

The party was formed in 1950 by the merger of the Nepali National Congress and the Nepal Democratic Congress along democratic socialist lines. NC prime ministers led four governments between the fall of the [[Rana dynasty]] and the start of the [[Panchayat (Nepal)|Panchayat era]], including the first democratically elected government of Nepal, after the [[1959 Nepalese general election|1959 general election]].<ref name="history"/>

== Background ==
{{See also|Nepali National Congress|Nepal Democratic Congress}}
In 1947, [[Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala]], published an appeal for a unified struggle of Nepali people against the [[Rana regime]]. That same year, some Nepalese met in [[Varanasi|Benaras]] and formed an organization by the name All Indian Nepali National Congress ({{langx|ne| भारतीय नेपाली राष्ट्रिय कांग्रेस}}) where an ''ad-hoc'' committee was established. The initial officers were chairman Devi Prasad Sapkota, vice-president Balchandra Sharma, general secretary [[Krishna Prasad Bhattarai]], and public minister Gopal Prasad Bhattarai, publicity minister. Its Working Committee included Batuk Prasad Bhattarai, Narayan Prasad Bhattarai, and Narendra Regmi, while its coordinator was Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala.<ref name="Adhikari 2002">{{cite book|last=Adhikari|first=Surya Mani|title=Nepali Congress ko Itihas|publisher=Bhudi Puran Prakashan|year=2002|isbn=978-99933-44-65-0|location=Kathmandu|pages=31–34}}</ref>

Around the same time, Nepalese located in [[Calcutta]] formed another organization by the name All Indian Nepali Gorkha Congress ({{langx|ne|अखिल भारतीय गोर्खा कांग्रेस}}) whose chairman was Dharma Narayan Pradhan. Koirala travelled extensively to places such as Benaras, Calcutta, [[Darjeeling]], Assam, [[Bhagsu]], and [[Dehradun]], and established contact with the Nepalese there. He met with [[Ganesh Man Singh]] during the same period. Nepalese representatives from different areas of Nepal and India organized one session in Calcutta. Koirala, [[Dilli Raman Regmi]], Dharma Narayan Pradhan, and Dhan Man Singh Pariyar were present. In the same session, dropping ''Akhil Bharatiya'' from its name, the organization was named Nepali National Congress. [[Tanka Prasad Acharya]], who was facing a life-sentence in [[Kathmandu]], was made its chairman. The flag was square-shaped with white, blue, and red colors in succession, with the moon and the sun in its center.<ref name="Adhikari 2002"/>

The major four proposals passed by the session were to assist Indians in their independence movement, support Vietnam struggling for freedom against French colonization, ask for the immediate release of imprisoned members of the [[Nepal Praja Parishad]], and initiate a [[Nonviolence|non-violence]] movement in Nepal for the establishment of an accountable ruling system. The organization's ''[[modus operandi]]'' was chosen, and attached itself to the civil conscience process in Nepal by establishing Tanka Prasad Acharya as its chairman.<ref name="Adhikari 2002"/>

== History ==
=== Nepali Congress formation, 1946–1950 ===
The Nepali Congress Party was formed by the merger of Nepali National Congress and Nepal Democratic Congress. The Nepali National Congress was founded by [[BP Koirala]] in [[Calcutta]], [[India]] on 25 January 1947. The Nepal Democratic Congress was founded by [[Subarna Shamsher Rana]] in Calcutta on 4 August 1948.

While returning from treatment from Mumbai, National Congress president B.P. Koirala met [[Surya Prasad Upadhyaya]] in Calcutta. Koirala also later met Subarna to propose a unification between their two parties. The two parties merged on 10 April 1950 to form the Nepali Congress. The unification was held at a movie theatre owned by Mahabir Shamsher Rana. [[Matrika Prasad Koirala]] became the first president of the unified party and Mahendra Bikram Shah was appointed as the general secretary.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Self-determination & constitution making in Nepal : constituent assembly, inclusion, & ethnic federalism|last=Surendra|first=Bhandari|isbn=9789812870056|oclc=879347997|date = 28 April 2014|publisher=Springer }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=नेपाली कांग्रेस : स्थापनाको ७५ वर्ष, १३ महाधिवेशन, आठ जनाको नेतृत्व |url=https://www.makalukhabar.com/2021/12/99977142630/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Makalu Khabar : makalukhabar.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The party also called for an armed revolution against the [[Rana regime]].

During the Bairgania Conference in [[Bairgania]], [[Bihar]], on 27 September 1950 the Nepali Congress announced an armed revolution against the [[Rana regime]]. The president of the party also announced the liquidation of operations in India and declared that the party would operate only inside Nepal.<ref name=":0" />

After King [[Tribhuvan of Nepal|Tribhuvan]] took refuge inside the Indian Embassy on 6 November 1950. The Congress Liberation Army decided to take this opportunity to launch attacks against the regime before the King "left Nepalese soil". Matrika and Bisheshwor Prasad Koirala and [[Subarna Shamsher Rana]] flew to [[Purnia]], Bihar. They called the commanders posted at different locations inside Nepal to prepare for armed strikes near the [[Nepal-India border]].<ref name=":0"/>

On 11 November 1950, at midnight [[Birgunj]] was attacked, and by 12 November it fell to the Nepali Congress and the first "People's Government" was declared.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/printedition/news/2014-12-20/remembering-the-revolution.html|title=Remembering the revolution|access-date=24 June 2017|language=en}}</ref> The liberation army was able to control most of the eastern hills of Nepal and the town of [[Tansen, Nepal|Tansen]] in [[Palpa District|Palpa]]. After pressure by the [[Indian government]] and the mass movement by the Nepali Congress and other political parties, the [[Rana dynasty|Rana government]] finally submitted to their demands and King Tribhuvan returned to the throne, replacing [[King Gyanendra]], who had been crowned king after King Tribhuvan left for India.

[[File:Nepali Congress 1951.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Nepali Congress leaders meeting [[King Tribhuvan]]]]

=== Transitional government, 1951–1959 ===
After the fall of the Rana government, the party joined a [[Mohan SJB Rana cabinet, 1951|government]] under [[Mohan Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana|Mohan SJB Rana]] with [[B. P. Koirala|B.P. Koirala]], [[Subarna Shamsher Rana]], [[Ganesh Man Singh]], [[Bhadrakali Mishra]] and Bharat Mani Sharma serving as ministers. The Rana–Congress government was dissolved after ten months. [[Matrika Prasad Koirala|Matrika Prasdad Koirala]] was appointed as prime minister in November 1951 becoming the first commoner to assume the role.

The party held its fifth general convention in [[Janakpurdham]] in May 1952. B.P. Koirala was elected as party president, and Dhanman Singh Pariyar and Rajeshwar Prasad Upadhyaya were elected as general secretaries.<ref name=":5" />

The party asked Matrika to resign as prime minister on July 1952, but Matrika along with [[Naradmuni Thulung]], Mahabir Shamsher and Mahendra Bikram Shah resigned from the central working committee instead. The party then moved to remove them as members. [[Bhadrakali Mishra]] formed the [[Nepali Jan Congress|Nepali Jana Congress]] and Balchandra Sharma, [[Kedar Man Vyathit|Kedarman Vyathit]] and Bharatmani Sharma formed Nepali Congress Leftist in response to the move. On April 1953, Matrika formed the [[Rastriya Praja Party]] under his leadership.<ref name=":5" />

The party held its sixth general convention in [[Birgunj]] in January 1956. The convention formally adopted [[socialism]] as the guiding principle of the party. [[Subarna Shamsher Rana|Subarna Shamsher]] was elected as party president defeating [[Ganesh Man Singh]] for the post. [[Bishwa Bandhu Thapa]] and [[Tulsi Giri]] were elected as general secretaries by the convention. Later in September of the year, [[Rastriya Praja Party]] reunified with the party. Subarna resigned as president and on May 1957, a special general convention was held in [[Biratnagar]] that elected B.P. Koirala as party president with Thapa and Giri re-elected as general secretaries.<ref name=":5" />

[[Subarna Shamsher Rana]] was appointed as chairman of an all-party interim cabinet in May 1958 to hold the first general election in the country. The much delayed elections were finally held in [[1959 Nepalese general election|February 1959]]. Nepali Congress won 74 seats in the 109 member [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]]. Party president [[Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala]] became the first democratically elected prime minister of Nepal.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Routledge handbook of South Asian politics: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal|last=Brass|first=Paul R.|isbn=9780415716499|oclc=843078091|date = 6 August 2013|publisher=Routledge }}</ref> [[Krishna Prasad Bhattarai]] from the party was also elected as the first speaker of the parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |title='चक्रव्यूह'मा सभामुख, किन हुन्छ काण्डैकाण्ड ? |url=https://www.janatasamachar.com/2020/01/163292 |access-date=2020-06-18 |website=Janata Samachar |language=Nepali}}</ref>

In May 1960, the party held its sevent general convetion. B.P. Koirala was again elected as party president, deafeating his challenger Bhudev Rai. Shreebhadra Sharma and Tripurbarsingh Pradhan were elected as sgeneral secretaries.<ref name=":5" />

=== Panchayat government, 1960–1990 ===
Following a royal coup by [[Mahendra of Nepal|King Mahendra]] in 1960, many leaders of the party, including Koirala and General Secretary [[Hora Prasad Joshi]], were imprisoned or exiled; others took political refuge in India. Subarna Shamsher who had gone to Kolkata for medical treatment, organized a special gathering where leaders of [[Nepal Rashtrabadi Gorkha Parishad|Nepal Rastrabadi Gorkha Parishad]], [[Nepal Praja Parishad]], [[Samyukta Prajatantra Party]] and Terai Congress joined the party. Subarna was elected as acting president, and the party announced an armed revolution to restore the parliament.<ref name=":5" />

Although political parties were prohibited from 1960 to 1989 and remained outlawed during the [[Panchayat (Nepal)|Panchayat]] system under the aegis of the Associations and Organizations (Control) Act of 1963, the Nepali Congress persisted. The party placed great emphasis on eliminating the feudal economy and building a basis for socioeconomic development. It proposed [[Nationalization|nationalizing]] basic industries and instituting [[progressive taxes]] on land, urban housing, salaries, profits and foreign investments. While in exile, the Nepali Congress served as the nucleus around which other opposition groups clustered and instigated popular uprisings in the Hill and [[Terai]] regions. During this time, the Nepali Congress refused the overtures of a radical faction of the [[Communist Party of Nepal]] for a tactical alliance.

The Nepali Congress demonstrated endurance, but defection, factionalism, and external pressures weakened it over time. Nevertheless, it continued to be the only organized party to press for democratization. In the [[1980 Nepalese governmental system referendum|1980 government system referendum]], it supported the [[Multi-party system|multiparty system]] in opposition to the panchayat system. The party boycotted the [[1981 Nepalese general election|1981 general election]] and rejected the new government. The death in 1982 of Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala further weakened the party.

After the party boycotted the [[1986 Nepalese general election|1986 general election]] to the [[Rastriya Panchayat]], its members were allowed to run in the 1987 Nepalese local elections. In defiance of the demonstration ban, the Nepali Congress organized mass rallies with the communist factions in January 1990 that ultimately triggered the pro-democracy movement.

=== Post-Panchayat government, 1991–2002 ===
After the [[Jana Andolan|Jana Andolan I]], party president [[Krishna Prasad Bhattarai]] was invited to form an interim coalition government. In the [[1991 Nepalese general election|1991 general election]], the Nepali Congress won 110 of 205 seats but Bhattarai lost his seat and yielded the position of prime minister to [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] who held his seat until 1994.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Political handbook of the world 2015|first=Tom|last=Lansford|isbn=9781483371573|oclc=912321323|date = 22 April 2015|publisher=SAGE Publications }}</ref>

During the [[1994 Nepalese general election|1994 general election]], the Nepali Congress lost its majority to [[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)]]. The CPN (UML) lacked a majority and formed a minority government. After 46 parliamentarians from the CPN (UML) quit to form the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (2002)|Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist)]], the Nepali Congress formed their own government with the [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]] and [[Nepal Sadbhawana Party]]. After CPN (UML) offered [[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]] the position of prime minister, the Rastriya Prajatantra Party led a government with the CPN (UML). Internal problems within the Rastriya Prajatantra Party caused one faction led by [[Surya Bahadur Thapa]] to lead a government with Nepali Congress and Nepal Sadbhawana Party.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/>

[[Girija Prasad Koirala]] again became the Prime Minister in April 1998, leading a Congress minority government after Rastriya Prajatantra and Nepal Sadbhawana quit the government. Eventually, they got support from the CPN (ML) and after their withdrawal the CPN (UML) and Nepal Sadbhawana.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/>

[[File:Krishna bhattarai.jpg|thumb|197x197px|[[Krishna Prasad Bhattarai]], former party president and [[Prime Minister of Nepal]]]]
During the [[1999 Nepalese general election|1999 general election]], Girija Prasad Koirala stepped aside in favour of Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, who returned as Prime Minister when the Nepali Congress won 111 out of 205 House seats. Bhattarai resigned as prime minister on 16 March 2000 after conflicts between himself and supporters of Girija Prasad Koirala. In the party's first open leadership election, the parliamentarians selected Girija Prasad Koirala as their leader by 69-43 votes over [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]]. Accordingly, King Birendra designated Girija Prasad Koirala as prime minister on 20 March.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/>

On 8 August 2000, Koirala dismissed the Minister of Water Resources, [[Khum Bahadur Khadka]], for calling for Koirala's resignation. Although Koirala beat back another challenge by Deuba's supporters at a party convention in January 2001, he resigned as Prime Minister on 19 July. Deuba then defeated Secretary General [[Sushil Koirala]], 72–40, for the party leadership and was designated prime minister by the king.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

In May 2002, the party's disciplinary committee expelled Deuba for failing to consult the party before seeking a parliamentary extension of the country's [[state of emergency]]. Deuba's supporters then expelled Koirala at a general convention in June. Deuba registered his faction as the [[Nepali Congress (Democratic)]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Nepali Congress split formalised (THT 10 years ago)|url=http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Nepali+Congress+split+formalised&NewsID=336484|access-date=9 January 2014|newspaper=The Himalayan Times|date=18 June 2012}}</ref> following a decision by the Election Commission that the Koirala faction held ownership of the name ''Nepali Congress'', taking 37 central committee members and 40 of the party's lower house representatives with him.<ref name=":2"/>[[File:Girija P koirala.jpg|thumb|213x213px|[[Girija Prasad Koirala]], former party president and [[Prime Minister of Nepal]]]]
=== King Gyanendra's rule, 2002–2006 ===
In the months following the King's October 2002 decisions to dissolve the House of Representatives and replace Prime Minister Deuba with Rastriya Prajatantra's [[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]], the party joined the CPN (UML) and other, smaller parties in challenging the constitutionality of the moves. The party played a significant role in the formation of the [[Seven Party Alliance]] (SPA), which launched a series of street protests against the King's regression. The Seven Party Alliance had earlier avoided the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)]] CPN-M and their violent methods, signed a 12-point understanding in [[Delhi]] in November 2005. The agreement contained three key commitmentsm, namely that the SPA endorsed CPN-M's fundamental demand for elections to a [[constituent assembly]]; the Maoists reciprocated with an assurance that they accepted a [[multi-party system]], which was the SPA's prime concern. The SPA and the Maoists agreed to launch a peaceful mass movement against the monarchy.<ref name=":1"/>
[[File:Arjun Narasingha KC arrested by King during Nepal Uprising.jpg|thumb|Former King Gyanendra arrested prominent leaders including the NC spokesperson [[Arjun Narasingha K.C.]]—shown above being taken to the central jail.]]

=== Constituent Assembly, 2006–2015 ===
On 26 April 2006, the king reinstated the dissolved parliament and formed a small government under the premiership of Girija Prasad Koirala, the president of the Nepali Congress. In November 2006, the government and the CPN-M signed a [[Comprehensive Peace Accord]] in India and the [[Nepalese Civil War]] formally ended.<ref name=":2" />

On 24 September 2007, the Nepali Congress (Democratic) and Nepali Congress unified as a single party with the [[2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2008 Constituent Assembly election]] looming. Following the first [[Madhes Movement|Madhesh movement]], former deputy speaker and senior leader of the party [[Mahantha Thakur]], who had led a committee that held talks with the [[Madheshi Jana Adhikar Forum, Nepal|Madheshi Jana Adhikar Forum]], broke away and formed the [[Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party (2007)|Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party]] with other [[Madheshi people|Madheshi]] leaders.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thakur heads new 'Terai-Madhes Loktantrik Party' |url=http://www.kantipuronline.com/kolnews.php?&nid=132616 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229120342/http://www.kantipuronline.com/kolnews.php?&nid=132616 |archive-date=29 December 2007 |access-date=24 April 2015 |publisher=Kantipuronline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2007 |title=Thakur committee writes letter to MJF |url=http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2007/feb/feb07/news01.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209174832/http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2007/feb/feb07/news01.php |archive-date=9 February 2007 |access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref> [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] remained president of the newly unified party. The party placed second with 110 out of 575 elected seats in the [[Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]] election, winning only half as many seats as CPN-M.<ref name=":2"/>

The party joined the coalition government headed by [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]] in May 2009. Girija Prasad Koirala angered some in the party by nominating his daughter [[Sujata Koirala]] to be Foreign Minister. In June, in a contested election for leader of the party's parliamentary group, [[Ram Chandra Poudel]] defeated Deuba.<ref name=":2" /> The [[12th General Convention of the Nepali Congress]] was held in [[Kathmandu]] from 17 to 21 September 2010. The convention elected [[Sushil Koirala]] as the party president.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.com.np/2010/09/23/nepali-congress-new-leadership-old-challenges/|title=Nepali Congress: New Leadership, Old Challenges|date=23 September 2010|website=United We Blog!|access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Sushil Koirala.jpg|thumb|[[Sushil Koirala]], former party president and [[Prime Minister of Nepal]], also known father of constitution]]

After the [[1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly of Nepal]] was dissolved by Prime Minister [[Baburam Bhattarai]] after failure to draft a new constitution before the deadline.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18232606|title=Nepal parties resign as constitution deadline passes|date=28 May 2012|work=BBC News|access-date=25 June 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref> In the resulting [[2013 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2013 Constituent Assembly election]], the party emerged as the largest party winning 196 of the 575 elected seats.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/nepali-congress-emerges-largest-party-in-parliament/article5417991.ece|title=Nepali Congress emerges largest party in parliament|agency=DPA|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 June 2017|language=en}}</ref> Along with CPN (UML), under the leadership of [[Sushil Koirala]], they formed a new coalition government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26116387|title=Sushil Koirala wins vote to be Nepal's prime minister|date=10 February 2014|work=BBC News|access-date=25 June 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref> The new [[Constitution of Nepal]] was promulgated under his leadership on 20 September 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-09/17/c_134631066.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923085401/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-09/17/c_134631066.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2015|title=Nepal's new constitution endorsed through Constituent Assembly |website=Xinhua |access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref>

=== Federal Nepal, 2015–2025 ===
[[File:Congress VoteShare PradeshSabha.svg|thumb|305x305px|A map showing the vote-share won by the Nepali Congress in the [[2017 Nepalese provincial elections|2017 provincial elections]]]]
Sushil Koirala resigned as prime minister on 10 October 2015 after losing support from CPN (UML).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/nepal-pm-koirala-resigns-pm-seeks-election-151010160207623.html|title=Nepal's Koirala resigns as PM and seeks re-election|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> Nepali Congress joined the government again in August 2016 under the leadership of [[Bimalendra Nidhi]], after backing [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]] to become prime minister.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/04/world/asia/nepal-elects-pushpa-kamal-dahal-as-new-prime-minister.html|title=Nepal Elects Pushpa Kamal Dahal as New Prime Minister|last=Sharma|first=Bhadra|date=3 August 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=25 June 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> According to their agreement, Dahal resigned on 24 May 2017<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/nepal-pm-prachanda-to-resign-address-nation/articleshow/58822480.cms|title=Nepal PM resigns ahead of final round of local elections|date=24 May 2017|work=The Economic Times|access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> paving the way for Deuba to become prime minister for a fourth time on 6 June 2017.<ref name="auto1"/>

On 22 April 2017, the [[Akhanda Nepal Party]] led by [[Kumar Khadka]] joined the Nepali Congress ahead of the [[2017 Nepalese local elections|2017 local elections]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Rastria Samachar|last=Samiti|title=Akhanda Nepal Party Samanantar joins Nepali Congress|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/akhanda-nepal-party-samanantar-joins-nepali-congress/|publisher=The Himalayan Times|access-date=1 November 2017|date=22 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Akhanda Party Nepal unites with Nepali Congress|url=https://www.inheadline.com/news/akhanda-party-nepal-unites-with-nepali-congress|publisher=Inheadline|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> Nepali Congress won 11,456 seats including 266 mayoral or chairman positions. The party also won mayor posts in [[Lalitpur, Nepal|Lalitpur]] and [[Biratnagar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.myrepublica.com/news/23542/|title=Biratnagar's mayor plans to restore lost glory of the city|work=My Republica|access-date=19 April 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-05-24/nc-wins-mayor-and-deputy-mayor-of-lalitpur-metro.html|title=NC wins mayor, deputy mayor in Lalitpur metro|access-date=19 April 2018|language=en}}</ref> Ahead of the [[2017 Nepalese general election|2017 general]] and [[2017 Nepalese provincial elections|provincial]] elections, [[Nepal Loktantrik Forum]] led by former Nepali Congress leader, [[Bijay Kumar Gachhadar]] merged into the party.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/gachhadars-nepal-loktantrik-forum-merges-with-nepali-congress/1169237|title=Gachhadar's Nepal Loktantrik Forum merges with Nepali Congress|work=Outlook India|access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref> Similarly, a group from [[Federal Socialist Forum, Nepal]] led by MP [[Abhishek Pratap Shah]], a group from [[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)|CPN (UML)]] led by MP [[Mohar Singh Rathore]] and Rabin Chaudhary, a goroup from [[Rastriya Janata Party Nepal]] led by MP Jangi Lal Ray, a group from [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|CPN (Maoist Centre)]] led by former Minister and MP Sambhu Lal Shrestha joined the party ahead of the [[2017 Nepalese general election|2017 election]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Shambhu Lal Shrestha appointed Livestock Development Minister|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2017/11/07/shambhu-lal-shrestha-appointed-livestock-development-minister|access-date=2 December 2021|website=Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=फोरमका उपमहासचिव अभिषेक प्रताप शाहले पार्टी छोडे, कांग्रेसमा जाने घोषणा|url=https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/5439|access-date=2 December 2021|website=Himal Khabar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=नागरिक|title=राजपा महामन्त्री जंगीलाल कांग्रेसमा|url=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/politics/131321-1508811720.html|access-date=2 December 2021|website=Nagarik News|language=ne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 October 2017|title=एमालेमा पहिरो, २ निवर्तमान सांसद सहितका नेता कांग्रेसमा प्रवेश|url=https://nayapusta.com/2017/10/31/50834|access-date=2 December 2021|website=Naya Pusta|language=en-US}}</ref>

==== 2018–2022: 1st Federal Parliament ====
The party won 63 seats to the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]] becoming the second largest party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/columnists/watching-the-world/2017/12/24/landslide-win-for-nepals-reds-the-rare-communist-triumph-in-democratic-elections-means-an-interestin/|title=Landslide win for Nepal's Reds |website=The Star |date=24 December 2017 |access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref> The party could win only 23 seats under first past the post and many influential leaders including [[Ram Chandra Poudel]], [[Ram Saran Mahat]], [[Bimalendra Nidhi]], Krishna Prasad Sitaula, and [[Arjun Narasingha K.C.]] lost in their constituencies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2017/dec/13/left-gets-116-seats-as-fptp-vote-count-concludes-in-nepal-1726457.html|title=Left gets 116 seats as FPTP vote count concludes in Nepal|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nepali-congress-senior-leader-ramchandra-poudel-defeated-tanahun-1/|title=NC senior leader Poudel defeated in Tanahun 1|date=10 December 2017|work=The Himalayan Times|access-date=19 April 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> The party won 113 seats in [[Provincial Assembly (Nepal)|provincial assemblies]] and became the largest opposition in [[Provincial governments of Nepal|six out of seven provinces]]. Following the [[2018 Nepalese National Assembly election|2018 National Assembly election]], Deuba resigned as prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-02/20/c_136987107.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220115652/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-02/20/c_136987107.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 February 2018|title=Nepal's National Assembly gets full shape|website=Xinhua |access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/nepal-pm-sher-bahadur-deuba-resigns/articleshow/62928071.cms|title=Nepal PM Sher Bahadur Deuba resigns|date=15 February 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref> Deuba was challenged for the leadership of the parliamentary party by [[Prakash Man Singh]] following a disappointing performance in the electionb but defeated his opponent 44–19.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-12-13/deuba-in-no-mood-to-resign-as-nc-chief.html|title=Deuba 'in no mood' to resign as NC chief|access-date=19 April 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-03-05/deuba-elected-nc-pp-leader.html|title=Deuba elected NC PP leader|access-date=19 April 2018|language=en}}</ref>

Nepali Congress remained as the main opposition party until a split in the ruling [[Nepal Communist Party]] in 2021. The split occurred following an attempt to dissolve the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives.]] The party opposed the move and the decision was scrapped by the [[Supreme Court of Nepal|Supreme Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Observer Research Foundation|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/decoding-tectonic-shifts-nepal-politics/|website=ORF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Nepal's Supreme Court orders reinstatement of Parliament|work=Aljazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/23/nepal-supreme-court-parliament}}</ref> Another attempt to dissolve the House of Representatives was quashed again by the Supreme Court and Nepali Congress president [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] was appointed prime minister with the support of [[CPN (Maoist Centre)]] and [[CPN (Unified Socialist)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2021 |title=Sher Bahadur Deuba: Nepal's Supreme Court orders appointment of Sher Bahadur Deuba as Prime Minister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/nepals-supreme-court-reinstates-dissolved-house-of-representatives/articleshow/84338530.cms |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2021 |title=Nepal SC orders to appoint Sher Bahadur Deuba as PM within next 28 hours |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepal-sc-orders-to-appoint-sher-bahadur-deuba-as-pm-within-next-28-hours-101626077841170.html |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2021 |title=After brief delay, Sher Bahadur Deuba takes oath as Nepal's PM for fifth time |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-newly-appointed-pm-sher-bahadur-deuba-refuses-to-take-oath-demands-correction-in-appointment-letter-101626185026637.html |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The party also joined the provincial governments of [[Karnali Province|Karnali]], [[Province No. 2|Province 2]], [[Gandaki Province|Gandaki]] and [[Lumbini]]. The party headed governments in Gandaki and Karnali during this time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2021 |title=Karnali: Jeevan Bahadur Shahi takes oath as new CM |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/karnali-jeevan-bahadur-shahi-cm.html |access-date=9 January 2022 |work=OnlineKhabar |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SAMITI |first=RASTRIYA SAMACHAR |date=6 June 2021 |title=NC picks ministers for Karnali govt |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nc-picks-ministers-for-karnali-govt |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2021 |title=Krishna Chandra Nepali Pokharel of Nepali Congress appointed Gandaki CM |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/krishna-chandra-nepali-pokharel-of-nepali-congress-appointed-gandaki-cm.html |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=OnlineKhabar |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The party held its [[14th general convention of Nepali Congress|14th general convention]] from 13 to 15 December 2021. The party announced an active membership of 850,000 members and [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] was re-elected as party president in the second round.<ref>{{Cite web|title=निधिको प्रक्षेपण : पहिलो चरणमा कसैले जित्दैन, त्यसपछि कोइराला, निधि र सिंह एक ठाउँमा|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2021/12/12/163929684620655155.html|access-date=9 January 2022|website=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> The party elected [[Purna Bahadur Khadka]] and [[Dhanraj Gurung]] vice-presidents of the party, while [[Gagan Thapa]] and [[Bishwa Prakash Sharma]] were elected as general secretaries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NC's 14th General Convention: Over 852,000 verified as active members|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/114957/|access-date=9 January 2022|website=My Republica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepali Congress|url=https://nepalicongress.org/single/press-release/announcement-of-the-result-of-the-post-of-central-president-2078-08-29|access-date=9 January 2022|website=Nepali Congress}}</ref>

==== 2022–2025: 2nd Federal Parliament ====
The party contested the 2022 elections with an alliance with their coalition partners [[CPN (Maoist Centre)]], [[CPN (Unified Socialist)]] and other smaller leftist parties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruling coalition agrees to go to polls jointly under electoral alliance |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2022/08/05/ruling-coalition-agrees-to-go-to-polls-jointly-under-electoral-alliance |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2022 |title=Ruling parties to fight parliamentary elections as an electoral alliance – OnlineKhabar English News |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/ruling-parties-electoral-alliance.html |access-date=20 August 2022 |language=en-GB}}</ref> In the [[2022 Nepalese local elections|2022 local elections]], the party won executive head positions in 329 local units including in the metropolitan cities of [[Lalitpur, Nepal|Lalitpur]] and [[Biratnagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepali ruling party wins most in local elections-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/20220530/b79b943e5fb342c199a74a8696ea97b4/c.html |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=english.news.cn}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2022 |title=स्थानीय तह निर्वाचन इ-बुलेटिन •वर्ष १ • अंक ४३ • २०७९ जेठ १२ गते बिहिबार |url=https://election.gov.np/admin/public//storage/Local%20Election/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8/E-Bulletine%2043%20Issu%20ful.pdf |website=Election Commission of Nepal}}</ref> In the [[2022 Nepalese general election|general elections]] that followed, the party won a plurality of seats in the House of Representatives and in provincial assemblies of [[Bagmati Provincial Assembly|Bagmati]], [[Gandaki Provincial Assembly|Gandaki]], [[Karnali Provincial Assembly|Karnali]] and [[Sudurpashchim Provincial Assembly|Sudurpaschim]].<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=5 December 2022 |title=Ruling Nepali Congress emerges as largest party; wins 57 seats under direct voting in Nepal's House of Representatives polls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/ruling-nepali-congress-emerges-as-largest-party-wins-57-seats-under-direct-voting-in-nepals-hor-polls/article66226326.ece |access-date=13 September 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The resulting government saw Congress in the opposition again following a breakdown in the alliance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President appoints Pushpa Kamal Dahal prime minister |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/12/25/president-appoints-pushpa-kamal-dahal-prime-minister |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> Another alliance change saw Congress joining the coalition government of [[CPN (Maoist Centre)]] in March 2023 before again joining the opposition bench in March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepali Congress decides to join government |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/03/19/nepali-congress-decides-to-join-government |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New coalition partners cement comradeship with 8-point deal |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2024/03/05/new-coalition-partners-cement-comradeship-with-8-point-deal |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dahal blames Congress to justify new alliance |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2024/03/08/dahal-blames-congress-to-justify-new-alliance |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Gopal |date=4 March 2024 |title=Nepal PM forms new coalition, dumps old allies |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/nepal-coalition-crisis-pm-talks-with-opposition-new-alliance-2024-03-04/ |access-date=7 October 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> The party forged a deal with [[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)|CPN (UML)]] on July 2024 to form a new coalition government under CPN (UML).<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2024 |title=Key partner withdraws support from Nepal's government to join new coalition |url=https://apnews.com/article/nepal-politics-government-crisis-80a8567e1a9e79f96b4a2225160f80d5 |work=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oli becomes prime minister for fourth time, swearing-in today |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2024/07/14/president-appoints-kp-sharma-oli-prime-minister |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715013357/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2024/07/14/president-appoints-kp-sharma-oli-prime-minister |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Kathmandu Post |language=English}}</ref>

The coalition government introduced a mandate to shut down social media for failing to register with the government which served as the trigger for the [[2025 Nepalese Gen Z protests|2025 Gen Z protests.]] Following the death of 19 protestors as a result of the use of live ammunition, home minister [[Ramesh Lekhak]] from the party resigned, other ministers also resigned the next morning, but protestors vandalized the party headquarters and other local offices of the party across the country. Party president [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] was assaulted at his residence along with his wife and foreign minister [[Arzu Rana Deuba]]. The houses of other leaders of the party were also vandalized and set ablaze. The government also resigned following the protests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Minister Ramesh Lekhak resigns |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2025/09/08/home-minister-ramesh-lekhak-resigns |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Health Minister Poudel resigns from his post |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/68046 |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=GorakhaPatra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2025 |title=Nepali Congress Central Office in Sanepa vandalized, torched |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/nepali-congress-central-office-in-sanepa-vandalized-set-it-on-fire |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NC Central Office; 48 district committee offices receive damages during Gen-Z protests |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/68649 |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=GorakhaPatra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2025 |title=NC deplores attack on Deuba couple |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/nc-deplores-attack-on-deuba-couple |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Ideology ==
[[File:Nc_ideology.pdf|thumb|A Nepali Congress manifesto outlining its 2022 ideology in [[Nepali language|Nepali]].]]
The party was founded on the principle of [[democracy]] and [[socialism]]. In 1956, the party adopted [[democratic socialism]] as its ideology for socioeconomic transformation.<ref name="history" /> Its foreign policy orientation was to [[Non-Aligned Movement|nonalignment]] and [[India–Nepal relations|good relations with India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Paradise lost?: State Failure in Nepal|last=Subho|first=Basu|year=2010|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9780739146644|oclc=670122356}}</ref> After the end of the [[Panchayat (Nepal)|panchayat]], subsequent governments under Nepali Congress launched pro-[[Privatization|privatisation]] and [[Liberalization|liberalisation]] policies in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Political Parties of Nepal|last=Hachhethu|first=Krishna|publisher=Social Science Baha|year=2006|isbn=9993343749|location=Lalitpur|language=en|pages=7}}</ref>

== Organization ==
[[File:BP smriti bhawan Nepali congress.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Party central office]]

=== Central Organization ===
The National Convention remains the supreme body of Nepali Congress and it is organized every four years by the party's Central Committee. The national convention elects the party portfolios including the party chair, two deputy chairs, two general secretaries each along with eight deputy general secretaries from different cluster. It also elects central committee members. The convention also discusses and approves political documents, organizational proposals and amendments to the party constitution. The party has also provision for Central Working committee.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=NC constitution |url=https://api.nepalicongress.org/uploads/party-constitution/pdf/ncparty-constitution2967538613203-1603903756953.pdf}}</ref>

=== Provincial and local organization ===
Party committees exist at the [[Provinces of Nepal|provincial]], [[Districts of Nepal|district]], constituency, local and ward level. All the level of committee holds a convention every four years. The party has distributed a number of rights at different levels per the current Constitution of Nepal. Nepali Congress stands as the only party to have conducted conventions at all levels since the promulgation of current constitution of Nepal. The convention elects the leadership and members of the committee which is the supreme decision making body in between conventions.<ref name=":4" />

== Presence in legislatures ==

=== National legislatures ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Legislature
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Seats
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Parliamentary Party leader
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|{{Infobox political party/seats|16|59|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|[[Krishna Prasad Sitaula]]
|-
![[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]]
|{{Infobox political party/seats|89|275|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|[[Sher Bahadur Deuba]]
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=== Provincial legislatures ===
{| class="wikitable"
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Legislature
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Seats
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Parliamentary Party leader
|-
![[Koshi Provincial Assembly|Koshi]]
|{{Infobox political party/seats|29|93|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|[[Uddhav Thapa]]
|-
![[Madhesh Provincial Assembly|Madhesh]]
|{{Infobox political party/seats|22|107|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|[[Krishna Prasad Yadav (Nepali politician)|Krishna Prasad Yadav]]
|-
![[Bagmati Provincial Assembly|Bagmati]]
|{{Infobox political party/seats|37|110|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|[[Bahadur Singh Lama]]
|-
![[Gandaki Provincial Assembly|Gandaki]]
|{{Infobox political party/seats|27|60|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|[[Surendra Raj Pandey]]
|-
![[Lumbini Provincial Assembly|Lumbini]]
|{{Infobox political party/seats|27|87|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|[[Dilli Bahadur Chaudhary]]
|-
![[Karnali Provincial Assembly|Karnali]]
|{{Infobox political party/seats|15|40|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|[[Jeevan Bahadur Shahi]]
|-
![[Sudurpashchim Provincial Assembly|Sudurpashchim]]
|{{Infobox political party/seats|19|53|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|[[Kamal Bahadur Shah]]
|}

== Electoral performance ==
=== Legislative elections ===
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{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Election
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Leader
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Constituency votes
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Party list votes
! colspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Seats
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Position
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Resulting government
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|%
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|% change
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|%
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|% change
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|No.
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|±
|-
|[[1959 Nepalese general election|1959]]
|[[B. P. Koirala]]
|666,898
|37.20
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Infobox political party/seats|74|109|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|
|1st
|{{yes|Government}}
|-
|[[1991 Nepalese general election|1991]]
|[[Krishna Prasad Bhattarai]]
|2,742,452
|37.75
|{{Increase}} 0.55
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Infobox political party/seats|110|205|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|{{Increase}} 36
|{{Steady}} 1st
|{{yes|Government}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[1994 Nepalese general election|1994]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Girija Prasad Koirala]]
| rowspan="5" |2,545,287
| rowspan="5" |33.38
| rowspan="5" |{{Decrease}} 4.37
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |{{Infobox political party/seats|83|205|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
| rowspan="5" |{{Decrease}} 27
| rowspan="5" |{{Decrease}} 2nd
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|{{yes|Leading coalition}}
|-
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|{{yes2|In coalition}}
|-
|{{yes|Leading coalition}}
|-
|[[1999 Nepalese general election|1999]]
|[[Krishna Prasad Bhattarai]]
|3,214,068
|'''37.29'''
|{{Increase}} 3.91
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Infobox political party/seats|111|205|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|{{Increase}} 28
|{{Increase}} 1st
|{{yes|Government}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Girija Prasad Koirala]]
| rowspan="3" |2,348,890
| rowspan="3" |22.79
| rowspan="3" |{{Decrease}} 14.50
| rowspan="3" |2,269,883
| rowspan="3" |21.14
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="lightgrey" |
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |{{Infobox political party/seats|115|575|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
| rowspan="3" |{{Increase}} 4
| rowspan="3" |{{Decrease}} 2nd
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|{{yes2|In coalition}}
|-
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[2013 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Sushil Koirala]]
| rowspan="4" |2,694,983
| rowspan="4" |29.80
| rowspan="4" |{{Increase}} 7.01
| rowspan="4" |2,418,370
| rowspan="4" |25.55
| rowspan="4" |{{Increase}} 4.41
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |{{Infobox political party/seats|196|575|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
| rowspan="4" |{{Increase}} 81
| rowspan="4" |{{Increase}} 1st
|{{yes|Leading coalition}}
|-
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|{{yes2|In coalition}}
|-
|{{yes|Leading coalition}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2017 Nepalese general election|2017]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sher Bahadur Deuba]]
| rowspan="2" |'''3,590,793'''
| rowspan="2" |35.75
| rowspan="2" |{{Increase}} 5.95
| rowspan="2" |'''3,128,389'''
| rowspan="2" |'''32.78'''
| rowspan="2" |{{Increase}} 7.23
| rowspan="2" |{{Infobox political party/seats|63|275|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
| rowspan="2" |{{Decrease}} 133
| rowspan="2" |{{Decrease}} 2nd
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|{{yes|Leading coalition}}
|-
|[[2022 Nepalese general election|2022]]
|2,431,907
|23.19
|{{decrease}} 12.56
|2,715,225
|25.71
|{{Decrease}} 7.07
|{{Infobox political party/seats|89|275|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|{{Increase}} 26
|{{Increase}} 1st
|{{yes2|In coalition}}
|-
|[[2026 Nepalese general election|2026]]
|[[Gagan Thapa]]
|2,008,639
|19.08
|{{decrease}} 4.11
|1,759,172
|16.24
|{{decrease}} 9.47
|{{Infobox political party/seats|38|275|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 51
|{{Decrease}} 2nd
|
|}

=== Provincial Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Provincial Assembly
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Party list votes
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |%
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Seats
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |+/–
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Status
|-
|[[Koshi Provincial Assembly|Koshi]]
| rowspan="7" |[[2022 Nepalese provincial elections|2022]]
|562,956
|29.64 (#2)
|{{Infobox political party/seats|29|93|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|{{Increase}} 8
|{{yes2|In coalition}}
|-
|[[Madhesh Provincial Assembly|Madhesh]]
|400,144
|19.18 (#1)
|{{Infobox political party/seats|22|107|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|{{Increase}} 4
|{{yes|Leading coalition}}
|-
|[[Bagmati Provincial Assembly|Bagmati]]
|494,261
|25.52 (#2)
|{{Infobox political party/seats|37|110|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|{{Increase}} 16
|{{yes|Leading coalition}}
|-
|[[Gandaki Provincial Assembly|Gandaki]]
|349,628
|35.47 (#2)
|{{Infobox political party/seats|27|60|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|{{Increase}} 12
|{{yes|Leading coalition}}
|-
|[[Lumbini Provincial Assembly|Lumbini]]
|499,986
|26.50 (#2)
|{{Infobox political party/seats|27|87|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|{{Increase}} 8
|{{yes2|In coalition}}
|-
|[[Karnali Provincial Assembly|Karnali]]
|170,756
|29.55 (#2)
|{{Infobox political party/seats|14|53|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|{{Increase}} 8
|{{yes2|In coalition}}
|-
|[[Sudurpashchim Provincial Assembly|Sudurpashchim]]
|269,564
|30.07 (#2)
|{{Infobox political party/seats|18|53|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|{{Increase}} 8
|{{yes|Leading coalition}}
|}

=== Local election ===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Election
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Leader(s)
! colspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Council Head
! colspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Council Deputy
! colspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Councillors
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Position
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|#
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|±
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|#
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|±
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|#
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|±
|-
|[[2017 Nepalese local elections|2017]]
|[[Sher Bahadur Deuba]]
|{{Infobox political party/seats|266|753|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|
|{{Infobox political party/seats|223|753|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|
|{{Infobox political party/seats|11454|35038|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|
|2nd
|-
|[[2022 Nepalese local elections|2022]]
|[[Sher Bahadur Deuba]]
|{{Infobox political party/seats|329|753|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|{{Increase}} 59
|{{Infobox political party/seats|301|753|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|{{Increase}} 77
|{{Infobox political party/seats|13730|35011|{{party color|Nepali Congress}}}}
|{{Increase}} 2,274
|{{Increase}} 1st
|}

== Leadership ==
[[File:Gagan Thapa ICIMOD (cropped).jpg|thumb|216x216px|[[Gagan Thapa]], party president]]

=== Presidents ===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Matrika Prasad Koirala]] (1950–1952)
* [[Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala]] (1952–1956, 1957–1982)
* [[Subarna Shamsher Rana]] (1956–1957)
* [[Krishna Prasad Bhattarai]] (1982–1996)
* [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] (1996–2010)
* [[Sushil Koirala]] ([[12th General Convention of the Nepali Congress|2010]]–2016)
* [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] (2016–2026)
* [[Gagan Kumar Thapa]] (2026 - present)
{{div col end}}

=== Vice-presidents ===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Prakash Man Singh]] (1996–2010)
* [[Ram Chandra Poudel|Ram Chandra Paudel]] (1996–2016)
* [[Gopal Man Shrestha]] (1996–2010)
* [[Bimalendra Nidhi]] (2016–2022)
* [[Bijay Kumar Gachhadar]] (2017–2022)
* [[Dhanraj Gurung]] ([[14th general convention of Nepali Congress|2022]]–2026)
* [[Purna Bahadur Khadka]] ([[14th general convention of Nepali Congress|2022]]–2026)
* [[Bishwa Prakash Sharma]] (2026–present)
* [[Pushpa Bhusal]] (2026–present)
{{div col end}}

=== General secretaries ===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] (1982–1996)
* [[Mahendra Narayan Nidhi]] (1982–1996)
* [[Bimalendra Nidhi]] (1996–2010)
* [[Kul Bahadur Gurung]] (1996–2010)
* [[Ram Baran Yadav]] (1996–2010)
* [[Krishna Prasad Sitaula]] ([[12th General Convention of the Nepali Congress|2010]]–2016)
* [[Prakash Man Singh]] ([[12th General Convention of the Nepali Congress|2010]]–2016)
* [[Shashanka Koirala]] (2016–2022)
* Purna Bahadur Khadka (2016–2022)
* [[Gagan Kumar Thapa]] ([[14th general convention of Nepali Congress|2022]]-2026)
* [[Bishwa Prakash Sharma]] ([[14th general convention of Nepali Congress|2022]]–2026)
* [[Pradip Paudel]] (2026–present)
* [[Gururaj Ghimire]] (2026–present)
{{div col end}}

=== Prime Ministers of Nepal ===
{{Further|List of prime ministers of Nepal}}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|No.
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Prime Minister
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Portrait
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Terms in Office
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Legislature
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Cabinet
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Constituency
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Start
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|End
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white"|Tenure
|-
|1
|[[Matrika Prasad Koirala]]
|[[File:Matrika Prasad Koirala2.jpg|frameless|133x133px]]
|16 November 1951
|14 August 1952
|{{age in years and days|16 November 1951|14 August 1952}}
|Appointed by [[Tribhuvan of Nepal|King Tribhuvan]]
|[[M.P. Koirala cabinet, 1951|M.P. Koirala, 1951]]
|''None''
|-
|2
|[[Subarna Shamsher Rana]]{{Efn|As Chairman of the Council of Ministers|name=|group=}}
|[[File:Subarna shumasher.jpg|frameless|159x159px]]
|15 May 1958
|27 May 1959
|{{age in years and days|15 May 1958|27 May 1959}}
|Appointed by [[Mahendra of Nepal|King Mahendra]]
|[[Subarna Shamsher Rana cabinet|Subarna Rana, 1958]]
|''None''
|-
|3
|[[Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala]]
|[[File:BP Koirala.jpg|frameless|146x146px]]
|27 May 1959
|26 December 1960
|{{age in years and days|27 May 1959|26 December 1960}}
|[[1st House of Representatives of Nepal|1st House of Representatives]]
|[[B.P. Koirala cabinet, 1959|B.P. Koirala, 1959]]
|Morang–Biratnagar West
|-
| rowspan="2" |4
| rowspan="2" |[[Krishna Prasad Bhattarai]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Krishna bhattarai.jpg|frameless|158x158px]]
|19 April 1990
|26 May 1991
|{{age in years and days|19 April 1990|26 May 1991}}
|Appointed by [[Birendra of Nepal|King Birendra]]
|[[Krishna Prasad Bhattarai interim cabinet|K.P. Bhattarai, 1990]]
|''None''
|-
|31 May 1999
|22 March 2000
|{{age in years and days|31 May 1999|22 March 2000}}
|[[4th House of Representatives of Nepal|4th House of Representatives]]
|[[Krishna Prasad Bhattarai cabinet|K.P. Bhattarai, 1999]]
|[[Parsa 1 (constituency)|Parsa 1]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |5
| rowspan="4" |[[Girija Prasad Koirala]]
| rowspan="4" |[[File:The Prime Minister of Nepal, Shri Girija Prasad Koirala being seen off by the Union Minister of Water Resources, Prof. Saif-ud-din Soz at Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi on April 06, 2007 (cropped).jpg|frameless|154x154px]]
|26 May 1991
|30 November 1994
|{{age in years and days|26 May 1991|30 November 1994}}
|[[2nd House of Representatives of Nepal|2nd House of Representatives]]
|[[First Girija Prasad Koirala cabinet|G.P. Koirala, 1991]]
|[[Morang 1 (constituency)|Morang 1]]
|-
|15 April 1998
|31 May 1999
|{{age in years and days|15 April 1998|31 May 1999}}
|[[3rd House of Representatives of Nepal|3rd House of Representatives]]
|[[Second Girija Prasad Koirala cabinet|G.P. Koirala, 1998]]
| rowspan="3" |Sunsari 5
|-
|22 March 2000
|26 July 2001
|{{age in years and days|22 March 2000|26 July 2001}}
|[[4th House of Representatives of Nepal|4th House of Representatives]]
|[[Fourth Girija Prasad Koirala cabinet|G.P. Koirala, 2000]]
|-
|25 April 2006
|28 May 2008
|{{age in years and days|25 April 2006|28 May 2008}}
|[[Interim legislature of Nepal|Interim Legislature]]
|[[Fifth Girija Prasad Koirala cabinet|G.P. Koirala, 2006]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |6
| rowspan="4" |[[Sher Bahadur Deuba]]
| rowspan="4" |[[File:The Prime Minister of Nepal, Mr. Sher Bahadur Deuba, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on August 24, 2017 crop.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|12 September 1995
|12 March 1997
|{{age in years and days|12 September 1995|12 March 1997}}
|[[3rd House of Representatives of Nepal|3rd House of Representatives]]
|[[First Deuba cabinet|Deuba, 1995]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Dadeldhura 1]]
|-
|26 July 2001
|4 October 2002
|{{age in years and days|26 July 2001|4 October 2002}}
|[[4th House of Representatives of Nepal|4th House of Representatives]]
|[[Second Deuba cabinet|Deuba, 2001]]
|-
|7 June 2017
|15 February 2018
|{{age in years and days|7 June 2017|15 February 2018}}
|[[2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly|2nd Constituent Assembly]]
|[[Deuba cabinet, 2017|Deuba, 2017]]
|-
|13 July 2021
|26 December 2022
|{{age in years and days|13 July 2021|26 December 2022}}
|[[1st Federal Parliament of Nepal|1st Federal Parliament]]
|[[Fifth Deuba Cabinet, 2021|Deuba, 2021]]
|-
|7
|[[Sushil Koirala]]
|[[File:The Prime Minister of Nepal, Mr. Sushil Koirala, on the sidelines of the third Summit of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), at Nay Pyi Taw.jpg|frameless|129x129px]]
|11 February 2014
|12 October 2015
|{{age in years and days|11 February 2014|12 October 2015}}
|[[2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly|2nd Constituent Assembly]]
|[[Koirala cabinet, 2013|Sushil Koirala, 2013]]
|[[Banke 3]]
|}

=== List of Deputy Prime Ministers ===
{{see|Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white;"| No.
! rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white;"| Deputy PM
! rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white;"| Portrait
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white;"| Term in office
! rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white;"| Assembly
! rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white;"| Constituency
! rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white;"| Prime Minister
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white;"| Start
! style="background:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white;"| End
! style="background:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white;"| Tenure
|-
|1
|[[Shailaja Acharya]]
|[[File:No image.svg|125x125px]]
|{{dts|15 April 1998}}
|{{dts|31 May 1999}}
|{{Age in years and days|15 April 1998|31 May 1999}}
|[[3rd House of Representatives of Nepal|3rd House of Representatives]]
|[[Morang 5 (constituency)|Morang 5]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Girija Prasad Koirala]]
|-
|2
|[[Ram Chandra Paudel]]
|[[File:President Ram Chandra Poudel, Official portrait (January 2024).jpg|125x125px]]
|{{dts|21 March 2000}}
|{{dts|13 July 2001}}
|{{Age in years and days|21 March 2000|13 July 2001}}
|[[4th House of Representatives of Nepal|4th House of Representatives]]
|[[Tanahun 2 (constituency)|Tanahun 2]]
|-
|3
|[[Sujata Koirala]]
|[[File:Sujata Koirala.jpg|125x125px]]
|{{dts|12 October 2009}}
|{{dts|6 February 2011}}
|{{Age in years and days|12 October 2009|6 February 2011}}
| [[1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly|1st Constituent Assembly]]
|Party list
|[[Madhav Kumar Nepal]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |4
| rowspan="2" |[[Prakash Man Singh]]
| rowspan="2" |
|{{dts|25 February 2014}}
|{{dts|12 October 2015}}
|{{Age in years and days|25 February 2014|12 October 2015}}
|[[2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly|2nd Constituent Assembly]]
|[[Kathmandu 1 (constituency)|Kathmandu 1]]
|[[Sushil Koirala]]
|-
|{{dts|15 July 2024}}
|Incumbent
|{{Age in years and days|15 July 2024}}
|[[2nd Federal Parliament of Nepal|2nd Federal Parliament]]
|[[Kathmandu 1 (constituency)|Kathmandu 1]]
|[[K. P. Sharma Oli]]
|-
|5
|[[Bimalendra Nidhi]]
|[[File:Bimalendra Nidh in New Delhi on August 20, 2016 (cropped).jpg|125x125px]]
|{{dts|4 August 2016}}
|{{dts|7 June 2017}}
|{{Age in years and days|4 August 2016|7 June 2017}}
|[[Legislature Parliament of Nepal|Legislature Parliament]]
|[[Dhanusha 3 (constituency)|Dhanusha 3]]
|[[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]]
|-
|6
|[[Gopal Man Shrestha]]
|[[File:No image.svg|125x125px]]
|{{dts|7 June 2017}}
|{{dts|15 February 2018}}
|{{Age in years and days|7 June 2017|15 February 2018}}
|[[Legislature Parliament of Nepal|Legislature Parliament]]
|Party list
|[[Sher Bahadur Deuba]]
|-
|7
|[[Purna Bahadur Khadka]]
|[[File:No image.svg|125x125px]]
|{{dts|31 March 2023}}
|{{dts|4 March 2024}}
|{{Age in years and days|31 March 2023|4 March 2024}}
|[[2nd Federal Parliament of Nepal|2nd Federal Parliament]]
|[[Surkhet 1 (constituency)|Surkhet 1]]
|[[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]]
|-
|}

=== Chief Ministers ===

==== Koshi Province ====
{{See also|Chief Minister of Koshi Province}}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |No.
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Chief Minister
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Portrait
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Terms in Office
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Legislature
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Cabinet
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Constituency
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Start
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |End
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Tenure
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |[[Uddhav Thapa]]
| rowspan="2" |
|7 July 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uddhav Thapa appointed Koshi chief minister |url=http://kathmandupost.com/province-no-1/2023/07/06/uddhav-thapa-stakes-claim-for-koshi-chief-minister |access-date=18 July 2023 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>
|2 August 2023
|{{age in years and days|7 July 2023|2 August 2023}}
| rowspan="3" |[[2nd Koshi Provincial Assembly|2nd Assembly]]
|[[First Uddhav Thapa cabinet|Thapa I]]
| rowspan="2" |[[List MP]]
|-
|2 August 2023
|8 September 2023
|{{Age in years and days|2 August 2023|8 September 2023}}
|[[Second Uddhav Thapa cabinet|Thapa II]]
|-
|2
|[[Kedar Karki]]
|{{CSS image crop|Image =KedarKarki.png|bSize =70}}
|14 October 2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=कार्की? |first=नेपाल लाइभ :: को हुन् कांग्रेसविरुद्ध विद्रोह गरी मुख्यमन्त्री बनेका |title=को हुन् कांग्रेसविरुद्ध विद्रोह गरी मुख्यमन्त्री बनेका कार्की? |url=https://nepallive.com/story/316577/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=को हुन् कांग्रेसविरुद्ध विद्रोह गरी मुख्यमन्त्री बनेका कार्की?}}</ref>
|9 May 2024
|{{Age in years and days|15 October 2023|9 May 2024}}
|[[Kedar Karki cabinet|Karki]]
|[[Morang 6 (constituency)|Morang 6 (B)]]
|}

==== Madhesh Province ====
{{See also|Chief Minister of Madhesh Province}}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |No.
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Chief Minister
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Portrait
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Terms in Office
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Legislature
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Cabinet
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Constituency
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Start
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |End
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Tenure
|-
|1
|[[Krishna Prasad Yadav (Nepali politician)|Krishna Prasad Yadav]]
|
|5 December 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Prasad Yadav appointed Madhesh chief minister |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2025/12/05/krishna-prasad-yadav-appointed-madhesh-chief-minister |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>
|''Incumbent''
|{{Age in years and days|5 December 2025|}}
|[[2nd Madhesh Provincial Assembly|2nd Assembly]]
|[[Krishna Prasad Yadav cabinet|Yadav]]
|[[Rautahat 1 (constituency)|Rautahat 1(B)]]
|}

==== Bagmati Province ====
{{See also|Chief Minister of Bagmati Province}}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |No.
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Chief Minister
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Portrait
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Terms in Office
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Legislature
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Cabinet
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Constituency
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Start
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |End
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Tenure
|-
|1
|[[Bahadur Singh Lama]]
|{{CSS image crop|Image =BahadurSinghLama.png|bSize =70}}
|24 July 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress' Bahadur Singh Lama appointed Bagmati chief minister |url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-3/2024/07/23/congress-bahadur-singh-lama-appointed-bagmati-chief-minister |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>
|4 August 2025<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bahadur Singh Lama resigns as Bagmati chief minister|url=https://en.setopati.com/political/164975/|website=Setopati|access-date=2 December 2025}}</ref>
|{{Age in years and days|24 July 2024|3 August 2025}}
|[[2nd Bagmati Provincial Assembly|2nd Assembly]]
|[[Bahadur Singh Lama cabinet|Lama]]
|[[Nuwakot 2 (constituency)|Nuwakot 2(B)]]
|-
|2
|[[Indra Bahadur Baniya]]
|
|5 August 2025<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indra Bahadur Baniya appointed as sixth chief minister of Bagmati Province|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2025/08/05/indra-bahadur-baniya-appointed-as-sixth-chief-minister-of-bagmati-province|website=kathmandupost.com|access-date=2 December 2025|language=English}}</ref>
|''Incumbent''
|{{Age in years and days|5 August 2025|}}
|[[2nd Bagmati Provincial Assembly|2nd Assembly]]
|[[Indra Bahadur Baniya cabinet|Baniya]]
|[[Makwanpur 2 (constituency)|Makwanpur 2 (B)]]
|}

==== Gandaki Province ====
{{See also|Chief Minister of Gandaki Province}}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |No.
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Chief Minister
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Portrait
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Terms in Office
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Legislature
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Cabinet
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Constituency
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Start
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |End
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Tenure
|-
|1
|[[Krishna Chandra Nepali]]
|{{CSS image crop|Image =KrishnaChandraNepali.png|bSize =70}}
|12 June 2021<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 June 2021|title=NC's Krishna Chandra Nepali appointed Gandaki CM|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/krishna-chandra-nepali-appointed-gandaki-cm|access-date=12 June 2021|website=The Himalayan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|9 January 2023
|{{age in years and days|12 June 2021|9 January 2023}}
|[[1st Gandaki Provincial Assembly|1st Assembly]]
|[[Krishna Chandra Nepali Cabinet|Nepali]]
|[[Nawalparasi (Bardaghat Susta East) 1 (constituency)|Nawalparasi East 1(A)]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" |[[Surendra Raj Pandey]]
| rowspan="2" |{{CSS image crop|Image =SurendraRajPandey.png|bSize =70}}
|27 April 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=NC's Surendra Raj Pandey is new Gandaki CM |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/139815/ |access-date=27 April 2023 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref>
|4 April 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandaki, Karnali chief ministers resign in changed political situation |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2024/04/04/gandaki-karnali-chief-ministers-resign-in-changed-political-situation |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>
|{{age in years and days|27 April 2023|4 April 2024}}
| rowspan="2" |[[2nd Gandaki Provincial Assembly|2nd Assembly]]
|[[First Surendra Raj Pandey cabinet|Pandey I]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gorkha 2 (constituency)|Gorkha 2(B)]]
|-
|29 May 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surendra Raj Pandey appointed Gandaki chief minister |url=https://kathmandupost.com/gandaki-province/2023/04/27/surendra-raj-pandey-appointed-gandaki-chief-minister |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|29 May 2024|}}
|[[Second Surendra Raj Pandey cabinet|Pandey II]]
|}

==== Lumbini Province ====
{{See also|Chief Minister of Lumbini Province}}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |No.
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Chief Minister
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Portrait
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Terms in Office
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Legislature
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Cabinet
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Constituency
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Start
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |End
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Tenure
|-
|1
|[[Dilli Bahadur Chaudhary]]
|{{CSS image crop|Image =Dilli bahadur chaudhary.png|bSize =70}}
|27 April 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilli Bahadur Chaudhary appointed Lumbini chief minister |url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-5/2023/04/27/dilli-bahadur-chaudhary-appointed-lumbini-chief-minister |access-date=27 April 2023 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>
|4 April 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lumbini Chief Minister Chaudhary resigns |url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-5/2024/04/04/lumbini-chief-minister-chaudhary-resigns |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>
|{{age in years and days|27 April 2023|4 April 2024}}
|[[1st Lumbini Provincial Assembly|1st Assembly]]
|[[Dilli Bahadur Chaudhary cabinet|Chaudhary]]
|[[Dang 3 (constituency)|Dang 3(A)]]
|}

==== Karnali Province ====
{{See also|Chief Minister of Karnali Province}}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |No.
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Chief Minister
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Portrait
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Terms in Office
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Legislature
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Cabinet
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Constituency
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Start
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |End
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Tenure
|-
|1
|[[Jeevan Bahadur Shahi]]
|{{CSS image crop|Image =JeevanBahadurShahi.png|bSize =70}}
|2 November 2021<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 November 2021 |title=Karnali: Jeevan Bahadur Shahi takes oath as new CM |work=OnlineKhabar |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/karnali-jeevan-bahadur-shahi-cm.html |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|12 January 2023
|{{age in years and days|2 November 2021|12 January 2023}}
|[[1st Karnali Provincial Assembly|1st Assembly]]
|[[Jeevan Bahadur Shahi cabinet|Shahi]]
|[[Humla 1 (constituency)|Humla 1(B)]]
|}

==== Sudurpashchim Province ====
{{See also|Chief Minister of Sudurpashchim Province}}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |No.
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Chief Minister
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Portrait
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Terms in Office
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Legislature
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Cabinet
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Constituency
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Start
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |End
! style="background-color:{{party color|Nepali Congress}}; color:white" |Tenure
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |[[Kamal Bahadur Shah]]
| rowspan="2" |{{CSS image crop|Image =|bSize =70}}
|12 February 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepali Congress Kamal Bahadur Shah appointed Sudurpaschim chief minister |url=https://kathmandupost.com/sudurpaschim-province/2023/02/09/nepali-congress-kamal-bahadur-shah-appointed-sudurpaschim-chief-minister |access-date=27 April 2023 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>
|4 April 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=NC's Kamal Bahadur Shah resigns as Sudurpaschim Chief Minister |url=https://kathmandupost.com/sudurpaschim-province/2024/04/04/nc-s-kamal-bahadur-shah-resigns-as-sudurpaschim-chief-minister |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>
|{{age in years and days|12 February 2023|4 April 2024}}
| rowspan="2" |[[2nd Sudurpashchim Provincial Assembly|2nd Assembly]]
|[[First Kamal Bahadur Shah cabinet|Shah I]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kailali 2 (constituency)|Kailali 2(A)]]
|-
|5 August 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Bahadur Shah appointed as CM of Sudurpaschim province |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/kamal-bahadur-shah-appointed-as-cm-of-sudurpaschim-province/ |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=My Republica |date=8 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|5 August 2024|}}
|[[Second Kamal Bahadur Shah cabinet|Shah II]]
|}
{{notelist}}

== Sister organizations ==
{{Nepali Congress}}
According to the website of Nepali Congress, the following are its sister organizations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nepalicongress.org/index.php?linkId=86|title=Nepali Congress Official website: Political party of Nepal|work=Nepali Congress|access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref>
* [[Nepal Student Union]] (नेपाल विद्यार्थी संघ)
* [[Nepal Tarun Dal]] (नेपाल तरुण दल)
* Nepal Democratic Fighter Society (नेपाल प्रजातान्त्रिक सेनानी समाज)
* [[Nepal Farmers Association]] (नेपाल किसान संघ)
* Nepal Adivasi Janajati Sangh (नेपाल आदिवासी जनजाति संघ)
* National Democratic Handicapped Association (राष्ट्रिय प्रजातान्त्रिक अपाङ्ग संघ)
* Nepal Tamang Association (नेपाल तामाङ संघ)
* Nepal Thakur Society (नेपाल ठाकुर समाज)
* [[Nepal Woman Association]] (नेपाल महिला संघ)
* [[Nepal Dalit Sangh]] (नेपाल दलित संघ)
* Nepal Ex Army Association (नेपाल भूतपूर्व सैनिक संघ)
* Nepal Press Union (नेपाल प्रेस युनियन)
* Nepal Civil Service Employees' Union (नेपाल निजामती कर्मचारी युनियन)
* Nepal Cultural Association (नेपाल सांस्कृतिक संघ)
* [[Nepal Teachers Association]] (नेपाल शिक्षक संघ)
* [[Nepal Trade Union Congress]] (नेपाल ट्रेड युनियन कांग्रेस)
* Nepal Prajatantra Senani Sangh (नेपाल प्रजातान्त्रिक सेनानी संघ)
* Nepal Indigenous Nationality Association (नेपाल आदिवासी जनजाती संघ )

== See also ==
* [[Biratnagar jute mill strike]]
* [[Congress Mukti Sena]]
* [[15th general convention of Nepali Congress]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nepalicongress.org/ Official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090614070503/http://www.nepaldemocracy.org/institutions/major_parties.htm#nc Info on the party from FES]

{{political parties in Nepal}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Nepali Congress| ]]
[[Category:Politics of the Nepalese Civil War]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in Nepal]]
[[Category:Social democratic parties in Nepal]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1950]]

Punganur Estate

2026-03-12T20:00:55Z

Varundigitalmedia: put up some info w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Zamindari in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name = Punganur
|conventional_long_name =
|nation = [[British India]]
|government_type =
|era =
|title_leader = Raja
|year_leader1 =
|leader1 =
|year_leader2 =
|leader2 =
|year_start = c.1300
|event_start =
|year_end = 1952
|status_text = [[Zamindari]] of [[British India]]
|event_end =
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = Republic of India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 =
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map =
|image_map_caption =
|stat_area1 =
|stat_year1 =
|stat_pop1 =
|today = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
|footnotes =
|demonym=
|capital= [[Punganur]]
}}

'''Punganur''' (also known as Poonganur, Punuguru and Punganuru) was a prominent [[Zamindari]] estate in the town of the same name, [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. It was established by the [[Vokkaliga#Morasu Vokkaliga|Morasu Vokkaliga]] chieftain Timme Gowda.<ref>{{Cite book |author=L. Krishna Anantha Krishna Iyer (Diwan Bahadur) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6EDcBSHGZaIC&dq=morasu+punganur&pg=PA105 |title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes |date=1928 |publisher=Mittal Publications |pages=105 |language=en |quote=These Morasu chiefs trace their origin to seven brothers who early in the 15th century settled at Avati ( near Nandidrug ... at Kolar and Punganur, and most of the Upper Ponnaiyar basin too, with headquarters at Hoskote and Anekal...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rice |first=B. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0wSoEIub1YC&pg=PA20 |title=Gazetteer of Mysore |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-206-0977-8 |pages=20 |language=en |quote=Timme Gauda went to Sugatur near Jangamkote, and became the ruler of Kolar and Punganur and the founder of ...}}</ref>

==Palace==
The estate's namesake palace is a landmark of [[Punganur]]. It was constructed in the year 1866 and served as the housing for the ruling family.<ref>[https://www.deccanherald.com/content/295711/punganur-symbol-kannada-telugu-harmony.html ''Deccan Herald'']</ref>
[[File:Punganur Palace.jpg|thumb|Punganur Palace]]

==History==
Historians believe that the region of Punganur had trading links with the Mediterranean empires during the times of Emperor [[Ashoka]].

The Punganur zamindari was established by a [[Vokkaliga#Morasu Vokkaliga|Morasu Vokkaliga]] [[polygar]] Timme Gowda.<ref>{{Cite book |author=L. Krishna Anantha Krishna Iyer (Diwan Bahadur) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6EDcBSHGZaIC&dq=morasu+punganur&pg=PA105 |title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes |date=1928 |publisher=Mittal Publications |pages=105 |language=en |quote=These Morasu chiefs trace their origin to seven brothers who early in the 15th century settled at Avati ( near Nandidrug ... at Kolar and Punganur, and most of the Upper Ponnaiyar basin too, with headquarters at Hoskote and Anekal...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rice |first=B. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0wSoEIub1YC&pg=PA20 |title=Gazetteer of Mysore |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-206-0977-8 |pages=20 |language=en |quote=Timme Gauda went to Sugatur near Jangamkote, and became the ruler of Kolar and Punganur and the founder of ...}}</ref> In the early 16th century, when the [[Penukonda]] region came under the attack of the invaders, the local rulers of Punganur were said to have assisted emperor Sri [[Krishnadevaraya]] to fight against it. As a gesture, the [[Vijayanagara]] emperor gave the Kolar and Suguturu regions to the Punganur rulers, which eventually led to the birth of the zamindari pattern of administration.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/rains-leave-punganur-palace-in-state-of-ruin/article37616769.ece "Rain leaves Punganur palace in state of ruin" in ''The Hindu'']</ref>

==Rulers==
The estate's rulers bore the title of [[Raja]] (the female counterpart being [[Rani]]).

===List of rulers===
*Thimmaraya II
*Chikkathimmaraya
*Veerabasava Chikarayala Yaswanta Bahadur
*Chikkabasavaraya III

==Etymology==
The estate and town are named after a local deity Punganuru or Pungamma, who is believed to have saved the town from huge floods. To this day the four reservoirs round the town are named after her, her sisters Subbamma and Rangamma and her brother Royappa, who are said to have dug and built them. They are the principal means of maintaining a stable groundwater level around the town.<ref>[http://punganuru.com/zamindaries.html Punganuru.com]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates]]

Social democracy

2026-03-09T17:40:24Z

Varundigitalmedia: updated page

{{Short description|Political ideology within the socialist movement}}
{{Distinguish|Socialist democracy|Democratic socialism}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=October 2021}}
[[File:FVZ3808 (7131387613).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Demonstration by the [[Social Democratic Party of Austria]] on International Workers' Day, 2012]]
{{Social democracy sidebar}}

'''Social democracy''' is a broad, [[centre-left]]{{sfn|Giddens|2003}} to [[left-wing]]<ref>See:

* Euclid Tsakalotis, "European Employment Policies: A New Social Democratic Model for Europe" in ''The Economics of the Third Way: Experiences from Around the World'' (eds. Philip Arestis & Malcolm C. Sawyer: Edward Elgar Publishing 2001), p. 26: "most left-wing approaches (social democratic, democratic socialist, and so on) to how the market economy works...").
* "Introduction" in ''The Nordic Model of Social Democracy ''(eds. Nik Brandal, Øivind Bratberg & Dag Einar Thorsen: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013): "In Scandinavia, as in the rest of the world, 'social democracy' and 'democratic socialism' have often been used interchangeably to define the part of the left pursuing gradual reform through democratic means."</ref> [[Social philosophy|social]], [[Economic philosophy|economic]], and [[political ideologies|political ideology]] within the wider [[socialism|socialist]] movement{{sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1pp=80–103|2a1=Newman|2y=2005|2p=5|3a1=Heywood|3y=2007|3pp=101, 134–136, 139|4a1=Ypi|4y=2018|5a1=Watson|5y=2019}} that supports [[Democracy|political]] and [[economic democracy]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wintrop|1y=1983|1p=306|2a1=Archer|2y=1995|3a1=Jones|3y=2001|3p=737|4a1=Ritzer|4y=2004|4p=479}} and a [[gradualist]], [[reformist]], and [[democracy|democratic]] approach toward achieving [[social equality]]. In modern practice, social democracy has taken the form of a predominantly [[capitalist]],<ref name=":0" /> yet robust [[welfare state]], with policies promoting [[social justice]], [[market regulation]], and a more [[Redistribution of income and wealth|equitable distribution of income]].<ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopedia |chapter-url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/social-democracy/v-1 |chapter=Social democracy |last=Miller |first=David |encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=2016 |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-S057-1 |isbn=978-0-415-25069-6 |access-date=22 January 2025|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfnmp|1a1=Miller|1y=1998a|2a1=Lane|2y=2023|2pp=96–114}}

Social democracy maintains a commitment to [[Representative democracy|representative]] and [[participatory democracy]]. Common aims include curbing [[Social inequality|inequality]], eliminating the [[oppression]] of [[Social privilege|underprivileged]] groups, eradicating [[poverty]], and upholding universally accessible public services such as [[child care]], [[Universal education|education]], [[elderly care]], [[Universal health care|health care]], and [[workers' compensation]].{{sfnm|1a1=Heywood|1y=2012|1p=97|2a1=Hoefer|2y=2013|2p=29}}{{sfn|Hinchman|Meyer|2007|p=137}} Economically, it supports [[income redistribution]] and [[regulating the economy]] in the [[public interest]].{{sfnm|1a1=Miller|1y=1998|1p=827|2a1=Badie|2a2=Berg-Schlosser|2a3=Morlino|2y=2011|2p=2423|3a1=Heywood|3y=2012|3p=128}}

Social democracy has a strong, long-standing connection with [[trade unions]] and the broader [[labour movement]]. It is supportive of measures to foster greater [[Economic democracy|democratic decision-making in the economic sphere]], including [[collective bargaining]] and [[co-determination]] rights for workers.{{sfnm|1a1=Hinchman|1a2=Meyer|1y=2007|1p=91|2a1=Mathers|2a2=Taylor|2a3=Upchurch|2y=2009|2p=51}}

The [[history of social democracy]] stretches back to the 19th-century [[labour movement]]. Originally a catch-all term for [[Socialism|socialists]] of varying tendencies, after the [[October Revolution|Russian Revolution]], it came to refer to reformist socialists who were strategically opposed to [[revolutionary socialism|revolution]] as well as the [[Authoritarian socialism|authoritarianism]] of the [[Soviet]] model, nonetheless the eventual abolition of capitalism was still being upheld as an important end goal during this time.{{sfn|Adams|1993|pp=102–103}} However, by the 1990s social democrats had embraced [[mixed economies]] with a predominance of [[private property]] and promoted the regulation of capitalism over its replacement with a qualitatively different socialist [[economic system]].{{sfnm|1a1=Weisskopf|1y=1992|1p=10|2a1=Miller|2a2=1998|2p=827|3a1=Jones|3y=2001|3p=1410|4a1=Heywood|4y=2012|4pp=125–128}} Since that time, social democracy has been associated with [[Keynesian economics]], the [[Nordic model]], and [[welfare state]]s.{{sfnm|1a1=Gombert|1y=2009|1p=8|2a1=Sejersted|2y=2011}}

Social democracy has been described as the most common form of Western or modern [[socialism]],{{sfnm|1a1=Williams|1y=1985|1p=289|2a1=Foley|2y=1994|2p=23|3a1=Eatwell|3a2=Wright|3y=1999|3p=80|4a1=Busky|4y=2000|4p=8|5a1=Sargent|5y=2008|5p=117|6a1=Heywood|6y=2012|6p=97|7a1=Hain|7y=2015|7p=3}}{{sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1pp=81, 100|2a1=Pruitt|2y=2019|3a1=Berman|3y=2020}} as well as the reformist wing of [[democratic socialism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Williams|1y=1985|1p=289|2a1=Foley|2y=1994|2p=23|3a1=Eatwell|3a2=Wright|3y=1999|3p=80|4a1=Busky|4y=2000|4p=8|5a1=Sargent|5y=2008|5p=117|6a1=Heywood|6y=2012|6p=97|7a1=Hain|7y=2015|7p=3}} Amongst social democrats, attitudes towards socialism vary: some retain socialism as a long-term goal, with social democracy being a [[Liberal democracy|political]] and [[economic democracy]] supporting a [[gradualist]], [[reformist]], and [[democracy|democratic]] approach towards achieving socialism.{{sfnm|1a1=Roemer|1y=1994|1pp=25–27|2a1=Berman|2y=1998|2p=57|3a1=Bailey|3y=2009|3p=77|4a1=Lamb|4y=2015|4pp=415–416}} Others view it as an [[Ethical socialism|ethical ideal]] to guide reforms within capitalism. While both social democracy and democratic socialism once referred to movements seeking to achieve socialism, modern social democracies retain a capitalist system, whereas democratic socialists continue to advocate for its abolition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-08 |title=Definition of SOCIALISM |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/socialism |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> Nevertheless, the distinction remains blurred in colloquial settings, and the two terms are commonly used synonymously.{{sfn|Weisskopf|1992|p=10}}

The [[Third Way]] is an offshoot of social democracy which aims to fuse [[economic liberalism]] with social democratic economic policies and [[center-left]] social policies. It is a reconceptualization of social democracy developed in the 1990s and is embraced by some social democratic parties; with some political scientists and analysts characterising the Third Way as an effectively [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] movement.<ref name="Collection 1">{{harvnb|Barrientos|Powell|2004|pp=9–26}}; {{harvnb|Romano|2006}}; {{harvnb|Hinnfors|2006}}; {{harvnb|Lafontaine|2009}}; {{harvnb|Corfe|2010}}</ref>
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== Definitions ==
=== As a tradition of socialism ===
Social democracy is defined as one of many [[socialist traditions]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1pp=80–103|2a1=Newman|2y=2005|2p=5}} As an international [[political movement]] and [[ideology]], it aims to achieve socialism through [[Gradualism|gradual]] and [[Democracy|democratic]] means.{{sfnm|1a1=Steger|1y=1997|2a1=Safra|2y=1998|2p=920|3a1=Stevens|3y=2000|3p=1504|4a1=Duignan|4a2=Kalsang Bhutia|4a3=Mahajan|4y=2014}} This definition goes back to the influence of both the [[reformist socialism]] of [[Ferdinand Lassalle]] and the [[Proletarian internationalism|internationalist]] [[revolutionary socialism]] advanced by [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]].{{sfn|Aspalter|2001|p=52}} Social democracy has undergone various major forms throughout its history.{{sfnm|1a1=Miller|1y=1998|1p=827|2a1=Durlauf|2a2=Lawrence|2y=2008}} In the 19th century, it encompassed various non-revolutionary and revolutionary currents of socialism, excluding [[anarchism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Ely|1y=1883|1pp=204–205|2a1=Eatwell|2a2=Wright|2y=1999|2p=80|3a1=Lamb|3y=2015|3pp=415–416}} In one of the first scholarly works on European socialism written for an American audience, [[Richard T. Ely]]'s 1883 book ''French and German Socialism in Modern Times'', social democrats were characterized as "the extreme wing of the socialists" who were "inclined to lay so much stress on equality of enjoyment, regardless of the value of one's labor, that they might, perhaps, more properly be called communists".{{sfn|Ely|1883|p=204}} In the early 20th century, social democracy came to refer to support for a process of developing society through existing political structures and opposition to revolutionary means, which are often associated with Marxism.{{sfn|O'Hara|2003|p=538}} Thus whereas in the 19th century, social democracy could be described as "organized Marxism", it became "organized reformism" by the 20th century.{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|p=80}}

In political science, ''democratic socialism'' and ''social democracy'' are sometimes seen as synonyms,{{sfnm|1a1=Busky|1y=2000|1p=8|2a1=Sargent|2y=2008|2p=118|3a1=Heywood|3y=2012|3p=97|4a1=Hain|4y=2015|4p=3}} while they are distinguished in journalistic use.{{sfnm|1a1=Qiu|1y=2015|2a1=Barro|2y=2015|3a1=Tupy|3y=2016|4y=2016|5a1=Cooper|5y=2018|6a1=Rodriguez|6y=2018|7a1=Levitz, April 2019}} Under this democratic socialist definition,{{refn|"Social democracy is a political ideology focusing on an evolutionary road to socialism or the humanization of capitalism. It includes parliamentary process of reform, the provision of state benefits to the population, agreements between labor and the state, and the revisionist movement away from revolutionary socialism."{{sfn|O'Hara|2003|p=538}} "By the early twentieth century, ... many such [social democratic] parties had come to adopt parliamentary tactics and were committed to a gradual and peaceful transition to socialism. As a result, social democracy was increasingly taken to refer to democratic socialism, in contrast to revolutionary socialism."{{sfn|Heywood|2012}}

"Social democracy refers to a political theory, a social movement or a society that aims to achieve the egalitarian objectives of socialism while remaining committed to the values and institutions of liberal democracy."{{sfn|Blume|Durlauf|2016|p=606}} "In general, a label for any person or group who advocates the pursuit of socialism by democratic means. Used especially by parliamentary social democrats who put parliamentarism ahead of socialism, and therefore oppose revolutionary action against democratically elected governments. Less ambiguous than social democracy, which has had, historically, the opposite meanings of (1) factions of Marxism, and (2) groupings on the right of socialist parties."{{sfn|Brown|McLean|McMillan|2018}}|group=nb}} social democracy is an ideology seeking to gradually build an alternative [[socialist economy]] through the institutions of [[liberal democracy]].{{sfn|O'Hara|2003|p=538}} Starting in the post-war period, social democracy was defined as a policy regime advocating the reformation of capitalism to align it with the ethical ideals of [[social justice]].{{sfn|Kornai|Yingi|2009|pp=11–24}}

What [[socialists]] such as [[anarchists]], [[communists]], social democrats, [[syndicalists]], and some social democratic proponents of the [[Third Way]] share in common is history, specifically that they can all be traced back to the individuals, groups, and literature of the [[First International]], and have retained some of the terminology and symbolism such as the colour [[Red (political adjective)|red]]. How far society should intervene and whether the government, mainly the existing government, is the right vehicle for change are issues of disagreement.{{sfn|Docherty|Lamb|2006|pp=1–2}} As the ''Historical Dictionary of Socialism'' summarizes, "there were general criticisms about the social effects of the private ownership and control of capital", "a general view that the solution to these problems lay in some form of collective control (with the degree of control varying among the proponents of socialism) over the means of production, distribution, and exchange", and "there was agreement that the outcomes of this collective control should be a society that provided social equality and justice, economic protection, and generally a more satisfying life for most people".{{sfn|Docherty|Lamb|2006|pp=1–2}} ''Socialism'' became a catch-all term for the [[critics of capitalism]] and industrial society.{{sfn|Docherty|Lamb|2006|p=2}} Social democrats are [[anti-capitalists|anticapitalists]] insofar as criticism about "poverty, low wages, unemployment, economic and social inequality, and a lack of economic security" is linked to the [[private ownership]] of the [[means of production]].{{sfn|Docherty|Lamb|2006|pp=1–2}}

''Social democracy'' or ''social democratic'' remains controversial among socialists.{{sfn|Busky|2000|p=8}}{{refn|Donald F. Busky wrote: "Social democracy is a somewhat controversial term among democratic socialists. Many democratic socialists use ''social democracy '' as a synonym for ''democratic socialism'', while others, particularly revolutionary democratic socialists, do not, the latter seeing social democracy as something less than socialism—a milder, evolutionary ideology that seeks merely to reform capitalism. Communists also use the term ''social democratic'' to mean something less than true socialism that sought only to preserve capitalism by reform rather than by overthrowing and establishing socialism. Even revolutionary democratic socialists and Communists have at times, particularly the past, called their parties 'social democratic.{{' "}}{{sfn|Busky|2000|p=8}}|group=nb}} Some define it as representing a [[Marxist]] faction and non-communist socialists or the ''right-wing'' of socialism during the split with [[communism]].{{sfn|Brown|McLean|McMillan|2018}} Others have noted its pejorative use among communists and other socialists. According to [[Lyman Tower Sargent]], "''socialism'' refers to ''social'' theories rather than to theories oriented to the individual. Because many communists now call themselves ''democratic socialists'', it is sometimes difficult to know what a political label really means. As a result, ''social democratic'' has become a common new label for democratic socialist political parties."{{sfn|Sargent|2008|p=117}}

=== As a policy regime ===
As a policy regime,{{sfnm|1a1=Egle|1a2=Henkes|1a3=Merkel|1a4=Petring|1y=2008|2a1=Kotz|2y=2009|3a1=Foster|3a2=Tsakiroglou|3y=2014}} social democracy entails support for a [[mixed economy]] and ameliorative measures to benefit the [[working class]] within the framework of [[democratic capitalism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Hinchman|1a2=Meyer|1y=2007|1p=112|2a1=Badie|2a2=Berg-Schlosser|2a3=Morlino|2y=2011|2p=2423|3a1=Heywood|3y=2012|3p=128}} Social democracy currently depicts a chiefly capitalist economy with state economic regulation in the general interest, state provision of welfare services and state redistribution of income and wealth. Social democratic concepts influence the policies of most Western states since World War 2.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/social-democracy/v-1 |title=Social democracy |website=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Social democracy is frequently considered a practical middle course between capitalism and socialism. Social democracy aims to use democratic collective action for promoting freedom and equality in the economy and opposes what is seen as inequality and oppression that laissez-faire capitalism causes.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34324/chapter-abstract/291334753?redirectedFrom=fulltext |title=The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies |chapter=Social democracy |first=Ben |last=Jackson |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last1=Freeden |editor-first2=Marc |editor-last2=Stears|date=15 August 2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=348–363 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0030 |isbn=978-0-19-958597-7 |via=Silverchair}}</ref>

In the 21st century, it has become commonplace to define social democracy in reference to Northern and Western European countries,{{sfn|Blume|Durlauf|2016|pp=610–611}} and their model of a [[welfare state]] with a [[corporatist]] system of [[collective bargaining]].{{sfn|Egle|Henkes|Merkel|Petring|2008}} Social democracy has also been used synonymously with the [[Nordic model]].{{sfn|Bolton|2020}} Henning Meyer and Jonathan Rutherford associate social democracy with the socioeconomic order in Europe from the post-war period until the early 1990s.{{sfn|Meyer|Rutherford|2011}} Social democratic roots are also observed in Latin America during the early 20th century; this was the case in Uruguay during the two presidential terms of [[José Batlle y Ordóñez]].{{sfn|Altman|2011}}

While the welfare state has been accepted across the political spectrum,{{sfn|Heywood|2012}} particularly by [[conservatives]] ([[Christian democrats]]) and [[Liberalism|liberals]] ([[social liberals]]),{{sfn|Esping-Andersen|2013}} one notable difference is that socialists see the welfare state "not merely to provide benefits but to build the foundation for emancipation and self-determination".{{sfn|Sacks|2019}} In the 21st century, a social democratic policy regime{{refn|"Social democracy therefore came to stand for a broad balance between the market economy, on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other. Although this stance has been most clearly associated with reformist socialism, it has also been embraced, to a greater or lesser extent, by others, notably modern liberals and paternalist conservatives."{{sfn|Heywood|2012}}|group=nb}} may further be distinguished by a support for an increase in [[welfare spending|welfare]] policies or an increase in [[public service]]s.{{sfn|Bolton|2020}}

Some distinguish between ideological social democracy as part of the broad socialist movement and social democracy as a policy regime. They call the first ''classical social democracy'' or ''classical socialism'',{{sfnm|1a1=Adams|1y=1999|1loc="British socialism and the Labour movement", "Social democracy to New Labour"|1pp=103–106, 128–131|2a1=Romano|2y=2006|2p=4}} and the latter as ''competitive socialism'',{{sfn|Döring|2007|p=3}} ''liberal socialism'',{{sfn|Adams|1999|loc="British socialism and the Labour movement", "Social democracy to New Labour"|pp=103–106, 128–131}} ''neo-social democracy'',{{sfnm|1a1=Walters|1y=2001|1p=66|2a1=Katseli|2a2=Milios|2a3=Pelagidis|2y=2018}} or ''new social democracy''.{{sfnm|1a1=Gamble|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1p=6|2a1=Fitzpatrick|2y=2003|3a1=Bailey|3y=2009|3pp=14–17|4a1=Meyer|4a2=Rutherford|4y=2011|4pp=111–119|5a1=Taylor|5y=2013|5p=133}}

The [[Third Way]] is sometimes regarded as an effort to combine social democratic values with [[economic liberalism]], embraced most notably by Bill Clinton's New Democrats and Tony Blair's New Labour. Some analysts have characterized the Third Way [[neoliberal]] rather than social democratic.{{sfn|Romano|2006|p=11}}

=== As a name for political parties ===
{{Party politics|platforms}}
Many socialist parties in several countries have been, or are called ''Social Democratic''. In the 19th century, ''social democrat'' was a broad catch-all for international socialists owing their primary ideological allegiance to Lassalle or Marx, in contrast to those advocating various forms of [[utopian socialism]]. Many parties in this era described themselves as ''Social Democrats'', including the [[General German Workers' Association]] and the [[Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany]], which merged to form the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]], the [[Social Democratic Federation]] in Britain, and the [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]]. ''Social Democrat'' continued to be used in this context until the [[Bolshevik Revolution]] of October 1917, when ''Communist'' came into vogue for individuals and organizations espousing a revolutionary road to socialism.{{sfn|Williams|1985|p=289}}{{refn|According to [[Richard T. Ely]], "[social democrats] have two distinguishing characteristics. The vast majority of them are laborers, and, as a rule, they expect the violent overthrow of existing institutions by revolution to precede the introduction of the socialistic state. I would not, by any means, say that they are all revolutionists, but the most of them undoubtedly are. The most general demands of the social democrats are the following: The state should exist exclusively for the laborers; land and capital must become collective property, and production be carried on unitedly. Private competition, in the ordinary sense of the term, is to cease."{{sfn|Ely|1883|pp=204–205}}|group=nb}}
[[file:2017-06-25 SPD Bundesparteitag Impressionen by Olaf Kosinsky-41.jpg|thumb|2017 conference for the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]]]]
In the 20th century, the term came to be associated with the positions of the German and Swedish parties. The first advocated [[revisionist Marxism]], while the second advocated a comprehensive [[welfare state]]. By the 21st century, parties advocating social democracy include Labour, Left,{{sfn|Lafontaine|2009|pp=3–4}} and some Green parties.{{sfn|March|2008}}{{refn|"The far left is becoming the principal challenge to mainstream social democratic parties, in large part because its main parties are no longer extreme, but present themselves as defending the values and policies that social democrats have allegedly abandoned."{{sfn|March|2008}}|group=nb}} Most social democratic parties consider themselves democratic socialists and are categorized as socialists.{{sfnm|1a1=Lightfoot|1y=2005|1p=17|2a1=Docherty|2a2=Lamb|2y=2006|3a1=Lamb|3y=2015}} They continue to reference socialism,{{sfn|Adams|1998|pp=144–145}} either as a [[post-capitalist]] order{{sfnm|1a1=Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen|1y=2010|2a1=Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen, November 2016|3a1=Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen, December 2016}} or, in more ethical terms, as a just society, described as representing democratic socialism,{{sfnm|1a1=New Democratic Party of Canada|1y=2013|2a1=New Democratic Party of Canada|2y=2018}} without any explicit reference to the economic system or its structure.{{sfn|Ludlam|Smith|2017|p=3}} Parties such as the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] and the [[Swedish Social Democratic Party]]{{refn|The party's first chapter in its statutes says "the intention of the Swedish Social Democratic Labour Party is the struggle towards the Democratic Socialism", which is defined as a society with a democratic economy based on the socialist principle "From each according to his ability, to each according to his need."{{sfn|Samuelsson|1968}}|group=nb}} describe their goal as developing democratic socialism,{{sfn|Egle|Henkes|Merkel|Petring|2008|p=180}} with social democracy as the principle of action.{{sfn|Social Democratic Party of Germany|2007}} In the 21st century, European social democratic parties represent the [[centre-left]] and most are part of the [[Party of European Socialists]], while democratic socialist parties are to their left within the [[Party of the European Left]]. Many of those social democratic parties are members of the [[Socialist International]], including several democratic socialist parties, whose [[Frankfurt Declaration]] declares the goal of developing democratic socialism.{{sfn|Busky|2000|p=8}} Others are also part of the [[Progressive Alliance]], founded in 2013 by most contemporary or former member parties of the Socialist International.{{sfnm|1a1=Lambin|1y=2014|1p=269|2a1=Imlay|2y=2018|2p=465}}

=== As Marxist revisionism ===
Social democracy has been seen as a revision of [[Marxism]],{{sfn|Duignan|Kalsang Bhutia|Mahajan|2014}} although this has been described as misleading for modern social democracy.{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|p=86}} [[Marxist revisionist]] [[Eduard Bernstein]]'s views influenced and laid the groundwork for developing post-war social democracy as a policy regime, [[Labour revisionism]], and the neo-revisionism{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|p=99}} of the [[Third Way]].{{sfn|Giddens|2003|p=2}} This definition of social democracy is focused on ethical terms, with the [[type of socialism]] advocated being [[Ethical socialism|ethical]] and [[Liberal socialism|liberal]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1p=86|2a1=Bastow|2a2=Martin|2y=2003|2pp=72–79|3a1=Heywood|3y=2012|3p=128}} Bernstein described socialism and social democracy in particular as organized liberalism;{{sfnm|1a1=Steger|1y=1997|1p=139|2a1=Laidler|2y=2013|2p=253}} in this sense, [[liberalism]] is the predecessor and precursor of socialism,{{sfn|Freeden|Sargent|Stears|2013|p=350}} whose restricted view of [[Liberty (liberalism)|freedom]] is to be [[Liberty (socialism)|socialized]], while democracy must entail social democracy.{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|pp=83, 86}} For those social democrats, who still describe and see themselves as socialists, ''socialism'' is used in ethical or moral terms,{{sfnm|1a1=Giddens|1y=1998a|1p=71|2a1=Jackson|2a2=Tansey|2y=2008|2p=97}} representing democracy, egalitarianism, and social justice rather than a specifically socialist economic system.{{sfn|Kornai|Yingi|2009|pp=11–24}} Under this type of definition, social democracy's goal is that of advancing those values within a capitalist [[market economy]], as its support for a mixed economy no longer denotes the coexistence between [[Private property|private]] and [[public ownership]] or that between [[Economic planning|planning]] and [[market mechanism]]s but rather, it represents [[free market]]s combined with [[government intervention]] and [[Regulated market|regulations]].{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|p=100}}

== Philosophy ==
As a form of reformist [[democratic socialism]],{{sfnm|1a1=Williams|1y=1985|1p=289|2a1=Foley|2y=1994|2p=23|3a1=Eatwell|3a2=Wright|3y=1999|3p=80|4a1=Busky|4y=2000|4p=8|5a1=Sargent|5y=2008|5p=117|6a1=Heywood|6y=2012|6p=97|7a1=Hain|7y=2015|7p=3}} social democracy rejects the either/or interpretation of capitalism versus socialism.{{sfn|Harrington|2011|p=93}} It claims that fostering a progressive evolution of capitalism will gradually result in the evolution of a capitalist economy into a socialist economy.{{sfn|Bose|2005|p=41}} All citizens should be legally entitled to certain social rights: universal access to public services such as education, health care, workers' compensation, and other services, including child care and care for the elderly.{{sfn|Hinchman|Meyer|2007|p=137}} Social democrats advocate freedom from discrimination based on differences in ability/disability, age, [[ethnicity]], [[gender]], language, race, religion, [[sexual orientation]], and [[social class]].{{sfn|Groenke|Hatch|2009|p=192}}

[[File:Arbeiterbew.jpg|thumb|upright|200px|A portrait highlighting the five leaders of early social democracy in Germany{{refn|They include from top to row [[August Bebel]] and [[Wilhelm Liebknecht]] from the [[Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany]]; [[Karl Marx]] as an ideal pulse in the middle; and [[Carl Wilhelm Tölcke]] and [[Ferdinand Lassalle]] from the [[General German Workers' Association]] in the bottom row.|group=nb}}]]

Later in their lives, [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] argued that in some countries, workers might be able to achieve their aims through peaceful means.{{sfn|Gray|Johnson|Walker|2014|pp=119–120}} In this sense, Engels argued that socialists were evolutionists, although both Marx and Engels remained committed to [[social revolution]].{{sfn|Steger|1999|p=186}} In developing social democracy,{{sfn|Steger|1997|pp=133, 146}} [[Eduard Bernstein]] rejected [[orthodox Marxism]]'s revolutionary and materialist foundations.{{sfn|Steger|1997|pp=80, 137}} Rather than [[class conflict]] and [[socialist revolution]],{{sfn|Freeden|Sargent|Stears|2013|p=350}} Bernstein's [[Marxist revisionism]] reflected that socialism could be achieved through cooperation between people regardless of class.{{sfn|Steger|1997|p=146}} Nonetheless, Bernstein paid deference to Marx, describing him as the father of social democracy but declaring that it was necessary to revise Marx's thought in light of changing conditions.{{sfn|Lerner|1993|p=65}} Influenced by the gradualist platform favoured by the [[Fabian movement]] in Britain,{{sfn|Mosse|2018|p=269}} Bernstein advocated a similar evolutionary approach to socialist politics that he termed ''evolutionary socialism''.{{sfn|Steger|1997|pp=4, 14, 135}} Evolutionary means include [[representative democracy]] and cooperation between people regardless of class. Bernstein accepted the Marxist analysis that the creation of socialism is interconnected with the evolution of capitalism.{{sfn|Steger|1997|p=146}}

[[August Bebel]], Bernstein, Engels, [[Wilhelm Liebknecht]], Marx, and [[Carl Wilhelm Tölcke]] are all considered founders of social democracy in Germany. However, Bernstein and Lassalle, along with labourists and reformists such as [[Louis Blanc]] in France,{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|p=82}} led to the widespread association of social democracy with socialist reformism.{{sfnm|1a1=Megill|1y=1970|1p=37|2a1=Lipset|2y=1995|2p=1149|3a1=Brandal|3a2=Bratberg|3a3=Thorsen|3y=2013|3p=24}} While Lassalle was a reformist [[state socialist]],{{sfn|Berlau|1949|p=21}} Bernstein predicted a long-term coexistence of democracy with a [[mixed economy]] during the reforming of capitalism into socialism and argued that socialists needed to accept this.{{sfn|Steger|1997|p=146}} This mixed economy would involve [[State-owned enterprise|public]], [[cooperative]], and [[private enterprise]]s, and it would be necessary for an extended period before private enterprises evolve of their own accord into cooperative enterprises.{{sfn|Pierson|2001|p=25}} Bernstein supported state ownership only for certain parts of the economy that the state could best manage and rejected a mass scale of state ownership as being too burdensome to be manageable.{{sfn|Steger|1997|p=146}} Bernstein was an advocate of Kantian socialism and [[neo-Kantianism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Steger|1y=1997|1pp=96, 115–116|2a1=Eatwell|2a2=Wright|2y=1999|2p=86|3a1=Freeden|3a2=Sargent|3a3=Stears|3y=2013|3p=349}} Although unpopular early on, his views became mainstream after World War I.{{sfn|Mosse|2018}}

[[File:Charles-Anthony-Raven-Crosland (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Anthony Crosland]], who argued that traditional capitalism had been reformed and modified almost out of existence by the social democratic welfare policy regime after World War II]]

In ''[[The Future of Socialism]]'' (1956), [[Anthony Crosland]] argued that "traditional capitalism has been reformed and modified almost out of existence, and it is with a quite different form of society that socialists must now concern themselves. Pre-war anti-capitalism will give us very little help", for a new kind of capitalism required a new kind of socialism. Crosland believed that these features of reformed managerial capitalism were irreversible, but it has been argued within the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] and by others that [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[Ronald Reagan]] brought about its reversal in the 1970s and 1980s. Although the post-war consensus represented a period where social democracy was "most buoyant", it has been argued that "post-war social democracy had been altogether too confident in its analysis" because "gains which were thought to be permanent turned out to be conditional and as the reservoir of capitalist growth showed signs of drying up".{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|p=93}} In ''Socialism Now'' (1974), Crosland argued that "[m]uch more should have been achieved by a Labour Government in office and Labour pressure in opposition. Against the dogged resistance to change, we should have pitted a stronger will to change. I conclude that a move to the Left is needed".{{sfn|Crosland|1974|p=44}}

In ''Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared'', Vít Hloušek and Lubomír Kopecek explain how socialist parties have evolved from the 19th to the early 21st centuries. As the number of people in traditional working-class occupations such as factory workers and miners declined, socialists have successfully widened their appeal to the middle class by diluting their ideology;{{sfn|Hloušek|Kopeček|2013|pp=15–40}} however, there is still continuity between parties such as the SPD, the Labour Party in Britain, and other socialist parties which remain part of the same ''famille spirituelle'', or ideological party family, as outlined by most political scientists.{{sfn|Hloušek|Kopeček|2013|pp=41–66}} For many social democrats, [[Marxism]] is loosely held to be valuable for its emphasis on changing the world for a more just, better future.{{sfn|Berman|2006|p=153}}

== History ==
During the late 19th century and the early 20th century, social democracy was a broad labour movement within socialism that aimed to replace [[private ownership]] with [[social ownership]] of the [[means of production, distribution and exchange]], taking influence from both [[Marxism]] and the supporters of [[Ferdinand Lassalle]].{{sfnm|1a1=Ely|1y=1883|1pp=204–205|2a1=Lamb|2y=2015|2pp=415–416}} By 1868–1869, the socialism associated with [[Karl Marx]] had become the official theoretical basis of the first social democratic party established in Europe, the [[Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany]].{{sfn|Schorske|1993|p=2}} In the early 20th century, the German social democratic politician [[Eduard Bernstein]] rejected [[orthodox Marxist]] ideas about the [[Historical materialism|inevitable progression of history]] and the need for [[Proletarian revolution|revolution]], advancing instead the position that socialism should be grounded in [[Ethical socialism|ethical and moral arguments]] and achieved through [[Gradualism#Politics and society|gradual]] legislative [[reform]].{{sfn|Steger|1997|pp=80, 137}} Bernstein's ideas were initially not well received; his party maintained the position that reforms should be pursued only as a means to an eventual revolution, not as a substitute for it. Yet, Bernstein's ideas would have growing influence, particularly after the First World War.

The [[Russian Revolution]] was a pivotal moment that furthered the division between reformists and revolutionary socialists. Those supporting the [[October Revolution]] renamed themselves as ''Communists'' while those opposing the [[Bolshevik]]s retained the ''Social Democrat'' label.{{sfn|Naarden|2002|p=441}} While both groups technically shared the goal of a [[communist society]] that fully realized the principle of "[[from each according to his ability, to each according to his need]]", the Communists sought to distance themselves from to ''Social Democracy''{{'}}s association with reformism.{{sfnm|1a1=Williams|1y=1985|1p=289|2a1=Busky|2y=2000|2p=8}} The Communists also sought to distinguish themselves from the socialists that had supported the imperialist [[Great War]] and thus betrayed [[proletarian internationalism]]. This reformist–revolutionary division culminated in the [[German Revolution of 1919]],{{sfn|Chickering|1998|p=155}} in which the Communists wanted to overthrow the German government and establish a [[soviet republic]] like Russia, while the Social Democrats wanted to preserve it as what came to be known as the [[Weimar Republic]].{{sfnm|1a1=Berman|1y=1998|1pp=145–146|2a1=Childs|2y=2000|2p=2}} Thus social democracy went from a "Marxist revolutionary" doctrine into a form of "moderate parliamentary socialism".{{sfn|Adams|2001|p=108}}

The [[Bolsheviks]] split from the [[Second International]] and created their own separate [[Communist International]] (Comintern) in 1919 that sought to rally revolutionary social democrats together for socialist revolution. With this split, the reformists founded the [[Labour and Socialist International]] (LSI) in 1923. The LSI had a history of rivalry with the Comintern, with which it competed over the leadership of the international socialist and labour movement.{{sfn|Vickers|2003|p=72}}

During the 1920s and 1930s, social democracy became dominant in the socialist movement, mainly associated with reformist socialism while [[communism]] represented revolutionary socialism.{{sfn|Newman|2005|p=5}} Under the influence of politicians like [[Carlo Rosselli]] in Italy, social democrats began disassociating themselves from orthodox Marxism altogether as represented by [[Marxism–Leninism]],{{sfn|Bronner|1999|p=103}} embracing [[liberal socialism]],{{sfn|Bronner|1999|pp=103–104}} [[Keynesianism]],{{sfn|Bronner|1999|p=103}} and appealing to morality rather than any consistent systematic, [[Scientific method|scientific]], or [[materialist]] worldview.{{sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1p=86|2a1=Heywood|2y=2012|2p=128}} Social democracy appealed to [[communitarian]], [[corporatist]], and sometimes [[nationalist]] sentiments while rejecting the [[Economic determinism|economic]] and [[technological determinism]] generally characteristic of orthodox Marxism and [[economic liberalism]].{{sfn|Berman|2008|pp=12–13}}

By the post-[[World War II]] period and its [[Post-war consensus|economic consensus]] and [[Post–World War II economic expansion|expansion]], most social democrats in Europe had abandoned their ideological connection to orthodox Marxism. They shifted their emphasis toward social policy reform as a compromise between [[capitalism]] to [[socialism]].{{sfn|Adams|1993|p=146}} According to [[Michael Harrington]], the primary reason for this was the perspective that viewed the Stalinist-era [[Soviet Union]] as having succeeded in usurping the legacy of Marxism and distorting it in propaganda to justify [[totalitarianism]].{{sfn|Harrington|2011|p=162}} In its foundation, the [[Socialist International]] denounced the Bolshevik-inspired communist movement, "for [it] falsely claims a share in the Socialist tradition".{{sfn|Socialist International|1951}} Furthermore, core tenets of Marxism have been regarded by social democrats as having become obsolete, including the prediction that the working class was the decisive class with the development of capitalism. In their view, this did not materialize in the aftermath of mass industrialization during World War II.{{sfn|Harrington|2011|p=162}}

In Britain, the social democratic [[Gaitskellites]] emphasized the goals of [[personal liberty]], [[social welfare]], and [[social equality]].{{sfn|Brivati|Heffernan|2000|p=301}} The Gaitskellites were part of a political consensus between the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] and [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] parties, famously dubbed [[Butskellism]].{{sfn|Haseler|1969}} Some social democratic Third Way figures such as [[Anthony Giddens]] and [[Tony Blair]], who has described himself as a Christian socialist and a socialist in ethical terms,{{sfn|Jackson|Tansey|2008|p=97}} insist that they are socialists,{{sfn|Giddens|1998b|p=71}} for they claim to believe in the same values that their anti-Third Way critics do.{{sfnm|1a1=Blair|1y=1995|1p=2|1loc="Labour Past, Present and Future"|2a1=''The Guardian''|2y=2006|3a1=Diamond|3y=2015|4a1=Eaton|4y=2017}} According to those self-proclaimed social democratic modernizers, [[Clause IV]]'s open advocacy of state socialism was alienating potential middle-class Labour supporters, and nationalization policies had been so thoroughly attacked by neoliberal economists and politicians, including rhetorical comparisons by the right of state-owned industry in the West to that in the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and nationalizations and state socialism became unpopular. [[Thatcherite]] Conservatives were adept at condemning [[state-owned enterprise]]s as economically inefficient.{{sfn|Campbell|2009|p=95}} For the Gaitskellites, nationalization was not essential to achieve all major socialist objectives; [[public ownership]] and [[nationalization]] were not explicitly rejected but were seen as merely one of numerous useful devices.{{sfn|Brivati|Heffernan|2000|p=301}} According to social democratic modernizers like Blair, nationalization policies had become politically unviable by the 1990s.{{sfnm|1a1=Lowe|1y=2004|2a1=Romano|2y=2007|2p=3|3a1=Ludlam|3a2=Smith|3y=2017|3p=1–15}}

During the [[Third Way]] development of social democracy, social democrats adjusted to the neoliberal political climate that had existed since the 1980s. Those social democrats recognized that outspoken [[opposition to capitalism]] was politically non-viable and that accepting the [[powers that be]], seeking to challenge [[free-market]] and ''[[laissez-faire]]'' variations of capitalism, was a more immediate concern.{{sfn|Romano|2006|p=113}} The Third Way stands for a modernized social democracy,{{sfnm|1a1=Lowe|1y=2004|2a1=Romano|2y=2006|2p=3|3a1=Ludlam|3a2=Smith|3y=2017|3p=3}} but the social democracy that remained committed to the gradual abolition of capitalism and social democrats opposed to the Third Way merged into democratic socialism.{{sfn|Lafontaine|2009}} Although social democracy originated as a revolutionary socialist or communist movement,{{sfn|Ely|1883|pp=204–205}} one distinction between democratic socialism and social democracy is that the former can include revolutionary means.{{sfnm|1a1=Duignan|1a2=Kalsang Bhutia|1a3=Mahajan|1y=2014|2a1=Abjorensen|2y=2019|2p=115}} The latter proposes [[representative democracy]] under the [[rule of law]] as the only acceptable constitutional form of government.{{sfn|Hinchman|Meyer|2007|p=91}}

During the Great Recession, Social Democratic parties in Europe increasingly adopted [[austerity]] as a policy response to the economic crisis, shifting away from the traditional Keynesian response of [[deficit spending]]. According to Björn Bremer, this shift in thinking was due to the influence of [[supply-side economics]] on Social Democratic leaders and by electoral motivations whereby Social Democrats wanted to appear economically competent to voters by adopting orthodox fiscal policies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bremer |first=Björn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-G6EAAAQBAJ |title=Austerity from the Left: Social Democratic Parties in the Shadow of the Great Recession |date=2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-287221-0}}</ref>

== Social democracy and democratic socialism ==
{{Further|Democratic socialism}}
{{Socialism sidebar|variants}}

Social democracy has some significant overlap in practical policy positions with democratic socialism,{{sfnm|1a1=Denitch|1y=1981|2a1=Picard|2y=1985|3a1=Foley|3y=1994|3p=23|4a1=Busky|4y=2000|4p=8|5a1=Heywood|5y=2012|5p=97|6a1=Sunkara|6y=2020}} although they are usually distinguished from each other.{{sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1pp=80|2a1=Busky|2y=2000|2p=8|3a1=Anderson|3a2=Herr|3y=2007|4a1=Alt|4a2=Chambers|4a3=Garrett|4a4=Kurian|4y=2010|5a1=Sunkara|5y=2020}} In Britain, the revised version of [[Clause IV]] to the [[Labour Party Constitution]], which was implemented in the 1990s by the [[New Labour]] faction led by [[Tony Blair]],{{sfn|Ludlam|Smith|2017|pp=1–15}} affirms a formal commitment to democratic socialism,{{sfn|Adams|1998|pp=144–145}} describing it as a modernized form of social democracy;{{sfnm|1a1=Lowe|1y=2004|2a1=Romano|2y=2007|2p=3|3a1=Ludlam|3a2=Smith|3y=2017|3p=3}} however, it no longer commits the party to public ownership of industry and in its place advocates "the enterprise of the market and the rigour of competition" along with "high quality public services either owned by the public or accountable to them".{{sfn|Adams|1998|pp=144–145}} Many social democrats "refer to themselves as socialists or democratic socialists", and some such as Blair{{sfnm|1a1=Blair|1y=1995|1p=2|1loc="Labour Past, Present and Future"|2a1=''The Guardian''|2y=2006|3a1=Diamond|3y=2015|4a1=Eaton|4y=2017}} "use or have used these terms interchangeably".{{sfnm|1a1=O'Reilly|1y=2007|1p=91|2a1=Raza|2y=2012|2p=86|3a1=Gage|3y=2018}} Others argue that "there are clear differences between the three terms, and preferred to describe their own political beliefs by using the term 'social democracy' only".{{sfn|Brandal|Bratberg|Thorsen|2013|p=7}}

''Democratic socialism''{{refn|Democratic socialism is generally defined as an [[anti-Stalinist]] left-wing [[big tent]] that opposes [[authoritarian socialism]], rejecting [[List of non-communist socialist states|self-described socialist states]], as well as [[Marxism–Leninism]] and its derivatives such as [[Maoism]] and [[Stalinism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Busky|1y=2000|1pp=7–8|2a1=Schweickart|2y=2007|2p=448}} Besides social democrats, democratic socialists also include some [[anarchists]],{{sfn|Dongyoun|2016|pp=171–174}} [[classical Marxist]]s,{{sfn|Sargent|2008|p=118}} [[democratic communists]],{{sfnm|1a1=Megill|1y=1970|1p=45|2a1=Fleet|2y=1973|3a1=Sargent|3y=2008|3p=117}} [[libertarian socialists]],{{sfnm|1a1=Draper|1y=1966|2a1=Poulantzas|2y=1978|3a1=Hain|3y=1995|4a1=Hain|4y=2000}} [[market socialist]]s,{{sfn|Schweickart|2007|p=448}} and [[orthodox Marxists]] such as [[Karl Kautsky]]{{sfnm|1a1=Muldoon|1y=2019|2a1=Post|2y=2019|3a1=Blanc|3y=2019}} and [[Rosa Luxemburg]],{{sfnm|1a1=Draper|1y=1966|1loc="The 'Revisionist' Facade"|2a1=Sunkara|2y=2020}} as well as [[Revisionism (Marxism)|revisionists]] such as [[Eduard Bernstein]], who supported social democracy.{{sfnm|1a1=Bernstein|1y=1907|2a1=Steger|2y=1997}}|group=nb}} represents social democracy before the 1970s,{{sfnm|1a1=Schumpeter|1y=1942|2a1=Thomas|2y=1953|3a1=Williams|3y=1985|4a1=Hattersley|4y=1987|5a1=Tomlinson|5y=1997|6a1=Medearis|6y=1997}} when the [[post-war displacement of Keynesianism]] by [[monetarism]] and neoliberalism caused many social democratic parties to adopt the Third Way ideology, accepting [[capitalism]] as the ''[[status quo]]'' for the time being and redefining [[socialism]] in a way that maintains the capitalist structure intact.{{sfnm|1a1=Barrientos|1a2=Powell|1y=2004|2a1=Romano|2y=2006|3a1=Hinnfors|3y=2006|4a1=Lafontaine|4y=2009|5a1=Corfe|5y=2010}} Like modern social democracy, democratic socialism tends to follow a gradual or evolutionary path to socialism rather than a revolutionary one.{{sfn|Hamilton|1989}}{{sfnm|1a1=Busky|1y=2000|1p=10|2a1=Pierson|2y=2005|3a1=Heywood|3y=2012|3p=97}} Policies commonly supported are [[Keynesian]] and include some degree of [[regulation over the economy]], [[social insurance]] schemes, public [[pension]] programs, and a gradual expansion of [[public ownership]] over major and strategic industries.{{sfn|Sargent|2008|p=117}}

=== Internal debates ===
During the late 20th century, the social democracy and democratic socialism labels were variously embraced, contested and rejected due to the emergence of developments within the European left,{{sfn|Wintrop|1983|p=306}} such as [[Eurocommunism]],{{sfn|Kindersley|2016}} the rise of neoliberalism,{{sfnm|1a1=Lavelle|1y=2005|2a1=Birch|2a2=MacLeavy|2a3=Springer|2y=2016|3a1=Humphrys|3y=2018}} the [[fall of the Soviet Union]] and the [[Revolutions of 1989]],{{sfn|Docherty|Lamb|2006|p=82}} the [[Third Way]],{{sfnm|1a1=Barrientos|1a2=Powell|1y=2004|1pp=9–26|2a1=Cammack|2y=2004|2pp=151–166|3a1=Romano|3y=2006|4a1=Hinnfors|4y=2006|5a1=Lafontaine|5y=2009|6a1=Corfe|6y=2010}} and the rise of [[anti-austerity]]{{sfn|Calossi|2016}} and [[Occupy movement|Occupy]]{{sfn|Kwok|Rieger|2013|p=40}} movements due to the [[2008 financial crisis]]{{refn|It peaked after the mid-September 2008 outbreak.{{sfn|CNBC|2009}}|group=nb}} and the [[Great Recession]],{{sfnm|1a1=Dionne|1a2=Galtson|1y=2019|2a1=Cassidy|2y=2019|3a1=Kvitrud|3y=2019|4a1=Sears|4y=2019|4p=243}} the causes of which have been attributed by some to the neoliberal shift and deregulation economic policies.{{sfnm|1a1=Palley|1y=2013|2a1=Amadeo|2y=2019|3a1=Sitaraman|3y=2019}} This latest development contributed to the rise of politicians, such as [[Jeremy Corbyn]] in Britain and [[Bernie Sanders]] in the United States,{{sfn|Tarnoff|2017}} who rejected [[centrist]] politicians that supported [[Triangulation (politics)|triangulation]] within the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] parties.{{sfnm|1a1=Huges|1y=2016|2a1=Associated Press|2y=2018}}

According to both right-wing critics and supporters alike, policies such as universal [[Universal healthcare|health care]] and [[Universal education|education]] are "pure Socialism" because they are opposed to "the hedonism of capitalist society".{{sfn|Bevan|1952|p=106}} Because of this overlap, ''democratic socialism'' refers to European socialism as represented by social democracy,{{sfnm|1a1=Busky|1y=2000|1p=8|2a1=Sargent|2y=2008|2p=118|3a1=Heywood|3y=2012|3p=97|4a1=Hain|4y=2015|4p=3|5a1=Levitz, April 2019}} especially in the United States,{{sfnm|1a1=Benson|1y=2015|2a1=Gram|2y=2015|3a1=Murphy|3y=2017}} where it is tied to the [[New Deal]].{{sfnm|1a1=Prokop|1y=2015|2a1=Sanders|2y=2015|3a1=Frizell|3y=2019|4a1=Sanders|4y=2019|5a1=Golshan|5y=2019}} Some democratic socialists who follow social democracy support "practical", [[Progressivism|progressive]] reforms of capitalism and are more concerned with administrating and humanising it, with socialism relegated to the indefinite future.{{sfnm|1a1=Berman|1y=1998|1p=57|2a1=Bailey|2y=2009|2p=77}} Other democratic socialists want to go beyond mere meliorist reforms and advocate the systematic transformation of the [[mode of production]] from [[Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)|capitalism]] to [[Socialist mode of production|socialism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1p=80|2a1=Anderson|2a2=Herr|2y=2007|3a1=Alt|3a2=Chambers|3a3=Garrett|3a4=Kurian|3y=2010}}

=== In the United States ===
{{Progressivism US}}
Despite the long history of overlap between the two, with social democracy considered a form of democratic or parliamentary socialism and social democrats calling themselves democratic socialists,{{sfnm|1a1=Busky|1y=2000|1p=8|2a1=Sargent|2y=2008|2p=118|3a1=Heywood|3y=2012|3p=97|4a1=Hain|4y=2015|4p=3}} ''democratic socialism'' is considered a misnomer in the United States.{{sfnm|1a1=Qiu|1y=2015|2a1=Barro|2y=2015|3a1=Tupy|3y=2016|4y=2016|5a1=Levitz, April 2019}} One issue is that ''social democracy'' is equated with wealthy countries in the Western world, especially Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, while ''democratic socialism'' is conflated either with the [[pink tide]] in Latin America, especially with Venezuela,{{sfnm|1a1=Stephens|1y=2019|2a1=Faiola|2y=2019|3a1=Haltiwanger|3y=2020|4a1=Krugman|4y=2020}} or with communism in the form of [[Marxist–Leninist]] socialism as practised in the Soviet Union and other [[Communist state|self-declared socialist states]].{{sfnm|1a1=Qiu|1y=2015|2a1=Barro|2y=2015|3a1=Tupy|3y=2016|4y=2016|5a1=Cooper|5y=2018|6a1=Rodriguez|6y=2018|7a1=Levitz, April 2019}} ''Democratic socialism'' has been described as representing the "left-wing"{{sfn|Levitz, April 2019}} or "socialist" tradition of the [[New Deal]].{{sfnm|Ackerman|2019}}

The lack of a strong and influential [[socialist movement in the United States]] has been linked to the [[Red Scare]],{{sfnm|1a1=Foner|1y=1984|2a1=Oshinsky|2y=1988|3a1=Zimmerman|3y=2010}} and any ideology associated with socialism brings social stigma due to its association with [[Authoritarian socialism|authoritarian]] [[List of non-communist socialist states|socialist states]].{{sfn|Leibovich|2007}} ''Socialism'' has been used as a pejorative term by members of the [[political right]] to stop the implementation of [[Liberalism in the United States|liberal]] and [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive]] policies and proposals and to criticize the public figures trying to implement them.{{sfnm|1a1=Truman|1y=1952|2a1=Jackson|2y=2012|3a1=Astor|3y=2019}} In contrast to Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, the United States never witnessed the consolidation of a major socialist party,<ref>Foner, Eric (1984). [http://www.nyu.edu/steinhardt/e/pdf/humsocsci/mias/readings07/21.pdf "Why is there no socialism in the United States"]. ''History Workshop'' (17).</ref> as its socialist movement remained comparatively weak.{{sfn|Oshinsky|1988}} A major contributing factor to this divergence lies in the legacy of slavery, which institutionalized profound and enduring racial divisions within the American working class. Unlike the relatively cohesive labor movements that emerged in societies lacking such a history, the U.S. working class was stratified along racial lines, producing a segmented labor market with distinct and often conflicting political priorities. This structural fragmentation undermined the development of class solidarity and posed a persistent obstacle to the formation of robust left-wing politics. Consequently, racial stratification constrained mass support for redistributive policies—particularly those concerning taxation, social welfare, and economic equality—thereby limiting the political viability of socialism in the American context.<ref>"Decoding the American Paradox: Historical Perspectives on its Immunity to Left-Wing Politics",|website=https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4695355</ref> Although Americans may reject the idea that the United States has characteristics of a European-style social democracy, it has been argued by some observers that it has a comfortable [[social safety net]], albeit severely underfunded in comparison to other Western countries.{{sfn|Zimmerman|2010}} It has also been argued that many policies that may be considered socialist are popular but that socialism is not.{{sfn|Levitz, April 2019}} Others, such as [[Tony Judt]], described [[modern liberalism in the United States]] as representing European social democracy.{{sfn|''The Economist''|2010}}

== Policy regime ==
Social democracy rests on three fundamental features, namely: "(1) parliamentary democracy, (2) an economy partly regulated by the state, and (3) provision of social support to those in need".{{sfn|Badie|Berg-Schlosser|Morlino|2011|p=2423}} In practice, social democratic parties have been instrumental in the social-liberal paradigm, lasting from the 1940s and 1970s, and called such because it was developed by [[Social liberalism|social liberals]] but implemented by social democrats.{{sfnm|1a1=Adams|1y=2001|p=31|2a1=Árnason|2a2=Wittrock|2y=2012|2pp=30, 192}} Since those policies were mostly implemented by social democrats, social liberalism is sometimes called ''social democracy''.{{sfn|Kenworthy|2014}} In Britain, the social-liberal [[Beveridge Report]] drafted by the [[Liberal (UK)|Liberal]] economist [[William Beveridge]] influenced the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]'s social policies, such as the [[National Health Service]] and Labour's welfare state development.{{sfn|Jefferys|1994}} This social-liberal paradigm represented the post-war consensus and was accepted across the political spectrum by conservatives, liberals and socialists until the 1970s.{{sfn|Adams|2001|p=37}} Similarly, the neoliberal paradigm, which replaced the previous paradigm, was accepted across the mainstream political parties, including social democratic supporters of the Third Way.{{sfn|Adams|2001|pp=212–213}} This has caused much controversy within the social democratic movement.{{sfnm|1a1=Barrientos|1a2=Powell|1y=2004|1p=18|2a1=Cammack|2y=2004|2p=155|3a1=Romano|3y=2006|3p=11|4a1=Hinnfors|4y=2006|4pp=117, 137–139|5a1=Lafontaine|5y=2009|5p=7|6a1=Corfe|6y=2010|6pp=33, 178}}

=== Role of the state ===
From the late 19th century until the mid to late 20th century, there was greater public confidence in the idea of a state-managed economy that was a major pillar of communism, and to a substantial degree by [[conservatives]] and [[left-liberal]]s.{{sfnm|1a1=Rothestein|1y=1998|1pp=18–27|2a1=Esping-Andersen|2y=2013}} Aside from [[anarchists]] and other [[libertarian socialists]], there was confidence amongst socialists in the concept of [[state socialism]] as being the most effective form of socialism. Some early British social democrats in the 19th century and 20th century, such as the [[Fabians]], said that British society was already mostly socialist and that the economy was significantly socialist through government-run enterprises created by conservative and liberal governments which could be run for the interests of the people through their representatives' influence,{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|pp=87–88}} an argument echoed by some socialists in post-war Britain.{{sfnm|1a1=Crosland|1y=1952|2a1=Kynaston|2y=2009|2p=82}} Advents in economics and observation of the failure of state socialism in the [[Eastern Bloc]] countries{{sfn|Gey|Kosta|Quaisser|1987}} and the Western world with the crisis and stagflation of the 1970s,{{sfnm|1a1=Miller|1y=2008|2a1=Ehns|2y=2016|2pp=4–5}} combined with the neoliberal rebuke of [[state interventionism]], resulted in socialists re-evaluating and redesigning socialism.{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|pp=93–95}} Some social democrats have sought to keep what they deem are socialism's core values while changing their position on state involvement in the economy and retaining significant social regulations.{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|pp=96–103}}

{{multiple image|total_width=330|image1=Aneurin Bevan (1943).jpg|width1=230|height1=300|caption1=[[Aneurin Bevan]], [[Minister of Health (United Kingdom)|British minister of health]] (1945–1951)|image2=Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1988-0108-059, Paris, Besuch Erich Honecker, Mitterrand (cropped).jpg|width2=230|height2=300|caption2=[[François Mitterrand]], [[president of France]] (1981–1995)}}
When [[nationalization]] of large industries was relatively widespread in the 20th century until the 1970s, it was not uncommon for commentators to describe some European social democracies as democratic socialist states seeking to move their countries toward a [[socialist economy]].{{sfnm|1a1=Heilbroner|1y=1991|1pp=96–110|2a1=Kendall|2y=2011|2pp=125–127|3a1=Li|3y=2015|3pp=60–69}} In 1956, leading [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] politician and British author [[Anthony Crosland]] said that capitalism had been abolished in Britain,{{sfnm|1a1=Crosland|1y=1952|2a1=Eatwell|2a2=Wright|2y=1999|2p=93}} although others such as Welshman [[Aneurin Bevan]], Minister of Health in the first [[post-war Labour government]] and the architect of the [[National Health Service]], disputed the claim.{{sfnm|1a1=Socialist Party of Great Britain|1y=1958|2a1=Crosland|2y=2006|2pp=9, 89}} For Crosland and others who supported his views, Britain was a socialist state.{{sfnm|1a1=Crosland|1y=1952|2a1=Kynaston|2y=2009|2p=82}} According to Bevan, Britain had a socialist [[National Health Service]], which opposed the [[hedonism]] of Britain's capitalist society.{{sfn|Bevan|1952|p=106}}

Although, as in the rest of Europe, the [[Capital accumulation|laws of capitalism]] still operated fully and [[private enterprise]] dominated the economy,{{sfn|Batson|2017}} some political commentators stated that during the post-war period, when social democratic parties were in power, countries such as Britain and France were democratic socialist states. The same claim has been applied to Nordic countries with the Nordic model.{{sfnm|1a1=Heilbroner|1y=1991|1pp=96–110|2a1=Kendall|2y=2011|2pp=125–127|3a1=Li|3y=2015|3pp=60–69}} In the 1980s, the government of President [[François Mitterrand]] aimed to expand [[dirigism]] and attempted to nationalize all French banks, but this attempt faced opposition from the [[European Economic Community]] because it demanded a free-market economy among its members.{{sfnm|1a1=Cobham|1y=1984|21pp=351–358|2a1=Cohen|2y=2010}} [[Public ownership]] never accounted for more than 15–20% of [[capital formation]], further dropping to 8% in the 1980s and below 5% in the 1990s after the rise of neoliberalism.{{sfn|Batson|2017}}

The collapse of the legitimacy of state socialism and [[Keynesian]] interventionism (with the discovery of the phenomenon of [[stagflation]]) has been an issue for social democracy.{{sfnm|1a1=Miller|1y=2008|2a1=Ehns|2y=2016|2pp=4–5}} This has provoked re-thinking of how socialism should be achieved by social democrats,{{sfn|Egle|Henkes|Merkel|Petring2008|p=253}} including changing views by social democrats on private property—anti-Third Way social democrats such as Robert Corfe have advocated a socialist form of private property as part of new socialism (although Corfe technically objects to ''[[private property]]'' as a term to collectively describe property that is not publicly owned as being vague) and rejecting state socialism as a failure.{{sfnm|1a1=Corfe|1y=2001|1p=74|2a1=Corfe|2a2=Miller|2y=2002|2p=51|3a1=Corfe|3y=2005|3p=20}} Third Way social democracy was formed in response to what its proponents saw as a crisis in the legitimacy of socialism—especially state socialism—and the rising legitimacy of neoliberalism, especially ''laissez-faire'' capitalism. The Third Way's view of the crisis is criticized for being too simplistic.{{sfn|Lemke|Marks|1992|p=5}} Others have criticized it because with the fall of state socialism, it was possible for "a new kind of 'third way' socialism (combining social ownership with markets and democracy), thereby heralding a revitalization of the social democratic tradition";{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|p=95}} however, it has been argued that the prospect of a new socialism was "a chimera, a hopeful invention of Western socialists who had not understood how '[[actually existing socialism]]' had totally discredited ''any'' version of socialism among those who had lived under it".{{sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|p=95}}

=== Corporatism ===
{{Corporatism sidebar|related}}

Social democracy influenced the development of [[social corporatism]], a form of economic [[Tripartism|tripartite]] corporatism based upon a social partnership between the interests of [[Capital (economics)|capital]] and [[Labour (economics)|labour]], involving collective bargaining between representatives of employers and labour mediated by the government at the national level.{{sfn|Hicks|1988}} During the [[post-war consensus]], this form of social democracy has been a major component of the [[Nordic model]] and, to a lesser degree, the West European [[social market economies]].{{sfn|Rosser|Rosser|2003|p=226}} The development of social corporatism began in Norway and [[Sweden]] in the 1930s and was consolidated in the 1960s and 1970s.{{sfn|Moschonas|2002|p=65}} The system was based upon the dual compromise of capital and labour as one component and the market and the state as the other.{{sfn|Moschonas|2002|p=65}} From the 1940s through the 1970s, defining features of social democracy as a policy regime included Keynesian economic policies and industrial agreements to balance the power of capital and labour and the welfare state.{{sfn|O'Hara|2003|p=538}} This is especially associated with the Swedish [[Swedish Social Democratic Party|Social Democrats]].{{sfnm|1a1=Samuelsson|1y=1968|2a1=Carlsson|2a2=Lindgren|2y=1998}} In the 1970s, social corporatism evolved into [[neo-corporatism]], which replaced it. Neo-corporatism has represented an important concept of [[Third Way social democracy]].{{sfn|Whyman|2005|p=208}} Social democratic theorist Robin Archer wrote about the importance of social corporatism to social democracy in his work ''Economic Democracy: The Politics of a Feasible Socialism'' (1995).{{sfn|Archer|1995}} As a welfare state, social democracy is a specific type of welfare state and policy regime described as being universalist, supportive of collective bargaining, and more supportive of public provision of welfare. It is especially associated with the Nordic model.{{sfnm|1a1=Esping-Andersen|1y=2013|2a1=Brandal|2a2=Bratberg|2a3=Thorsen|2y=2013}}

== Analysis ==
=== Legacy ===
{{Progressivism|related}}

Social democratic policies were first adopted in the [[German Empire]] between the 1880s and 1890s, when the [[Conservatism in Germany|conservative]] Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]] put in place many [[social welfare]] proposals initially suggested by the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats]] to hinder their electoral success after he instituted the [[Anti-Socialist Laws]], laying the ground of the first modern [[welfare state]].{{sfn|Sacks|2019}} Those policies were dubbed [[State Socialism (Germany)|State Socialism]] by the [[Liberalism in Germany|liberal]] opposition, but Bismarck later accepted and re-appropriated the term.{{sfn|Feuchtwanger|2002|p=221}} It was a set of social programs implemented in Germany that Bismarck initiated in 1883 as remedial measures to appease the [[working class]] and reduce support for [[socialism]] and the Social Democrats following earlier attempts to achieve the same objective through Bismarck's Anti-Socialist Laws.{{sfnm|1a1=Bismarck|1y=1884|2a1=Gregory|2a2=Stuart|2y=2003|2p=207|3a1=Sacks|3y=2019}} This did not prevent the Social Democrats from becoming the biggest party in parliament by 1912.{{sfn|Boissoneault|2017}}

Similar policies were later adopted in most of Western Europe, including France and the United Kingdom (the latter in the form of the [[Liberal welfare reforms]]),{{sfn|The National Archive (Liberal Welfare Reforms 1906–11)}} with both socialist and liberal parties adopting those policies.{{sfn|Esping-Andersen|2013}} In the United States, the [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive movement]], a similar social democratic movement predominantly influenced more by [[Modern liberalism in the United States|social liberalism]] than [[Socialism in the United States|socialism]], supported progressive liberals such as [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidents [[Woodrow Wilson]] and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], whose [[The New Freedom|New Freedom]] and [[New Deal]] programmes adopted many social democratic policies.{{sfnm|1a1=Schlesinger|1y=1962|2a1=Zimmerman|2y=2010}} With the [[Great Depression]], [[economic interventionism]] and [[nationalizations]] became more common worldwide and the [[post-war consensus]] until the 1970s saw [[Keynesian]] social democratic and [[mixed economy]] policies put in place, leading to the [[post-World War II boom]] in which the United States, the Soviet Union, the Western European, and East Asian countries experienced unusually high and sustained [[economic growth]], together with [[full employment]]. Contrary to early predictions, this period of high economic growth and national development also included many countries that were devastated by the war, such as Japan ([[Japanese post-war economic miracle]]), West Germany and Austria ([[Wirtschaftswunder]]), South Korea ([[Miracle of the Han River]]), France ([[Trente Glorieuses]]), Italy ([[Italian economic miracle]]), and Greece ([[Greek economic miracle]]).{{sfnm|1a1=Marglin|1a2=Schor|1y=1991|2a1=Marglin|2a2=Schor|2y=2017}}

With the [[1970s energy crisis]], the abandonment of both the [[gold standard]] and the [[Bretton Woods system]] along with Keynesian social democratic, mixed-economy policies and the implementation of [[Market-oriented economy|market-oriented]], [[monetarist]], and [[neoliberal]] policies ([[privatization]], [[deregulation]], [[free trade]], [[economic globalization]], and anti-[[inflation]]ary [[fiscal policy]], among others), the social democratic welfare state was put in doubt.{{sfn|Lewis|Surender|2004}} This caused several social democratic parties to adopt the [[Third Way]], a centrist ideology combining social democracy with neoliberalism;{{sfn|Whyman|2005}} however, the [[Great Recession]] in the late 2000s and early 2010s cast doubts on the [[Washington Consensus]], and [[Anti-austerity movement|protests]] against [[austerity measures]] ensued. There was a resurgence of social democratic parties and policies, especially in the United States and the United Kingdom, with the rise of politicians such as [[Bernie Sanders]] and [[Jeremy Corbyn]], who rejected the Third Way,{{sfnm|1a1=Huges|1y=2016|2a1=Tarnoff|2y=2017|3a1=Associated Press|3y=2018}} after the [[economic recession]] caused the [[Pasokification]] of many social democratic parties.{{sfnm|1a1=Lowen|1y=2013|2a1=Ludwigshafen|2a2=Piraeus|2a3=Valletta|2y=2016|3a1=Younge|3y=2017|4a1=Eaton|4y=2018|5a1=''The Economist''|5y=2018}}

The United Nations [[World Happiness Report]] shows that the happiest nations are concentrated in social democratic nations,{{sfn|Conley|2019}}{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=June 2023}} especially in Northern Europe, where the [[Nordic model]] is applied.{{sfnm|1a1=Cappelen|1a2=Fagerberg|1a3=Mjøset|1a4=Skarstein|1y=1990|1pp=60–94|2a1=Veggel|2y=2014|2pp=60–94|3a1=Dølvik|3a2=Fløtten|3a3=Hippe|3a4=Jordfald|3y=2015|3p=23|4a1=Simon Reid|4y=2015|4p=132}} This is at times attributed to the success of the social democratic Nordic model in the region, where similar [[democratic socialist]], [[labourist]], and social democratic parties dominated the region's political scene and laid the ground for their [[universal welfare state]]s in the 20th century.{{sfnm|1a1=Esping-Andersen|1y=1985|2a1=Hicks|2y=1988|3a1=Moschonas|3y=2002|4a1=Rosser|4a2=Rosser|4y=2003|5a1=Ferragina|5a2=Seeleib-Kaiser|5y=2011|6a1=Brandal|6a2=Bratberg|6a3=Thorsen|6y=2013}} The Nordic countries, including Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, as well as Greenland and the Faroe Islands, also ranks highest on the metrics of real [[GDP per capita]], [[Equality (economics)|economic equality]], [[public health]], [[life expectancy]], [[solidarity]], perceived [[Freedom of choice|freedom to make life choices]], [[generosity]], [[quality of life]], and [[Human development (economics)|human development]], while countries practising a neoliberal form of government have registered relatively poorer results.{{sfnm|1a1=Gregoire|1y=2013|2a1=Conley|2y=2019}}{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=June 2023}} Similarly, several reports have listed Scandinavian and other social democratic countries as ranking high on indicators such as [[civil liberties]],{{sfnm|1a1=Abramowitz|1y=2018|2a1=Aghekyan|2a2=Bhatia|2a3=Dunham|2a4=O'Toole|2y=2018|3a1=Abramowitz|3y=2019|4a1=Repucci|4y=2020}} [[democracy]],{{sfn|''The Economist''|2020}} [[Press freedom|press]],{{sfnm|1a1=Reporters Without Borders 2019 (table)|2a1=Reporters Without Borders 2019 (analysis)}} [[peace]],{{sfn|Vision of Humanity|2019}} and perceived freedom from [[corruption]].{{sfnm|1a1=Transparency International 2020 (table)|2a1=Transparency International 2020 (analysis)}} Numerous studies and surveys indicate that people live happier lives in countries ruled by social democratic parties than those ruled by neoliberal, centrist, and right-wing governments.{{sfnm|1a1=Pani|1a2=Panic|1y=2011|2a1=Radcliff|2y=2013|3a1=Brown|3y=2014|4a1=Flavin|4a2=Pacek|4a3=Radcliff|4y=2014|5a1=Sullivan|5a2=Hickel|5y=2023}}

=== Criticism ===
{{See also|Criticism of welfare|Criticism of welfare states}}

Other socialists criticize social democracy because it serves to devise new means to strengthen the capitalist system, which conflicts with the socialist goal of replacing capitalism with a socialist system.{{sfn|Clarke|1981|p=2}} According to this view, social democracy fails to address the systemic issues inherent in capitalism. The American democratic socialist philosopher [[David Schweickart]] contrasts social democracy with [[democratic socialism]] by defining the former as an attempt to strengthen the [[welfare state]] and the latter as an alternative economic system to capitalism. According to Schweickart, the democratic socialist critique of social democracy is that capitalism can never be sufficiently humanized and that any attempt to suppress its economic contradictions will only cause them to emerge elsewhere. He gives the example that attempts to [[NAIRU|reduce unemployment too much]] would result in inflation, and too much job security would erode labour discipline.{{sfn|Schweickart|2007|p=447}} In contrast to social democracy's [[mixed economy]], democratic socialists advocate a [[post-capitalist]] economic system based on either a [[Market economy#Market socialism|market economy]] combined with [[workers' self-management]] or on some form of [[Participatory economy|participatory]], [[decentralized planning]] of the economy.{{sfn|Schweickart|2007|p=448}}

[[Marxian economics|Marxian]] socialists argue that social democratic welfare policies cannot resolve the fundamental structural issues of capitalism, such as [[Business cycle#Marxian economics|cyclical fluctuations]], [[Exploitation of labour#Marxist theory|exploitation]], and [[Marx's theory of alienation|alienation]]. Accordingly, social democratic programs intended to ameliorate living conditions in capitalism, such as unemployment benefits and taxation on profits, creates further contradictions by further limiting the efficiency of the capitalist system by reducing incentives for capitalists to invest in further production.{{sfn|Ticktin|1998|pp=60–61}} The welfare state only serves to legitimize and prolong the exploitative and contradiction-laden system of capitalism to society's detriment. Critics of contemporary social democracy, such as Jonas Hinnfors, argue that when social democracy abandoned [[Marxism]], it also abandoned socialism and became a liberal capitalist movement, effectively making social democrats similar to non-socialist parties like the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] in the United States.{{sfn|Hinnfors|2006|pp=117, 137–139}}

[[Market socialism]] is also critical of social democratic welfare states. While one common goal of both concepts is to achieve greater social and economic equality, market socialism does so through changes in enterprise ownership and management. Social democracy attempts to do so by subsidies and taxes on privately owned enterprises to finance welfare programs. [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt III]] (grandson of United States President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]) and David Belkin criticize social democracy for maintaining a [[Property income|property-owning capitalist class]] with an active interest in reversing social democratic welfare policies and a disproportionate amount of power as a class to influence government policy.{{sfn|Weisskopf|1994|pp=314–315}} The economists [[John Roemer]] and [[Pranab Bardhan]] point out that social democracy requires a strong [[labour movement]] to sustain its heavy redistribution through taxes and that it is idealistic to think such redistribution can be accomplished in other countries with weaker labour movements, noting that social democracy in Scandinavian countries has been in decline as the labour movement weakened.{{sfn|Bardhan|Roemer|1992|p=104}}

Some critics say social democracy abandoned socialism in the 1930s by endorsing Keynesian [[welfare capitalism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1p=91|2a1=Fitzpatrick|2y=2003|2pp=2–3}} The democratic socialist political theorist [[Michael Harrington]] argued that social democracy historically supported [[Keynesianism]] as part of a "social democratic compromise" between capitalism and socialism. Although this compromise did not allow for the immediate creation of socialism, it created welfare states and "recognized noncapitalist, and even anticapitalist, principles of human need over and above the imperatives of profit".{{sfn|Harrington|2011|p=93}} Social democrats in favour of the [[Third Way]] have been accused of endorsing capitalism, including anti-Third Way social democrats who have accused Third Way proponents such as [[Anthony Giddens]] of being anti-social democratic and anti-socialist in practice.{{sfn|Cammack|2004|p=155}} Some critics and analysts argue that many prominent social democratic parties,{{refn|"With the rise of neoliberalism, social democracy turned towards the right and increasingly adopted neoliberal policies. When Tony Blair became British Prime Minister in 1997, his neoliberal vision of social democracy influenced social democracy around the world. The consequence was that social democracy became in many respects indistinguishable from conservative parties, especially in respect to class politics."{{sfn|Fuchs|2019}}|group=nb}} such as the Labour Party in Britain and the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]], even while maintaining references to socialism and declaring themselves democratic socialist parties, have abandoned socialism in practice, whether unwillingly or not.{{sfnm|1a1=Barrientos|1a2=Powell|1y=2004|1p=18|2a1=Cammack|2y=2004|2p=155|3a1=Romano|3y=2006|3p=11|4a1=Hinnfors|4y=2006|4pp=117, 137–139|5a1=Lafontaine|5y=2009|5p=7|6a1=Corfe|6y=2010|6pp=33, 178}}

Social democracy's reformism has been criticized by both the left and right,{{sfnm|1a1=Socialist Party of Great Britain|1y=2002|2a1=Patnaik|2y=2010|2pp=3–21|3a1=Nagin|3y=2018}} on the grounds that if reformist socialists were left to govern a capitalist economy, they would have to do so according to capitalist, not socialist, logic. For example, [[Joseph Schumpeter]] writes in ''[[Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy]]'' (1942): "Socialists had to govern in an essentially capitalist world... a social and economic system that would not function except on capitalist lines.... If they were to run it, they would have to run it according to its own logic. They would have to 'administer' capitalism".{{sfn|Romano|2006|p=114}} Similarly, [[Irving Kristol]] argued: "Democratic socialism turns out to be an inherently unstable compound, a contradiction in terms. Every social democratic party, once in power, soon finds itself choosing, at one point after another, between the socialist society it aspires to and the liberal society that lathered it".{{sfn|Barrett|1978}} [[Joseph Stalin]] was a vocal critic of reformist social democrats, later coining the term ''[[social fascism]]'' to describe social democracy in the 1930s because, in this period, it embraced a similar [[corporatist]] economic model to the model supported by [[fascism]]. This view was adopted by the [[Communist International]], which argued that capitalist society had entered the [[Third Period]] in which a [[proletarian revolution]] was imminent but could be prevented by social democrats and other fascist forces.{{sfn|Haro|2011}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F057884-0009, Willy Brandt.jpg|thumb|Willy Brandt (1913 - 1992). He was the first Social Democrat in [[West Germany]] to hold the office of [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]]. He was also [[Governing Mayor of Berlin|mayor of Berlin]] [[West Berlin|west]] president of the [[Socialist International]] for many years, and a [[Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel Peace]] Prize laureate. ]]
[[File:Olof Palme 1968.JPG|thumb|Olof Palme. The historic leader of Swedish and European social democracy, committed to fighting apartheid in South Africa, the installation of Euro missiles, and the Pinochet dictatorship. Palme was assassinated in 1986.]]

== See also ==

{{div col|colwidth=21em}}
* [[Pasokification]]
* [[Economic progressivism]]
* [[Fist and rose]]
* [[History of the Social Democratic Party of Austria]]
* [[History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany]]
* [[International Group of Democratic Socialists]]
* [[Keynesian economics]]
* [[List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation]]
* [[List of social democratic and democratic socialist parties that have governed]]
* [[List of democratic socialist parties and organizations]]
* [[List of democratic socialists]]
* [[List of Labour parties]]
* [[List of left-wing political parties]]
* [[List of social democratic parties]]
* [[List of social democrats]]
* [[Nordic model]]
* [[Progressive capitalism]]
* [[Social Democratic Party]]
* [[Socialist Party]]
* [[Socialist Union of Central-Eastern Europe]]
* [[Social policy]]
* [[Three Arrows]]

{{Div col end}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|group=nb|30em}}
{{Notelist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
==== Books ====
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book|last=Abjorensen|first=Norman|year=2019|title=Historical Dictionary of Democracy|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-1-5381-2074-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Adams|first=Ian|year=1993|title=Political Ideology Today|edition=1st hardcover|series=Politics Today|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|isbn=978-0-7190-3346-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Adams|first=Ian|year=1998|title=Ideology and Politics in Britain Today|edition=illustrated, reprint|series=Politics Today|location=Manchester, England|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|isbn=978-0-7190-5056-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Adams|first=Ian|year=1999|title=Ideology and Politics in Britain Today|edition=illustrated, reprint|series=Politics Today|location=Manchester, England|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|isbn=978-0-7190-5056-5}}
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* {{cite book|last=Mosse|first=George|year=2018|chapter=Marxism|title=The Culture Of Western Europe: The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-429-97252-2}}
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* {{cite book|last=Newman|first=Michael|year=2005|title=Socialism: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-280431-0}}
* {{cite book|last=O'Reilly|first=David|year=2007|title=The New Progressive Dilemma: Australia and Tony Blair's Legacy|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-62547-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Palley|first=Thomas I.|year=2013|title=From Financial Crisis to Stagnation: The Destruction of Shared Prosperity and the Role of Economics|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-107-61246-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pani|first1=Mica|last2=Panic|first2=M.|year=2011|chapter=Neoliberalism versus Social Democracy: Empirical Evidence|title=Globalization: A Threat to International Cooperation and Peace?|publisher=Springer|pages=109–141|isbn=978-0-230-30701-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Picard|first=Robert|date=6 December 1985|title=The Press and the Decline of Democracy: Democratic Socialist Response in Public Policy|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-86598-015-0|url=https://archive.org/details/democraticsocial0000unse_g3k8}}
* {{cite book|last=Pierson|first=Christopher|year=2001|title=Hard Choices: Social Democracy in the Twenty-First Century|location=Cambridge, England; Oxford, England; Malden, Massachusetts|publisher=[[Polity Press]]|isbn=978-0-7456-1985-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Raza|first=Syed Ali|year=2012|title=Social Democratic System|publisher=[[Global Peace Trust]]|isbn=978-969-9757-00-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Roemer|first=John E.|year=1994|title=A Future for Socialism|chapter=The long term and the short term|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-674-33946-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Romano|first=Flavio|year=2006|title=Clinton and Blair: The Political Economy of the Third Way|series=Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy|volume=75|location=London|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-37858-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Romano|first=Flavio|year=2007|title=Clinton and Blair: The Political Economy of the Third Way|series=Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy|volume=75|location=London|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-134-18252-7}}
* {{cite book|last1=Rosser|first1=J. Barkley Jr.|last2=Rosser|first2=Marina V.|year=2003|title=Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy|edition=2nd|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=978-0-262-18234-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Rothestein|first=Bo|date=1998|title=Just Institutions Matter: The Moral and Political Logic of the Universal Welfare State|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-59893-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Samuelsson|first=Kurt|year=1968|title=From Great Power to Welfare State: 300 Years of Swedish Social Development|location=London|publisher=[[George Allen and Unwin]]|isbn=978-0-04-948002-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Sargent|first=Lyman Tower|year=2008| title=Contemporary Political Ideologies: A Comparative Analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/contemporarypoli00sarg_0|edition=14th|publisher=Wadsworth Publishing|isbn=978-0-495-56939-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Schlesinger|first=Arthur M. Jr.|year=1962|chapter=Liberalism in America: A Note for Europeans|title=The Politics of Hope and The Bitter Heritage|location=Boston|publisher=[[Riverside Press]]}}
* {{cite book|last=Schorske|first=Carl E.|year=1993|orig-date=1955|title=German Social Democracy, 1905–1917: The Development of the Great Schism|series=Harvard Historical Studies|volume=65|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-674-35125-7|url=https://archive.org/details/germansocialdemo0000scho}}
* {{cite book|last=Schumpeter|first=Joseph|year=1942|title=Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy|title-link=Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy|location=New York|publisher=Harper & Brothers|isbn=978-0-06-133008-7|oclc=22556726}}
* {{cite book|last=Sears|first=Kathleen|year=2019|title=Socialism 101: From the Bolsheviks and Karl Marx to Universal Healthcare and the Democratic Socialists, Everything You Need to Know about Socialism|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=978-1-5072-1136-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Sejersted|first=Francis|year=2011|editor1-last=Adams|editor1-first=Madeleine B.|title=The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century|translator-last=Daly|translator-first=Richard|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-14774-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Simon Reid|first=Henry|year=2015|title=The Political Origins of Inequality: Why a More Equal World Is Better for Us All|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-23679-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Steger|first=Manfred B.|year=1997|title=The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism: Eduard Bernstein and Social Democracy|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York City, United States; Melbourne, Australia|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-58200-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Steger|first=Manfred B.|year=1999|chapter=Friedrich Engels and the Origins of German Revisionism: Another Look|editor1-last=Carver|editor1-first=Terrell|editor2-last=Steger|editor2-first=Manfred B.|title=Engels After Marx|location=University Park, Pennsylvania|publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University]]|pages=181–196|isbn=978-0-271-01891-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Andrew J.|year=2013|chapter=Trade Unions and the Politics of Social Democratic Renewal|editor1-last=Gillespie|editor1-first=Richard|editor2-last=Paterson|editor2-first=William E.|title=Rethinking Social Democracy in Western Europe|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-135-23618-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Norman|year=1953|title=Democratic Socialism: A New Appraisal|location=New York|publisher=League for Industrial Democracy|isbn=978-0-598-69160-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Ticktin|first=Hillel|year=1998|chapter=The Problem is Market Socialism|editor1-last=Ollman|editor1-first=Bertell|title=Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists|location=New York|publisher=[[Routledge]]|pages=55–80|isbn=978-0-415-91966-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Tomlinson|first=Jim|year=1997|title=Democratic Socialism and Economic Policy: The Attlee Years, 1945–1951|url=https://archive.org/details/democraticsocial0000toml|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-55095-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Vickers|first=Rhiannon|year=2003|title=The Labour Party and the World, Volume 1: The Evolution of Labour's Foreign Policy, 1900–1951|location=Manchester|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6745-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Walters|first=William|year=2001|chapter=Governing Unemployment: Transforming "the Social"?|editor1-last=Pavlich|editor1-first=George|editor2-last=Wickham|editor2-first=Gary|title=Rethinking Law, Society and Governance: Foucault's Bequest|publisher=Hart Publishing|isbn=978-1-84113-293-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Weisskopf|first=Thomas E.|year=1994|chapter=Challenges to Market Socialism: A Response to Critics|editor1-last=Roosevelt|editor1-first=Frank|editor1-link=Franklin Delano Roosevelt III|editor2-last=Belkin|editor2-first=David|title=Why Market Socialism? Voices from Dissent|location=Armonk, New York|publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]]|pages=297–318|isbn=978-1-56324-465-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Whyman|first=Philip|year=2005|title=Third Way Economics: Theory and Evaluation|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-51465-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|year=1985|orig-date=1976|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/keywordsvocabula0000will|edition=revised|location=New York|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-520469-8|oclc=1035920683}}
* {{cite book|last=Wintrop|first=Norman|year=1983|orig-date=1982|title=Liberal Democratic Theory and Its Critics|edition=reprint|publisher=Croom Helm|isbn=978-0-7099-2766-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Wright|first=Anthony|year=1983|title=British Socialism: Socialist Thought from the 1880s to the 1960s|location=London|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-29561-2}}
{{refend}}

==== Conferences ====
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite conference |last=Berman |first=Sheri |year=2008 |url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers/berman.pdf |title=Understanding Social Democracy |conference=What's Left of the Left: Liberalism and Social Democracy in a Globalized World |conference-url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers.html |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, [[Harvard University]] |access-date=29 January 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195218/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers/berman.pdf}}
* {{cite conference |author=[[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] |date=28 October 2007 |url=https://www.spd.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Beschluesse/Grundsatzprogramme/hamburger_programm_englisch.pdf |title=Hamburg Programme. Principal guidelines of the Social Democratic Party of Germany |conference=Federal Party Conference of the SPD |location=Hamburg |publisher=[[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] |access-date=26 April 2020}}
{{Refend}}

==== Encyclopedias ====
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Alt |first1=James E. |last2=Chambers |first2=Simone |last3=Garrett |first3=Geoffrey |last4=Kurian |first4=George Thomas |last5=Levi |first5=Margaret |last6=McClain |first6=Paula D. |year=2010 |title=The Encyclopedia of Political Science Set |publisher=[[CQ Press]] |isbn=978-1-933116-44-0}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor1-first=Bertrand |editor1-last=Badie |editor1-link=Bertrand Badie |editor2-first=Dirk |editor2-last=Berg-Schlosser |editor2-link=Dirk Berg-Schlosser |editor3-first=Leonardo |editor3-last=Morlino |editor3-link=Leonardo Morlino |year=2011 |title=Social Democracy |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of Political Science |volume=8 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=978-1-4129-5963-6}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Docherty |editor1-first=James C. |editor2-last=Lamb |editor2-first=Peter |year=2006 |title=Social democracy |encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Socialism |series=Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements |volume=73 |edition=2nd |location=Lanham, Maryland |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-5560-1}}
* {{cite web |last1=Duignan |first1=Brian |last2=Kalsang Bhutia |first2=Thinley |last3=Mahajan |first3=Deepti |url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/social-democracy |title=Social democracy |website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |date=17 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602003943/https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-democracy |archive-date=2 June 2016 |access-date=29 February 2020}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Durlauf |first1=Steven |last2=Lawrence |first2=Blume |year=2008 |title=Social Democracy |encyclopedia=New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] UK |isbn=978-0-333-78676-5}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=R. J. Barry |year=2001 |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy |volume=III |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-415-14532-9}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Lamb |first=Peter |year=2015 |title=Social democracy |encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Socialism |edition=3rd |series=Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-4422-5826-6}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Lipset |first=Seymour Martin |year=1995 |title=The Encyclopedia of Democracy |volume=4 |publisher=Congressional Quarterly |isbn=978-0-87187-889-2}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Miller |first=David |date=1998 |title=Social Democracy |editor-last=Craig |editor-first=Edward |editor-link=Edward Craig (philosopher) |encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |volume=8 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-18713-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0415187133_8/page/826/ |url-access=registration |pages=827–828}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Miller |first=David |date=1998a |chapter=Social Democracy |encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Taylor and Francis |chapter-url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/social-democracy/v-1 |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-S057-1 |isbn=978-0-415-25069-6 |chapter-url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=O'Hara |first=Phillip |year=2003 |title=Social Democracy |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Political Economy |volume=2 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-24187-8}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Ritzer |first=George |year=2004 |title=Marxism |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Social Theory |location=Thousand Oaks, California |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=978-1-4522-6546-9}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Safra |first=Jacob E. |year=1998 |title=Social democracy |encyclopedia=The New Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=15th |volume=10 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Schweickart |first=David |year=2007 |editor1-last=Anderson |editor1-first=Gary L. |editor2-last=Herr |editor2-first=Kathryn G. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice |title=Democratic Socialism |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |volume=1 |location=Thousand Oaks, California |isbn=978-1-4129-1812-1}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Stevens |first=Mark A. |year=2000 |title=Social democracy |encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |isbn=978-0-87779-017-4}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Tsakalotos |first=Euclid |editor1-last=Arestis |editor1-first=Philip |editor2-last=Sawyer |editor2-first=Malcolm C. |date=2001 |encyclopedia=The Economics of the Third Way: Experiences from Around the World |title=European Employment Policies: A New Social Democratic Model for Europe |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |pages=26–45 |isbn=978-1-84376-283-6}}
{{Refend}}

==== Journals ====
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite journal |last=Altman |first=David |title=Collegiate Executives and Direct Democracy in Switzerland and Uruguay: Similar Institutions, Opposite Political Goals, Distinct Results |journal=[[Swiss Political Science Review]] |year=2011 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=483–520 |doi=10.1002/j.1662-6370.2008.tb00110.x |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bardhan |first1=Pranab |last2=Roemer |first2=John E. |year=1992 |title=Market Socialism: A Case for Rejuvenation |journal=[[Journal of Economic Perspectives]] |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=101–116 |doi=10.1257/jep.6.3.101 |issn=0895-3309 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite report |last=Batson |first=Andrew |date=March 2017 |url=http://www.cebc.org.br/sites/default/files/the_state_of_the_state_sector.pdf |title=The State of the State Sector |publisher=[[Gavekal Dragonomics]] |access-date=15 June 2020}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bernstein |first=Eduard |author-link=Eduard Bernstein |date=April 1897 |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bernstein/works/1897/04/marx-reform.htm |title=Karl Marx and Social Reform |journal=Progressive Review |issue=7 |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bolton |first=Matt |date=March 2020 |title=Democratic Socialism and the Concept of (Post)Capitalism |journal=The Political Quarterly |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=91 |issue=2 |pages=334–342 |doi=10.1111/1467-923X.12830 |s2cid=216159023}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Cappelen |first1=Adne |last2=Fagerberg |first2=Jan |last3=Mjøset |first3=Lars |last4=Skarstein |first4=Rune |date=May 1990 |title=The Decline of Social-Democratic State Capitalism in Norway |journal=New Left Review |volume=1 |issue=181 |pages=60–94 |article-number=244 |doi=10.64590/rkl}}
* {{cite journal |last=Cobham |first=David |date=November 1984 |title=The Nationalisation of the Banks in Mitterand's France: Rationalisations and Reasons |journal=[[Journal of Public Policy]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=351–358 |doi=10.1017/S0143814X00002798 |jstor=3998375 |s2cid=154543259}}
* {{cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Paul |date=Winter 2010 |url=https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/lessons-from-the-nationalization-nation-state-owned-enterprises-in-france |title=Lessons from the Nationalization Nation: State-Owned Enterprises in France |journal=Dissident |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=15–20 |doi=10.1353/dss.0.0107 |s2cid=153581946 |issn=1946-0910 |access-date=14 April 2020 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Draper |first=Hal |year=1966 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/draper/1966/twosouls/index.htm |title=The Two Souls of Socialism |journal=New Politics |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=57–84 |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ferragina |first1=Emanuele |last2=Seeleib-Kaiser |first2=Martin |year=2011 |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01347336/document |title=Welfare regime debate: past, present, futures |journal=Policy & Politics |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=583–611 |doi=10.1332/030557311X603592 |s2cid=146986126}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Flavin |first1=Patrick |last2=Pacek |first2=Alexander C. |last3=Radcliff |first3=Benjamin |date=2014 |title=Assessing the Impact of the Size and Scope of Government on Human Well-Being |url= |journal=[[Social Forces]] |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=1241–1258 |doi=10.1093/sf/sou010}}
* {{cite journal |last=Fleet |first=Michael H. |date=December 1973 |title=Chile's Democratic Road to Socialism |journal=The Western Political Quarterly |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=766–786 |jstor=447149 |doi=10.2307/447149}}
* {{cite journal |last=Foner |first=Eric |date=Spring 1984 |url=http://www.nyu.edu/steinhardt/e/pdf/humsocsci/mias/readings07/21.pdf |title=Why is there no socialism in the United States |journal=[[History Workshop Journal]] |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=57–80 |doi=10.1093/hwj/17.1.57 |jstor=4288545}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hain |first=Peter |date=July–August 2000 |url=https://www.chartist.org.uk/articles/britpol/july_hain.html |title=Rediscovering our libertarian roots |journal=Chartist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621010116/https://www.chartist.org.uk/articles/britpol/july_hain.html |archive-date=21 June 2013}}
* {{cite journal |last=Haro |first=Lea |year=2011 |title=Entering a Theoretical Void: The Theory of Social Fascism and Stalinism in the German Communist Party |journal=Critique |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=563–582 |doi=10.1080/03017605.2011.621248 |s2cid=146848013}}
* {{cite journal |last=Heilbroner |first=Robert L. |date=Winter 1991 |url=https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/from-sweden-to-socialism-social-democracy-symposium |title=From Sweden to Socialism: A Small Symposium on Big Questions |journal=Dissident |others=Barkan, Joanne; Brand, Horst; Cohen, Mitchell; Coser, Lewis; Denitch, Bogdan; Fehèr, Ferenc; Heller, Agnès; Horvat, Branko; Tyler, Gus |pages=96–110 |access-date=14 April 2020}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hicks |first=Alexander |year=1988 |title=Social Democratic Corporatism and Economic Growth |journal=The Journal of Politics |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=677–704 |issn=0022-3816 |jstor=2131463 |doi=10.2307/2131463 |s2cid=154785976}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kotz |first=David M. |date=4 May 2009 |url=http://people.umass.edu/dmkotz/Fin_Cr_and_NL_08_12.pdf |title=The Financial and Economic Crisis of 2008: A Systemic Crisis of Neoliberal Capitalism |journal=Review of Radical Political Economics |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=305–317 |doi=10.1177/0486613409335093 |s2cid=154726132 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lavelle |first=Ashley |title=Social Democrats and Neo-Liberalism: A Case Study of the Australian Labor Party |journal=Political Studies |date=1 December 2005 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=753–771 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00555.x |s2cid=144842245}}
* {{cite journal |last=Medearis |first=John |year=1997 |title=Schumpeter, the New Deal, and Democracy |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=819–832 |doi=10.2307/2952166 |jstor=2952166 |s2cid=144892143}}
* {{cite journal |last=Patnaik |first=Prabhat |date=May–June 2010 |title=Socialism or Reformism? |journal=[[Social Scientist]] |volume=38 |issue=5/6 |pages=3–21 |jstor=27866707}}
* {{cite journal |last=Pierson |first=Chris |year=2005 |title=Lost property: What the Third Way lacks |url=https://www.academia.edu/3423326 |journal=[[Journal of Political Ideologies]] |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=145–163 |doi=10.1080/13569310500097265 |s2cid=144916176}}
* {{cite journal |last=Poulantzas |first=Nicos |date=May–June 1978 |url=https://newleftreview.org/issues/I109/articles/nicos-poulantzas-towards-a-democratic-socialism |title=Towards a Democratic Socialism |journal=New Left Review |volume=I |issue=109}}
* {{cite journal |author=[[Socialist Party of Great Britain]] |date=January 1958 |url=http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/socialist-standard/1950s/1958/no-641-january-1958/managerial-society-part-three-—-fabian-version |title=The Managerial Society Part Three — Fabian Version |journal=Socialist Standard |publisher=[[Socialist Party of Great Britain]] |issue=641 |access-date=7 March 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232840/http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/socialist-standard/1950s/1958/no-641-january-1958/managerial-society-part-three-%E2%80%94-fabian-version}}
* {{cite journal |author=[[Socialist Party of Great Britain]] |date=March 2002 |url=https://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/socialist-standard/2002/2000s/no-1171-march-2002/reformism-or-socialism/ |title=Reformism – or socialism? |journal=Socialist Standard |publisher=[[Socialist Party of Great Britain]] |issue=1171 |access-date=31 January 2020}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sullivan |first1=Dylan |last2=Hickel |first2=Jason |author2-link=Jason Hickel |date=2023 |title=Capitalism and extreme poverty: A global analysis of real wages, human height, and mortality since the long 16th century |url= |journal=[[World Development]] |volume=161 |issue= |article-number=106026 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106026 |s2cid=252315733 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023WoDev.16106026S}}
* {{cite journal |last=Veggel |first=Noralv |date=November 2014 |title=The Nordic Model—Its Arrival and Decline |journal=Global Journal of Management and Business Research: Administration and Management |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=60–94 |doi=10.13140/2.1.1557.9848}}
* {{cite journal |last=Weisskopf |first=Thomas E. |year=1992 |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68447/2/10.1177_048661349202400302.pdf |title=Toward the Socialism of the Future, in the Wake of the Demise of the Socialism of the Past |journal=Review of Radical Political Economics |volume=24 |issue=3–4 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.1177/048661349202400302 |issn=0486-6134 |hdl=2027.42/68447 |s2cid=20456552 |hdl-access=free}}
{{Refend}}

==== News ====
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite news |last=Ackerman |first=Seth |date=19 June 2019 |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2019/06/new-deal-socialism-bernie-sanders-democratic-primary |title=Why Bernie Talks About the New Deal |newspaper=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |access-date=15 November 2019}}
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{{Refend}}

==== Speeches ====
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite speech |last=Bismarck |first=Otto |author-link=Otto von Bismarck |date=15 March 1884 |url=http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1809 |title=Reichstag Speech on the Law for Workers' Compensation |location=Berlin |access-date=23 February 2020}}
* {{cite speech |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |author-link=Bernie Sanders |date=19 November 2015 |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/11/19/9762028/bernie-sanders-democratic-socialism |title=Democratic Socialism in the United States |location=Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. |access-date=1 March 2020 |via=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}
{{Refend}}

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* {{cite web |last=Pruitt |first=Sarah |date=22 October 2019 |url=https://www.history.com/news/socialism-communism-differences |title=How Are Socialism and Communism Different? |publisher=History |access-date=10 February 2020}}
* {{cite web |last=Qiu |first=Linda |title=Bernie Sanders — socialist or democratic socialist? |website=[[PolitiFact]] |date=26 August 2015 |url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2015/aug/26/bernie-sanders-socialist-or-democratic-socialist/ |access-date=26 March 2019}}
* {{cite web |author=[[Reporters Without Borders]] |date=18 April 2019 |url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking |title=2019 World Press Freedom Index |publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]] |access-date=4 February 2020 |ref={{harvid|Reporters Without Borders 2019 (table)}}}}
* {{cite web |author=[[Reporters Without Borders]] |date=18 April 2019 |url=https://rsf.org/en/2019-world-press-freedom-index-cycle-fear |title=2019 World Press Freedom Index – A cycle of fear |publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]] |access-date=4 February 2020 |ref={{harvid|Reporters Without Borders 2019 (analysis)}}}}
* {{cite web |last=Repucci |first=Sarah |date=4 March 2020 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2020/leaderless-struggle-democracy |title=Freedom in the World 2020 — A Leaderless Struggle for Democracy |publisher=Freedom House |access-date=12 March 2020}}
* {{cite web |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |author-link=Bernie Sanders |date=28 May 2019 |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/press-releases/legislative-package-introduced-to-encourage-employee-owned-companies-3/ |title=Legislative Package Introduced to Encourage Employee-Owned Companies |publisher=Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont |access-date=4 February 2020}}
* {{cite web |author=Socialist International |date=3 July 1951 |url=http://www.socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticleID=39 |title=Aims and Tasks of Democratic Socialism: Declaration of the Socialist International |publisher=Socialist International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122222330/https://www.socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticleID=39 |archive-date=22 January 2019 |access-date=22 January 2019}}
* {{cite web |author=Transparency International |date=23 January 2020 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |publisher=Transparency International |access-date=4 February 2020 |ref={{harvid|Transparency International 2020 (table)}} |archive-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327160133/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019}}
* {{cite web |author=Transparency International |date=23 January 2020 |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/press/2019-CPI-efforts-stagnate-in-G7 |title=2019 Corruption Perceptions Index shows anti-corruption efforts stagnating in G7 countries |publisher=Transparency International |access-date=4 February 2020 |ref={{harvid|Transparency International 2020 (analysis)}}}}
* {{cite web |last=Truman |first=Harry S. |author-link=Harry S. Truman |date=10 October 1952 |url=https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/public-papers/289/rear-platform-and-other-informal-remarks-new-york |title=Rear Platform and Other Informal Remarks in New York |publisher=Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum |access-date=10 February 2020}}
* {{cite web |author=Vision of Humanity |date=June 2019 |url=http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2019/06/GPI-2019-web003.pdf |title=Global Peace Index 2019 |website=Vision of Humanity |publisher=Institute for Economics & Peace |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=27 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827155045/http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2019/06/GPI-2019-web003.pdf}}
* {{cite web |last=Ypi |first=Lea |date=22 November 2018 |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/no-left-wing-case-for-brexit/ |title=There is no left-wing case for Brexit: 21st century socialism requires transnational organization |website=British Politics and Policy |publisher=[[London School of Economics]] |access-date=26 October 2021}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Library resources box}}
{{Refbegin|40em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Cronin |editor1-first=James E. |editor2-last=Ross |editor2-first=George W. |editor3-last=Shoch |editor3-first=James |year=2011 |title=What's Left of the Left: Democrats and Social Democrats in Challenging Times |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-5079-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/whatsleftofleftd00unse |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Draper |first=Theodore |year=1966 |chapter=The Historic Left |title=The Roots of American Communism |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-4128-3880-1 |ref=none}}
* Häusermann, Silja; Kitschelt, Herbert, eds. (2024). ''Beyond Social Democracy: The Transformation of the Left in Emerging Knowledge Societies''. Cambridge University Press.
* {{cite book |last=Kenworthy |first=Lane |year=2014 |title=Social Democratic America |location=New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-932251-0 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Lavelle |first=Ashley |year=2008 |title=The Death of Social Democracy: Political Consequences in the 21st Century |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-7546-7014-8 |ref=none}}
* {{cite web |last1=Thorsen |first1=Dag Einar |last2=Brandal |first2=Nik |last3=Bratberg |first3=Øivind |year=2013 |url=http://www.fabians.org.uk/utopia-sustained-the-nordic-model-of-social-democracy/ |title=Utopia Sustained: The Nordic Model of Social Democracy |work=Fabian Society - The Fabian Society is Britain's oldest political think tank. Founded in 1884, the Society is at the forefront of developing political ideas and public policy on the left. |location=London |publisher=[[Fabian Society]] |access-date=2 August 2016 |ref=none}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|auto=1|wikt=social democracy|d=Q121254}}
* {{Britannica|551073}}

{{Social democracy}}

{{Socialism}}

{{Political philosophy}}

{{Portal bar|Economics|Politics|Socialism|Society}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Social democracy| ]]
[[Category:Anti-capitalism]]
[[Category:Anti-fascism]]
[[Category:Anti-Stalinist left]]
[[Category:Centre-left ideologies]]
[[Category:Centre-left politics]]
[[Category:Democracy]]
[[Category:Democratic socialism]]
[[Category:Economic ideologies]]
[[Category:Economic progressivism]]
[[Category:History of socialism]]
[[Category:Left-wing ideologies]]
[[Category:Liberal socialism]]
[[Category:Market socialism]]
[[Category:Mixed economies]]
[[Category:Political ideologies]]
[[Category:Political philosophy]]
[[Category:Political-economic models]]
[[Category:Progressivism]]
[[Category:Social justice]]
[[Category:Social philosophy|Democracy]]
[[Category:Socialism]]
[[Category:Syncretic political movements]]
[[Category:Types of democracy]]
[[Category:Types of socialism]]
[[Category:Welfare economics]]

Binisutoy

2026-03-07T07:26:38Z

Varundigitalmedia: Added Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Short description|Bengali drama film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Binisutoy: Without Strings
| image = Binisutoy film.jpg
| caption = Poster
| native_name = বিনিসুতোয়
| director = [[Atanu Ghosh]]
| writer = Atanu Ghosh
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Ritwick Chakraborty]]
* [[Jaya Ahsan]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Appu Prabhakar]]
| editing = Sujay Datta Ray
| music = [[Debojyoti Mishra]]
| studio = Echo Entertainments
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|08|21|}}
| country = India
| language = Bengali
}}
'''''Binisutoy''''' ({{translation|No String Attached}}) is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Atanu Ghosh]] and produced by Sandeep Agarwal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/atanu-ghosh-there-are-a-lot-of-emotions-attached-with-binisutoy/articleshow/85448433.cms|title=Atanu Ghosh: There are a lot of emotions attached to releasing a film in theatres - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Released on 20 August 2021, it stars [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] and [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] actress [[Jaya Ahsan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/atanu-ghosh-on-his-film-binisutoy/cid/1827207|title=Atanu Ghosh on his film ‘Binisutoy’|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Kajal and Sraboni, two people in their mid thirties, meet at a reality game show audition. Common background helps them in striking up a quick bond. A freak accident injures Sraboni and Kajal takes her to the doctor. On the way, they share two engrossing stories from their lives. The captivating human drama culminates in an ironic altercation between them.

==Cast==
* [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] as Kajal
* [[Jaya Ahsan]] as Sraboni
* [[Chandrayee Ghosh]] as Jenny
* Samontak Dyuti Maitra as Kaahon
* [[Koushik Sen]] as Cousin brother

==Awards==
{{unsourced|section|date=September 2022}}
*Kerala International Film Festival
*Madrid Film Festival
*Aurangabad International Film
*Toulouse Indian Film Festival

==Review==
The Indian Express- Atanu Ghosh's film targets the loneliness within<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/binisutoy-movie-review-atanu-ghosh-ritwik-chakraborty-jaya-ehsaan-7463385/|title=Binisutoy movie review: Atanu Ghosh’s film targets the loneliness within|date=20 August 2021}}</ref> 
Cinestaan- Engaging drama explains how stories make life meaningful<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/binisutoy-41604|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820170857/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/binisutoy-41604|url-status=live|archive-date=20 August 2021|title=Binisutoy review: Engaging drama explains how stories make life meaningful|first=Roushni|last=Sarkar|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> 
Asian movie pulse- <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2020/01/film-review-binisutoy-without-strings-2019-by-atanu-ghosh/|title=Film Review: Binisutoy (Without Strings, 2019) by Atanu Ghosh|first=Sankha|last=Ray|date=27 January 2020}}</ref> 
Popcorn - Binisutoy is a complex and a nuanced drama that is so brilliant that it communicates to you on a totally different level.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://popcornreviewss.com/binisutoy-without-strings-2020-movie-review/|title=Binisutoy: Without Strings Movie Review|date=4 November 2020}}</ref> 
Binged- A Sharp Yet Unique Look Into Loneliness<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=7 January 2022 |title=Binisutoy Review - A Sharp Yet Unique Look Into Loneliness |url=https://www.binged.com/reviews/binisutoy-movie-review/ |website=Binged}}</ref>
The Daily Eye- Atanu Ghosh's new film weaves a delightful tapestry that defies genre pigeonholing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thedailyeye.info/post.php?id=27b9b2373e1bdfbf&title=BINISUTOY---Without-Strings%E2%80%A6|title=BINISUTOY - Without Strings…|website=thedailyeye.info}}</ref> 
Report Wire - Atanu Ghosh's movie targets the loneliness inside<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportwire.in/binisutoy-movie-review-atanu-ghoshs-film-targets-the-loneliness-within/|title=Report Wire - Binisutoy film assessment: Atanu Ghosh’s movie targets the loneliness inside|date=20 August 2021}}</ref> 
Sangbad Pratidin- This film of the Ritwick-Jaya duo illustrates the difference between dreams and reality.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/review-of-ritwick-chakraborty-and-jaya-ahsan-starrer-binisutoy-without-strings-movie/|title=Binisutoy Movie Review: ঋত্বিক-জয়া জুটির এ ছবি স্বপ্ন আর বাস্তবের পার্থক্য বোঝায়}}</ref> 
Henry Clubs- Atanu Ghosh's film targets inner loneliness<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://henryclubs.com/binisutoy-movie-review-atanu-ghoshs-film-targets-inner-loneliness/|title=Binisutoy movie review: Atanu Ghosh's film targets inner loneliness |work=Henry Club|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121175013/https://henryclubs.com/binisutoy-movie-review-atanu-ghoshs-film-targets-inner-loneliness/ |archive-date=2022-01-21 }}</ref> 
News Today- Atanu Ghosh's Binisutoy An affecting film with a troubling gaze<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newstodayheadline.com/entertainment/regional-atanu-ghoshs-binisutoy-an-affecting-film-with-a-troubling-gaze/|title=Regional: Atanu Ghosh’s Binisutoy An affecting film with a troubling gaze|date=23 August 2021|access-date=21 January 2022|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121184923/https://newstodayheadline.com/entertainment/regional-atanu-ghoshs-binisutoy-an-affecting-film-with-a-troubling-gaze/|url-status=dead}}</ref> 

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|12183886}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/binisutoy-without-strings/ET00313962|title=Binisutoy: Without Strings (2021) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow|website=in.bookmyshow.com}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/atanu-ghoshs-binisutoy-selected-for-international-film-240749.html|title=Atanu Ghosh's 'Binisutoy' Selected For International Film|website=News Nation English}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/bengali/bengali-film-binisutoy-selected-for-madrid-film-fest-2177182|title=মাদ্রিদ চলচ্চিত্র উৎসবে আমন্ত্রিত অতনু ঘোষের ‘Binisutoy’|website=NDTV.com}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.spotboye.com/bengali/bengali-news/aurangabad-international-film-festival-2020-binisutoy-bags-two-awards-atanu-ghosh-congratulates-the-entire-team/5e41050de60f875fafb51859|title=Aurangabad International Film Festival 2020: Binisutoy Bags Two Awards; Atanu Ghosh Congratulates The Entire Team|website=www.spotboye.com}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Atanu Ghosh]]
[[Category:2021 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Debojyoti Mishra]]

Bangarada Gudi

2026-03-03T22:20:26Z

Varundigitalmedia: improve section for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bangarada Gudi
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[K. S. R. Das]]
| producer = C. H. Prakash Rao
| story = Venus Mahija Samsthe
| writer = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| screenplay = M. D. Sundar
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]] [[Ambareesh]] [[Padmapriya (actress)|Padmapriya]]
| music = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = S. S. Lal
| editing = Veerappa SPS
| studio = Venus Mahija Pictures
| distributor = Venus Mahija Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1976|08|13|df=y}}
| runtime = 134 min
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''''Bangarada Gudi''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಬಂಗಾರದ ಗುಡಿ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a [[Kannada films of 1976|1976]] Indian [[Kannada]] film, directed by [[K. S. R. Das]] and produced by C. H. Prakash Rao. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]], [[Ambareesh]] and [[Padmapriya (actress)|Padmapriya]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[G. K. Venkatesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/bangarada-gudi-1976|title=Bangarada Gudi|accessdate=2015-01-22|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/bangarada-gudi.html|title=Bangarada Gudi|accessdate=2015-01-22|publisher=filmibeat.com}}</ref> The director remade the movie in Telugu in 1979 as ''Bangaru Gudi''.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Vijay
* [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]] as Radha
* [[Ambareesh]] as Kamalesh
* [[Padmapriya (actress)|Padmapriya]] as Aruna
* [[Vajramuni]] as Rayappa "Rama Rao" alias Johnny Roy
* [[Shivaram]] as Shami
* [[K. S. Ashwath]] as Ramanappa
* [[Gangadhar (Kannada actor)|Gangadhar]] as Shankar
* [[Tiger Prabhakar]] as Jagath
* [[Chethan Ramarao]]
* [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] as Mangala
* Indira (credited as Baby Indira)
}}

==Soundtrack==
All the songs are composed and scored by [[G. K. Venkatesh]] and written by [[Chi. Udayashankar]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track # !! Song !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1 || "Baruthiruva Baruthiruva" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| 2 || "Avasaravethake Nillu" || [[P. B. Srinivas]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| 3 || "Ellirali Hegirali" || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 4 || "Rasikane Ba" || [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
| 5 || "Ninadene Irali" || SPB, P. Susheela
|-
| 6 || "Thayya Thakka" || SPB, S. Janaki
|-
| 7 || "Hayagide Hithavagide" || S. Janaki
|-
| 8 || "Arerare Arerare" || SPB, Vani Jairam
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1360855}}
* {{YouTube|id=nrbjYCJ6mMY|title=Bangarada Gudi}}

{{K. S. R. Das}}

[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:1976 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. R. Das]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. K. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

{{1970s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Ooruku Nooruper

2026-03-03T04:34:18Z

Varundigitalmedia: minor edit

{{short description|2001 film by B. Lenin}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ooruku Nooruper.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[B. Lenin]]
| screenplay = {{ubl|B. Lenin|Prakash Menon}}
| based_on = {{based on|''Ooruku Nooruper''|[[Jayakanthan]]}}
| producer = Lakshmanan Suresh
| starring = Hans Kaushik [[G. M. Sundar]]
| cinematography = Alphonse Roy
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = Arvind Jayashankar
| studio = Ananda Movies
| distributor = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|12|12}}
| runtime = 97 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Ooruku Nooruper''''' ({{translation|A hundred people for the village}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[B. Lenin]] and starring Hans Kaushik and [[G. M. Sundar]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=13 December 2003 |title=Ooruku Nooruper |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov314.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408211008/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov314.asp |archive-date=8 April 2005 |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-12-11 |title="Oorukku Nooru Paer" |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/oorukku-nooru-paer/article28574925.ece |access-date=2025-12-28 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Based on the 1979 novel of the same name by [[Jayakanthan]],<ref name="theodre">{{cite news |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |date=20 October 2002 |title=A language of visuals |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/10/20/stories/2002102000100500.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040117040124/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/10/20/stories/2002102000100500.htm |archive-date=17 January 2004}}</ref> the film focuses on [[Capital punishment in India|capital punishment]]. It won two awards at the [[49th National Film Awards]], including the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]].

== Plot ==
Balan, a young artist, becomes a part of "Ooruku Nooruper", a revolutionary organisation. To promote the ideals of the group, he becomes a modern-day [[Robin Hood|Robinhood]], as looting becomes an integral part of his life. Anandan, a leftist freelance writer, supports Balan and runs a campaign against capital punishment. Being a part of a revolutionary group, Balan finds no time for his family. His wife Saroja feels she is alienated from her husband. In the meanwhile, Balan accidentally kills a priest while attempting a robbery and is sentenced to death. The organisation when gets to know this, ignores him and goes on with its activities as it believes cause more important than an individual.

== Cast ==
*Hans Kaushik as Balan
*[[G. M. Sundar]] as Anandan
* Julie as Saroja
* Bharathimani as Balan's father-in-law
*Archana as Anandhan's colleague
*[[R. S. G. Chelladurai]] as the church father
*[[Ganesh Babu]] as Victim
*[[Soori (actor)|Soori]] (uncredited)

== Accolades ==
* [[National Film Award for Best Direction]] – ''Ooruku Nooruper'' (2002).<ref name=49thNFA>{{cite web |url=http://mib.nic.in/dff/feature.htm |title=The Feature Film Jury of the 49th Annual Film Festival — 2002 Has Given the Following Awards |access-date=2007-03-25 |work=NIC India |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070523082348/http://mib.nic.in/dff/feature.htm  |archive-date = 2007-05-23}}</ref>
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] – ''Ooruku Nooruper'' (2002).<ref name=49thNFA />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071113080543/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/810123 BFI entry for Ooruku Nooruper]

{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}

[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Jayakanthan]]
[[Category:Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about capital punishment]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. Lenin]]
[[Category:Films whose director won the Best Director National Film Award]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Rajendra Nagar, Indore

2026-03-02T05:54:22Z

Varundigitalmedia: fixes

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Essay|date=June 2013}}
{{Original research|date=June 2013}}
{{unreferenced|date=June 2013}}
}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajendra Nagar
| native_name =Bijalpur
| native_name_lang =Malwi
| other_name =
| settlement_type = suburb
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.42|N|75.54|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = Indore
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =Democratic
| governing_body =Indore Municipal Corporation
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 80500
| population_as_of = 2010
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 452012
| area_code = 0731
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = 09
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest City
| blank1_info_sec1 = Indore
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Indore
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Rau
}}
'''Rajendra Nagar''' is a residential locality in [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is located in south-west part and is one of the greenest localities of Indore. more than 60% population is from Maharashtra & nearer to MHOW (Military Headquarters of WAR) and largest military cantonment in Asia.

==About==
Rajendra Nagar is one of the semi old area of Indore, some say it as Suburban Indore. According to mouth spreading information it came into existence in the 1960s. Mr. Jayesh Sharma( residing near triangular garden) was first person to move here. A Railway station on famous Delhi-Hyderabad Meter gauge line was founded in the 1970s, that was the only source for the transportation on olden times.
[[File:Main Building IES IPS Academy.jpg|thumb|IES IPS Academy Main Building]]
Rajendra Nagar, Indore is known for Institute Of Engineering & Science IPS Academy, [[Indore]] which is situated on [[National Highway 3 (India)|NH-3]]. Rajendra Nagar Railway Station is equipped with 2 Reservation Counters with Broad Gauge line. It is mostly a Hindu dominating area of the city. Presently many infrastructure projects are booming up here as in other places of Indore. The area holds 1000–1500 houses in 6 sectors.

==Educational Institutes==
'''<big>Schools</big>'''

Bal Vihar

Indore Public School

Alpine Public School

Central School ( RRCAT)

'''<big>Colleges</big>'''

[[Indian Institute of Management Indore|Indian Institute of Management]] (IIM)

Institute Of Engineering & Science IPS Academy

Institute Of Business Management & Research IPS Academy

School Of Architecture IPS Academy

IPS Academy

Vaishav Law College

Government Girl Polytechnic

{{Neighbourhoods of Indore}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Indore]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Indore]]
[[Category:Memorials to Rajendra Prasad]]

1946–47 Ranji Trophy

2026-02-22T13:28:26Z

Varundigitalmedia:

{{Short description|Indian cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1946–47 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 350px
| caption = The Ranji Trophy
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| fromdate =
| todate =
| champions = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| count = 2
| participants = 19
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Gul Mohammad]] (Baroda) (596)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1946/47 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1946-47/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Vijay Hazare]] (Baroda) (38)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1946/47 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1946-47/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref>
| previous_year = 1945–46
| previous_tournament = 1945–46 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1947–48
| next_tournament = 1947–48 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1946–47 Ranji Trophy''' was the 13th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] won the title defeating [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]] in the final.

==Highlights==
*[[Vijay Hazare]] and [[Gul Mohammad]] added 577 runs for the fourth wicket in the final between Baroda and Holkar. This was a world record for any wicket in first class for nearly sixty years.<ref>[https://stats.acscricket.com/Records/First_Class/Overall/Batting/Highest_Overall_Partnerships.html Highest partnerships in first class cricket], ''acscricket.com''</ref> It is still a record for the fourth wicket.

==Zonal Matches==
=== West Zone ===
{{Round8|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 80px

|22 Dec 1946 – Baroda|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''316 & 110/6'''|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]|171 & 252
|10 Jan 1947 – Rajkot|[[Kathiawar cricket team|Kathiawar]]|155 & 103|'''[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]'''|'''290'''
|||||
|30 Nov 1946 – Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''336'''|[[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]]|69 & 240

|18 Jan 1947 – Baroda|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''270 & 323'''|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]|192 & 187/7
|22 Dec 1946 – Karachi|[[Sind cricket team|Sind]]|224 & 350/9d|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''368 & 209/5'''

|25 Jan 1947 – Baroda|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''347 & 249'''|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]|269 & 119/1

|skipmatch01=no|skipmatch02=no|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=no
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2|RD3 = Round 3}}

=== South Zone ===
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 175px
| score-width = 80px

|20 Dec 1946 – Secunderabad|'''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''|'''363 & 10/2'''|[[Central Provinces and Berar cricket team|Central Provinces and Berar]]|109 & 262
|28 Dec 1946 – Madras|[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]|209 & 77/4|'''[[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]]'''|'''439'''

|19 Jan 1947 – Secunderabad|'''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''|'''296 & 486/8d'''|[[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]]|145 & 220
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

===East Zone===
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 80px

|21 Dec 1946 – Jamshedpur|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]|149 & 242|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''397/8d'''
|18 Jan 1947 – Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''295 & 158'''|[[United Provinces cricket team|United Provinces]]|95 & 213

|30 Jan 1947 – Indore|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''350'''|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|165 & 103
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

=== North Zone ===
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 80px

|25 Jan 1947 – Patiala|'''[[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]]'''|'''330 & 88/1'''|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]|257 & 160
|||||

|30 Jan 1947 – Patiala|[[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]]|285 & 246|'''[[Northern India cricket team|Northern India]]'''|'''462 & 264'''

|skipmatch01=no|skipmatch02=yes
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2|RD3 = Round 3}}

==Inter-Zonal Knockout matches==
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 80px

|8 Feb 1947 – Baroda|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''337 & 46/1'''|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]|118 & 263
||'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''Walkover'''<ref>The matched was scratched and Holkar advanced to the final as Northern India were unable to field a team.</ref> |[[Northern India cricket team|Northern India]]|

|7 Mar 1947 – Baroda|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''784'''|[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]|202 & 173
}}

==Final==
{{Test match
| date = 7–11 March 1947
| team2 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] (H)
| team1 = [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]
| score-team1-inns1 = '''202 (83.2 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Chandu Sarwate]] 94
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Vijay Hazare]] 6/85
| score-team2-inns1 = '''784 (291 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Gul Mohammad|Gul Mahomed]] 319, [[Vijay Hazare]] 288
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[C. K. Nayudu]] 4/178
| score-team1-inns2 = '''173 (67 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Bhausaheb Nimbalkar|B. B. Nimbalkar]] 87
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Amir Elahi]] 6/62
| result = Baroda won by an innings and 409 runs
| venue = Central College Ground, [[Vadodara|Baroda]]
| umpires = [[M. G. Bhave]] and [[Jamshed Patel]]
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/17/17974.html Scorecard]
| toss = Holkar won the toss and decided to bat
| rain =
| notes = Timeless match, ended on the fifth day
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1946-47.html CricketArchive]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1946-47 Ranji Trophy}}
[[Category:1946 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1947 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1946–47]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

T. N. Ramachandran

2026-02-20T08:34:00Z

Varundigitalmedia: Starting first post and citations!

{{Short description|Indian art historian (died 2021)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. N. Ramachandran
| birth_date =
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| death_date =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| spouse =
| known_for =
| order1 = Director of the Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department
| term_start1 = 1961
| term_end1 = 1966
| predecessor1 = Post established
| successor2 = [[R. Nagaswamy]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Art historian|[[archaeologist]]}}
}}

'''Tiruvengadu Narayanayajwa Ramachandran''' was an Indian [[art historian]], artist, [[archaeologist]] and a [[Sanskrit]] scholar, specialising in the study and exposition of various aspects of Indian art. He was born to Narayanan (a Sanskrit scholar) & Visalakshi (an able administrator). He was the author of several [[monograph]]s, and was the director-general of archaeology in [[India]]. He conducted research and wrote extensively on various subjects during his tenure as [[curator]] of archaeology at the [[National Museum, New Delhi]].

==Career==
Sporadic research by Ramachandran on certain groups of antiquities at the National Museum revealed the importance of the objects and thus made the Museum well known. Only after the formation of the Section were more detailed studies of the antiquities of the Museum undertaken. Arachnologist and student of archaeology, [[Frederic Henry Gravely]], collaborated with Ramachandran on the scientific basis for identifying the period of metal images between 1925-1935.

Ramachandran and Y.D. Sharma visited [[Afghanistan]] between May and July 1956, in order to explore and investigate the art traditions, [[epigraphic]]al records, and archaeological remains. During the survey, a number of sites were visited and the antiquarian remains housed in museums were also extensively studied.

Ramachandran identified images at Brhadiswara temple at Tanjore, as the earliest extant visual representation of [[Bharata Natyam|Bharata]]’s [[Karana dance|karana]]s. Apart from the literary evidence for the popularity of Bharata’s karanams, the dance sculptures in the temples of [[Tamil Nadu]] prove beyond doubt that the Tamils took great pains in preserving Bharata’s style. When the [[Chola]] king [[Rajaraja]] built the Tanjore temple at the beginning of the 11th century, dance art enjoyed such a high status in society that he had the Karana figures chiseled as sculptures in the first tier of the [[Vimana]]. He has taught dancers, including Bharatanatyam exponent and scholar [[Bala Devi Chandrashekar]], Ramaa Bharadvaj, and Padma Subrahmanyam, Bharatnatyam Dancer, performing artist, and scholar, who conducted extensive research on Karana sculptures, at [[Annamalai University]] under his guidance.

Ramachandran was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1964. He has traveled widely all over the world, participated in international seminars, delivered lectures at the invitation of several universities, which have been published as books. He has delivered endowment lectures at many universities in India. He has many books and papers on architecture, iconography, epigraphy, numismatics, and literature to his credit.

==Personal life==

==Works==
Some of T. N. Ramachandran's works include:
* ''Buddhist Sculptures from Stupa near Goli Village, [[Guntur District]]''
* ''[[Nagapattinam]] and Other Buddhist Bronzes''
* ''Tirupparuthikundram and its Temple''
* ''[[Tempera]] Painting in Sitabhinji, District Keonjhar, [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]''
* ''History of Buddhism in the Tamil Kingdoms of South India''
* ''The Three Main Styles of Temple Architecture Recognised by Silpa Sastras'' (F. H. Gravely and T. N. Ramachandran), 1934
* ''Catalogue of Hindu Metal Images in the Government Museum, Madras'' (T. N. Ramachandran and F.H Gravely), 1932

== References ==

*
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, T. N.}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Historians of Indian art]]

Abani Chakraborty

2026-02-12T11:53:38Z

Varundigitalmedia: added new stub...

{{short description|Indian poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Abani Chakravarty
| image = Abani Chakravarty.JPG
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Portrait of Poet Abani Chakravarty made by Shubhakar Laskar
| pseudonym =
| native_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1941|01|03}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation =
| language =
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
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| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
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| influences =
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| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| module = {{Infobox person
|child=yes
| disappeared_date = {{disappeared date and age|df=y|1994|11|12|1941|01|03}}
| disappeared_place = [[Gauhati]]
| disappeared_status = {{missing for|1994|11|12}} }}

}}{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

'''Abani Chakravarty''' was an Indian humanitarian poet of the late twentieth century [[Assamese literature]]. Apart from original poetry his works included two novelettes and translations of the [[third-world]] poetry.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kartik Chandra Dutt|title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&pg=PA207|year=1999|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0873-5|page=207}}</ref>

==Early life==
Chakravarty was born in Nalbari subdivision (now [[Nalbari district]]) of [[Undivided Kamrup district]] of [[Assam]], [[India]] on 3 January 1941 to a [[Brahmin]] family. Abani started contributing to the [[Assamese literature]] prolifically in the 1960s and continued to do so until the 1990s. He was influential in the world of Assamese poetry and literature before he disappeared on a cold Saturday evening on 12 November 1994 from his [[Kharguli]] residence in [[Guwahati]].

==Works==
Chakravarty published a number of books including poetry anthologies, translations and two novelettes. He published his poems in most of the major Assamese newspapers and magazines. His books were primarily published by publishers based in Assam apart from his own publication ''Kabita Prakashan''(কবিতা প্ৰকাশন).

Abani was the joint editor for the Assamese magazine ''Antaranga''(অন্তৰংগ) (meaning "The Intimate", six-monthly, 1969), ''Asomiya Kabita''(অসমীয়া কবিতা) ("The Assamese Poetry", monthly, 1970) and the editor of ''Chirantan''(চিৰন্তন) ("The Eternal", three-monthly, 1972). ''Pratibadar Kantha''(প্ৰতিবাদৰ কন্ঠ) ("The Voice of Rebellion", recorded in 1985), a cassette of recitation of his poems, was the first ever cassette of recitation of Assamese poetry. His anthologies are ''Deha Romeromai Mor''(দেহা ৰমেৰমাই মোৰ) (1970), ''Slogan''(শ্লোগান)(1980), ''Kabikantha''(কবিকন্ঠ) (1987), autobiographical novelette ''Sankardev Uddyan, Si aru Apurba''(শংকৰদেৱ উদ্যান, সি আৰু অপূৰ্ব) (1990), edited anthologies ''Britta Bhangar Samay'' (বৃত্ত ভঙাৰ সময়)(1972), ''Ai Samay''(এই সময়) (1972), ''Parashu Goswamir Kabita'' (1989)(পৰশু গোস্বামীৰ কবিতা) and ''Amulya Baruar Jeevan aru Kabita''(অমূল্য বৰুৱাৰ জীৱন আৰু কবিতা) (1990).

The books that were jointly edited, translated and compiled are ''Mao Tse Tungar Kabita'' (মাও চে টু্ঙৰ কবিতা)(1979), ''Tung Pi Ur Kabita'' (টুং পি উৰ কবিতা)(1979), ''Ho Tsi Minar Kabita''(হো চি মিনৰ কবিতা) (1979), ''Krishnanga Kabir Kabita''(কৃষ্ণাংগ কবিৰ কবিতা) (1982), ''Faiz Ahmad Faizar Kabita''(ফয়্জ আহমদ ফয়্জৰ কবিতা) (1985) and ''Musa Jalilar Kabita''(মুছা জালিলৰ কবিতা) (1987).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110902175632/http://ww.telegraphindia.com/1050103/asp/guwahati/story_4203842.asp Unique bash to celebrate life and work - Missing poet's family and friends to gather at Chandmari for his 62nd birthday today] ''The Telegraph'' - Calcutta : Guwahati </ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121026021844/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050113/asp/guwahati/story_4245905.asp LIC to clear poet's dues next week] ''The Telegraph'' - Calcutta : Guwahati</ref><ref>[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040220/asp/northeast/story_2917305.asp Big faith in little magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026021856/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040220/asp/northeast/story_2917305.asp |date=26 October 2012 }} ''The Telegraph'' - Calcutta : Northeast</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110902175752/http://ww.telegraphindia.com/1050104/asp/guwahati/story_4207724.asp Missing poet's family demands fresh search] ''The Telegraph'' - Calcutta : Guwahati </ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121026021907/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050105/asp/guwahati/story_4212682.asp LIC to look into missing poet case] ''The Telegraph'' - Calcutta : Guwahati</ref>

==Books about Abani Chakravarty==
Since Abani's disappearance, several books have been published about him. These include: ''Abani Chakravartir Nirbachita Kabita''(অৱনী চক্ৰৱৰ্তীৰ নিৰ্বাচিত কবিতা) (published by Puthi Niketan in 1996), ''Abani Chakravartir Swa Nirbachita Kabita Sankalan ''(অৱনী চক্ৰৱৰ্তীৰ স্ব নিৰ্বাচিত কবিতা সংকলন)(published by Friends Publication in 2004), ''Abani Chakravarty: Smriti aru Sristi''(অৱনী চক্ৰৱৰ্তী: স্মৃতি আৰু সৃষ্টি) (published by Kabita Prakashan in 2009) and ''Swapno Ke Saath Ek Din Thitholi'' (सपनो के साथ एक दिन ठिठोली) (A Hindi translation of a few selected poems of Abani Chakravarty by Dinkar Kumar, published by Kabita Prakashan in 2010). A special edition of the Hindi magazine ''[[Ulupi (magazine)|Ulupi]]'' focused on Chakravarty came out in 2004.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121026021914/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050504/asp/guwahati/story_4692043.asp Union pleads for Abani family] ''The Telegraph'' - Calcutta : Guwahati</ref><ref>[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1503719/ Gayatri Chakraborty vs Life Insurance Corporation Of ... on 11 September, 2006]</ref><ref>[http://www.assamtribune.com/jan0410/Photo1.html The Assam Tribune online] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318021132/http://www.assamtribune.com/jan0410/Photo1.html |date=18 March 2012 }}</ref>

==Website on Abani Chakravarty==
A website on Poet Abani Chakravarty https://poetabani.com was launched on 3 January 2018 by the poet's family. It was inaugurated by Sahitya Akademy awardee poet Gyan Pujari at Gahpur, Assam.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

==See also==
*[[List of people who disappeared mysteriously (2000–present)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{YouTube|ZZzLz_eWjA4|Maram Kumar reporting for News Live programme on Abani Chakraborty telecasted on 23 March 2010}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130324161528/http://www.bipuljyoti.in/poetry/aboni.html Abani Chakraborty's poetry]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Abani}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:1990s missing person cases]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Assamese-language poets]]
[[Category:Kamrupi people]]
[[Category:Missing Indian people]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in India]]
[[Category:People from Nalbari district]]
[[Category:Poets from Assam]]

Murder of Jagendra Singh

2026-02-12T05:23:12Z

Varundigitalmedia: bio

{{Short description|2015 killing of a journalist in India by setting him on fire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jagendra Singh
| image =
| birthname =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Shahjahanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Lucknow]]
| education =
| occupation = [[Journalist]]
| alias =
| status =
| family =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| credits =
| agent =
| website =
}}

'''Murder of Jagendra Singh''' refers to the killing of a journalist in India by setting him on fire on 1 June 2015. Jagendra Singh was an Indian [[journalist]] from [[Shahjahanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He died on 8 June 2015 from [[burn injuries]] suffered a week earlier. He had been set on fire by local policemen and [[criminal]]s on the directions of Uttar Pradesh Minister [[Rammurti Singh Verma]].<ref name=BurntAliveTOI>{{cite news|title=Journalist burnt alive; UP minister, cops charged|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Journalist-burnt-alive-UP-minister-cops-charged/articleshow/47607739.cms|accessdate=13 June 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 June 2015}}</ref> Singh had worked for [[Hindi language|Hindi-language]] media for 15 years.<ref name=LinkedNYT/>

==Background==
Singh used to run a [[Facebook]] page called ''Shahjahanpur Samachar'' ("Shahjahanpur News"). Singh had written posts about Verma's alleged links to corruption and [[Mining scams in India|illegal mining]].<ref name=WhyDidDNA/> However, he did not provide evidence at the time specific to the allegations.<ref name=9OthersHT/>

On 4 May 2015, Rammurti Verma and some of his henchmen had allegedly raped an [[Anganwadi]] female worker. She later told a local court that police were not filing a [[First Information Report]] (FIR) against Rammurti Verma. Jagendra Singh reported the story. Verma had claimed that it was a political ploy by his rivals and Singh to construct a fake case against him.<ref name=BurntAliveTOI/> On 22 May 2015, Singh wrote a post saying that he was being harassed by policemen, criminals and politicians, and that he feared that he might be killed by Verma.<ref name=LinkedNYT/>

==Attack==
{{Location map+|India|AlternativeMap =
| float = right
| width = 200
| caption = Shahjahanpur, where the attack took place, is located in India and shown here relative to the capital New Delhi.
|places=
{{Location map~ | India
|lat_deg=28.6139 |lat_dir=N
|lon_deg=77.2090 |lon_dir=E
|position=top
|background=#FFFFFF
|label=New Delhi
}}
{{Location map~ | India
| pos = right
| marksize = 8
|position=bottom
|background=#FFFFFF
| label = Shahjahanpur
| lat_deg = 27.8800
| lon_deg = 79.9000}}
}}

On 1 June 2015, according to his family members, a group of policemen and goons came in two cars in the late afternoon and barged into his house in [[Shahjahanpur]]. Initially, they got into an argument with him, reminding him that he had been repeatedly told not to write anything against Verma. Then they pinned him down, poured [[petrol]] on him and set him on fire.<ref name=BurntAliveTOI/><ref name=LinkedNYT>{{cite news|title=Indian Journalist Who Linked Official to Graft Dies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/12/world/asia/indian-journalist-who-linked-official-to-graft-dies.html|accessdate=13 June 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=11 June 2015}}</ref> He was taken to the district hospital in Shahjahanpur initially. Later, he was moved to [[King George's Medical University]] in [[Lucknow]], where he died a week later.<ref name=9OthersHT/>

At first, the Superintendent of Police of Shahjahanpur, Babloo Kumar, claimed that Singh was not a journalist, and stated he had committed suicide.<ref name=LinkedNYT/> The police also stated he had an ongoing investigation against him and that when the police had gone to arrest him, he had attempted suicide.<ref name=LinkedNYT/><ref name=OnFireIndUK>{{cite news|title=Journalist set on fire in India after Facebook post making allegations against local politician|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/journalist-set-on-fire-in-india-after-facebook-post-making-allegations-against-local-politician-10307785.html|accessdate=13 June 2015|work=[[The Independent]]|date=9 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=BurntIBN>{{cite news|title=Journalist allegedly burnt to death for Facebook posts against Samajwadi Party MLA Ram Murti in UP|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/journalist-allegedly-burnt-to-death-for-facebook-posts-against-samajwadi-party-mla-ram-murti-in-up-1003652.html|accessdate=13 June 2015|work=[[IBNLive]]|date=9 June 2015}}</ref> They said they knocked on the door and waited. When they saw smoke coming out of a ventilation point, they entered and found Singh on fire. They claimed that they put out the fire and took him to the hospital.<ref name=9OthersHT>{{cite news|title=UP minister, 9 others booked for fatal attack on journo|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-minister-9-others-booked-for-allegedly-setting-afire-social-media-journalist-during-police-raid/article1-1356704.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609184141/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-minister-9-others-booked-for-allegedly-setting-afire-social-media-journalist-during-police-raid/article1-1356704.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 June 2015|accessdate=13 June 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=9 June 2015}}</ref> Later, the police said they were investigating the case.<ref name=LinkedNYT/>

==Death==
In his [[dying declaration]], Singh held Verma responsible for the attack and added that a previous attempt had been made on his life on 28 April 2015. He died of his injuries in a [[Lucknow]] hospital on 8 June.<ref name=BurntAliveTOI/> Soon afterwards, a video appeared on the internet which showed a badly burned Singh lying in his hospital bed talking to the camera. He could be heard saying, "Why did they have to burn me? If the ministers and his goondas had a grudge, they could have beaten me instead of pouring kerosene and burning me."<ref name=WhyDidDNA/><ref>{{cite news|title=Journalist burnt to death: Dying Jagendra Singh records his last lines|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/483260/journalist-burnt-death-dying-jagendra.html|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=13 June 2015}}</ref>

Following Singh's death, his son Raghvendra Singh filed a police case. An FIR was filed against minister Verma, a [[police inspector]] Prakash Rai of Kotwali police station and four others. They were charged under Sections 302 ([[murder]]), 120B ([[criminal conspiracy]]), 504 (intentional insult with intent to provoke [[breach of the peace]]) and 506 ([[criminal intimidation]]) of the [[Indian Penal Code]].<ref name=WhyDidDNA>{{cite news|title=Journalist burnt alive: Why did they burn me, asked Jagendra Singh lying on hospital bed|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-journalist-burnt-alive-why-did-they-burn-me-asked-jagendra-singh-lying-on-hospital-bed-2095130|accessdate=13 June 2015|work=[[DNA India]]|date=13 June 2015}}</ref>

==Investigation==

On 13 June 2015, 5 policemen suspected to be involved in the case were suspended, among them was Sri Prakash Rai.<ref name=ScribeTOI>{{cite news|title=Scribe murder: 5 cops suspended, but minister, aides still at large|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Scribe-murder-5-cops-suspended-but-minister-aides-still-at-large/articleshow/47660332.cms|accessdate=14 June 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 June 2015}}</ref> On 24 June 2015, ''[[The Hindu]]'' newspaper reported that according to its sources the forensic report says that the burns were self-inflicted.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/forensic-report-terms-up-scribes-burns-selfinflicted/article7347799.ece |title=Scribe burnt himself, says forensic report |author=Mohammad Ali |date=24 June 2015 |newspaper=The Hindu |accessdate= 27 June 2015}}</ref>

==Reactions==
The Chairman of the [[Press Council of India]], [[Chandramauli Kumar Prasad]], on 10 June called it an attack on the [[freedom of press]] and asked the state government to form a Special Investigative Team (SIT) consisting of officers of good character to handle the case.<ref name=WhyDidDNA/>

[[Amnesty International]] urged the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] to start an independent inquiry into the case.
<ref name=AmnestyBBC>{{cite news|title=India: Amnesty urges journalist death probe|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-33090032|accessdate=13 June 2015|work=[[BBC News]]|date=11 June 2015}}</ref> [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] (CPJ) urged the authorities to conduct a swift and transparent investigation on the case.<ref name=WatchDogZee>{{cite news|title=Journalist watchdog calls for probe into death of scribe in UP|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/journalist-watchdog-calls-for-probe-into-death-of-scribe-in-up_1611301.html|accessdate=13 June 2015|work=[[Zee News]]|date=11 June 2015}}</ref>

On 12 June 2015, [[Ram Gopal Yadav]], the General Secretary of [[Samajwadi Party]] to which the prime accused belonged, told media persons that Verma will not be removed from state cabinet. He said a FIR was not enough proof to take such action.<ref name=RamGopalExp>{{cite news|title=Journalist death: No ground to remove Verma from ministry says Ram Gopal|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/journalist-death-no-ground-to-remove-verma-from-ministry-says-ram-gopal/|accessdate=13 June 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=13 June 2015}}</ref>

On 14 June 2015, the family members of the journalist started an indefinite [[dharna]] to demand for justice. They also told reporters that they were getting threats and were being offered [[hush money]] to withdraw the case.<ref name=Dharna>{{cite news|title=Shahjahanpur scribe killing: Family begins indefinite dharna, demands CBI probe|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-journalist-burnt-alive-family-on-dharna-2095660|accessdate=27 June 2015|work=[[DNA India]]|date=15 June 2015}}</ref> On 22 June 2015, Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister [[Akhilesh Yadav]] met the family and promised them an [[ex-gratia]] of {{currency|30|INR}} [[lakh]]s for the journalist's family.<ref name=30LakhDeceased>{{cite news|title=Rs 30 lakh for deceased Uttarpradesh journalist|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jagendra-singh-akhilesh-yadav-ex-gratia-rs-thirty-lakhs-259045-2015-06-22|access-date=27 June 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=22 June 2015}}</ref> On 23 June, the family ended the dharna.<ref name=OnTuesday>{{cite news|title=UP journalist murder: Akhilesh govt announces Rs 30 lakh compensation, family to end strike on Tuesday|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/up-journalist-murder-akhilesh-govt-announces-rs-30-lakh-compensation-family-to-end-strike-on-tuesday_1617949.html|accessdate=27 June 2015|work=[[Zee News]]|date=23 June 2015}}</ref>

[[Forbidden Stories]] included Singh in ''Green Blood'', a list of 13 reporters investigating environmental issues that have been killed between 2009 and 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-06-17|title=Green Blood|url=https://forbiddenstories.org/green-blood-trailer-2/|access-date=2020-12-06|website=[[Forbidden Stories]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of journalists killed in India]]
* [[Mining scams in India]]
* [[Murder of Sandeep Kothari]]
* [[Sumaira Abdulali]], an environmental activist

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://cpj.org/data/people/jagendra-singh/ Jagendra Singh] at the [[Committee to Protect Journalists]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jagendra}}
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Murder in Uttar Pradesh|Murder of Jagendra Singh]]
[[Category:Arson deaths]]
[[Category:Journalists killed in India]]
[[Category:Assassinated Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Shahjahanpur|Murder of Jagendra Singh]]
[[Category:2015 murders in India]]
[[Category:June 2015 in India]]
[[Category:June 2015 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:2010s in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Arson in India]]
[[Category:Arson in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]

Omar Lulu

2026-02-09T05:00:16Z

Varundigitalmedia: put up basic data needs work - done

{{short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Omar Lulu
| image = OmarLulu2021.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Omar Abdul Vahab
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|10|30}}
| birth_place =
| othername =
| occupation = Film director Music Director
| yearsactive = 2016–present
| spouse = Rinshi
| alma_mater =
| children = 3
| relatives =
| parents =
| website =
| awards =
}}
'''Omar Abdul Vahab''', professionally credited as '''Omar Lulu''', is an Indian film director who works in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He made his directorial debut in 2016 with ''[[Happy Wedding (2016 film)|Happy Wedding]]''.

==Career==
His debut film ''[[Happy Wedding (2016 film)|Happy Wedding]]'' starring [[Sharafudheen]], [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Siju Wilson]] and Justin John had a good run at the Kerala box-office and crossed 100 days run, it grossed {{INRConvert|13.7|c}} at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/happy-wedding-completes-101-days-heres-worldwide-box-office-collection-surprise-hit-photos-690873 |title='Happy Wedding' completes 101 days; here's worldwide box office collection of the surprise hit [PHOTOS] |publisher=Ibtimes.co.in |date=2016-08-23 |access-date=2016-11-28}}</ref> His second film, ''[[Chunkzz]]'', starring [[Honey Rose]] and [[Balu Varghese]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/chunkzz-malayalammovie-castingcall-omarlulu-heroine-malayalam-news-1.1535060 |title=Chunkzz MalayalamMovie CastingCall OmarLulu Heroine ചങ്ക്‌സിന് നായികയെ ആവശ്യമുണ്ട് |date=26 November 2016 |publisher=Mathrubhumi.com |access-date=2016-11-28}}</ref> released in August 2017 and was a commercial success, collecting around 20 crore at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2017/09/08/chunkzz-box-office-collection-report.html|title='Chunkzz first in collection}}</ref>

His third movie ''[[Oru Adaar Love]]'' was an international sensation<ref>{{Cite web|title=The wink that went viral: Director Omar Lulu on his Priya Prakash Varrier featured Oru Adaar Love|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/apr/17/the-wink-that-went-viral-director-omar-lulu-on-his-priya-prakash-varrier-featured-oru-adaar-love-1802828.html|access-date=2020-07-11|website=The New Indian Express|date=18 April 2018 }}</ref> which made Priya P Warrier an internet sensation for a wink scene from the film.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The wink that stopped India|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-india-43327082|access-date=2021-08-31}}</ref> It is also the first ever Malayalam film that got released in four different language (Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada and Tamil) simultaneously in over 2,000 theatres around the world. The film was a box office hit and was dubbed into Chinese, English, Arabic and all Indian languages. ''[[Dhamaka (2020 film)|Dhamaka]]'' was his fourth movie released in theatres. In 2022, his fifth film titled Nalla Samayam was withdrawn from the theaters three days after its release due to a case bein filed against Omar by the Kozhikode Excise Inspector for promoting the use of the banned drug MDMA through the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/omar-lulus-nalla-samayam-withdrawn-from-theatres-following-excise-case/article66329704.ece/amp|title=Omar Lulu's Nalla Samayam withdrawn from theatres following excise case |date=2 January 2023 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> New movies in planning are ''Power Star'' starring Kannada actor Shreyas Manju, [[Babu Antony]] and freshers' ''LoveYathra''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/omar-lulus-power-star-will-have-babu-antony-in-the-lead/articleshow/64481353.cms|title=Omar Lulu's 'Power Star' will have Babu Antony in the lead - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 June 2018 }}</ref>

Besides making films, Omar started directing musical albums by the year 2020. His last two albums, Tu Hi Hai Meri Zindagi and Jaana Meri Jaana starring Ajmal Khan and [[Jumana Abdu Rahman|Jumana Khan]] was shot in Dubai in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch New Hindi Song Music Video - 'Tu Hi Hai Meri Zindagi' Sung By Nikhil D'Souza {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-song-music-video-tu-hi-hai-meri-zindagi-sung-by-nikhil-dsouza/videoshow/80906676.cms|access-date=2021-08-31|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Omar Lulu: Didn't expect such a great response for 'Jaana Mere Jaana' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/omar-lulu-didnt-expect-such-a-great-response-for-jaana-mere-jaana/articleshow/82653207.cms|access-date=2021-08-31|website=The Times of India|date=15 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! class"unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2016 || ''[[Happy Wedding (2016 film)|Happy Wedding]]''
|
|-
|2017 || ''[[Chunkzz]]''
| Also storywriter
|-
|2019 || ''[[Oru Adaar Love]]''
|
|-
|2020 || ''[[Dhamaka (2020 film)|Dhamaka]]''
|Also storywriter
|-
|2022
|''Nalla Samayam''
|Also storywriter
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Bad Boyz (film)|Bad Boyz]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-09 |title=Ghora Ghora Rajadhi Raja song from Bad Boyz out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/09/ghora-ghora-rajadhi-raja-song-from-bad-boyz-out |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Music videos ===

* ''Tu Hi Hai Meri Zindagi'' (2021)<ref>{{Citation|title=Tu Hi Hai Meri Zindagi {{!}} Omar Lulu {{!}} Ajmal {{!}} Jumana {{!}} Nikhil D'Souza {{!}} Abhishek Talented {{!}} Jubair M| date=11 February 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQcWnjii3vQ|language=en|access-date=2021-08-31}}</ref>
*''Jaana Meri Jaana'' (2021)<ref>{{Citation|title=Jaana Mere Jaana {{!}} Mahiyil Maha {{!}} Omar Lulu {{!}}Vineeth Sreenivasan {{!}}Jubair Muhammed {{!}}Ajmal Jumana Khan| date=12 May 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G96Y_e6pixk|language=en|access-date=2021-08-31}}</ref>
*Kaanan Thonnununde (2021)

=== Television ===
* ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 5)]]''

==Controversies ==
'''<big>Drug Issue</big>'''

In December 2022, [[Kerala Excise|Kerala Excise Department]] registered a case against makers of Nalla Samayam, movie directed by Omar Lulu for allegedly promoting the use of [[MDMA]] in movie's teaser.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Excise books makers of Omar Lulu's 'Nalla Samayam' movie for promoting substance abuse |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/excise-books-makers-of-omar-lulu-s-nalla-samayam-movie-for-promoting-substance-abuse-1.8176791 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |date=30 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> "Besides the substance, the trailer also had the scenes blindly promoting alcoholism and the makers of the movie did not even bother to show the statutory warning on the screen"; said officials.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-30 |title=Kerala filmmaker booked for promoting banned drug in movie trailer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-filmmaker-booked-for-promoting-banned-drug-in-movie-trailer-8352822/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

'''<big>Rape Allegations</big>'''

The Nedumbassery police have registered a case against director Omar Lulu on charge of sexual abuse based on a complaint by a woman actor.

The rural police sources said the case had been registered for rape on false promise of marriage during the first half of last year. However, whether the case involved casting couch would also be probed.

The police have recorded the complainant's statement and launched an investigation. Officials said the statement of the accused would be recorded soon. Meanwhile, the director has dismissed the complaint as one motivated by economic gains.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Film director Omar Lulu booked on charge of rape|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/film-director-booked-on-charge-of-rape/article68226147.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 May 2024 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=7978876|name=Omar}}
* {{Facebook|id=omer.lulu}}
* {{Instagram|id=omar_lulu_}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lulu, Omar}}
[[Category:Film directors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Gopal (caste)

2026-02-08T03:32:09Z

Varundigitalmedia: Article updated with improved flow

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Social community of Odisha, India}}
{{Redirect|Gauda (caste)|similar name pastoralist society of Jharkhand|Gour (caste)|its namesake other uses|Gopal (disambiguation){{!}}Gopal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox caste
| caste_name = Gopal (Gauda)
| subdivisions = Mathurapuria Gopapuria Magadhaa
| populated_states = [[Odisha]]
| population =431,474 (1901 census)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gait|first=E. A.|author-link=Edward Albert Gait|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06YJAAAAIAAJ|title=Census of India – 1901, Vol- VIA – The lower probinces of Bengal and their Feudatourie (Part II, The Imperial Tables)|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press|year=1909|pages=212–213}}</ref> 890,702 (1931 census)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lacey |first=W. g |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56027 |title=Bihar and Orissa – Census Of India 1931 |volume=7 |others=Part II, Tables |date=1932 |page=137}}</ref>
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| languages = [[Odia language|Odia]]
|classification = [[Ahir]] ([[Yadav]])
| related = [[Khandayat (caste)|Khandayat]]<ref name="q939">{{cite book | last=Pati | first=Biswamoy | title=Resisting Domination: Peasants, Tribals, and the National Movement in Orissa, 1920-50 | publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors | date=1993 | isbn=978-81-7304-027-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Chasas+Gaudas+Kshatriya+status | access-date=2025-10-14 | page=}}</ref> }}
'''Gopal''' or '''Gouda''' is an [[Indian caste system|Indian caste]],<ref name="Ray2007">{{cite book | author = Dipti Ray | date = 2007 | title = Prataparudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa (A.D. 1497 to A.D. 1540) | publisher = Northern Book Centre | pages = 90– | isbn = 9788172111953 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=to_U9I6Ol9wC&dq=gopalas+gaudas&pg=PA90}}</ref><ref name="(India)1966">{{cite book|author=Orissa (India)|title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Cuttack|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTduAAAAMAAJ&q=Gaudas+third+largest|year=1966|publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press |page=168}}</ref><ref name="Kar2002">{{cite book | author = Nishamani Kar | date = 2002 | title = Animal Husbandry and Rural Development: Restructuring and Planned Development of the Bovine Economy | publisher = Deep and Deep Publications | pages = 206– | isbn = 9788176293587 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xVuCMzpCIsMC&dq=gauda+gopal&pg=PA206}}</ref> from [[Odisha]] [[States and union territories of India|State]] in [[East India]]. Their traditional occupations include dairy farming, cattle herding, cultivation and carrying palanquins of deities.<ref name="PatiDash2002">{{cite book|author1=Rabindra Nath Pati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qxxnZ4XxUbsC&pg=PA196|title=Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects|author2=Jagannatha Dash|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2002|isbn=978-81-7648-322-3|pages=196–}}</ref><ref name="Mahapatra 1981 p. ">{{cite book | last=Mahapatra | first=M. | title=Traditional Structure and Change in an Orissan Temple | publisher=Punthi Pustak | series=Indische Studien | year=1981 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4sdAAAAMAAJ&q=palanquin+gauda | access-date=2022-11-27 | page=}}</ref> They also worked as Paikas (soldiers) under the kings{{Vague|reason="The kings" is vague. Under which kings/dynasties or in which century?|date=September 2025}}.<ref name="Tanabe2021">{{cite book | author = Akio Tanabe | date = 29 July 2021 | title = Caste and Equality in India: A Historical Anthropology of Diverse Society and Vernacular Democracy | publisher = Routledge | pages = | isbn = 978-1-00-040933-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EPM4EAAAQBAJ&dq=foot+soldier+cowherd&pg=PT55}}{{pn|date=December 2022}}</ref><ref name="SinhaSciences1987">{{cite book | author1 = Surajit Sinha | author2 = Centre for Studies in Social Sciences | date = 1987 | title = Tribal Polities and State Systems in Pre-colonial Eastern and North Eastern India | publisher = Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta | pages = | isbn = 9788170740148 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=S4E_AAAAMAAJ&q=paiks+cowherd+caste}}{{pn|date=December 2022}}</ref> Gopal is the name of the milkmen or herdsmen caste in Odisha, which is known by other names (such as [[Ahir]], [[Yadav caste|Yadav]], [[Gowala (caste)|Goala]] etc.) in various parts of India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rolamba|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W445AAAAIAAJ&q=Abhir+tribe|year=1982|publisher=Joshi Research Institute}}</ref><ref name="Singh1993">{{cite book |author=Kumar Suresh Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9QluAAAAMAAJ&q=gauda+ahir |title=People of India: Bio-cultural Dimensions : a K.S. Singh Festschrift |date=1993 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=9788121003254 |pages=}}</ref>

According to the 1931 census of India, they are the second largest caste by numbers and comprise around 9% of Odisha's population.<ref>{{cite book| editor=Rob Jenkins |title= Regional Reflections: Comparing Politics Across India's States |chapter=Janata Regionalized: Contrasting Bases of Electoral Support in Bihar and Orissa |first=Sanjay|last=Kumar |pages= 6
|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi|year=2004|url=https://casi.sas.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/iit/Sanjay%20Kumar.pdf |format= |accessdate=}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word Gopal derived from [[vedic]] "Gopala", which "''Go''" refers to [[cow]] and "''Pala''" refers to protector or herder. Hence "Gopala" literally means "cow herder".<ref name="Grimes1996">{{cite book|author=John A. Grimes|title=A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcoUFYOX0bEC&pg=PA129|date=1 January 1996|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3067-5|pages=129–}}</ref><ref name="FeuersteinKak1999">{{cite book|author1=Georg Feuerstein|author2=Subhash Kak|author3=David Frawley|title=In Search of the Cradle of Civilization: New Light on Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evOZEWralVMC&pg=PA149|year=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1626-8|pages=149–}}</ref>

== Origin and history ==
The Gopalas (Gaudas) like all Yadavs claim that they are descendants from [[Krishna]] of the ancient [[Yadava]] clan.<ref name="PatiDash2002">{{cite book|author1=Rabindra Nath Pati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qxxnZ4XxUbsC&pg=PA196|title=Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects|author2=Jagannatha Dash|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2002|isbn=978-81-7648-322-3|pages=196–}}</ref><ref name="Pati2008">{{cite book|author=Rabindra Nath Pati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&pg=PA115|title=Family Planning|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-81-313-0352-8|pages=115–}}</ref> They are recognized in many Puranas as soldier's of Mahabharat fame [[Narayani Sena]] (Army of Lord Krishna), who were fought in Mahabharata war.<ref name="s998">{{cite book | last=Jain | first=Sandhya | title=Adi Deo Arya Devata: A Panoramic View oF Tribal-Hindu Cultural Interface | publisher=Notion Press | date=2022-03-19 | isbn=979-8-88530-378-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDBlEAAAQBAJ&q=Narayana%2520army%2520Gopala&pg=PT67 | access-date=2025-10-14 | page=}}</ref>

After the [[Sanskritisation]] of castes in India, the Gopalas started to be incorporated into a newly established '''Yadav Kshatriya''' or '''Yaduvanshi Kshatriya''' community, along with [[Ahir]], [[Gopa (caste)|Gops]], Goalas, and [[Sadgop]]s.<ref name="Pinch1996">{{cite book|author=William R. Pinch|title=Peasants and Monks in British India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEP-ceGYsnYC&pg=PA91|date=18 June 1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91630-2|pages=91–}}</ref> In the Yadav Mahasabha held in 1930, dairy farming castes such as Ahirs, Goalas, Gopalas etc. were advised to Identify themselves as "Son of Krishna" and hence they can identify themselves as martial caste.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Michelutti|first=Lucia|date=2002|title=Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town|url=https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2106/1/U613338.pdf|journal=[[London School of Economics and Political Science]]}}</ref>

== Subdivisions ==
The Gopalas (Gaudas) are three types:- '''Mathurapuria''', '''Gopapuria''' and '''Magadhaa''',<ref>{{cite book |url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Khordha_Gazetteer.pdf |author=Dr. Taradatt|title=Odisha District Gazetteers (Khorda) |via=gopabandhuacademy.gov.in |format= |accessdate=}}</ref> where Mathurapurias and Gopapurias are superior to Magadha classes.<ref name="(India)1972">{{cite book|author=Orissa (India)|title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Sambalpur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ry1uAAAAMAAJ&q=gopapuria+mathurapuria+magadha|year=1972|publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press}}</ref> Which symbolically refer to their ancestral land of [[Mathura]] and [[Gokul]] (Gopa) of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] of [[Bihar]].<ref name="Mishra1992">{{cite book|author=Prashant K. Mishra|title=Harijans in Hindu and Tribal Social Structures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_CRvAAAAMAAJ&q=gopapuria+gauda|year=1992|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-165-8}}</ref> While the Magadha Gauda are inhabitants of Singhbhum and western Mayurbhanj, they possibly represent an accretion of some aboriginal tribes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taradatt |first=Dr |title=Mayurbhanj district Gazzetter |url=https://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Mayurbhanj_Gazetteer.pdf|year=1967 |pages=99}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Laeequddin |first=Muhammad |title=Census of Mayurbhanj State 1931 |year=1937 |volume=I |location=Calcutta |publisher=Caledonin Printing Company |pages=173–178, 197–198 |jstor=saoa.crl.25352830
|jstor-access=free
|oclc=496724918}}</ref> There are minor differences among them, some area of Odisha the Gopalas are also known as their other names including: '''Mahakul''', '''Sholakhandia''', '''Sadgope''' and '''Gopal Baishnab'''<ref name="q72v8">{{cite book | last=Russell | first=R.V. | publisher=Macmillan and Company, limited | title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India |volume=II | year=1916 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbgBAAAAMAAJ&q=mahakul | access-date=2023-06-17 | page=20}} [https://archive.org/details/TheTribesAndCastesOfTheCentralProvincesOfIndiaVolII/ Alt URL]</ref><ref name="Padhi2007">{{cite book|author=Nagendra Kumar Padhi|title=Police and the Weaker Sections|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ax0rSwXmVZIC&pg=PA55|year=2007|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0129-6|pages=55–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/Pdf/SEBC_List_Orissa.pdf |title=www.stscodisha.gov.in |format= |accessdate=}}</ref> among them.

== Culture ==
=== Festival ===
[[File:Image Gopala dolayatra.jpg|thumb|
Peoples of Gopal community carries Bimana of [[Radha Krishna]] during [[Dol Jatra|Dola Purnima]] festival]]
* The [[Dol Purnima|Dola Purnima]] ([[Holi festival]]): is the Major festival of Gopalas (Gaudas),<ref name="Mohanty2003">{{cite book|author=Ramesh P. Mohanty|title=Dalits Development and Change: An Empirical Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMCEOmVXhLkC&pg=PA38|year=2003|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-696-7|pages=38–}}</ref> It starts from the tenth day of the bright fortnight of the month of Falguna (Feb-March) known as Fagu 'Dasami'. This festival is celebrated for five days in Odisha. In this festival they place the idols of [[Radha Krishna]] in a Bimana (richly decorated palanquins), Smearing the heads with [[Abir]]a (a violet coloured powder). Specially people of Gopala community carrying this palanquin and take round a procession with village Priest, drummers, pipers and the Sankirtana Mandalis. The procession halts in front of each household and the deity is offered Bhog. On the final day of the purnima the celebration culminates in a swing-festival for the deities.<ref name="Odisha Tourism 2010">{{cite web | title=Dola Purnima (Holi) | website=Odisha Tourism | date=2010-01-01 | url=https://dot.odishatourism.gov.in/?q=node/268 | access-date=2020-10-16}}</ref>
* The [[Dahi Handi|Dahi-handi Jatra]] (curd-pot festival): The birthday of [[Lord Krishna]] on the eighth day of Krushna pakshya is popularly celebrated throughout India as [[Janmastami]] on the ninth day. Lord Krishna along with his friends had broken the curd-pot in the house of the [[Nanda (mythology)|king Nanda]]. This tradition is maintained in [[Paralakhemundi]] as Dahi-handi-Jatra. On the ninth day or Nabami, the people tie a curd pot with a bamboo and place it between two poles. Traditionally, a Gauda-boy as the representative of Lord Krishna breaks the curd pot. The other boys throw the coloured water from a hand pump (pichakari). Then the people place the [[Radha Krishna]] on a stage called 'Kunja’ and take a procession around the town.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Journal/journalvol3/pdf/15-27.pdf |title=magazines.odisha.gov.in |format= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSduAAAAMAAJ&q=dahi+handi+jatra+gauda|year=2004|publisher=Superintendent of Research and Museum}}</ref>

=== Tradition ===
*[[Laudi Badi Khela]] is a traditional dance with combination of martial art and folk dance (called Laudi Nacha & Badi Khela) of the Gaudas (Gopalas), which is performed during Dola Purnima. In this dance the young Gopala boys wearing a special clothes in associated with Krishna. At first they practice 'Badi Khela'(martial art) by one or two trained people of their community, who held a sword in the right hand and a stick in left hand. They perform this art for sometime and then played 'Laudi'(folk dance) by a group of minimum 9 to 12 boys. Each boys holding two stick in their hand, dance with striking each other's stick in a rhythmical manner in front of the Palanquin of Radha Krishna.<ref name="Nanda 2013">{{cite web | last=Nanda | first=Kanhu | title=Odihsa's folk dance 'Laudi Khela' during Dola fest loses its fame and charm. | website=Odisha Views | date=2013-04-06 | url=https://www.odishaviews.com/odihsas-folk-dance-laudi-khela-during-dola-fest-loses-its-fame-and-charm/ | access-date=2020-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Cuttack_Gazetteer.pdf |title=gopabandhuacademy.gov.in |format= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*[[Gopalila]] is a traditional puppet theatre, performed by Gopals (Cowherd boys) of [[Odisha]]. They perform this theater on the occasion of Janmastami and Govardhan Puja. The concept of this theatre is associated with god Krishna's life.<ref name="BrandonBanham1997">{{cite book|author1=James R. Brandon|author2=Martin Banham|title=The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttnH5W9qoBAC&pg=PA89|date=28 January 1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-58822-5|pages=101–}}</ref>

=== Titles ===
The Gopalas uses surnames like [[Behera (surname)|Behera]], Das, Palei/Palai, Pandab, Biswal, Sandha, Hati, Kabi, Bhutia, Mahakul, Mahakhud/Mahakud, Mohapatra, Sasmal, Rout, Parida, Podh, Jal, Bhujabal,<ref>{{cite thesis
|last=Patra |first=Patitapaban |year=1994 |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/118750/12/12_chapter%25205.pdf |title= Archaeological remains of Dhenkanal|page=205 |location=Utkal University, Bhubaneswar |accessdate= |hdl=10603/118750}}</ref> Khilar, Singh, Routray, Samantray, Pratihari,<ref name="Singh 1996 p. 1082">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=K.S. | title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles | publisher=Anthropological Survey of India | series=National series | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-19-563357-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&dq=routray&pg=PA1082 | access-date=2023-07-03 | page=1082}}</ref><ref name="India. Department of Anthropology 1958 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Department of Anthropology | title=Memoir: (India. Dept. of Anthropology) | publisher=Manager of Publications, Delhi | issue=nos. 5-7 | year=1958 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be2BSxe8hhMC&q=bhobani+santra | access-date=2023-06-30 | page=}}</ref><ref name="Roy 1964 p. ">{{cite book | last=Roy | first=S.C. | title=Man in India | publisher=A. K. Bose | issue=v. 44 | year=1964 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKc4AAAAIAAJ&q=pratihari+milkman | access-date=2023-07-03 | page=}}</ref> Mandei, [[Senapati]], Dalua, Apata, Nayak,<ref name="Tripathy1988">{{cite book|author=Shyam Sunder Tripathy|title=Buddhism and Other Religious Cults of South-east India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXbYAAAAMAAJ&q=Gopalas+Gaudas+Chaudhuri+senapati+dalua|year=1988|publisher=Sundeep Prakashan|isbn=978-81-85067-15-5}}</ref> Bagarti, [[Pradhan]], Khuntia, Bag/Bagh, Hansha, Dalchhatra, Kharsel, Karuan, Nag and Shandh, Banchhor among others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Kandhamal_Gazetteer.pdf |title=gopabandhuacademy.gov.in |format= |accessdate=}}</ref>

== Social Status ==

Gopalas are followers of [[Vaishnavism]].<ref name="Mukherjee1970">{{cite book|author=Dilip Kumar Mukherjee|title=Chaitanya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miEgAAAAMAAJ&q=Gopal+Math|year=1970|publisher=National Book Trust, India}}</ref> Among them Gopapurias and Sadgops are the relics of [[Bala Krishna|Bala Gopala cult]].<ref name="Misra 1986 p. ">{{cite book | last=Misra | first=B. | title=Indian Culture and Cult of Jagannātha | publisher=Punthi Pustak | series=Orissa studies project | year=1986 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYdAAAAMAAJ&q=gaudas | access-date=2022-12-03 | page=}}</ref> They are one of a caste of [[Panikhia Jati]] group of [[Odisha]].<ref name="Das2012">{{cite book|author=Nava Kishor Das|title=Odisha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sz7m_yM-hJsC&q=panikhia+jatis|year=2012|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India by Seagull Books|isbn=978-81-7046-293-4}}</ref> They assist Brahmins on ritual occasion and also serve as priests in some temples.<ref name="Mukherjee1981">{{cite book|author=Prabhat Mukherjee|title=The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LFzfbhmJcMC&pg=PA83|year=1981|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0229-8|pages=83–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UeUXAQAAIAAJ&q=Gaudas|year=1925|publisher=Education Society's Press}}</ref><ref name="Bahadur)1998">{{cite book|author=Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur)|title=Man in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKiBAAAAMAAJ&q=Jhankar|year=1998|publisher=A. K. Bose}}</ref> They claim ''Kshatriya'' status and in social hierarchy they occupies the rank next to Khandayats.<ref name="q939">{{cite book | last=Pati | first=Biswamoy | title=Resisting Domination: Peasants, Tribals, and the National Movement in Orissa, 1920-50 | publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors | date=1993 | isbn=978-81-7304-027-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Chasas+Gaudas+Kshatriya+status | access-date=2025-10-14 | page=}}</ref> They are included in the OBC list of the state<ref name="Odisha State Commission for Backward Classes v804">{{cite web | title=Odisha State Commission for Backward Classes | website=Odisha State Commission for Backward Classes | url=https://oscbc.odisha.gov.in/home/ListOfSEBC/ | access-date=2023-08-24}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=D. M. Ravi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxw57oVgShIC |title=Eradication of Caste and Birth of New Humanity |date=2004 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7629-513-0 |pages=29 |language=en}}</ref> but some Gopal sub-castes like '''Vaishya Gopal''', '''Gopal Vaishnava''' and '''Khandeit Gopal''' are recognized as Forward castes

==See also==
* [[Ahir]]
*
* [[Gopa (caste)]]
*
* [[List of Yadavs]]
* [[Maniyani (caste)]]
* [[Raut (caste)]]
*
* [[Yadav]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Ahir]]

Golden Globe Awards

2026-02-06T18:56:18Z

Varundigitalmedia: update details per standard format and updated info

#REDIRECT [[Golden Globes]]
{{Rcat shell|
{{R from move}}
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Defence Security Corps

2026-02-03T21:19:55Z

Varundigitalmedia: adjusted layout after review and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|Military unit of the Indian Army}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Defence Security Corps
| image = File:DSC Insignia.svg
| caption = [[Insignia]] of the '''DSC'''
| dates = 25 February 1947 – Present
| country = {{flag icon|India}} [[India]]
| allegiance =
| branch = {{army|India}}
| role = Protection and Security of Defence Installations
| motto = "Raksha Tatha Surkasha"|
| garrison = [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]]
| garrison_label = Regimental Centre
| anniversaries = 25 February
| size = 30,000 to 40,000<ref>{{Cite web |last=M.K |first=Nidheesh |date=2016-02-13 |title=Defence Security Corps: India’s overlooked soldiers |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/T6OokS2v0xB32qKFL9evdP/Defence-Security-Corps-Indias-overlooked-soldiers.html |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
| Website = https://dsc.gov.in/About.aspx
}}

The '''Defence Security Corps''' ('''DSC''') is corps of the [[Indian Army]] responsible for providing security cover to the defence installations of the three services (the [[Indian Army|Army]], the [[Indian Navy|Navy]], the [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]]) and other sensitive installations. The DSC troops are sanctioned and attached to various bases/installations to ensure protection against sabotage and pilferage.<ref name="DSCrole">{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=aw/UhtZ0gMiXTiOELhfKdg==&ParentID=W150Yfis3gVvGP/pJcV//w==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ== |title=DSC Role & Organisation, Indian Army website}}</ref> It is the sixth largest corps of the Army.<ref name= DSChistory >{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=cVyS3FVQr6N39QP4FGjgEg==&ParentID=5wmDekocmF5ThIB5RMPkWw==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ==|title=DSC History, Indian Army website}}</ref>

Currently, the major sanction of DSC troops is for the Army and Air force installations. The Naval units and other user agencies have a sizeable deployment of this force.<ref name="DSCrole" /> DSC troops also provide security to some of the [[Indian Ordnance Factories]], India's nuclear laboratories, and [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) establishments.

The idea of the Defence Security Corps (DSC) like force dates back to the pre-independence era. Before World War II, the regular army units, garrison troops and watch and ward wings were tasked to provide security cover for various defence installations. Due to the problems faced in protecting the defence depots, factories, and other installations, a new organization dedicated to the protection and security of defence-related installations was found necessary, and approval of the Government of India was accorded on 25 Feb 1947. The Corps was initially formed as ‘Defence Department Constabulary’ on 25 April 1947 with police titles and badges of rank. In 1948, the force was renamed as '''Ministry of Defence Security Corps (MDSC)''' with military titles and badges of rank. In 1958, the force was reorganized and brought under Army Headquarters and re-designated as 'Defence Security Corps'. DSC troops are maintained on similar lines as army units.

==History==

The idea of the Defence Security Corps (DSC) like force dates back to the pre-independence era. Before World War II, the regular army units, garrison troops, watch and ward wings, and chowkidars were tasked to provide security cover for various defence installations. Due to the problems faced in protecting the defence depots, factories, and other installations, a new organization dedicated to the protection and security of defence-related installations was found necessary,<ref name=DSCdetailed>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/T6OokS2v0xB32qKFL9evdP/Defence-Security-Corps-Indias-overlooked-soldiers.html|title= Defence Security Corps India's overlooked soldiers|work=Mint|access-date=2021-04-08}}</ref> and approval of the Government of India was accorded on 25 Feb 1947. The Corps was initially formed as ‘Defence Department Constabulary’ on 25 April 1947 with police titles and badges of rank. In 1948, the force was renamed as ‘Ministry of Defence Security Corps (MDSC)’ with military titles and badges of rank.<ref name="DSChistory" /> In 1958, the force was reorganized and brought under Army Headquarters and re-designated as 'Defence Security Corps'. DSC troops are maintained on similar lines as army units.

[[File:Statue at DSC Centre.png|thumb|Statue at DSC Centre, [[Kannur Cantonment]]. "Naam, Namak Aur Nishan," is an ethos that calls upon Indian soldiers to strive for the good name of their country, the salt that they have partaken and the glory of the national flag/regimental standard, to the extent of making the supreme sacrifice of their lives when required.]]

== Role & Function ==

The DSC troops serve throughout the country also in the areas designated as field, high altitude, or operational areas. The DSC personnel perform duties and functions of armed security staff, static guards, searchers, escorts, and mobile patrols by night and day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=aw/UhtZ0gMiXTiOELhfKdg==&ParentID=W150Yfis3gVvGP/pJcV//w==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ==|title=DSC Role & Organisation, Indian Army website}}</ref> DSC soldiers are clad in either Indian police khaki or military camouflage.

DSC troops mainly consists of [[pension|superannuated]] soldiers and [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]] personnel joined via re-enrollment or lateral transfer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.158.23/dsc_enrolment.htm|title=Defence Service Corps (DSC) Enrolment}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> DSC personnel are armed, and equipped and trained by the DSC Centre to deal with a range of situations.

The DSC Centre, DSC Records, and PAO (DSC) is located in the city of [[Kannur]], [[ Kerala]], on the road to [[Payyambalam Beach]]. The area is a part of the [[Cannanore Cantonment]]. The DSC center at [[Kannur]] is the mother depot to all [[platoons]] in the constitution.<ref name="DSCdetailed" />

==Motto==

The corps motto is "Raksha Tatha Suraksha", which translates to "Defence and Security".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=jhbCnPmXg0osFRCShZVITg==&ParentID=/LNx4LtYmNuKBAXknJ1S9w==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ==|title=DSC motto, Indian Army website}}</ref>

The motto signifies the ultimate duty of DSC troops to protect and safeguard the defence installations.

==Operations==

2001 AFS Awantipur attack: On 22 Oct 2001, at 1330 hrs, four Pakistani terrorists belonging to [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], who were armed, attacked the main gate of the Air Force Station Awantipora. The DSC soldiers held on to their post and relentlessly continued to direct the firepower on the terrorists till all of them were killed.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Awards/awards.php?qunit=AFS%20Awantipur |title=AFS Awantipur 2001, Bharath Rakshak website}}</ref>

[[2016 Pathankot attack]]:
On 2 January 2016, a heavily armed group of terrorists, suspected of belonging to [[Jaish-e-Mohammad]], attacked the [[Pathankot Air Force Station]]. Five DSC soldiers on the base died while fighting the terrorists.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Pathankot-attack-Martyrs-held-their-ground-showed-unparalleled-bravery/article13979277.ece |title= Pathankot attack: Martyrs held their ground, showed unparalleled bravery|work=[[The Hindu]]|date= 3 January 2016|access-date=2021-04-08}}</ref>

2016 CAD Pulgaon explosion: On 31 May 2016, 15 Defence Security Corps (DSC) soldiers lost their lives in a massive fire that broke out at the Central Ammunition Depot Pulgaon in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/maharashtra-2-officers-15-jawans-killed-in-army-depot-inferno/story-lmIQ6syeOjyVQsYCdOUVHP.html |title=Two officers,18 soldiers killed in massive army depot fire in Maharashtra| work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2021-04-08}}</ref>

Kerala Floods 2018 & 2019: 5 columns of DSC soldiers were deployed for rescue and relief efforts in different flood-affected districts of Kerala in the years 2018 and 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-floods-eight-columns-of-army-deployed-for-rescue-operations/articleshow/65352133.cms|title=Kerala floods: Eight columns of Army deployed for rescue operations|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 August 2018 |access-date=2021-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2019/aug/12/kerala-floods-2019-armed-forces-turn-good-samaritans--2017564.html |title=Kerala floods 2019: Armed forces turn good samaritan|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=12 August 2019 |access-date=2021-04-08}}</ref>

==Gallantry awards==

The DSC personnel have exhibited valour and made supreme sacrifices in the line of duty.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1483314|title=Defence Security Corps Celebrates 70th Raising Day|work=[[Press Information Bureau]] (2017)}}</ref>
*3 Vir Chakras
*1 Kirti Chakra
*4 Shaurya Chakras
*10 Sena Medals

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://indianarmy.nic.in/Default3.aspx?MenuId=IBFFtpMN9D51h2BXSlP90Q== Defence Security Corps, Indian Army Official website]
* [http://164.100.158.23/dsc_enrolment.htm DSC Enrollment]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
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Politics in South India

2026-01-29T17:47:26Z

Varundigitalmedia: Page refined with updated information

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}

'''Politics in South India''' are heavily influenced by the [[States and union territories of India|language-based state divisions]] of India, from which several state parties have formed their identities, and popular opposition to the use of Hindi as an official language, along with demographic differences such as the higher population of Christians and historically lower population of Muslims.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-08-26 |title=1 in 2 Christians lives in five southern states |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1-in-2-christians-lives-in-five-southern-states/articleshow/48676071.cms |access-date=2025-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Despite the trope that religious politics have had less success in South India, the BJP is one of the two major parties in two of the six states in India ([[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka]], [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|Puducherry]]), part of a duopoly involving the NDA in two of the six states (undivided [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh]]), and was part of a ruling alliance in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=AIADMK blames Annamalai for the party's exit from BJP-led NDA alliance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/tamil-nadu-lok-sabha-poll-results-aiadmk-bjp-annamalai-nda-exit-2549891-2024-06-06 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Only Kerala, where Hindus form 54% of the population, has never had the BJP in power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Opinion: Opinion {{!}} Hindu Consolidation, LDF Rout: How The Lotus Bloomed In Kerala |url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/hindu-consolidation-ldf-rout-decoding-the-lotus-bloom-in-kerala-5867086 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> Hindu nationalism is less pronounced, although the BJP is influential in most states of South India, and the AIADMK can be considered to be the Hindu nationalist party in Tamil Nadu (with Christians/Muslims voting for DMK).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wyatt |first=Andrew |title=Party system change in South India: political entrepreneurs, patterns, and processes |date=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-86220-9 |series=Routledge advances in South Asian studies |location=Abingdon, Oxon [U.K.] New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-03 |title=After blaming Christians, Muslims for supporting ‘corrupt’ DMK, NTK’s Seeman questions their minority status |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/after-blaming-christians-muslims-for-supporting-corrupt-dmk-ntks-seeman-questions-their-minority-status-8875048/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

South India has a population of 253,051,953, with a [[Sub-replacement fertility|population replacement level]] of 2.1 for all states combined, with Kerala and Tamil Nadu having the lowest TFRs in India at 1.7, meaning that it has a declining youth population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Espenshade |first=Thomas J. |last2=Guzman |first2=Juan Carlos |last3=Westoff |first3=Charles F. |date=2003-12-01 |title=The Surprising Global Variation in Replacement Fertility |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:POPU.0000020882.29684.8e |journal=Population Research and Policy Review |language=en |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=575–583 |doi=10.1023/B:POPU.0000020882.29684.8e |issn=1573-7829|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Christians were historically the largest minority religious group in Tamil Nadu and remain influential in Kerala politics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-16 |title=Tamil Nadu Elections 2016: Is the Church the biggest winner of Dravidian discourse and voter the biggest loser? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/tamil-nadu-elections-2016-is-the-church-the-biggest-winner-of-dravidian-discourse-and-voter-the-biggest-loser-2783232.html |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> The political culture of promising freebies in return for votes primarily emerged in South India, notably Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Politics of Freebies in India |url=https://intpolicydigest.org/the-platform/politics-of-freebies-in-india/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=International Policy Digest |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Andhra Pradesh==
{{Main|Politics of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[File:Andhra Pradesh Secretariat.jpg|thumb|[[Andhra Pradesh Secretariat]] at [[Amaravati]], India]]
After the formation of Andhra Pradesh in 1953, the Indian National Congress ruled the state for 30 years, winning all elections in the period. This changed in the 1980s due to the establishment of a regional party named [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) by [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu]] film superstar [[Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]]. They won the 1983 Assembly election by a landslide, NTR becoming the first non-Congress Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. Since then, both the TDP and the Congress have dominated Andhra politics, with either party coming to power.

The main issue which dominates Andhra politics is the [[Telangana movement]] aimed at the formation of a separate [[Telangana]] state consisting of the northern districts of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The idea is widely opposed by the members from [[Rayalaseema]] and [[Coastal Andhra]] regions, who favour a united Andhra Pradesh. Caste also figures prominently with politics dominated by major castes like the [[Reddy]]s, the [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]]s and the [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]]s. [[Naxalism]] is a political issue in the state, especially Uttarandhra and Telangana regions. Like Tamil Nadu, the film industry in the state has influenced Andhra politics. Besides NTR, film stars like [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Pawan Kalyan]] and [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] among others have successfully made their mark in the politics of the state.

Andhra Pradesh state leaders have contributed at the national level, with former Chief Ministers [[Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy]] and [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] becoming the [[President of India]] and [[Prime Minister of India]] respectively and NTR involved in the formation of the [[National Front (India)|National Front]] which ruled India between 1989-91. BJP also ruled Andhra Pradesh as a part of alliance govt with TDP.

== Telangana ==
{{Main|Politics of Telangana }}
The [[President of India|President]] issued a gazette notification that [[Telangana]] state would be carved out of [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 2 June 2014.

In the early Telangana movement, [[Marri Chenna Reddy]] formed a party call ''Telangana Praja Samithi'' to lead the Telangana movement. In November 1969, there was a major split in the party and as result the movement went down. After two years the Telangana Praja Samithi was dissolved and its members rejoined the Congress. On 29 November 2009, [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao|KCR]] started a fast-unto-death, demanding that the Congress party introduce a Telangana bill in Parliament. Student organisations, employee unions, and various organisations joined the movement. As general strikes shut down Telangana, the Telangana Bill was passed in the Lok Sabha on 18 February 2014 and in the Rajya Sabha on 18 February 2014, with support from the BJP. On 4 March 2014 the Government of India declared that 2 June would be Telangana Formation Day.
 . BJP now has a significant role in Telangana politics . They won 4 Loksabha seats in the 2019 Indian General Elections.

== Karnataka ==
{{Main|Politics of Karnataka}}
[[File:Vidhana Soudha 2012.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Vidhana Soudha]]]]
The [[Indian National Congress]] has been far more successful in [[Karnataka]] than it has been in national politics. National political parties such as the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] have experienced comparatively more success in Karnataka than they have in other states of [[South India]]. Karnataka's political environment is dominated by two caste groups &mdash; the southern Karnataka dominated by [[Vokkaliga]]s and the north and central Karnataka dominated by [[Lingayat]]s but [[Dalit]]s are major voters and the deciding factor of the ruling party in Karnataka .<ref name=karnatakapolitics>Price, Pamela. [http://www.isec.ac.in/Karnataka_Price16.5.05_aligned.pdf " Ideological Elements in Political Instability in Karnataka..."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525164515/http://www.isec.ac.in/Karnataka_Price16.5.05_aligned.pdf |date=2006-05-25 }}. University of Oslo</ref> [[Ramakrishna Hegde]] played an integral part in the ascent of the Janata Dal into the national foray in the late 1980s. However, it was his political rival [[H.D. Deve Gowda]], then the Chief Minister of Karnataka, who later went on to become the [[Prime Minister of India]]. Caste has figured prominently in Karnataka politics. Anti-[[Hindi]] and anti-Tamil movements were prominent in Karnataka politics in the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name=antihindikar>Nair, Janaki. [http://www.sephis.org/pdf/nairpap.pdf "Battles for Bangalore: Reterritorialising the City"]. Centre for the Study of Culture and Society. Bangalore, India.</ref> Language activism is high in the state, with organisations like the [[Karnataka Rakshana Vedike]] and the [[Kannada Chaluvali Vatal Paksha]] often launching agitations for protecting the interests of [[Kannada]] and [[Kannadiga]]s. The [[Kaveri]] water dispute with [[Tamil Nadu]] and the [[Belgaum]] border dispute with [[Maharashtra]] both hold an important place in the politics of the state. In the 2018 state assembly elections Yedyurappa led BJP, winning 104 seats out of 224, followed by INC 78, JD(S)37; but on the day of results none of the party reached the magic number 113 so INC offered unconditional support to JDS form a government on basis of ideology. But after a 14 month stint in office H.D Kumaraswamy's government fell on July 23, 2019 and as a result both congress and JD(S) parted ways after 14 months. BJP is the largest Political party & the ruling party in the state now.

== Kerala ==
{{Main|Politics of Kerala}}
[[File:Cpmernakulam (40).jpg|thumb|250px|A political rally of the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]] in Kerala.]]Politics in [[Kerala]] comprises two major political alliances: the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF — led by the [[Indian National Congress]]), the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]] (LDF — led by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]) alternating to power. Kerala has a significant [[Muslim]] and [[Christians|Christian]] population which traditionally form the base of UDF, whereas [[Ezhavas]], a [[Other Backward Class|backward class]] community form the core of LDF. Former president [[K R Narayanan]], and first Leader of opposition in the Lok Sabha [[A K Gopalan]] of CPM, were both from Kerala. Kerala created history by democratically electing communists to power in 1957, being the first in the world to do so.

== Tamil Nadu ==
{{Main|Politics of Tamil Nadu}}
[[File:Fort_St._George,_Chennai_2.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Fort St. George, India]], the seat of Tamil Nadu assembly]]
Indian National Congress dominated the political scene in the initial years post independence with leaders like [[C. Rajagopalachari]] and [[K. Kamaraj]]. The political influence shifted towards [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] in the late 1960s. The shift in political power in Tamil Nadu was due to the rise of [[Dravidian people|Dravidan]] Nationalism spearheaded by leaders such as [[Periyar Ramasami]] and [[C. N. Annadurai]], who extolled the achievements of [[Tamil people|Tamilians]] in ways that the common man could relate to. The main facets of state politics in Tamil Nadu included ''language'' &mdash; the distinction between Tamil and non-Tamil speakers was an important tool used by the DMK in the 1960s and ''[[caste]]''<ref name=tamilpolitics /> &mdash; such as the [[Self-respect Movement]]. The imposition of [[Hindi]] on non-Hindi speaking areas of India has often been a contentious issue in Tamil Nadu. In January–February 1965, large scale [[Anti-Hindi agitations]], a cause championed by the DMK,<ref name=dmkantihindi>Guha, Ramachandra. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050408004646/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2005/01/16/stories/2005011600260300.htm "Hindi against India"]. 2006. The Hindu. The Hindu Group. 16 Jan. 2005</ref> occurred in Tamil Nadu. In 1972, a split in the DMK resulted in the formation of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] led by [[MG Ramachandran]].<ref name=tamilpolitics>Harris, Wyatt. [http://www.dcrcdu.org/dcrc/John%20Harriss.doc "The Changing Politics of Tamil Nadu in the 1990s"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630130734/http://www.dcrcdu.org/dcrc/John+Harriss.doc |date=2007-06-30 }}. Political Mobilisation and Political Competition. Dec 2004.</ref> Since then, the two major Dravidian parties DMK headed by [[Karunanidhi]] and ADMK led by [[Jayalailtha]] alternate to power.

Former [[President of India|Presidents]] [[R Venkataraman]] and [[APJ Abdul Kalam]] were from the state.

== See also ==
* [[List of political parties in India]]
* [[Politics of India]]
* [[Dravida Nadu]]

== Notes ==
<references />

[[Category:South India]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]

Gita Gopinath

2026-01-27T18:11:11Z

Varundigitalmedia: Added A Entry

{{Short description|Indian-American economist (born 1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Indian name|Gita|Gopinath}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gita Gopinath
| image = Gita Gopinath 2025 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Gopinath in 2025
| office = First Deputy Managing Director of the [[International Monetary Fund]]
| president = [[Kristalina Georgieva]]
| term_start = 21 January 2022
| term_end = August 31, 2025
| predecessor = [[Geoffrey Okamoto]]
| successor = [[Dan Katz]]
| office1 = [[Chief Economist of the International Monetary Fund]]
| president1 = Kristalina Georgieva
| term_start1 = 1 January 2019
| term_end1 = 21 January 2022
| predecessor1 = [[Maurice Obstfeld]]
| successor1 = [[Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1971|12|8}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = {{ubl |[[Delhi University|University of Delhi]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]]) |[[University of Washington]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) |[[Princeton University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}}
| citizenship = United States
| spouse = Iqbal Dhaliwal
| children = 1
| relatives = [[A. K. Gopalan]] (cousin)
| awards = [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]]
| module = {{Infobox economist
| child = yes
| doctoral_advisor = {{ubl |[[Kenneth Rogoff]] |[[Ben Bernanke]] |[[Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas]]}}
| workplaces = {{ubl |[[University of Chicago Booth School of Business]] |[[Harvard University]]}}}}
}}
'''Gita Gopinath''' (born 8 December 1971)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/specials/2018/10/12/gita-gopinath-from-a-middle-class-indian-girl-to-imf-chief-economist.html |title=Gita Gopinath: From a middle-class Indian girl to IMF's chief economist |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |author=Prathima Nandakumar |date=15 October 2018 |accessdate=21 January 2020 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217075037/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/specials/2018/10/12/gita-gopinath-from-a-middle-class-indian-girl-to-imf-chief-economist.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> is an Indian-American [[economist]] who is currently serving as the Gregory and Ania Coffey professor of Economics at [[Harvard University]]<ref>{{Cite web |date= 21 July 2025 |title= First Deputy Managing Director Gita Gopinath to Leave the IMF to Rejoin the Harvard Economics Faculty|url= https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2025/07/21/pr25257-1st-deputy-md-gita-gopinath-to-leave-the-imf-to-rejoin-harvard-econ-faculty |access-date= 17 October 2025|website= [[International Monetary Fund]]|language=en}}</ref> and previously served as the first deputy managing director of the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), from 21 January 2022 to 31 August 2025. Before that she also served as [[Chief Economist of the International Monetary Fund|chief economist]] of the IMF between 2019 and 2022.

Prior to joining the IMF, Gopinath had a two-decade-long career as an academic including at the economics department of Harvard University, where she was the John Zwaanstra Professor of International Studies and Economics (2005–2022), and earlier an assistant professor at the [[University of Chicago Booth School of Business]] (2001–05). She is also a co-director of the [[international finance]] and [[macroeconomics]] program at the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]] and has earlier worked as the honorary economic adviser to the [[chief minister of Kerala]].

Gita Gopinath was appointed as chief economist of the IMF in October 2018 by its managing director [[Christine Lagarde]]. In an interview with [[Trevor Noah]] on ''[[The Daily Show]]'', she named the [[COVID-19 recession|worldwide recession of 2020]] as "the Great Lockdown". In December 2021, IMF managing director [[Kristalina Georgieva]] appointed her the first deputy managing director of the IMF, which is the organization's second-in-command position. Gopinath will leave the IMF by the end of August 2025 to rejoin Harvard as the inaugural Gregory and Ania Coffey Professor of Economics in the Department of Economics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2025/07/21/pr25257-1st-deputy-md-gita-gopinath-to-leave-the-imf-to-rejoin-harvard-econ-faculty|title=First Deputy Managing Director Gita Gopinath to Leave the IMF to Rejoin the Harvard Economics Faculty| publisher=IMF|website=imf.org|date=21 July 2025|accessdate=22 July 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gita Gopinath was born on 8 December 1971, in [[Kolkata]], [[India]] in a [[Malayali]] [[Hindus|Hindu Nair ]] family from [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/gita-gopinath-biography-age-early-life-career-married-life-her-achievements-and-awards-net-worth-imf-chief-economist-rc1025713 |title=Gita Gopinath Biography: Everything You Need To Know About The New IMF Chief Economist |publisher=Jagran |date= December 6, 2021 |accessdate=19 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="IToday">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/10-things-to-know-about-harvard-economist-gita-gopinath-the-new-imf-chief-economist-1353666-2018-10-01 |title=10 things to know about Gita Gopinath, the new IMF chief economist |work=[[India Today]] |date=1 October 2018 |access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/specials/2018/10/12/gita-gopinath-from-a-middle-class-indian-girl-to-imf-chief-economist.html|title=Gita Gopinath: From a middle-class Indian girl to IMF's chief economist|last=Nandakumar|first=Prathima|date=15 October 2018|website=The Week|access-date=24 December 2019|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217075037/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/specials/2018/10/12/gita-gopinath-from-a-middle-class-indian-girl-to-imf-chief-economist.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She is the younger of two daughters of T.V. Gopinath and V.C. Vijayalakshmi.<ref name="Mysore">{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mysuru-elated-gita-gopinath-695730.html | title=Mysuru elated as Gita Gopinath is IMF's chief economist | work=[[Deccan Herald]] | author=TR Sathish Kumar | date=2 October 2018 | access-date=3 October 2018 | archive-date=2 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002214935/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mysuru-elated-gita-gopinath-695730.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Her family is related to the late [[A. K. Gopalan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/good-enough-for-imf-but-gita-gopinaths-appointment-as-kerala-adviser-left-many-in-govt-unimpressed-1895163.html|title=Good Enough for IMF Top Post, Gita Gopinath's Appointment as Kerala Adviser Had Left Many Unimpressed|website=News18|date=October 2018}}</ref>

Gita Gopinath studied at Nirmala Convent School in [[Mysore]].<ref name="IToday"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/gita-hardworking-and-focused-proud-father/articleshow/66038008.cms | title=Gita hardworking and focused: Proud father | work=[[The Times of India]] | author=Lawrence Milton | date=2 October 2018 | access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref> She received a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] degree from [[Lady Shri Ram College for Women]] of the [[University of Delhi]] in 1992 and an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] degree in economics from [[Delhi School of Economics]], also of the [[University of Delhi]], in 1994. She further completed an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] degree at the [[University of Washington]] in 1996. She earned her [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in economics from [[Princeton University]] in 2001 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled "Three essays on international capital flows: a search theoretic approach", under the supervision of [[Ben Bernanke]], [[Kenneth Rogoff]], and [[Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gopinath|first=Gita|url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/3399606|title=Three essays on international capital flows: a search theoretic approach|date=2001}}</ref> She was awarded the Princeton's Woodrow Wilson Fellowship Research Award while doing her doctoral research at Princeton.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/gopinath/files/cv_gopinath_2018-04.pdf|title=Curriculum Vitae|last=Gopinath|first=Gita|date=April 2018|website=Harvard University|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:1st Minister meets with International Monetary Fund’s First Deputy Managing Director Gita Gopinath.jpg|thumb|right|Gopinath meets with [[First Minister of Scotland]] [[Humza Yousaf]] in June 2023.]]

In 2001, she joined the [[University of Chicago Booth School of Business]] as an assistant professor.<ref>{{Cite news|title=WHO IS GITA GOPINATH|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/who-is-gita-gopinath|access-date=24 December 2020}}</ref> In 2005 she moved to [[Harvard University]]'s economics department, where she served as the John Zwanstra Professor of International Studies and Economics through 2022.<ref name="imf.org">{{Cite web|title=Gita Gopinath - Biographical Information|url=https://www.imf.org/en/About/senior-officials/Bios/gita-gopinath|access-date=19 January 2022|website=IMF}}</ref> In Harvard she co-authored papers such as ''The Macroeconomics of Border Taxes'' and ''Dominant Currency Paradigm''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Publications {{!}} Gita Gopinath |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/gopinath/publications |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=scholar.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2018, Gopinath was appointed [[Chief Economist of the International Monetary Fund|chief economist]] of the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF).<ref name="htorg">{{cite news |title=Harvard Economist Gita Gopinath Appointed Chief Economist At International Monetary Fund |url=https://headlinestoday.org/international/3314/harvard-economist-gita-gopinath-appointed-chief-economist-at-international-monetary-fund/ |access-date=2 October 2018 |agency=Headlines Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002235109/https://headlinestoday.org/international/3314/harvard-economist-gita-gopinath-appointed-chief-economist-at-international-monetary-fund/ |archive-date=2 October 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As part of her initiatives, she co-authored the "Pandemic Paper", an international plan on how to end the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] that set globally endorsed targets for [[Vaccination policy|vaccinating the world]]. This work led to the creation of the Multilateral Task Force made up of the leadership of the IMF itself, [[World Bank]], [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), and [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) to help end the pandemic and the establishment of a working group with vaccine manufacturers to identify trade barriers, supply bottlenecks, and accelerate the delivery of [[COVID-19 vaccine]]s to [[Developing country|low-income and lower-middle income countries]] (''see also'': [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic]]).

In December 2021, Gopinath was elevated as the fund's new first deputy managing director (FDMD), the number two position at the fund. Gopinath had been earlier scheduled to return to her academic position at Harvard University in January 2022 on completion of her term as chief economist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IMF Chief Economist Gita Gopinath to Return to Harvard University|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/10/19/pr21302-imf-chief-economist-gita-gopinath-to-return-to-harvard-university|access-date=19 January 2022|website=IMF}}</ref> [[Kristalina Georgieva]] added that "given that the pandemic has led to an increase in the scale and scope of the macroeconomic challenges facing our member countries, Gita—universally recognized as one of the world's leading macroeconomists—has precisely the expertise that we need for the FDMD role at this point. Indeed, her particular skill set—combined with her years of experience at the Fund as Chief Economist—make her uniquely well qualified. She is the right person at the right time."<ref>{{Cite web|title=First Deputy Managing Director Geoffrey Okamoto to Leave IMF, Gita Gopinath to Be IMF's New First Deputy Managing Director|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/12/02/pr21354-fdmd-okamoto-to-leave-imf-gita-gopinath-to-be-imfs-new-fdmd|access-date=19 January 2022|website=IMF}}</ref>

As the first deputy managing director of the IMF, Gopinath represents the fund at multilateral forums, maintains high-level contacts with member governments and board members, the media, and other institutions, leads the fund's work on surveillance and related policies, oversees research, and flagship publications and the work of senior staff.<ref>{{Cite web|last=IMFBlog|title=Gita Gopinath|url=https://blogs.imf.org/bloggers/gita-gopinath/|access-date=24 January 2022|website=IMF Blog}}</ref> Gopinath was earlier the co-director of the [[international finance]] and [[macroeconomics]] program at the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]], a visiting scholar at the [[Federal Reserve Bank of Boston]], a member of the economic advisory panel of the [[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]], economic adviser to the [[chief minister of Kerala]], a co-editor at the ''[[American Economic Review]]'', and a co-editor of the 2019 edition of the ''Handbook of International Economics''.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Handbook-International-Economics-Gita-Gopinath-ebook/dp/B00IWNN2E8/ref=sr_1_1?gclid=Cj0KCQjw6KrtBRDLARIsAKzvQIHbtq4b_uu2Rdf3UA_Tcojx2LuCfHr15Vp7KVTRtGJv-yqdiSIFxLQaAl1nEALw_wcB&hvadid=241655012779&hvdev=c&hvlocphy=1015166&hvnetw=g&hvpos=1t1&hvqmt=e&hvrand=2966716821645697801&hvtargid=kwd-910763792&keywords=handbook+of+international+economics&qid=1571475157&sr=8-1 Handbook of International Economics 1st Edition, Kindle Edition], Amazon.com</ref>

In June 2021, Gopinath was appointed to the [[World Bank]]–[[International Monetary Fund]] High-Level Advisory Group (HLAG) on Sustainable and Inclusive Recovery and Growth, co-chaired by [[Mari Pangestu]], [[Ceyla Pazarbasioglu]], and [[Nicholas Stern]].<ref>[https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/06/14/pr21175-world-bank-imf-launch-hlag-sustainable-inclusive-recovery-growth World Bank, IMF Launch High-Level Advisory Group on Sustainable and Inclusive Recovery and Growth] [[International Monetary Fund]], press release of 15 June 2021.</ref>

== Honours ==
Gopinath was named one of the top 25 economists under 45 by the [[International Monetary Fund]] in 2014 and was chosen as a [[Young Global Leaders|Young Global Leader]] by the [[World Economic Forum]] in 2011. In November 2016, she received the 2017 Distinguished Alumna at the [[University of Washington]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Johns |first1=Nicole |date=2 November 2016 |title=Harvard Professor Gita Gopinath, MA '96, Selected 2017 Distinguished Alumna |url=https://econ.washington.edu/news/2016/11/02/harvard-professor-gita-gopinath-ma-96-selected-2017-distinguished-alumna |website=University of Washington |language=en-US |access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref> In April 2018, Gopinath was elected a fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] at [[Harvard University]] and the [[Econometric Society]] in November.<ref>{{cite web |title=Congratulations to Professor Gita Gopinath on Her Election to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences |url=https://economics.harvard.edu/news/congratulations-professor-gita-gopinath-her-election-american-academy-arts-sciences |website=Harvard University |language=en-US |date=19 April 2018 |access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Congratulations to Professor Gita Gopinath on Her Election as a Fellow of the Econometric Society |url=https://economics.harvard.edu/news/congratulations-professor-gita-gopinath-her-election-fellow-econometric-society |website=Harvard University |language=en-US |date=8 November 2018 |access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref> ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' named her one of the Top Global Thinkers in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Policy's 100 Global Thinkers |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019-global-thinkers/ |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> In 2019, she was awarded the [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]] by the [[President of India]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref name="imf.org"/>

In 2021, the ''[[Financial Times]]'' named Gopinath among the "25 most influential women of the year", the [[International Economic Association]] named her the Schumpeter-Haberler Distinguished Fellow, the [[Agricultural & Applied Economics Association]] recognized her with the John Kenneth Galbraith Award, and the [[Carnegie Corporation]] named her among "Great (American) Immigrants". She was named among the [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] "50 people who defined 2019" and among the "Women who Broke Major Barriers to Become Firsts" by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine.<ref name="imf.org"/> In 2021 Gopinath was selected by the [[Carnegie Corporation of New York|Carnegie Corporation]] as a "[[Great Immigrants Award|Great Immigrant, Great American]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gita Gopinath |url=https://www.carnegie.org/awards/honoree/gita-gopinath/ |access-date=June 10, 2024 |website=Carnegie Corporation of New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Gita Gopinath's journey from Mysuru to becoming America's 'Great Immigrant' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gita-gopinaths-journey-from-mysuru-to-becoming-americas-great-immigrant/articleshow/84114947.cms |access-date=2024-06-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Gopinath is a [[United States nationality law|naturalized American citizen]] and an [[Overseas Citizenship of India|overseas citizen of India]].<ref name="imf">{{cite web | url=https://www.imf.org/en/About/senior-officials/Bios/gita-gopinath | title=Gita Gopinath | publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] | date=3 January 2019 | access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref> She is married to Iqbal Singh Dhaliwal, her classmate from the [[Delhi School of Economics]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 December 2021|title=Who Is Gita Gopinath's Husband Iqbal Dhaliwal, IAS Topper Now Heading MIT's J-PAL|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/267827/gita-gopinath-husband-iqbal-dhaliwal-ias-topper-mit-poverty-action-lab/|access-date=19 January 2022|website=The Better India}}</ref> The couple together have a son (born 2002) named Rohil.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2021 |title=Gita Gopinath: From Mysuru to No. 2 Official at IMF, First Indian to Take up the Top Role |url=https://www.news18.com/news/business/gita-gopinath-from-mysuru-to-no-2-official-at-imf-she-made-history-once-again-4513184.html |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=News18 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Gita Gopinath}}
*[https://www.imf.org/en/About/Senior-Officials/Bios/gita-gopinath Profile at International Monetary Fund]
*[https://scholar.harvard.edu/gopinath Harvard University Profile]
*{{Scopus}}
*{{IMDb name}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Maurice Obstfeld]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Economist of the International Monetary Fund]]|years=2019–2022}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopinath, Gita}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century American economists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century American economists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:American editors]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:American people of Malayali descent]]
[[Category:American social sciences writers]]
[[Category:American women economists]]
[[Category:American women editors]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mysore]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Delhi School of Economics alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Educators from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Econometric Society]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School faculty]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:Indian women economists]]
[[Category:Indian women editors]]
[[Category:Indian women science writers]]
[[Category:International Monetary Fund people]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:People with Overseas Citizenship of India]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]]
[[Category:Scholars from Mysore]]
[[Category:University of Chicago Booth School of Business faculty]]
[[Category:University of Washington alumni]]
[[Category:Women educators from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Writers from Mysore]]
[[Category:21st-century American statisticians]]

Chachaura tehsil

2026-01-25T00:58:35Z

Varundigitalmedia: Added Pg

{{Short description| Tehsil in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = '''Chachaura Tehsil'''
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = '''(Chachaura tehsil in Madhya Pradesh, India)'''
| coordinates = {{coord|24|10|54|N|77|00|29|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name ={{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gwalior division|Gwalior]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| leader_title =
| leader_title2 = =
|government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Janpad Panchayat]]
|governing_body = [[Council]]

| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 607.7
| area_urban_km2 = 11.65
| area_rural_km2 = 596.05
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,27,388<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/madhyapradesh/admin/guna/03683__chachaura/|title=Chachaura (Tehsil, India) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=2024-06-30|archive-date=2024-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709114149/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/madhyapradesh/admin/guna/03683__chachaura/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_urban = 21,860
| population_rural = 1,05,528
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 209.6
| population_density_urban_km2= 1876
| population_density_rural_km2= 177
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

| postal_code_type = Postal code (PIN)
| postal_code = 473118
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = 07546
| geocode =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP08]]

| blank_name_sec1 = No. of Villages
| blank_info_sec1 = 150
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/madhya-pradesh/guna/chachaura-population.html|title=Chachaura Tehsil Population Guna, Madhya Pradesh, List of Villages & Towns in Chachaura Tehsil|website=Censusindia2011.com|access-date=2024-06-30|archive-date=2024-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628112057/https://www.censusindia2011.com/madhya-pradesh/guna/chachaura-population.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = No. of Hamlets
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[Guna district|Guna]]
| subdivision_type4 =
Lok Sabha constituency
| subdivision_name4 =
[[Rajgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Rajgarh]]
| subdivision_type5 =
Vidhansabha Constituency
| subdivision_name5 =
[[Chachoura Assembly constituency|Chachoura]]}}

'''Chachaura tehsil''' is a [[List of tehsils of Madhya Pradesh|tehsil]] in [[Guna district]] of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is a subdivision of the administrative and revenue division in Guna district of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guna.nic.in/en/tehsil_eng/|title=Tehsil | District Guna, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India|access-date=2024-06-30|archive-date=2022-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815132416/https://guna.nic.in/en/tehsil_eng/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guna.nic.in/en/blocks/|title=Blocks | District Guna, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India|access-date=2024-06-30|archive-date=2022-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815135317/https://guna.nic.in/en/blocks/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Demography (As of 2011 census)==

There are around 25,459 households in the Chachaura tehsil, including 4,011 urban households and 21,448 rural households. Out of total population 1,27,388, male population are 66,703 and female population are 60,685. Literacy rate of Chachaura tehsil is 50.57%, out of which 60.70% males and 39.43% females are literate.

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Chachaura tehsil (2011)
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|97.68}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1.76}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|brown|0.41}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.15}}
}}

==See also==
* [[Champavati Fort]]
* [[Chachoura]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-geo-stub}}

Barrackpore railway station

2026-01-19T12:45:05Z

Varundigitalmedia:

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{other uses|Barrackpore (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Barrackpore
| symbol = s
| symbol_location = kolkata
| system = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| image = Barrackpore Railway Station Area - North 24 Parganas 2012-04-11 9671.JPG
| image_caption = Barrackpore railway station entrance in 2012
| address = [[Barrackpore Trunk Road|B.T. Road]], [[Barrackpore]], [[North 24 Parganas district]], [[West Bengal]]<ref>[https://indiarailinfo.com/station/tips/2656#st BP/Barrackpore] – India Rail Info</ref>
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.760313|88.371141|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|12|m|ft}}
| line = [[Sealdah–Ranaghat line]] of [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
| other =
| connections = Auto Stand, Taxi stand, Bus stand {{rint|bus}}
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 5 (1,1A,2,3,4)
| tracks = 6
| parking = Available {{rint|park}}
| bicycle = Available {{rint|bike}}
| opened = {{Start date and age|1862}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1963–{{Start date and age|1965}} (25KV AC overhead line)
| accessible = {{nowrap|Available at entrance (on Platform No. 1 and 4)}} [[File:Wheelchair_symbol.svg|15px]]
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BP
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Sealdah}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former = [[Eastern Bengal Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Barrackpore
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway
|line=Eastern|left=Titagarh|right=Palta|to-left=Sealdah|to-right=Ranaghat Junction|type=[[Sealdah–Ranaghat line|Main line]]}}
| route_map = {{Sealdah–Ranaghat line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Barrackpore''' (Station Code: BP) is a major railway station in the [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].It serves [[Barrackpore]] and the surrounding areas. It lies on the [[Sealdah–Ranaghat line]] and is under the jurisdiction of [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]].

==History==
The Sealdah–Kusthia line of the [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] was opened to railway traffic in the year 1862.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html|title =IR History: Early days (1832–1865) | publisher=IRFCA | access-date = 2 May 2013}}</ref> Eastern Bengal Railway used to work only on the eastern side of the [[Hooghly River]].<ref>{{cite web| url =https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Eastern_Bengal_Railway |title=Eastern Bengal Railway | website=fibis | access-date = 2 May 2013}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2021}} Barrackpore has been serviced by rail since 1862.

==Route==
It takes about 35–40 minutes by suburban train to reach Barrackpore from [[Sealdah]]. As they are located in a suburban region of Kolkata, most municipalities of Barrackpore are connected by local train with Kolkata. The [[Sealdah–Ranaghat line]] runs through this sub-division and connects to [[Bongaon]], [[Dankuni]], [[Howrah]], [[Burdwan]], and [[Bandel]]. It is part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system. The Circular and Metro Railways of Kolkata also offer an accessible means of transit to and from the sub-division.

==Station complex==
The platform is very much well sheltered. It has many facilities including water and sanitation. There is a proper approach road to this station. It is in proximity to the BT Road.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/2656|title=Barrackpore railway station| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==Electrification==
The Sealdah–Ranaghat sector was electrified in 1963–65.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |title = History of Electrification | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 5 May 2013}}</ref> Barrackpore was included in that sector.

==Barrackpore Racecourse railway station==
There used to be a branch line originating from Barrackpore station (code : BPPS) that served the Barrackpore Cantonment area. Barrackpore had a race course behind the criminal court and a special single rail track took steam engine-driven trains there, carrying British passengers who would attend the race. The line has been depreciated since and the [[Barrackpore Racecourse railway station]] is used by the [[Indian Army]] only.<ref>{{Citation|last=Ganguly|first=Biswarup|title=English: The Barrackpore Racecourse Railway Station (station code:BPPS) constructed in 1927 adjacent to the racecourse so that people from Calcutta could came to Barrackpore by a race special train from Sealdah direct to race. This railway station is now used by the Indian army.|date=2012-05-27|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barrackpore_Racecourse_Railway_Station_-_Barrackpore_Cantonment_-_North_24_Parganas_2012-05-27_01212.jpg|access-date=2021-11-30}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
Barrackpur railway station in Barrackpure 10.jpg|Barrackpur railway station platforms
File:Barrackpur railway station in Barrackpure 01.jpg|Barrackpur railway station building
File:Barrackpore railway station (1).jpg|Barrackpore railway station platform board
File:Barrackpur railway station in Barrackpure 07.jpg|Internal architecture of Barrackpore railway station
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Barrackpore railway station}}

*[https://indiarailinfo.com/station/tips/2656#st BP/Barrackpore (5 PFs)] India Rail Info
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/search/barrackpore-bkp-to-kolkata-sealdah-sdah/2656/0/325 Trains from Barrackpore to Sealah] India Rail Info
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/search/kolkata-sealdah-sdah-to-barrackpore-bkp/325/0/2656 Trains from Sealdah to Barrackpore] India Rail Info

{{Railway stations in West Bengal}}
{{North 24-Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1862]]
[[Category:Railway stations in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Sealdah railway division]]
[[Category:Barrackpore]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]

P. R. Nathan

2026-01-17T23:22:10Z

Varundigitalmedia: added formatting per standard format to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1946)}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2011}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name =
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Payyanat Ravindra Nathan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1946|06|17}}
| birth_place = [[Kizhayoor]], [[Pattambi]], [[Palakkad]], [[India]]
| occupation = Writer, novelist, travelogue writer, dramatist, screenwriter, orator, philosopher, actor
| period =
| genre = Novel, short story, drama, philosophy
| spouse = Vijayalakshmi
}}

'''Payyanat Ravindra Nathan''', better known by his pen name '''P. R. Nathan''', is a novelist, screenplay writer, dramatist, short story writer, travelogue writer and speaker from Palakkad, [[Kerala]], [[India]]. He was awarded with the prestigious [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] for overall contribution in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Sahitya-Akademi-Fellowship-for-Kecheri-N-S-Madhavan/2014/12/20/article2580043.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224143349/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Sahitya-Akademi-Fellowship-for-Kecheri-N-S-Madhavan/2014/12/20/article2580043.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2014|title = Sahitya Akademi Fellowship for Kecheri, N S Madhavan}}</ref> He has written more than 55 books in various genres. He is the recipient of 41 major awards across various categories in literature. He is an expert in [[Naturopathy]] and [[Reiki]]. He has given more than 7000 speeches around the world on [[Vedas]], [[Upanishads]] and [[Tantra]]. His book ''Vaayikenda oru Pusthakam'' was selected for the Sri Padmanabha Swamy Bala Sahithya Award instituted by the Gramam Samskarika Vedi.

He was born in [[Kizhayoor]], a small village in [[Pattambi]], Palakkad. He was born as the elder son of Prabhakara Menon, a drawing teacher and Sarojiniamma, a music teacher. He took graduation in telecommunication Engineering and was employed in Provident Fund organisation of India. He resigned from the office to concentrate on his literature works and travelling. He was a member of the academy of music dance and drama and has been a member of many award juries.

His literature works was prescribed in many universities. He has written around hundred radio dramas also. His book '''Kanyakumari Muthal Himalayam Vare''', so far his most famous work is written based on his travels to various parts of India. The book received huge critical acclaim. He has been delivering daily lectures on moral science using anecdotes on [[Amrita TV]] on the TV shows ''Dhanyamee Dinam'' on ''Udayamritham'' segment from 2004. This programme has been aired daily since Amrita TV's inception and it has been bestowed with multiple State TV Awards for excellence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.amritatv.com/udayamritam/|title=Welcome to Amrita TV}}</ref> In 2015, [[Media One TV]], an Indian television channel broadcasting in Malayalam, operated by Madhyamam Broadcasting Limited, started broadcasting a similar show. He has written 21 novels, more than 500 short stories, screenplays, dramas. He has received 41 awards in various fields of literature. His works implies the philosophical view of practical life. He is famous for his philosophical works which at the same time satisfies the rationalist thoughts. He had served as the president of Calicut Book Club. He is also the editor of ''[[Pradeepam]]'' magazine, which is being published from [[Kozhikode]]. He now resides at [[Kozhikode]] with wife Vijayalakshmi.

He received the [[Tagore Award]] in 1980 and the [[Gayathri Award]] in 1995.<ref>Dutt, K.C. (ed.) (2001) ''Who's Who of Indian Writers 1999: A–M v.1'', Sahitya Akademi, {{ISBN|978-81-260-0873-5}}, p. 866</ref>

==Films==
*''[[Chaatta (film)|Chaatta]]'' (1981) (story, screenplay)
*''[[Dhwani]]'' (1988) (writer)
*''[[Shubhayathra]]'' (1990) (story)
*''[[Keli (film)|Keli]]'' (1991) (dialogue)
*''[[Pookkalam Varavayi]]'' (1991) (story)
*''[[Snehasindooram]]'' (1997) (story)

==Novels==
*''Chaatta''
*''Kaashi''
*''Ottamaina''
*''Karimarunnu''
*''Innale Vanna Vazhi''
*''Nananja Pakshi''
*''Kooda''
*''Ini Oru Moham Matram''
*''Swapnangal Vilkunnu Kachavadakkaran''
*''Shayanapradakshinam''
*''Pavitrakettu''
*''Kudajadrisaanukkaliloode''
*''Soundaryalahari''
*''Chandanakaavu''
*''Monsoon''
*''Pashchimaghattam''
*''Maadambi''
*''Dhwani''
*''Pookkalam Varavayi''
*''Scooter''
*''Ishtadhaanam''

==Short stories==
*''Kali Ganga''
*''Koothupaavakal''
*''Mahamaaya''
*''Kannadikoodu''
*''Anguleeyam''
*''Gangaprasadinte kuthira''
*''Alakananda''
*''Ottakal Mookuthi''
*''Prakaasikunna Kathakal''
*''Nanmakal Cheyamaayirunnu''
*''Etra Sundarajeevitham''
*''Saranya''

==Philosophy==
*''Vaayikenda oru Pusthakam''
*''Dhanyamee Dhinam''
*''Amrutha Kathakal''
*''Gunappada Kathakal''
*''Udayamritha Chinthakal''
*''Sandesa Kathakal''
*''Vijayamantra''
*''Chirikkanoru Jeevitham''
*''Kathaparayum Gurunathan''
*''Odiyanum Manthravvadiyum''
*''Elassum Thakidum thodukurishastravum''
*''Jeevitha Vijaya Kathaamrutham''
*''Darsaneeka kathakal''

==Travelogues==
*''Kanyakumari Muthal Himalayam Vare''
*''Himalaya Yatra''

==Dramas==
*''Kalikaala Vaibhavam''
*''Shanthivanam''

==Television==
*''Scooter''
*''Seemantham''
*''Elathaalam''
*''Gnanoodayam''
*''Varshamayooram''
*''Anandabhairavi''
*''Shanthivanam''
*''Onnam Classile Mashu''
*''Angaadipaattu''
*''Pakalveedu''

==Awards==
* ''[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Akademi%20Award%20-%202013_final.pdf |title=2013-ലെ കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |first= |last= |date=December 2014 |accessdate=28 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613132951/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Akademi%20Award%20-%202013_final.pdf |archive-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]''
*''Delhi Sahitya Parishad Award''
*''Vidyabhooshanam Award''
*''Tagore Award''
*''Pottekat Award''
*''Padmanabhaswami Award''
*''Kunchan Nambiar Award''
*''Vivekananda Award''
*''Aksharakalari Award''
*''Nila Award''
*''Gayathri Award''
*''Thoolika Award''
*''Thirakatha Award''
*''Nana Award''
*''M.T.V Award''
*''Film City Award''
*''Grihalakshmi Award''
*''Kalakeralam Award''
*''Television Vaignanika Paripadi Award''
*''Roselin Award''
*''Lions Club International Award''
*''Ala award''
*''Best Travelogue Award''
*''Kashyapa Veda Award''
*''Saraswathi Puraskar''
*''Gandhigram Award''
*''Chalachithra Sahrudaya Award''
*''Kalanidhi Award''
*''Bashir Award''
*''Sanathana Dharma Parishath Award''
*''Ofka Award''
*''Dhaarmikatha Award''
*''Sukumar Azhikode Award''
*''Agnaka Award''
*''Channel Prabhashanam Award''
*''Valluvanad Sahitya Award''
*''Mythri Forum Award''
*''Jyothish Trust Award''
*''Kshetra Jyothi Award''
*''Thapasya Keerthi Award''
*''Aananda Dhaamam Award''
*''Kashyapa Veda Award''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100103051109/http://amritatv.com/topprogrammes/udayamritham.html Udayamritham]
*{{Cite news |last= |date=Dec 20, 2007 |title=Award for P.R. Nathan |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/20/stories/2007122053200300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424105602/http://www.hindu.com:80/2007/12/20/stories/2007122053200300.htm |archive-date=2008-04-24 |work=The Hindu |department=Kerala : Kollam}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nathan, P R}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]

Rajendrapur Cantonment

2026-01-07T16:00:42Z

Varundigitalmedia: Adding New Entry

{{Short description|Bangladeshi military cantonment}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name=Rajendrapur Cantonment
| location= [[Gazipur]], [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| ensign=[[File:Bangladesh army Logistics command.png|70px]]
| caption=
| type= [[Cantonment]]
| built=
| materials=
| used=
| controlledby=[[Bangladesh Army]]
| garrison=
| current_commander=
| battles=
}}
'''Rajendrapur Cantonment''' is a cantonment of the [[Bangladesh Army]] located in [[Gazipur District|Gazipur]], [[Dhaka Division]], Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Army chief visits Ordnance Centre and School |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-164325 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |access-date=4 April 2017 |language=en |date=1 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Armed Forces Day today |url=http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/129903/Armed-Forces-Day-today |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |access-date=4 April 2017}}</ref>

==Installations==
'''Units under [[Dhaka Cantonment#Formations under Army Headquarters|Logistics Area]]'''
* Station Headquarters, Rajendrapur
** Combined Military Hospital
** Static Signals Company, Rajendrapur
* Central Ordnance Depot
'''Units under [[ARTDOC]]'''
* Ordnance Centre and School<ref>{{cite news |title=Army to be made modern force: PM |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-202095 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=4 April 2017 |language=en |date=12 September 2011}}</ref>
* [[Bangladesh Institute of Peace Support Operation Training]] (BIPSOT)
* Ministry of Defence Constabulary (MODC)

==Education==
* Rajendrapur Cantonment Public School and College<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-06 |script-title=bn:ক্যান্টনমেন্ট পাবলিক স্কুল ও কলেজের আন্তঃহাউজ ক্রীড়া প্রতিযোগিতা |trans-title=Cantonment Public Schools and Colleges Inter House Annual Sports Competition |url=https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/bangladesh/news/712322 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206151947/https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/bangladesh/news/712322 |archive-date=2024-02-06 |access-date=2024-08-05 |work=Janakantha |language=bn}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cantonments of Bangladesh}}

[[Category:Cantonments of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Gazipur District]]

{{Bangladesh-mil-stub}}

Kumbharia Jain temples

2025-12-30T18:19:56Z

Varundigitalmedia: made new location

{{Short description|Śvetāmbara Jain temple in Gujarat}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Śvētāmbara]]
| image = File:Kumbhariya Jain Derasar complex, Ambaji Gujarat 240.jpg
| alt = Neminatha temple, Kumbharia
| caption = Neminatha temple
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| map_size = 200
| map_caption = Location within Gujarat
| coordinates = {{coord|24|19|27|N|72|51|46|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Kumbhariya, Banaskantha district|Kumbhariya]], [[Gujarat]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| deity = [[Mahavira]], [[Parshvanath]], [[Shantinatha]], [[Neminatha]] & [[Sambhavanatha]]
| established = 1062–1231 CE
| completed =
| creator = [[Bhima I]], [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]], and [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]]
| governing_body = [[Anandji Kalyanji Trust]]
| temple_quantity = 5
| architecture_style = [[Māru-Gurjara architecture]]
}}

The '''Kumbharia Jain temples''' is a group of five [[Jainism|Jain]] temples in the [[Kumbhariya, Banaskantha district]] in [[Gujarat]], India. Constructed from 1062 to 1231 CE during the reign of the [[Chaulukya dynasty]], they are noted for their elaborate architecture.

== History ==
Kumbharia was one of the most important Jain centres during the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya period]].{{Sfn|Desai|2007|p=235}} It is said that 360 temples existed in the region during the 4th century,{{sfn|Mehta|1970|p=89}} but most were destroyed by volcanic activity and only five remain .{{Sfn|Burgess|1885|p=141}}{{sfn|Campbell|1880|p=438}} These five Jain temples were constructed from 1062 to 1231 CE:{{Sfn|Tandon|1986|p=560}}{{sfn|Hegewald|2012}}
*Mahavira temple was built in 1062. This is the earliest Jain temple.
*Shantinath temple was built in 1082.
*Parshvanath temple was built in 1094 by the Chalukyan king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]].
*Neminath temple was built a little later in 1136 during the reign of Jayasimha Siddharaja.
*Sambhavanatha temple was built in 1231.
It is however unlikely that volcanism has directly destroyed any temples as there has not been any evidence of active [[List of volcanoes in India|volcanoes in India]] for over 500 thousand years (except on the Andaman Islands). [[List of earthquakes in India|Earthquake activity in India]] is however significant and may account for the destruction of such temples.

== Architecture ==
The Kumbharia Jain temples are famous for their elaborate architecture.{{Sfn|Neubauer|1981|p=15}}{{sfn|Ahuja|2008|p=21}} Along with the [[Dilwara temples]], [[Girnar Jain temples]], and [[Taranga Jain temple]], they are considered excellent examples of Chaulukyan architecture.{{Sfn|Kumar|2001|p=67}}{{sfn|Michell|2003|pp=107-108}} The Mahavira, Shantinatha, and Parshvanatha temples in the Kumbharia Jain temple complex are some of the most renowned Jain temples in India. These five marble temples vary in size, image carvings, and architectural detail, with each having its own characteristics.{{Sfn|Desai|2007|p=235}} Every temple is surrounded by a protective walled courtyard with elaborate porched gateways.{{Sfn|Ward|1998|p=171}}{{sfn|Hardy|2002|p=81}}{{refn|group=note|Courtyard temple plan are specific to Jain temple architecture.{{sfn|Hardy|2002|p=81}} }}

=== Mahavira temple ===
{{Multi image
| image1 = Kumbhariya Jain temple.jpg
| caption1 = Interior of the Mahavira Temple
| image2 = Kumbhariya Jain temple - Ceiling (2).jpg
| caption2 = Rosette ceiling in Mahavira temple
}}

Mahavira temple, also known as ''Arasana samghacaitya'', is the temple of the Jain congregation at Arasana{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=160}} (''Aras'' in Gujarati means marble).{{Sfn|Sonar|1985b}}{{Sfn|Kumar|2001|p=68}} This temple's marble ceiling depicts scenes from [[Bahubali]]'s life. The upper panel has a depiction of a war between [[Bahubali]] and [[Bharata chakravartin]], showing both armies' horses, elephants, and soldiers. The lower panel depicts a duel between two brothers. The centre panel has an image of Bahubali in meditation being approached by Bharata and his wife.{{Sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|p=34}} Another ceiling features carvings of the past and future [[tirthankara]] with their parents.{{Sfn|Shah|1987|p=103}}{{sfn|Bruhn|1960|p=206}} There are depictions of the life events of Mahavira carved on the ceiling of the temple.{{sfn|Shah|1970|p=310}} The panels inside the temple also feature images of god, goddess, animals, trees etc carved in marble.{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=161}} One panel feature image of a Jain Goddess with a goat's head with a child depicting {{lang|sa|[[Panch Kalyanaka|Garbh kalyāṇaka]]}} of Mahavira.{{sfn|Staszczyk|2020|p=45}} The ceiling of the temple's porch houses a depiction of multi-tier [[Samavasarana]].{{Sfn|Hegewald|2010|p=8}}

=== Shantinatha temple ===
Shantinatha temple is similar to Mahavira temple.{{Sfn|Tandon|1986|p=56}} According to inscriptions, Shantinatha temple was originally dedicated to [[Rishabhanatha]].{{sfn|Sonar|1985a|p=2}} The temple houses an important icon depicting [[Ashtapad]] and dating to 1210 CE. The Ashtapad idol is a diamond-shaped altar that depicts the mountain with images of 24 Tirthankars facing all four [[cardinal direction]]s on two levels. The top of the icon depicts the Samavasarana of Rishabhanatha with a {{lang|sa|chaumukha}} image of Rishabhanatha.{{Sfn|Cort|2010|p=131}}

=== Parshvanatha temple ===
The ceiling of Parshvanatha temple bears an image of [[Parshvanatha]] with a hood of snakes similar to those of [[Dilwara Temples|Vimal Vasahi]].{{Sfn|Kumar|2001|p=158}} The temple's stone idol of [[Ajitnatha]] stands on a pedestal bearing an elephant symbol. The temple features nine highly decked ''{{lang|sa|dev-kulikas}}''. The [[torana]]-[[stambha]] features carvings of ''vidyadevi'', ''aparaicakra'', ''Purusudatta'', ''[[Mahakali]]'', ''Vajrasnrnkhala'', ''Vajarankusa'', and [[Rohini (wife of Vasudeva)|Rohini]].{{Sfn|Tandon|1986|p=56}}{{Sfn|Shah|1987|p=131}} The temple contains images of Sarvanha and [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] as ''shasan-devata'' with the hood of a snake overhead.{{Sfn|Shah|1987|p=179}}

=== Neminatha temple ===
The pillars of the Neminatha temple are ornately carved in a manner similar to those of Vimal Vasahi and feature a [[Nagara style]] [[Shikhara]].{{Sfn|Tandon|1986|p=56}}{{sfn|Hegewald|2012}} This temple contains an image of the Hindu god [[Ganesha]] that is similar to that of [[Luna Vasahi]] and the [[Ranakpur Jain temple]].{{Sfn|Kumar|2001|p=18}} The temple includes miniature carvings of ''vidya-devi'' like ''aparaicakra'', ''Vajrasnrnkhala'', ''Sarvastra-Mahajvala'', ''Rohini'', and ''Vairotya'', which were popular iconographies in western India during the 11th and 12th centuries.{{Sfn|Shah|1987|p=179}} According to an inscription, the [[munisuvrata]]-bimba was installed in 1281 CE ([[Vikram Samvat|VS]] 1338).{{Sfn|Shah|1987|p=163}}

=== Sambhavanatha temple ===
The Sambhavanatha temple is a small temple and a typical example of rich [[Māru-Gurjara architecture|Chaulukyan]] architecture.{{Sfn|Tandon|1986|p=56}} According to an inscription in the Mahavira temple, the idol was gifted by "Pahini" in 1085 CE and the temple was originally dedicated to [[Shantinatha]].{{sfn|Sonar|1985a|p=2}} The original idol of the temple was later mutilated and replaced with a new idol.{{Sfn|Shah|1987|p=134}} The temple has a representation of the Hindu goddess [[Saraswati]] on its ceiling.{{Sfn|Kumar|2001|p=18}}

== Conservation ==
The temples, which have undergone repairs, renovations, and modifications,{{sfn|Sonar|1985a|p=4}}{{sfn|Hegewald|2015|p=120}} are managed by the [[Anandji Kalyanji Trust]].{{Sfn|Yagnik|2013}}

== See also ==
{{commonscat}}
* [[Mahavira Jain temple, Osian]]
* [[Taranga Jain temple]]
* [[Ambaji]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Bibliography ===
==== Books ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Burgess|first=James|author-link=James Burgess (archaeologist)|url={{Google books|xScXAAAAYAAJ|page=141|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=Lists of the Antiquarian Remains in the Bombay Presidency|date=1885|publisher=Government Central Press | volume=11 | issue=11 | series=Archaeological Survey of Western India }}
* {{cite book | last=Campbell | first=James M | author-link=James Macnabb Campbell | url={{Google books|Lr4IAAAAQAAJ|page=438|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Pálanpur, and Mahi Kántha|date=1880|publisher=Government Central Press | volume=5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Cort |first=John E. | author-link=John E. Cort |title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History |url={{Google books|MDBpq23-0QoC|page=131|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-538502-1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Desai |first=Anjali H. |title=India Guide Gujarat |url={{Google books|gZRLGZNZEoEC|page=235|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=India Guide Publications |date=2007 |isbn=9780978951702 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Jyotindra |author-link1=Jyotindra Jain |last2=Fischer |first2=Eberhard |author-link2=Eberhard Fischer (art historian) |title=Jaina Iconography | series=Iconography of religions: Indian religions |url={{Google books|gFZ7vQ2jwlEC|page=34|plainurl=yes}} |date=1978 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] | location=[[Netherlands]] | edition=1st |volume=12 |isbn=978-90-04-05259-8 }}
* {{cite book | last=Kumar | first=Sehdev | url={{Google books|nSDACkmA_ukC|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | title=A Thousand Petalled Lotus: Jain Temples of Rajasthan : Architecture & Iconography | publisher=Abhinav Publications | date=2001 | isbn=9788170173489 }}
* {{cite book | last=Mehta | first=Jodh Sinha | url={{Google books|Q6FpVLjVzU8C|page=89|plainurl=yes}} |title=Abu to Udapiur|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | date=1970 | isbn=978-0718921439 }}
* {{cite book|last=Neubauer|first=Jutta Jain|url={{Google books|61fSwBF4bbYC|pg=PR15|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective |publisher=Abhinav Publications |date=1981|isbn=9780391022843}}
* {{cite book |last=Shah |first=Umakant Premanand |author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah |title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography |url={{Google books|m_y_P4duSXsC|plainurl=yes}} | volume=1 |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-208-6 }}
* {{cite book|last=Tandon|first=O. P.|url={{Google books|2fomDwAAQBAJ|pg=PT560|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=Jaina Shrines in India|date=1986|publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting]] |isbn=978-81-230-2454-7|language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Titze |first1=Kurt |last2=Bruhn|first2=Klaus |title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence |url={{Google books|loQkEIf8z5wC|page=160|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |edition=2 |date=1998 |isbn=978-81-208-1534-6 }}
* {{cite book|last=Ward|first=Philip|url={{Google books|P7EHTBl_pyQC|page=171|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Gujarat–Daman–Diu: A Travel Guide | volume=22 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |date=1998|isbn=9788125013839 }}
{{refend}}

==== Web ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal | last=Bruhn | first=Klaus | title=Distinction in Indian Iconography | journal=[[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute]] | volume=20 | issue=1/4 | year=1960 | pages=164–248 | jstor=42929743 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42929743 | access-date=25 January 2023 }}
* {{cite journal | last=Hardy | first=Adam | author-link=Adam Hardy (architectural historian) | title=Śekharī Temples | journal=[[Artibus Asiae]] | volume=62 | issue=1 | year=2002 | pages=81–137 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250282 | jstor=3250282 | doi=10.2307/3250282 | access-date=25 January 2023 | url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal | last=Hegewald | first=Julia A. B. | url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/ijjs/file58529.pdf | title=Visual and conceptual links between jaina cosmological, mythological and ritual instruments | journal=[[SOAS University of London]] | year=2010 | issue=1 | access-date=29 August 2020 | archive-date=20 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920193406/https://www.soas.ac.uk/ijjs/file58529.pdf | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite journal | last=Hegewald | first=Julia A. B. | url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/ars/13441566.0045.005/--international-jaina-style-maru-gurjara-temples-under?rgn=main;view=fulltext | title=The International Jaina Style? Māru-Gurjara Temples Under the Solaṅkīs, throughout India and in the Diaspora | doi=10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.005 | journal=Ars Orientalis | volume=25 | year=2012 | issue=20220203 | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | last=Hegewald | first=Julia A. B. | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/26350210 | title="The International Jaina Style? Māru-Gurjara Temples Under the Solaṅkīs, throughout India and in the Diaspora." | journal=Ars Orientalis | volume=45 | year=2015 | issue=20220203 | pages=114–40 | doi=10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.005 | jstor=26350210 | access-date=25 January 2023 | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | last=Michell | first=George | title=Review of The Temples in Kumbhāriyā, by M. A. Dhaky & U. S. Moorti | year=2003 | journal=[[SOAS University of London]] | volume=66 | issue=1 | pages=107–108 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4145718 | jstor=4145718 | access-date=25 January 2023 }}
* {{cite journal | last=Shah | first=U. P. | author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah | title=A Parshvanatha Sculpture in Cleveland | journal=Bulletin of the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]] | volume=57 | issue=9 | year=1970 | pages=303–11 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152350 | jstor=25152350 | access-date=25 January 2023 }}
* {{cite journal | last=Staszczyk | first=Agnieszka | title=Goat-headed Deities in Ancient Indian Sculpture | journal=[[Jagiellonian University]] | volume=9 | year=2020 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25152350 | doi=10.11588/ao.2020.1.16114 | jstor=25152350 | access-date=25 January 2023 }}
* {{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/The-silent-force-behind-Shwetamber-Jains/articleshow/26169854.cms | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | title=The silent force behind Shwetamber Jains | last=Yagnik | first=Bharat | date=22 November 2013}}
* {{Cite web | last=Ahuja | first=Ravi | url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/annualreview/file45211.pdf | title=South Asia newsletter | publisher=[[SOAS University of London]] | date=April 2008 | access-date=29 August 2020 | archive-date=30 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130072414/https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/annualreview/file45211.pdf | url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web | last=Sonar |first=Jagdish Chandra | url= https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/161713/14/09_chapter%203.pdf | title=The temples - Tradition | publisher=[[shodhganga]] | date=1985 | ref={{SfnRef|Sonar|1985a}} }}
* {{Cite web | url=https://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/6/79 | title=Kumbhariya | publisher=[[Gujarat Tourism]] | ref={{SfnRef|Gujarat Tourism|Kumbhariya}} | access-date=20 August 2020 | archive-date=13 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813175518/https://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/6/79 | url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web | url=https://banaskantha.nic.in/tourist-place/kumbhariya-jain-temple-ambaji/ | title=Kumbhariya Jain Temple, Ambaji | publisher=[[Gujarat Government]] | ref={{SfnRef|Gujarat Government|Kumbhariya}} }}
* {{Cite web | last=Sonar |first=Jagdish Chandra | url= https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/161713/10/07_chapter%201.pdf | title=Kumbhariya | publisher=[[shodhganga]] | year=1985 | ref={{SfnRef|Sonar|1985b}} }}
{{refend}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Gujarat]]
[[Category:11th-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Banaskantha district]]
[[Category:Māru-Gurjara architecture]]

Bhandara, India

2025-12-12T23:45:52Z

Varundigitalmedia: added new post...

{{other uses|Bhandara (disambiguation)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhandara
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/1
|image1 = 0012023 Shiva temple and Chhatris, Bhandara Maharashtra 009.jpg
|caption1 = Shiva temple, Bhandara
|image2 = 0012023 Bhrishunda Ganesha Devasthana, Bhandara Maharashtra 012.jpg
|caption2 = Bhrishunda Ganesha Temple, Bhandara}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname = Brass city of India
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.17|N|79.65|E|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_caption = Location in [[Bhandara Taluka]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of taluks of Maharashtra|Taluka]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vidarbha]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Bhandara Taluka|Bhandara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = [[Bhandara Municipal Council]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 30
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 244
| population_total = 91,845<ref name="Census2021">{{cite web|title=Bhandara Population Census 2021|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802713-bhandara-maharashtra.html|website=Census 2021|access-date=23 September 2017}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = 8th in Vidharbha
| population_demonym = Bhandarakar
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 441904, 441905, 441906
| area_code =[[Telephone numbers in India|+91-7184]]
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = MH-36
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 979 per 1000 males [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web|title=Bhandara Population Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802713-bhandara-maharashtra.html|website=Census 2011|access-date=23 September 2017}}</ref>
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest cities
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Nagpur]] and [[Tumsar]]
| website = http://www.bhandara.gov.in
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
}}
'''Bhandara''' ({{audio|Bhandara.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a [[city]] located in the [[Bhandara district]] of [[Maharashtra]] State of [[India]], near the bank of confluence of river [[Wainganga river|Wainganga]] and its tributary [[Sur (Maharashtra)|Sur]]. It serves the administrative headquarters of eponymous [[Bhandara Taluka]] and [[Bhandara district]]. It is connected with [[National Highway 53 (India)|NH-53]] and [[National Highway 247 (India)|NH-247]].

== Overview ==
Bhandara serves as an agricultural center for farmers in the region, who mostly grow rice. The city speaks [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language. Bhandara city is famous for brass and is known as ' Brass City ' also, Bhandara, as a district is famous for lakes and is known as ' District of lakes ' . Bhandara is split between two rivers, the [[Wainganga]] and the [[Sur (Maharashtra)|Sur]], and crossed by National Highway No. 6. The city is surrounded by industries like [[Ashok Leyland]], Sunflag Steel and an [[ordnance factory]]. The Wainganga is the principal river in the district and the only stream that does not dry up in the hot weather.

The Norgyaling Tibetan settlement, the only [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] community in Maharashtra, was established near Bhandara in 1972. About 1,000 Tibetans live in Norgyaling.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centraltibetanreliefcommittee.org/settlements/india/central/norgyeling.html |title=Norgyeling Tibetan Settlement |access-date=2013-04-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428184653/http://www.centraltibetanreliefcommittee.org/settlements/india/central/norgyeling.html |archive-date=2014-04-28 }}</ref>

== History ==
According to local interpretation, the name Bhandara is a corruption of Bhanara. Reference to Bhanara is found in an inscription from 1100 AD in [[Ratanpur]]. The district was under regency administration from 1818 to 1830. Prior to 1820, the district was administered from [[Lanji]]; the headquarters of the district was shifted to Bhandara in 1820–1821. The area became British Territory in 1853. From 1947 to 1956 the district of Bhandara, along with the other districts of the [[Vidarbha region]], continued to form a part of the central provinces. With the reorganization of states in 1956, Bhandara district was transferred from Madhya Pradesh to the Bombay State, which came into existence in the same year. In 1960 it became part of the newly formed state of Maharashtra. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Bhandara - Census of India|publisher=Census of India, Govt. of India|year=2011|pages=8}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Bhandara is located at {{Coord|21.17|N|79.65|E|}} in the north-east part of the state.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Bhandara.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Bhandara]</ref> It has an average elevation of 244 metres (800 feet).

It is 60 km from the city of [[Nagpur]]. It falls on the major [[National Highway 53 (India)|National Highway 53]] joining [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]].

== Climate ==

The weather is extreme in all seasons, with temperatures in the summer as high as 45 °C and in winter as cool as 8 °C.

{{Weather box
|location = Bhandara
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes

|Jan high C = 27.6
|Feb high C = 31.1
|Mar high C = 35.2
|Apr high C = 39.0
|May high C = 42.1
|Jun high C = 38.1
|Jul high C = 30.5
|Aug high C = 29.9
|Sep high C = 30.8
|Oct high C = 31.0
|Nov high C = 29.3
|Dec high C = 27.9

|Jan low C = 13.3
|Feb low C = 15.4
|Mar low C = 19.6
|Apr low C = 24.6
|May low C = 28.9
|Jun low C = 27.4
|Jul low C = 24.3
|Aug low C = 24.1
|Sep low C = 23.9
|Oct low C = 21.2
|Nov low C = 15.2
|Dec low C = 12.9

|Jan precipitation mm = 11.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 34.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 17.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 17.3
|May precipitation mm = 15.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 215.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 413.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 387.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 207.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 44.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 15.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 8.1

|source = [http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/BHANDARA/gen_climate.html Government of Maharashtra]
|date = June 2012
}}

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}}, according to the [[2011 Census of India|census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Bhandara had a population of 91,845. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Bhandara has an average literacy rate of 80%, higher than the national average of 74.04%; with male literacy of 85% and female literacy of 75%. Eleven percent of the population is under 6 years of age. Bhandara is surrounded by five villages on its outskirts, Ganeshpur, Bela, Bhojapur, Khokarla, and Takli, which, combined with the city proper, yields a population of about 125000.

=== Religion ===
According to recent census of 2011, [[Hinduism]] is predominant religion in Bhandara city and its adherent are 77.23 percent of total population.

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Male
! Female
! Total Population
! Change
|-
|2001<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21494/download/24626/PC01_C01_27.xls Census India 2001].</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |43553
| style="text-align:right;" |41660
| style="text-align:right;" |85213
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
|2011<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS Census India 2011].</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |46409
| style="text-align:right;" |45436
| style="text-align:right;" |91845
| style="text-align:right;" |0.078
|}

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Bhandara (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802713-bhandara-maharashtra.html|title=Bhandara Population 2011|publisher=census2011}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|77.23}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|10.85}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|blue|10.54}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|1.38}}
}}

[[File:Pillar with Naga Muchalinda over the throne of the Buddha. Pauni (Bhandara District). Railing pillar from Jagannath Tekri. 2nd-1st century BCE.jpg|thumb|Buddhist Sculpture in Bhandara]]

== Languages ==
[[Marathi language|Marathi]] is spoken by majority of the population in Bhandara while [[Lodhi language|Lodhi]], [[Powari language|Powari]], [[Halbi language|Halbi]], [[Koshti language|Koshti]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Kalaari language|Kalaari]] are spoken by some communities. [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[English language|English]] are official and co-official languages of the city, respectively.

==Transport==
Bhandara falls on [[National Highway 53 (India)|National Highway 53]] and [[National Highway 247 (India)|National Highway 247]]. It is directly connected to [[Nagpur]] and [[Raipur]] by private and government bus services. It is one of the divisions of the [[MSRTC]]. It has very good connectivity with neighboring Madhya Pradesh.

The [[Bhandara Road railway station]] (BRD) serves the city and surrounding region. Bhandara is directly connected to the state capital [[Mumbai]], [[Raipur]], [[Nagpur]], and [[Kolkata]] by [[Indian Railways]].

There is no air transportation in Bhandara. The nearest airport is [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport]], [[Nagpur]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bhandara district topics}}
{{vidarbha}}
{{maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bhandara district]]
[[Category:Bhandara]]

Periyar Bus Stand

2025-12-11T20:51:43Z

Varundigitalmedia: put up basic entry needs work

{{short description|Bus terminal in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Periyar Bus Stand
| alt = Frontside view of Madurai Periyar Bus Stand
| caption = Frontside view of Madurai Periyar Bus Stand
| name_lang = en
| native_name = <hr/>''பெரியார் பேருந்து நிலையம்''
| type = [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|TNSTC]] Bus Stand
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name = Periyar Smart Bus Stand
| style =
| image = Periyar_Bus_Stand_Frontside.jpg
| address = West Veli Street – T.P.K. Road - Nethaji Road
| coordinates = {{coord|9.915873|N|78.111720|E|display=inline,title}}
| line =
| other =
| structure =
| platform =
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1921|8|14}}
| closed = No
| rebuilt = Completely demolished and re construction started on 17 January 2019. Inaugurated in December 2022.
| electrified =
| code =
| owned = [[Madurai Corporation]]
| zone =
| former = Central Bus Stand
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = Intracity bus service
| map_locator =
}}

'''Periyar Bus Stand''' is a central bus terminus for local city buses in [[Madurai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. The bus stand is one of the key bus terminus in Madurai. It is centrally located in the [[Madurai]] city.

== History ==
Periyar Bus stand (current)opened in the 1970s. This bus stand has been completely demolished and is being reconstructed since 17 January 2019 with a project budget of 153 Crores. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/madurai-s-iconic-periyar-bus-stand-be-demolished-residents-express-mixed-reactions-95371|title=Madurai's iconic Periyar bus stand to be demolished, residents express mixed reactions|date=20 January 2019}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
The newly constructed bus stand will have all facilities.It will be opened on 8 December 2021 as a part of the [[Smart Cities Mission]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/madurais-periyar-bus-stand-design-requires-tweaking-feel-experts/article27182567.ece | title=Madurai's Periyar bus stand design requires tweaking, feel experts | first=Sanjana | last=Ganesh | date=20 May 2019 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=7 July 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Transport in Madurai]]
* [[Madurai Junction]]
* [[Madurai International Airport]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Bus stations in Madurai]]

Tanks of Mumbai

2025-11-18T11:24:13Z

Varundigitalmedia: Starting new details with sources

{{Short description|Former Water Tanks in Bombay}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
[[File:Banganga-Tank.jpg|thumb|250px|Banganga Tank during the Banganga Festival]]
[[File:Cowasjee-Framjee-Hall.jpg|thumb|250px|The Framjee Cowasjee hall is built over the Framjee Cowasjee tank]]
Although the tanks have long vanished, the city of [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) once had many [[water tank]]s within its city limits. They were once the only source of water to the city. The only testimony to their existence is the names of the roads in their vicinity, which befuddles many citizens as to the original location to these mystifying relics of the past.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British-era water tanks discovered in Mumbai |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/british-era-water-tanks-discovered-2088753 |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The oldest tank was the Cowasjee Patel Tank built in 1775, which was built by the Parsee Cowasjee Patel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seepy Tank |url=https://thelostcoordinates.com/2022/12/08/seepy-tank/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=The Lost Coordinates}}</ref> A total of ten tanks were built between the eighteenth and nineteenth century. The tanks were named after philanthropic citizens who donated money to fund the building of these tanks so that the citizens of the city would get a fresh source of drinking water. The tanks were:

# Cowasji Rustamji Patel Tank ([[CP Tank]])
# [[Gowalia Tank]]
# Khara Tank
# Two Tanks
# Babula Tank
# Nawab Tank
# Framjee Cowasji Tank
# Mumbadevi Tank
# [[Banganga Tank]]
# [[Bandra Talao|Bandra Tank]]

Out of the list only the Banganga Tank and the Bandra Tank are still in existence today.

==Locations==
The CP Tank was built by Cowasji Rustamjee Patel in the [[Girgaon]] vicinity in 1775. The Framji Cowasji Tank bordered Esplanade was built by [[Framji Cowasji Banaji|Framji Cowasji]] in 1831. All that remains of the tank is a plaque on a wall opposite Metro Cinema in [[South Mumbai]].

The Babula Tank was built near [[Grant Medical College]] and the Mumbadevi Tank was constructed by a pious woman named Putlibai. The [[Banganga Tank]] has been present since ancient times, said to be from the time of [[Rama]], and is fed by a natural spring although it is only a few [[decametre]]s from the seashore. The Bandra Tank was built by a rich Kokni Muslim of Village Navpada, and was in use for watering cattle and washing clothes.

==History==
The tanks were mostly constructed in the crowded areas and were prone to pollution. The scarcity of water was acute at that time and was left to the mercy of the [[monsoon]] rains. According to the ''Bombay City Gazetteer'' published in 1909, these tanks were often very low and had to be replenished by sinking new wells.

In 1846, the city faced an acute [[water scarcity|water shortage]] following which Framji Cowasji sank three wells in its gardens to provide water by steam machinery. Later in 1856, the city faced a severe [[drought]], and an edict was set out relocating all [[cattle]] to [[Mahim]], which was the periphery of the city at that time. Thousands would gather daily around the tank at Esplanade to collect water, while the government brought thousands of water drums from far off distances to empty into wells at [[Bori Bunder]], [[Chinch Bunder]], and [[Dongri]].

After a regular water supply to the city was established from the [[Vihar Lake|Vihar]] and [[Tulsi Lake|Tulsi]] lakes, the tanks were declared redundant. They soon became a breeding ground for [[mosquito]]es and consequently were filled in. The famous Gowalia Tank Maidan is on top of the original tank.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite magazine|magazine=Engineering|volume=1|publisher=Office for Advertisements and Publication|date=1866-04-20|title=Bombay Waterworks|pages=247–248}}
* {{cite book|title=The water-supply of Bombay, a report|volume=109|author1-first=Hector|author1-last=Tulloch|year=1872|chapter=History of the water-supply of Bombay|location=London|publisher=W. J. Johnson}} ({{Internet Archive|id=dli.csl.7653|name=The water-supply of Bombay, a report}})
{{refend}}
{{Mumbai topics}}
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanks Of Bombay}}
[[Category:History of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Water supply infrastructure in India]]
[[Category:1775 establishments in British India]]

Mhowgaon

2025-11-15T02:28:31Z

Varundigitalmedia: post

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}


{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mhowgaon
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|34|29.229|N|75|44|40.0302|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malwa]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Indore district|Indore]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Mhow]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Council]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 13
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 572
| population_total = 30,012
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=494108|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 453441
| area_code = 07324
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = MP-09-XX-XXXX
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 0.900 are [[female|♀]]/[[male|♂]]<ref name="census2011.co.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802276-mhowgaon-madhya-pradesh.html|title = Mhowgaon Nagar Panchayat City Population Census 2011-2022 | Madhya Pradesh}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Cwa / Aw]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
| image_size =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| blank_name = {{nowrap|[[Languages of India|Spoken Languages]]}}
| blank_info = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy Rate
| blank2_info_sec1 = 87.38% (Male) 
74.02% (Female)<ref name="census2011.co.in"/>
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|945|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|24.0|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|31|°C|°F}}
| blank5_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank5_info_sec2 = {{convert|17|°C|°F}}
| official_name =
}}
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Mhowgaon
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|93.59}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|5.14}}
{{bar percent|[[Christians|Christian]]|purple|0.79}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikh]]|blue|0.20}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jains]]|pink|0.13}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|yellow|0.11}}
{{bar percent|Others†|black|0.04}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}'''Mhowgaon''' ({{pronunciation|Mahowgaon.ogg|Pronunciation|}}) is a [[Nagar Panchayat]] under Sub Division [[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar|Dr. Ambedkar Nagar (Mhow)]] in [[Indore district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The total geographical area of Mhowgaon nagar panchayat is 13.5 km2 (1350 hectares) and it is the smallest city by area in the sub district. The population density of the city is 2309 persons per km2. Mhowgaon is divided into 15 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. Among them, Mhowgaon Ward No. 2 is the most populous ward with a population of 3440 and Mhowgaon Ward No. 15 is the least populous ward with a population of 957. Mhowgaon Nagar Panchayat has total administration over 6,373 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorized to build roads within Nagar Panchayat limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802276-mhowgaon-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Mhow Gaon Details |publisher=census2011.co.in |access-date=2015-10-13}}</ref>

The nearest railway station is Mhow Cantt which is 6 km far from here. [[Mhow]] is the sub district headquarters and the distance from the city is 4 km. The district headquarters of the city is Indore which is 29 km away. Bhopal is the state headquarters of the city and is 221 km from here. The pin code of Mhowgaon is 453441.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypincode.in/MADHYA_PRADESH/INDORE/MHOW_GAON_PINCODE|title=Mhow Gaon Pin Code|publisher=citypincode.in|access-date=2015-01-01}}</ref>

==Connectivity==
The Gambhir river divides [[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar|Dr. Ambedkar Nagar (Mhow)]] cantt. area and Mhowgaon. The Mhow-Neemuch major district road passes over the Gambhir river from where the town starts and ends towards kankarpura lake. There is no railway connectivity to the town. The nearest railway station is [[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar railway station|Mhow railway station]] which is 4 km from the town. The nearest airport from the town is [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Indores Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport]], which is approximately 25 km away.

==Demographics==
{{update after|2022}}
As of the [[2011 Census of India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802276-mhowgaon-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census|publisher=census2011.co.in|access-date=2015-10-13}}</ref> Mhowgaon had a population of 30,012. Males constitute 52.61% (from 54% in 2001) of the population and females 47.39% (from 46% in 2001). The population of children of the age of 0-6 is 3996, which is 13.31% of the total population of Mhowgaon (NP). Among them about 16 thousand (53%) are male and about 14 thousand (47%) are female. 76% of the whole population are from the general caste, 17% are from the schedule caste and 6% are from schedule tribes. There are 6373 households in the city and an average 5 persons live in each family.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Religion wise population 2011
!
!Total
!Hindu
!Muslim
!Christian
!Sikh
!Buddhist
!Jain
!Others
!Not Stated
|-
!Total
|30,012
|28,087
|1,544
|237
|59
|34
|39
|2
|10
|-
!Male
|15,792
|14,780
|816
|124
|33
|15
|20
|2
|2
|-
!Female
|14,220
|13,307
|728
|113
|26
|19
|19
|0
|8
|}
[[File:Caste-wise-male-female-population-2011-mhowgaon1.png|alt=|left|thumb|500x500px]]
[[Hinduism]] is the majority religion of Mhowgaon with 93.59% in which schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 17.49% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 6.05% of total population in Mhowgaon (NP).

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+

=== Caste wise male female population 2011 ===

!
!Total
!General
!Schedule Caste
!Schedule Tribe
!Child
|-
|'''Total'''
|30,012
|22,947
|5,250
|1,815
|3,996
|-
|'''Male'''
|15,792
|12,124
|2,732
|936
|2,129
|-
|'''Female'''
|14,220
|10,823
|2,518
|879
|1,867
|}



== Growth of population ==
[[File:Growth-of-population-percent-2001-to-2011-mhowgaon.png|thumb|500x500px|alt=]]
The population of the city has increased by 46.2% in the last 10 years. In the 2001 census the total population was about 21 thousand people. The female population growth rate of the city is 49.2% which is 5.6% higher than the male population growth rate of 43.6%. The general caste population has increased by 46.6% while the Schedule caste population has increased by 49.9%. Schedule Tribe population has increased by 32.7% and child population has increased by 13.4% in the city since the last census. 
{| class="wikitable"
|+Growth of population (percent) 2001 to 2011
!
!Total
!General
!Schedule Caste
!Schedule Tribe
!Child
|-
!Total
|46.2%
|46.6%
|49.9%
|32.7%
|13.4%
|-
!Male
|43.6%
|44.6%
|46.3%
|26.3%
|15.6%
|-
!Female
|49.2%
|49%
|54%
|40.2%
|10.9%
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Historical and projected population
! '''Year'''
!Population
!Remark
|-
| '''1981'''
|8464
| rowspan="4" |Past growth trends
|-
| '''1991'''
|11464
|-
| '''2001'''
|20523
|-
| '''2011'''
|30039
|-
| '''2015'''
|33828
| rowspan="6" |Projected growth trends .
|-
| '''2020'''
|39297
|-
| '''2025'''
|45581
|-
| '''2030'''
|52679
|-
| '''2035'''
|60592
|-
| '''2040'''
|69319
|}

== Sex Ratio ==
[[File:Change-in-sex-ratio-2001-to-2011-mhowgaon1.png|thumb|500x500px|Change in sex ratio 2001 to 2011|alt=]]
In Mhowgaon Nagar Panchayat, the female sex ratio is 900 against the state average of 931. Sex ratio in general caste is 893, in schedule caste is 922 and in schedule tribe is 939. There are 877 girls under 6 years of age per 1000 boys of the same age in the city. Overall sex ratio in the city has increased by 33 females per 1000 male during the years from 2001 to 2011. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Mhowgaon is around 877 compared to Madhya Pradesh state average of 918, the child sex ratio here has decreased by 38 girls per 1000 boys during the same time. Female Sex ratio per 1000 male in Hindus are 900 in Muslims are 892.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+

=== Change in sex ratio 2001 to 2011 ===

!
!Total
!General
!SC
!ST
!Child
|-
!Change
|33
|27
|46
|93
| -38
|-
!2011
|900
|893
|922
|939
|877
|-
!2001
|867
|866
|876
|846
|915
|}

== Literacy==
[[File:Change-in-literacy-rate-2001-to-2011-mhowgaon1.png|thumb|500x500px|Change-in-literacy-rate-2001-to-2011-mhowgaon|alt=]]
The literacy rate of Mhowgaon city is 87.40% higher than both the state average of 69.32% and the national average of 74.04%. More than 26 thousand people in the city are literate, among them around 14.5 thousand are male and around 11.6 thousand are female, male literacy is 91.75%, and female literacy is 82.58%. In Mhowgaon, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age. Overall literacy rate in the city has increased by 5%. male literacy has gone up by 2% and the female literacy rate has gone up by 11%.
{| class="wikitable"
|+

=== Change in literacy rate 2001 to 2011 ===

!
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
!2011
|87.4%
|91.8%
|82.6%
|-
!2001
|81.7%
|90.2%
|71.7%
|-
!Change
|5.7%
|1.6%
|10.9%
|}



== Workers profile ==
[[File:Percentage-of-working-population-mhowgaon.png|thumb|500x500px|Percentage-of-working-population-mhowgaon|alt=]]
Mhowgaon has 32% (9571) population engaged in either main or marginal works. 52% male and 9% female population are working population. 48% of total male population are main (full time) workers and 4% are marginal (part-time) workers. For women 7% of the total female population are main and 2% are marginal workers. Out of the total population, 9,571 were engaged in work or business activity. Of this 8,267 were males while 1,304 were females. In a census survey, a worker is defined as a person who does business, job, service, and cultivator and labour activity. Of total 9571 working population, 90.42% were engaged in Main Work while 9.58% of total workers were engaged in Marginal Work.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+

=== Percentage of working population ===

!
!Worker
!Main Worker
!Marginal Worker
!Non Worker
|-
!Total
|31.9%
|28.8%
|3.1%
|68.1%
|-
!Male
|52.3%
|48.2%
|4.2%
|47.7%
|-
!Female
|9.2%
|7.3%
|1.8%
|90.8%
|}

==Colony divisions==
[[File:ColdStorageMhowgaon.jpg|thumb|432x432px|'''Cold Storage near Kankarpura''']]
{{As of|2011}} It has many important colonies build up during present 
1) Suman Colony 
2) Annapurna colony 
3) Hari Nagar 
4) Shri nath 
5) Khatipura 
6) Bajrang mohalla 
7) Bhagwati vihar 
8) Tehsil Colony 
9) Maruti nagar 
10) Shanti Nagar 
11) South Shanti Nagar 
12) Shiv Nagar Colony 
13) Bhagirath Colony 
14) Shri Raam Nagar 
15) Shri Raam Nagar (Aashiyana) 
16) Kankar Pura 
17) Gaikawad 
18) Diamond Colony 
19) Super City 
20) Utkarsh Vihar 
21) Madan Vihar 
22) Sai City 
23) Samriddhi Vihar 
24) Goswami Residency

==Climate==
Mhowgaon has a borderline [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cwa'') and [[tropical savanna climate]] (''Aw''). Three distinct seasons are observed: summer, monsoon and winter.

'''Summers''' start in mid-March and can be extremely hot in April and May. The daytime temperatures can touch {{convert|48|°C|°F}} on more than one occasion. Average summer temperatures may go as high as {{convert|40|°C|°F}} but humidity is very low.

'''Winters''' are moderate and usually dry. Lower temperatures can go as low as {{convert|2|°C|°F}}-{{convert|6|°C|°F}} on some nights. Usually the temperature ranges between 8 and 26 °C during winters.

'''Rains''' are due to southwest monsoons. The typical monsoon season goes from 15 June till mid-September, contributing 32–35  inches of annual rains. 95% of rains occur during the monsoon season.

Mhowgaon gets moderate rainfall of {{convert|185|to|360|mm|in}} during July–September due to the [[Monsoon|southwest monsoon]].

{{Weather box|location = Mhowgaon (1971–1990)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 33.9
|Feb record high C = 37.9
|Mar record high C = 41.1
|Apr record high C = 44.6
|May record high C = 46.0
|Jun record high C = 45.8
|Jul record high C = 39.9
|Aug record high C = 35.8
|Sep record high C = 37.4
|Oct record high C = 37.8
|Nov record high C = 37.1
|Dec record high C = 32.9
|year record high C = 46.0
|Jan high C = 26.5
|Feb high C = 28.8
|Mar high C = 34.3
|Apr high C = 38.7
|May high C = 40.4
|Jun high C = 36.2
|Jul high C = 30.3
|Aug high C = 28.2
|Sep high C = 30.9
|Oct high C = 32.4
|Nov high C = 29.7
|Dec high C = 26.9
|year high C = 31.9
|Jan mean C = 18.2
|Feb mean C = 20.2
|Mar mean C = 25.3
|Apr mean C = 30.0
|May mean C = 32.4
|Jun mean C = 30.1
|Jul mean C = 26.5
|Aug mean C = 25.1
|Sep mean C = 26.0
|Oct mean C = 25.3
|Nov mean C = 21.8
|Dec mean C = 18.8
|year mean C = 25.0
|Jan low C = 9.8
|Feb low C = 11.4
|Mar low C = 16.2
|Apr low C = 21.2
|May low C = 24.4
|Jun low C = 24.1
|Jul low C = 22.6
|Aug low C = 21.9
|Sep low C = 21.1
|Oct low C = 18.1
|Nov low C = 12.2
|Dec low C = 10.6
|year low C = 17.9
|Jan record low C = -1.1
|Feb record low C = -2.8
|Mar record low C = 5.0
|Apr record low C = 7.8
|May record low C = 16.7
|Jun record low C = 18.9
|Jul record low C = 18.9
|Aug record low C = 18.6
|Sep record low C = 9.0
|Oct record low C = 6.2
|Nov record low C = 5.6
|Dec record low C = 1.1
|year record low C = -2.8
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 4
|Feb precipitation mm = 3
|Mar precipitation mm = 1
|Apr precipitation mm = 3
|May precipitation mm = 11
|Jun precipitation mm = 136
|Jul precipitation mm = 279
|Aug precipitation mm = 360
|Sep precipitation mm = 185
|Oct precipitation mm = 52
|Nov precipitation mm = 21
|Dec precipitation mm = 7
|year precipitation mm = 1062
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 0.8
|Feb precipitation days = 0.8
|Mar precipitation days = 0.3
|Apr precipitation days = 0.3
|May precipitation days = 1.8
|Jun precipitation days = 8.6
|Jul precipitation days = 15.9
|Aug precipitation days = 18.3
|Sep precipitation days = 8.6
|Oct precipitation days = 3.1
|Nov precipitation days = 1.4
|Dec precipitation days = 0.6
|year precipitation days = 60.5
|Jan humidity = 46
|Feb humidity = 36
|Mar humidity = 25
|Apr humidity = 23
|May humidity = 33
|Jun humidity = 58
|Jul humidity = 79
|Aug humidity = 85
|Sep humidity = 73
|Oct humidity = 50
|Nov humidity = 44
|Dec humidity = 48
|year humidity = 50
|Jan sun = 289.0
|Feb sun = 275.6
|Mar sun = 287.6
|Apr sun = 305.9
|May sun = 326.9
|Jun sun = 208.6
|Jul sun = 104.1
|Aug sun = 79.9
|Sep sun = 180.6
|Oct sun = 270.8
|Nov sun = 274.0
|Dec sun = 281.3
|year sun = 2884.3
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/IN/42754.TXT
| title = Mhowgaon Climate Normals 1971-1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200724110904/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/IN/42754.TXT
| archive-date = 2020-07-24
| url-status = dead
| access-date = 13 October 2015}}</ref>
|source 2 = India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010)<ref name=IMD2>{{cite web
|url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf
|title=Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010
|publisher=India Meteorological Department
|access-date=17 April 2015
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316064314/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf
|archive-date=16 March 2014
}}</ref>
|date=August 2011}}
*

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indore Division}}
__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Cities and towns in Indore district]]
[[Category:Mhow]]

Kheroji Pattikar

2025-10-30T23:51:47Z

Varundigitalmedia: made a details

{{Short description|Koli Subedar of Maratha army}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}

'''Kherojirao Pattikar''' was [[Koli people|Koli]] [[subedar]] in the [[Maratha Army]] of [[Maratha Empire]] during the reign of [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] ruler [[Chhatrapati]] [[Shivaji]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yang |first=Anand A. |url= |title=Crime and Criminality in [[British India]] |publisher=[[Association for Asian Studies]] |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-8165-0951-5 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Maharashtra history of castes |url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Ahmadnagar/people_castes.html |website=Maharashtra history}}</ref>

{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Subedar]] of [[Maratha Army]]
| name = Kherojirao Pattikar
| honorific_suffix = [[Patil (title)|Patil]] of Kolis
| native_name = खेरोजीराव पाटीकर
| native_name_lang = Hi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Maval]], [[Maratha Empire]]
| death_place = Maval, Maratha Empire
| nickname = Subedar Pattikar
| allegiance = [[Maratha Empire]]
| branch = [[Maratha Army]]
| rank = [[Subedar]]
| unit = [[Mavala]]
| battles = Capture of Trimbak fort
| awards = Grant of villages and money, received title of [[Deshmukh]] by [[Peshwa]]
}}

== Early life ==
Kheroji Pattikar was born in a [[Koli people|Koli]] family of the [[Maval]] region to Sambhajirao [[Pattikar Koli]], who was vassal under the [[Peshwa]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hardiman |first=David |date=1995-10-01 |title=Community, patriarchy, honour: Raghu Bhanagre's revolt |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03066159508438601 |journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=88–130 |doi=10.1080/03066159508438601 |issn=0306-6150|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Capture of Trimbak fort ==
Kherojirao Pattikar and other Koli chiefs collected an army of Kolis of [[Maval taluka|Maval]] region known as [[Mavala|Koli Mavala]] and attacked at the [[Trimbak]] fort of [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] [[Princely states of India|state]] on the behalf of current [[Peshwa]] [[Moropant Trimbak Pingle]]. Pattikar and Bhangare captured the [[Forts in India|fort]] and annexed into [[Maratha Navy|Maratha]] Empire. Kherojirao Pattikar and Gamaji Bhangare were received the grant of villages, money and title of [[Deshmukh]] for ruling that villages by Peshwa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[David Hardiman|Hardiman]] |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref>

== Titles ==

* '''Pattikar''', the family of Kherojirao was landholding or chief of village so they were given the title of '''Pattikar''' for holding or maintaining the village.
* [[Patil (title)|Patil]], Kherojirao was chief, or Patil of Kolis who maintains the law and order in Koli caste and responsible for religious activities.
* [[Deshmukh]], after capturing the fort of Trimbak, Kheroji received the grant of villages and title of Deshmukh for ruling over these villages.
* [[Mavala]], Kheroji was known as Mavala because of the Maval region which was known as Koli country.

== See also ==
*[[Pattikar Koli]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pattikar, Kheroji}}
[[Category:17th-century Indian people]]

HealthifyMe

2025-10-29T06:58:53Z

Varundigitalmedia: made details

{{Short description|Indian digital health and wellness company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = HealthifyMe
| logo = Logo of HealthifyMe.png
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2012|1}}
| founders = {{plainlist|
*[[Tushar Vashisht]]
*Mathew Cherian
*Sachin Shenoy}}
| location =
| location_city = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| locations =
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{plainlist|
*Tushar Vashisht {{small|([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}
*Sachin Shenoy}}
| industry ={{plainlist|
*[[Health]]
*[[Physical fitness|Fitness]]}}
| genre = {{plainlist|
*[[Health informatics]]
*[[Physical fitness]]
*[[Nutritionism]]}}
| products =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| slogan =
| website = {{URL|https://www.healthifyme.com}}
}}

'''HealthifyMe''' is an Indian digital health and wellness company, which provides an app with services such as [[calorie]] tracking and advice on [[human nutrition|nutrition]] and [[Physical fitness|fitness]]. It is available on the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]] platforms, and can be used with [[wearable technology]] such as [[activity tracker]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=HealthifyMe to hire more coaches and reach 50L users |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/546642/healthifyme-hire-more-coaches-reach.html |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=12 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Track calories in Indian curries with HealthifyMe |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/new-delhi/track-calories-indian-curries-healthifyme-58772 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=1 May 2015}}</ref>

The company was founded by [[Tushar Vashisht]], Mathew Cherian and Sachin Shenoy in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Can HealthifyMe Burn Calories In A Profitable Way? |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/can-healthifyme-burn-calories-in-a-profitable-way/85635/1 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Early years===
HealthifyMe was founded in 2012 by the founder and CEO [[Tushar Vashisht]] and Mathew Cherian, initially putting together an [[Microsoft Excel|Excel]] sheet of foods and their calorie values and then build a software platform around it. The first version of the software was released in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantifying Indian food, with indigenous software |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/quantifying-indian-food-with-indigenous-software/articleshow/50539511.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=12 January 2016}}</ref> A year after its foundation, Sachin Shenoy joined the company as head of engineering.<ref>{{cite web|title=HealthifyMe: Working out in smartphone generation |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/healthifyme-working-out-in-smartphone-generation-116070300734_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]]|date=3 July 2016}}</ref>

The company launched an Android app in 2013, with an iOS app released shortly afterwards. The Android app earned [[Google Play Store]]'s "Top Developer" badge in 2015, and was named amongst the "Best Apps of 2015".<ref>{{cite web|title=A weight loss startup's journey to winning over Google and Microsoft |url=https://www.techinasia.com/weight-loss-startups-journey-winning-google-microsoft-healthifyme |publisher=[[Tech in Asia]]|date=11 February 2016}}</ref>

===Funding and recognition===
In May 2015, the company launched a campaign, HealthifyIndia, in collaboration with Godrej [[Nature's Basket]], [[Manipal Hospitals India|Manipal Hospitals]], [[Medanta]] and [[Apollo Hospitals|Apollo Centre]], to promote healthy living amongst Indians and create awareness of lifestyle disorders. It was reported that HealthifyMe's website had become the most visited health website in India, with 40 lakh visitors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Health minister launches new campaign to make India fit |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-health-minister-launches-new-campaign-to-make-india-fit-2082202 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=1 May 2015}}</ref>

In May 2015, electronics manufacturer [[Micromax Informatics|Micromax]] invested an undisclosed amount in HealthifyMe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Micromax kicks off ecosystem plan with app investment |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/ze70vdosd7WSD42VghmyLP/Micromax-kicks-off-ecosystem-plan-with-app-investment.html |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=9 May 2015}}</ref> On 17 June 2015, it was announced that HealthifyMe closed its pre-Series A round with an undisclosed amount from a group of individual investors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Micromax-backed startup HealthifyMe successfully completes second round of funding |url=http://www.bgr.in/news/micromax-backed-startup-healthifyme-successfully-completes-second-round-of-funding/ |publisher=[[Boy Genius Report]] |date=18 July 2015 |access-date=30 August 2016 |archive-date=11 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911013455/http://www.bgr.in/news/micromax-backed-startup-healthifyme-successfully-completes-second-round-of-funding/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It then raised $6 million as a part of their Series-A round in April 2016<ref>{{cite web|title=HealthifyMe raises Rs 40 crore from IDG Ventures, Inventus Capital & Blume Ventures |url=http://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/startups/healthifyme-raises-rs-40-crore-from-idg-ventures-inventus-capital-blume-ventures/52201019 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=10 May 2016}}</ref> from [[IDG Ventures]], Inventus Capital Partners & Blume Ventures.<ref>{{cite web|title=IDG, Inventus, Blume back HealthifyMe |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/IDG-Inventus-Blume-back-HealthifyMe/articleshow/52215032.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 May 2016}}</ref>

The app continued to be named among "Best Apps - Made in India" in 2016 and 2017. In December 2017, the company received the Google Play "Editor's Choice" award in the Health & Fitness category.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/google-play-reveals-best-of-2016-apps-games-books-movies-tv-shows-1633142|title=Google Play Reveals 'Best of 2016' Apps, Games, Books, Movies, TV Shows|last= Thakran |first= Shekhar |work=Gadgets 360 - An NDTV venture|access-date=2016-12-02|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/business-wire/google-announces-the-best-apps-of-2017/article9982748.ece |title=Google announces the best apps of 2017 |publisher=Hindu Business Line |date=5 December 2017}}</ref>

In November 2024, the company closed a $45 million financing round to expand into the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devarakonda |first=Mythili |date=2024-11-18 |title=Indian AI healthcare app Healthify closes $45 million financing round, plans for US expansion |url=https://americanbazaaronline.com/2024/11/18/ai-healthcare-app-healthify-raises-20-million-plans-us-expansion-836721/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=The American Bazaar |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-25 |title=Healthify raises $20 million in round led by Khosla Ventures, LeapFrog Investments |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/funding/healthify-raises-20-million-in-round-led-by-khosla-ventures-leapfrog-investments/articleshow/114557336.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

===Launch of AI nutritionist 'Ria'===
In late-2017, HealthifyMe launched "Ria", an AI nutritionist which learned from 10 million messages and over 200 million food and workout logs. Ria was announced as the world's first AI-powered virtual nutritionist.<ref>{{cite news |title=HealthifyMe, a Bengaluru-based health and fitness start-up has unveiled its AI-enabled nutritionist Ria |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date= 2017-10-13 |url= http://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/healthifyme-a-bengaluru-based-health-and-fitness-start-up-has-unveiled-its-ai-enabled-nutritionist-ria-4139901.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/healthifymes-aienabled-app-ria-can-advice-you-on-nutrition-fitness-regimes/article9904772.ece|title=HealthifyMe's AI-enabled app Ria can advice you on nutrition, fitness regimes|last= GANESH |first= VENKATESH |work=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=2017-10-13|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= HealthifyMe introduces AI-enabled nutritionist Ria |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=2017-10-13 |url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/healthifyme-introduces-ai-enabled-nutritionist-ria-117101300669_1.html}}</ref>

By early-2018, the company had more than one million monthly active users.<ref>{{cite web|title=With a million active users, AI nutritionist tucks into $12m funding |url=https://www.techinasia.com/healthifyme-ai-nutritionist-tucks-into-12-million-dollar-funding-from-samsung-next |publisher=[[Tech in Asia]]|date=9 February 2018}}</ref> In February 2018, HealthifyMe raised a Series B funding round of US$12 million led by [[Sistema|Sistema Asia Fund]] and Samsung's AI focussed fund - NEXT (their first investment in India). [[Atlas Group|Atlas Asset Management]] (Singapore), Dream Incubator (Japan) and existing investors ([[IDG Ventures]], Inventus Capital Partners & Blume Ventures, NB Ventures) also participated in the funding round.<ref>{{cite web|title=HealthifyMe raises $12M to develop its AI-powered nutritionist |url=http://vator.tv/news/2018-02-09-healthifyme-raises-12m-to-develop-its-ai-powered-nutritionist |publisher=[[Vator]]|date=9 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=HealthifyMe raises $12 million from Sistema Asia Fund, Samsung NEXT |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/healthifyme-raises-12-million-from-sistema-asia-fund-samsung-next-118020901324_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]]|date=9 February 2018}}</ref>

===Foray into overseas markets===
In November 2018, HealthifyMe announced that it has raised US$6 million from Innoven Capital and existing investors. It also expanded its operations to Malaysia, having mapped over 900 South East Asian foods, and obtained more than 15,000 subscribers within the first month. The company also announced its plans of expanding to Singapore, Indonesia and the Middle East over the next two quarters.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.medianama.com/2018/11/223-healthifyme-funding-expansion-marketplace/|title=HealthifyMe raises $6M, expands to Malaysia, and launches food marketplace|last= Jalan |first= Trisha |access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Healthify Southeast Asia |url=https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/heal/2018/11/435176/healthify-southeast-asia |access-date=22 April 2020 |work=New Straits Times |date=19 November 2018}}</ref> The company expanded its operations to Singapore and Brunei in the fourth quarter.<ref name=BizLine2020/>

===Growth and feature launches===
In February 2019, it was reported that HealthifyMe had more than 8 million users across all markets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Now, an AI-based health assistant to help you stay fit |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/now-an-ai-based-health-assistant-to-help-you-stay-fit/story/317970.html |access-date=23 April 2020 |work=Business Today}}</ref> Later in 2019, the company launched "Ria 2.0", including the feature, "Snap", using which users can take a picture of their food and the AI can identify the dish and log the calories, provided the dish is among the 10,000 dishes tracked by it. It also launched "Smart Plans" in which users get a customised diet plan recommendation from Ria.<ref>{{cite news |title=Healthifyme wants to improve your diet with its Ria2.0 AI assistant: Here's how |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/social/healthifyme-wants-to-improve-your-diet-with-its-ria2-0-ai-assistant-here-is-how-5544698/ |access-date=23 April 2020 |work=Indian Express |date=21 January 2019}}</ref>

In January 2020, the company partnered with [[Swiggy]] enabling users to order healthy foods from nearby restaurants picked by its nutritionists.<ref>{{cite news |title=Order healthy food on Swiggy via HealthifyMe |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/order-healthy-food-on-swiggy-via-healthifyme/1708341 |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Outlook |date=14 January 2020}}</ref> In February 2020, the company reported that its revenue had reached {{INR}}100 crore and active user base doubled to 16 million in a year.<ref name=BizLine2020>{{cite news |last1=Chenganna |first1=Sangeetha |title=HealthifyMe revenues top Rs 100-cr level, active user base doubles to 16 million |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/healthifyme-revenues-top-rs-100-cr-level-active-user-base-doubles-to-16-million/article30828926.ece |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Business Line |date=15 February 2020}}</ref> The company announced its entry into [[mental wellness]] segment, with the introduction of "HealthifySense", allowing users the access to counselling. It also announced a pilot with Fitternity to provide access to gyms and fitness studios as well a grocery ordering feature in partnership with Milkbasket in select locations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Koshi |first1=Luke |title=HealthifyMe forays into mental wellness, outlines its vision for 2020 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/healthifyme-launches-many-new-products-and-partnerships-outlines-its-vision-2020-118211 |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=The News Minute |date=14 February 2020}}</ref>

== Product ==
HealthifyMe operates on a [[freemium]] model, providing nutritional and fitness advice from nutritionists and fitness coaches to users with premium subscription.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaikh |first1=Shadma |title=HealthifyMe plans to cut subscription prices |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/-healthifyme-plans-to-cut-subscription-prices/articleshow/53904492.cms?from=mdr |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Economic Times |date=29 August 2016}}</ref> The company claims to have access to the world's first and largest Indian food database. It has developed a [[calorie counter]] for regional foods and an exercise tracker for logging in physical activities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/healthifyme-gets-angel-funding/article7333877.ece|title=HealthifyMe gets angel funding|last=Abrar|first=Peerzada|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-03-19|language=en}}</ref> It also shows the count of proteins, carbohydrates, fats and fibre. The AI-driven digital nutritionist Ria can create personalised [[diet plan]]s and workout routines. Ria reportedly handles 80% of user queries,<ref>{{cite news |last1=UN |first1=Sushma |title=An Indian startup has created an AI-driven nutritionist for fitness freaks |url=https://qz.com/india/1279254/healthifyme-has-an-artificial-intelligence-led-nutritionist-for-fitness-freaks/ |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Quartz |date=28 May 2018}}</ref> and was integrated as an [[Amazon Alexa|Alexa]] skill for [[Amazon Echo]] speakers and Alexa built-in devices in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hariharan |first1=Sindhu |title=HealthifyMe's AI assistant Ria integrated with Amazon Alexa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/healthifymes-ai-assistant-ria-integrated-with-amazon-alexa/articleshow/70659961.cms |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Times of India |date=13 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhargava |first1=Mala |title=Healthifyme tracks and coaches you to fitness |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/technophile/healthifyme-fitness-tracking-app-review/article26129842.ece |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Business Line |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Partnerships==
HealthifyMe also works in partnership with various medical institutions such as [[Medanta]], [[Apollo Hospitals]] and [[Manipal Hospitals]], with the aim to treat and prevent clinical obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular problems and other lifestyle diseases.<ref>{{cite web |title=HealthifyMe: An app for healthy living |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/young-restless/healthifyme-an-app-for-healthy-living |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921005203/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/young-restless/healthifyme-an-app-for-healthy-living |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 21, 2016 |publisher=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |date=2 May 2015 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Google Fit]]
* [[Health (Apple)|Apple Health]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{URL|www.healthifyme.com|Official site}}

[[Category:Health software]]
[[Category:Activity trackers]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:Cross-platform mobile software]]
[[Category:Fitness apps]]

Vartika Mathur

2025-09-28T19:19:56Z

Varundigitalmedia: Starting first post basic info

{{Short description|Indian scientist}}
{{Notability|1=Academics|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vartika Mathur
| image = Dr Vartika Mathur .jpg
| caption = Mathur in 2016
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|8|27|mf=yes}}, [[New Delhi]]
| alma mater = [[Wageningen University and Research Centre]]
| occupation = Professor, Department of Zoology, [[Sri Venkateswara College]], New Delhi
| awards = Young Scientist of the Year Award 2015
| website = https://apilab.co.in/
| spouse = Amit Mathur
| children = 2
}}
'''Dr Vartika Mathur''' (born 27 August 1979) is an Indian scientist who is a Professor in the Department of Zoology, [[Sri Venkateswara College]], [[University of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vartika Mathur|first1=Assistant Professor|title=Sri Venkateswara College|url=http://192.185.140.221/~svc/department/zoology/faculty-of-zoology/}}</ref> She was the only Indian to receive the NFP fellowship<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vartika |first=Mathur |title=Scholarships |url=https://www.nuffic.nl/en/subjects/scholarships |website=Nuffic}}</ref> in 2008 from [[Nuffic]] in partnership with [[Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)]] and [[Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], which enabled her to pursue PhD at [[Wageningen University and Research Centre]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=University|first1=Radboud|title=Faculty of Science, Molecular Plant Physiology|url=http://www.ru.nl/mpp/molecular/people-0/former-lab-members/vartika-mathur/}}</ref> She finally received her PhD in 2012 for her studies on plant-animal-microbe interactions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathur |first=Vartika |title=Unraveling the secret microbial power within medicinal plants |work=The Microbiologist |url=https://www.the-microbiologist.com/news/unraveling-the-secret-microbial-power-within-medicinal-plants/838.article}}</ref> Her research led to the characterization of temporal dynamics of different insect-induced plant responses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mathur |first=Vartika |title=Publications |journal=Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata |date=June 2011 |volume=139 |issue=3 |pages=215–225 |doi=10.1111/j.1570-7458.2011.01122.x |s2cid=83681657 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2011.01122.x|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Career ==
Dr Mathur has been running independent research lab Animal-Plant-Interactions Lab since 2011 with research grants obtained from [https://serb.gov.in/page/english/research_grants SERB], [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], NAM S&T [http://www.namstct.org/], [[University of Delhi]], Nuffic, [[Eureka Forbes]] and PI industries.{{cn|date=December 2022}} She is the research advisor for Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Sleep Disorders, [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS, New Delhi]]. She is also the associate editor for [https://bio-journal.com/ Biojournal], member of International Society of Chemical Ecology(ISCE)[https://www.chemecol.org/] and reviewer in international journals of high repute<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Vartika |title=Bio data |url=https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/305941/overview}}</ref>.Dr Mathur started her career as an assistant professor in 2003 at [[Daulat Ram College]], University of [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]]. She then moved to [[Sri Venkateswara College]] and has been teaching there since as assistant professor, in the Department of Zoology.

==Achievements ==
Dr Mathur was awarded the European Mobility Grant for International Laureates by the International Doctoral College of the European University of Brittany (CDI-UEB) in 2010 to perform research in University of Rennes, France. She has been awarded the "Young Scientist of the year Award 2015" in the field of Chemical Ecology by the International Foundation of Environment and Ecology. She is the host supervisor for a six-month Research Training Fellowship for Developing Country Scientists (RTF-DCS). She is a Life Time Member of Association of Microbiologists of India. Dr Mathur has been running independent animal-plant interactions research lab<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Vartika |title=API LAB |url=https://apilab.co.in/}}</ref> since 2011 at Sri Venkateswara College. Dr Mathur has several publications in peer-reviewed journals, with a total impact of 17.66. She has also authored an ecology book for undergraduate students.

==Publications==
Dr Mathur has authored multiple scientific books with reputed publishers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Vartika |title=Google Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=t59qBjQAAAAJ&hl=en |website=People Pill}}</ref> She has also collaborated with others working in the same field. Her areas of expertise include animal plant interactions, plant microbiome, entomology and plant biochemistry, Some of her notably published books include, Air Pollution and Public Health: Challenges Interventions and Sustainable Solutions,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathur |first=Vartika |title=AIR POLLUTION AND PUBLIC HEALTH : CHALLENGES, INTERVENTIONS AND SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS |date=2021 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-93-90951-00-0 |language=English}}</ref> Biology of chordates<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathur |first=Vartika |title=Biology of chordates |date=28 March 2018 |publisher=PHI |isbn=978-9387472143 |language=English}}</ref>,Environmental Ecology and Field Biology: Applied aspects.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathur |first=Vartika |title=978-93-80578-22-4 |date=23 October 2023 |publisher=IK |isbn=9789380578224 |location=Delhi |language=English}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://apilab.co.in/ Website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathur, Vartika}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Madan Paliwal Miraj Sports Centre

2025-09-26T06:03:21Z

Varundigitalmedia: made

{{Short description|Cricket stadium in India}}

{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = Madan Paliwal Miraj Sports Center
| location = Nathdwara, Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.8915509|N|73.7917133|E|type:landmark_region:IN-RJ|display=it}}
| seating_capacity = 30,000
| owner = Miraj Group
| operator = Sportosphere Services Pvt. Ltd.
| built = 
| opened = 
| surface = 
}}

'''The Madan Paliwal Miraj Sports Centre (MPMSC)''' is an international Cricket Stadium located in [[Nathdwara]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. Developed by Mr. [[Madan Paliwal]], Chairman and Managing Director of the Miraj Group. the stadium is designed to accommodate up to 30,000 spectators.<ref>{{Cite web |title=### Miraj Group's New Initiative in Nathdwara: Madan Paliwal Miraj Sports Center to Redefine Sports in India |url=https://www.pressnote.in/Sports--_504968.html |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=www.pressnote.in}}</ref>

== Events ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Event
!Year
!Organizer
!Date
|-
|Asian Legends League, 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=MPMSC Asian Legends League T20 |url=https://www.allt20.asia/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=Asian Legends League |language=en}}</ref>
|2025
|EMCL Sports<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.emclindia.com/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=EMCL Sports |language=en}}</ref>
|10-18 March 2025
|-
|PIMS Mewar Cup<ref>{{Cite web |last=उदयपुर |first=विपिन चंद्र सोलंकी |date=2023-02-05 |title=उदयपुर में IPL की तर्ज पर शुरू होगा कल से T-20, इंडियन क्रिकेटर रवि बिश्नोई आजमाएंगे बल्ला |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/all-india-mewar-cup-t-20-cricket-tournament-in-udaipur-from-5-february-ravi-bishnoi-will-also-play-ann-2326142 |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>
|2025
| -
|16-23 February 2025
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of cricket grounds by capacity]]

== References ==
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhabria |first=Vinay |date=2025-03-01 |title=First look of new cricket stadium in Nathdwara ahead of Asian Legends League 2025 [Watch] |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/news-first-look-new-cricket-stadium-nathdwara-ahead-asian-legends-league-2025-watch |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-28 |title=Nathdwara Readies for Sports Centre with 30,000 Seating Capacity |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/sports/nathdwara-sports-centre/cid15614102.htm |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=udaipurtimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=news24desk |title=India's First International Cricket Stadium With A 5-Star Hotel Under Construction. Know More News24 - |url=https://news24online.com/sports/indias-first-international-cricket-stadium-with-a-5-star-hotel-under-construction-know-more/407692/ |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=OneCricket |title=Madan Paliwal Miraj Sports Centre Rajasthan Latest News {{!}} OneCricket |url=https://cricket.one/madan-paliwal-miraj-sports-centre-rajasthan |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=cricket.one |language=en}}</ref>
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cricket grounds in India]]

Taipei Economic and Cultural Center in India

2025-08-30T20:16:30Z

Varundigitalmedia: minor enhanced structure for clarity further

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Government agency
| agency_name = Taipei Economic and Cultural Center in India
| nativename = 駐印度代表處
| formed = 1995{{cn|date=January 2020}}
| jurisdiction = {{IND}} (northern states and territories) {{BHU}} {{NEP}} {{BAN}}{{efn|Joint responsibility for [[Bangladesh]] with the [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Thailand|TECO Bangkok]] .<ref>[http://www.boca.gov.tw/content.asp?mp=2&CuItem=2307 Asia Pacific Area], Bureau of Consular Affairs, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of China)]]</ref>}}
| headquarters = {{ubl |[[New Delhi]]
|[[Chennai]] (southern states and territories)
|[[Mumbai]] (upcoming)}}
| chief1_name = {{ill|Mumin Chen|lt=|zh|陳牧民}}
| chief1_position = Representative<ref name="MOFA">[http://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/CountryInfoEn.aspx?CASN=0984A85A3A9A6677&n=EFABC8295286B40B&sms=A76B7230ADF29736&s=337EA9B16C7004DE East Asia and Pacific > Republic of India], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of China)]]</ref>
| website = {{Official website|https://www.roc-taiwan.org/in_en}}
}}

The '''Taipei Economic and Cultural Center in India''' ({{zh|c=駐印度代表處|p=Zhù Yìndù Dàibiǎo Chù}}) is the representative office of [[Taiwan]] in [[India]], functioning as a [[de facto embassy|''de facto'' embassy]] in the absence of diplomatic relations. It was established in 1995.{{cn|date=January 2020}} It is headed by a Representative, currently Baushuan Ger.<ref name="MOFA" />

The Center is also responsible for relations with [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]], and has joint responsibility for [[Bangladesh]] with the [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Thailand]] in [[Bangkok]].<ref>[http://www.boca.gov.tw/content.asp?mp=2&CuItem=2307 Asia Pacific Area], Bureau of Consular Affairs, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of China)]]</ref> Between 2004 and 2009, affairs with Bangladesh were handled by the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Bangladesh in [[Dhaka]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160316201504/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/foreign-affairs/2009/07/01/214399/Foreign-ministry.htm Foreign ministry closes its rep office in Bangladesh], ''[[The China Post]]'', 1 July 2009</ref>

The [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Center in Chennai]] was established in 2012,<ref>[http://www.roc-taiwan.org/IN/MAA Taipei Economic and Cultural Center in Chennai]</ref> which has responsibility for [[Sri Lanka]] and the [[Maldives]], as well as the [[South India|southern states and territories]] of India.<ref name="BOCA">[http://www.boca.gov.tw/content.asp?mp=2&CuItem=2307 Asia Pacific Area], Bureau of Consular Affairs, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of China)]]</ref> The Taipei Economic and Cultural Center in Mumbai was established in 2024.

The Center's counterpart body in [[Taiwan]] is the {{ill|India-Taipei Association|zh|印度-台北協會|lt=India-Taipei Association}} in [[Taipei]].<ref name="india">{{cite web|url=https://www.india.org.tw/index.aspx/|title=India-Taipei Association, Taipei, Taiwan|publisher=india.org.tw|accessdate=2016-03-16|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324154341/https://www.india.org.tw/index.aspx/|archivedate=24 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Divisions==
* Consular Division
* Economic Division
* Education Division
* Science and Technology Division<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.roc-taiwan.org/in_en/post/4.html|date=2 May 2017|title=General Background|website=Taipei Economic and Cultural Center in India|accessdate=25 February 2018}}</ref>

==Representatives==
* [[Tien Chung-kwang]] (2013–2020)
* {{ill|Baushuan Ger|lt=|zh|葛葆萱}} (2020-2025)
* {{ill|Mumin Chen|lt=|zh|陳牧民}} (2025-)

==See also==
* [[India–Taiwan relations]]
* [[Foreign relations of Taiwan]]
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions of Taiwan]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions in India]]
* [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Center in Chennai]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Diplomatic missions in India}}
{{Diplomatic missions of the Republic of China}}

[[Category:Diplomatic missions in India|Taiwan]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Diplomatic missions in New Delhi|Taiwan]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1995]]
[[Category:Taipei Economic and Cultural Offices|India]]
[[Category:India–Taiwan relations]]

Lalita Vakil

2025-08-20T16:30:49Z

Varundigitalmedia:

{{Short description|Indian textile artist}}
{{Infobox artist
| honorific_prefix = [[Padma Shri|PS]]
| known_for = [[Chamba Rumal|Chamba Rumal embroidery]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2022) [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] (2018)
| image = Lalita Vakil in 2022.jpg
| caption = Vakil in 2022
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chamba district|Chamba]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
}}

'''Lalita Vakil''' is an Indian [[embroidery]] artist, known for her contributions to the preservation and promotion of [[Chamba Rumal]], a traditional form of [[handkerchief]] embroidery from [[Chamba district]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]].

Vakil was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2022 by the [[Government of India]] for her contributions to the field of arts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awardees 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |website=Padma Awards}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=चंबा रुमाल को पहचान दिलाने वाली को पद्मश्री:ललिता वकील को 3 बार मिल चुका राष्ट्रपति अवार्ड, कलाकार होने के साथ-साथ जरूरतमंदों की मददगार भी हैं |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/himachal/shimla/news/padma-bhushan-award-to-lalita-vakil-received-the-presidents-award-3-times-129340115.html |archive-date= |access-date=10 January 2025 |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> She was also honoured with the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] in 2018.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Nari Shakti Puraskar 2018 |url=https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/Nari%20Shakti%20Puraskar%20-%20Citation%20%28Final%20-%2009.03.2019%29-Part%202.pdf |website=[[Ministry of Women and Child Development]]}}</ref>

== Life ==
Vakil was married at the age of fifteen. It was her [[Parent-in-law|father-in-law]] who recognized her talent for creating designs for [[Chamba Rumal]] and encouraged her to train local girls and women in this craft.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ashwani |date=2022-01-26 |title=Padma Shri Recipient Lalita Vakil Devoted Her Life To 'Chamba Rumal' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/padma-shri-recipient-lalita-vakil-devoted-her-life-to-chamba-rumal--news-47378 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
For the past fifty years, Vakil has been working to promote and preserve [[Chamba Rumal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 January 2022 |title=Chamba artist Lalita Vakil honoured with Padma Shri |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/chamba-artist-lalita-vakil-honoured-with-padma-shri-364402 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=[[The Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref> She has travelled extensively in [[India]] and abroad to exhibit her work and conduct workshops on this traditional form of embroidery.<ref name=":1" />

Vakil has frequently experimented with [[Chamba Rumal]] designs. She was the first woman to introduce silk into the embroidery to create larger pieces of the handkerchief.<ref name=":2" /> Additionally, she has developed designs for [[sari]]s, [[shawl]]s, [[dupatta]]s, and stoles, as well as multi-panel sets.<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2022-02-03 |title=How Lalita Vakil's championing of the dying art of Chamba Rumal earned her the Padma Shri |url=https://www.news9live.com/art-culture/how-lalita-vakils-championing-of-the-dying-art-of-chamba-rumal-earned-her-the-padma-shri-151208 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=News9 Live |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Nari Shakti Puruskar for the year 2018 to Ms. Lalita Vakil H2019030865837.jpg|thumb|President Ram Nath Kovind presenting the [[Nari Shakti Puruskar]] to Chamba Rumal embroiderer Lalita Vakil]]

== Awards and recognition ==
* '''2009''': [[Shilp Guru]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shilp Guru Awards (Handicrafts) Year 2009 |url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/listofawardees.pdf |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=President Awards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060118/http://presidentofindia.nic.in/listofawardees.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''2017''': [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]<ref name=":1" />
* '''2022''': [[Padma Shri]]<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art|state=collapsed}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vakil, Lalita}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women artists from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Indian textile artists]]
[[Category:20th-century women textile artists]]
[[Category:20th-century textile artists]]
[[Category:Indian embroiderers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar 2018 winners]]

Influence of Thiruvilaiyadal

2025-08-08T00:30:45Z

Varundigitalmedia: made a stub...

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Influence of ''Thiruvilaiyadal''}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''''[[Thiruvilaiyadal]]''''' ({{translation|The Divine Game}}) is a 1965 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]] written, directed, produced, and distributed by [[A. P. Nagarajan]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], and [[K. B. Sundarambal]] with [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Nagesh]], [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], [[S. V. Sahasranamam]], [[Devika]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], and Nagarajan himself playing pivotal roles. The film's soundtrack and score were composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]], while the lyrics of the songs were written by [[Kannadasan]].

''Thiruvilaiyadal'' was released on 31 July 1965 to critical acclaim, with praise directed at the film's screenplay, dialogue, direction, music, and the performances of Ganesan, Nagesh, and Balaiah. The film became a trendsetter for devotional films as it was released at a time when Tamil cinema primarily produced social melodramas.

== Legacy ==

{{Centered pull quote
|Only two actors can pull the scene away from under my feet when we face the camera together — one is [[M. R. Radha]], the other, Nagesh.
|author = Ganesan while listening to an [[Audio mixing|audio version]] of ''Thiruvilaiyadal''<ref name="Nostalgia">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/nostalgia-revisited/article2272865.ece | title=Nostalgia re-visited | work=The Hindu | date=29 June 2007 | access-date=11 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010235349/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/nostalgia-revisited/article2272865.ece | archive-date=10 October 2015 | first=Malathi | last=Rangarajan}}</ref>
}}
''Thiruvilaiyadal'' has attained [[Cult film|cult status]] in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/revisiting-ap-nagarajan-man-who-gave-us-immortal-films-thiruvilayadal-and-saraswathi|title=Revisiting AP Nagarajan, the man who gave us immortal films like 'Thiruvilayadal' and 'Saraswathi Sabatham'|last=Aravind|first=CV|date=20 June 2017|work=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180116114012/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/revisiting-ap-nagarajan-man-who-gave-us-immortal-films-thiruvilayadal-and-saraswathi|archive-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> It was also responsible for a resurgence in mythological and devotional cinema as it was released at a time when Tamil cinema primarily produced social films.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-most-popular-mythological-films-of-tamil-cinema-south/20140522.htm |title=The Best Mythological Films of Tamil Cinema |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=22 May 2014 |website=Rediff.com |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180119070122/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-most-popular-mythological-films-of-tamil-cinema-south/20140522.htm |archive-date=19 January 2018 |access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref>{{efn|In Indian cinema terminology, social films (or simply socials) are films with a contemporary setting, as opposed to those which have mythological and period settings.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/menaka-1935/article3022401.ece |title=Menaka 1935 |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=4 January 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 January 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170928145419/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/menaka-1935/article3022401.ece |archive-date=28 September 2017 |author-link=Randor Guy}}</ref>|name=social}} Film critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]] called it "the best" of the epic Tamil films.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/lights-camera-conversation-a-dinosaur-roams-again/article1936998.ece | title=Lights, Camera, Conversation... — A dinosaur roams again | work=The Hindu | date=29 April 2011 | access-date=10 October 2015 | first=Baradwaj | last=Rangan | author-link=Baradwaj Rangan | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010152242/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/lights-camera-conversation-a-dinosaur-roams-again/article1936998.ece | archive-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> Mohan V. Raman called Nagarajan the "Master of mythological cinema".<ref>{{cite news|last=V. Raman|first=Mohan|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article3314719.ece|title=Master of mythological cinema|work=The Hindu|date=14 April 2012|access-date=17 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428035547/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article3314719.ece|archive-date=28 April 2015}}</ref> Nagarajan and Ganesan went on to collaborate on several more films in the same genre, including ''[[Saraswati Sabatham]]'' (1966), ''[[Thiruvarutchelvar]]'' (1967), ''[[Kandan Karunai]]'' (1967) and ''[[Thirumal Perumai]]'' (1968).{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=187}} Other films which followed the trend include: ''[[Sri Raghavendrar]]'' (1985) and ''[[Meenakshi Thiruvilayadal]]'' (1989).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/12/04234518/rajinikanth-100th-movie-srirag.html | title=ரஜினியின் 100-வது படம் 'ஸ்ரீராகவேந்திரர்': ஸ்டைல்களை ஒதுக்கி விட்டு, மகானாகவே வாழ்ந்து காட்டினார் ["Rajini's 100th film 'Sri Raghavendrar': Leaving Behind The Style, He Lives The Role."] | work=Maalai Malar | date=4 December 2012 | access-date=10 October 2015 | language=ta | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010060546/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/12/04234518/rajinikanth-100th-movie-srirag.html | archive-date=10 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cds1xNtfZYI | title=Meenakshi Thiruvilaiyadal (Full Movie) - Watch Free Full Length Tamil Movie Online | publisher=Lakshmi Ganapathy Combines | date=15 April 2013 | people=[[K. Shankar]] | medium=Motion Picture | location=India}}</ref> Savitri and Sundarambal reprised the roles of Parvati and Avvaiyar respectively in ''Kandan Karunai''.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=194}} ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' became a milestone in Nagesh's career and the character of Dharumi is considered to be one of his best roles to date.<ref name="Nostalgia"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH/2009/02/01/1/Ar00105.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=8322&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EThiruvilayadal%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF | title=Mirth Gains Immortality | work=The Times of India | date=1 February 2009 | access-date=11 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303032231/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH/2009/02/01/1/Ar00105.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=8322&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EThiruvilayadal%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF | archive-date=3 March 2016 | first=Bhama | last=Devi Ravi | url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Kamal Haasan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/classic-appeal/article5716839.ece |title=Classic appeal |work=The Hindu |first=Malathi |last=Rangarajan |date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316061744/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/classic-appeal/article5716839.ece |archive-date=16 March 2014 |access-date=11 October 2015}}</ref> [[Prabhu Deva]] and [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]] included ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' among their favourite films.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/many-avatars/article656856.ece | title=Many Avatars | work=The Hindu | date=9 January 2009 | access-date=11 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011005935/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/many-avatars/article656856.ece | archive-date=11 October 2015 | first=S. R. Ashok | last=Kumar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-new-chapter/article1158882.ece | title=A new chapter | work=The Hindu | date=5 February 2011 | access-date=11 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011010216/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-new-chapter/article1158882.ece | archive-date=11 October 2015 | first=Sudhish | last=Kamath}}</ref> Director [[Boopathy Pandian]]'s ''[[Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam]]'' (2006) was initially titled ''Thiruvilayadal'', but this was changed after an outburst of objections from Ganesan's fans.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-in-a-dilemma-news-tamil-kkfv0aefcddsi.html | title=Dhanush in a dilemma! | website=[[Sify]] | date=19 September 2005 | access-date=8 October 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008120321/http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-in-a-dilemma-news-tamil-kkfv0aefcddsi.html | archive-date=8 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/in-the-name-of/article3753944.ece|title=In the name of ... |first=Malathi|last=Rangarajan|work=The Hindu|date=11 August 2012|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008120102/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/in-the-name-of/article3753944.ece|archive-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> Nakkeeran's dialogue "''Netrikkann thirapinum kutram kutramae!''" ({{langx|en|Even if you open your third eye, a flaw is a flaw!|italics=yes}}) became immensely popular.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramanan |first1=V. V. |title=CinemaPlus Quiz |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/CinemaPlus-Quiz/article16206169.ece |access-date=11 September 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=22 July 2010 |language=en-IN}}</ref> After the Tamil cinema's platinum jubilee was held in 2007, when S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' asked eight acclaimed directors to list ten films they liked most, ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' was chosen by [[C. V. Sridhar]] and [[Ameer (director)|Ameer]]. The latter said: "Director A. P. Nagarajan's ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' is imaginative. It treats a mythological subject in an interesting way. It is one of the best films in the annals of Tamil cinema."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article2272999.ece|title=Filmmakers' favourites|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 July 2007|access-date=11 October 2015|first=S. R. Ashok|last=Kumar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011060705/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article2272999.ece|archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> Uma S. Maheshwari of ''The Hindu'' included "Paattum Naane" in her list of the "Immortal songs of TMS".{{efn|TMS is an acronym for T. M. Soundararajan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/monarch-of-melody/article2273070.ece|title=Monarch of melody|work=The Hindu|first=Uma S.|last=Maheshwari|date=20 July 2007|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127090921/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/monarch-of-melody/article2273070.ece|archive-date=27 November 2014}}</ref>}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] member [[L. Ganesan]] considered ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' and ''Server Sundaram'' to be "examples of good Tamil cinema globally."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/nagesh-had-carved-a-niche-for-himself-karunanidhi/article344308.ece | title=Nagesh had carved a niche for himself: Karunanidhi | work=The Hindu | date=1 February 2009 | access-date=14 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014013301/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/nagesh-had-carved-a-niche-for-himself-karunanidhi/article344308.ece | archive-date=14 October 2015}}</ref>

In April 2012, ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' was included in Pavithra Srinivasan of Rediff's list, "The A to Z of Tamil Cinema". She called it: "the best of the many divine tales [Ganesan] acted in."<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-a-to-z-of-tamil-cinema/20120418.htm#20|title = Special: The A to Z of Tamil Cinema|publisher = Rediff|date = 18 April 2012|access-date = 11 October 2015|last = Srinivasan|first = Pavithra|page = 20|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140701153128/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-a-to-z-of-tamil-cinema/20120418.htm#20|archive-date = 1 July 2014}}</ref> ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' is included along with other Sivaji Ganesan films in ''8th Ulaga Adhisayam Sivaji'', a compilation DVD featuring Ganesan's "iconic performances in the form of scenes, songs and stunts" which was released in May 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/for-the-love-of-sivaji/article3412363.ece |title=For the love of Sivaji |work=The Hindu |date=12 May 2012 |access-date=9 October 2015 |last=V. Iyer |first=Aruna |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704094406/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/for-the-love-of-sivaji/article3412363.ece |archive-date=4 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In May 2014, S. Saraswathi of Rediff included ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' in her list of "The Best Mythological Films of Tamil Cinema".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-most-popular-mythological-films-of-tamil-cinema-south/20140522.htm#3|title = The Best Mythological Films of Tamil Cinema|publisher = Rediff|date = 22 May 2014|access-date = 10 October 2015|last = Saraswathi|first = S.|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151010151135/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-most-popular-mythological-films-of-tamil-cinema-south/20140522.htm|archive-date = 10 October 2015}}</ref> In a January 2015 interview with ''The Times of India'', playwright [[Y. G. Mahendra]] said, "most character artists today lack variety [...] Show me one actor in India currently who can do a ''[[Veerapandiya Kattabomman (film)|[Veerapandiya] Kattabomman]]'', a [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai|VOC]], a ''[[Vietnam Veedu]]'', a ''[[Galatta Kalyanam]]'' and a {{sic|''Thiruvilayadal''}}."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Oscar-worthy-performance-by-Sivaji-Y-Gee-Mahendra/articleshow/45883224.cms |title=Oscar-worthy performance by Sivaji: Y Gee Mahendra |work=The Times of India |date=14 January 2015 |access-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403050315/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Oscar-worthy-performance-by-Sivaji-Y-Gee-Mahendra/articleshow/45883224.cms |archive-date=3 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In a September 2015 interview with ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', comedian [[N. Santhanam]] stated that when he was in the fourth grade, he performed the role of Dharumi in a drama held at his school Marya Nivas Matriculation School, Chennai.<ref name="Teacher">{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150905/lifestyle-offbeat/article/ode-teachers | title=An ode to teachers | work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | date=5 September 2015 | access-date=14 October 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014012427/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150905/lifestyle-offbeat/article/ode-teachers | archive-date=14 October 2015}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
''Thiruvilaiyadal'' has been parodied and referenced in various media such as films, television and theatre. In ''[[Netrikkann]]'' (1981), when Chakravarthy ([[Rajinikanth]]) refuses to change his character as a womaniser and vehemently denies being one, his son, Santhosh (Rajinikanth), replies "Appa, Netrikkann thirandhaalum kutram kutramae." ({{langx|en|"Father, even if you open your third eye, a wrong deed is a wrong deed"}}).<ref>{{cite AV media | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7xJKXILCO8 | title=Netrikkan | publisher=Rajshri Media | date=9 December 2010 | people=[[S. P. Muthuraman]] | medium=Motion Picture | location=India}}</ref> Allusions to the song "Paattum Naane" were made in ''[[Poove Unakkaga (film)|Poove Unakkaga]]'' (1996), where Vellayangiri ([[Meesai Murugesan]]) sings it in an appalling manner causing people to run away,<ref>''Poove Unakkaga''. Super Good Films. Clip from 24.00 to 25.28</ref> and in ''[[Mahaprabhu (film)|Mahaprabhu]]'' (1996), where Dhamu ([[R. Sarathkumar]]) disturbs the public by singing it at night.<ref>''Mahaprabhu''. Sri Sai Theja films. Clip from 30.36 to 31.40</ref> A reference to the song "Ondranavan Uruvil" is seen in ''[[Kaathala Kaathala]]'' (1998) where Murugan (Kamal Haasan) asks his wife [[Devasena|Devayani]] ([[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]) to sing in praise of him using the numbers "One, Two, Three ..." to which Devayani replies that she is not Avvaiyar and cannot sing using numbers.<ref>''Kaathala Kaathala''. [[Raaj Kamal Films International]]. Clip from 1:22:52 to 1:23:12.</ref>

In ''[[Vanna Thamizh Pattu]]'' (2000), when Muthumanikkam ([[Radha Ravi]]) announces that Velu ([[Vadivelu]]) and Ponnusamy's ([[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]]) daughter would be married, Velu enthusiastically sings "Isai Thamizh" while Muthumanikkam blesses him and Ponnusamy's daughter.<ref>{{cite AV media | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXU4ROON-Zk | title=Vannatamizh Paatu | publisher=Rajshri Media | date=8 June 2012 | people=[[P. Vasu]] | medium=Motion Picture | location=India}} Clip from 2:03:14 to 2:03:24.</ref> In ''[[Middle Class Madhavan]]'' (2001), [[Radhika Chaudhari]]'s character imagines herself as Avvaiyar singing "Pazham Neeyappa" when she realises that she will meet with such a fate if she grows old and remains unmarried.<ref>''Middle Class Madhavan''. K. R. G. Movies International. Clip from 23:39 to 23:49.</ref> Velu (Vadivelu) listens to a tale similar to that of the fruit competition between Vinayaka and Muruga in ''[[Kamarasu]]'' (2002), with the fruit being a [[Guava]] instead of a [[Mango]]. This leads to Velu calling the tale "A ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' remake".<ref>''Kamarasu''. Saanthi Vanaraja Movies. Clip from 46:50 to 49:15.</ref> When [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]'s character Aruchamy wishes to join Manickam's ([[Sathyaraj]]) lorry company in ''[[Vanakkam Thalaiva]]'' (2005), Manickam conducts an interview in a question and answer style similar to that of the conversation between Shiva and Dharumi.<ref>{{cite AV media | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IK7R43oJNMI | title=Vanakkam Thalaiva Full Movie Part 05 | publisher=[[Raj Television Network|Raj Video Vision Tamil]] | date=10 August 2012 | people=[[Sakthi Paramesh]] | medium=Motion Picture | location=India}} Clip from 04:00 to 06:20.</ref> In ''[[Kanthaswamy]]'' (2009), a passerby becomes enthusiastic on seeing a Murugan Temple and starts picking up coconuts from Thengaikada Thenappa's (Vadivelu) shop. Thenappa demands money for breaking a coconut. The passerby berates him for mistreating a devotee and frightens him by singing part of "Pazham Neeyappa".<ref>''Kanthaswamy''. [[S. Thanu|Kalaipuli Films International]]. Clip from 26:07 to 26:45.</ref>

In ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]'' (2012), Meera ([[Hansika Motwani]]) sets out a lot of terms and conditions for Saravanan ([[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]) to win her love. Saravanan replies she will never find a boy who will accept them and that she will end up like Avvaiyar; he emulates the poet by singing "Pazham Neeyappa".<ref>''Oru Kal Oru Kannadi''. [[Red Giant Movies]]. Clip from 1:17:50 to 1:18:08.</ref> The character of Dharumi was parodied in ''Iruttula Thedatheenga'', a theatrical play performed in November 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/on-how-greed-corrupts/article5400995.ece | title=On how greed corrupts | work=The Hindu | date=28 November 2013 | access-date=11 October 2015 | last=Krishnamachari | first=Suganthy | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033709/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/on-how-greed-corrupts/article5400995.ece | archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> Baradwaj Rangan, in his review of the [[Chimbu Deven]]-directed film, ''[[Oru Kanniyum Moonu Kalavaanikalum]]'' (2014), compares how the gods summon a touchscreen on which the faces of various humans appear like [[Icon (computing)|icon]]s that are used on [[mobile app]]s, to the way Shiva plays his divine games by intervening in human affairs in ''Thiruvilaiyadal''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/oru-kanniyum-moonu-kalavaanikalum-time-passages/article5876513.ece | title=Oru Kanniyum Moonu Kalavaanikalum : Time passages | work=The Hindu | date=5 April 2014 | access-date=11 October 2015 | first=Baradwaj | last=Rangan | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011124047/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/oru-kanniyum-moonu-kalavaanikalum-time-passages/article5876513.ece | archive-date=11 October 2015}}</ref>

''Thiruvilaiyadal'' was parodied twice in the [[STAR Vijay]] comedy series ''[[Lollu Sabha]]'', once in an episode of the same name,<ref>{{cite episode | title=Thiruvilayaadal | series=[[Lollu Sabha]] | network=[[STAR Vijay]] |location=Chennai | airdate=5 May 2002 | season=1 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxwzS2Qjxs4}}</ref> and a contemporary version titled "Naveena Thiruvilayaadal".<ref>{{cite episode | title=Naveena Thiruvilayaadal | series=[[Lollu Sabha]] | network=STAR Vijay |location=Chennai | airdate=28 July 2002 | season=1 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmAuMlwPgrc}}</ref> In April 2008, [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] launched a television series titled ''Thiruvilaiyadal'', which covers all sixty-four stories in the ''Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam'', unlike the film which covered only four.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Radhikas-mega-serial-goes-on-air/articleshow/2988306.cms | title=Radhika's mega serial goes on air | work=The Times of India | date=28 April 2008 | access-date=8 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008160232/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Radhikas-mega-serial-goes-on-air/articleshow/2988306.cms | archive-date=8 October 2015}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|last=Dhananjayan|first=G.|title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931 to 2013|date=2014|publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e07vBwAAQBAJ|isbn=978-93-84301-05-7}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q7785557|id=tt0246986|title=Thiruvilaiyadal}}

{{A. P. Nagarajan}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil|state=collapsed}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thiruvilaiyadal}}
[[Category:Films in popular culture]]
[[Category:Cultural impact by work]]
[[Category:Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Film industry in India]]

National Institute of Labour Economics Research and Development

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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox institute
| name = National Institute of Labour Economics Research and Development (NILERD)
| image_name = NILERD logo.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| founder =
| established = 1962
| mission =
| focus =
| president = Suman Bery
| chairman = BVR Subrahmanyam
| head_label = Director
| head = Jayant Singh
| faculty =
| adjunct_faculty =
| staff =
| key_people =
| budget =
| endowment =
| debt =
| num_members =
| subsidiaries =
| owner = [[NITI Aayog]], [[Government of India]]
| non-profit_slogan =
| former_name = Institute of Applied Manpower Research (1962-2014)
| location =
| city = [[Delhi]]
| state =
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|28.843901942891023|N|77.105267|E|display=inline,title}}
| address = Sector A-7, [[Narela]] Institutional Area, [[Delhi]], Delhi-110040
| website = https://nilerd.ac.in
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''National Institute of Labour Economics Research and Development''' ('''NILERD''') is an Indian autonomous institute under [[NITI Aayog]] and the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Report No. 4 of 2018|url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2018/Chapter_15_NITI_Aayog_of_Report_No_4_of_2018___Compliance_Audit_Observations_Union_Government.pdf|accessdate=2024-02-27|year=2018|publisher=NITI Aayog|isbn=|pages=184–185}}</ref>

It was established in 1962 as the Institute of Applied Manpower Research (IAMR) under the Societies Registration Act of 1860, to serve as a center for ideas and policy research on human capital development.<ref>{{cite book|title=Fact Book on Manpower|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCHy6P8T4KYC|accessdate=2024-02-27|year=1963|publisher=Institute of Applied Manpower Research|isbn=|pages=}}</ref> Renamed in 2014, NILERD primarily receives funding from the NITI Aayog and the Government of India, supplemented by revenue from research projects and educational activities. It currently contributes to addressing national priorities and advancing research, education, and training in human resource planning and development.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

Situated in [[Narela]], [[Delhi]], NILERD's campus provides facilities for academic pursuits, including residential accommodations and modern infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nilerd.ac.in/UserView/index?mid=1321|title=About us|accessdate=2024-02-27|work=National Institute of Labour Economics Research and Development}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Labour in India]]
*[[Economy of India]]
*[[NITI Aayog]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.nilerd.ac.in}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1962 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1962]]
[[Category:Education in Delhi]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1962]]
[[Category:Research and development in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Delhi]]
[[Category:Think tanks based in India]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

List of ministers of energy of Andhra Pradesh

2025-06-08T08:06:38Z

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{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Minister of Energy
| body =
| native_name = {{transliteration|te|Vidyut Śākha Mantrī}}
| insignia =
| insigniasize = 200px
| insigniacaption =
| insigniaalt =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption = [[Emblem of Andhra Pradesh]]
| image = Gottipati Ravi Kumar.jpg
| imagesize = 150px
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = [[Gottipati Ravi Kumar]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 12 June 2024
| department = Department of Energy
| style =
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation =
| member_of = [[Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers|Andha Pradesh Cabinet]]
| reports_to = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]] [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
| appointer_qualified = on the advice of the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|chief minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| inaugural = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| formation = 8 June 2014
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{url|https://www.apindustries.gov.in/apindus/userinterface/singlewindowservicesapplication/public/Energy.aspx|Official website}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Minister of Energy''' is the head of the Department of Energy of the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].

The incumbent Minister of Energy is [[Gottipati Ravi Kumar]] from the [[Telugu Desam Party]].

== List of ministers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! rowspan=2 |#
! rowspan=2 colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan=2 style="width:16em" | Minister {{small|(Lifespan) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan=2 style="width:5em" |Election {{small|(Term)}}
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Ministry
! rowspan=2 style="width:10em" |Chief Minister
!rowspan=2 |Ref.
|-
!Term start
!Term end
!Duration
|-
!–
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[File: Chandrababu Naidu 2017.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]''' {{small|(born 1950) MLA for [[Kuppam Assembly constituency|Kuppam]]}} (Chief Minister)
|8 June 2014
|1 April 2017
|'''{{ayd|8 June 2014|1 April 2017}}'''
|rowspan=2 |[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] {{small|[[14th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(14th)]]}}
|rowspan=2 |[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| '''[[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu III]]'''
|rowspan=2 |[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-08 |title=19 ministers take oath along with Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/19-ministers-take-oath-along-with-chandrababu-naidu/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!1
|
|'''[[Kimidi Kalavenkata Rao]]''' {{small|(born 1952) MLA for [[Etcherla Assembly constituency|Etcherla]]}}
|2 April 2017
|29 May 2019
|'''{{ayd|2 April 2017|29 May 2019}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=G. v r Subba |date=2017-04-02 |title=Chandrababu Naidu's son Nara Lokesh takes oath as Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/chandrababu-naidus-son-nara-lokesh-takes-oath-as-minister/article17762250.ece |access-date=2022-10-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
!2
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Balineni Srinivasa Reddy]]''' {{small|(born 1964) MLA for [[Ongole Assembly constituency|Ongole]]}}
|30 May 2019
|7 April 2022
|'''{{ayd|30 May 2019|7 April 2022}}'''
|rowspan=2 |[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] {{small|[[15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(15th)]]}}
| rowspan="2" |[[YSR Congress Party]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="#94A2F7"| '''[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Jagan]]'''
| rowspan="2" |[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-30 |title=Jaganmohan Reddy sworn-in as Andhra Pradesh chief minister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jaganmohan-reddy-sworn-in-as-andhra-pradesh-chief-minister/articleshow/69574758.cms |access-date=2024-08-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!3
|
|'''[[Peddireddy Ramachandra Reddy]]''' {{small|(born 1952) MLA for [[Punganur Assembly constituency|Punganur]]}}
|11 April 2022
|11 June 2024
|'''{{ayd|11 April 2022|11 June 2024}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Indo-Asian News |date=2022-04-11 |title=25 members of Jagan Reddy's revamped Cabinet take oath |url=https://www.siasat.com/25-members-of-jagan-reddys-revamped-cabinet-take-oath-2306655/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!4
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[File: Gottipati Ravi Kumar.jpg |97x97px]]
|'''[[Gottipati Ravi Kumar]]''' {{small|(born 1969) MLA for [[Addanki Assembly constituency|Addanki]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|'''{{ayd|12 June 2024|}}'''
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] {{small|[[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(16th)]]}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| '''[[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu IV]]'''
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-14 |title=Full list of Andhra Pradesh Cabinet Ministers with portfolios: Who gets what |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/andhra-pradesh-council-of-ministers-full-list/article68288989.ece |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lists of government ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]