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Yuvrajsinh Dodiya

2023-07-12T13:33:07Z

Vansh Mehra: Developed original content.

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Yuvrajsinh Dodiya
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|10|03|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Junagadh]], [[Gujarat|Gujrat]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off-spin]]
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]

| club1 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| year1 = 2022{{endash}}
| date = 7 July 2023
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/yuvrajsinh-dodiya-1349355 Cricinfo
}}
'''Yuvrajsinh Dodiya''' (born 13 October 2000) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays for [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] in domestic cricket.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Delhi suffer innings defeat vs Saurashtra |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/delhi-suffer-innings-defeat-vs-saurashtra/articleshow/96781761.cms?from=mdr |access-date=7 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuvrajsinh Dodiya Profile - Cricket Player India {{!}} Stats, Records, Video |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/yuvrajsinh-dodiya-1349355 |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuvrajsinh Dodiya Profile – Age, Career Info, ICC Ranking & Stats |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/player-profile/yuvrajsinh-dodiya/122333 |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> He made his [[First-class cricket|first-class]] debut against [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] in the [[2022-23 Ranji Trophy]] on December 27, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saurashtra vs Mumbai Scorecard 2022/23 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2022-23-1332913/mumbai-vs-saurashtra-elite-group-b-1333238/full-scorecard |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> In July 2023, he was named in [[India A]] squad for [[2023 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India A squad for ACC Men’s Emerging Teams Asia Cup 2023 announced |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556012/india-a-squad-for-acc-men-s-emerging-teams-asia-cup-2023-announced |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=www.bcci.tv |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhull named India A captain for Emerging Asia Cup, Delhi pacer Rana gets look-in |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/dhull-named-india-a-captain-for-emerging-asia-cup-delhi-pacer-rana-gets-lookin-101688492294349.html |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1349355}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jose, Nikin}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Saurashtra cricketers]]

{{India-cricket-bio-2000s-stub}}

Karmo Kaur

2023-04-19T05:25:10Z

Vansh Mehra:

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sardarni Karam Kaur
| title = Sardarni of Nakai Misl <br>
Regent of Nakai Misl
| image =
| pre-type2 = Monarch
| predecessor2 = Bhagwan Singh <br> Gyan Singh
| reign2 = {{circa}} 1784 – 1797
| succession = [[Regent]] of the [[Nakai Misl]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1806
| death_place = [[Baherwal Kalan]], [[Nakai Misl]], [[Sikh Empire]] (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
| consort = yes
| spouse = [[Ran Singh Nakai]]
| issue = Bhagwan Singh <br> Gyan Singh <br> Khazan Singh <br> [[Datar Kaur]]
| house = Nakai (by marriage)
| father =
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
}}

'''Sardarni Karam Kaur''' popularly known as Karmo Kaur was the wife of [[Ran Singh Nakai]],the third ruler of the [[Nakai Misl]]. She served as the regent of the Nakai Misl during the reign of her sons, Bhagwan Singh and Gyan Singh. Being the mother of [[Maharani Datar Kaur]], she was the mother-in-law of [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], the founder of the [[Sikh Empire]]. She was the grandmother of [[Maharaja Kharak Singh]], the second king of the Sikh Empire and [[Kahan Singh Nakai|Sardar Kahan Singh Nakai]], the last chief of the Nakai Misl.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sandhu|first=Jaspreet Kaur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSVuAAAAMAAJ&q=sardarni+karmo+kaur|title=Sikh Ethos: Eighteenth Century Perspective|date=2000|publisher=Vision & Venture|isbn=978-81-86769-12-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CA9DAAAAYAAJ&q=sardarni+karmo+kaur|title=The Panjab Past and Present|date=1989|publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Siṅgha|first=Bhagata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ&q=sardarni+karmo+kaur|title=A History of the Sikh Misals|date=1993|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Bibi Karmo Kaur was married to Ran Singh Sandhu, son of Natha Singh Sandhu, around 1767 when he only 17 years old. During this time [[Heera Singh Sandhu|Sardar Heera Singh Sandhu]] was chief of the Nakai Misl. Soon after his death in 1767 and her father-in-law's dead in 1768, Nahar Singh Sandhu, elder brother of Ran Singh, succeeded Sardar Heera Singh as the Nakai chief. Heera Singh's son Dal Singh was still a suckling infant hence it was decided to pass the [[sardar]]i to Natha Singh's son.<ref>Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Patiala, India: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 162.</ref> Nahar Singh's reign didn't last very long, he died just nine months after his succession, in a fight at [[Kot kamalia]] in 1769. After his death Ran Singh, became the next Sardar of the Misl.<ref>Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Patiala, India: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 162.</ref> Upon her husband's accession, she became the sardarni of the Nakai Misl.

Ran Singh was a very ambitious man - his ambitious were matched by his courageous spirit. Under his leadership the Nakais rose to a very strong and important position in Punjab and acquired much territory under his rule. Ran Singh harbored ambitious to conquer Multan, but he was preoccupied by Wazir Singh's and [[kharal]] tribe's armed operations against him.<ref>singha, bhagata (1993). a history of the sikh misals. patiala, india: publication bureau, punjabi university. p. 163.</ref> Ran Singh died in battle against the Kharals in 1784.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh Khazan|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46356|title=History And Philosophy Of The Sikh Religion|date=1914}}</ref> At the time of his death the Misl controlled [[Baharwal]], [[Bucheki]], [[Changa Manga]], Chhichha, [[Chunian]], [[Chunian]], Dhaulri, [[Dipalpur]], Faridabad, Fatahpur, Gugaira, Harappa, Jambar, [[Jethpur]], Kanganpur, Khudian, [[Pakpattan]], [[Raiwind]], [[Chichawatni]], [[Fatehabad, Punjab|Fatehabad, Killianwala]], Kot Kamalia, [[Sahiwal]], [[Syedwala]], [[Sharakpur]], [[Shergarh, Punjab|Shergarh]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dusenbery|first=Verne A.|date=2020-10-01|title=From 'overseas Sikhs' to 'the Sikh diaspora' to 'global Sikhs': Retrospect and prospects in the study of Sikhs beyond the subcontinent|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17448727.2020.1846373|journal=Sikh Formations|volume=16|issue=4|pages=441–447|doi=10.1080/17448727.2020.1846373|s2cid=228096974|issn=1744-8727}}</ref>

During the course of their marriage Sardar Ran Singh and Sardarni Karmo Kaur became parents to four children, 3 sons and a daughter.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gill|first=Avtar Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fn1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Wahi+,+the+special+maid+-+servant+of+the+deceased+Mai+Nakayan+(+Rani+Raj+Kaur+,+mother+of+the+Maharaja+)+started+weeping+very+bitterly+and+crying+a+great+deal+plaintively+and+carried+on+the+mourning+by+striking+her+head+against+the+wall|title=Blood Bath After Ranjit Singh|date=2006|publisher=Jaswant Printers|language=en}}</ref>

* Sardar Bhagwan Singh Nakai (1770-1789), fourth chief of the Nakai Misl, succeeded his father
* Sardar Gyan Singh Nakai (1772-1807), succeeded his brother as the fifth chief of the Nakai Misl
* Sahib Khazan Singh Nakai (1778-1835), was granted a jagir at Nankot by his brother-in-law, [[Maharaja Ranjeet Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]
* [[Datar Kaur|Bibi Raj Kaur Nakai]] (1784-1838), was the [[queen consort]] of the [[Sikh Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Patwant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg4CBAAAQBAJ|title=Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh|last2=Rai|first2=Jyoti M.|date=2008-11-01|publisher=Peter Owen Publishers|isbn=978-0-7206-1371-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sood|first=D. R|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/499465766|title=Ranjit Singh.|date=1981|publisher=National Book Trust|location=New Delhi|language=English|oclc=499465766}}</ref>

== Regent ==
After the death of her husband, the Misl became week due to Wazir Singh's raging constant wars against Bhagwan Singh Nakai who had succeeded his father. Realizing he will soon lose all his territory he sought his mothers help. Sardarni Karmo Kaur took hold of the situation and arranged for a meeting with Wazir Singh. Accompanied by her three sons — Bhagwan Singh, Gian Singh and Khazan Singh, went Syedwala and got her villages released, in order to do that she had to accept allegiance to Wazir Singh.<ref>Shah, Bute. Tawarikh-i-Punjab, IV, MS., Ganda Singh collection. Patiala. p. 63.</ref> Discerned that Wazir Singh was still a danger, she sent [[Maha Singh|Sardar Maha Singh]], chief of the powerful [[Sukerchakia Misl]] a proposal to get her infant daughter, Raj Kaur betrothed to his four-year-old son, Ranjit Singh. This was the first alliance between Nakais and Sukherchakias, and it provided Sardarni Karmo and Sardar Bhagwan Singh with a ally that would help them counter Wazir Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sheikh|first=Majid|date=2021-04-25|title=Three Maharanis of the great Sikh Maharajahs|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1620259|access-date=2021-10-21|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> Wazir Singh tried to break off this match, but was unable to do so. In an attempt to mislead her, Wazir Singh claimed that the Nakai Sandhu Jatts are superior to the Sukerchakias, but Sardarni Karmo Kaur refused to break off the match and stated as Sikhs we are all equal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Griffin|first=Lepel Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0ABAAAAQAAJ&q=nakka+misl&pg=PA118|title=The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Territories Under the Panjab Government|date=1865|publisher=T.C. McCarthy|language=en}}</ref><ref>Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 164.</ref> Eventually Wazir Singh also befriended Maha Singh, the latter tried to reconcile the differences between Bhagwan Singh and Wazir Singh, but in vain. Later in 1785, Maha Singh was facing attacks from Sardar [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya]] of the [[Kanhaiya Misl]] and called on Bhagwan Singh and Wazir Singh to aid him. After their victory against the [[Kanhaiya Misl|Kanhaiyas]], Maha Singh began to favor Wazir Singh, which made Bhagwan Singh fell left out.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Griffin|first=Lepel Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0ABAAAAQAAJ&q=nakka+misl&pg=PA118|title=The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Territories Under the Panjab Government|date=1865|publisher=T.C. McCarthy|language=en}}</ref> Despite Maha Singh's efforts to bring peace, Bhagwan Singh and Wazir Singh continued to engage in constant warfare and in 1789 Bhagwan Singh was killed by Wazir Singh.<ref>Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 164.</ref> Dal Singh, son of Heera Singh Sandhu avenged the death of Bhagwan Singh by killing Wazir Singh but was killed by a servant of Wazir Singh.<ref>Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 164.</ref>

Her second son, Gyan Singh succeeded the elder son, Bhagwan Singh.<ref>Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 164.</ref> She continued to guide Gyan Singh in the affairs of the state, and with the family's old enemy Wazir Singh being killed by Dal Singh, son of [[Heera Singh Sandhu]], Gyan Singh had a relatively peaceful reign.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Griffin|first=Lepel Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0ABAAAAQAAJ&q=nakka+misl&pg=PA118|title=The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Territories Under the Panjab Government|date=1865|publisher=T.C. McCarthy|language=en}}</ref>

In 1797, Nakais assisted the then Sardar Ranjit Singh of the Sukerchakia Misl to expel the attempts of Shah Zaman to annex Punjab region into his control through his general Shahanchi Khan and 12,000 soldiers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C&q=maha+singh&pg=PA3|title=Ranjit Singh|date=2009-03-24|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306543-2|language=en}}</ref> In 1797, Ranjit Singh sought for Raj Kaur Nakain's hand in marriage as they have been betrothed for sometime now. Gyan Singh was reported not pleased as in 1796, [[Raj Kaur]] (Mai Malwain), the mother of Ranjit Singh had gotten him married to [[Mehtab Kaur]], daughter of [[Sada Kaur]] and [[Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya|Gurbaksh Singh]] of the [[Kanhaiya Misl]]. Upon his mother's advice Gyan Singh agreed and Raj Kaur was married to Ranjit Singh who then renamed her 'Datar Kaur' as many ladies in the Sukerchakia Misl bore the name "Raj Kaur", like Ranjit Singh mother and his aunt (daughter of [[Charat Singh|Sardar Charat Singh]])<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lafont|first=Jean Marie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C&q=desan+kaur&pg=PA14|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh|date=2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|language=en}}</ref> Datar Kaur was affectionately called Mai Nakain by Ranjit Singh, though Ranjit Singh married several times for political reasons, Datar Kaur remained his favorite and most respected wife.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C&q=maha+singh&pg=PA3|title=Ranjit Singh|date=2009-03-24|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306543-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Vaḥīduddīn, Faqīr Sayyid|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/52691326|title=The real Ranjit Singh|date=2001|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|isbn=81-7380-778-7|oclc=52691326}}</ref> Later that same year when Shah Zaman invaded Punjab again, the sardars united under Ranjit Singh and let his army enter [[Lahore]] only blocked off all food and supplies which lead to his army retreating. While they were busy fighting in Lahore, Muzaffar Khan, Shah's relative and governor of [[Multan]] province, took advantage of the situation and took [[Syedwala]]. In 1799, Nakais helped Ranjit Singh and Sada Kaur liberate Lahore from the [[Bhangi Misl|Bhangi Sardars]]. On April 2, 1801, Ranjit Singh founded the [[Sikh Empire|Sarkar e Khalsa]] and proclaimed himself the "Maharaja of Punjab". Earlier that year in February, Datar Kaur had given birth to Ranjit Singh's first son and [[heir apparent]], Kharak Singh and four years later she gave birth to another son, [[Rattan Singh]]. Datar Kaur took an active interest in the affairs of the State, and being the mother of Ranjit Singh's eldest sons- who became first and second in the line of succession to [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh's throne|The throne of Punjab]], she became his [[Queen consort|chief consort]]. In 1818, she given command during the [[Siege of Multan (1818)|Battle of Multan]] along with her son, Kharak Singh the then [[Crown prince|Sri Tikka Kanwar (Crown Prince)]] and together they conquered Multan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Atwal|first=Priya|date=2020-11-01|title=Royals and Rebels|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197548318.001.0001|doi=10.1093/oso/9780197548318.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-754831-8}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1806 deaths]]

1975 Indian Rajya Sabha elections

2022-08-16T07:32:26Z

Vansh Mehra: Published a valuable resource.

#REDIRECT [[1975 Rajya Sabha elections]]

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History of Balochistan

2022-07-13T18:16:25Z

Vansh Mehra: Wrote an informative guide.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{History of Balochistan}}
{{History of Pakistan}}
{{History of Afghanistan}}
{{History of Iran}}
The '''history of Balochistan''' began in 650 BCE with vague allusions to the region in Greek historical records. [[Balochistan]] is divided between the [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Pakistani province of Balochistan]], the [[Sistan and Baluchestan Province|Iranian province of Sistan and Baluchestan]] and the [[Balochistan, Afghanistan|Afghan region of Balochistan]]. Prehistoric Balochistan dates to the [[Paleolithic]].

==Ancient history==

The earliest evidence of human occupation in what is now Balochistan is dated to the [[Paleolithic]] era, represented by hunting camps, as well as chipped and flaked stone tools. The earliest settled villages in the region date to the ceramic Neolithic (c. 7000–5500 BCE),<ref>{{cite book|title=The Archaeology of Measurement: Comprehending Heaven, Earth and Time in Ancient Societies|author1=Iain Morley|author2=Colin Renfrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TzrNgAsJY1MC&q=mehgrah+BCE&pg=PA107|page=107|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780521119900}}</ref> and included the [[Neolithic]] site of [[Mehrgarh]] located in the [[Bolan District|Kachi Plain]]. These villages expanded in size during the subsequent Chalcolithic, when interaction increased. This involved the movement of finished goods and raw materials, including [[Turbinella|chank shell]], [[lapis lazuli]], [[turquoise]], and ceramics. By the Bronze Age in 2500 BCE, Balochistan had become part of the [[Indus Valley civilization|Harappan]] cultural orbit, providing key resources to the expansive settlements of the Indus river basin to the east. Pakistani Balochistan marked the westernmost extent of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Valley civilisation]].

The remnants of the earliest people in Balochistan were the [[Brahui people]], a [[Dravidian language|Dravidian speaking people]]. The Brahuis were originally [[Hindu]]s and [[Buddhist]]s, similar to the Indo-Aryan and Dravidian speaking peoples in the rest of the subcontinent. The Brahuis retained the Dravidian language throughout the millennias.<ref name="Andrew Dalby - Hindu origin of Brahui people">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CnckpL8auSIC&q=brahui+hindu&pg=PA96| title = Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages|publisher = Columbia University Press|access-date = 2010-09-09|isbn = 9780231115698|date = 2004-03-01}}</ref>

In 650 BC, the Greek historian [[Herodotus]] described the Paraitakenoi as a tribe ruled by [[Deiokes]], a Persian zaid, in north-western Persia (History I.101). The Achaemenids established the Satrapies of [[Gedrosia]] and [[Arachosia]] in Balochistan after its conquest in 6th century BCE. [[Arrian]] described how [[Alexander the Great]] encountered the Pareitakai in [[Bactria]] and [[Sogdiana]], and had [[Craterus]] conquer them (Anabasis Alexandrou IV). The [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] in the 1st century described the territory of the Paradon beyond the Ommanitic region on the coast of modern Baluchistan.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tandon|first=Pankaj|url=http://people.bu.edu/ptandon/Paratarajas.pdf|title= New light on the Paratarajas|pages=29–30}}</ref>

[[File:Soulier,_E.;_Andriveau-Goujon,_J._Anciens_Empires_Jusqua_Alexandre._1838_(A).jpg|thumb|Ancient empires at the time of [[Alexander the Great]]]]

After the victory of the [[Mauryan Empire]] against the Greeks in the [[Seleucid–Mauryan war]], much of Baluchistan came under the rule of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] of ancient India. Chandragupta and Seleucus made a peace settlement in 303 BCE. Selecucus Nucator ceded the satrapies, including those in Baluchistan to the expanding Mauryan Empire.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=34}} The alliance was solidified with a marriage between Chandragupta Maurya and a princess of the Seleucid Empire. The outcome of the arrangement proved to be mutually beneficial.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=33–34}} The border between the Seleucid and Mauryan Empires remained stable in subsequent generations, and friendly diplomatic relations are reflected by the ambassador [[Megasthenes]], and by the envoys sent westward by Chandragupta's grandson [[Ashoka]].{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=33–34}}

From the 1st century to the 3rd century CE, the region of modern Pakistani Balochistan was ruled by the [[Pāratarājas]], the "Pātatahaa Kings", a dynasty of [[Indo-Scythian]] or [[Indo-Parthian]] kings.{{citation needed}} The Parata kings are essentially known through their coins, which typically exhibit the bust of the ruler with long hair in a headband on the obverse and a [[swastika]] within a circular legend on the reverse, written in [[Brahmi]], usually silver coins, or [[Kharoshthi]] copper coins.{{citation needed}} These coins are mainly found in [[Loralai]] in today's western Pakistan.{{citation needed}} In 635 or 636 CE, the Hindu [[Brahman dynasty]] of Sindh controlled parts of Balochistan, under [[Chach of Aror]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=1-57958-468-3|editor-last=Skutsch|editor-first=Carl|location=New York|pages=178}}</ref>

The invasions of [[Genghis Khan]] into [[Bampoor]] caused the bulk of Baloch migrations and the Balochs were given refuge in the greater Sindh region.{{citation needed}} Later infighting between Balochs resulted in clans led by sardars, which claimed regions within Sindh. In an effort to gain total control of the regions, the British named the area Balochistan and got the support of the Baloch Sardars who then were titled [[Nawab]]s. These Nawabs were to keep minor Baloch, Pathan and other factions in check. For the last 150 years the region has seen continual fighting to gain access to natural resources in an otherwise barren land.{{citation needed}} Iranian Balochistan had some of the earliest human civilizations in history. The [[Burnt city]] near Dozaap ([[Zahidan]]) dates to 2000 BCE. All of what is now Baluchistan was incorporated in the [[Achaemenid]], [[Seleucid]], [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]], and [[Sassanid]] Iranian Empires. There were five major kings in the 2nd century; Yolamira, son of Bagavera, Arjuna, son of Yolamira, Hvaramira, another son of Yolamira, Mirahvara, son of Hvaramira, and Miratakhma, another son of Hvaramira.<ref>Pankaj Tandon. [http://people.bu.edu/ptandon/Paratarajas.pdf New Light on the Pāratarājas] p 19.</ref>

==Medieval history==

===Arab Caliphates===
Arab forces invaded [[Balochistan (region)|Balochistan]] in the 7th century, converting the [[Baloch people]] to Islam.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dashti|first=Naseer|title=The Baloch and Balochistan: A Historical Account from the Beginning to the Fall of the Baloch State|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2012|pages=63–67}}</ref> Arab rule in [[Balochistan (region)|Baluchistan]] helped the Baloch people to develop their own semi-independent tribal systems, which stronger forces frequently threatened.

In the 14th year of the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]], 636-6CE, Rai Chach marched from Sindh and conquered Makran. However, in 643 the Arabs reached Makran.<ref name="IGI275">{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V06_281.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 6, page 275 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> In early 644 CE, [[Caliph]] [[Umar]] sent Suhail ibn Adi from [[Bosra]] to conquer the Karman region of Iran. He was made governor of Karman. From Karman he entered western Baluchistan and conquered the region near [[Persia]]n frontiers.<ref>Ibn Aseer vol: 3 page no: 17</ref> Southwestern Balochistan was conquered during the campaign in Sistan that same year.

During Caliph [[Uthman]]'s reign in 652, Balochistan was reconquered during the campaign against the revolt in Karman under the command of Majasha ibn Masood. It was first time western Baluchistan came directly under the laws of the [[Caliphate]] and paid grain tributes.<ref>Fatu al Buldan page no:384</ref> Western Baluchistan was included in the dominion of Karman. In 654, Abdulrehman ibn Samrah was made governor of Sistan. He led an Islamic army to crush the revolt in Zarang, now in southern Afghanistan. Conquering Zarang, a column moved northward to conquer areas up to [[Kabul]] and [[Ghazni]] in the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains while another column moved towards [[Quetta District|northwestern Baluchistan]] and conquered the area up to the ancient cities of Dawar and Qandabil ([[Bolan District|Bolan]]).<ref>Tabqat ibn Saad vol: 8 pg: 471</ref> By 654 the whole of what is now Pakistan's Baluchistan province was under the rule of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] except for the well-defended mountain town of [[Kingdom of Kaikan|QaiQan]], which was conquered during Caliph Ali's reign.<ref>Fatuh al buldan pg:386</ref> Abdulrehman ibn Samrah made Zaranj his provincial capital and remained governor of these conquered areas from 654 to 656, until Uthman was murdered.{{citation needed}}

During the reign of [[Caliph Ali]], the areas of Balochistan, Makran again broke into revolt.{{citation needed}} Due to civil war in the Islamic empire Ali was unable to take notice of these areas, at last in the year 660 he sent a large force under the command of Haris ibn Marah Abdi towards Makran, Baluchistan and [[Sindh]]. Haris ibn Marah Abdi arrived in Makran and conquered it by force then moved north ward to northeastern Balochistan and re-conquered ''Qandabil'' (Bolan), then again moving south finally conquered Kalat after a fierce battle.<ref>Rashidun Caliphate and Hind, by Qazi Azher mubarek Puri, published by Takhliqat, Lahore Pakistan</ref> In 663 CE, during the reign of [[Umayyad]] Caliph [[Muawiyah I]], Muslims lost control of northeastern Balochistan and Kalat when Haris ibn Marah and large part of his army died on the battle field suppressing a revolt in Kalat.<ref>Tarikh al Khulfa vol:1 pg :214-215,229</ref> Muslim forces latter re-gained the control of the area during Umayyads' reign. It also remained part of [[Abbasid]] Caliphate's empire.{{citation needed}}

Arab rule in Balochistan lasted until the end of the 10th century. The parts of Balochistan best known to them were Turan (the Jhalawan country) with its capital at Khuzdar, and Nudha or Budha (Kachhi). Around 976, Ibn Haukal found an Arab governor residing in Kaikanan (probably the modern Nal) and governing Khuzdar during his second visit to India.<ref name="IGI275"/>

===Ghaznavid Empire===
Shortly afterwards, western Balochistan fell to Nasir-ud-din Sabuktagin. His son, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], conquered the whole of Balochistan. After the [[Ghaznavids]], the area passed to the [[Ghurids]]. A little later, western Balochistan, Iranian Balochistan, became part of the dominion of Sultan Muhammad Khan of [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarazmian]] (Khiva) in 1219.<ref name="IGI275"/> However, in around 1223 a Mongol expedition under [[Chagatai Khan|Chagatai]], the son of [[Genghis Khan]], penetrated as far as Makran. A few years later, southeastern Baluchistan briefly came under the rule of Sultan [[Iltutmish]] of [[Delhi Sultanate]] but soon came back under Mongol rule. The raids organised by the Mongols have left a lasting mark on history of Baluchistan, from Makran to Gomal the Mongols and the atrocities they caused are still well known.<ref name="IGI275"/>

Afterwards part of the history of Balochistan centres around [[Kandahar]] and it was in this area in 1398 that [[Pir Muhammad (son of Jahangir)|Pir Muhammad]], the grandson of [[Timur]], fought the Afghans in the Sulaiman mountains. According to local tradition Timur himself passed through Marri country during one of his Indian expeditions.<ref name="IGI275"/>

===Arghun dynasty===
The Baloch extended their power to Kalat, Kachhi, and the Punjab, and the wars took place between [[Mir Chakar Khan Rind]] and [[Mir Gwahram Khan Lashari]] which are so celebrated in Baloch verse. In these wars a prominent part was played by Amir Zunnun Beg, Arghun, who was governor of [[Kandahar]] under Sultan Husain Mirza of Herat about 1470. At the same time the [[Brahuis]] had been gradually gaining strength, and their little principality at this time extended through the Jhalawan country to [[Wadh]].<ref name="IGI276">{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V06_282.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 6, page 276 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> The [[Arghun dynasty]] gave way to [[Babur]] shortly afterwards. From 1556 to 1595 the region was under the [[Safavid dynasty]]. The army of [[Akbar the Great]] then brought what is now Pakistani and Iranian Balochistan under control of the [[Mughal Empire]] until 1638, when it was again transferred to Persia.

According to the [[Ain-i-Akbari]], in 1590 the upper highlands were included in the sardar of Kandahar while Kachhi was part of the Bhakkar sardar of the Multan Subah. Makran alone remained independent under the Maliks, Buledais, and Gichkis, until Nasir Khan I of Kalat brought it within his power during the 17th century.<ref name="IGI276"/>
[[File:Map of Persia, Turkey in Asia, Afghanistan, Beloochistan; Palestine, or the Holy Land (inset) (NYPL b13663520-1510835).jpg|thumb|1863 map before the British occupation; Beloochistan in orange]]
From the middle of the 17th century large parts of Baluchistan remained under the [[Safavids]] until the rise of the [[Ghilzai]] in 1708. [[Nadir Shah]] defeated Ghilzai and in the first part of the 18th century, he made several expeditions to, or through, Baluchistan. [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] followed. The northeastern part of the country, including almost all of the areas now under direct administration, remained under the more or less nominal suzerainty of the Sadozais and Barakzais until 1879, when Pishin, Duki, and Sibi passed into British hands by the Treaty of Gandamak. The whole of Western Baluchistan had been consolidated into an organized state under the [[Brahuis|Brahui]] Khans.{{citation needed}}

===Khanate of Kalat===
{{Main|Khan of Kalat|Balochistan, Pakistan}}
The Brahui Khans of Kalat, who lived in modern-day Pakistan Balochistan, were the rulers of Kalat. They were never fully independent, there was always a paramount power to whom they were subject. In the earliest times they were merely petty chiefs: later they bowed to the orders of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperors]] of [[Delhi]] and to the rulers of Kandahar, and supplied [[men-at-arms]] on demand. Most peremptory orders from the Afghan rulers to their vassals of Kalat are still extant, and the predominance of the [[Sadozai (Pastun tribe)|Sadozai]]s and [[Barakzai (tribes)|Barakzais]] was acknowledged so late as 1838. It was not until the time of [[Muhammad Nasir Khan I|Nasir Khan I]] that the titles of Beglar Begi (Chief of Chiefs) and Wali-i-Kalat (Governor of Kalat) were conferred on the Kalat ruler by the Afghan kings.<ref name="IGI277">{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V06_283.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 6, page 277 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

As Mughal power declined, the Brahui chiefs found themselves freed to some degree from external interference. The first challenge to the chiefs was insuring Balochistani social cohesion and cooperation within the loose tribal organization of the state. They parceled out a portion of the spoils of all conquests among the poverty-stricken highlanders. Everyone had a vested interest in the success of the Baloch community as a whole. A period of expansion then commenced. Mir Ahmad made successive descents into the plains of Sibi. Mir Samandar extended his raids to Zhob, Bori, and Thal-Chotiali. He levied an annual sum of Rs. 40,000 from the Kalhoras of Sindh.<ref name="IGI277"/>

Mir Abdullah, the greatest conqueror of the dynasty, turned his attention westward to Makran, while in the north-east he captured Pishin and Shorawak from the Ghilzai rulers of Kandahar. He was eventually slain in a fight with the Kalhoras at Jandrihar near Sanni in Kachhi.

During the reign of Mir Abdullah's successor, Mir Muhabbat, [[Nadir Shah]] rose to power and the Ahmadzai ruler obtained through him the cession of Kachhi in 1740 in compensation for the blood of Mir Abdullah and the men who had fallen with him. The Brahuis had now gained what highlanders always coveted, good cultivable lands. By the wisdom of Muhabbat Khan and of his brother Nasir Khan, certain tracts were distributed among the tribesmen on the condition of finding so many men-at-arms for the Khan's body of irregular troops. At the same time much of the revenue-paying land was retained by the Khan for himself.<ref name="IGI278">{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V06_284.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 6, page 278 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

The forty-four years of the rule of Nasir Khan I, known to the Baloch as 'The Great,' and the hero of their history, were years of strenuous administration and organization interspersed with military expeditions. He accompanied Ahmad Shah in his expeditions to Persia and India. A wise and able administrator, Nasir Khan was distinguished for his prudence, activity, and enterprise. He was essentially a warrior and a conqueror, and his spare time was spent in hunting. At the same time he was most attentive to religion, and enjoined on his people strict attention to the precepts of Islamic law. His reign was free from those internecine conflicts, subsequently common in Kalat's history. He invaded Makran, a Gitchki territory, as well as Kharan and Las Bela to merge them into his Khanate.<ref name="IGI278"/><ref>{{harvnb|Axmann, Back to the Future|2008}}: "He conquered and incorporated Makran, Las Bela, and Kharan into the khanate"</ref>{{sfn|Nicolini, Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar|2004|p=16}}

The reign of Nasir Khan's successor, Mir Mahmud Khan, was distinguished by little except revolts. In 1810 [[Henry Pottinger]] visited his capital and left a full record of his experience.<ref>Pottinger, Henry (1816) ''Travels in Belochistan and Sinde'' Longman, London; reprinted in 2002 by Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-579635-7}}</ref> The reign of [[Mir Mehrab Khan]] was one long struggle with his chiefs, many of whom he murdered. He became dependent on men of the stamp of Mulla Muhammad Hasan and Saiyid Muhammad Sharif, by whose treachery, at the beginning of the first Afghan War, Sir [[William Macnaghten]] and Sir [[Alexander Burnes]] were deceived into thinking that Mehrab Khan was a traitor to the British; that he had induced the tribes to oppose the advance of the British army through the Bolan Pass; and that finally, when Sir Alexander Burnes was returning from a mission to Kalat, he had caused a robbery to be committed on the party, in the course of which an agreement, which had been executed between the envoy and the Khan, was carried off. This view determined the diversion of Sir Thomas Willshire's brigade from Quetta to attack Kalat in 1839, an act which has been described by Malleson as 'more than a grave error, a crime.'<ref>Malleson, History of Afghanistan (1878)</ref> The place was taken by assault and Mehrab Khan was slain.<ref name="IGI278"/>

==Modern history==

===British Indian Empire===
[[File:Baluchistan Agency 1931 Map.png|thumb|right|300px|The Baluchistan Agency of the British Indian Empire, showing the [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Chief Commissioner's Province of Baluchistan]] (the "British Baluchistan") and the princely states: [[Kalat (princely state)|Kalat]], the subsidiary states of [[Kharan (princely state)|Kharan]] and [[Las Bela (princely state)|Las Bela]], and the District of [[Makran (princely state)|Makran]].]]
{{Main|Baluchistan Agency}}
[[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[Iran]] divided [[Balochistan (region)|Baluchistan]] into many parts, with the British creating the [[Baluchistan Agency]] in 1877. In the 19th century, nationalists in western Baluchistan revolted against the Persian occupation. At the end of the 19th century, when [[Sardar Hussein Narui Baloch]] started an uprising against [[Persia]] which was crushed by joint Anglo-Persian mission forces. The struggle between the [[Qajar dynasty|Persian Qajar dynasty]], and the British in eastern [[Balochistan (region)|Baluchistan]], gave western [[Baluchis]] a chance to gain control of their territory in [[Western Baluchistan]]. At the beginning of the 20th century, Bahram Khan succeeded in gaining control of Baluch- lands. In 1916, the [[British Indian Empire]] recognized him as in effective control of western Baluchistan. [[Mir Dost Muhammad Khan Baluch]], Bahram Khan's nephew, succeeded to the throne, and in 1920, he proclaimed himself ''[[Shah]]-e-Baluchistan'' ([[Persian language|Persian]] for King of Baluchistan) but in 1928, [[Reza Shah]] came into power and [[Persian Empire|Persian]] forces started operations against [[Baloch people|Baluchi]] forces with the help of British. The [[Baluch people|Baluch]] were defeated and Mir Dost Muhammad Khan Baluch captured. In the same year, Mir Dost Muhammad Khan Baluch was executed in a [[Tehran]] prison. Baluchis were not content with the British, and raised their voices against the occupation of [[Western Baluchistan]] by [[Persia]] at [[Baluch Conference of Jacobabad]].{{citation needed}}

The British Indian Empire gradually became involved in Balochistan during the reign of Mir Mehrab Khan whose reign was characterised by the power struggle he had with the chief, many of whom he had murdered. Mehrab Khan had become dependent on Mulla Muhammad Hasan and Saiyid Muhammad Sharif. And it was these men who had convinced the British that he had encouraged the tribes to oppose the British advance through the Bolan pass. The British justified their 1839 attack of Kalat on this, and had had Mehrab Khan killed, his successor — [[Mir Shah Nawaz Khan]] was then appointed with Lieutenant Loveday as political officer. However a rebellion of the Sarawan tribes the following year force Shah Nawaz to abdicate, his successor Mir Muhammad Hasan then took power and afterwards being known as [[Mir Nasir Khan II]].{{citation needed}}

Under pressure from Colonel Stacey, Mir Nasir Khan II submitted to the British Indian Empire, and [[James Outram, 1st Baronet|Major Outram]] had him installed at Kalat in 1840.<ref name="IGI279">{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V06_285.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 6, page 279 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

Colonel Sir [[Robert Groves Sandeman]] introduced an innovative system of tribal pacification in Balochistan that was in effect from 1877 to 1947. However the Government of British India generally opposed his methods and refused to allow it to operate in the [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North West Frontier]]. Historians have long debated its scope and effectiveness in the peaceful spread of Imperial influence.<ref>Christian Tripodi, "'Good for one but not the other': The 'Sandeman System' of Pacification as Applied to Baluchistan and the North-West Frontier, 1877-1947." ''Journal of Military History'' 73#3 (2009): 767-802. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jmh/summary/v073/73.3.tripodi.html online]</ref>

Mir Khudadad Khan was tended to as a non-Indian prince against his will at the 1877 Durbar. But at the end of the durbar the Khan was given the honour accorded to Indian princes.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=160}} This demonstrated that while the state had been treated as a non-Indian state in the beginning of the durbar, the British Government accepted it as an Indian state at the end of the assembly.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=160-161}} After this and particularly after the 1877 establishment of the Baluchistan Agency, Kalat was regarded an Indian state.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=161}}

The British were the dominant power in Kalat, since Khudadad Khan was compelled to abdicate, and the khan's authority was restricted.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=156}} The political agent in Kalat gave allowances to Sarawan and Jhalawan's tribal chiefs{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=156-157}} and Karan and Las Bela had become effectively independent of Kalat. Moreover, Kalat's Prime Minister was an Indian Government deputy who did not answer to the khan.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=157}}

In 1933 Ahmad Yar Khan became the Kalat's ruler with an insecure place in the Baluch-Brahui confederacy.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=156}} To obtain complete control of Kalat, he requested the Government of India to restore his authority. While acknowledging the benefits of the British he claimed it was now time for him to take power. The Indian Government agreed but wanted to maintain power over the disbursements to the chiefs, in addition, to sanction over their authorisation and dismissal.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=157}} This did not allow Ahmad Yar Khan any real authority over the chiefs.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=157-158}}

The Khan demanded that his sovereignty be accepted over Kharan and Las Bela, his authority be completely reinvigorated in Kalat and the return of the districts of Nasirabad, Nushki and Quetta. The Indian Government knew to preserve Khan's loyalty some powers had to be given to him. While the government allowed him to control the disbursements to the chiefs,{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=158}} the Khan could not make significant decisions about them unless the AGG agreed. Despite the disadvantages, the Khan obtained a nominal victory by retaking authority in the state.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=159}}

After this, the Khan claimed that Kalat was a non-Indian state and requested the Government of India to accept his rule over Las Bela, Kharan and the Bugti and Marri tribal regions. The Government of India concluded after a careful investigation that Kalat had always been an Indian state.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=159}} Since the Government policy was to not allow the breakup of the confederacy it accepted that Las Bela and Kharan were under the formal suzerainty of Kalat;{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=159}} simultaneously recognizing Kharan's status as a separate state.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=193}} The extent of this "suzerainty" was never explained although the Khan saw it as a triumph.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=164}}

===Pakistan Movement===
Scholar Ian Talbot states that the British Baluchistan was socially and economically underdeveloped compared to other parts of British India with an extremely low literacy rate and a mainly rural population. The province was also politically backward. During British rule Baluchistan Agency which excluded Princely States was under the rule of a Chief Commissioner and did not have the same status as other provinces of British India. Yet it was an important province for the All-India Muslim League which, under [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], proposed in 1928 that democratic reforms be introduced to Baluchistan.{{sfn|Talbot, Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement|1988|pp=117}}

The people of province began to organise politically in the 1930s. In 1932, Yusuf Ali Khan Magsi held the First All-India Baloch Conference in [[Jacobabad]]. His party, the ''Anjuman-i-Ittehad-i-Baluchen'', was succeeded by the Kalat State National Party, which in turn cooperated with the [[Indian National Congress]] branch in Baluchistan, known as the ''Anjuman-i-Watan''. In 1939 a local lawyer, Qazi Muhammad Isa, created the Balochistan Muslim League in Pishin at a mosque meeting.{{sfn|Talbot, Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement|1988|pp=117}} The Muslim League, however, would not accept this organisation without a proper constitution. After the [[Pakistan Resolution]], Qazi Isa gained membership of the All-India Muslim League Working Committee. In July 1940, with Liaquat Ali Khan as President, the Baluchistan Provincial Muslim League held its first session, where it highlighted its call for the introduction of political reforms to Baluchistan.{{sfn|Talbot, Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement|1988|pp=118}}

It was only a couple of years later that the mainly inactive Baluchistan Muslim League held its second session. In 1943, the League's activity saw a brief revival with the visit of Jinnah to the province. A crowd, estimated to number at 50,000, attended to give him a "royal" reception. Many Nawabs and tribal leaders attended his address to the Baluchistan League and he was eventually invited as a guest of the Khan of Kalat. As a result of Jinnah's visit, the Muslim Students Federation was formed. Later, the Baluchistan League returned to idleness and internal bickering.{{sfn|Talbot, Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement|1988|pp=118}}

However, after the [[Simla Conference]], the Muslim League intensified its activism.{{sfn|Talbot, Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement|1988|pp=119}} Provincial opinion was mainly in favour of the Pakistan Movement, especially in the townships.<ref name=Chawla/> Muslim League rallies in Baluchistan were attended by a "much larger" number of people than the Anjuman-i-Watan rallies. Jinnah, in his second visit to Baluchistan in late 1945, again reiterated his call that the province be granted political reforms. The Muslim League held several rallies and counteracted the Congress propaganda. On 29 January 1947, a call for a strike in response to the arrest of the Muslim League leaders received an "almost complete" response in Quetta.{{sfn|Talbot, Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement|1988|pp=119}}

In British-ruled Colonial India, Baluchistan contained a [[Balochistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Chief Commissioner's province]] and [[princely state]]s (including [[Kalat (princely state)|Kalat]], [[Makran (princely state)|Makran]], [[Las Bela (princely state)|Las Bela]] and [[Kharan (princely state)|Kharan]]) that became a part of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hasnat |first=Syed Farooq |year=2011 |title=Global Security Watch–Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiELa2EoA04C |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-313-34697-2}}</ref> The province's Shahi Jirga and the non-official members of the Quetta Municipality, according to the Pakistani narrative, agreed to join Pakistan unanimously on 29 June 1947;<ref name="CheemaRiemer1990">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CX6xCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60|title=Pakistan's Defence Policy 1947-58|author1=Pervaiz I Cheema|author2=Manuel Riemer|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-349-20942-2|pages=60–}}</ref> however, the Shahi Jirga was stripped of its members from the Kalat State prior to the vote.<ref name="rafisheikh"/> The then president of the Baluchistan Muslim League, Qazi Muhammad Isa, informed Muhammad Ali Jinnah that "Shahi Jirga in no way represents the popular wishes of the masses" and that members of the Kalat State were "excluded from voting; only representatives from the British part of the province voted and the British part included the leased areas of Quetta, Nasirabad Tehsil, Nushki and Bolan Agency."<ref name="rafisheikh"/> Following the referendum, the Khan of Kalat, on 22 June 1947, received a letter from members of the Shahi Jirga, as well as sardars from the leased areas of Baluchistan, stating that they, "as a part of the Baloch nation, were a part of the Kalat state too" and that if the question of Baluchistan's accession to Pakistan arise, "they should be deemed part of the Kalat state rather than (British) Balochistan".<ref name="rafisheikh"/> This has brought into question whether an actual vote took place in the town hall "and that the announcement in favour of accession was secured through sheer manipulation."<ref name="rafisheikh"/> Political scientist Salman Rafi Sheikh, in locating the origins of the [[insurgency in Balochistan]], says "that Balochistan's accession to Pakistan was, as against the officially projected narrative, not based upon consensus, nor was support for Pakistan overwhelming. What this manipulation indicates is that even before formally becoming a part of Pakistan, Balochistan had fallen a prey to political victimization."<ref name="rafisheikh">{{cite book |last1=Sheikh |first1=Salman Rafi |title=The Genesis of Baloch Nationalism: Politics and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1947–1977 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-351-02068-8}}</ref>

The Congress, knowing that union with India would be unrealistic due to demographic and geographic reasons, propagated the notion that Pakistan would be too economically weak.<ref name=Chawla>{{cite journal|last1=Chawla|first1=Iqbal|title=Prelude to the Accession of the Kalat State to Pakistan in 1948: An Appraisal|url=https://www.academia.edu/13372388|journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan|volume=49|pages=81–106}}</ref> Jinnah requested that the general population should be allowed to vote instead of the limited electorate of the Shahi Jirga. But the British refused the request.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Talbot |first=Ian |title=Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers. Pakistan in the Making, 3 June-30 June 1947. First Series. Vol. II by Z. H. Zaidi- Book Review |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=6 |issue=3 |doi=10.1017/S1356186300008038 |pages=443}}</ref>

Ahmed Yar Khan who was the ruler of Kalat both supported the establishment of Pakistan and wanted to become independent.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=164}} The first test of what the Khan asserted was Jinnah's support came about in the wake of his demand that the Government of India return the leased territories.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=165}} Neither Mountbatten nor Pakistan favoured this retrocession.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=165}}

According to the Indian Government, Kalat had been an Indian and not independent state. Thus, the 3 June plan required that it choose either accession to India or Pakistan.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=159}} Kalat argued that it had possessed a sovereign status rather than the status of an Indian state. The topic of discussion moved to Pakistan’s rejection of Kalat’s claims over the leased areas. Pakistan argued that it was the heir to India’s agreements with Indian states, while Kalat argued that the treaty explicitly limited the party to the British Government. Kalat and Pakistan also disputed over whether the agreements over the leased areas were personal to Kalat and the British Government. Mountbatten also claimed that [[International law]] dictated that such treaties were inherited upon a transfer of power. He also brought up the option of referring the dispute to an Arbitral Tribunal in case a resolution could not be reached.<ref name=Chawla/> Moreover, even [[Ahmed Yar Khan]] also accepted Pakistan as a legal, constitutional and political successor of the British in negotiation held in September 1947. The British Foreign Office and Political Department had also declared Pakistan to be the heir to the leases.{{sfn|Siddiqi, The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan|2012|p=59}}

Ahmad Yar Khan's choice was to either accept that Kalat was an Indian state and regain the leased territories or persist claiming that it was non-Indian and lose the leased areas.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=166}}

Ahmad Yar Khan had insisted on the non-Indian status so that he could avoid India's political and constitutional evolution. But Pakistan used that same argument to keep control over the leased areas. Talks between Kalat and Pakistan started in September 1947. The negotiations showed that while Pakistan had accepted Kalat's claim of holding a non-Indian status, it still wanted accession on the same lines as the other states.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=170}} The negotiation also declared Pakistan as legal, constitutional and political successor of British. Through these negotiations, the [[British Paramountcy]] was effectively transferred to Pakistan.{{sfn|Siddiqi, The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan|2012|p=59}} Why Ahmad Yar Khan would agree to this at that time is unclear but according to Nawabzada Aslam Khan the Khan would accede because "if he did not, his sardars would turn him out, as they were determined to join Pakistan anyhow and were only waiting to be assured of their own rights."{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=170-171}}

Feeling that Khan did not want to accede explicitly, Jinnah invited him in October to convince him. Ahmad Yar Khan took this as an opportunity to convince Jinnah for a treaty which would allow Pakistan's government equal control over Kalat but without a full accession. Jinnah was unprepared for this and asked for an Instrument of Accession.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=171}} The Khan asked for more time by citing his state's unique nature and his intent to consult his parliament.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=171-172}} Although he was theoretically correct on Kalat's confederal system, by consulting the state's chiefs he paved the path for the Pakistani Government to deal directly with the chiefs.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=172}}

In acceptance of the decision of the Indian government the Pakistani government regarded Las Bela and Kharan as being a part of the Baluch-Brahui confederacy led by Kalat's ruler.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=183-184}} While Kalat and Pakistan held talks, the rulers of Kharan and Las Bela endeavored to get the Pakistani government to recognise their separateness from Kalat. Kharan's chief, knowing the difficulties around Kalat's accession, tried to accede to Pakistan in November. The Jam of Las Bela wrote similarly. But the Pakistani government ignored their enthusiasm while discussions about accession were being held with Kalat.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=185}}

Kalat's feudatory states, Las Bela and Kharan, and its district of Makran, requested Pakistan to be allowed to accede separately, stating that "if Pakistan was not prepared to accept their offers of accession immediately, they would be compelled to take other steps for their protection against Khan of Kalat."{{sfn|Baloch, The Problem of "Greater Baluchistan"|1987|pp=186}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Prakash K. Singh |title=Encyclopaedia On Jinnah (Set Of 5 Vols.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XbwVAQAAMAAJ |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-81-261-3779-4}}</ref> Pakistani civil servants recognised their claims of independence from Kalat and allowed them to accede to Pakistan separately on 17 March 1948.<ref name="Bangash p.82">{{harvnb|Bangash, Constitutional integration of the princely states|2015|p=82}}</ref><ref name=Saiyid>{{Cite journal |last=Saiyid |first=Dushka |title=The Accession of Kalat: Myth and Reality |journal=Strategic Studies |volume=26 }}</ref> Using the ambiguity of Kalat's suzerainty over Kharan and Las Bela to allow the separate accessions,{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=193}} the Pakistani government asserted that the nature of the Kalat confederation was such that each chief could choose to secede from it and voluntarily join Pakistan. The British High Commission opined that the Khan would be left without any territory if he delayed. The Commonwealth Relations Office noted "There are a number of Kalat sardars in Karachi offering their accession to Pakistan, and Pakistan Government may repeat procedure followed in case of Mekran and accept these offers, leaving the Khan practically without territory."{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=187}}

Consequently, Kalat came into conflict with Makran, ruled by Nawab Bai Khan Gichki who had opted to join Pakistan. The Khan of Kalat then stopped carrying out his obligation to provide the Makran Levy Corps with food supplies.{{sfn|Axmann, Back to the Future|2008|p=243}} With starvation imminent, Sir Ambrose Dundas requested Pakistan to provide food supplies, send reinforcements for the Makran Levy Corps and assume administration over Makran. However, the Khan of Kalat decided to accede even before the proposed Pakistani action in Makran was implemented.{{sfn|Axmann, Back to the Future|2008|pp=243, 258, 276}}{{sfn|Khanam, An Historical Overview of the Accession of Princely States|2016}}<ref name=Alvi>{{cite journal |last1=Alvi |first1=Najib |title=Enigmas of Baluchistan from non-provincial to provincial status reaction and response of Baloch nationalists 1947-1970 |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/HistoryPStudies/PDF-FILES/11-Najib_V28_no2.pdf |journal=Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society |volume=28 |issue=2 |page=147}}</ref> The accessions of Las Bela, Kharan and Makran to Pakistan had left Kalat geographically landlocked with no sea access. The pressure intensified when, on 27 March 1948, the All India Radio announced that the Khan of Kalat had offered accession to India. Hearing this radio announcement became the reason for the Khan's decision to accede to Pakistan on that same day.<ref name="Bangash p.82"/><ref name=Chawla/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_9tAAAAMAAJ |title=Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: The States : historical and policy perspectives and accession to Pakistan |author1=Z. H. Zaidi |author2=Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project |publisher=Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, National Archives of Pakistan |year=1993 |isbn=978-969-8156-13-8 |page=191}}</ref><ref name=Saiyid/><ref name=Alvi/> The Khan asserted that he had made the decision to sign the instrument of accession because he believed that Pakistan was facing an existential threat.{{sfn|Axmann, Back to the Future|2008|p=233}}

===Insurgency in Balochistan===
==== First conflict ====
The signing of the Instrument of Accession by the Khan of Kalat, led his brother, Prince Abdul Karim, to revolt against his brother's decision<ref name="Qaiser Butt">{{cite news |author=Qaiser Butt |title=Princely Liaisons: The Khan family controls politics in Kalat |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/538820/princely-liaisons-the-khan-family-controls-politics-in-kalat/ |newspaper=The Express Tribune }}</ref> in July 1948.{{sfn|Bangash, Constitutional integration of the princely states|2015|p=82}} Prince Abdul Karim took refuge in Afghanistan to wage an unconventional attacks against Pakistan. However, he ultimately surrendered to Pakistan in 1950.<ref>{{cite web|author=Qaiser Butt|title=Balochistan Princely Liaisons: The Khan family controls politics in Kalat|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/538820/princely-liaisons-the-khan-family-controls-politics-in-kalat/|quote=Prince Agha Abdul Karim Baloch, father of Irfan Karim and younger brother of Khan-e-Kalat Mir Ahmed Yar Khan, had revolted against his brother’s decision of accession of Kalat State to Pakistan at the request of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah in 1948. Abdul Karim took refuge in Afghanistan to wage an armed resistance against Pakistan. However, he ultimately surrendered to Pakistan in 1950|work=The Express Tribune}}</ref> The Prince fought a lone battle without support from the rest of Balochistan.{{sfn|Siddiqi, The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan|2012|p=71}} Jinnah and his successors allowed Yar Khan to retain his title until the province's dissolution in 1955.

====Second conflict====
Nawab [[Nauroz Khan]] took up arms in resistance to the [[One Unit]] policy, which decreased government representation for tribal leaders, from 1958 to 1959. He and his followers started a guerrilla war against Pakistan, and were arrested, charged with treason, and imprisoned in [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]]. Five of his family members, sons and nephews, were subsequently hanged on charges of treason and aiding in the murder of Pakistani troops. Nawab Nauroz Khan later died in captivity.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Selig S. |title=In Afghanistan's shadow: Baluch nationalism and Soviet temptations |url=https://archive.org/details/inafghanistanssh0000harr |url-access=registration |year=1981 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |isbn=978-0-87003-029-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/inafghanistanssh0000harr/page/27 27–28]}}</ref> Nawab Nauroz Khan fought a lone battle as the rest of Balochistan did not support the uprising.{{sfn|Siddiqi, The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan|2012|p=71}}

====Third conflict====
After the second conflict, a Baloch separatist movement gained momentum in the 1960s, following the introduction of a new [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|constitution in 1956]] which limited provincial autonomy and enacted the '[[One Unit]]' concept of political organisation in Pakistan. Tension continued to grow amid consistent political disorder and instability at the federal level. The federal government tasked the Pakistan Army with building several new bases in key areas of Balochistan. Sher Muhammad Bijrani Marri led like-minded militants into guerrilla warfare from 1963 to 1969 by creating their own insurgent bases, spread out over {{convert|45000|mi|km}} of land, from the [[Mengal]] tribal area in the south to the [[Marri-Bugti Country|Marri]] and [[Bugti]] tribal areas in the north. Their goal was to force Pakistan to share revenue generated from the [[Sui gas fields]] with the tribal leaders. The insurgents bombed railway tracks and ambushed convoys. The Army retaliated by destroying vast areas of the Marri tribe's land. This insurgency ended in 1969, with the Baloch separatists agreeing to a ceasefire. In 1970 Pakistani President [[Yahya Khan]] abolished the "One Unit" policy,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/pakistan-worsening-conflict-balochistan |title=Pakistan: The Worsening Conflict in Balochistan |publisher=[[International Crisis Group]] |chapter=Asia Report No. 119 |page=4 }}</ref> which led to the recognition of Balochistan as the fourth province of West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan), including all the Balochistani princely states, the High Commissioners Province, and [[Gwadar]], an 800 km<sup>2</sup> coastal area purchased from Oman by the Pakistani government.

====Fourth conflict 1973–77====
{{further|Baloch Insurgency and Rahimuddin's Stabilization}}
The unrest continued into the 1970s, culminating in a government-ordered [[Baloch insurgency and Rahimuddin's stabilisation|military operation]] in the region in 1973.

In 1973, citing treason, President Bhutto dismissed the provincial governments of Balochistan and NWFP and imposed martial law in those areas,<ref>{{cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |title=The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan's Political Economy of Defence |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wd18IgAACAAJ |year=2007|isbn=9780521051842 }}</ref> which led to armed insurgency. [[Mir Hazar Khan Ramkhani]] formed the [[Balochistan People's Liberation Front]] (BPLF), which led large numbers of Marri and Mengal tribesmen into guerrilla warfare against the central government<ref>{{cite book |last=Abbas |first=Hassan |title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror |url=https://archive.org/details/pakistansdriftin00hass |url-access=registration |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=2005 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pakistansdriftin00hass/page/79 79] |isbn=0-7656-1496-0}}</ref> According to some authors, the Pakistani military lost 300 to 400 soldiers during the conflict with the Baloch separatists, while between 7,300 and 9,000 Baloch militants and civilians were killed.<ref name=p>{{cite web |title=Minor Atrocities of the Twentieth Century |publisher = Users.erols.com |url=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat6.htm |access-date=14 October 2014}}</ref>

Assisted by Iran, Pakistani forces inflicted heavy casualties on the separatists. The insurgency fell into decline after a return to the four-province structure and the abolishment of the Sardari system.

====Fifth conflict 2004–to date====
{{see also|Turbat killings}}
In 2004 an insurgent attack on [[Gwadar port]] resulting in the deaths of three Chinese engineers and four wounded drew [[China]] into the conflict.<ref name=a>{{cite web |first=Muhammad |last=Tahir |title=Tribes and Rebels: The Players in the Balochistan Insurgency |publisher=Jamestown |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=4830&no_cache=1#.VnssNfFRZ2I |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216144543/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews |archive-date=16 December 2014 }}</ref> In 2005, the Baluch political leaders [[Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti]] and [[Mir Balach Marri]] presented a 15-point agenda to the Pakistan government. Their stated demands included greater control of the province's resources and a moratorium on the construction of military bases.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/02/world/asia/02pakistan.html |title=In Remote Pakistan Province, a Civil War Festers |newspaper=The New York Times }}</ref> On 15 December 2005 the inspector general of the [[Frontier Corps]], Major General Shujaat Zamir Dar, and his deputy Brigadier Salim Nawaz (the current IGFC) were wounded after shots were fired at their helicopter in Balochistan Province. The provincial interior secretary later said that, after visiting [[Kohlu]], "both of them were wounded in the leg but both are in stable condition."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4531546.stm |title=Pakistan general hurt in attack |publisher=BBC News }}</ref>

In August 2006, Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti, 79 years old, was killed in fighting with the Pakistan Army, in which at least 60 Pakistani soldiers and 7 officers were also killed. Pakistan's government had charged him with responsibility of a series of deadly bomb blasts and a rocket attack on President Pervez Musharraf.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/28/world/asia/28pakistan.html |title=Tribal Leader's Killing Incites Riots in Pakistan |work=The New York Times }}</ref>

A 2006 cable from the American Embassy in Islamabad leaked by Wikileaks noted that "there seems to be little support in the province, beyond the Bugti tribe, for the current insurgency."<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.iar-gwu.org/sites/default/files/articlepdfs/Pakistan%27s%20Baloch%20Insurgency.pdf |title=Pakistan's Baloch Insurgency: History, Conflict Drivers, and Regional Implications |journal=International Affairs Review |year=2012 |volume=20 |issue=3 |last1=Kupecz |first1=Mickey |pages=96–97 |access-date=2018-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701152435/http://www.iar-gwu.org/sites/default/files/articlepdfs/Pakistan's%20Baloch%20Insurgency.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In April 2009, [[Baloch National Movement]] president [[Ghulam Mohammed Baloch]] and two other nationalist leaders (Lala Munir and Sher Muhammad) were seized from a small legal office and were allegedly "handcuffed, blindfolded and hustled into a waiting pickup truck which is in still [sic] use of intelligence forces in front of their lawyer and neighboring shopkeepers." The gunmen were allegedly speaking in Persian (a national language of neighbouring Afghanistan and Iran). Five days later, on 8 April, their bullet-riddled bodies were found in a commercial area. The BLA claimed Pakistani forces were behind the killings, though international experts have deemed it odd that the Pakistani forces would be careless enough to allow the bodies to be found so easily and "light Balochistan on fire" (Herald) if they were truly responsible.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/12/world/asia/12baluchistan.html?ref=world |title=Another Insurgency Gains in Pakistan |author=Carlotta Gall |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> The discovery of the bodies sparked rioting and weeks of strikes, demonstrations, and civil resistance in cities and towns around Balochistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7991385.stm |title=Riots as Baloch chiefs found dead |publisher=BBC News }}</ref>

Reason for joining the separatist groups vary as some join them because of allure of power and excitement, a desire to honor their centuries-old tribal codes, gaining recognition for their region's distinct ethnicity or because of belief in hardline communism. Some even join the separatist group because their tribal leader told them to.<ref name="nbc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/former-balochistan-militants-recount-path-war-pakistan-n417036|title=Ex-Balochistan Militants Recount Paths to War With Pakistan|last=Khan|first=Wajahat S.|website=NBC News|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>

On 12 August 2009, [[Khan of Kalat]] [[Suleman Dawood Khan|Mir Suleiman Dawood]] declared himself ruler of Balochistan and formally announced a Council for Independent Balochistan. The council's claimed domain includes [[Sistan and Baluchestan Province]], as well as Pakistani Balochistan, but does not include Afghan Baloch regions. The council claimed the allegiance of "all separatist leaders including Nawabzada Bramdagh Bugti." Suleiman Dawood stated that the UK had a "moral responsibility to raise the issue of Balochistan's illegal occupation at international level."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nation.com.pk/Politics/12-Aug-2009/Council-of-Independent-Balochistan-announced |title='Council of Independent Balochistan' announced |newspaper=The Nation }}</ref>

Human right groups have accused Baloch separatist groups of being involved in grave human right violations. Separatist groups such as Baloch liberation army have been involved in attack on schools, teachers and students in the province.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/12/13/their-future-stake/attacks-teachers-and-schools-pakistans-balochistan-province|title="Their Future is at Stake" {{!}} Attacks on Teachers and Schools in Pakistan's Balochistan Province|last1=Sheppard|first1=Bede|last2=Coursen-Neff|first2=Zama|date=13 December 2010|website=Human Rights Watch|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref> Baloch separatist have also accused their groups of being involved in wide spread crime and rapes against the Baloch women. One of the Baloch separatist claim that what started as an idealistic political fight for his people's rights has turned into gangs extorting, kidnapping and even raping locals.<ref name="nbc"/>

A survey in 2009 by PEW found that 58% of respondents in Balochistan chose ″Pakistani″ as their primary mode of identification, 32% chose their ethnicity and 10% chose both equally.<ref name="PEW">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2009/08/13/chapter-2-religion-law-and-society/ |title=Pakistani Public Opinion – Chapter 2. Religion, Law, and Society |work=Pew Research Center }}</ref> A [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] survey conducted in 2012 revealed that the majority of Baloch (67%) do not support independence from Pakistan. Only 33 percent of Baloch were in favour of independence. However, 67 percent of the people of Balochistan supported greater provincial autonomy.<ref>{{cite news |title=37pc Baloch favour independence: UK survey |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/624446-37pc-baloch-favour-independence-uk-survey |work=The News International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215072843/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/624446-37pc-baloch-favour-independence-uk-survey |archive-date=15 February 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Balochistan conflict]]
*[[Paratarajas]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |first=Martin |last=Axmann |title=Back to the Future: The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baloch Nationalism, 1915-1955 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ngMAQAAMAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547645-3 |ref={{sfnref|Axmann, Back to the Future|2008}}}}
* {{cite book |first=I. |last=Baloch |title=The Problem of "Greater Baluchistan": A Study of Baluch Nationalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox0NAAAAIAAJ |year=1987 |publisher=Coronet Books |isbn=978-3-515-04999-3 |ref={{sfnref|Baloch, The Problem of "Greater Baluchistan"|1987}}}}
* {{citation |first=Yaqoob Khan |last=Bangash |chapter=Constitutional integration of the princely states of Pakistan |title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security |publisher=Routledge |editor1=Roger D. Long |editor2=Ian Talbot |editor3=Gurharpal Singh |editor4=Yunas Samad |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-44820-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |ref={{sfnref|Bangash, Constitutional integration of the princely states|2015}}}}
*{{citation|first=Yaqoob Khan|last=Bangash|title=A Princely Affair: The Accession and Integration of the Princely States of Pakistan, 1947-1955|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199066490}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Khanam |first1=Attiya |title=An Historical Overview of the Accession of Princely States |journal=Journal of Historical Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=97–98 |url=https://www.bzu.edu.pk/jhs/vol2-1/4.%20Accession%20of%20Princely.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Khanam, An Historical Overview of the Accession of Princely States|2016}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kosmin |first1=Paul J. |author-link=Paul J. Kosmin |title=The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72882-0}}
* {{citation |first=Beatrice |last=Nicolini |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799-1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA16 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-13780-7 |ref={{sfnref|Nicolini, Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar|2004}}}}
* {{cite book |first=Farhan Hanif |last=Siddiqi |title=The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KN7fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-33697-3 |ref={{sfnref|Siddiqi, The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan|2012}}}}
* {{citation |first=Ian |last=Talbot |title=Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement: The Growth of Muslim League in North-West and North-East India, 1937-1947 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-19-577387-3 |pages=117–119 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oQeAAAAMAAJ |ref={{sfnref|Talbot, Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement|1988}}}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150614012814/http://balochistanarchives.gob.pk/ Balochistan Archives- Preserving Our Past]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/miscellaneous/story/2005/01/050121_who_r_baloch_asif.shtml BBC Urdu - History of Balochistan]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051123090201/http://www.bdd.sdnpk.org/map%20of%20balochistan.html Balochistan District Maps, information and Background]
*[http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/35.htm Country studies by the U.S. State Department]
*[http://www.ishraqi.com/betav1/ancient-baluchistan-exploring-the-past/ Ancient Baluchistan – Exploring the Past]
*[http://www.thenews.com.pk/print1.asp?id=101617 Great game being played again - The News Pakistan]
*[http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2012/01/2012121372863878.html ''Balochistan: Pakistan's other war''] - documentary on Al Jazeera English, January 2012 (video, 47 mins)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032403/http://www.uob.edu.pk/journals/TREATY%20OF%20KALAT%201758%20BETWEEN%20QANDHAR%20AND%20KALAT%20AND%20ITS%20IMPACTS.pdf Treaty of Kalat 1758 between Qandahar and Kalat and its impacts]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081211140816/http://home.comcast.net/~pankajtandon/galleries-parata-rajas.html The Coin Galleries: Pāratarājas]

{{Balochistan, Pakistan topics}}
{{History of Pakistan by province}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Balochistan}}
[[Category:History of Balochistan| ]]

Bharatpedia:Contents

2021-03-22T16:40:49Z

Vansh Mehra:

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<div style="text-align: right;"><code>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/{{{1|{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}}}} from Wikipedia]</code></div>
Vansh Mehra is a known name when it comes to social and political circles. The young man of 25 years has come a long way in establishing his name in the society. A diploma in engineering from a reputed institute, the young man also owns his digital marketing agency known as Digisharks Communications. He also is a Founder of a news portal known as The Indian Alert. The young man also with his talent is recognized in political circles.

He has driven several digital campaigns for a known political party. He made his inroads to the BJP IT Cell emerging at an important position of BJP IT convenor of Shamli District. He has managed several political and social campaigns for the political party. Besides, he is also the co-founder of his NGO called Vivaan Welfare Foundation which takes care of several social ventures in the society. He has been even awarded for various achievements getting the Human Achiever Award from AR Foundation.

He is also called as the guest of honour in Miss and Mrs Karnal and in the Associate Partner in the events like the Miss and Mrs Debut Tiara and so on. Besides, he is also an authorized vendor of the BJP and has played an important role in the election campaign for the said party in Uttarakhand in 2017. His childhood has been mostly in the district of Shamli in the UP state but he is currently based in the National Capital gaining one thing or the other improving his profile.