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Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)

2026-05-08T12:47:49Z

Vanmathiscp: starting some data w/ refs - done

{{Short description|2023 Indian Tamil TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Siragadikka Aasai (TV series).jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| executive_producer = Raadhika Srinivasan
| story = [[Ananda Vikatan]]
| screenplay = {{nowrap|Guru Sampath Kumar}} N. Sanatham Kumar Alvin Prashanth Raj (Episode 45-present) Dialogues: {{nowrap|Guru Sampath Kumar}} Nandhan Sreedharan (Episode 1-18)
| director = [[Deivamagal|S. Kumaran]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Gomathi Priya]]
* Vetri Vasanth}}
| theme_music_composer = Kiran
| composer = Ajeay Shravan
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 1000 
| list_episodes =
| producer = B. Srinivasan
| company = [[Vikatan Televistas Pvt Ltd]]
| open_theme =
| cinematography = S. T. Martz
| editor = B. Chandru R. Bala Gurunathan Sasi K. Basant Palanisamy
| camera = [[Multi-Camera]]
| location = [[Chennai]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|01|23|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Siragadikka Aasai''''' ({{translation|''The Desire to Fly''}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil-language]] television drama that airs on [[Star Vijay]] starring [[Gomathi Priya]] and Vetri Vasanth. The series is directed by S. Kumaran and produced by Radhika Srinivasan and B. Srinivasan for [[Vikatan Televistas Pvt Ltd|Vikatan Televistas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinefry.co.in/siragadikka-aasai/|title=Siragadikka Aasai Serial Cast|website=www.cinefry.co.in|date=19 January 2023|language=en|access-date=21 January 2023|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121164610/https://www.cinefry.co.in/siragadikka-aasai/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/vijay-tv-serials-latest-serial/|title=Vijay TV Serials Latest Serial 'Siragadikka Aasai'|website=www.indiantvinfo.com|date=20 January 2023|language=en|access-date=21 January 2023|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121164610/https://www.indiantvinfo.com/vijay-tv-serials-latest-serial/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://enewz.in/vijay-tv-new-serial-related-exclusive-update-viral|title=விஜய் டிவியில் களமிறங்கும் புது சீரியல்., எதிர்பாராத சூப்பர் காம்போ! அதுவும் இதுக்கு பதிலாகவா?|website=enewz.in|date=29 December 2022|language=ta|access-date=21 January 2023|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121164618/https://enewz.in/vijay-tv-new-serial-related-exclusive-update-viral|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/star-vijay-to-launch-fiction-shows-siragadikka-aasai-and-mahanathi-on-23rd-january/|title=Star Vijay to launch fiction shows 'Siragadikka Aasai' and 'Mahanathi' on 23rd January|website=www.medianews4u.com|date=20 January 2023|language=en|access-date=24 January 2023|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124150437/https://www.medianews4u.com/star-vijay-to-launch-fiction-shows-siragadikka-aasai-and-mahanathi-on-23rd-january/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=புதிய கதை களத்தில் விஜய் டிவி-யின் சிறகடிக்க ஆசை சீரியல்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-vijay-tv-launches-siragadikka-aasai-serial-on-january-23rd-875937.html |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=News18 Tamil |language=ta |archive-date=2023-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011093417/https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-vijay-tv-launches-siragadikka-aasai-serial-on-january-23rd-875937.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The series was launched along with ''[[Mahanadhi (TV series)|Mahanadhi]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaivision.com/star-vijay-launches-siragadikka-aasai-and-mahanathi-new-serials-from-monday-23-jan-2023/|title=STAR VIJAY launches Siragadikka Aasai and Mahanathi new serials from Monday 23 Jan 2023|website=chennaivision.com|date=21 January 2023|access-date=21 January 2023|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121132855/https://chennaivision.com/star-vijay-launches-siragadikka-aasai-and-mahanathi-new-serials-from-monday-23-jan-2023/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The plot revolves around Meena, a woman from a broken family and Muthukumar, a man with a troubled past, who face various difficulties in their marriage.

==Plot==
{{expand section|date=October 2025}}
{{More plot|date=October 2025}}
The show introduces a delinquent, named Muthukumar, who despises the concept of love, as well as Meena, a family-oriented woman, who works at her parents' flower-stall near their local temple.

Circumstances force Meena to marry Muthukumar. He is an alcoholic, who regularly comes home drunk, also engaging in fights as well, even arguing, with his mother, Vijaya, who resents him for his bad past, as well as his bad habits. The only three people in Muthukumar's family that, have love and affection for him are his father, Annamalai, a retired locomotive pilot, his younger brother, Ravikumar, who works as a chef and his grandmother, Nachiyar, who had raised him. Muthu's elder brother, Manojkumar, is an affluent corporate employee and Vijaya's favourite son. He is selfish, money-minded, status-minded, and dislikes both Annamalai and Muthukumar.

Meena faces problems with a [[loan shark]], named Sudhakar, who lusts for Meena, as well as a poor financial status. Muthu and Meena often fight, with Meena not knowing that, Muthu is Annamalai's second son, when Muthu comes across Meena and her family. This ends up, with the two of them disliking each other, due to their constant conflicts.

After Meena's brother, Sathya is negatively influenced, by a local don, named Chiti, he ends up stealing Muthu's bike out of envy of not getting one from his parents. He ends up going to jail, but is released after Muthu withdraws the case after Meena asks him to. Sathya then speaks harshly to his father after he scolds him and kicks him out, which, makes him depressed and he kills himself, by being hit, by a train, which Annamalai was driving on his final day on the job. Feeling guilty, Annamalai pays them a visit and decides to, make Meena his daughter-in-law, instead of giving them money, as he sees that, there is more than what meets the eye in their situation. Amidst this all, Manoj is in love, with Jeeva, who has hidden intentions as she wants Annamalai's settlement money and wants to [[Emigration|emigrate]] to [[Canada]].

On the day of the wedding, it is revealed that, Manoj has eloped with Jeeva and has left a letter for his family, but Jeeva and her friend have drained the 27 lakh from their joint account and Manoj goes, into hiding out of embarrassment that, he has no money and no girlfriend, leaving everyone at the wedding hall in shock. An argument ensues between Chandra and Annamalai about the wedding, Sudhakar intervenes, with his own intentions of marrying Meena, and proceeds to beat Annamalai and Ravi up for intervening in his plan. At that moment, Muthu sees this, and beats up Sudhakar in retaliation and it's revealed to the gathering that, he is Annamalai's second son. A flashback is shown to a previous episode, where Sudhakar kidnaps Meena and Muthu, who was in a helmet at the time, saves her, Meena realizes that, Muthu was the person that, had saved her from Sudhakar. Chandra pacifies Meena and, makes her accept the marriage, with Muthu to avoid shame, well Annamalai has Muthu agree to marry Meena after nearly falling at Muthu's feet. They marry, against each other's wishes.

After Muthu and Meena's marriage, they begin building their life together. Meanwhile, Vijaya finds Manoj at a homeless center and later sees him escaping from Jeeva, leaving her shocked as she starts to question Jeeva's true intentions. Meena is also surprised, by the situation and brings Annamalai to confront Muthu. Muthu angrily rebukes Manoj for being manipulated, by Jeeva's blackmail.

Simultaneously, a dubbing artist, named Shruti is introduced. She falls in love, with Ravi. Manoj, meanwhile, meets Rohini, falls for her and shares his feelings about love. But no one knows Rohini's secret that, she has a son, named Krish and was previously married. She understands Vijaya's greedy intention to get her son married to a woman, with a wealthy background. Rohini lies about her father being a "rich businessman" in Malaysia. Despite challenges, Rohini manages to marry Manoj. Vijaya starts criticizing Meena for being poor and compares her unfavorably to Rohini.

Ravi and Shruti secretly marry, shocking everyone, especially Meena, who is blamed for supporting them. Amid all this, Annamalai collapses from a heart attack, due to the mounting pressure. Following this, Meena is welcomed back, into the house as Annamalai realizes that, she was never actually at fault. Meanwhile, Sudha passionately argues that, both Shruti and Ravi should be accepted, leading to their eventual acceptance. Meanwhile, Manoj is exposed for idly sitting in the park, instead of, making an effort to find a job.

Rohini is married to Manoj, but she conceals a critical truth—she is already married and has a young son named Krish. With remarkable cunning, she hides her past and manipulates circumstances to marry Manoj. Rohini also fabricates a grand identity, claiming to be the heiress of a fictitious Malaysian empire, a lie that leaves Vijaya deeply impressed and in awe of her supposed status.

Meanwhile, Manoj hides his own failures, particularly his inability to find a job. When the truth begins to surface, Rohini panics and runs away in distress, seeking a fresh path. However, she eventually returns with a changed perspective, ready to face the consequences of her actions.

As this unfolds, the family prepares for the upcoming Pongal celebrations at Nachiyar’s house. Meena and Shruti’s families arrive for the festivities, bringing gifts and joy. To cover up her father’s absence, Rohini hires a butcher named Mani and introduces him as her "uncle from Malaysia," adding another layer to her growing web of lies.

Nachiyar, ever the matriarch, assigns everyone kitchen and household duties. Amidst the commotion, Sathya unknowingly falls into a trap set by Chitti, completely unaware of the hidden truths playing out around him.

Beneath all the festivities and family dynamics, deeper conflicts simmer within the household. Vijaya harbors resentment toward Muthu and Meena because they are uneducated and lack financial strength compared to the other daughters-in-law. She openly favors wealth, admiring only those who bring money into the family. In contrast, Annamalai leads a morally grounded life, creating a clear divide in values.

The story moves through the sons’ struggles to build their careers and businesses, alongside their wives’ efforts to balance work, home, and the pressures of living under a mother-in-law who values money above all else. Despite Manoj’s irresponsibility, Vijaya continues to favor him, deepening the emotional rifts within the family.

At the heart of the conflict lies Rohini—the main antagonist—whose hidden past and ongoing deceptions create complications for Meena, Muthu, and the rest of the family. Her actions ripple through every relationship, testing bonds, loyalties, and the family’s unity.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Gomathi Priya]] as Meena Muthukumar annamalai: Jayaraj and Chandra's eldest daughter; Sathya and Seetha's sister; Muthu's wife (2023–present)
*R. Vetri Vasanth as Muthukumar "Muthu" Annamalai: Annamalai and Vijaya's second son; Manoj and Ravi's brother; Meena's husband (2023–present)
** Sri Varshan Chinraj as young Muthu

===Supporting===
*Salma Arun as Kalyani alias Rohini Manojkumar : Krish's biological mother; Lakshmi's daughter; Manoj's wife
*[[Anila Sreekumar]] as Vijaya Annamalai: Annamalai's wife; Manoj, Muthu and Ravi's mother
*Sri Deva as Manojkumar "Manoj" Annamalai: Annamalai and Vijaya's eldest son; Rohini's second husband; Jeeva's ex-boyfriend and Meena's ex-fiancé
** Sai Aaditya as young Manoj
*Yogesh Kumar / Pranav Mohan as Ravikumar "Ravi" Annamalai: Annamalai and Vijaya's youngest son; Shruthi's husband
** Master Sarvesh as young Ravi
*Preetha Reddy as Shruthi ravikumar : Vasudevan and Sudha's daughter; Ravi's wife
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] as Annamalai: Nachiyar's son; Vijaya's husband; Manoj, Muthu and Ravi's father
*Master Ashwin as Krish: Kalyani / Rohini's biological son; Lakshmi's grandson
*[[Bhagyalakshmi (actress)|Bhagyalakshmi]] as Parvathi: Vijaya's best friend
*Vetri Kiran as Sivan: Vijaya's student; Parvathi's friend
*Tamil Selvi as Chandra Jayaraj: Late Jayaraj's wife; Meena, Sathya and Seetha's mother
*Diwakar as Sathya Jayaraj: Jayaraj and Chandra's son; Meena and Seetha's brother
*Sangeetha Leonis as Seetha Arunkumar: Jayaraj and Chandra's daughter; Meena and Sathya's sister; Arun's wife
*Harish Kumar as Arunkumar: Rajeshwari's son, Seetha's husband; Muthu's arch-rival
*Srilekha as Maheshwari: Kalyani / Rohini and Vidya's friend; Krish's guardian
*Shruthi Narayanan as Vidhya Murugan: Kalyani / Rohini's best friend; Murugan's wife
*Cibi Chakravarthy as Murugan: Muthu's friend's brother; Vidhya's husband
*Lollu Sabha Palaniappan as Selvam: Muthu's best friend
** Master Ritvik as young Selvam
*Sudha Pushpa as Lakshmi: Kalyani / Rohini's mother; Krish's grandmother
*Revathy as Nachiyar Paati: Annamalai's mother; Manoj, Muthu and Ravi's grandmother
*Baby George as Rajeshwari: Arun's mother (Dead)
*Sudhakar as Sudhakar: A loan shark
*Atchaya Bharathi as Jeeva: Manoj's former love interest
*Mahadevan as Vasudevan: Sudha's husband; Shruthi's father
*Sheela as Sudha: Vasudevan's wife; Shruthi's mother
*Hasini as Neetu: Ravi's MD
*Saran Ram as Santosh: Manoj's friend
*Telephone Mani as Parasuraman "Parasu": Annamalai's friend
*Eesan Sujatha as Sinthamani Manohar: Meena's business-rival
*Mani as Chiti: Sathya's ex-friend and Muthu's rival
*Ganesh Krait as Biju: Shruthi's ex-fiancée
*Balaji as Manohar: Sinthamani's husband
*Sree Priya as Rekha: Sinthamani's daughter
*V.C. Jayamani as "Brown" Mani: Rohini's fake uncle
*Shree Narayan as Dinesh: former P.A to Rohini's client
*Suresh as Deepan: Vijaya's student
*Sangeetha Pushparaj as Rathi: Vijaya's student; Deepan's lover

===Special appearances===
*[[Narasimha Raju (Telugu actor)|Narasimha Raju]] as Jayaraj: Meena, Sathya and Seetha's father
*[[Ponvannan]] as [[Uppu Puli Kaaram|Subramani/Kasinathan "Kasi"]]
*[[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as [[Uppu Puli Kaaram|Subbalakshmi]]
*[[Aravinth Seiju]] as [[Ayyanar Thunai|Chozhan]]

==Production==
===Casting===
[[Gomathi Priya]] was cast in the female lead role as Meena after her role as Valli in ''Velaikkaran'', whilst newcomer Vetri Vasanth was cast as the male lead role as Muthukumar, with his rise to fame coming through his numerous short films which gained popularity with younger viewers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Televistas |first=Vikatan |date=2023-02-09 |title=சிறகடிக்க ஆசை |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/siragadikka-aasai-tv-series-hero-heroin-interview |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=[[Vikatan Televistas]] |language=ta |archive-date=2023-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604170605/https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/siragadikka-aasai-tv-series-hero-heroin-interview |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-14 |title=சிறகடிக்க ஆசை சீரியல் மீனா யார் தெரியுமா? ஆரம்பத்தில் இந்த நிலைமையிலா இருந்தார்? |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/vijay-tv-siragadikka-aasai-serial-who-plays-meena-in-gomathi-priya-biography-507304.html |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=tamil one india |language=ta |archive-date=2023-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530115234/https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/vijay-tv-siragadikka-aasai-serial-who-plays-meena-in-gomathi-priya-biography-507304.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[R. Sundarrajan]] was cast as Annamalai, and makes his comeback to [[Tamil television drama|Tamil television]] after three years. [[Anila Sreekumar]] was cast as Vijaya, returning to Vijay TV after previously acting in [[Paavam Ganesan]] and [[Kaatrin Mozhi (TV series)|Kaatrin Mozhi]] on the channel. [[Narasimha Raju (Telugu actor)|Narasimha Raju]], Yogesh and Tamilselvi were also selected for supporting roles. Pranav Mohan replaced Yogesh as Ravi, after Yogesh quit the show citing personal reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar.A |first=Udhay |date=2023-05-26 |title=சிறகடிக்க ஆசை சீரியலிலிருந்து வெளியேறிய நடிகர்! |url=https://www.instanews.city/cinema/sirakadikka-aasai-serial-update-1221558 |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=www.instanews.city |language=ta |archive-date=2023-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530115231/https://www.instanews.city/cinema/sirakadikka-aasai-serial-update-1221558 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=சிறகடிக்க ஆசை சீரியலிலிருந்து விலகிய முக்கிய பிரபலம் - மனிதன் |url=https://manithan.com/article/actor-quit-the-serial-1685094911 |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=Manithan |language=ta |archive-date=2023-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611214017/https://manithan.com/article/actor-quit-the-serial-1685094911 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=arivu |date=2023-05-26 |title=சிறகடிக்க ஆசை சீரியலில் இருந்து திடீரென விலகிய பிரபலம்.! அவருக்கு பதில் இனி இவர்தான்.. |url=https://www.tamil360newz.com/a-celebrity-who-suddenly-left-the-serial-sirakatika-aasai/ |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=tamil360newz |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611214230/https://www.tamil360newz.com/a-celebrity-who-suddenly-left-the-serial-sirakatika-aasai/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2024, actor Jayamani joins the cast as Rohini's fake father.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senior actor Jayamani joins the cast of Siragadikka Aasai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/senior-actor-jayamani-joins-cast-of-siragadikka-aasai-expresses-excitement-to-work-with-r-sundar-rajan/articleshow/107014499.cms|access-date=20 January 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

===Release===
The first promo was unveiled on 28 December 2022, which gave a brief insight in both Muthu and Meena's lives. The second promo was unveiled on 15 January 2023, revealing the upcoming release date.<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Promo 2|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obvAhuGL6vk|title=Siragadikka Aasai Promo 02 {{!}} Vetri Vasanth {{!}} Star Vijay|access-date=2023-01-21|archive-date=2023-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121164612/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obvAhuGL6vk&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> The third promo was unveiled on 19 January 2023, featuring Muthu's family.<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Promo 3|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwDBuSaGv6c|title=Siragadikka Aasai Promo 03 {{!}} Vetri Vasanth {{!}} Star Vijay|access-date=2023-01-21|archive-date=2023-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121164612/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwDBuSaGv6c&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> The same day, a fourth promo was unveiled featuring Meena's family.<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Promo 4|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reE9tMQVp5k|title=Siragadikka Aasai Promo 04 {{!}} Gomathi Priya {{!}} Star Vijay|access-date=2023-01-21|archive-date=2023-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121164608/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reE9tMQVp5k|url-status=live}}</ref> This series was launched along with [[Mahanadhi (TV series)|Mahanadhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaivision.com/star-vijay-launches-siragadikka-aasai-and-mahanathi-new-serials-from-monday-23-jan-2023/|title=STAR VIJAY launches Siragadikka Aasai and Mahanathi new serials from Monday 23 Jan 2023|website=chennaivision.com|date=21 January 2023|language=en|access-date=21 January 2023|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121132855/https://chennaivision.com/star-vijay-launches-siragadikka-aasai-and-mahanathi-new-serials-from-monday-23-jan-2023/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Special episodes===
Due to Vijay TV choosing to release [[Chinna Marumagal (2024 TV series)|''Chinna Marumagal'']] and [[Thangamagal (TV series)|''Thangamagal'']] a week after [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 7)|''Bigg Boss Season 7'']] had ended, 1 hour special episodes of Siragadikka Aasai were telecasted from 17 January 2024 to 19 January 2024.<ref>{{Citation |title=Siragadikka Aasai {{!}} 1 Hour Special {{!}} 17th to 19th January 2024 - Promo | date=13 January 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fiBsU1LNhZk |access-date=2024-01-29 |language=en}}</ref>
Again in 2025, 1 hour special episodes were telecast from 20 to 24 January 2025 after the grand finale of Big Boss Season 8.

==Reception==
On week 38 of 2023, the series entered the top 5 shows in TN with 8.17 TVR in U+R as well as became the slot leader.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-03 |title=Tamil TV Serials TRP Ratings this week – September 2023 {{!}}{{!}} Top 20 Tamil Serials List with TRP Rating - Cinebuds |url=https://cinebuds.com/tamil-tv-serials-trp-ratings-this-week/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810233139/https://cinebuds.com/tamil-tv-serials-trp-ratings-this-week/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On the 16th week of 2024 it became the slot leader with 8.18 TVR in U+R also marking 3rd position in overall TN serials.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vanathai-pola-out-of-top-5-list-newly-launched-siragadikka-aasai-scores-well-on-trp-charts/articleshow/102639000.cms|title=Vanathai Pola out of top 5 list; newly launched Siragadikka Aasai scores well on TRP charts|access-date=2023-08-12|archive-date=2023-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812182954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vanathai-pola-out-of-top-5-list-newly-launched-siragadikka-aasai-scores-well-on-trp-charts/articleshow/102639000.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On week 27, 2024 the series became the No 1 Serial Of Tamil Nadu for the first time with 8.38 TVR in UR market.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2024-07-12 |title=Siragadikka Aasai becomes the most-watched serial on Tamil TV, here's a look at the top shows |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/siragadikka-aasai-becomes-the-most-watched-serial-on-tamil-tv-heres-a-look-at-the-top-shows/articleshow/111683045.cms |access-date=2024-07-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In July 2024, The series was the most watched Tamil-language television series with 9.84 TVR.<ref name="The Times of India"/>

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Notes
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''Siragadikka Aasai'' சிறகடிக்க ஆசை
|23 January 2023
|[[Star Vijay]]
| rowspan="5" |Ongoing
|Original
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''[[Gundeninda Gudigantalu]]'' గుండెనిండా గుడిగంటలు
|2 October 2023
|[[Star Maa]]
| rowspan="6" |Remake
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Aase'' ಆಸೆ<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indiantvinfo.com/aase-serial-star-suvarna-cast/|title=Aase Serial Star Suvarna From 11 December, Star Cast Includes Ninaad Harithsa and Priyanka in Lead Roles|date=2023-12-03 |work=India TV Info}}</ref>
|11 December 2023
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''[[Chempaneer Poovu]]'' ചെമ്പനീർ പൂവ്<ref name=remakes />
|29 January 2024
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Udne Ki Aasha]]'' उडने की आशा<ref name=remakes>{{Cite web |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/gallery/tamil-serial-siragadikka-aasai-remake-in-telugu-malayalam-marathi-and-hindi-gan-scjdho|title=ஒரே நேரத்தில் 4 மொழிகளில் ரீமேக்.. பான் இந்தியா அளவில் மாஸ் காட்டும் சிறகடிக்க ஆசை சீரியல்|date=2024-04-26 |work=Asianet News|language=ta}}</ref>
|12 March 2024
|[[StarPlus]]
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''[[Sadhi Manasa]]'' साधी माणसं<ref name=remakes />
|18 March 2024
|[[Star Pravah]]
|29 March 2026
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''Uraan'' উড়ান<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/pratik-sen-makes-a-comeback-on-tv-with-star-jalshas-uraan-with-debutant-ratnapriya-31713896887189.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423190923/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/pratik-sen-makes-a-comeback-on-tv-with-star-jalshas-uraan-with-debutant-ratnapriya-31713896887189.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 April 2024|title=মদের বোতল হাতে প্রতীক! মহারাজ-পূজারিণীর জীবনের 'উড়ান' এবার জলসায়, নায়িকাকে চেনেন? |date=24 Apr 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |language=bn}}</ref>
|27 May 2024
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|15 March 2025
|}

==Awards and honours==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in Alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
|rowspan="5"|2023
|rowspan="5"|[[Ananda Vikatan|Ananda Vikatan Television Awards]]
|Best Director
|S. Kumaran
|{{Won}}
|rowspan="5"|<ref>{{cite web|title=2023 ஆனந்த விகடன் சின்னத்திரை விருதுகள் வென்ற நட்சத்திரங்கள் யார் யார்?|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/ananda-vikatan-television-awards-2023-winners-list|date=15 July 2024|access-date=8 September 2024|website=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|Promising Talent of the year
|Vetri Vasanth
|{{Won}}
|-
|⁠Best Voice Over Artist
|Kalyani Anbazhagan
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Editor
|B. Chandru
|{{Won}}
|-
|⁠Favourite Family
|''Siragadikka Aasai''
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan="8"|2024
|rowspan="8"|[[Vijay Television Awards|9th Annual Vijay Television Awards]]
|Best Heroine
|[[Gomathi Priya]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|date=7 September 2024 |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/123745|title=விருது மேடையில் அப்பாவை நினைத்து நெகிழ்ந்த கோமதி பிரியா |newspaper=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta |access-date=16 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|S. Kumaran
|{{Won}}
|rowspan="7"|<ref>{{cite web|date=7 September 2024|url=https://www.cinemapettai.com/vijay-tv-made-gomathi-a-dummy-and-lifted-vijaya-the-only-serial-that-won-more-awards/#google_vignette|title=கோமதியை டம்மியாக்கி விஜயாவை தூக்கி நிறுத்திய விஜய் டிவி.. அதிக விருதை தட்டிப்பறித்த ஒரே ஒரு சீரியல்|website=Cinemapettai|access-date=17 September 2024|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|Best Hero
|Vetri Vasanth
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Mamanaar
|[[R. Sundarrajan]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Mamiyar
|[[Anila Sreekumar]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Paati
|Revathy
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor Male (Fiction)
|Sri Deva
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor Female (Fiction)
|Salma Arun
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/siragadikka-aasai/1260129356''Siragadikka Aasai''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
*{{IMDb title|29548810}}
*[https://www.tamildhool.li/category/vijay-tv/ Siragadikka Aasai] at Tamildhool

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Television series by Vikatan Televistas]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]

Tharun Bhascker

2026-05-07T07:29:39Z

Vanmathiscp:

{{Short description | Indian film director, writer, actor and television presenter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tharun Bhascker
| image = Tarun Bhascar in Cinivaram.jpg
| caption = Bhascker at Cinivaram 2017
| birth_name = Tharun Bhascker Dhaassyam
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|11|5}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]] (present-day [[Chennai]]), [[Tamil Nadu]], India<ref name="Eenadu article">{{cite web|title=మాటలు మురిపించి... ప్రతిభ పరిమళించి!|url=http://www.eenadu.net/special-pages/etharam/etharam-inner.aspx?catfullstory=12068|website=eenadu.net|publisher=ఈనాడు|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415063054/http://www.eenadu.net/special-pages/etharam/etharam-inner.aspx?catfullstory=12068|archive-date=15 April 2017|location=Hyderabad}}</ref>
| alma mater = [[Swami Vivekananda Institute of Technology]] [[New York Film Academy]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|writer|actor|television presenter}}
| years_active = 2012–present
| spouse = Latha Naidu
| website = tharunbhascker.com
}}
'''Tharun Bhascker Dhaassyam''' (born 5 November 1988) is an Indian film director, actor and screenwriter who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He directed the romantic comedy ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]'' (2016), which won him the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]] and [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay – Dialogues]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Will Salman Khan remake Telugu indie hit 'Pellichoopulu'?|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/Will-Salman-Khan-remake-Telugu-indie-hit-Pellichoopulu/2016/08/13/article3578104.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814210525/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/Will-Salman-Khan-remake-Telugu-indie-hit-Pellichoopulu/2016/08/13/article3578104.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 August 2016}}</ref> He later directed ''[[Ee Nagaraniki Emaindhi]]'' (2018), and made his acting debut in a lead role with ''[[Meeku Maathrame Cheptha]]'' (2019).

==Early life==
Tharun Bhascker was born on 5 November 1988 in [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]) and was raised in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Vijay Deverakonda wishes Tharun Bhascker on his birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vijay-deverakonda-wishes-tharun-bhascker-on-his-birthday/articleshow/71924897.cms|access-date=2021-05-14|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Suhani|date=14 February 2021|title=What makes the short 'Ramula' a compelling watch|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/what-makes-the-short-ramula-a-compelling-watch-1769202-2021-02-14|access-date=2021-05-14|website=India Today}}</ref> His father hailed from [[Warangal]], [[Telangana]], while his mother is from [[Tirupati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Eenadu article"/> Bhascker studied at [[The Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet]], and [[Swami Vivekananda Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Your mistakes drive you to be a better person' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/your-mistakes-drive-you-to-be-a-better-person/articleshow/68334176.cms|access-date=2021-01-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=I want to leave no genre untouched: Tharun Bhascker|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/jun/18/i-want-to-leave-no-genre-untouched-tharun-bhascker-6562.html|access-date=2021-01-04|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en}}</ref> He later graduated from [[New York Film Academy]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-25|title=Nag Ashwin to Tharun Bhascker, 7 Telugu directors who studied abroad|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nag-ashwin-tharun-bhascker-7-telugu-directors-who-studied-abroad-140276|access-date=2021-01-04|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

His father, Uday Bhaskar, died in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|last=kavirayani|first=suresh|date=2016-08-17|title=Pellichoopulu director Tharun yet to make up his mind|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/170816/pellichoopulu-director-tharun-yet-to-make-up-his-mind.html|access-date=2021-01-04|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> His mother, Geetha Bhaskar,<ref name="Geetha Bhascker Dhaassyam’s cookbook is an extension of her food diary for her son, actor-director Tharun Bhascker">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Geetha Bhascker Dhaassyam’s cookbook is an extension of her food diary for her son, actor-director Tharun Bhascker |url=https://www.thehindu.com/food/features/geetha-bhascker-dhaassyams-cookbook-my-habits-my-recipes-is-an-extension-of-her-food-diary-for-her-son-tharun-bhascker/article67604080.ece |access-date=21 May 2024 |date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521101349/https://www.thehindu.com/food/features/geetha-bhascker-dhaassyams-cookbook-my-habits-my-recipes-is-an-extension-of-her-food-diary-for-her-son-tharun-bhascker/article67604080.ece |archive-date=21 May 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> made her acting debut in [[Sekhar Kammula]]'s ''[[Fidaa]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pellichoopulu director's mom impresses in Fidaa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pellichoopulu-directors-mom-impresses-in-fidaa/articleshow/59737150.cms|access-date=2021-01-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Film career==
Bhascker started his career directing short films such as ''Anukokunda'', and ''[[Sainma]]''. ''Anukokunda'' was screened at the [[Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/after-short-films-tarun-bhasker-to-direct-a-feature/article7936817.ece|title=After short films, Tarun Bhasker to direct a feature|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdhary|date=1 December 2015|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

His first full length directorial feature film was ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-04-30/From-YouTube-to-70MM/225117|title=From YouTube to 70MM|date=30 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/pelli-choopulu-review-a-gem-of-a-film/article8917019.ece|title=Pelli Choopulu: A gem of a film|first=Sangeetha Devi|last=Dundoo|date=29 July 2016|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> The film received [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]], and Bhasckar won [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay for Dialogues]]. The film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Mitron]]'' (2018), in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Vijay Superum Pournamiyum]]'' (2019), and in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Oh Manapenne]]''.

In 2018, Bhasckar made his acting debut with the role of [[Singeetham Srinivasa Rao]] in the biopic ''[[Mahanati]]''. His second directorial is the [[buddy comedy]] film ''[[Ee Nagaraniki Emaindhi]]'' (2018). Later in the year, he wrote the screenplay for the [[ZEE5]] web series, ''B. Tech''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-20|title=B. Tech review: Tharun Bhascker's Zee5 webseries takes a familar [sic] premise and turns it into magic |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/b-tech-review-tharun-bhasckers-zee5-webseries-takes-a-familar-premise-and-turns-it-into-magic-5586081.html|access-date=2020-06-28|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

In 2019, Bhaskar played the lead role in ''[[Meeku Maathrame Cheptha]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-29|title=Vijay Deverakonda's debut production venture titled 'Meeku Maathrame Cheptha'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-deverakondas-debut-production-venture-titled-meeku-maathrame-cheptha-108058|access-date=2021-01-04|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

''Keedaa Cola'', directed by Tharun Bhascker, was released on 3 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2023-10-26 |title=Second single from Tharun Bhascker’s ‘Keeda Kola’ is catchy |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/second-single-from-tharun-bhasckers-keeda-kola-is-catchy-832624 |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=english}}</ref> His upcoming film as a lead actor ''Gaayapadda Simham'' is set to release theatrically on 1st May, 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-23 |title=‘Gaayapadda Simham’ locks release date, set to arrive a day after Ram Charan’s ‘Peddi’ amid rising buzz |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/gaayapadda-simham-locks-release-date-set-to-arrive-a-day-after-ram-charans-peddi-amid-rising-buzz/articleshow/129747470.cms |access-date=2026-04-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=123telugu |date=2026-02-09 |title=Traiser of Tharun Bhascker’s Gaayapadda Simham promises quirky satire |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/traiser-of-tharun-bhasckers-gaayapadda-simham-promises-quirky-satire-prp.html |access-date=2026-04-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Bhasckar is married to Latha Naidu. She is a [[Production designer|production]] and [[costume designer]] for films and advertisements. She worked for films such as ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]'', ''[[Ee Nagaraniki Emaindhi|Ee Nagaraniki Emaindi]]'' and ''[[U Turn (2018 film)|U Turn]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chowdhary|first=Y. Sunita|date=2018-06-25|title='I had no choice but to be accurate in my planning,' says Latha Tharun Dhaassyam|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/production-designer-latha-tharun-dhaassyam-had-to-be-accurate-in-my-planning/article24252743.ece|access-date=2021-05-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is nephew of [[Warangal West Assembly constituency|Warangal West]] Ex-MLA [[Dasyam Vinay Bhasker|Dasyam Vinay Bhaskar]].

== Filmography ==
[[File:Tharun Bhascker.jpg|thumb|Bhascker at an interview in 2018]]

=== As feature film director ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Year
! Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]'' || [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|National Film Award for Best Screenplay – Dialogues]]
|-
| 2018 ||''[[Ee Nagaraniki Emaindi]]''||
|-
| 2021 ||''[[Pitta Kathalu]]''||[[Netflix]] anthology film; ''Ramula'' segment<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tharun Bhascker on 'Lust Stories': "My directorial part will be a dark-comedy and a spinoff to Sainma" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tharun-bhascker-on-lust-stories-my-directorial-part-will-be-a-dark-comedy-and-a-spinoff-to-sainma/articleshow/75405887.cms|access-date=2021-01-04|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Keedaa Cola]]''||<ref name="'Pelli Choopulu' Director's New Film To Be Called 'Keedaa Cola'">{{cite news|last1=Outlook|title='Pelli Choopulu' Director's New Film To Be Called 'Keedaa Cola'|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-pelli-choopulu-director-s-new-film-to-be-called-keedaa-cola--news-204324|accessdate=18 September 2023|date=24 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918054323/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-pelli-choopulu-director-s-new-film-to-be-called-keedaa-cola--news-204324|archivedate=18 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== As an actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Acting roles
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''[[Mahanati]]'' || [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] ||
|-
| ''[[Sammohanam (2018 film)|Sammohanam]]'' || Himself || Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019 ||''[[Falaknuma Das]]'' || Saidulu ||
|-
| ''[[Meeku Maathrame Cheptha]]'' || Rakesh ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Middle Class Melodies]]'' || AE || rowspan="2" | Cameo appearances
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Skylab (film)|Skylab]]'' || Scientist
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Sita Ramam]]'' || Balaji ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|''[[Das Ka Dhamki]]'' || Blue Jaguar guy ||
|-
|''[[Hostel Hudugaru Bekagiddare|Hostel Boys]]'' ||Editor ||Telugu version
|-
| ''[[Keedaa Cola]]'' || Bhakta Naidu ||
|-
|''[[Mangalavaaram]]'' || || Cameo appearance in a song
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Masthu Shades Unnai Raa]]''|| Veer Das||
|-
|2025
|''[[Santhana Prapthirasthu]]''
|Jack Reddy
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|''[[Om Shanti Shanti Shantihi]]'' || Omkar Naidu ||
|-
|''Gaayapadda Simham'' || TBA ||
|}

===As dialogue writer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Year
! Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 2018
|''[[Maa (2018 film)|Maa]]''
| Short film; Telugu dubbed version
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Meeku Maathrame Cheptha]]'' ||
|-
|}

=== As short film director ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008
|''Wake up''
|
|-
|''HELP''
|
|-
|''My India''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
|''We Can-Blind Cricket''
|
|-
|''The Artist's Poem''
|
|-
| 2010
|''HPS.wmv''
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2011
|''Highderabad''
|
|-
|''This day-Catharsis''
|
|-
|''24 frames-Telugu version''
|
|-
|''The Method''
|
|-
|''Minutes to midnight''
|
|-
|''Serendipity''
|
|-
|''Kaala Ghoda''
|
|-
|''The Journey''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
|''Junun''
|
|-
|''Anukokunda''
|
|- National Film Award for Best Feature in Telugu
| 2015
|''Sainma''
|
|-
|}

=== As voice actor ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2023
|''[[Chithha|Chinna]]''
|Venkatesh
|Dubbed in Telugu for Baalaji S. U. in ''[[Chithha]]''
|-
|2024
|''[[Gorre Puranam]]''
|Gorre/Sheep
|Voice role only
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
!Role
!Network
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
|2018 || ''B. Tech''
|
|[[ZEE5]]||Writer<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-17|title=Tharun Bhascker's web series 'B.Tech' opens to positive reviews|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tharun-bhasckers-web-series-btech-opens-positive-reviews-91711|access-date=2021-01-20|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Neeku Maathrame Cheptha''
|Host
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV Plus]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=AuthorTelanganaToday |title=Tharun Bhascker gets into reinventing mode |url=https://telanganatoday.com/tharun-bhascker-gets-into-reinventing-mode |access-date=2020-06-16 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Anger Tales]]''
|Rajeev
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|Episode: ''Food Festival''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anger Tales Trailer: Venkatesh Maha, Madonna Sebastian, Bindu Madhavi, Phani Acharya Perfectly Portrays 'Anger' Issues in Daily Life! (Watch Video) {{!}} 📺 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/tv/anger-tales-trailer-venkatesh-maha-madonna-sebastian-bindu-madhavi-phani-acharya-perfectly-portrays-anger-issues-in-daily-life-watch-video-4886262.html |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dhootha (TV series)|Dhootha]]''
|Bhupati Varma Avudhuri
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|
|-
|}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Music
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Co-artists
!Notes
|-
|2021
| ''[[Cinema Bandi]]''
|"Cinema Teesinam"
|Varun Reddy
|[[Roll Rida]]
|also lyrics
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Film
! Award
!Ceremony
! Category
! Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| rowspan="5" |''[[Pelli Choopulu]]''
|rowspan=2|[[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[64th National Film Awards|2017]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|{{won}}
|rowspan=2|<ref name=64thnfacalldff>{{cite web|title=Call for entries; 64th National Film Awards for 2016|url=http://www.nationalfilmawards.com/Uploads/Call_for_entries_64th_NFA.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215072936/http://www.nationalfilmawards.com/Uploads/Call_for_entries_64th_NFA.pdf|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/2017/04/07/national-film-awards-declared-today.html National Film Awards 2016]</ref>
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay for Dialogues]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[64th Filmfare Awards South|2017]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south/articleshow/59192157.cms|title=Winners: 64th Jio Filmfare Awards 2017 (South).|website=India Today|date=2018-06-16|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref>
|-
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|2017]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director (Telugu)|Best Debut Director (Telugu)]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2017-telugu-winners-list-jr-ntr-rakul-preet-singh-declared-best-actors-733067|title=SIIMA Awards 2017 Telugu winners list: Jr NTR and Rakul Preet Singh declared best actors|website=International Business Times|date=2017-07-02|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref>
|-
|[[Santosham Film Awards]]
|[[15th Santosham Film Awards|2017]]
|Best Debut Director
|{{won}}
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm5056902}}
* {{Facebook|TharunBhascker}}

{{National Film Award Best Screenplay}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director – Telugu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhascker, Tharun}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Gaddar Telangana Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:People from Warangal]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Best Dialogue National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

Manraj Singh

2026-05-02T06:12:23Z

Vanmathiscp: added new bio more to come.

{{Short description|Indian television and theatre actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manraj Singh Sharma
| image =
| caption =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2014–present
| known_for = ''Romil & Jugal''
}}

'''Manraajh Singh''' is an Indian actor.
He is best known for portraying the role of Jugal in the romantic web series ''[[Romil & Jugal]]'' (2017).
He has appeared in several Hindi television and digital series, including ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]'', ''[[Qayamat Ki Raat]]'', and ''[[Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain]]''.

== Early life ==
Manraajh Singh is an alumnus of the Drama School Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manraj Singh Sharma portfolio |url=https://www.behance.net/iammanrajsingh |website=Behance |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref>
He has stated that he believes more in spirituality than organized religion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manraj Singh Sharma: It’s high time Indian television embraced inclusivity more strongly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/manraj-singh-sharma-its-high-time-indian-television-embraced-inclusivity-more-strongly/articleshow/123785158.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
Manraajh began his acting journey in theatre before transitioning to television.{{fact|date=October 2025}}
He made his small-screen debut in 2014 with ''[[Yeh Dil Sun Raha Hai]]'', produced by Balaji Telefilms.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

In 2017, he gained recognition for his portrayal of Jugal in ALTBalaji’s web series ''[[Romil & Jugal]]'', which explored a same-sex love story. A reviewer praised his performance for its sensitive and realistic approach.<ref>{{cite web |title=Romil & Jugal Review |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/romil-and-jugal-review/story.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref>

Following this, Manraajh appeared in a number of Hindi television shows including ''[[Kaleerein]]'', ''[[Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain]]'', and ''[[Qayamat Ki Raat]]''.
From 2021 to 2023, he portrayed Shubham Kapoor in ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]'' on Sony TV.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2 cast and characters |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/story/bade-achhe-lagte-hain-2-cast-nakul-mehta-disha-parmar-1840913-2021-08-15 |work=India Today |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref>

In 2025, Manraajh took on the role of Harshvardhan in the television series ''Tumm Se Tumm Tak''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manraj Singh Sharma on embracing complexity in Tumm Se Tumm Tak: "Never played someone this emotionally volatile yet driven" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/manraj-singh-sharma-on-embracing-complexity-in-tumm-se-tumm-tak-says-never-played-someone-this-emotionally-volatile-yet-driven/articleshow/122863746.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref>

He has also spoken about the importance of inclusivity and diversity in Indian television storytelling.<ref name="TOIInclusivity">{{cite news |title=Manraj Singh Sharma: It’s high time Indian television embraced inclusivity more strongly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/manraj-singh-sharma-its-high-time-indian-television-embraced-inclusivity-more-strongly/articleshow/123785158.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In an interview, Manraajh opened up about coping with the loss of his father, sharing that the grief has deeply influenced his emotional growth as an actor.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manraj Singh Sharma struggles to get over grief after father’s death |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/manraj-singh-sharma-struggles-to-get-over-grief-after-father-s-death-101665564861521.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Television and web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Yeh Dil Sun Raha Hai]]'' || Nrigank || Recurring role
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Romil & Jugal]]'' || Jugal || Main role
|-
| 2017 || ''Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya'' || Wasim || Episode role
|-
| 2018–2019 || ''[[Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain]]'' || Arya || Recurring role
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Qayamat Ki Raat]]'' || Aman Singh Sooryavanshi || Recurring role
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Kaleerein]]'' || Sunny Kapoor || Recurring role
|-
| 2019 || ''Abhay'' || Rohit || Episode role
|-
| 2021–2023 || ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]'' || Shubham Kapoor || Supporting role
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Tumm Se Tumm Tak]]'' || Harshvardhan ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=8861765|name=Manraj Singh}}
* {{Twitter|id=manraj_sin}}
* [https://x.com/manraj_sin Manraaj Singh] on X

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Manraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Indian_male_television_actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]

Deeg-Kumher Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:25:43Z

Vanmathiscp: Creating basic info with sources

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Deeg-Kumher
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-72-Deeg-Kumher.svg
| mla = [[Shailesh Singh|Dr. Shailesh Singh]]<ref name="election2023">{{cite web | title=Deeg-Kumher Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Dr. Shailesh Singh with 89063 defeats INC's Vishvendra Singh | date=3 December 2023 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/deeg-kumher-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470685-2023-12-03 }}</ref>|
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]]
| established = 2008
| loksabha_cons = [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Deeg-Kumher MLA - Dr. Shailesh Singh.jpg
| electors = {{formatnum:257527}}<ref name=election2023 name="election2023-1">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
}}
'''Deeg-Kumher Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It was established in 2008 after the delimitation of assembly constituencies. [[Digamber Singh|Dr. Digamber Singh]] was the inaugural [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from the constituency in 2008. Followed by [[Vishvendra Singh]], King of the erstwhile [[Bharatpur State]], for two terms in 2013 & 2018. Dr. Shailesh Singh, son of [[Dr. Digamber Singh]], is the current [[Legislator]] from the constituency, serving since 3 December 2023. The constituency is part of the [[Deeg]] district.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[Dr. Digamber Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan=2|[[Vishvendra Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Shailesh Singh|Dr. Shailesh Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==History==

Deeg-Kumher assembly constituency, although relatively new in [[Rajasthan]], has been identified as one of the state's most hot or contentious seats.<ref name="election2023-2">{{Cite web |title=Deeg-Kumher Assembly Rajasthan Election 2023 Results Live: Rajasthan constituency Results, Winner list and vote share |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/Deeg-Kumher-72 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The constituency, since its creation, has witnessed the clash between the [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur Royal Family]] and the [[Dr. Digamber Singh|Singh Family]]. After [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s Dr. Shailesh Singh's victory in the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], both families have inflicted two defeats on the other.<ref name="election2023-3">{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-12-03 |title=Deeg-kumher Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Dr. Shailesh Singh Wins From Deeg-kumher |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/deeg-kumher-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-news-1647086 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

The Deeg-Kumher Assembly Constituency was created by merging the Deeg and Kumher Assembly Constituencies in the 2008 delimitation. In the same delimitation, the [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency]] was reserved for the Scheduled Caste. Hence forcing, [[Vishvendra Singh]], the King of the erstwhile Bharatpur state, to contest assembly election.

The [[Deeg]] assembly constituency was traditionally the stronghold of the Bharatpur Royal House. While, the Health & Industries Minister, [[Dr. Digamber Singh]], was the sitting legislator from [[Kumher]]. The 2008 merger of the two constituencies led to the face-off between the former King of Bharatpur & the senior [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leader serving as a [[Cabinet Minister (India)|Cabinet Minister]].

Both [[Digamber Singh|Minister Digamber Singh]] and [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]], [[Vishvendra Singh]], sought the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ticket from the seat.<ref name="election2023-4">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Divyanshi |date=2023-11-03 |title=Deeg-Kumher Vidhan Sabha Seat: इस सिट से BJPको 2008 में मिली पहली जीत, जानें अब क्या है हाल |url=https://indianews.in/rajasthan-assembly-election-2023/deeg-kumher-assembly-seat-bjp-got-its-first-victory-from-this-seat-in-2008-know-what-is-the-situation-now/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=India News |language=en-US}}</ref> After much deference, the party chose [[Digamber Singh|Minister Singh]] to contest, denying [[Vishvendra Singh|Vishvendra]] the chance to contest. In response, the Maharaj of Bharatpur, shifting loyalties, joined the [[Indian National Congress]] to contest from the seat.<ref name="election2008">{{Cite news |date=2008-11-15 |title=Setback for BJP as Vishwendra joins Cong |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/setback-for-bjp-as-vishwendra-joins-cong/articleshow/3715308.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-04 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Digamber defeated Vishvendra by a margin of 3200 votes in the [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |date=2018-10-06 |title=Deeg Kumher 2008 Assembly MLA Election Rajasthan {{!}} ENTRANCE INDIA |work=ENTRANCE INDIA {{pipe}} Exams Question Papers General Knowledge Election Directory |url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/deeg-kumher-constituency-rajasthan-assembly-election-2008-results-mla-voters-political-parties-data/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> A rare defeat for the former king of Bharatpur in the Royal bastion.

Vishvendra beat Digamber in the 2013 election by a margin of 11,162 votes. This defeat was the revival of the Bharatpur Royal House in politics. The election was witness to high fuzz and emotionally manipulative appeals, including Vishvendra's wife campaigning in a white saree, worn by Indian women in case of death in family, to gain sympathy votes for her husband. The defeat was at the peak of [[Dr. Digamber Singh]]'s career.<ref name="election2013">{{Cite web |title= Whatever Deeg-Kumher decides, Singh will be King. |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-st-jaipur/20131129/281741267211578 |access-date=2023-12-04 |via=PressReader}}</ref>

[[File:Dr. Digamber Singh - Hindustan Times.jpg|thumb|[[Hindustan Times]] publication, featuring then MLA [[Dr. Digamber Singh]], during the [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly elections.]]]]Despite his defeat in the [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly elections]] and the 2014 by poll election from [[Surajgarh Assembly constituency]], [[Digamber Singh]], was made the Chairman of Twenty Point Program and given a Cabinet Minister rank in the government. While Vishvendra remained an opposition legislator.

On 27 October 2017, after almost a four year long battle with cancer, [[Dr. Digamber Singh]] died at the age of 66.<ref name="election2023-5">{{Cite news |title=Former BJP minister Dr Digamber Singh passes away in Jaipur |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/former-bjp-minister-dr-digamber-singh-passes-away-in-jaipur/articleshow/61270345.cms |access-date=2023-12-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Singh's son Dr. Shailesh joined politics following the demise of his father. Shailesh contested against Vishvendra in the [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]. Vishvendra defeated Shailesh by a margin of 8000 votes, despite the sympathy wave for Shailesh's father - the [[Dr. Digamber Singh|Late Dr. Digamber Singh.]] Vishvendra Singh served as Cabinet Minister for Tourism in the [[Government of Rajasthan]], following this win.

In the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly elections]], with positions interchanged, [[Digamber Singh]]'s family engaged in high drama to strengthen their hold. The result mended in their favour with Shailesh trouncing Vishvendra by a margin of 9,000 votes. The former King of Bharatpur had now faced defeat, both by Digamber and his son Shailesh.<ref name="election2023-6">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Deeg-Kumher Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: BJP's Dr. Shailesh Digamber Singh Wins. |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/deeg-kumher-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687748.html |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

Dr. Shailesh Singh, who goes by Dr. Shailesh Digamber Singh is the incumbent [[MLA (India)|MLA]] from the constituency.

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dr. Shailesh Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:89063}}
|percentage = 50.09
|change = +9.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vishvendra Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:81168}}
|percentage = 45.65
|change = +0.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Hariom Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:4487}}
|percentage = 2.52
|change = -9.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:734}}
|percentage = 0.41
|change = -0.26
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7895}}
|percentage = 4.44
|change = -0.62
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:177818}}
|percentage = 69.05
|change = +0.37
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Deeg-Kumher<ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vishvendra Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:73730}}
|percentage = 45.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dr. Shailesh Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:65512}}
|percentage = 40.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Pratap Singh Sinsinwar Maharawar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:20026}}
|percentage = 12.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1081}}
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8218}}
|percentage = 5.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:162375}}
|percentage = 68.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Deeg-Kumher<ref name=election2013 name="election2013-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |publisher= [[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 24 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2013"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vishvendra Singh]]
|votes = 71407
|percentage = 47.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dr. Digamber Singh]]
|votes = 60245
|percentage = 40.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajjan Singh
|votes = 12086
|percentage = 8.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = None of the above
|candidate = Nota
|votes = 1372
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = Balmukand
|votes = 1214
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
| IND
|candidate = Narendra Singh
|votes = 791
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
| IND
|candidate = Dinesh chand
|votes = 496
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
| IND
|candidate = Mukita
|votes = 384
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
| IND
|candidate = Om Prakash
|votes = 231
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = Bahujan Suraksha Dal
|candidate = Manoj kumar
|votes = 226
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
| IND
|candidate = Anil kumar singh
|votes = 131
|percentage = 0.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = Bharatiya Yuva Shakti
|candidate = Vikram singh
|votes = 120
|percentage = 0.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = Jai Bharat Samanta Party
|candidate = Rakesh kumar
|votes = 96
|percentage = 0.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 11162
|percentage = 7.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 148800
|percentage = 73.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Deeg-Kumher<ref name="delimitation2008"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dr. Digamber Singh]]
|votes = 52669
|percentage = 43.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vishvendra singh
|votes = 49145
|percentage = 41.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Amar singh
|votes = 14899
|percentage = 12.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = Bharatiya Bahujan Party
|candidate = Net ram
|votes = 823
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Banwari lal
|votes = 803
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Narendra singh surajmal
|votes = 446
|percentage = 0.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Narendra singh Jawahar singh
|votes = 303
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Digamber
|votes = 219
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = Bharatiya Jan Shakt
|candidate = Bishambar Dayal
|votes = 180
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
|candidate = Lajjaram
|votes = 140
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = Rajasthan Vikas Party
|candidate = Shivcharan
|votes = 135
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 3524
|percentage = 2.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 119762
|percentage = 67.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bharatpur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.47|77.32|display=title}}

[[Category:Bharatpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Jalandhar Central Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:46Z

Vanmathiscp: started new details needs work

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jalandhar Central
| map_image = 35-Jalandhar Central.svg
| mla = [[Raman Arora]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jalandhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalandhar]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:174003}} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 35
}}
'''Jalandhar Central Assembly constituency''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>
It is part of [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{cite web|title=Jalandhar Central Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/punjab/assembly-constituencies/jalandhar-central.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Manmohan Kalia]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Yash
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Manmohan Kalia]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
|Jai Kishan Saini
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
|[[Manoranjan Kalia]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Raj Kumar Gupta (Indian politician)|Raj Kumar Gupta]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Manoranjan Kalia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Rajinder Beri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Raman Arora]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Jalandhar Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Raman Arora]]
|votes = {{formatnum:33011}}
|percentage = 31.30
|change = {{Increase}}16.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rajinder Beri]]
|votes = {{formatnum:32764}}
|percentage = 31.0
|change = {{decrease}}21.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manoranjan Kalia]]
|votes = {{formatnum:27993}}
|percentage = 26.50
|change = {{decrease}}3.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Chandan Kumar Grewal
|votes = {{formatnum:10907}}
|percentage = 10.30
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:953}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change = New
}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:247}}
|percentage=0.23|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= {{formatnum:106554}}|percentage= 61.1|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:174285}}
|ref=
}}{{Election box gain with party link no swing |winner = Aam Aadmi Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Jalandhar Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rajinder Beri]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:55518}}
|percentage = 52.20
|change = {{Increase}}7.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Manoranjan Kalia]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:31440}}
|percentage = 29.60
|change = {{decrease}}16.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Sanjeev Sharma
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:15269}}
|percentage = 14.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Madan Bhatti
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:1261}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = NOTA
|votes = {{formatnum:1044}}
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:24078}}
|percentage = 22.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:105303}}
|percentage = 68.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:155901}}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Jalandhar Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Manoranjan Kalia]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:44963}}
|percentage = 46.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rajinder Beri]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:43898}}
|percentage = 45.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajinder Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:4678}}
|percentage = 4.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:1065}}
|percentage = 1.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:97457}}
|percentage = 70.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:141433}}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2007 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Jalandhar Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Manoranjan Kalia]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 47,221
|percentage = 52.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Tajinder Singh Bittu]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 28,212
|percentage = 31.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sheetal Vij]]
|party = Independent
|votes = 11,330
|percentage = 12.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,009
|percentage = 21.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 89,781
|percentage = 65.7
|change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link no swing |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Jalandhar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.33|75.58|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Jalandhar]]

Rajpur Deesa Panjarapole

2026-04-16T04:19:14Z

Vanmathiscp: new initial pg basic info...

{{Short description|Indian animal rights charity}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Rajpur Deesa Panjarapole
| image =
| image_alt =
| formation = 1992
| founder = Bharatbhai Kothari & Nanubhai Shah
| type = Non-profit organization
| purpose = Animal welfare, conservation
| headquarters = Rajpur, Banaskantha district, Gujarat, India
| location =
| services =
| website=[https://rdpdeesa.org/ rdpdeesa.org]
}}
'''Rajpur Deesa Panjarapole''' is a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit organization]] founded in 1992 in Rajpur, [[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]] district, [[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-11-08 |title=SHREE RAJPUR DEESA PANJARAPOLE |url=https://ngodetails.com/india/karnataka/shree-rajpur-deesa-panjarapole/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> The organization's primary objective is to rescue and rehabilitate animals, particularly those destined for slaughter.<ref>{{Cite web |first= |title=કતલખાને જતા જીવોને બચાવાયા,Divya Bhaskar |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/palanpur/news/jeevadaya-lovers-speed-up-11-cattle-from-rajasthan-to-deesa-abol-jivo-sent-to-rajpur-panjrapol-129323675.html}}</ref>

==History==
Rajpur Deesa Panjarapole was established in 1992 with the rescue of two goats. Since its inception, the organization has saved over 125,000 animal lives, primarily from [[slaughterhouse]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=કતલખાને લઈ જતા 299 બકરાંને બચાવી પાંજરાપોળમાં મોકલ્યા |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/banaskantha/he-took-299-goats-to-the-slaughterhouse-and-sent-them-to-panjrapol |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=www.gujaratsamachar.com |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=રાજસ્થાનથી રાણીપ મંડીમાં લઇ જવાતા 162 ઘેટા-બકરા બચાવાયા |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/banaskantha/162-sheep-and-goats-taken-from-rajasthan-to-ranip-mandi-were-rescued |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=www.gujaratsamachar.com |language=gu}}</ref> Volunteers have risked their lives and faced numerous attacks to protect these animals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Amratlal Kothari vs Dosukhan Samadkhan Sindhi & Ors on 4 November, 2009 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/608365/?formInput=Rajpur%20deesa%20Panjarapole%20%20%20%20sortby%3A%20mostrecent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=JaineLibrary |first=Anish Visaria |title=Search, Seek, and Discover Jain Literature. |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/539769/58 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

==Operations==
The organization operates on donations and has no fixed income source. It provides shelter and care to more than 9,000 animals. The organization employs over 100 cattle herders and five animal welfare experts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Yeh Hai News |date=2021-11-14 |title=થેરવાડા માં રખડતી ગાય એક ખાડામાં પડી જતાં ડીસા રાજપુર પાંજરાપોળમા સારવારમાટે મોકલી |url=https://yehhainewsindia.com/deesa-sent-to-rajpur-panjrapol-for-treatment-after-stray-cow-falls-into-a-pit-in-theravada/?amp=1 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Yeh Hai News India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ડીસાની રાજપુર કાંટ પાંજરાપોળમાં મોટી સુવિધા:હજારો અબોલ પશુઓ માટે નવું દવાખાનું શરૂ, સ્વ. ભરતભાઈ કોઠારીના સ્મૃતિ સ્મારકનું ખાતમુહૂર્ત |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/banaskantha/deesa/news/big-facility-in-rajpur-kant-panjarapol-of-deesa-134338275.html}}</ref>

==Notable Rescues==
*1994: 10 trucks of goats and sheep rescued from [[Deesa]] Rural
*1995: 5 trucks of goats and sheep rescued from Deesa Rural<ref>{{Cite web |title=ડીસાની પાંજરાપોળમાં 400થી વધુ ઘેટાં બકરાં લવાયાં |url=https://navgujaratsamay.com/more-than-400-sheep-and-goats-were-brought-to-deesas-cage/192407.html |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=NavGujarat Samay |language=en}}</ref>
*1996: 5 trucks of goats and sheep rescued from [[Palanpur]] Rural
*1997: 31 trucks of cattle rescued from [[Sanchore]], Rajasthan<ref>{{Cite web |title=રામનગર નજીકથી 57 ઘેટાંને કતલખાને જતાં બચાવી રાજપુર પાંજરાપોળ મોકલાયાં |url=https://navgujaratsamay.com/57-sheep-rescued-near-ramnagar-and-sent-to-rajpur-panjrapol/191282.html |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=NavGujarat Samay |language=en}}</ref>
*1998: 1,510 cattle rescued from a Jodhpur to Anand train<ref>{{Cite web |last=JaineLibrary |first=Anish Visaria |title=Search, Seek, and Discover Jain Literature. |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/537261/434 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>
*2008: 8 trucks with over 2,200 goats and sheep rescued from Deesa<ref>{{Cite web |last=rakhewaldaily_admin |date=2023-04-19 |title=પાલનપુરના ચિત્રાસણી પાસેથી ૧૫૦ પશુને કતલખાને લઈ જતી ૧૦ ટ્રક ઝડપાઈ |url=https://www.rakhewaldaily.com/banaskantha/10-trucks-carrying-150-cattle-to-the-slaughterhouse-were-seized-from-chitrasani-in-palanpur/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Rakhewal Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>
*2016: Horses rescued from [[West Bengal]]
*2017: Camels rescued from Hyderabad<ref>{{Cite web |title=હૈદરાબાદમાં તસ્કરીમાં ઝડપાયેલા 30 ઊંટ ડીસા પાંજરાપોળ ખસેડયા. Divya Bhaskar |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/rhsdata/news/uguj-mat-latest-deesa-news-022003-97971-nor.html}}</ref>
*2018: Stopped export of millions of sheep and goats to Arab countries from Gujarat's Tuna port<ref>{{Cite web |title=લાખો અબોલ પશુઓને આરબ દેશ મોકલાતાં ભગવાનને ડીસામાં આવેદન |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/banaskantha/animals-sent-to-the-arab-country-application-to-god-in-deesa |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=www.gujaratsamachar.com |language=gu}}</ref>
*2019-20: In the year 2019–20, during the difficult period of COVID-19, after the agitation work against the government, 425,000 animals of Gujarat got help.<ref>{{Cite news |last=India |first=Press Trust of |title=Guj: Hundreds of cows let out to protest lack of govt funding |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/guj-hundreds-of-cows-let-out-to-protest-lack-of-govt-funding-118050500774_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522234905/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/guj-hundreds-of-cows-let-out-to-protest-lack-of-govt-funding-118050500774_1.html |archive-date=2018-05-22 |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
*2021: Rescued 3,200 animals despite the demise of founder Bharatbhai Kothari<ref>{{Cite web |last=rakhewaldaily_admin |date=2021-01-01 |title=દાંતીવાડા નજીક જીવદયા પ્રેમીઓએ ૫૬ ઘેટા ભરેલી ગાડી ઝડપી |url=https://www.rakhewaldaily.com/banaskantha/near-dantiwada-jeevadaya-lovers-speeded-up-a-cart-full-of-56-sheep/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Rakhewal Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Legal Interventions==
Rajpur Deesa Panjarapole has appealed to local courts, the [[High courts of India|High Court]], and the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] to protect animal rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highcourt case |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/8180536/}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Animal welfare organisations based in India]]

Ramkola Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:37Z

Vanmathiscp: new initial data from scratch...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ramkola
| map_image = 335-Ramkola.svg
| mla = [[Vinay Prakash Gond]]
| party = [[ Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
| reservation = SC
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,71,916
| constituency_no = 335
}}

'''Ramkola''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Kaptanganj and Ramkola in the [[Kushinagar district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Ramkola is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Kushi Nagar Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 335 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Ramkola Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/ramkola.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Rajdeo
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Mangal Upadhyay
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |Bankey Lal
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Sugreev Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Madan Govind Rao
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |Ambika Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |Radhey Shyam Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Jaswant Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Purnmasi Dehati
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Ramanand Baudh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Vinay Prakash Gond]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramkola<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vinay Prakash Gond
|votes = {{formatnum:124792}}
|percentage = 58.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Purnmasi Dehati
|votes = {{formatnum:52249}}
|percentage = 24.4
|change = {{decrease}}27.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vijay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:23038}}
|percentage = 10.76
|change = {{decrease}}3.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shambhu Chaudhry
|votes = {{formatnum:4080}}
|percentage = 1.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2032}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change = {{decrease}}0.67
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:72543}}
|percentage = 33.87
|change = {{increase}}5.62
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:214152}}
|percentage = 57.58
|change = {{increase}}0.58
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]] candidate '''Ramanand Baudh''' won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''Purnmasi Dehati''' by a margin of 55,729 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/ramkola.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Ramkol<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Ramanand Baudh
|votes = {{formatnum:102782}}
|percentage = 52.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Purnmasi Dehati
|votes = {{formatnum:47053}}
|percentage = 23.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vijay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:28471}}
|percentage = 14.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Buddha Upasak Kashyap
|votes = {{formatnum:6602}}
|percentage = 3.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mahendra Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:1868}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3144}}
|percentage = 1.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:55729}}
|percentage = 28.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:197263}}
|percentage = 57.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!Scope=col|#
!scope=col|Term
!scope=col|Member of Legislative Assembly
!scope=col|Party
!scope=col|From
!scope=col|To
!scope=col|Days
!scope=col|Comment
|-
| 01|| [[3rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|3rd Vidhan Sabha]] ||rowspan="2"| Rajdeo ||rowspan="2"|[[Indian National Congress]] || March 1962|| March 1967 ||1,828||
|-
| 02|| [[4th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] ||March 1967|| April 1968 ||402 || <ref name="1967 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 03|| [[5th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mangal Upadhya|| rowspan="2"|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] || February 1969 ||March 1974 || 1,832||<ref name="1969 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04|| [[6th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] ||rowspan="2"|Bankey Lal|| March 1974 ||April 1977 || 1,153||<ref name="1974 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05|| [[7th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Janata Party]] || June 1977 ||February 1980 || 969||<ref name="1977 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06|| [[8th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] ||rowspan="2"|Sugrive Singh|| [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]] || June 1980 ||March 1985 ||1,735||<ref name="1980 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07|| [[9th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] ||[[Indian National Congress]] || March 1985 ||November 1989 || 1,725||<ref name="1985 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08|| [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || Madan Govind Rao || [[Janata Dal]] ||December 1989 ||April 1991 ||488||<ref name="1989 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09|| [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] ||rowspan="2"|Ambika Singh||rowspan="2"|[[Bharatiya Janta Party]]|| June 1991 ||December 1992 ||533||<ref name="1991 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10|| [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]]||December 1993 ||October 1995 ||693||<ref name="1993 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11|| [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2"|Radhey Shyam Singh|| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] || October 1996 ||March 2002 || 1,967||<ref name="1996 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12|| [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]]||[[Samajwadi Party]]|| February 2002 ||May 2007 || 1,902||<ref name="2002 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 13|| [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Jaswant Singh Alias Atul|| [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] || May 2007 ||March 2012 ||1,736||<ref name="2007 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 14|| [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Purnmasi Dehati||[[Samajwadi Party]]|| March 2012 ||March 2017 || 1,829||<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 15|| [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] ||[[Ramanand Baudh]]|| [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]|| March 2017 || March 2022||{{age in days|2017|03|19}}||<ref name="election2017-1">{{cite web|url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/UP/10.Detailed%20Results.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh 2017 Result|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.90|83.85|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kushinagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Murali Manohar Mandir

2026-04-15T21:44:53Z

Vanmathiscp: added a bio basic info.

{{Short description|Lord Krishna temple in Mithila}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name=Murali Manohar Mandir
|native_name=मुरली मनोहर मंदिर
|native_name_lang=mai
|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]
|deity=Lord Krishna
|location=Babu Saheb Chowk, Mithila region
|district=[[Madhubani district]]|state=Bihar
|country=India
|established=18th-19th century CE
|footnotes=An iconic temple of Lord Krishna in Mithila
|image=File:आठ ही काठी के कोठारिया हो दीनानाथ.jpg
|caption=View of the Murali Manohar Mandir during the festival of Chhath Puja}}

'''Murali Manohar Mandir''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: मुरली मनोहर मंदिर) is an iconic temple of [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is located at the Babu Saheb Chowk in the city of [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]] in [[Bihar]]. It is a temple of the period 18th-19th century. The temple was built by the Maharaja of [[Raj Darbhanga]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=मधुबनी के मुरली मनोहर मंदिर से भगवान श्री कृष्ण की दो मूर्तियां चोरी Madhubani News - Two idols of Lord Shri Krishna stolen from Murali Manohar Temple in Madhubani |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-two-idols-of-lord-shri-krishna-stolen-from-murali-manohar-temple-in-madhubani-19696615.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2019-10-26 |title=मुरली मनोहर मंदिर से करोड़ों की मूर्तियां चोरी, जांच में जुटी पुलिस |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/city/madhubani/crores-rupees-statues-theft-from-murali-manohar-temple-in-madhubani/bh20191026153006221 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-10 |title=VIDEO: मधुबनी में मुरली मनोहर मंदिर से 300 साल पुरानी बेशकीमती मूर्तियां चोरी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/madhubani-stolen-300-years-old-statues-from-murli-manohar-temple-in-madhubani-814481.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

[[File:Madhubani temple.jpg|thumb|Murali Manohar Mandir in Madhubani]]

== History ==
The iconic temple Murali Manohar Mandir was built by the prince Kirti Singh of the Raj Darbhanga. It was built during the period of 1850–1860 AD.<ref name=":0" />

== Description ==
In the temple, two idols of Lord Krishna made from [[ashtadhatu]] were installed. In the year 2015, the two idols of Lord Krishna were stolen. The height of the bigger idol was 2.5 feet, and its weight was 50 kg; the height of the second idol was {{frac|1|2}} foot, and its weight was 5 kg. According to the descendants of the founder family of the temple, the cost of the stolen idols might be 20 to 25 crore rupees.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

{{coord|26.35853|86.07371|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Madhubani district]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

12B

2026-04-11T08:25:19Z

Vanmathiscp: creating a details - done

{{short description|2001 film by Jeeva}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = 12B poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]]
| writer = Jeeva
{{Infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{ubl | [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]]}}
}}
| based_on = ''[[Sliding Doors]]''
| producer = [[Vikram Singh (producer)|Vikram Singh]]
| starring = [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] [[Jyothika]] [[Suniel Shetty]]
| cinematography = Jeeva
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| studio = Film Works
| distributor = [[Media Dreams]]
| released = {{Film date|2001|09|28|df=yes}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''12B''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written, cinematographed and directed by [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]], with dialogues by [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]]; it is his directorial debut. The film stars [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] in his debut with [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] and [[Jyothika]] in lead roles. Hindi actors
[[Suniel Shetty]] and [[Moon Moon Sen]] play supporting roles with the former making a cameo appearance. The music was composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]], with editing by [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]].

''12B'' is an unofficial remake of the 1998 British-American romantic drama film ''[[Sliding Doors]]''. The film introduced the use of [[dual narrative]] to Tamil cinema; it depicts events in a man's life that depend on whether he catches a bus or not. The film gained attention for its casting of Simran and Jyothika, who were two of the leading female actors of Tamil cinema; it is also the first Tamil film in which Shetty and Sen appear. The film was released on 28 September 2001 and performed average at the box office. Critics praised the new concept but criticised the narrative, which they found confusing.

== Plot ==
One morning, Shakthivel alias Shakthi leaves his house for a job interview when he sees a woman, Jyothika alias Jo, walking down the street. Shakthi is distracted by Jo and begins to follow her. He misses his bus and gets mugged. The film then pauses as a [[voice-over]] tells the audience they are about to examine the impact of missing the bus on Shakthi's life.

Shakthi who catches the bus arrives on time for the job interview and is offered the job of a bank manager, and a young colleague Priya falls in love with him. Shakthi, however, is still in love with Jo but something repeatedly prevents him from meeting her. The obstacle turns out to be his alternate self. Shakthi the bank manager is well-off in life but is miserable because he cannot win the affections of Jo.

The Shakthi who missed the bus arrives late at the interview and is thrown out. On his way home, he passes by a junkyard, where he meets his friend Madhan, who gives him a job as a mechanic. The next day, while crossing the street, he sees Jo and again follows her. He gains her attention and they begin a relationship. One day, Jo's uncle Aravind visits, and it is revealed he too is in love with Jo and wants to marry her, much to Jo's dismay.

Due to a misunderstanding, Jo and Shakthi the mechanic separate. Priya expresses her love for the Shakthi the bank manager who, while reciprocating his love for Priya, has an accident. At the same moment, Shakthi the mechanic is also seriously hurt in the same accident while he tries to repair his relationship with Jo. Both Shakthis are admitted to the hospital. While Priya is crying over the death of Shakthi the bank manager, she glimpses Shakthi the mechanic making up with Jo. The film ends with a voice-over concluding the film.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sunil Shetty]] as R. Aravind (special appearance)
* [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] as Shakthivel a.k.a. Shakthi
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] as Priya
* [[Jyothika]] as S. Jyothika a.k.a. Jo / 12B
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Madhan
* [[Moonmoon Sen]] as Sulo
* [[Shanti Williams]] as Shakti's mother
* [[R. Sundaramoorthy]] as Sadasivam
* [[Mayilsamy]] as Citizen
* [[Udayaraj|Master Udayaraj]] as Wall Tube
* [[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]] as Bolt
* Lakshmikanthan as Nataraj a.k.a. Nut
* K. P. Mohan as Mohan
* [[Vaishnavi (Tamil actress)|Vaishnavi]] as Shakti's sister
* [[M. R. Krishnamurthy|M.R.K.]] as Shakti's uncle
* [[Crane Manohar]] as the 12B bus conductor
* [[Scissor Manohar]] as the auto driver
* Vengaiya Balan as a devotee
* Gowthami Vembunathan as Shakti's aunt
* [[Monica (actress)|Monica]] as Priya's co-worker
* Karnaa Radha as a devotee
* [[Citizen Mani]] as a devotee
* John Ranjith as Shakti's co-worker
* [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] as Shakti's co-worker<ref name="indianexpress">{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=16 July 2018 |title=I won't be doing multi-starrers anymore: Tamizh Padam actor Shiva |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/16/i-wont-be-doing-multi-starrers-anymore-tamizh-padam-actor-shiva-1843770.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902222111/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/16/i-wont-be-doing-multi-starrers-anymore-tamizh-padam-actor-shiva-1843770.html |archive-date=2 September 2020 |access-date=5 May 2020 |website=New Indian Express}}</ref>
}}

[[Parthiban]] provided the voice-over at the beginning of the film.<ref name="Review">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2001 |title=Film Review: 12 B |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-12-b/article27980588.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013061855/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-12-b/article27980588.ece |archive-date=13 October 2020 |access-date=23 February 2020 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Production ==
=== Development ===
{{Quote box|width=30%|align=Right|quote="It's been a big thrill, directing a film, being captain of the ship. Having been a cinematographer definitely helped, I could execute the film faster. And also, I've drawn a lot of inspiration from the directors I've worked with, like [[S. Shankar|Shankar]], [[S. J. Surya|Surya]], and my all-time favourite, [[Priyadarshan]]".|source=Jeeva on the film, 2001<ref name="rediff"/> }}

''12B'' marked the directorial debut of cinematographer [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]] and is narrated in a [[dual narrative]] format, one if Shakthi (the protagonist) catches the ''12B'' bus to his job interview and one if he misses the same bus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shoba |date=30 November 2005 |title=The ABCD of Shaam's life! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/30shaam.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193206/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/30shaam.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref name="Hi">{{Cite web |date=2 June 2002 |title=Riding high on '12B' fame |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/riding-high-on-12b-fame/article28600473.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013061845/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/riding-high-on-12b-fame/article28600473.ece |archive-date=13 October 2020 |access-date=23 February 2020 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Jeeva said the film would be titled ''12B'' after a bus he used to take during his college days in Chennai.<ref name="rediff"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2021 |title=மறக்க முடியுமா - 12பி [Can you forget – 12B] |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/marakka-mudiyuma/93884/old-movies/Marakkamudiyuma---12B.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121221107/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/marakka-mudiyuma/93884/old-movies/Marakkamudiyuma---12B.htm |archive-date=21 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=Dinamalar |language=ta}}</ref> The plot of the film was taken from the 1998 English film ''[[Sliding Doors]]'' by [[Peter Howitt (actor)|Peter Howitt]], which follows alternate timelines on whether or not Helen ([[Gwyneth Paltrow]]) catches a train.<ref name="rediff" /><ref name="German">{{Cite web |last=Nirmalarajah |first=Asokan |title=Buslinie 12B – Was Wäre Wenn?|trans-title=Busline 12B – What happened if? |url=https://www.mannbeisstfilm.de/kritik/Jeeva/Buslinie-12B---Was-waere-wenn/839.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612192557/https://www.mannbeisstfilm.de/kritik/Jeeva/Buslinie-12B---Was-waere-wenn/839.html |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=mannbeisstfilm.de |language=de|url-status=dead|date=11 November 2007}}</ref> The gender roles in ''Sliding Doors'' were reversed and the train was replaced by a bus in this film.<ref name="Chennai Online">{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=12B |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov147.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050324062527/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov147.asp |archive-date=24 March 2005 |website=Chennai Online |access-date=21 February 2022 }}</ref><ref name="German"/> Film producer [[Vikram Singh (producer)|Vikram Singh]] opted to make his first foray into Tamil film production after being encouraged to by director [[Priyadarshan]].<ref name="vikrams">{{Cite web |last=A P |title=Vikram Singh: No compromises |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010720/rtam1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010727113218/http://www.screenindia.com/20010720/rtam1.html |archive-date=27 July 2001 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] and [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] were initially considered for the lead role, but they were busy with other projects.<ref name="vikrams" /><ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqf4EjRwnG8
|title=I Was Lost in Alcohol… But I Chose to Rise Again! - The SS Podcast ft. Shaam|work=[[SS Music]]|via=[[YouTube]]|time=14:29|date=16 March 2025|language=ta}}</ref> [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] was also briefly attached to the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=4 March 2020 |title=18 years in cinema, actor Srikanth says he is 'unaffected by trolling' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/mar/04/18-years-in-cinema-actor-srikanth-says-he-is-unaffected-by-trolling-2111737.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305134500/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/mar/04/18-years-in-cinema-actor-srikanth-says-he-is-unaffected-by-trolling-2111737.html |archive-date=5 March 2020 |access-date=5 May 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> While the search for lead actor was ongoing, [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] and [[Jyothika]], two of the leading Tamil actresses at the time, were cast in the other lead roles.<ref name="rediff" /> Their dates to shoot for the film were available since October 2000; however, there was no lead actor for the film although two newcomers were considered for backups.<ref name="I"/>

[[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] had worked as a model in [[Bangalore]] for four years before model coordinator Biju Jayadevan introduced him to director Jeeva, who was auditioning a debutant actor for his debut venture, ''12B''.<ref name="S">{{Cite web |date=24 November 2003 |title=Sailing with SHAAM |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sailing-with-shaam/article28457109.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013061845/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sailing-with-shaam/article28457109.ece |archive-date=13 October 2020 |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Shaam had unsuccessfully auditioned for the lead role in ''[[Kadhalar Dhinam]]'' (1999);<ref name="S" /> he said during his first meeting with Jeeva, he handed over his portfolio and introduced himself in English. Jeeva said: "Repeat what you just said, in Tamil". Shaam did so and was signed on next day after a meeting with producer Vikram Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sreelalitha |first=W. |date=19 October 2007 |title=Making progress steadily, surely |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/10/19/stories/2007101950110200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104113104/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/10/19/stories/2007101950110200.htm |archive-date=4 November 2008 |access-date=23 February 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2014 |title=Shaam's audition was in English |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/shaams-audition-was-in-english/articleshow/40590247.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013061854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/shaams-audition-was-in-english/articleshow/40590247.cms |archive-date=13 October 2020 |access-date=5 May 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Since Shaam was looking for film offers for four years, Jeeva did not treat Shaam as a newcomer.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=சக்கரம் |last2=சுபி |date=21 October 2001 |title=ஷாமுடன் டூ டிராக் பேட்டி! |trans-title=Two track interview with Shaam! |url=https://ibb.co/K0NkK1Z |url-status=usurped |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |pages=20–23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427045622/https://ibb.co/K0NkK1Z |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=27 April 2023}}</ref>

Jyothika got more screen time while Simran called her role a "special appearance".<ref name="rediff" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=6 May 2001 |title=Unfazed by the numbers game |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/unfazed-by-the-numbers-game/article27932540.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028235157/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/unfazed-by-the-numbers-game/article27932540.ece |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=28 October 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Thota Tharani]] worked as the art director for the film.<ref name="rediff" /> The promos of the film were critically praised; Shaam signed on to appear in several projects before ''12B'' was released.<ref name="Hi" /> The film also featured Jeeva's assistant director, [[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]], in a supporting role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2007 |title=Jeeva's blue-eyed boy: Srinath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Jeeas-blue-eyed-boy-Srinath/articleshow/4535211.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013061857/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Jeeas-blue-eyed-boy-Srinath/articleshow/4535211.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=13 October 2020 |access-date=23 February 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After the first filming schedule, another actor tried to fill the lead role but Jeeva insisted on retaining Shaam.<ref name="St">{{Cite web |last=Sangeetha |first=P. |date=19 October 2008 |title=Shaam strikes back |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shaam-strikes-back/articleshow/3612367.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701101903/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shaam-strikes-back/articleshow/3612367.cms |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

A leading Hindi actor was revealed to play a cameo in the film.<ref name="rediff" /> The actor was later revealed upon release to be [[Sunil Shetty]], who was cast to play Jyothika's uncle.<ref name="Sify">{{Cite web |date=25 April 2003 |title=12B |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/12b-review-tamil-pclulOghiiejb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819234044/https://www.sify.com/movies/12b-review-tamil-pclulOghiiejb.html |archive-date=19 August 2020 |access-date=5 May 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Bengali actor [[Moon Moon Sen]], mother of [[Riya Sen]], was signed on to play Jyothika's mother in the film.<ref name="New Straits">{{Cite news |last=K. N. Vijiyan |date=6 October 2001 |title='12B' ride to nowhere |work=[[New Straits Times]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7ishAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hXgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2336,3697386 |access-date=23 February 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In ''12B'', Shaam's voice was dubbed; an uncommon practice for male actors in Tamil cinema at that time.<ref name="T">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2001 |title=Ticket to stardom on 12 B |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/ticket-to-stardom-on-12-b/article27982297.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819224457/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/ticket-to-stardom-on-12-b/article27982297.ece |archive-date=19 August 2020 |access-date=5 May 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Karupiah |first=Premalatha |date=March 2017 |title=Voiceless Heroines: Use of Dubbed Voices in Tamil Movies |url=http://e-asianwomen.org/xml/10075/10075.pdf |url-status=live |magazine=[[Asian Women (journal)|Asian Women]] |location=United Kingdom |page=79 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013061843/http://e-asianwomen.org/xml/10075/10075.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2020 |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]], who later starred in ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' (2007), made his acting debut with this film in a minor role.<ref name="indianexpress" /> Chennai-based model [[Manish Borundia]] played a background actor in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2009 |title=Manish: Waiting for good news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Manish-Waiting-for-good-news/articleshow/4234521.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014015027/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Manish-Waiting-for-good-news/articleshow/4234521.cms |archive-date=14 October 2020 |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Parthiban]] provided a voiceover for the film.<ref name="Review" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of ''12B'' was composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2002 |title=Fame on a platter |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/fame-on-a-platter/article28571700.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013061856/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/fame-on-a-platter/article28571700.ece |archive-date=13 October 2020 |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The soundtrack became popular particularly the song "Oru Punnagai Poove".<ref name="Review" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pinto |first=Sanjay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMB7DwAAQBAJ&dq=oru+punnagai+poove&pg=PT117 |title=My NDTV Days |date=24 January 2019 |isbn=978-1-5290-2260-5 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |location=India |page= |author-link=Sanjay Pinto |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030043438/https://books.google.com/books?id=MMB7DwAAQBAJ&dq=oru+punnagai+poove&pg=PT117 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Premgi Amaran]] crooned the rap song "Anandam".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/happy-birthday-premgi-5-memorable-tracks-of-the-versatile-artist/articleshow/89828497.cms|title=Happy Birthday Premgi: 5 memorable tracks of the versatile artist|work=The Times of India|date=11 July 2022|access-date=11 July 2022|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711185658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/happy-birthday-premgi-5-memorable-tracks-of-the-versatile-artist/articleshow/89828497.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{track listing
| all_lyrics = [[Vairamuthu]] except where noted
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 33:16
|headline = Tamil Track-List<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mio.to/album/12B+%282001%29|title=12B (2001)|work=Mio|date=2001|access-date=1 May 2022|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506094159/https://mio.to/album/12B+%282001%29|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| title1 = Love Pannu (Oru Punnagai Poove)
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Prashanthini]]
|length1 = 4:40
| title2 = Sariya Thavara
| lyrics2 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra2 = Samantha Edward, [[Febi Mani]], Mathangai
| length2 = 5:02
| title3 = Mutham Mutham
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| length3 = 5:02
| title4 = Poove Vai Pesum Pothu
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = Mahalakshmi Iyer, [[Harish Raghavendra]]
| length4= 5:48
| title5 = Jothi Neranjava
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Febi Mani]]
| length5 = 4:46
| title6 = Anandam
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = [[Premgi Amaren]], [[Clinton Cerejo]]
| length6 = 2:17
| title7 = O Nenjae
| lyrics7 =
| extra7 = Sujatha Rao
| length7 = 1:47
| title8 = Oru Paarvai Paar
| lyrics8 =
| extra8 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length8 = 2:22
| title9 = Party Music
| note9 = [[Instrumental]], Shehnai – [[S. Ballesh]]
| length9 = 1:32
}}
{{tracklist|
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|headline = Telugu Track-List<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KHovpI5UY8|title=12 B Jukebox {{!}} Shaam, Suniel Shetty, Jyothika, Simran {{!}} Jeeva {{!}} Harris Jayaraj {{!}} Telugu Songs|work=[[T-Series (company)|T-Series Telugu]]|date=21 October 2024|access-date=30 April 2025|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|total_length=21:31
| all_writing =Kulasekhar
|title1=Anna Thotti Dammu|extra1=[[Febi Mani]]|length1= 5:03
|title2=O Punami Puvva|extra2=[[S. P. B. Charan]], [[Gopika Poornima]]|length2=4:41
|title3=Naalo Ee Mouna |extra3=[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Gopika Poornima|length3=5:49
|title4=Mela Thalatho|extra4=[[Mallikarjun]], Gopika Poornima |length4=4:47
|title5=Muddu Muddu|extra5=Karthik, Gopika Poornima|length5=5:03
|title6=Theme Music|note6=[[Instrumental]]|length6=1:30
}}

== Marketing and release ==
''12B'' received pre-release publicity because it brought together Simran and Jyothika, two of the Tamil film industry's leading actresses of the period.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=27 September 2013 |title=Shaam hits a six |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/shaam-hits-a-six/article5175240.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919085925/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/shaam-hits-a-six/article5175240.ece |archive-date=19 September 2020 |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="R">{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=14 June 2001 |title=Movies: Simran: Absolutely hot! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jun/14simran.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606181631/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jun/14simran.htm |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=23 February 2020 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2020 |title=ஜோதிகா பிறந்தநாள் ஸ்பெஷல்: ரசிகர்களின் பேரன்பையும் பெரும் மரியாதையையும் பெற்ற நடிகை |trans-title=Jyotika Birthday Special: An actress who has earned the admiration and great respect of the fans |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/592364-jyothika-birthday-special-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023112855/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/592364-jyothika-birthday-special-2.html |archive-date=23 October 2020 |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> The film's trailer, which was edited by Deepak Bhojraj, was the fasted edited trailer in Tamil cinema at the time featured the names of the film's technicians coming and going like the sound of a bus horn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/kollywoods-pin-boy-meet-deepak-bhojraj-man-who-designs-film-posters-85156|title=Kollywood's pin-up boy: Meet Deepak Bhojraj, the man who designs film posters|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=21 July 2018|first=Nandhu|last=Sundaram|access-date=9 October 2024}}</ref>

The film performed modestly at the box office with average collections reported.<ref name="D">{{Cite web |last=Poornima |date=19 April 2003 |title=Dhool, the only real Tamil hit |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/19south.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506043330/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/19south.htm |archive-date=6 May 2018 |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref name="S" /> Producer Vikram Singh revealed that he lost money producing the film although he felt it was worth it due to the film's unique script.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 2002 |title=Working to a professional script |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/05/30/stories/2002053002720200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125065138/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/05/30/stories/2002053002720200.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013}}</ref> Jeeva later stating he felt the film had not been properly promoted and could have done better business if it had been.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2007 |title=The director's cut |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-directors-cut/article2247185.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013061855/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-directors-cut/article2247185.ece |archive-date=13 October 2020 |access-date=23 February 2020 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

The appearance of Sunil Shetty in a prominent role led the filmmakers to dub the film in Hindi as ''Do Raaste 12B'' ({{Translation|Two ways 12B}}) in 2005.<ref name="New Straits" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Do raaste 12B | WorldCat.org |oclc=62364609 }}</ref> A Telugu dubbed version was released in October 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2005 |title=12B in Telugu next month |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news264.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819211152/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news264.html |archive-date=19 August 2020 |access-date=23 May 2024 | website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_shaam_2009.php |title=Stars : Star Interviews : Excl: Interview with Shaam |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |access-date=2024-10-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231113257/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_shaam_2009.php |archive-date=31 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Hindi dubbed version was released in Germany in 2007 under the title ''Buslinie 12B – Was wäre wenn?'' ({{Translation|Bus route 12B – What if?}}) with Shetty falsely promoted as the lead actor.<ref name="German"/>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' said the film is like "moving through a maze, because for many it could be confusion confounded, at least for the most part of the first half". The critic added; "Shyam in the hero's garb is an apt choice and looks more like a [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] clone and for a newcomer, Shyam is absolutely at ease in dance and fights" and "Simran does a commendable job in the climax".<ref name="Review" /> ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote; "The presence of Jyotika, Simran and Shyam saves this movie from boredom".<ref name="New Straits" /> ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' concluded its review; "full marks to the intention – considerably less for the execution", praised the film's performances and technical aspects and said a "drawback would be the languid pace—there is not enough tension built into the film and, for large chunks of time, the story remains static, with the result that you do not empathise with the characters". The reviewer said Simran's portrayal "continues with her policy of shifting gradually from glam roles to the more sedate, serious ones and proves to have what it takes".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=23 October 2001 |title=Movies: The 12B review |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/23south.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118080623/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/23south.htm |archive-date=18 January 2018 |access-date=23 February 2020 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

''[[Sify]]'' wrote; "Ultimately it is very difficult for the audience to understand this superficial tale, as they cannot follow the thin line between reality and imagination. It is total confusion". The reviewer praised the Jayaraj's music for the film.<ref name="Sify" /> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' opined that "But Jeeva steers his script deftly, and offers a film that is different, giving enough food for thought and room for discussion even after the film is over" but questioned the change from a female protagonist in ''Sliding Doors'' to a male protagonist.<ref name="Chennai Online"/> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' criticised the film's story (which he felt was similar to ''Sliding Doors'' and the 1999 German film ''[[Run Lola Run]]''), called both roles of Shaam confusing and felt bad for Simran taking up such a role. He praised Vivek's comedy, Harris Jayaraj songs and the director for trying to take up a unique subject for his debut film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=14 October 2001 |title=12B |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2001-10-14/page/n97/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230326121436/https://archive.org/details/kalki2001-10-14/page/n97/mode/2up |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=26 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=96 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Asokan Nirmalarajah of the German site ''mannbeistfilm.de'' reviewing the Hindi dubbed version in 2007 wrote that debutant director Jeeva is at his best especially in the down-to-earth musical sequences and uses the fresh, youthful, lively, very romantic songs by Harris Jeyaraj to make the film very dynamic and entertaining. This only applies to a limited extent for the rest of the film but felt that the 'what if?' aspect was already explored in films such as ''[[Blind Chance]]'' (1987), ''Sliding Doors'' and ''Run Lola Run''.<ref name="German"/>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="rediff">{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=14 August 2001 |title=Movies: Of bus routes and love |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/aug/14bus.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223073844/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/aug/14bus.htm |archive-date=23 February 2020 |access-date=23 February 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Jeeva (director)}}

[[Category:2000s fantasy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2001 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2001 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jeeva]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harris Jayaraj]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jordan]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of British films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic fantasy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Unofficial film adaptations]]

Sri Shiva Narada Muni Temple, Chigateri

2026-04-08T02:59:46Z

Vanmathiscp:

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| image = Narada Muni Temple.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Sri Shiva Narada Muni Temple
| map_type = India Karnataka
| map_caption = Location in [[Karnataka]]
| coordinates = {{coord|14.8210|76.0893|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]
| location = [[Chigateri]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]]
[[Narada]]
| festivals=
| architecture =
| year_completed =
| creator =
}}

'''Sri Shiva Narada Muni Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple situated at [[Chigateri]] in [[Karnataka]] state, [[India]]. It is one of the most prominent of the few temples dedicated to [[Narada Muni]],<ref name="TOI_2022Signif">{{cite news
| last = Sharma
| first = Mahima
| title = Narada Jayanti 2022: Date, Day and Significance
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 17 May 2022
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/narada-jayanti-2022-day-date-and-significance/articleshow/91592008.cms
| access-date = 19 October 2025}}</ref> a legendary divine sage in [[Hinduism]] considered to be the first journalist on [[Earth]] and the primary source of information for gods according to [[Hindu mythology]].<ref name="TOI_2021Signif">{{cite news
| last = TOI group
| first =
| title = Narada Jayanti 2021 date, time and significance
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 27 May 2021
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/narada-jayanti-2021-date-time-and-significance/articleshow/82976145.cms
| access-date = 19 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Narada Jayanti 2022 : Date, Day and Significance">{{cite news |title=Narada Jayanti 2022 : Date, Day and Significance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/narada-jayanti-2022-day-date-and-significance/articleshow/91592008.cms |access-date=8 April 2026 |publisher=The Times of India |date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260408024049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/narada-jayanti-2022-day-date-and-significance/articleshow/91592008.cms |archive-date=8 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="Narada Jayanti 2024: Date, History and Rituals">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Narada Jayanti 2024: Date, History and Rituals |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/narada-jayanti-2024-date-history-and-rituals-880429 |access-date=8 April 2026 |publisher=The Hans India |date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260408024055/https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/narada-jayanti-2024-date-history-and-rituals-880429 |archive-date=8 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Narad Jayanti 2023: Date, History, Celebration and Significance">{{cite news |title=Narad Jayanti 2023: Date, History, Celebration and Significance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/narad-jayanti-2023-date-history-celebration-and-significance/articleshow/100015307.cms |access-date=8 April 2026 |publisher=The Times of India |date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828024403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/narad-jayanti-2023-date-history-celebration-and-significance/articleshow/100015307.cms |archive-date=28 August 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Narada Muni.jpg|300px|thumb|Idol of Narada Muni in the temple]]

{{Saivism}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{hinduism_small}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narada Muni Temple, Chigateri}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Shiva temples]]

Left Front government in West Bengal

2026-04-03T04:26:53Z

Vanmathiscp:

The '''34 years of Left Front led Government in West Bengal during 1977–2011''' refers to the consequently winning of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]-led [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] elections and [[democracy|democratic]]ally forming [[Government of West Bengal|Government]] for [[Politics of West Bengal|seven terms]] starting from 1977 to 2011 (34 years) in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]]. This period (1977–2011) is the longest serving of any democratically elected [[communist]]s-led Government in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-may-12-fg-communists12-story.html|title=Communists Lead Kolkata's Capitalist Makeover|date=May 12, 2006|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2011/5/18/the-end-of-an-era-in-west-bengal-and-india|title=End of an era in Bengal|first=Sumantra|last=Bose|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171639/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2011/5/18/the-end-of-an-era-in-west-bengal-and-india|url-status=live}}</ref> The "34 years of Left Front rule in West Bengal" is a well used political term coined by politicians in the [[Politics of West Bengal|West Bengal politics]] as well as [[politics of India]].
{{short description|Communist rule of western Bengal region, ruled late 20th and early 21st century}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| conventional_long_name = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| common_name = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| country =
| era = [[Politics of West Bengal|Post Independence politics of West Bengal]]
| status =
| event_start =
| year_start = 1977
| date_start =
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| event_end =
| year_end = 2011
| date_end =
| p1 = Indian National Congress
| p2 = Bangla Congress
| p3 =
| s1 = Trinamool Congress
| s2 =
| symbol_type = [[Electoral symbol]]
| image_map = [[File:CPI(M) Official Logo.png|Emblem of CPIM|120px]]
[[File:West Bengal in India.svg|420px]]
| map_width = 120px
| image_map_caption =
| capital = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]
| common_languages = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| religion = [[Secularism]]
| government_type = [[Democracy]]
| leader1 = [[File:CPI(M) Official Logo.png|18px]] [[Jyoti Basu]]
| year_leader1 = 1977–2000
| leader2 = [[File:CPI(M) Official Logo.png|18px]] [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]
| year_leader2 = 2000–2011
| legislature =
| today =
}}
{{Sena dynasty}}
It was started from 1977, when [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]], led by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] won [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977 Assembly elections]] in [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]] with 2/3rd majority suppressing [[Janata Dal]] and [[Indian National Congress]]. Left Front of West Bengal included [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[All India Forward Bloc]], [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]], [[Marxist Forward Bloc]], [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]] and the [[Biplabi Bangla Congress]], while [[Communist Party of India]], [[West Bengal Socialist Party]] and [[Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra)|Democratic Socialist Party]] joined in later years.<ref name="Chander2004">{{cite book|author=N. Jose Chander|title=Coalition Politics: The Indian Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_QtMGIczhMC&pg=PA105|year= 2004|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-092-1|pages=105–111}}</ref> [[Jyoti Basu]] was sworn in as [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] after being elected from [[Satgachhia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satgachhia]] constituency. The Left Front ruled the state for seven consecutive terms 1977–2011, five with [[Jyoti Basu]] as Chief Minister and two under [[Buddhadev Bhattacharya]]. The rule ended in 2011, when [[Trinamool Congress]] historically defeated Left Front in [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011 Assembly elections]].

==Left Front and the politics of West Bengal==
{{See also|Politics of West Bengal}}

===Left Front===
{{Main article|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
[[File:Dspmötekolkata.JPG|thumb|right|An electoral meeting of Left Front. Banner states 'Bamfront', Bengali of 'Left Front'.]]

The Left Front ({{langx|bn|বাম ফ্রন্ট}}; {{transliteration|bn|baam front}}) is a [[leftism|left]]-leaning alliance of left and [[communist]] political parties in of [[West Bengal]]. It was formed in January 1977, which subsequently won [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] in June 1977 and formed Government in the state. The alliance won every election after that up to 2011 and formed Governments for consequent 7 times.

The '''Left Front''' includes:
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
* [[Communist Party of India]]
* [[All India Forward Bloc]]
* [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
* [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]]
* [[Marxist Forward Bloc]]

===Elections===
{{Expand section|date=April 2024}}
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="13" style="background: #FAA0A0;"|Assembly elections
|-
!colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Year
!colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Total seats
!colspan="4" |Winning Party/alliance
!colspan="4" |Opposition
!colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Others
!colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Remarks
!colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Ref(s)
|-
!colspan="1" |Party/alliance
!colspan="1" |Seats contested
!colspan="1" |Seats won
!colspan="1" |Vote share
!colspan="1" |Party/alliance
!colspan="1" |Seats contested
!colspan="1" |Seats
!colspan="1" |Vote share
|-
|colspan="1" |[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|294
|'''Left Front''' {{bulleted list|CPIM|AIFB| RSP|RCPI|MFB|BBC|Independent}}
|{{bulleted list|CPIM- 224|AIFB- 36| RSP- 23|RCPI-4|MFB-3|BBC-2|Ind-1}}
|Total: 231 {{bulleted list|CPIM- 178|AIFB- 25| RSP- 20|RCPI-3|MFB-3|BBC-2| Ind-1}}
|45.61%
|[[Janata Party|JNP]]
|289
|29
|20.02%
|{{bulleted list|INC(R) won 20 seats among 290 contested with 23.02%vote share|CPI won 2 seats among 63 contested with 2.62%vote share| [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUCI]] won 4 seats among 29 contested with 1.48%vote share| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]] won 1 seats among 32 contested with 0.38%vote share|[[Workers Party of India|WPI]] won 1 seats among 2 contested with 0.2%vote share}}
|The election marked the beginning of the 34-year Left Front rule in West Bengal. [[Jyoti Basu]] became chief minister and '''First Basu Ministry''' formed. [[Prafulla Chandra Sen]] became leader of opposition.
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3188-west-bengal-1977/ |title=West Bengal 1977 - West Bengal - Election Commission of India |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019151052/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3188-west-bengal-1977/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|colspan="1" |[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 294
|'''Left Front''' {{bulleted list|CPIM|AIFB| RSP|CPI|RCPI|MFB|BBC|WBSP|DSP}}
|{{bulleted list|CPIM- 209|AIFB- 34| RSP- 23|CPI-12|RCPI-3|MFB-2|BBC-1|WBSP and DSP-10}}
|Total: 231 {{bulleted list|CPIM- 174|AIFB- 28| RSP- 19|CPI-7|RCPI-2|MFB-2|WBSP and DSP-6}}
|52.78%
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|250
|49
|35.73
|{{Bulleted list|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)|IC(S)]]-4 seats|SUCI- 2 seats|Independent-1}}
| [[Jyoti Basu]] became chief minister and '''Second Basu Ministry''' formed. [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]] became leader of opposition.
|<ref name="eci.gov.in">{{Cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3189-west-bengal-1982/ |title=West Bengal 1982 - West Bengal - Election Commission of India |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019065729/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3189-west-bengal-1982/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|colspan="1" |[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|294
|'''Left Front''' {{bulleted list|CPIM|AIFB| RSP|CPI|RCPI|MFB|BBC|WBSP|DSP}}
|{{bulleted list|CPIM- 212|AIFB- 34| RSP- 23|CPI-12|RCPI-3|MFB-2|BBC-1|WBSP and DSP-7}}
|Total: 231 {{bulleted list|CPIM- 187|AIFB- 26| RSP- 18|CPI-11|RCPI-1|MFB-2|WBSP and DSP-6}}
|38.49
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|250
|49
|35.73
|{{Bulleted list|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)|IC(S)]] won 4 seats|SUCI won 2 seats|1 independent candidate won}}
| [[Jyoti Basu]] remained chief minister and '''Third Basu Ministry''' formed. [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]] remained leader of opposition.
|<ref name="eci.gov.in"/>
|-
|colspan="1" |[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|294
|'''Left Front''' {{bulleted list|CPIM|AIFB| RSP|CPI|RCPI|MFB|BBC|WBSP|DSP}}
|{{bulleted list|CPIM- 204|AIFB- 34| RSP- 23|CPI-12|RCPI-3|MFB-2|BBC-1|WBSP and DSP-6}} and allies {{bulleted list|Janata Dal-8|[[Communist Revolutionary League of India|CRLI]]-1|[[Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League|ABGL]]-1}}
|Total: 244 {{bulleted list|CPIM- 182|AIFB- 29| RSP- 18|CPI-6|RCPI-1|MFB-2|WBSP and DSP-6|Janata Dal-1}}
|48.57
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|250
|49
|35.73
|{{Bulleted list|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)|IC(S)]] won 4 seats|SUCI won 2 seats|1 independent candidate won}}
| [[Jyoti Basu]] remained chief minister and '''Third Basu Ministry''' formed. [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]] remained leader of opposition.
|<ref name="eci.gov.in"/>
|-
|colspan="1" |[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|
|colspan="1" |Left Front
|colspan="1" |
|colspan="1" |
|colspan="1" |INC
|colspan="1" |
|colspan="1" |
|colspan="1" |
|
|
|
|
|-
|colspan="1" |[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|
|colspan="1" |Left Front
|colspan="1" |
|colspan="1" |
|colspan="1" |INC
|colspan="1" |
|colspan="1" |
|colspan="1" |
|
|
|
|
|-
|colspan="1" |[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|
|colspan="1" |Left Front
|colspan="1" |
|colspan="1" |
|colspan="1" |INC
|colspan="1" |
|colspan="1" |
|colspan="1" |
|
|
|
|
|-
|colspan="1" |[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|
|colspan="1" |Left Front
|colspan="1" |
|colspan="1" |
|colspan="1" |INC
|colspan="1" |
|colspan="1" |
|colspan="1" |
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="13" style="background: #FAA0A0;"|Parliamentary elections
|-
!colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Year
!colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Total seats
!colspan="9" |Party wise results
!colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Remarks
!colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Ref(s)
|-
!colspan="3"|Seats contested
!colspan="3"|Seats won
!colspan="3"|Vote share
|-
!colspan="13" style="background: #FAA0A0;"|Local body elections
|-
!colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Year
!colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Type
!colspan="9" |Bodies won (by parties/alliance)
!colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Remarks
!colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Ref(s)
|}

===Major opposition parties===
* '''Janata Dal'''
:{{main article|Janata Dal}}
* '''Indian National Congress'''
:{{main article|Indian National Congress}}
* '''All India Trinamool Congress'''
:{{main article|All India Trinamool Congress}}

===Political controversies===
====1979 Marichjhanpi Massacre====
{{main|Marichjhapi incident}}
The massacre in [[Marichjhanpi]], which took place under CPI(M) rule in Bengal between January 26 and May 16, 1979, relates to the eviction of refugees from the reserved island of Marichjhanpi, Sunderbans, who had fled from [[East Pakistan]] thereby leading to the death of a sizable population among them.<ref name="haunt" />

{{blockquote|Out of the 14,388 families who deserted [for West Bengal], 10,260 families returned to their previous places ... and the remaining 4,128 families perished in transit, died of starvation, exhaustion, and many were killed in Kashipur, Kumirmari, and Marichjhapi by police firings (Biswas 1982, 19).<ref>{{cite web|last=Ross |first=Mallick|title=The Morichjhanpi massacre: When tigers became citizens, refugees 'tiger-food'|url=http://sanhati.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/marichjhapi.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insightyv.com/?p=879|title=Remembering Marichjhapi Massacre, 1979|work=insightyv.com|access-date=16 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707120303/http://insightyv.com/?p=879|archive-date=7 July 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}

After leading the Left Front government for consecutive five terms, Jyoti Basu retired from active politics and [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] was appointed as his successor. In 2000, the Left Front came back to the power with Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee again assuming the office of the Chief Minister.<ref name=haunt>{{cite news|last=Bhattacharya |first=Snigdhendu |title=Ghost of Marichjhapi returns to haunt |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/Coverage/Assembly-Elections-2011/Ghost-of-Marichjhapi-returns-to-haunt/AssemblyElections2011-DontMiss/SP-Article10-689463.aspx |access-date=5 August 2013 |newspaper=The Hindustan Times |date=25 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610222045/http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/Coverage/Assembly-Elections-2011/Ghost-of-Marichjhapi-returns-to-haunt/AssemblyElections2011-DontMiss/SP-Article10-689463.aspx |archive-date=10 June 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The state's economic recovery gathered momentum after [[economic reforms in India]] were introduced in the early 1990s by the [[Government of India|central government]], aided by election of a new reformist [[Chief Minister]] [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] in 2000. About during 2007, armed activists, and Maoists have been organizing terrorist attacks in some parts of the state,<ref name=voamaoist>{{cite web
|url=http://www.voanews.com/bangla/archive/2005-07/2005-07-22-voa10.cfm
|title=Maoist on Rise in West Bengal
|access-date=2006-09-11
|last=Ghosh Roy
|first=Paramasish
|date=2005-07-22
|work=VOA Bangla
|publisher=[[Voice of America]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212062125/http://www.voanews.com/bangla/archive/2005-07/2005-07-22-voa10.cfm
|archive-date=12 December 2007
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name=satpmcc>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/MCC.htm|title=Maoist Communist Centre (MCC)|access-date=2006-09-11|work=Left-wing Extremist group|publisher=South Asia Terrorism Portal|archive-date=12 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212092516/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/MCC.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> while clashes with the administration have taken place at several sensitive places on the issue of industrial land acquisition.<ref name=singur1>{{cite news|title=Several hurt in Singur clash|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/28singur.htm|work=rediff News|publisher=Rediff.com India Limited|date=28 January 2007|access-date=2007-03-15|archive-date=11 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211194310/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/28singur.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=nandi1>{{cite news|title=Red-hand Buddha: 14 killed in Nandigram re-entry bid|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070315/asp/frontpage/story_7519166.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121204181250/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070315/asp/frontpage/story_7519166.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 4, 2012 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=15 March 2007 |access-date=2007-03-15 }}</ref>

====Singur Tata Nano controversy====
{{main|Singur Tata Nano controversy}}
The [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] government wanted to set up a [[Tata Nano]] factory in [[Singur]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]. [[Tata Motors]] started constructing a factory to manufacture a car, [[Tata Nano]] which was estimated to cost $2,500. The small cars were scheduled to roll out of the factory by 2008. [[Singur]] was chosen by the [[Tata Motors]] among six sites offered by the West Bengal state government. The project faced massive opposition from displaced farmers. The unwilling farmers were given political support by West Bengal's then-opposition leader [[Mamata Banerjee]]. Banerjee's "Save Farmland" movement was supported by civil rights and human rights groups, legal bodies, and social activists like [[Medha Patkar]], Anuradha Talwar, [[Arundhati Roy]] and [[Magsaysay]] and [[Jnanpith Award]]-winning author [[Mahasweta Devi]]. Leftist activists also shared the platform with Banerjee's Trinamool Congress. The Tatas finally decided to move out of Singur on 3 October 2008. On 7 October 2008, the Tatas announced that they would be setting up the Tata Nano plant in [[Sanand]] in [[Gujarat]] after [[Ratan Tata]] received a call from the then Chief Minister of Gujarat, [[Narendra Modi]].

====Nandigram violence====
{{main|Nandigram violence}}
{{See also|Maoist involvement during Nandigram protests}}
The [[Nandigram violence]] was an incident in [[Nandigram]], [[West Bengal]] where, under the orders of the Left Front government, more than 4,000 heavily armed police stormed the Nandigram area with the aim of stamping out protests against the West Bengal government's plans to expropriate {{convert|10000|acre|km2}} of land for a [[Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ) to be developed by the Indonesian-based Salim Group. The area of Nandigram had turned into an internal-security threat for the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Terrorism and Rising Security Concerns in West Bengal {{!}} IPCS|url=http://www.ipcs.org/comm_select.php?articleNo=2778|access-date=2021-11-25|website=www.ipcs.org|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629172924/http://www.ipcs.org/comm_select.php?articleNo=2778|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]], collaborating with the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoists]], had isolated the entire area from the rest of the country, by cutting up all the roads and blocking them by tree trunks. Weapons were being collected and stored for an armed rebellion.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=December 24, 2009|title=2007-Nandigram violence: A state of failure|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20091228-2007-nandigram-violence-a-state-of-failure-741632-2009-12-24|access-date=2021-11-25|magazine=India Today|language=en|archive-date=15 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015205327/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20091228-2007-nandigram-violence-a-state-of-failure-741632-2009-12-24|url-status=live}}</ref> The villagers were brainwashed against the Government and the progressive scheme. However, the shootings, in recent developments have proved to be a conspiracy of the [[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]] and [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoists]] alike. Indeed, the police had to resort to firing when the armed mob refused to disperse even after much persuasion and tear gassing and started attacking the police. The then Chief Minister, Buddhadeb Bhattacharya was awarded a clean-chit for non-involvement in the Nandigram violence by the CBI.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CBI clean chit to Buddha govt on Nandigram firing|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/|access-date=2021-11-25|website=The Times of India|archive-date=24 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524234523/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> The police shot 13 villagers dead and one died from a very suspicious knife-attack, thus sparking controversies whether the police were, in the least, the ones to fire. At least 30 police officers were injured in the incident.

The SEZ controversy started when the government of West Bengal decided that the [[Salim Group]] of Indonesia<ref>For more information on the Salim Group please see [[Sudono Salim]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/97/0822/biz1.html |title=Asia Week |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=14 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114084931/http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/97/0822/biz1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.saliltripathi.com/articlesReview/8Oct98Review.html |title=Far Easter Economic Review October 1998 |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=19 July 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020719183321/http://www.saliltripathi.com/articlesReview/8Oct98Review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> would set up a [[Chemical industry|chemical hub]] under the SEZ policy at Nandigram, a rural area in the district of [[Midnapore East|Purba Medinipur]]. The villagers took over the administration of the area and all the roads to the villages were cut off.

==Land reforms and agriculture==
Left Front is considered for the most successful land reforms in [[India]]. While land reform had not made much headway in most of India, West Bengal has achieved many notable land reforms compared to it in fields like redistributing agricultural land ownership, regulating sharecropping relationships, and distributing homestead plots.<ref name="land1"/>

===Operation Barga===
{{Main article|Operation Barga}}
In the first term of Left Front government, one of the main key priorities were [[land redistribution]]<ref name=bud>''People's Democracy''. ''[http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2007/0624/06242007_buddhadev.htm Thirty Years of Left Front Government in West Bengal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401020426/http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2007/0624/06242007_buddhadev.htm |date=1 April 2015 }}''</ref><ref name=pra>''People's Democracy''. ''[http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2006/0625/06252006_prakash.htm West Bengal Left Front Govt: A Historic Anniversary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115131946/http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2006/0625/06252006_prakash.htm |date=15 November 2016 }}''</ref> and the most effective was [[Operation Barga]]. Introduced in 1978, it was a comprehensive and radical measure for land reforms which was further formalised through two legislation in 1979 and 1980.<ref name=":46">{{Cite journal|last=Chattopadhyay|first=Suhas|date=1979|title=Operation Barga: A Comment|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=14|issue=49|pages=2022–2024|jstor=4368206|issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref name=":47">{{Cite journal|last1=Banerjee|first1=Abhijit V.|last2=Gertler|first2=Paul J.|last3=Ghatak|first3=Maitreesh|date=2002|title=Empowerment and Efficiency: Tenancy Reform in West Bengal|journal=Journal of Political Economy|volume=110|issue=2|pages=239–280|doi=10.1086/338744|jstor=10.1086/338744|s2cid=35935397|issn=0022-3808}}</ref> The operation sough to actively identify and record ''bargardars'' (trans: [[sharecroppers]]) by present occupational status without any reliance on ancestral records, producing official documentation for enforcement of the rights of ''bargardars'' to crop share from landlords and [[priority right]]s to lands in cases of both voluntary sale of land and forced sale of ceiling surplus lands.<ref name=":48">{{Cite book|last=Pal|first=Sasanka Sekhar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgzePgAACAAJ|title=Impact of Tenancy Reforms on Production and Income Distribution: A Case Study of Operation Barga in West Bengal|date=1995|publisher=National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":47" /> The effects of Operation Barga included:
* The number of recorded ''bargardars'' increased from 0.4 to 1.2 million by 1982,<ref name=":46" /><ref name=":48" /> and resulted in the coverage of 50%+ [[Wage share|output share]] concessions towards ''bargardars'' to increase from 10% to over 50% among registered ''bargardars'' and over 33% for unregistered ''bargardars''.<ref name=":47" /><ref name=":49">{{Cite journal|date=18 November 2006|title=Operation Barga|url=http://team.univ-paris1.fr/teamperso/DEA/Cursus/M1/Doc4%20Operation%20Barga.pdf|journal=Théorie et Applications en Microéconomie et Macroéconomie|publisher=[[University of Paris]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118154131/http://team.univ-paris1.fr/teamperso/DEA/Cursus/M1/Doc4%20Operation%20Barga.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2006}}</ref>
* The number of landless rural households decreased by 35% during this period.<ref name=":55">{{Cite journal|last=Lieten|first=G. K.|date=1990|title=Depeasantisation Discontinued: Land Reforms in West Bengal|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=25|issue=40|pages=2265–2271|jstor=4396841|issn=0012-9976}}</ref>
* Through Operation Barga, more than 1.39 million acres of land was acquired by the government<ref name="auto2"/> and about 1.1 million acres of land was distributed among 2.54 million relatively land-poor households<ref name="land1"/> including 1.4 million share-croppers<ref name=nlr>''New Left Review''. ''[https://newleftreview.org/II/70/kheya-bag-red-bengal-s-rise-and-fall Red Bengal's Rise and Fall]''</ref><ref name="Chakrabarty2014">{{cite book|author=Bidyut Chakrabarty|title=Left Radicalism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0xWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA107|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-66805-3|page=107}}</ref> and 3.04 lakh poor peasants of the state.<ref name="auto"/> This counts about 8% of arable land and 34% of agricultural households.<ref name="land1"/> About 800,000 acres of land were distributed to 1.5 million heads of households between 1978 and 1982.<ref name=nlr/>
* Between 1977 and 1980, the Government oversaw the identification of nearly 1 million [[acres]] of ceiling surplus land and its subsequent redistribution.<ref name=":292">{{Cite journal|last=Patnaik|first=Utsa|date=2010|title=Jyoti Basu and Bengal|journal=Social Scientist|volume=38|issue=7/8|pages=56–60|jstor=27866723|issn=0970-0293}}</ref>
* The implementation of the operation is noted to have improved the social status, dignity and prestige that was unheard of in the previous political regime.<ref name=":48" /><ref name=":47" /> From 1978 to 1988 gram panchayats, the representation of bargadars, landless labourers and cultivators (with landholding of below 3 acres) increased from 1.8% to 11.3%, from 4.8% to 16.8% and from 21.8% to 30.2%.<ref name="auto2"/> This also gave security and decision-making power to the poor and the bargadars.
* In addition it accounted for approximately 36% of agricultural growth during the period as a consequence of greater production incentives due to a lack of [[eviction]] threat and increased output stake.<ref name=":49" />
* The operation is also credited to have created a cushion against [[Farmers' suicides in India|farmers' suicides]] in West Bengal by improving the [[economic stability]] of farmers and decreasing economic inequality.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 April 2006|title=Did Operation Barga save Bengal farmers|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/did-operation-barga-save-bengal-farmers/162221/|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

West Bengal accounted for 20% of total land redistribution in the country even though it accounts just 3.5% of total Indian land. Up to the year 2000, 1.6 million bargadars have been officially recorded as 86% of sharecroppers existing in the state. Also about a third of total cultivators in the state have been recorded as bargadars. Almost 9,00,000 bargadars were recorded between 1978 and 1988. But between 1988 and 1997 the process slowed down coming to less than 90,000 bargadars.<ref name="auto2"/> As of September 1999, nearly 296,000, households had benefited by receiving homestead.<ref name="land1"/>

===Patta land===
One of further successful land redistribution was done by ''[[Patta (land deed)|pattas]]''. Land has been redistributed among 2.745 million 'pattadars'. Barga and patta both had covered 41.3% of the rural population of West Bengal. The state alone accounted for 47% of all India beneficiaries. Between 1993 and 1999 around 95,000 acres were given to pattadars.<ref name="auto2"/> 6.25 lakh joint patta and 1.65 lakh female patta have been distributed.<ref name="auto"/>

===Major land reforms, acts and timeline===
There were numerous acts with a number of significant amendments from the LF Government. Some of them are,<ref name="land1">{{cite report |author= |author-link= |first1=Tim |last1=Hanstad |first2=Jennifer |last2=Brown|date= |title= Land Reform Law and Implementation in West Bengal: Lessons and Recommendations|publisher=Rural Development Institute |page= |docket= |access-date= |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0197397582900236/pdf?md5=551ecd621429dda992c84218bf0b6f74&pid=1-s2.0-0197397582900236-main.pdf}}</ref>
* ''West Bengal Town and Country (Planning & Development) Act, 1979''
* ''West Bengal Land Reform (Amendment) Act 1981''
* ''The West Bengal Inland Fisheries Act, 1984 ''
* ''West Bengal Thika Tenancy (Acquisition and Regulation) Act, 2001''
* ''East Kolkata Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Act, 2006''

In the 1990s, the land reforms process slowed down. Those who were given land or cultivation rights through land reforms could not hold it because of rising input prices and falling output prices (see [[34 years of Left Front rule in West Bengal#1990-2009|Agriculture, 1990s]]) resulting difficulty in cultivation. As a result, 13.23% of pattadars and 14.37% of bargadars gave up their cultivation rights or had lost their land. The number of landless rural households was also increasing throughout the 1990s, i.e. from 39.6% in 1987–88 to 41.6% in 1999–2000. Small cultivators faced more land loss specially in regions where large-scale operation was the most profitable. In 1999–2000, rural-urban inequality increased more precisely. The village consumption per capita was 52% of per capita urban consumption in West Bengal compared to 56% as of all India and nearly 80% of agriculturally advanced states like Punjab, Haryana.<ref name="auto2"/>

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="8" style="background: #FAA0A0;"|Land reform stats (up to 2001)<ref name="land1"/>
|-
!colspan="4" style="background: #ffffcc;" | Ceiling-Surplus Reform
|-
!colspan="2" | Declared surplus land
|colspan="2" |1.37 million acres
|-
!colspan="2" |Vested surplus land
|colspan="2" |1.28 million acres
|-
!colspan="2" |Redistributed ceiling-surplus land
|colspan="2" |1.04 million acres (7.8% of arable land)
|-
!colspan="2" |Households to receive ceiling surplus land
|colspan="2" |2.54 million
|-
!colspan="4" style="background: #ffffcc;" |Tenancy Reform
|-
!colspan="2" |Land covered by tenancy reform
|colspan="2" |1.1 million acres
|-
!colspan="2" |Tenancy beneficiaries
|colspan="2" |1.49 million
|-
!colspan="4" style="background: #ffffcc;"|Total Beneficiaries Under All Reforms
|-
!colspan="2" |Households receiving homestead plots
|colspan="2"|296,000
|-
!colspan="2" | Total beneficiary households under ceiling surplus, tenancy, and homestead plots
|colspan="2"|Up to 4,316,000 (58.6% of agric. households)
|}

Irrigated area expanded from 32% to about 70% from 1977 to 2006.<ref name="land3"/> Up to 2006, Scheduled Caste beneficiaries in West Bengal were 1.04 million (49.5% of all India) and Scheduled Tribe beneficiaries in West Bengal were 0.53 million (62% of All India).<ref name="land3">{{cite report |author=Surjya Kanta Mishra |date=2007 |title=On Agrarian Transition in West Bengal |url=https://cpim.org/marxist/200702_marxist_s.misra-agri-wb.pdf |publisher= |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote= |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324215412/https://cpim.org/marxist/200702_marxist_s.misra-agri-wb.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Up to 2011, homestead land has been distributed to over 3.24 lakh landless labourers.<ref name="auto">{{cite report|author= |date= 2011|title= 7th Left Front Government in West Bengal|url= https://www.cpim.org/documents/2011-7th.LFG_achievements.pdf|publisher= CPI(M)|page= |docket= |access-date= |quote= |archive-date= 22 December 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231222225216/https://www.cpim.org/documents/2011-7th.LFG_achievements.pdf|url-status= live}}</ref> In the 7th term (2006–2011), Left Front government brought land from willing farmers at a price 25% higher than the market price and redistributed them. 739.37 acres of land were purchased and redistributed to 5476 poor and landless families in the rural areas.<ref name="auto"/>

===Agriculture===
====1977–1990====
In the earlier terms of LF Government, agricultural production, grew at a spectacular rate, specially in the 1980s. West Bengal emerged as the largest rice producing state in India contributing more than 15 per cent of national production.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2006/04/special-articles/political-economy-west-bengal.html|title=Political Economy of West Bengal|date=June 5, 2015|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|pages=7–8|via=www.epw.in|archive-date=26 April 2024|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426132735/https://www.epw.in/journal/2006/04/special-articles/political-economy-west-bengal.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The agricultural growth jumped from an annual average of 0.6% between 1970–1980 to over 7% between 1980 and 1990.<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal|last1=Saha|first1=Anamitra|last2=Swaminathan|first2=Madhura|date=1994|title=Agricultural Growth in West Bengal in the 1980s: A Disaggregation by Districts and Crops|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=29|issue=13|pages=A2–A11|issn=0012-9976}}</ref> In the 80s, West Bengal moved from being a food importer to a food exporter and became the largest producer of rice outstripping the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] which had previously held the status.<ref name=":52"/>
During the 1980s, overall foodgrains had a growth rate of 5.81%, which was only 0.96% in 1979.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/special/how-the-communists-killed-bengals-industry/20180319.htm|title=How the Communists killed Bengal's industry|website=m.rediff.com|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=26 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426132734/https://m.rediff.com/amp/money/special/how-the-communists-killed-bengals-industry/20180319.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Boro cultivation====
Left Front introduced high yielding boro rice cultivation. Boro was an extremely labour-intensive form of rice cultivation carried on by small cultivators in small plots of land using mainly family labour. Due to land reforms and Operations Barga, Boro cultivation was successful among farmers. This gave advantage to the farmers by raising more than one crop in a given year. Also the requisite water for boro cultivation was available from minor irrigations like shallow tube well. During the 1980s boro cultivation grew at an average annual rate of 12 per cent.<ref name="auto2"/> Total factor productivity growth for the period was more rapid in West Bengal (3.93% annually) than in any other major Indian state.<ref name="land1"/>

====1990–2009====
The agricultural growth significantly slowed down in the 1990s due to a number of reasons. Boro cultivation could not be expanded due to unavailability of water and stopped. Demand and productivity both did not increased and West Bengal failed to export its rice to other states and abroad due to poor marketing strategies. Foodgrains input prices increased but the profit was less. Growthrate of foodgrain decreased to 2.13% in 1994. As a result, the percentage of cultivators in the rural workforce in 1991 fell from 38% in 1991 to 25.4% in 2001. At the same time, growth of boro cultivation slowed down to 5 per cent. The overall agricultural growth became around 2% in the 1990s.<ref name="auto2"/>

Despite overall agricultural slowdown in the 1990s, 2000s were more competitively more better. During the 7th LF government, agriculture has grown at 3.1% in West Bengal from 2006–07 to 2009–10, compared to only 2.1% at the national level. West Bengal produced 14.3 million tons of rice in 2009–10, which was the highest for any state in the country, accounting for 16% of all-India production.<ref name="auto"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="8" style="background: #FAA0A0;"|
Types of occupational in field of agriculture in Rural West Bengal (1991)<ref name="auto2"/>
|-
! Type of work
!'''1991'''
!'''2001'''
|-
|Cultivator
|38.4%
|25.4%
|-
|Agri worker
|32.3%
|33%
|-
|Non-agri worker
|29.3%
|41.6%
|}

In 2006, the index of cropping intensity in West Bengal was 180, the second highest in India. The area under high yielding seeds increased from 28% to 96%. About 83% of the gross cropped area consisted different types of high yielding crops.<ref name="land3"/> West Bengal became also the first among all states in the production of vegetables (12.8 million tons in 2009–10). The LF government spent Rs. 400 crore to procure potatoes at an assured price of Rs. 3.50 per kg to prevent the losses of potato growers.<ref name="auto"/>

==Political reforms==

===Panchayat raj===
"Democratic [[decentralisation]]" of rural power has been one of the most prominent achievements of the Left Front in West Bengal.<ref name="auto2"/> Left Front and Jyoti Basu are credited to have been successful in the introduction of [[grassroots democracy]] and self governing units in West Bengal which substantially improved [[Transparency (behavior)|bureaucratic transparency]], [[Irrigation in India|irrigation work]], [[rural infrastructure]] and [[political participation]] and as a result [[standards of living]].<ref name=":45" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mathew|first=George|title=Panchayati Raj from Legislation to Movement|date=1994|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-517-1|pages=79–86|language=en}}</ref>

The Left Front government amended and implemented the provisions of the Panchayat Act.<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal|last=Acharya|first=Poromesh|date=1993|title=Panchayats and Left Politics in West Bengal|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=28|issue=22|pages=1080–1082|issn=0012-9976|jstor=}}</ref><ref name=":45">{{Cite journal|last1=Basu|first1=Subho|last2=Majumder|first2=Auritro|date=1 June 2013|title=Dilemmas of Parliamentary Communism|journal=Critical Asian Studies|volume=45|issue=2|pages=167–200|doi=10.1080/14672715.2013.792569|s2cid=147986419|issn=1467-2715}}</ref> On 4 June 1978, local body elections were resumed after 14 years and the first direct elections were held to elect 56,000 representatives from 15 zila parishads, 324 panchayat samitis and 3,242 gram panchayats in West Bengal.<ref name=":42" /> On 4 June 1978 three-tier [[panchayat]] local bodies were elected across the state, by elections in which the Left Front won a landslide victory.<ref name=bud/> By 1993, the number of representatives was expanded to over 71,000 representatives.

Other efforts of taken during successive Left Front Governments was:
* Woman reservation was extended up to 50% from 33%.
* Around 35% of Government expanditure was done through the three-tier panchayat system.
* The Gram Sangsad was formed in 1992 to ensure people's participation in the panchayat system.
* Panchayat system helped to extend the rural infrastructure.

===Other political developments===
Seeing distribution of central government funds as unjust and politicized, the Left Front government began measures to pressure the central government to change its approach towards the state governments. These movements eventually resulted in the [[Sarkaria Commission]].<ref name="Chakrabarty2014b">{{cite book|author=Bidyut Chakrabarty|title=Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oEtRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-997489-4|page=81}}</ref>

The Left Front government was also credited with coping with the refugee situation created by the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and severe floods.<ref name="Chander2004"/>

==Industry==
===Overall===
West Bengal had its major industries in [[Kolkata]], [[Durgapur]], [[Howrah]], [[Hugli-Chinsura|Hooghly]], [[Bakreshwar]] and the mineral-rich western highlands.<ref name=wbidcindinf>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbidc.com/about_wb/industrial_infrastructure.htm|title=Industrial infrastructure|publisher=West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation|access-date=5 March 2012|archive-date=5 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405152957/http://www.wbidc.com/about_wb/industrial_infrastructure.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> From 1977, Left Front's industrial policy focused on small companies and thus bigger industries suffered until 1994 when again an industrial policy was announced but based on economic liberalization. This policy revamped the major industries in the 2000s.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="10" style="background:#ffdead;"| Overall industrial stats
|-
! Parameters
! colspan="8" |Year-wise percentage
! Ref(s)

|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''Share in (organised) industrial production in India'''
|colspan="2"|'''1980–1981'''
|colspan="2"|'''1989–1990'''
|colspan="2"|'''1997–1998'''
|colspan="2"|'''2007–2008'''
|rowspan="2"|<ref name="uoc"/><ref name="auto2"/>
|-
|colspan="2"|11.53%
|colspan="2"|5.79% ({{down}} 5.74%)
|colspan="2"|5.10% ({{down}} 0.69%)
|colspan="2"|3.90% ({{down}} 1.20%)
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FFFFCC";| '''Share in (organised) industrial employment in India'''
|colspan="2"|'''1977–1978'''
|colspan="2"|'''1997–1998'''
|colspan="2"|'''2001–2002'''
|colspan="2"|'''2007–2008'''
|rowspan="2"|<ref name="uoc"/>
|-
|colspan="2"|{{dash}}
|colspan="2"|8.30%
|colspan="2"|7.00% ({{down}} 1.30%)
|colspan="2"|4.90% ({{down}} 2.10%)
|}

===1977–1993===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan="2" style="background:#ffdead;"| '''Total Investment projects implemented'''<ref name="ippg">{{cite report |date=June 2007 |title= The Decline and Recent Resurgence of the Manufacturing Sector of West Bengal: Implications for Pro-Poor Growth from an Institutional Point of View |publisher= School of Environment & Development, [[University of Manchester]]|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08bf9e5274a27b2000ec7/IPPGDP10.pdf}}</ref>
|-
!'''1977–1981'''
| ₹1737.6 million
|-
!'''1982–1988'''
|₹7740.1 million
|}
After coming to power, the Left Front government announced industrial policy of in 1978 which gave high priority to small scale Industries and cottage industries to generate employment in industry and curtailed the monopoly power of big business companies, specially the multi-nationals in the organized sector. The Government declared than no new investment by multi-nationals would be allowed in the state.<ref name="uoc"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/economy/why-the-lack-of-industry-in-west-bengal--64679|title=Why the lack of industry in West Bengal?|website=www.downtoearth.org.in |date=22 May 2019 }}</ref> For an industrial rejuvenation in the state, LF government came up with a four-point demand from the center: "(i) more licenses should be granted for investment in the private sector in the state; (ii) government investment in the public sector should be increased; (iii) fund allocated for development in the state should be increased; and (iv) a host of regulations hindering establishment of new industries in the state should be relaxed". Jyoti Basu even made efforts to mobilize non-Congress chief ministers from a number of other states, to put collective pressure on the government at the center, but with no success.<ref name="uoc"/>

In this period, industrial parameters steadily grew down. But Left's industrial policies was not the only cause of this industrial downfall. The other major causes for industries growing down in this period were:
* Until 1990, state's major industrial control was under the Central Government. States where the political party in Government was aligned with the central government took the maximum benefit of this pro-business attitudinal change.<ref name="ippg"/> West Bengal having non-aligned LF Government did not much importance and big industries were started to be taken away to other states. The contradicting Congress-led central government at that time delayed new projects in the state like the for the clearance of making thermal power plant in Bakreshwar, the state had to wait seven years fue to procrastination at the center.<ref name="uoc"/> West Bengal got a "relief from centre's control" after the economic reforms of 1991. By 1991, the economy had suffered major losses due to issues beyond the state's control.<ref name="auto4"/>
* Industrialists did not show interest in starting new business in the state because of the militant trade unionism in the industry, which was primarily supported by the 1960s United Front government. There were 894 instances in 1969 and 340 instances in 1971 of work stoppage due to industrial disputes. In 1977 there were 397 instances of work stoppage happened in which 206 were strikes and the remaining 191 were lockouts. In the successive Governments Left Front government stopped supporting militant labor movements. It began to promote bilateral negotiations between labor and the management avoiding confrontation. Following the years the total number of major industrial disputes came down to 208 (78 strikes and 130 lockouts) in 1980 and 213 (21 strikes, 192 lockouts) in 1991.<ref name="uoc"/><ref name="ippg"/> Though numerous factories suffered for this and have either closed down or have laid off a large number of workers.
* During the 1980s due to the central Government, massive retrenchment of labor happened in organized industry all across the country in which West Bengal lost 177,000 in the 80s but created only 91,000 new jobs after the reform in 90s.<ref name="uoc"/>
* Production cost was higher than other states.
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Parameters
!colspan="4" style="background: #FAA0A0;"|Year-wise percentage
! Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FFFFCC";| '''Production cost per ₹1,000 of Gross Output'''
|colspan="1"|'''1976–1977'''
|colspan="1"|'''1980–1981'''
|colspan="1"|'''1985–1986'''
|colspan="1"|'''1989–1990'''
|rowspan="2"|<ref name="uoc"/>
|-
|colspan="1"| ₹843
|colspan="1"| ₹877 ({{IncreaseNegative}} ₹34)
|colspan="1"| ₹925 ({{IncreaseNegative}} ₹48)
|colspan="1"| ₹941 ({{IncreaseNegative}} ₹16)
|}
* Another cause was managerial incompetence. Companies like Kesoram Cotton Mills and Metal Box, Hind Motors have closed for this reason.<ref name="uoc"/>
* Due to Central Government's freight equalisation scheme coal and other natural resources were carried at equivalent prices across the country. Many industries were shifted out to other parts of India from West Bengal.<ref name="auto1"/>

:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Parameters
!colspan="8" style="background: #FAA0A0;"|Year-wise percentage (1977–1993)
! Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''' Share of West Bengal in the ex factory value of (organised) industrial output'''
|colspan="2"|'''1977–1978'''
|colspan="2"|'''1980–1981'''
|colspan="2"|'''1987–1988'''
|colspan="2"|'''1990–1992'''
|rowspan="2"|<ref name="ippg"/>
|-
|colspan="2"|10.5%
|colspan="2"|9.8% ({{down}} 0.7%)
|colspan="2"|7.2% ({{down}} 2.6%)
|colspan="2"|6.0% ({{down}} 1.2%)
|}

In many cases, experienced displaced workers started their own factories in small sheds. These small entrepreneurs have emerged as sub-contractors of bigger factories from which they had been laid off. As a result, numerous small industrial establishments came in the unorganized sector. This led to the solution of employment problem but overall the economic condition of industrial workers became deteriorated.<ref name="uoc"/>
In the 1990s, West Bengal had turned into a small-scale, production-dominated economical state, most of these units were unregistered. The share of unregistered manufacturing in the manufacturing state domestic product (SDP) of the state almost gone to 60% in the 1990s from an average of 30% in the 1980s.<ref name="auto2"/> 89.2% of total industrial employment was generated by the small scale industries compared to Gujarat, Maharashtra and all India who stood at 70.07%, 67.3% and 81.12%.<ref name="ippg"/> The number of informal sector manufacturing units also increased, specially in the rural areas.<ref name="auto2"/> Most of them did not have any well-defined property live on illegally encroached government or railway land or pavements of city streets to sell their ware.<ref name="auto2"/> But due to poor quality, untimely delivery and sales services the local and small scale industries never grow or compete at the national level.<ref name="ippg"/> Though in 1981–87, growth rate of manufacturing was below 2 per cent, it grew to above 3 per cent during 1987–94.<ref name="auto2"/> Jessop & Company, Braithwaite, Burn & Company, Indian Standard Wagon, GKW (then Guest Keen Williams) and Metal Box were some companies who were very much affected. Workers were paid only minimum wages.<ref name="auto1"/>

In 1978 while amounts of per capita industrial investment in private sector were ₹670 for all-India, and ₹428 in West Bengal, in 1994 the figures stood at ₹9,177 for all-India, and ₹4,376 in West Bengal, compared to ₹22,776 in Gujarat, ₹12,385 in Maharashtra.<ref name="uoc"/> Though new companies were created at this period like Shree Cement (1979), Balrampur Chini Mills (1979), Orient Cement (1979), Skiper Limited (1981), Century Plyboard (1982), Kolpona Industries (1985), Haldia Petrochemicals(1985), Himadri Chemical And Industry (1987), Magma Finkorp (1988), Tata Metalics (1990) etc.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="8" style="background: #FAA0A0;"|
Number of registered (organised) factories in various types of Industries in West Bengal (1977–1993)<ref name="uoc"/>
|-
! Type of industries
!'''1977'''
!'''1980'''
!'''1986'''
!'''1990'''
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''Tea'''
|261
|266
|273
|278
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''Cotton Textiles'''
|255
|275
|293
|305
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''Jute Mills'''
|74
|73
|77
|78
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''Chemical Products'''
|350
|390
|501
|533
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''Iron & Steel'''
|4
|4
| N.A.
| N.A.
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''Engineering Industries'''
|2663
|2971
|3667
|4149
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|Total
|5837
|6421
|8064
|8960
|}

Though, the employment problem was solved due to both of the organised and unorganised sectors.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="8" style="background: #FAA0A0;"|
Workers employed per year (1977–1993)<ref name="uoc"/>
|-
! Type of industries
!'''1977'''
!'''1980'''
!'''1986'''
!'''1990'''
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''Tea'''
|23,840
| 26,606
| 26,612
| 24,923
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''Cotton Textiles'''
|52,161
| 55,206
| 55,930
| 45,815
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''Jute Mills'''
|230,187
|244,052
| 242,900
| 222,214
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''Chemical Products'''
|31,485
| 34,201
| 35,961
| 34,147
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''Iron & Steel'''
|40,632
|41,328
| NA
| NA
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''Engineering Industries'''
|318,439
| 334,738
| 350,766
| 360,610
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|Total
| 826,000
| 875,000
| 901,000
|881,000
|}
The per capita net state domestic product (NSDP) declined to 7th in 1990-91 having 6th in 1980–81.<ref name="auto2"/>

===1994–2000===
In 1994 the LF government announced a new industrial policy based on economic liberalization. In the new industrial policy, the LF Government declared that it would welcome foreign multi-national investment and technology. Priority was given to both public and private investment (domestic and foreign) in industry. Private investment was to be allowed in the power sector, in some important sectors within manufacturing projects were to be launched as public-private joint ventures. Improvement and upgrading of industrial infrastructure would be indispensable. The government had also given special attention to "petrochemicals and downstream industries, electronics and information technology, iron, steel, metallurgical and engineering, textiles, leather and leather products, food processing, medicinal plants, rubber, palm oil and tea, manufacture of basic drugs, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, minerals and mine based industries, gems, jewellery and promotion of tourism and tourism related activities".<ref name="ippg"/><ref name="uoc">{{cite report |date=May 2011 |title= The Political Economy of Decline of Industry in West Bengal: Experiences of a Marxist State Within a Mixed Economy |publisher=[[University of Connecticut]] |quote=}}</ref> The Left Front government made a deliberate effort to project itself as a 'business friendly' Government. The new industrial policy of 1994 was acclaimed as much pro-industry and it was more practically implemented and turned more favourable towards industrialisation during Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee's chief ministerial rule.<ref name="auto4"/>

In this period many major industrial changes took place. West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation was established. Promotional campaigns were undertaken in collaboration with various Chambers of Commerce and industries. Mitsubishi and Chatterjee Soros Fund Management from abroad and Tata Group within the country collaborated with the state in a public-private joint venture at the Haldia Petro Chemical Project successfully.<ref name="uoc"/> In 1991–2001, ₹197752.0 million were implemented in industrial projects.

After 1991, the Central Government gave much control to the state government. After 1991, industries which are exempt from industrial licensing, had to file an Industrial Entrepreneur Memoranda (IEM) with Secretariat of Industrial Approvals (SIA). Between August 1991 and October 2006, 3844 IEMs are proposed with an investment amount of ₹85,968 Crores, in which 475 IEMs were really implemented with an investment amount of ₹28,963 Crores. West Bengal did comparatively better at implementation than other states.<ref name="ippg"/> But despite the industrial policies, West Bengal only attracted only 4.73% of all applications for investment in the private sector in the period of 1991 to 2003, the share of proposed
investment was even lower at 3.85%, in which 35.4% of the planned investment was actually implemented, compared to Maharashtra and Gujarat which attracted one third of the whole investment and 55% was implemented in Gujarat. Over the period August 1991 – January 2003, per capita investment in the private sector was ₹1952 in West Bengal compared to ₹20,725 in Gujarat.<ref name="uoc"/>
Again one of the main causes of no industries coming to state was militant unionism, which was still higher than other states. Also production cost per ₹1000 of gross output was still much higher, which was ₹883 in 1994–1995 compared to Gujrat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu having ₹818, ₹820 and ₹827 as costs.<ref name="uoc"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Parameters
!colspan="2" style="background: #FAA0A0;"|Year-wise percentage
! Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FFFFCC";| '''Production cost per ₹1,000 of Gross Output'''
|colspan="1"|'''1994–1995'''
|colspan="1"|'''1999–2000'''
|rowspan="2"|<ref name="uoc"/>
|-
|colspan="1"| ₹883
|colspan="1"|₹878 ({{DecreasePositive}} ₹05)
|}
The manufacturing growth started to increase in the 1990s and stood at 6.75% compared to 4.24% in the 1980s, which is the second highest growth rate in the 1990s, only next to Karnataka.<ref name="auto2"/>

===Industrialisation drive in 2000s===
The economic decline stopped in 2000–2001.<ref name="auto2"/> After 2003, industries in the state started to come up in much higher pace and West Bengal became rapidly competitive with Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.<ref name="uoc"/> The state saw a re-emergence of manufacturing sector that was declining through the 80s and 90s. West Bengal only accounted 3.8 per cent of the total number of industrial appeals implemented in India in 1992–1999 which increased to 12.2 per cent in 2000–2004 due to new scheme of incentives announced in 2000, replacing the old schemes of 1993 and 1999.<ref name="ippg"/> About 24 lakhs jobs were created during 2005–2011, in West Bengal, highest in India at that time, while Gujarat only created 14.9 lakh jobs. West Bengal had 12% industrial growth, highest in
India at that time.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/west-bengal-under-left-rule-did-better-than-modis-gujarat-model-cpm/articleshow/46548712.cms | title=West Bengal under Left rule did better than Modi's Gujarat model: CPM | newspaper=The Times of India | date=13 March 2015 | archive-date=20 December 2020 | access-date=26 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220235927/https://m.timesofindia.com/india/West-Bengal-under-Left-rule-did-better-than-Modis-Gujarat-model-CPM/articleshow/46548712.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> The credit of the mass industrial shift was mostly gone to the then Industry minister [[Nirupam Sen (politician)|Nirupam Sen]] and chief minister [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nirupam-sen-veteran-cpim-leader-passes-away/article25817507.ece/ | title=Nirupam Sen, veteran CPI(M) leader, passes away | newspaper=The Hindu | date=24 December 2018 | archive-date=26 April 2024 | access-date=26 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426132852/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nirupam-sen-veteran-cpim-leader-passes-away/article25817507.ece/amp/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="indiatoday.in">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20060925-west-bengal-sees-amazing-industrial-turnaround-after-lull-782336-2006-09-25 | title=After two decades of industrial lull, West Bengal sees amazing turnaround in six years | date=25 September 2006 | access-date=26 April 2024 | archive-date=26 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426132852/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20060925-west-bengal-sees-amazing-industrial-turnaround-after-lull-782336-2006-09-25 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2006, chief minister [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] announced, the government has ensured industrial investment of Rs 6,000 crore for 2006.<ref name="auto3"/> Before that in 2002–2005 ₹86400.5 million industrial projects were iimplemented.<ref name="ippg"/> Between 2006 and 2010, over Rs. 36000 crore was spent to materialize 1313 large and medium industrial units.<ref name="auto"/> Production cost per Rs.1000 of gross output came down to ₹794, compared to Gujrat which was at ₹810.<ref name="uoc"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Parameters
!colspan="3" style="background: #FAA0A0;"|Year-wise percentage
! Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FFFFCC";| '''Production cost per ₹1,000 of Gross Output'''
|colspan="1"|'''2002–2003'''
|colspan="1"|'''2005–2006'''
|colspan="1"|'''2008–2009'''
|rowspan="2"|<ref name="uoc"/>
|-
|colspan="1"| ₹860
|colspan="1"| ₹607 ({{DecreasePositive}} ₹253)
|colspan="1"|₹794 ({{IncreaseNegative}} ₹187)
|}
The industrial drive resulted:
* The industrialization drive created direct employment opportunities for 1.41 lakh people. 322 units were materialized in 2010, 80% of which were medium scale enterprises.<ref name="auto"/>
* Employment at the IT sector expanded from 32000 in 2006 to 105000 in 2010.<ref name="auto"/>
* The number of new small-scale units in the state has increased from 19884 in 2010 to 23000 in 2011 making employment opportunities for 2.2 lakh persons.<ref name="auto"/>
* The state saw about Rs 5,000 crore worth of FDI per year, the third highest after Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.<ref name="indiatoday.in"/>

Left Front Government ensured investment of Rs 10 billion for the modernisation of [[IISCO steel plant]]. The sevent LF Government aimed revival of Bengal Chemicals, Gluconate, Infusion India, as well as the fertilizer industry and the Mining and Allied Machinery Corporation.<ref name="land3"/> In addition to this, many big industrialization projects were planned and many were executed, though some of them were pulled off. Some of the notable are:
* [[Japan]]ese company [[Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation]] built purified terephthalic acid (PTA) PTA plant at Haldia in April 2000, with an investment of 1475 crore, which was the single-largest Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI) then. In 2006, the plant doubled its production capacity last year, with more investment of Rs 1,450 crore.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20070226-tata-motors-plant-in-west-bengal-749161-2007-02-26 | title=Tata Motors pull out Nano plant from West Bengal amid land troubles | date=26 February 2007 }}</ref> In 2005, MCC also decided to invest Rs 1,665 crore for setting up another PTA plant in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/mitsubishi-chemical-to-invest-rs-1665-crore/154112/ | title=Archive News: Archive Latest News, Archive Today news, Archive Breaking News | date=4 November 2014 }}</ref> The two plants would slated to produce 12.7 million tonnes of main raw material for polyester annually.<ref name="indiatoday.in"/>
* [[Tata group]] started ₹1 lakh small cars project.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/left-creates-history-in-west-bengal/articleshow/1669536.cms?from=mdr|title=Left creates history in West Bengal|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=22 June 2006 }}</ref> The project started executing but resulted pulling out<ref name="ReferenceA"/> due to [[Tata Nano Singur controversy]].
* The LF Government had an agreement with [[Indonesia]]'s largest [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] [[Salim Group]] in 2006, after chiefs minister's visit to Indonesia in 2005.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The Salim Group-promoted New Kolkata International Development Pvt Ltd agreed to build a multi-product and chemical lab on an area of about 9,000 hectares<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/salim-group-hindalco-videocon-get-nod-for-sezs/story-GA8K66QOXl3ZaIvLN7jhjJ_amp.html | title=Salim Group, Hindalco, Videocon get nod for SEZs | date=6 October 2006 }}</ref> in [[Nandigram]] SEZ with an investment of Rs 48,000 crore,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> which is largest investment project in the state ever.<ref name="indiatoday.in"/> The project was not successful due to mass protests followed by [[Nandigram violence]] and [[Maoist involvement during Nandigram protests|Maoist insurgency]].
* The consumer electronics and home appliances gaint [[Videocon]] group had decided to invest to create IT and bio-tech special economic zone (SEZ) in Siliguri as a joint venture with a Thailand-based firm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/companies/videocon-to-foray-into-biotech-with-sez-in-bengal-107062600036_1.html|title=Videocon to foray into biotech with SEZ in Bengal}}</ref> LF Government allocated 100 acres plot for the SEZ project.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/videocon-gets-nod-to-set-up-it-biotech-sezs-in-wb/articleshow/2019235.cms | title=Videocon gets nod to set up IT, biotech SEZs in WB | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=23 September 2006 | last1=Ghosal | first1=Sutanuka }}</ref>
* [[Jindal Steel]] agreed to invest ₹35,000 crore<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/companies/a-chronology-of-events-that-may-have-derailed-jsw-steel-s-salboni-project-114120100641_1.html|title=A chronology of events that may have derailed JSW Steels Salboni project}}</ref> in coal-mining and making steel plants and power generating units.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Though the project was drafted in February 2007, the project was planned in a 4500-acre area of [[Shalboni]], which was a [[Maoist]]-operated area. Due to [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency|Maoist insurgency]] in that area and global economic meltdown, the project got held up to March 2010.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/jsws-project-delayed-but-jindal-says-committed-to-bengal/652572/ | title=Jute industry facing threat of partial dilution for FY17-18 | date=3 May 2017 }}</ref>
* In October 2007, [[Videocon]] group decided to invest 15,000–20,000 crore to make 3-million tone steel plant and 12000 MW thermal power plant<ref>{{cite news | url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/cons-products/durables/videocon-to-invest-rs-15k-cr-in-bengal/articleshow/2263853.cms | title=Videocon to invest Rs 15k cr in Bengal | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=8 August 2007 | last1=Ghosal | first1=Sutanuka }}</ref> at Jamuria over a land of 1,800 to 2,000 acres.<ref name="wap.business-standard.com">https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/companies/videocon-pulls-plug-on-rs-20-000-cr-bengal-project-112121800073_1.html</ref>

Though, after the change of the Government in 2011, many industrial projects stopped and were pulled of. Videocon pulled off its Jalpaiguri SEZ project in 2012 stating "latest business outlook of the region" as a cause.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/videocon-sez-project-withdraw-west-bengal-investments-28860-2012-01-17 | title=Videocon to withdraw SEZ project in West Bengal | date=17 January 2012 }}</ref> Videocon's steel plant and power plant project was also pulled off in 2013 due to problems regarding to coal linkage and Government's interdiction in land acquisition for industrial projects.<ref name="wap.business-standard.com"/>

==Economy, poverty and employment==
{{Further|Economy of West Bengal}}
The state was primarily dependent on agriculture and industry. In 2006, the GDP of the state (at $23 billion or Rs 2,300 crore) stood as the third highest in the country. The per capita growth is second only to Karnataka at 5.4 per cent. West Bengal also has the second highest compounded average growth rate in the country – 5.49 per cent against a national average of 4.41 per cent.<ref name="indiatoday.in"/> During the last LF Government, the state's OTR to GSDP share was between 4.22–4.59% which, according to this CAG report, was "lower than the target of 6.8 percent recommended by the 12th Finance Commission".<ref name="auto4"/> The state's gross fiscal deficit as a percentage of the GSDP was 4.2% in 2010–11. The GSDP growth rate at 2011–12 was 4.17 percent. In the 2010–11, during the 7th LF Government, Bengal's debt-GDSP ratio stood at its peak in 2010–11 at 41.9 percent, as per IIM Calcutta conducted survey, which was the highest in the country.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/04/26/data-doesnt-lie-did-bengal-economy-really-worsen-under-mamata-banerjee|title=Data doesn't lie: Did Bengal economy really worsen under Mamata Banerjee?|first=Snigdhendu|last=Bhattacharya|website=Newslaundry|date=26 April 2021 }}</ref> According to the ranking of states' per capita income at current prices, West Bengal's rank was 15th in 2011.<ref name="auto4"/> Bengal's revenue deficit as a percentage of the GSDP was 3.75 percent in 2010–11.<ref name="auto4"/> Debt to revenue receipt ratio came down to 396.47 percent in 2010–11.<ref name="auto4"/> The share of social service sector expenditure in the state's total expenditure was 9.8 percent in 2010–11.<ref name="auto4"/> Share of capital expenditure as a percentage of total expenditure was 3.61 percent in 2010–11.<ref name="auto4"/> West Bengal stood below the national average with respect to per capita consumption, housing, electrification, per capita consumption of electricity and poverty. In 1980–81 per capita income of West Bengal was 51 per cent of that of Kolkata, in 2000–01 it has gone down to 48.3 per cent. West Bengal State Domestic Product consisted of 31% in Agriculture, 4% in Fishery, 4% in Const, 26% in Services, 14% in Manufacturing, 14% in Trade and business and 7% in others. The share of the primary sector in the State Domestic Product declined from 32.9 per cent in 1999–2000 to 26.9 per cent in 2005–06. The share of the secondary sector increased from 14.8 per cent to 16.9 per cent. The share of the tertiary sector grew from 52.3 per cent to 56.2 per cent. This showed a shift from agriculture and rural manufacturing to low-quality employment in urban and rural areas. From 1999 to 2005, the annual rate of growth (%) of employment was 3.63 in agriculture, 2.72 in Mining and quarrying, 1.53 in Manufacturing, -9.22 in electricity and water, 9.75 in construction, 3.6 in Trade, hotels and
restaurants, 3.63 in transport and 3.3 in labour force.<ref name="land3"/>

In 2001, West Bengal was a population of 80.2 million and a population density of 904 persons per square kilometer and the most densely populated. Agriculture is the mainstay for the majority of the population, comprises the largest sector of the economy, and utilizes the great majority of the state's land. Seventy-two percent of the states' population lives in rural areas and 53% of the labor force is engaged in agricultural production. Agriculture generates 31% of the state domestic product.<ref name="land1"/>
The quintile distribution of rural per capita income in West Bengal in 1993–94 was lower than the all India level.<ref name="auto2"/> In 1997–1998 state's total debt/GSDP was 22.97.<ref name="ippg"/>

{| class="wikitable"
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FFFFCC";| '''Share of investment in public sector in India'''
|colspan="2"|'''1970–1979'''
|colspan="2"|'''1980–1989'''
|colspan="2"|'''1990–1999'''
|colspan="2"|'''2007–2008'''
|rowspan="2"|<ref name="uoc"/>
|-
|colspan="2"|10.7%
|colspan="2"|10.5% ({{down}} 1.30%)
|colspan="2"|{{dash}}({{down}})
|colspan="2"|10.46% ({{up}})
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Parameters
! colspan="4" style="background: #FAA0A0;"|'''1990–1991'''
! colspan="4" style="background: #FAA0A0;"|'''1998–1999'''
! Ref(s)
|-
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''' Total liabilities/Revenue receipts'''
|colspan="4"|191.53
|colspan="4"|304.86
|<ref name="ippg"/>
|-
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| '''Interest payments/revenue receipts'''
|colspan="4"|15.46
|colspan="4"|31.82
|<ref name="ippg"/>
|}

Poverty in West Bengal decreased heavily during the Left Front rule. The decreasing was the largest after Kerala.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Parameters
! colspan="2" style="background: #FAA0A0;"|'''1983–1984'''
! colspan="2" style="background: #FAA0A0;"|'''1993–1994'''
! colspan="2" style="background: #FAA0A0;"|'''1999–2000'''
! colspan="2" style="background: #FAA0A0;"|'''2004–2005'''
! Ref(s)
|-
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''' Poverty ratio (in percentage)'''
|colspan="2"|32.32
|colspan="2"|22.41 ({{decreasepositive}} 9.91)
|colspan="2"|14.86 ({{decreasepositive}} 7.55)
|colspan="2"|11.20 ({{decreasepositive}} 3.66)
|<ref name="ippg"/>
|-
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''' Poverty line (in Rs)'''
|colspan="2"| 105.91
|colspan="2"|247.53 ({{up}} 141.62)
|colspan="2"|409.22 ({{up}} 161.69)
|colspan="2"|449.32 ({{up}} 40.1)
|<ref name="ippg"/>
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Parameters
!colspan="2" style="background: #FAA0A0;"|'''1983'''
!colspan="2" style="background: #FAA0A0;"|'''1993'''
!colspan="2" style="background: #FAA0A0;"|'''2000'''
!colspan="2" style="background: #FAA0A0;"|'''2011'''
! Ref(s)
|-
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''' Urban-Rural Per Capita Consumption Ratio in West Bengal'''
|colspan="2"|1.60
|colspan="2"|1.70
|colspan="2"|1.90
|colspan="2"|
|<ref name="auto2"/>
|}

==Infrastructure==
During the premitive Left Front tenures, the physical infrastructure downgraded.<ref name="uoc"/> West Bengal ranked 8th in 1970–71, 9th in 1980–81 and 17 in 1990–91 which was only ahead of one state Assam.<ref name="uoc"/><ref name="ippg"/>

===Power and electricity===
In the 90s, West Bengal was below the national average with respect to per capita consumption, housing, electrification, per capita consumption of electricity.<ref name="auto2"/>

==Education==
The literacy rate in West Bengal jumped from '''38% in 1977''' to '''68% in 2001''' and '''74% in 2011'''. 14 new universities, more than 200 new degree colleges and engineering colleges (while 5 new universities, 73 new degree colleges and 36 new engineering colleges were established under the 7th LF government) were established throughout LF successive governments. Net enrolment ratio in primary education reached 98.95% in 2009–10. Drop-out rate declined to 8.66% in 2009–10 which was below national average.<ref name="auto"/>

==Healthcare==
{{Further|Healthcare in West Bengal}}
During the successive LF Governments, parameters of healthcare differed and were average in results. After 1977, LF tried to initiate the Chinese barefoot doctor model in the state. But, the project met with resistance and had to be abandoned. Then they tried to build a three-tier health service system for the rural areas. The doctors would be placed in the primary, subsidiary and the sub-divisional or district hospitals and the state-run medical college hospitals would act as referral hospitals. Budgets were allocated and some sort of infrastructure was built up. But, the LF government failed to post doctors in the rural areas.<ref name="india-seminar.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.india-seminar.com/2001/497/497%20rajat%20ray.htm|title=497 Rajat Ray, Two decades of left rule}}</ref> Overall, the healthcare saw a degradation, until 1987, when CPI(M) leader [[Prasanta Sur]] took office as health minister and reformed the ministry. Before that there had been several cases of death and mutilation of new born babies by dogs and cats.<ref name="hc"/> Basic services are not available in most rural hospitals for want of doctors. According to state government figures, of the 40,000 registered medical practitioners, 69% are located in urban areas though 73% of the population lives in rural areas.<ref name="india-seminar.com"/> Even the drug control administration was in shambles. Licence were issued to unscientific and banned drugs.<ref name="hc">{{cite journal |date= May 21, 1988 |title= Left Front's Health Circus |url= |format= |language= |journal= Economic and Political Weekly|volume=23 |issue=21 |pages=3 |doi= |via= |url-access= |access-date= |quote= |author=Sujit K. Das}}</ref> According to Jana Swap, the joint secretary of the Health Services Association, numerous drug companies dealt with the doctors' unions which are affiliated to the party and resulted uninterrupted trade of unscientific, irrational and even banned drug formulations in pharmaceutical markets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/communists-ousted-in-indian-election-1.362533|title=Communists ousted in Indian election|date=May 14, 2011|website=The National}}</ref>

There were some notable achievements during LF term in healthcare:
* At the end of 2009, 73% of all patients in West Bengal undergo treatment from the public health system, compared to national average of 40%.<ref name="auto"/>
* The decline in infant mortality rate in West Bengal was the second fastest in the country.<ref name="auto"/>
* The 7th LF government created health insurance schemes, benefiting 25 lakh workers in the unorganized sector from 56 categories and professions.<ref name="auto"/>

==Other indexes==
* The [[Human Development Index]] was noted to have improved at a much faster rate than in other states, growing from being the lowest in the country in 1975 to above the national average in 1990.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Indrayan|first1=A.|last2=Wysocki|first2=M. J.|last3=Chawla|first3=A.|last4=Kumar|first4=R.|last5=Singh|first5=N.|date=1999|title=3-Decade Trend in Human Development Index in India and Its Major States|journal=Social Indicators Research|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|volume=46|issue=1|pages=91–120|doi=10.1023/A:1006875829698|s2cid=142881301|issn=0303-8300|jstor=}}</ref>
* The death rate in West Bengal stood at 6.2 in 2009, which was the lowest among all states in the country.<ref name="auto"/>
* Annual population growth rate in West Bengal reduced from 1.77% between 1991–2001 to 1.39% between 2001 and 2011, which was the fourth lowest in the country at that time. Child sex ratio in West Bengal at 950 in 2011 was the second highest in the country.<ref name="auto"/>
* Food subsidy was increased by Rs. 434 crore to provide cheap rice to the poor.<ref name="auto"/>
* LF Government started supplying rice at Rs. 2 per kg from March 2009 and provided rice to 2.65 crore poor in the state. Rice offtake from the ration shops increased to 96% in 2011. Sugar, edible oil and pulses were also supplied through the PDS at prices 10% lower than market prices during the festival time.<ref name="auto"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Left-wing politics in India| ]]
[[Category:Political history of West Bengal]]

Prithvik Pratap

2026-03-29T23:46:28Z

Vanmathiscp:

{{short description|Indian actor and comedian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prithvik Pratap
| birth_name = Prithvik Pratap Kamble
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|11|30}}
| alma_mater = [[Kirti M. Doongursee College]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-28 |title='महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा' फेम पृथ्वीक प्रताप होता मुंबईतील 'या' सुप्रसिद्ध कॉलेजचा विद्यार्थी; अभिनेत्याने सांगितल्या जुन्या आठवणी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/3753452/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-prithvik-pratap-was-student-of-this-famous-college-of-mumbai-sva-00/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian}}
| years_active = 2007–present<ref name=":1" />
| known_for = [[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|Prajakta Waikul|2024}}
}}
'''Prithvik Pratap Kamble'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-01 |title=तुम्हाला माहितीये का पृथ्वीक प्रतापचं आडनाव?; फक्त जातीमुळे दिला 5 जणींनी त्याला नकार |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/photos/television/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-prithvik-pratap-real-surname-a-a734/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref> (born 30 November 1991)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-02 |title=Video: पृथ्वीक प्रतापला वाढदिवसाच्या शुभेच्छा देण्यासाठी चाहत्यांनी केली गर्दी; व्हिडीओ पाहून प्रियदर्शनी इंदलकर म्हणाली, "शाहरुख खान सारखं…" |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-prithvik-pratap-sharma-fan-moment-video-viral-pps-98-4077823/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> is an Indian film, television, and theatre actor, and comedian. He is best known for the [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language television comedy show ''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-26 |title="तेव्हा आईला त्रास व्हायचा आणि...", 'महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा' फेम पृथ्वीक प्रतापचं वडिलांबाबत भाष्य, म्हणाला, "खूप कमी वेळ..." |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fem-prithvik-pratap-talk-about-his-father-gest-emotional-see-details-kmd-95-3748915/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: Maharashtrachi Hasya Jatra fame Prithvik Pratap: Have faced rejections and ignorance but never stopped working |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-fame-prithvik-pratap-have-faced-rejections-and-ignorance-but-never-stopped-working/photostory/98578297.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Prithvik Pratap has worked in Marathi serials, films, plays, short films, and web series, portraying pivotal roles in various experimental and commercial dramas. He has been a part of Marathi serials such as ''Aambat Goad'', ''[[Jaago Mohan Pyare]]'', ''[[H.M. Bane T.M. Bane]]''. Prithvik was a ground breaking performer in the show ''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]'' on [[Sony Marathi]], where he won the second season. Additionally, he has featured in web series like ''Back Benchers'' and ''[[Lakhon Mein Ek (TV series)|Lakhon Mein Ek–2]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=शाहरुख खानच्या 'क्लास ऑफ 83' मध्ये झळकणार मराठमोळा पृथ्विक प्रताप, नेटफिल्क्सवर रिलीज होणार चित्रपट |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/entertainment/bollywood/news/marathi-actor-prithvik-pratap-to-star-in-shah-rukh-khans-class-of-83-127532969.html |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=[[Divya Marathi]]}}</ref> In 2014, he appeared in ''[[Pyaar Vali Love Story]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title="चार चित्रपट केले तरी काम मिळत नव्हतं म्हणून मी...", 'हास्यजत्रा' फेम अभिनेत्याचा मोठा खुलासा |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-prithvik-pratap-talked-about-his-struggling-days/718993 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=[[Zee 24 Taas]] |language=mr}}</ref>

Prithvik was seen in a pivotal role in [[Red Chillies Entertainment]]'s venture, ''[[Class of '83]]'', directed by Atul Sabharwal.<ref name=":0" /> Prithvik Pratap is collaborating with Prathamesh Parab in ''[[Delivery Boy (film)|Delivery Boy]]'', a 2024 comedy-drama film that depicts Dr. Amrita Deshmukh's quest to start a fertility center in a bungalow, providing surrogacy for hopeful mothers.<ref name=":3" /> He also played a supporting role in ''[[Phullwanti]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phullwanti Trailer: Marathi Comedians Work For Free In Prajakta Mali’s Peshwa-Era Drama |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/phullwanti-trailer-marathi-comedians-work-for-free-in-prajakta-malis-peshwa-era-drama-9083236.html |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was played role of Advocate Prithviraj Chavan in ''[[Karmayogi Abasaheb]].'' In 2025, he acted in [[Hardik Shubhechha|''Hardik Shubhechha'']], ''[[Mumbai Local]]'' and ''[[Punha Shivajiraje Bhosale]]''.

== Personal life ==
He was born on 30 November 1991 in Mumbai. He is married on 25 October 2024 to long time girlfriend Prajakta Waikul after 11 year's of dating.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-31 |title=तब्बल ११ वर्षांचं प्रेम, प्राजक्ताची साथ ते लग्न! पृथ्वीक प्रतापने लग्नाबद्दल स्वत:च केला खुलासा; म्हणाला, "२०१३ पासून..." |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/prithvik-pratap-and-prajakta-dated-each-other-for-11-years-before-marriage-sva-00-4683304/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Film ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
|2014
|''[[Pyaar Vali Love Story]]''
|{{Unknown}}
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2016
|''Back Benchers''
|Ganya
|Marathi
|TV Mini series
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-09 |title=Stand up Comedian Prithvik Pratap's film wins State award |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/stand-up-comedian-prithvik-prataps-film-wins-state-award.php |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Marathi Movie World |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''Wake Up''
|
|{{N/A}}
|Short film
|-
|2019
|''[[Lakhon Mein Ek (TV series)|Lakhon Mein Ek]]''
|Raja Babu's Chela
|[[Hindi]]
|TV series
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Class Of 83: Marathi Actor Writer Prithvik Pratap All Set To Make His Bollywood Debut With This Netflix Film |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/class-of-83-marathi-actor-writer-prithvik-pratap-all-set-to-make-his-bollywood-debut-with-this-netflix-film/5f1eeb78b8435c0304eea7d0 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=[[SpotboyE]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Class of '83]]''
|Janardan Surve
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-24 |title='क्लास ऑफ ८३' मधल्या मराठमोळ्या चेहऱ्याचीच सोशल मीडियावर चर्चा |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/class-of-83-actor-pruthvik-pratap-interview-on-his-journey/articleshow/77740806.cms |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
|''[[Delivery Boy (film)|Delivery Boy]]''
|Chochya
|Marathi
|
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-04 |title=Delivery Boys: प्रथमेश, पृथ्वीक बनले 'डिलिव्हरी बॉइज' |url=https://www.timesnowmarathi.com/entertainment/the-shooting-of-delivery-boys-has-been-completed-prathamesh-prithvik-will-be-paired-together-article-101493127 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadhav |first=Devendra |date=2023-12-18 |title=Prithvik Pratap: 'हास्यजत्रा' फेम पृथ्वीक प्रतापचा नवीन सिनेमा, प्रथमेश परबसोबत होणार 'डिलीव्हरी बॉय' |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-actor-prithvik-pratap-new-marathi-movie-delivery-boy-drj96 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Phullwanti]]''
|Chimanrao
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''[[Karmayogi Abasaheb]]''
|Adv. Prithviraj Chavan
|Marathi
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Karmayogi Abasaheb Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs {{!}} कर्मयोगी आबासाहेब {{!}} Exclusive 2024 |url=https://rangmarathi.com/karmayogi-abasaheb-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=13 October 2024 |date=4 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Despatch (film)|Despatch]]''
|Jeethu Vishwas
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=डबल मिनिंग जोकवरुन महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रावर टीका; अभिनेत्याचा संताप- 'पॉर्न बघणाऱ्यांनी...' |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-prithvik-pratap-got-angry-on-instagram-user-who-said-mhj-is-not-family-show-anymore/articleshow/100220914.cms |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr |quote=पृथ्वीक याने ''''Despatch'''' आणि 'लाखों में एक'मध्येही काम केले आहे.}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|Hardik Shubhechha|''[[Hardik Shubhechha (film)|Hardik Shubhechha]]''
|Ravi
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ianslive |url=https://ianslive.in/the-fact-that-pushkar-jog-is-part-of-the-project-was-another-big-plus-anand-pandit-on-hardik-subheccha--20250204175144 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=ianslive.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mumbai Local]]''
|Jeet
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Local Movie Review: Presents a unique premise but struggles to make a mark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/mumbai-local/movie-review/124520871.cms |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Punha Shivajiraje Bhosale]]''
|Rakhma's father
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punha Shivaji Raje Bhosale : 'शेतकऱ्यांनो पाच वर्षे तुम्ही ना फक्त घरच्यांसाठीच अन्न पिकवा'; ‘पुन्हा शिवाजीराजे भोसले’ चित्रपटाचा डोळ्यात अंजन घालणारा ट्रेलर |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/punha-shivaji-raje-bhosale-official-trailer-outraj-thackeray-mahesh-manjrekar-siddharth-bodke-treesha-thosar/articleshow/124493978.cms |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
|{{Pending film|Taboo}}
|TBA
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=पुष्कर जोगच्या या चित्रपटाची चर्चा, ठरला पॅरिसमध्ये चित्रित होणारा पहिला मराठी सिनेमा |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/pushkar-jog-upcoming-marathi-movie-taboo-shooting-complete/articleshow/112887205.cms |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Language
!Ref(s)
|-
|2012–2014
|''[[Aambat Goad]]''
|
|
|Marathi
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Jaago Mohan Pyare]]''
|Rahul Patil
|
|Marathi
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2019–present
|''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''
|Contestant
|2019 winner
|Marathi
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

===Music video===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Singer(s)
!Ref(s)
|-
|2024
|"Pori Tujhya Navacha Go"
|Marathi
|{{Hlist|Sonali Sonavane|Pravin Done}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-04 |title=पोरी तुझ्या नावाचा गो...; कोळीगीतावर थिरकणार 'महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा' फेम अभिनेता! पहिला लूक पाहताच नेटकरी म्हणाले... |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-fame-actor-will-see-in-koli-song-shares-first-glimpse-sva-00-4517254/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=10529250}}
* {{Twitter|id=prithvikpratap}}

[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Marathi comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]

List of chief secretaries of Mizoram

2026-03-25T15:43:33Z

Vanmathiscp: added initial data w/ refs.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Chief Secretary of Mizoram
| body = [[Government of Mizoram]]
| image = Khilli Ram Meena (cropped).jpg
| incumbent = Khilli Ram Meena
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| insignia = Seal of Mizoram.svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| incumbentsince = 21 November 2024
| appointer = [[Chief Minister of Mizoram]]
| first = R.M. Agrawal
}}
The '''[[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of Mizoram''' is the top-most executive official and senior-most civil servant of the State of [[Mizoram]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.preservearticles.com/2011100514615/what-are-the-roles-and-functions-of-chief-secretary-of-a-state.html|title=What are the Roles and Functions of Chief Secretary of a State?|website=Preserve Articles|access-date=4 March 2025|archive-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018150200/http://www.preservearticles.com/2011100514615/what-are-the-roles-and-functions-of-chief-secretary-of-a-state.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Chief Secretary is the ex-officio head of the state Civil Services Board, the State Secretariat, the state cadre [[Indian Administrative Service]] and all [[Civil Services of India|civil services]] under the rules of business of the state government. The Chief Secretary acts as an ex-officio secretary to the state cabinet, therefore called "Secretary to the Cabinet". The Chief Secretary acts as the principal advisor to the [[List of chief ministers of Mizoram|chief minister]] on all matters of state administration.<ref>{{cite web |title=Describe the role and importance of Chief Secretary in State government |url=https://iksa.in/gs2/describe-the-role-and-importance-of-chief-secretary-in-state-government/2591/ |website=Parivarthan |access-date=4 March 2025 |date=6 June 2015}}</ref>

The Chief Secretary is chosen by the state's Chief Minister. State Chief Secretaries are IAS officers generally equivalent in rank to a [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary to Government of India]] and are placed 23rd on [[Order of precedence in India|Indian Order of Precedence]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Order of Precedence |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/table_of_precedence.pdf |website=MHA |publisher=President's Secreteriat |access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref>

==History==

The present area of Mizoram was annexed by the [[British Raj|British Empire]] after the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]] of 1889–90. The North Lushai hills were administered by a political officer stationed at [[Aizawl|Fort Aijal]] under the [[Assam Province|Assam Government]]. The South Lushai Hills were under the administration of a political officer stationed at Fort Treager. This political officer reported to the commissioner of Chittagong who was under the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Government]].<ref name=LCB>{{cite book |editor-last=Bhattacharya |editor-first=Neeladri|editor-last2=Pachuau|editor-first2=Joy L.K|last=Sen|first=Anandaroop|date=April 2019 |title=landscape, Culture and Belonging: Writing the History of Northeast India |chapter=The Law of Emptiness: Episodes from Lushai and Chin Hills (1890-98)|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108686716 |location=United Kingdom|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781108686716 |isbn=978-1-108-48129-8}}</ref>

In 1898, the two districts were merged into the [[Lushai Hills District]] which was administered by a Superintendent. It was regarded as an Excluded Area, beyond the [[Inner Line Permit|Inner Line]], which meant that the laws and regulations of the province did not apply, and the people from the plains could not access it without a permit. Even as self-government was gradually implemented in British India through [[Government of India Act 1919]] & [[Government of India Act 1935|1935]], the district was placed outside the purview of these acts. The Superintendent remained the sole authority of the District.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=R |first1=Vanlalhmangaihsanga |title=Home - Mizoram University Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences |journal=Mizoram University Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences |date=June 2020 |volume=VI |issue=1 |url=http://www.mzuhssjournal.in/ |access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref>

After independence, the district became an [[Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India|autonomous district under the Sixth Schedule]]. After the [[Mizo National Front uprising|Mizo Uprising]], the [[Mizo District]] became the [[Union Territory of Mizoram]] in 1972. Hence, R.M. Aggarwal was appointed as the first Chief Secretary of Mizoram.

During the [[Mizo National Front uprising|Mizoram Insurgency]] in 1975, following the assassination of Inspector General of Police G.S. Arya along with two other senior police officers by [[Mizo National Front|MNF]] insurgents,<ref>https://www.police.gov.in/martyr-indian-police/gs-arya</ref> the centre enforced a countermeasure policy wherein an army officer, Brig. G.S. Randhawa was appointed as Inspector General of Police.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Mizoram Contours of Non-military Intervention | url=https://old.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume4/Fault4-JafaF1.htm | access-date=2025-12-01 | website=old.satp.org}}</ref> Additionally, the incumbent Chief Secretary, R.M. Aggarwal, was replaced with the serving Inspector General of Jammu and Kashmir Police, Surendra Nath. This event marked the first and only instance wherein an [[Indian Police Service]] officer was appointed to the post of [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Appointments, Postings, Transfers, Powers, Leave and other personal Notices and Orders | publisher=Government of Mizoram | url=https://mizoramassembly.in/storage/Assembly/Gazette/GN/GZGN4ISS_011.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501101219/https://mizoramassembly.in/storage/Assembly/Gazette/GN/GZGN4ISS_011.pdf | archive-date=2025-05-01}}</ref>

==Chief secretaries ==
Source:<ref>{{cite book |title=Department of Personnel & Administrative Reforms Handbook |date=30 January 2007 |publisher=Department of Personnel & Administrative Reforms |page=i |url=https://dpar.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/attachments/c1c30dba214a04ddc5b3e7bfd2a679a2/pages-62-handbook-of-dpar-2007.pdf |access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!Name
!Took office
!Left office
|-
|1
|R.M. Agrawal, IAS
|16 January 1972
|17 March 1975
|-
|2
|Surendra Nath, IPS
|18 March 1975
|3 December 1978
|-
|3
|A.J. Kundan, IAS
|4 December 1978
|8 September 1981
|-
|4
|A.H. Scott, IFAS
|9 September 1981
|15 July 1984
|-
|5
|Lalkhama, IAS
|16 July 1984
|14 July 1987
|-
|6
|Rohmingthanga, IAS
|11 August 1987
|13 September 1988
|-
|7
|Lalkhama, IAS
|14 September 1988
|20 September 1989
|-
|8
|Lalmanzuala, IAS
|3 October 1989
|23 August 1990
|-
|9
|F. Pahnuna, IAS
|23 August 1990
|21 August 1993
|-
|10
|Lalfak Zuala, IAS
|21 August 1993
|2 December 1998
|-
|11
|Haukhum Hauzel, IAS
|3 December 1998
|31 January 1999
|-
|12
|H.V. Lalringa, IAS
|1 February 1999
|31 July 2005
|-
|13
|Haukhum Hauzel, IAS
|1 August 2005
|20 January 2009
|-
|14
|Vanhela Pachuau, IAS<ref>{{cite web |title=CHIEF SECRETARY THAR PU VANHELA PACHUAU IN CHARGE LA |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/chief-secretary-thar-pu-vanhela-pachuau-in-charge-la |website=DIPR |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations |access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref>
|20 January 2009
|31 August 2012
|-
|15
|L Tochhawng, IAS
|31 August 2012
|1 November 2014
|-
|16
|Lalmalsawma, IAS<ref>{{cite web |title=PU LALMALSAWMA, A RETIRED IAS OFFICER TAKES OATH AS THE NEW CHAIRPERSON OF MIZORAM LOKAYUKTA |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/pu-lalmalsawma-a-retired-ias-officer-takes-oath-as-the-new-chairperson-of-mizoram-lokayukta#:~:text=After%2035%20years%20of%20service,)%20on%2028th%20Febuary%2C%202018. |website=DIPR |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations |access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref>
|1 November 2014
|28 February 2018
|-
|17
|Arvind Ray, IAS<ref>{{cite web |title=ORDER |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/MHA1/uttrans/tranpdfs/ArvindRay-22032018.PDF |website=MHA |publisher=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS |access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref>
|2018
|2019
|-
|18
|Lalnunmawia Chuaungo, IAS<ref>{{cite web |title=NOTIFICATION |url=https://dpar.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/attachments/4b9c3edd3f216ba6b2eb64ac1233058f/posts-147-appointment-of-pu-lalnunmawia-chuaungo-ias-as-chief-secretary-to-govt-of-mizoram-dt-11022019.pdf |website=DIPR |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations |access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref>
|12 March 2019
|31 October 2021
|-
|19
|Renu Sharma, IAS<ref>{{cite web |title=NOTIFICATION |url=https://dpar.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/attachments/e4996935d734a073255e705e7942adfe/pages-208-appointment-of-ms-renu-sharma-ias-agmut-1988-as-chief-secretary-to-the-govt-of-mizoram-dt-2nd-nov-2021.pdf |website=DPAR |publisher=Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms |access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref>
|2 November 2021
|2 November 2024
|-
|20
|Khilli Ram Meena, IAS<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Khilli Ram Meena the new Chief Secretary formally assumes charge from today |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/shri-khilli-ram-meena-the-new-chief-secretary-formally-assumes-charge-from-today#:~:text=Aizawl%2C%20the%2028th%20November%202024,Chief%20Secretary%20of%20Mizoram%20today. |website=DIPR |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations |access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref>
|28 November 2024
|''[[Incumbent]]''
|}

==See also==
*[[British rule in the Lushai Hills]]
*[[Chief secretary (India)]]
*[[Indian Administrative Service]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian civil servants]]

Samarkand

2026-03-25T09:55:19Z

Vanmathiscp: expanded structure per standard format

{{Short description|City in southeastern Uzbekistan}}
{{Redirect|Markanda}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Samarkand
| native_name = {{lang|uz|Самарқанд}} / {{native name|uz|Samarqand}}
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|photo1a = RegistanSquare Samarkand.jpg
|photo2a = Mausoleum of Amir Temur (1).JPG
|photo2b = Shah-i-Zinda (8145369659).jpg
|photo3a = Sherdor madrasah 3.jpg
|photo3b = Mosque Bibi Khanum (5).JPG
|photo4a = Mausolées du groupe central (Shah-i-Zinda, Samarcande) (6009956484).jpg
|photo4b =
|photo5a =
|photo5b =
|color = white
|color_border = white
|position = center
|spacing = 2
|size = 266
|foot_montage =
}}
| image_caption = <div>Clockwise from the top: [[Registan]] square, [[Shah-i-Zinda]] necropolis, [[Bibi-Khanym Mosque]], view inside [[Shah-i-Zinda]], [[Sherdar Madrasa]] in the Registan, [[Gur-e-Amir]] ([[Timur]]'s Mausoleum)</div>
| image_alt =
| image_flag =
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| image_seal = Emblem of Samarkand.svg
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| etymology =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Uzbekistan
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uzbekistan
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_relief = 1
| coordinates = {{coord|39|39|02|N|66|57|55|E|region:UZ-SA_type:city|display=it}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Uzbekistan|Vilayat]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Samarqand Region|Samarqand Vilayat]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
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| established_title = Settled
| established_date = 8th century BC
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = City Administration
| governing_body = Hakim (Mayor)
| leader_party = Furqat Rahimov
| leader_title =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| area_total_km2 = 120
| area_land_km2 =
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| elevation_m = 705
| population_as_of = 1 January 2025
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 595,200<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stat.uz/en/181-ofytsyalnaia-statystyka-en/6383-demography |title=The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics |access-date=2020-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429095401/https://stat.uz/en/181-ofytsyalnaia-statystyka-en/6383-demography |archive-date=2020-04-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 1,300,000
| population_note =
| population_demonym = Samarkandian / Samarkandi
| timezone1 = [[Uzbekistan Time|UZT]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:00
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| elevation_ft = 2,363
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 140100
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code =
| website = {{URL|https://samarkand.uz/en|samarkand.uz}}
| module = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
|child = yes
|Official_name = Samarkand – Crossroads of Cultures
|Criteria = Cultural: i, ii, iv
|ID = 603
|Year = 2001
|Area = 1,123 ha
|Buffer_zone = 1,369 ha}}
| official_name =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Sogdian}}

'''Samarkand'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|æ|m|ər|k|æ|n|d}} {{respell|SAM|ər|kand}}; [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] and {{langx|tg|Самарқанд|Samarqand}}, {{IPA|uz|sæmærˈqænd, -ænt|IPA}}.}} is a city in southeastern [[Uzbekistan]] and among the [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities|oldest continuously inhabited cities]] in [[Central Asia]]. Samarkand is the capital of the [[Samarkand Region]] and a district-level city, that includes the [[urban-type settlement]]s [[Kimyogarlar]], [[Farxod|Farhod]] and [[Xishrav|Khishrav]].<ref name=class>{{cite web |url=https://stat.uz/uploads/docs/soato(mhobt)_2020.xlsx |title=Classification system of territorial units of the Republic of Uzbekistan |language=uz, ru |date=July 2020 |publisher=The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics}}</ref> With 551,700 inhabitants (2021),<ref name=samstat>{{cite web |url=https://samstat.uz/files/284/Demografiya/1705/Hududlar-boyicha-shahar-va-qishloq-aholisi-soni.pdf |title=Urban and rural population by district |publisher=Samarkand regional department of statistics |language=uz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213143332/https://samstat.uz/uz/?option=com_dropfiles&format=&task=frontfile.download&catid=284&id=1705&Itemid=1000000000000 |archive-date=2022-02-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> it is the [[List of cities in Uzbekistan|third-largest city in Uzbekistan]].

Historically, Samarkand has long been one of the principal urban centers of Iranian (Persian-Tajik) civilization in Central Asia and played a major role in the cultural and commercial networks of the Silk Road.<ref>{{cite web |title=Samarkand |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/samarqand-i|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Samarkand |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Samarkand-Uzbekistan|access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Frye |first=Richard N. |title=The Heritage of Central Asia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996}}</ref> There is evidence of human activity in the area of the city dating from the late [[Paleolithic]]. Though there is no direct evidence of when Samarkand was founded, several theories propose that it was founded between the 8th and 7th centuries BC. Prospering from its location on the [[Silk Road]] between [[East Asia|China]], [[Persia]] and [[Europe]], at times Samarkand was one of the largest cities in [[Central Asia]],<ref name="ReferenceC">Guidebook of history of Samarkand", {{ISBN|978-9943-01-139-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Varadarajan |first1=Tunku |date=24 October 2009 |title=Metropolitan Glory |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704500604574483701746375742 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> By the time of the Persian [[Achaemenid Empire]], it was the capital of the [[Sogdia]]n [[satrap]]y. The city was conquered by [[Alexander the Great]] in 329 BC, when it was known as Markanda, which was rendered in [[Greek language|Greek]] as {{lang|grc|Μαράκανδα}}.<ref name="History of Samarkand">{{cite web |title=History of Samarkand |url=http://www.sezamtravel.com/en/Samarkand |publisher=Sezamtravel |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103035234/http://www.sezamtravel.com/en/Samarkand |archive-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city was ruled by a succession of [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] rulers until it was conquered by the [[Mongols]] under [[Genghis Khan]] in 1220.

Since the 11th century, the city has been under Turkic/Uzbek political control, but the city's culture and dominant language has always been [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Samarkand – Crossroad of Cultures |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/603/ |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

The city is noted as a centre of [[Islam]]ic [[Ulama|scholarly]] study and the birthplace of the [[Timurid Renaissance]]. In the 14th century, [[Timur]] made it the capital of his empire and the site of his mausoleum, the [[Gur-e Amir]]. The [[Bibi-Khanym Mosque]], rebuilt during the [[Soviet]] era, remains one of the city's most notable landmarks. Samarkand's [[Registan]] square was the city's ancient centre and is bounded by three monumental religious buildings. The city has carefully preserved the traditions of ancient crafts: embroidery, goldwork, silk weaving, copper engraving, ceramics, wood carving, and wood painting.<ref>Энциклопедия туризма Кирилла и Мефодия. 2008.</ref> In 2001, [[UNESCO]] added the city to its [[World Heritage List]] as ''Samarkand – Crossroads of Cultures''.

Modern Samarkand is divided into two parts: the old city, which includes historical monuments, shops, and old private houses; and the new city, which was developed during the days of the [[Russian Empire]] and [[Soviet Union]] and includes administrative buildings along with cultural centres and educational institutions.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.advantour.com/uzbekistan/samarkand/history.htm |title= History of Samarkand |website= Advantour |access-date= 2018-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516174124/https://www.advantour.com/uzbekistan/samarkand/history.htm |archive-date=2018-05-16 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 and 16 September 2022, the city hosted the [[2022 SCO summit]].

Samarkand has a multicultural and [[plurilingualism|plurilingual]] history that was significantly modified by the process of [[National delimitation in the Soviet Union|national delimitation in Central Asia]]. Small group of inhabitants of the city are bilingual speakers of the [[Tajik language]],<ref>"The Persian-speaking cities of Bukhara and Samarkand, rightly considered by today’s Tajiks as the constituting the historical centres of Tajik civilization" Foltz, Richard. A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East. I.B. Tauris, 2019. p.9</ref><ref>D.I. Kertzer/D. Arel, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qMxbzF4NdFUC&pg=PA187 Census and identity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117053532/https://books.google.com/books?id=qMxbzF4NdFUC&pg=PA187&dq=&hl=en |date=2022-11-17 }}, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 186–188.</ref> whereas [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] is the official language and Russian is also widely used in the public sphere, as per [[Languages of Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan's language policy]].

==Name==
The city was named ''Marakanda'' when captured by [[Alexander the Great]] in 329 BC.<ref name=Room/>

According to some sources, the present name comes from the eastern Iranian language [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] {{lang|sog|samar}} "stone, rock" and {{lang|sog|kand}} "fort, town."<ref name=Room>{{cite book |last=Room |first=Adrian |title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites |edition=2nd |year=2006 |publisher=McFarland |location=London |isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7 |page=330 |quote=Samarkand City, southeastern Uzbekistan. The city here was already named ''Marakanda'', when captured by Alexander the Great in 329 BCE. Its own name derives from the Sogdian words ''samar'', "stone, rock", and ''kand'', "fort, town".}}</ref> In this respect, ''Samarkand'' shares the same meaning as the name of the Uzbek capital [[Tashkent]], with ''tash-'' being the Turkic term for "stone" and ''-kent'' the Turkic analogue of ''kand'' borrowed from Iranian languages.<ref>Sachau, Edward C. Alberuni’s India: an Account of the Religion. Philosophy, Literature, Geography, Chronology, Astronomy, Customs, Laws and Astrology of India about AD 1030, vol. 1 London: KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRtJBNBR & CO. 1910. p.298.</ref> But this can't be proven because the city was given its name long after the Turkification of the Sogdians.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krippes |first=Karl |date=1991 |title=Sociolinguistic Notes on the Turcification of the Sogdians |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41927772 |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=35 |issue=1/2 |pages=67–80 |issn=0008-9192}}</ref>

From more realistic and historical sources, according to 11th-century scholar [[Mahmud al-Kashgari|Mahmud al-Kashghari]], the city was known in [[Karakhanid language|Karakhanid Turkic]] as ''{{Transliteration|Arab|Sämizkänd}}'' or ''Sämerkänd'' ({{Script/Arabic|سَمِزْکَنْدْ}}), meaning "fat city."<ref>{{Cite book |last=al-Kashghari |first=Mahmud |url=https://archive.org/details/CompendiumOfTheTurkicDialectsPart1-MahmudAl-Kashghari/page/n283/mode/2up |title=Compendium of The Turkic Dialects |date=1074 |publisher=Harvard University Printing Office |series=Part 1 |publication-date=1982 |page=270 |translator-last=Dankoff |translator-first=Robert |quote=sämiz känd meaning “Fat city (balda samina)” is called thus because of its great size; it is, in Persian, Samarqand. |author-link=Mahmud al-Kashgari |translator-last2=Kelly |translator-first2=James Michael |translator-link=Robert Dankoff |via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> 16th-century Mughal emperor [[Babur]] also mentioned the city under this name, and 15th-century Castillian traveler [[Ruy González de Clavijo]] stated that Samarkand was simply a distorted form of it.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ragagnin |first=Elisabetta |date=2020 |title=About Marco Polo Samarkand |url=https://uzlc.navoiy-uni.uz/index.php/uzlangcult/article/view/41 |journal=Uzbekistan: Language and Culture |language=en |publisher={{Interlanguage link|Alisher Navo’i Tashkent State University of Uzbek Language and Literature|uz|Toshkent davlat oʻzbek tili va adabiyoti universiteti}} |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=79–87 |issn=2181-922X |archive-date=2024-01-23 |access-date=2024-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123015507/https://uzlc.navoiy-uni.uz/index.php/uzlangcult/article/view/41 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Some languages have their own spellings or variations of the name, such as the [[French language|French]] "Samarcande", the [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] "Samarcanda", and the [[Turkish language|Turkish]] "Semerkant".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120117020102/http://www.antalya.bel.tr/UploadedDocuments/semerkant_t.pdf "SEMERKANT"], antalya.bel.tr (archived), accessed 4 February 2026</ref>

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2022}}

===Early history===
{{see also|Timeline of Samarkand}}

Along with [[Bukhara]],<ref>Vladimir Babak, Demian Vaisman, Aryeh Wasserman, ''Political organization in Central Asia and Azerbaijan: sources and documents'', p. 374</ref> Samarkand is one of the oldest inhabited cities in [[Central Asia]], prospering from its location on the trade route between China and Europe. There is no direct evidence of when it was founded. Researchers at the Institute of Archaeology of Samarkand date the city's founding around 700 BC.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Hanks | first1=Reuel R. | title=Historical Dictionary of Uzbekistan | date=19 February 2024 | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC | isbn=978-1-5381-0229-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eW31EAAAQBAJ&dq=samarkand+700+bce&pg=PA175 }}</ref>

[[Archaeology|Archaeological]] excavations conducted within the city limits (Syob and midtown) as well as suburban areas (Hojamazgil, Sazag'on) unearthed 40,000-year-old evidence of human activity, dating back to the [[Upper Paleolithic]]. A group of [[Mesolithic]] (12th–7th millennia BC) archaeological sites were discovered in the suburbs of Sazag'on-1, Zamichatosh, and Okhalik. The Syob and Darg'om [[canal]]s, supplying the city and its suburbs with water, appeared around the 7th–5th centuries BC (early [[Iron Age]]).

From its earliest days, Samarkand was one of the main centres of [[Sogdia]]n civilization. By the time of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] dynasty of Persia, the city had become the capital of the Sogdian [[satrapy]].

===Hellenistic period===
[[File:Afrasiyab ruins in Samarkand.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Ancient city walls of Samarkand, 4th century BC]]
[[File:Daniël de Blieck - Alexander Slaying Cleitus.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|''[[Alexander the Great]] Slaying [[Cleitus the Black|Cleitus]] in Samarkand'', by [[Daniël de Blieck]]. [[Ferens Art Gallery]], Hull.]]
[[Alexander the Great]] conquered Samarkand in 329 BC. The city was known as '''Maracanda''' (Μαράκανδα) by the Greeks.<ref>''Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972 reprint) p. 1657</ref> Written sources offer small clues as to the subsequent system of government.<ref name=Wood2002>{{cite book |last= Wood |first= Frances |year= 2002 |title= The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia |location= Berkeley and Los Angeles |publisher= University of California Press}}</ref> They mention one Orepius who became ruler "not from ancestors, but as a gift of Alexander."<ref>{{cite journal |last= Shichkina |first= G.V. |title= Ancient Samarkand: Capital of Soghd |journal= Bulletin of the Asia Institute |year= 1994 |volume= 8 |page= 83}}</ref>

While Samarkand suffered significant damage during Alexander's initial conquest, the city recovered rapidly and flourished under the new Hellenic influence. There were also major new construction techniques. Oblong bricks were replaced with square ones and superior methods of [[masonry]] and [[plastering]] were introduced.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shichkina |first=G.V. |title=Ancient Samarkand: capital of Soghd |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |year=1994 |volume=8 |page=86}}</ref>

Alexander's conquests introduced classical Greek culture into Central Asia and for a time, Greek aesthetics heavily influenced local artisans. This Hellenistic legacy continued as the city became part of various successor states in the centuries following Alexander's death, the Greek [[Seleucid Empire]], [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]], and [[Kushan Empire]] (even though the [[Yuezhi|Kushana]] themselves originated in Central Asia). After the Kushan state lost control of Sogdia during the 3rd century AD, Samarkand went into decline as a centre of economic, cultural, and political power. It did not significantly revive until the 5th century.

===Sasanian era===
Samarkand was conquered by the Persian [[Sasanians]] c. 260 AD. Under Sasanian rule, the region became an essential site for [[Manichaeism]] and facilitated the dissemination of the religion throughout Central Asia.<ref name="Dumper, Stanley 2007 319">{{cite book |last=Dumper, Stanley |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=California |pages=319–320}}</ref>

===Hephthalites and Turkic Khaganate era===
Between AD 350 and 375, Samarkand was conquered by the nomadic tribes of [[Xionites]], the origin of which remains controversial.<ref>Grenet Frantz, Regional interaction in Central Asia and northwest India in the Kidarite and Hephthalites periods in Indo-Iranian languages and peoples. Edited by Nicholas Sims-Williams. Oxford university press, 2003. Р.219–220</ref> The resettlement of nomadic groups to Samarkand confirms archaeological material from the 4th century. The culture of nomads from the Middle [[Syrdarya]] basin is spreading in the region.<ref>Buryakov Y.F. Iz istorii arkheologicheskikh rabot v zonakh oroshayemogo zemledeliya Uzbekistana // Arkheologicheskiye raboty na novostroykakh Uzbekistana. Tashkent, 1990. pp. 9–10.</ref> Between 457 and 509, Samarkand was part of the [[Kidarite]] state.<ref>Etienne de la Vaissiere, Sogdian traders. A history. Translated by James Ward. Brill. Leiden. Boston, 2005, pp. 108–111.</ref>
[[File:Turkish officers during a audience with king Varkhuman of Samarkand. 648-651 CE, Afrasiyab, Samarkand.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Western Turks|Turkic officers]] during an audience with king [[Varkhuman]] of Samarkand. 648–651 AD, [[Afrasiyab (Samarkand)|Afrasiyab murals]], Samarkand.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baumer |first1=Christoph |title=History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set |date=18 April 2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-83860-868-2 |page=243 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA243}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grenet |first1=Frantz |date=2004 |title=Maracanda/Samarkand, une métropole pré-mongole |journal=Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales |volume=5/6 |page=Fig. B |url=https://www.cairn.info/journal-annales-2004-5-page-1043.htm}}</ref>]]

After the [[Hephthalites]] ("White Huns") conquered Samarkand, they controlled it until the [[Göktürks]], in an alliance with the Sassanid Persians, won it at the [[Battle of Bukhara]], c. 560 AD.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bivar |first=A.D.H. |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hephthalites |title=Encyclopedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 2 |publisher=London et al. |pages=198–201}}</ref>

In the middle of the 6th century, a Turkic state was formed in Altai, founded by the Ashina dynasty. The new state formation was named the [[First Turkic Khaganate|Turkic Khaganate]] after the people of the Turks, which were headed by the ruler – the Khagan. From 557 to 561, the [[Hephthalites]] empire was defeated by the joint actions of the Turks and Sassanids, which led to the establishment of a common border between the two empires.<ref>History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, AD 250 to 750. Vol. 3. Unesco, 1996. p. 332</ref>

In the early Middle Ages, Samarkand was surrounded by four rows of defensive walls and had four gates.<ref>Belenitskiy A.M., Bentovich I.B., Bolshakov O.G. Srednevekovyy gorod Sredney Azii. L., 1973.</ref>

An ancient Turkic burial with a horse was investigated on the territory of Samarkand. It dates back to the 6th century.<ref>
Sprishevskiy V.I. Pogrebeniye s konem serediny I tysyacheletiya n.e., obnaruzhennoye okolo observatorii Ulugbeka. // Tr. Muzeya istorii narodov Uzbekistana. T.1.- Tashkent, 1951.</ref>

During the period of the ruler of the Western Turkic Khaganate, [[Tong Yabghu Qaghan]] (618–630), family relations were established with the ruler of Samarkand – Tong Yabghu Qaghan gave him his daughter.<ref>Klyashtornyy S. G., Savinov D. G., Stepnyye imperii drevney Yevrazii. Sankt-Peterburg: Filologicheskiy fakul'tet SPbGU, 2005 god, s. 97</ref>

Some parts of Samarkand have been Christian since the 4th century. In the 5th century, a [[Nestorian]] chair was established in Samarkand. At the beginning of the 8th century, it was transformed into a Nestorian metropolitanate.<ref>Masson M.Ye., Proiskhozhdeniye dvukh nestorianskikh namogilnykh galek Sredney Azii // Obshchestvennyye nauki v Uzbekistane, 1978, №10, p. 53.</ref> Discussions and polemics arose between the Sogdian followers of [[Christianity]] and [[Manichaeism]], reflected in the documents.<ref>Sims-Williams Nicholas, [https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/publications/a-christian-sogdian-polemic-against-the-manichaeans A Christian sogdian polemic against the manichaens // Religious themes and texts of pre-Islamic Iran and Central Asia.] Edited by Carlo G. Cereti, Mauro Maggi and Elio Provasi. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2003, pp. 399–407</ref>

===Early Islamic era===
[[File:Coin of Sogdian ruler Turgar, Ikhshid of Samarkand, Penjikent, 8th century CE (obverse and reverse), Tajikistan National Museum of Antiquities (319).jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Sogdia]]n ruler [[Turgar]], last [[Ikhshid]] of Samarkand, [[Panjakent|Penjikent]], 8th century AD, [[National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Tadjikistan : au pays des fleuves d'or |date=2021 |publisher=Musée Guimet |location=Paris |isbn=978-9461616272 |page=152}}</ref>]]
The armies of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] under [[Qutayba ibn Muslim]] captured the city from the [[Tang dynasty]] c. 710 AD.<ref name="Dumper, Stanley 2007 319"/> During this period, Samarkand was a diverse religious community and was home to a number of religions, including [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Manichaeism]], [[Judaism]], and [[Nestorian Christianity]], with most of the population following Zoroastrianism.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dumper, Stanley |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia |year=2007 |location=California}}</ref>

Qutayba generally did not settle Arabs in Central Asia; he forced the local rulers to pay him tribute but largely left them to their own devices. Samarkand was the major exception to this policy: Qutayba established an Arab [[garrison]] and Arab governmental administration in the city, its Zoroastrian [[fire temple]]s were razed, and a [[mosque]] was built.<ref name="Wellhausen437438">{{cite book |last1=Wellhausen |first1=J. |author-link=Julius Wellhausen |editor1-last=Weir |editor1-first=Margaret Graham |title=The Arab Kingdom and its Fall |date=1927 |publisher=University of Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qxPKpCcVOdcC |pages=437–438 |isbn=9780415209045 |access-date=2019-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421054204/https://books.google.com/books?id=qxPKpCcVOdcC |archive-date=2019-04-21 |url-status=live}}</ref> Much of the city's population converted to Islam.<ref>{{cite book |last=Whitfield |first=Susan |author-link=Susan Whitfield |title=Life Along the Silk Road |year=1999 |publisher=University of California Press |location=California |page=33}}</ref>

As a long-term result, Samarkand developed into a center of Islamic and Arabic learning.<ref name="Wellhausen437438"/> At the end of the 740s, a [[Abbasid dynasty|movement]] of those dissatisfied with the power of the [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyads]] emerged in the Arab Caliphate, led by the Abbasid commander [[Abu Muslim]], who, after the victory of the uprising, became the governor of Khorasan and Maverannahr (750–755). He chose Samarkand as his residence. His name is associated with the construction of a multi-kilometer defensive wall around the city and the palace.<ref>Bartold V. V., Abu Muslim//Akademik V. V. Bartol'd. Sochineniya. Tom VII. Moskva: Nauka, 1971</ref>

Legend has it that during [[Abbasid]] rule,<ref>Quraishi, Silim "A survey of the development of papermaking in Islamic Countries", ''Bookbinder'', 1989 (3): 29–36.</ref> the secret of [[papermaking]] was obtained from two [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] prisoners from the [[Battle of Talas]] in 751, which led to the foundation of the first [[paper mill]] in the Islamic world at Samarkand. The invention then spread to the rest of the Islamic world and thence to Europe.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

[[File:Dinar of al-Mu'tazz, AH 253.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Gold dinar]] of caliph [[al-Mu'tazz]], minted at Samarkand in [[Hijri year|AH]] 253 (867 AD). His reign marks the apogee of the [[Anarchy at Samarra|decline of the Caliphate]]'s central authority]]
Abbasid [[Anarchy at Samarra|control of Samarkand soon dissipated]] and was replaced with that of the [[Samanids]] (875–999), though the Samanids were still nominal vassals of the [[Abbasid caliph|Caliph]] during their control of Samarkand. Under Samanid rule the city became a capital of the Samanid dynasty and an even more important node of numerous trade routes. The Samanids were overthrown by the [[Karakhanids]] around 999. Over the next 200 years, Samarkand would be ruled by a succession of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tribes, including the [[Seljuqs]] and the [[Khwarazmshahs]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Dumper, Stanley |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia |year=2007 |location=California |page=320}}</ref>

The 10th-century Persian author [[Istakhri]], who travelled in [[Transoxiana]], provides a vivid description of the natural riches of the region he calls "Smarkandian Sogd":
<blockquote>I know no place in it or in Samarkand itself where if one ascends some elevated ground one does not see greenery and a pleasant place, and nowhere near it are mountains lacking in trees or a dusty steppe... Samakandian Sogd... [extends] eight days travel through unbroken greenery and gardens... . The greenery of the trees and sown land extends along both sides of the river [Sogd]... and beyond these fields is pasture for flocks. Every town and settlement has a fortress... It is the most fruitful of all the countries of [[Allah]]; in it are the best trees and fruits, in every home are gardens, cisterns and flowing water.</blockquote>

===Karakhanid (Ilek-Khanid) period (11th–12th centuries)===
[[File:Shah-i-Zinda.jpg|thumb|Shah-i Zinda memorial complex, 11th–15th centuries]]

After the fall of the [[Samanids]] state in 999, it was replaced by the Qarakhanid State, where the Turkic Qarakhanid dynasty ruled.<ref name="ReferenceE">Kochnev B. D., Numizmaticheskaya istoriya Karakhanidskogo kaganata (991—1209 gg.). Moskva «Sofiya», 2006</ref> After the state of the Qarakhanids split into two parts, Samarkand became a part of the West [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Karakhanid Khaganate]] and from 1040 to 1212 was its capital.<ref name="ReferenceE"/> The founder of the Western Qarakhanid Khaganate was Ibrahim Tamgach Khan (1040–1068).<ref name="ReferenceE"/> For the first time, he built a [[madrasa]] in Samarkand with state funds and supported the development of culture in the region. During his reign, a public hospital (bemoristan) and a madrasa were established in Samarkand, where medicine was also taught.

The memorial complex [[Shah-i-Zinda]] was founded by the rulers of the Karakhanid dynasty in the 11th century.<ref>Nemtseva, N.B., Shvab, IU. Ansambl Shah-i Zinda: istoriko-arkhitektymyi ocherk. Tashent: 1979.</ref>

The most striking monument of the Qarakhanid era in Samarkand was the palace of Ibrahim ibn Hussein (1178–1202), which was built in the citadel in the 12th century. During the excavations, fragments of monumental painting were discovered. On the eastern wall, a Turkic warrior was depicted, dressed in a yellow caftan and holding a bow. Horses, hunting dogs, birds and periodlike women were also depicted here.<ref>Karev, Yury. Qarakhanid wall paintings in the citadel of Samarqand: First report and preliminary observations in Muqarnas 22 (2005): 45–84.</ref>

===Mongol period===
[[File:Afrosiab (8145369219).jpg|thumb|left|Ruins of Afrasiab – ancient Samarkand destroyed by Genghis Khan.]]

The Mongols [[Siege of Samarkand (1220)|conquered Samarkand]] in 1220. [[Ata-Malik Juvayni|Juvayni]] writes that Genghis killed all who took refuge in the [[citadel]] and the mosque, pillaged the city completely, and [[conscription|conscripted]] 30,000 young men along with 30,000 craftsmen. Samarkand suffered at least one other Mongol sack by [[Baraq (Chagatai Khan)|Khan Baraq]] to get treasure he needed to pay an army. It remained part of the [[Chagatai Khanate]] (one of four Mongol successor realms) until 1370.

''[[The Travels of Marco Polo|The Travels]]'' of [[Marco Polo]], where Polo records his journey along the Silk Road in the late 13th century, describes Samarkand as "a very large and splendid city..."<ref>{{cite web |title=Samarkand Travel Guide |url=https://caravanistan.com/uzbekistan/center/samarkand/ |access-date=2021-03-20 |website=Caravanistan}}</ref>

The [[Yenisei]] area had [[Semu#Similar practices in other areas of the Mongol Empire|a community of weavers of Chinese origin]], and Samarkand and [[Outer Mongolia]] both had artisans of Chinese origin, as reported by [[Qiu Chuji|Changchun]].<ref name="Gernet1996">{{cite book |author=Jacques Gernet |title=A History of Chinese Civilization |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern |url-access=registration |date=31 May 1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-49781-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern/page/377 377]– |access-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615032106/https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern |archive-date=15 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> After Genghis Khan conquered Central Asia, foreigners were chosen as governmental administrators; Chinese and Qara-Khitays (Khitans) were appointed as co-managers of gardens and fields in Samarkand, which Muslims were not permitted to manage on their own.<ref>{{cite book |title=E.J.W. Gibb memorial series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35pFAQAAIAAJ |year=1928 |page=451}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=E. Bretschneider |date=1888 |title=Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources |chapter=The Travels of Ch'ang Ch'un to the West, 1220–1223 recorded by his disciple Li Chi Ch'ang |url=https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/changchun.html |publisher=Barnes & Noble |pages=37–108 |access-date=2018-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430220305/http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/changchun.html |archive-date=2018-04-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The khanate allowed the establishment of Christian bishoprics (see below).

===Timur's rule (1370–1405)===
[[File:Bibi-Khanym Mosque (8145400614).jpg|thumb|Bibi-Khanym Friday Mosque, 1399–1404]]
[[Ibn Battuta]], who visited in 1333, called Samarkand "one of the greatest and finest of cities, and most perfect of them in beauty." He also noted that the orchards were supplied water via ''[[noria]]s''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Battutah |first1=Ibn |title=The Travels of Ibn Battutah |date=2002 |publisher=Picador |location=London |isbn=9780330418799 |page=143}}</ref>

In 1365, a revolt against Chagatai Mongol control occurred in Samarkand.<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 15th Ed, p. 204</ref> In 1370, the conqueror [[Timur]] (Tamerlane), the founder and ruler of the [[Timurid Empire]], made Samarkand his capital. Timur used various tools for legitimisation, including urban planning in his capital, Samarkand.<ref>Malikov Azim, The cultural traditions of urban planning in Samarkand during the epoch of Timur. In: Baumer, C., Novák, M. and Rutishauser, S., Cultures in Contact. Central Asia as Focus of Trade, Cultural Exchange and Knowledge Transmission. Harrassowitz. 2022, p.343</ref> Over the next 35 years, he rebuilt most of the city and populated it with great artisans and craftsmen from across the empire. Timur gained a reputation as a patron of the arts, and Samarkand grew to become the centre of the region of [[Transoxiana]]. Timur's commitment to the arts is evident in how, in contrast with the ruthlessness he showed his enemies, he demonstrated mercy toward those with special artistic abilities. The lives of artists, craftsmen, and [[architect]]s were spared so that they could improve and beautify Timur's capital.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

Timur was also directly involved in construction projects, and his visions often exceeded the technical abilities of his workers. The city was in a state of constant construction, and Timur would often order buildings to be done and redone quickly if he was unsatisfied with the results.<ref name="Marefat 1992 33–38">{{cite journal |last= Marefat |first= Roya |title= The Heavenly City of Samarkand |journal= The Wilson Quarterly |date= Summer 1992 |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 33–38 |jstor= 40258334}}</ref> By his orders, Samarkand could be reached only by roads; deep ditches were dug, and walls {{cvt|5|mi|km|abbr=off|order=flip|0}} in circumference separated the city from its surrounding neighbors.<ref name=Wood2002 /> At this time, the city had a population of about 150,000.<ref name="ReferenceB">''Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer'', p. 1657</ref>

[[Henry III of Castile]]'s ambassador [[Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo]], who visited Samarkand between 8 September and 20 November 1404, attested to the never-ending construction that went on in the city. "The Mosque which Timur had built seemed to us the noblest of all those we visited in the city of Samarkand."<ref>{{cite book |last=Le Strange |first=Guy (trans) |title=Clavijo: Embassy to Tamburlaine 1403–1406 |year=1928 |location=London |page=280}}</ref>

===Ulugh Beg's period (1409–1449)===
[[File:Ulugh Beg's Astronomic Observatory.jpg|thumb|left|Many prominent astronomers worked at [[Ulugh Beg Observatory|Ulugh Beg's observatory]], which contained this mural sextant, constructed in Samarkand during the 15th century.]]
Between 1417 and 1420, Timur's grandson [[Ulugh Beg]] built a [[madrasa]]h in Samarkand, which became the first building in the architectural ensemble of Registan. Ulugh Beg invited a large number of astronomers and mathematicians of the Islamic world to this madrasa. Under Ulugh Beg, Samarkand became one of the world centers of medieval science. In the first half of the 15th century, a whole scientific school arose around Ulugh Beg, uniting prominent astronomers and mathematicians including [[Jamshid al-Kashi]], [[Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī]], and [[Ali Qushji]]. Ulugh Beg's main interest in science was astronomy, and he constructed an observatory in 1428. Its main instrument was the [[Mural instrument|wall quadrant]], which was unique in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ulugh_Beg/ |title=Ulugh Beg – Biography |website=Maths History}}</ref> It was known as the "Fakhri Sextant" and had a radius of 40 meters.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ulugh Beg |title=Dictionary of Scientific Biography}}</ref> Seen in the image on the left, the arc was finely constructed with a staircase on either side to provide access for the assistants who performed the measurements.

===Uzbek period===
In 1500, [[nomad]]ic [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] warriors took control of Samarkand.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> The [[Shaybanids]] emerged as the city's leaders at or about this time. In 1501, Samarkand was finally taken by [[Muhammad Shaybani]] from the Uzbek dynasty of [[Shaybanid]]s, and the city became part of the newly formed “Bukhara Khanate”. Samarkand was chosen as the capital of this state, in which Muhammad Shaybani Khan was crowned. In Samarkand, Muhammad Shaybani Khan ordered to build a large madrasa, where he later took part in scientific and religious disputes. The first dated news about the Shaybani Khan madrasa dates back to 1504 (it was completely destroyed during the years of Soviet power). Muhammad Salikh wrote that Sheibani Khan built a madrasa in Samarkand to perpetuate the memory of his brother Mahmud Sultan.<ref name="ReferenceF">Mukminova R. G., K istorii agrarnykh otnosheniy v Uzbekistane XVI veke. Po materialam «Vakf-name». Tashkent. Nauka. 1966</ref>

Fazlallah ibn Ruzbihan {{Who|date=November 2022}} in "Mikhmon-namei Bukhara" expresses his admiration for the majestic building of the madrasa, its gilded roof, high hujras, spacious courtyard and quotes a verse praising the madrasa.<ref>Fazlallakh ibn Ruzbikhan Isfakhani. Mikhman-name-yi Bukhara (Zapiski bukharskogo gostya). M. Vostochnaya literatura. 1976, p. 3</ref> Zayn ad-din Vasifi, who visited the Sheibani-khan madrasa several years later, wrote in his memoirs that the veranda, hall and courtyard of the madrassah are spacious and magnificent.<ref name="ReferenceF"/>

Abdulatif Khan, the son of Ulugh Beg's grandson Kuchkunji Khan, who ruled in Samarkand from 1540 to 1551, was considered an expert in the history of Maverannahr and the Shibanid dynasty. He patronized poets and scientists. Abdulatif Khan himself wrote poetry under the literary pseudonym Khush.<ref>B.V. Norik. Rol' shibanidskikh praviteley v literaturnoy zhizni Maverannakhra XVI veka. Sankt-Peterburg: Rakhmat-name, 2008. p. 233.</ref>

During the reign of the Ashtarkhanid [[Imam Quli Khan of Bukhara|Imam Quli Khan]] (1611–1642) famous architectural masterpieces were built in Samarkand. In 1612–1656, the governor of Samarkand, Yalangtush Bahadur, built a cathedral mosque, the [[Tilakari Madrasa]] and the [[Sherdar Madrasa]].{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

[[Zarafshan Water Bridge]] is a brick bridge built on the left bank of the [[Zarafshan River]], 7–8 km northeast of the center of Samarkand, built by [[Muhammad Shaybani|Shaibani Khan]] at the beginning of the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://uzsmart.uz/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/66708.html|title= ZARAFSHON SUVAYIRGʻICH KOʻPRIGI |website= uzsmart.uz |accessdate= 2023-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.centralasia-travel.com/ru/countries/uzbekistan/places/most-sheybanixana |title= МОСТ ШЕЙБАНИ-ХАНА |website= www.centralasia-travel.com |accessdate= 2023-11-14}}</ref>

After an assault by the [[Afsharid dynasty|Afshar]] [[Shah]]anshah [[Nader Shah]], the city was abandoned in the early 1720s.<ref>''Britannica''. 15th Ed, p. 204</ref> From 1599 to 1756, Samarkand was ruled by the [[Astrakhan Khanate|Ashtrakhanid]] branch of the [[Khanate of Bukhara]].
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
File:Rajasthan3.jpg|The [[Ulugh Beg Madrasa]]
File:Rajasthan.jpg|The [[Sherdar Madrasa]]
File:Registan Tillya-Kari madrasah2014.JPG|The [[Tilakari Madrasa]]
Ulugh-beg Madrassa courtyard.JPG|The [[Ulugh Beg Madrasa]]'s courtyard
File:Lion(or tiger) on the Sher-dor madrassa.JPG|Tiger on the [[Sherdar Madrasa]]'s [[iwan]]
</gallery>

===Second half of the 18th–19’s century Uzbek period===
[[File:Mosque Hazrat-Hyzr (1).JPG|thumb|right|Khazrat Hizr mosque, 1854]]

From 1756 to 1868, it was ruled by the [[Manghud]] Emirs of [[Emirate of Bukhara|Bukhara]].<ref name="ReferenceA">''Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer''. p. 1657</ref> The revival of the city began during the reign of the founder of the Uzbek dynasty, the Mangyts, Muhammad Rakhim (1756–1758), who became famous for his strong-willed qualities and military art. Muhammad Rakhimbiy made some attempts to revive Samarkand.<ref>Materialy po istorii Sredney i Tsentral'noy Azii X—XIX veka. Tashkent: Fan, 1988, рр. 270—271</ref>

===Russian Empire period===
{{See also|Russian Turkestan|Uzbeks#Russo-Soviet era}}
[[File:Самарканд - 6.jpg|thumb|Samarkand in 1890]]
The city came under [[imperial Russia]]n rule after the citadel had been taken by a force under Colonel [[Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman]] in 1868. Shortly thereafter the small Russian garrison of 500 men were themselves [[Siege of Samarkand (1868)|besieged]]. The assault, which was led by Abdul Malik Tura, the rebellious elder son of the [[Emirate of Bukhara|Bukharan Emir]], as well as Baba [[Bey|Beg]] of [[Shahrisabz]] and Jura Beg of [[Kitab, Uzbekistan|Kitab]], was repelled with heavy losses. General [[Alexander Konstantinovich Abramov]] became the first Governor of the Military [[Okrug]], which the Russians established along the course of the [[Zeravshan River]] with Samarkand as the administrative centre. The Russian section of the city was built after this point, largely west of the old city.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

In 1886, the city became the capital of the newly formed [[Samarkand Oblast]] of [[Russian Turkestan]] and regained even more importance when the [[Trans-Caspian railway]] reached it in 1888.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

===Soviet period===
[[File:Samarqand.jpg|thumb|[[Downtown]] with Bibi-Khanym Mosque in 1990s]]
Samarkand was the capital of [[Turkestan Provisional Government]] in 1922 and was the capital of the [[Uzbek SSR]] from 1925 to 1930, before being replaced by [[Tashkent]]. During [[World War II]], after [[Nazi Germany]] [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded]] the [[Soviet Union]], a number of Samarkand's citizens were sent to [[Smolensk]] to [[Battle of Smolensk (1941)|fight the enemy]]. Many were [[German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war|taken captive or killed by the Nazis]].<ref name=Soldat>{{Cite web |title=Советское Поле Славы |url=https://www.soldat.ru/search/f_glory/soldiers.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413043841/http://www.soldat.ru/search/f_glory/soldiers.html |url-status=dead |archivedate=April 13, 2020 |website=www.soldat.ru}}</ref><ref name="BBC2017CentralAsians">{{cite news |author=Rustam Qobil |publisher=BBC |title=Why were 101 Uzbeks killed in the Netherlands in 1942? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-39849088 |date=2017-05-09 |access-date=2017-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330201803/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-39849088 |archive-date=2020-03-30 |url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, thousands of refugees from the occupied western regions of the USSR fled to the city, and it served as one of the main hubs for the fleeing civilians in the [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]] and the [[Soviet Union]] as a whole.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
[[File:1872 Vereshchagin Triumphierend anagoria.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|''Triumph'' by [[Vasily Vereshchagin]], depicting the [[Sherdar Madrasa]] on the [[Registan]].]]
European study of the history of Samarkand began after the conquest of Samarkand by the Russian Empire in 1868. The first studies of the history of Samarkand belong to N. Veselovsky, V. Bartold and V. Vyatkin. In the Soviet period, the generalization of materials on the history of Samarkand was reflected in the two-volume ''History of Samarkand'' edited by the academician of Uzbekistan [[Ibrohim Moʻminov]].<ref>Montgomery David. Samarkand taarikhi (History of Samarkand) by I.M.Muminov, The American historical review, volume 81, no.8 (October 1976), pp. 914–915</ref>

On the initiative of Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR I. Muminov and with the support of [[Sharof Rashidov|Sharaf Rashidov]], the 2500th anniversary of Samarkand was widely celebrated in 1970. In this regard, a monument to [[Ulugh Beg]] was opened, the Museum of the History of Samarkand was founded, and a two-volume history of Samarkand was prepared and published.<ref>Istoriya Samarkanda v dvukh tomakh. Pod redaktsiyey I. Muminova. Tashkent, 1970</ref><ref>Montgomery David, Review of Samarkand taarikhi by I. M. Muminov et al. // The American historical review, volume 81, no. 4 (October 1976)</ref>

After Uzbekistan gained independence, several monographs were published on the ancient and medieval history of Samarkand.<ref>Shirinov T.SH., Isamiddinov M.KH. Arkheologiya drevnego Samarkanda. Tashkent, 2007</ref><ref>Malikov A.M. Istoriya Samarkanda (s drevnikh vremen do serediny XIV veka). Tom. 1. Tashkent: Paradigma, 2017.</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Samarkand, Uzbekistan.jpg|thumb|Samarkand from space in September 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=82116 |title=Samarkand, Uzbekistan |date=23 September 2013 |publisher=Earthobservatory.nasa.gov |access-date=2014-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917201736/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=82116 |archive-date=2015-09-17 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Samarkand is located in southeastern Uzbekistan, in the [[Zeravshan (river)|Zarefshan River]] valley, 135 km from [[Qarshi]]. Road M37 connects Samarkand to [[Bukhara]], 240 km away. Road M39 connects it to [[Tashkent]], 270 km away. The [[Tajikistan]] border is about 35 km from Samarkand; the Tajik capital [[Dushanbe]] is 210 km away from Samarkand. Road M39 connects Samarkand to [[Mazar-i-Sharif]] in [[Afghanistan]], which is 340 km away.

===Climate===
Samarkand has a [[cold semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''BSk'') with hot, dry summers and relatively wet, variable winters that alternate periods of warm weather with periods of cold weather. July and August are the hottest months of the year, with temperatures reaching and exceeding {{cvt|40|C}}. Precipitation is sparse from June through October, but increases to a maximum from February to April. January 2008 was particularly cold; the temperature dropped to {{cvt|-22|°C|0}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.samarkand.info/html/weather.html |title=Weather in Samarkand |access-date=2009-06-11 |author=Samarkand.info |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604132408/http://www.samarkand.info/html/weather.html |archive-date=2009-06-04 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|width=auto
|location=Samarkand (1991–2020, extremes 1891–present)
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
| Jan record high C=23.2
| Feb record high C=26.7
| Mar record high C=32.2
| Apr record high C=36.2
| May record high C=39.5
| Jun record high C=41.6
| Jul record high C=42.4
| Aug record high C=41.0
| Sep record high C=38.6
| Oct record high C=35.2
| Nov record high C=31.5
| Dec record high C=27.5
|year record high C=42.4
| Jan high C=7.3
| Feb high C=9.5
| Mar high C=15.2
| Apr high C=21.4
| May high C=27.0
| Jun high C=32.4
| Jul high C=34.5
| Aug high C=33.3
| Sep high C=28.6
| Oct high C=22.0
| Nov high C=14.4
| Dec high C=9.1
|year high C=
| Jan mean C=2.3
| Feb mean C=4.0
| Mar mean C=9.3
| Apr mean C=15.2
| May mean C=20.4
| Jun mean C=25.4
| Jul mean C=27.2
| Aug mean C=25.6
| Sep mean C=20.6
| Oct mean C=14.1
| Nov mean C=8.0
| Dec mean C=3.7
|year mean C=
| Jan low C=−1.3
| Feb low C=−0.2
| Mar low C=4.6
| Apr low C=9.7
| May low C=14.1
| Jun low C=18.0
| Jul low C=19.5
| Aug low C=17.9
| Sep low C=13.5
| Oct low C=7.8
| Nov low C=3.2
| Dec low C=−0.2
|year low C=
| Jan record low C=−25.4
| Feb record low C=−22.0
| Mar record low C=−14.9
| Apr record low C=−6.8
| May record low C=−1.3
| Jun record low C=4.8
| Jul record low C=8.6
| Aug record low C=7.8
| Sep record low C=0.0
| Oct record low C=−6.4
| Nov record low C=−18.1
| Dec record low C=−22.8
|year record low C=−25.4
|precipitation colour =green
| Jan precipitation mm=41.1
| Feb precipitation mm=52.2
| Mar precipitation mm=73.2
| Apr precipitation mm=62.9
| May precipitation mm=40.0
| Jun precipitation mm=6.8
| Jul precipitation mm=1.6
| Aug precipitation mm=1.6
| Sep precipitation mm=2.7
| Oct precipitation mm=16.0
| Nov precipitation mm=40.3
| Dec precipitation mm=39.2
|year precipitation mm=377.6
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 14
| Feb precipitation days = 13
| Mar precipitation days = 15
| Apr precipitation days = 13
| May precipitation days = 11
| Jun precipitation days = 5
| Jul precipitation days = 2
| Aug precipitation days = 2
| Sep precipitation days = 2
| Oct precipitation days = 6
| Nov precipitation days = 10
| Dec precipitation days = 12
| year precipitation days = 105
| Jan humidity=76
| Feb humidity=74
| Mar humidity=70
| Apr humidity=63
| May humidity=54
| Jun humidity=42
| Jul humidity=42
| Aug humidity=43
| Sep humidity=47
| Oct humidity=59
| Nov humidity=68
| Dec humidity=74
|year humidity=59
| Jan rain days=8
| Feb rain days=10
| Mar rain days=13
| Apr rain days=11
| May rain days=9
| Jun rain days=3
| Jul rain days=2
| Aug rain days=1
| Sep rain days=2
| Oct rain days=6
| Nov rain days=8
| Dec rain days=9
| year rain days= 82
| Jan snow days=9
| Feb snow days=7
| Mar snow days=3
| Apr snow days=0.3
| May snow days=0.1
| Jun snow days=0
| Jul snow days=0
| Aug snow days=0
| Sep snow days=0
| Oct snow days=0.3
| Nov snow days=2
| Dec snow days=6
|year snow days=28
| Jan sun=119.2
| Feb sun=130.9
| Mar sun=172.2
| Apr sun=228.8
| May sun=297.7
| Jun sun=345.5
| Jul sun=373.1
| Aug sun=358.9
| Sep sun=305.9
| Oct sun=242.6
| Nov sun=150.7
| Dec sun=120.2
|year sun=
| Jan dew point C=-2
| Feb dew point C=-1
| Mar dew point C=2
| Apr dew point C=6
| May dew point C=9
| Jun dew point C=9
| Jul dew point C=10
| Aug dew point C=9
| Sep dew point C=6
| Oct dew point C=4
| Nov dew point C=2
| Dec dew point C=-1
| Jan uv=2
| Feb uv=3
| Mar uv=3
| Apr uv=4
| May uv=5
| Jun uv=6
| Jul uv=6
| Aug uv=6
| Sep uv=4
| Oct uv=3
| Nov uv=2
| Dec uv=2
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name = Pogoda >
{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate.php?id=38696
| title = Weather and Climate-The Climate of Samarkand
| publisher = Weather and Climate
| language = ru
| access-date = 18 January 2021}}</ref>
|source 2=Weather Atlas (UV),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/uzbekistan/samarkand-climate |title=Samarkand, Uzbekistan – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 1985–2015),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/uzbekistan/samarkand/climate |title=Climate & Weather Averages in Samarkand |publisher=Time and Date |access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref> [[NOAA]]<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Uzbekistan/CSV/Samarkand_38696.csv|title=Samarkand Climate Normals 1991–2020 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=November 1, 2023}}</ref>
|date=August 2023
}}

==People==
According to official reports, a majority of Samarkand's inhabitants are [[Uzbeks]], while many sources refer to the city as majority [[Tajiks|Tajik]],<ref>Akiner, Shirin; Djalili, Mohammad-Reza; Grare, Frederic (2013). Tajikistan: The Trials of Independence. Routledge. {{ISBN|978-1-136-10490-9}} p. 78, "Bukhara and Samarkand, inhabited by a marked Tajik majority (...)"</ref><ref name="Lena Jonson 2006. pg 108">Lena Jonson (1976) "Tajikistan in the New Central Asia", I.B.Tauris, p. 108: "According to official Uzbek statistics there are slightly over 1 million Tajiks in Uzbekistan or about 3% of the population. The unofficial figure is over 6 million Tajiks. They are concentrated in the Sukhandarya, Samarqand and Bukhara regions."</ref><ref name="catoday.org">{{cite web |url=http://catoday.org/tjru/11180-uzbekistan-tadzhikskiy-yazyk-podavlyaetsya |title=Узбекистан: Таджикский язык подавляется |website=catoday.org — ИА "Озодагон" |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322114708/http://catoday.org/tjru/11180-uzbekistan-tadzhikskiy-yazyk-podavlyaetsya |archive-date=22 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="news.tj">{{cite web |url=https://news.tj/ru/news/opinion/20190318/tadzhiki-irantsi-vostoka-retsenziya-knigi-ot-kamoliddina-abdullaeva |title=Таджики – иранцы Востока? Рецензия книги от Камолиддина Абдуллаева |website=«ASIA-Plus» Media Group / Tajikistan — news.tj |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090939/https://news.tj/ru/news/opinion/20190318/tadzhiki-irantsi-vostoka-retsenziya-knigi-ot-kamoliddina-abdullaeva |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> up to 70 percent of the city's population.<ref name="Foltz">{{cite journal |author-link=Richard Foltz |author=Richard Foltz |title=The Tajiks of Uzbekistan |journal=Central Asian Survey |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=213–216 |year=1996 |doi=10.1080/02634939608400946}}</ref> Tajiks are especially concentrated in the eastern part of the city, where the main architectural landmarks are.<ref name="Foltz" />

According to various independent sources, Tajiks are Samarkand's majority ethnic group. Ethnic [[Uzbek people|Uzbeks]] are the second-largest group<ref name="PB">[[Paul Bergne]]: ''The Birth of Tajikistan. National Identity and the Origins of the Republic''. International Library of Central Asia Studies. [[I.B. Tauris]]. 2007. Pg. 106</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Frye |first=Richard N. |url=https://archive.org/details/heritageofcentra00frye |title=The Heritage of Central Asia: From Antiquity to the Turkish Expansion |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1996 |access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref> and are most concentrated in the west of Samarkand. Exact demographic figures are difficult to obtain since some people in Uzbekistan identify as "Uzbek" even though they speak [[Tajik language|Tajiki]] as their first language, often because they are registered as Uzbeks by the central government despite their Tajiki language and identity. As explained by [[Paul Bergne]]:

<blockquote>During the census of 1926 a significant part of the Tajik population was registered as Uzbek. Thus, for example, in the 1920 census in Samarkand city the Tajiks were recorded as numbering 44,758 and the Uzbeks only 3301. According to the 1926 census, the number of Uzbeks was recorded as 43,364 and the Tajiks as only 10,716. In a series of kishlaks [villages] in the Khojand Okrug, whose population was registered as Tajik in 1920 e.g. in Asht, Kalacha, Akjar i Tajik and others, in the 1926 census they were registered as Uzbeks. Similar facts can be adduced also with regard to Ferghana, Samarkand, and especially the Bukhara oblasts.<ref name="PB" /></blockquote>

Samarkand is also home to large ethnic communities of "[[Iranian peoples|Iranis]]" (the old, [[Persian language|Persian]]-speaking, [[Shia]] population of [[Merv]] city and oasis, deported en masse to this area in the late 18th century), [[Russians]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Belarusians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azeris]], [[Tatars]], [[Koryo-saram|Koreans]], [[Polish people|Poles]], and [[Germans]], all of whom live primarily in the centre and western neighborhoods of the city. These peoples have emigrated to Samarkand since the end of the 19th century, especially during the Soviet Era; by and large, they speak the [[Russian language]].

In the extreme west and southwest of Samarkand is a population of [[Central Asian Arabs]], who mostly speak Uzbek; only a small portion of the older generation speaks [[Central Asian Arabic]]. In eastern Samarkand there was once a large mahallah of [[Bukharian Jews|Bukharian (Central Asian) Jews]], but starting in the 1970s, hundreds of thousands of Jews left Uzbekistan for [[Israel]], [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], and [[Europe]]. Only a few Jewish families are left in Samarkand today.

Also in the eastern part of Samarkand there are several quarters where [[:ru:Среднеазиатские цыгане|Central Asian "Gypsies"]]<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266387780 |title=Migrations and Identities of Central Asian 'Gypsies' |doi=10.1057/ces.2008.3 |author1=Marushiakova |last2=Popov |first2=Vesselin |date=January 2014 |s2cid=154689140 |accessdate=2022-02-28 |conference=Asia Pacific Sociological Association (APSA) Conference "Transforming Societies: Conestations and Convergences in Asia and the Pacific"}}</ref> ([[Lyuli]], Djugi, [[Parya language|Parya]], and other groups) live. These peoples began to arrive in Samarkand several centuries ago from what are now [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. They mainly speak a dialect of the Tajik language, as well as their own languages, most notably [[Parya language|Parya]].

===Language===
[[File:Bilingual Samarkand.jpg|thumb|right|Greeting in two languages: Uzbek (Latin) and Tajik (Cyrillic) at the entrance to one of the [[mahallah]]s (Bo'zi) of Samarkand]]
The state and official language in Samarkand, as in all Uzbekistan, is the [[Uzbek language]]. Uzbek is one of the [[Turkic languages]] and the mother tongue of [[Uzbeks]], [[Turkmens]], {{ill|Samarkandian Iranians|ru|Среднеазиатские иранцы|uz|Oʻrta Osiyo eroniylari}}, and most [[Central Asian Arabs|Samarkandian Arabs]] living in Samarkand.

As in the rest of Uzbekistan, the [[Russian language]] is the [[de facto]] second official language in Samarkand, and about 5% of signs and inscriptions in Samarkand are in this language. [[Russians]], [[Belarusians]], [[Polish people|Poles]], [[Germans]], [[Koryo-saram|Koreans]], the majority of [[Ukrainians]], the majority of [[Armenians]], [[Greeks]], some [[Tatars]], and some [[Azerbaijanis]] in Samarkand speak Russian. Several Russian-language newspapers are published in Samarkand, the most popular of which is ''{{ill|Samarkandskiy vestnik|ru|Самаркандский вестник|uz|Samarkandskiy vestnik}}'' (Russian: Самаркандский вестник, lit. the Samarkand Herald). The Samarkandian TV channel STV conducts some broadcasts in Russian.

De facto, the most common native language in Samarkand is [[Tajik language|Tajik]], which is a dialect or variant of the [[Persian language]]. Samarkand was one of the cities in which the Persian language developed. Many classical Persian [[poetry|poets]] and writers lived in or visited Samarkand over the millennia, the most famous being [[Ferdowsi|Abulqasem Ferdowsi]], [[Omar Khayyam]], [[Jami|Abdurahman Jami]], [[Rudaki|Abu Abdullah Rudaki]], [[Suzani Samarqandi]], and [[Kamal Khujandi]].

While the official stance is that Uzbek is the most common language in Samarkand, some data indicate that only about 30% of residents speak it as a native tongue. For the other 70%, Tajik is the native tongue, with Uzbek the second language and Russian the third. However, as no population census has been taken in Uzbekistan since 1989, there are no accurate data on this matter. Despite Tajik being the second most common language in Samarkand, it does not enjoy the status of an official or regional language.<ref name="Karl Cordell 1999. pg 201">Karl Cordell, "Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe", Routledge, 1998. p. 201: "Consequently, the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. Tajikis within and outside of the republic, Samarkand State University (SamGU) academic and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan, constituting 30% of the republic's 22 million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7% (Foltz 1996: 213; Carlisle 1995: 88).</ref><ref name="Lena Jonson 2006. pg 108"/><ref name="catoday.org"/><ref name="lingvomania.info">{{cite web |url=http://lingvomania.info/2016/status-tadzhikskogo-yazyka-v-uzbekistane.html |title=Статус таджикского языка в Узбекистане |website=Лингвомания.info — lingvomania.info |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029222029/http://lingvomania.info/2016/status-tadzhikskogo-yazyka-v-uzbekistane.html |archive-date=29 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="news.tj"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.profi-forex.org/novosti-mira/novosti-sng/uzbekistan/entry1008185843.html |title=Есть ли шансы на выживание таджикского языка в Узбекистане — эксперты |website="Биржевой лидер" — pfori-forex.org |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322113157/http://www.profi-forex.org/novosti-mira/novosti-sng/uzbekistan/entry1008185843.html |archive-date=22 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Nevertheless, at Samarkand State University ten faculties offer courses in Tajiki, and the Tajik Language and Literature Department has an enrolment of over 170 students.<ref name="Bloomsbury Publishing">{{cite book|last1=Foltz|first1=Richard|author-link=Richard Foltz|title=A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East, 2nd edition |date=2023|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-0-7556-4964-8|page=186}}</ref> Only one newspaper in Samarkand is published in Tajiki, in the [[Tajik alphabet|Cyrillic Tajik alphabet]]: ''[[:ru:Овози Самарканд|Ovozi Samarqand]]'' (Tajik: ''Овози Самарқанд'' —''Voice of Samarkand''). Local Samarkandian STV and "Samarkand" TV channels offer some broadcasts in Tajik, as does one regional radio station. In 2022 a quarterly literary magazine in Tajiki, ''Durdonai Sharq'', was launched in Samarkand.<ref name="Bloomsbury Publishing"/>

In addition to Uzbek, Tajik, and Russian, native languages spoken in Samarkand include [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Tatar language|Tatar]], [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]], [[Arabic]] (for a very small percentage of Samarkandian Arabs), and others.

Modern Samarkand is a vibrant city, and in 2019 the city hosted the first Samarkand Half Marathon.<ref>[https://worldsmarathons.com/marathon/samarkand-marathon Samarkand Marathon].</ref> In 2022 this also included a full marathon for the first time.

==Religion==
===Islam===
[[Islam]] entered Samarkand in the 8th century, during the [[Muslim conquest of Transoxiana|invasion of the Arabs in Central Asia]] ([[Umayyad Caliphate]]). Before that, almost all inhabitants of Samarkand were [[Zoroastrians]], and many [[Nestorians]] and [[Buddhists]] also lived in the city. From that point forward, throughout the reigns of many Muslim governing powers, numerous [[mosque]]s, [[madrasa]]hs, [[minaret]]s, [[shrine]]s, and [[mausoleums]] were built in the city. Many have been preserved. For example, there is [[:ru:Мемориальный комплекс имама Аль-Бухари|the Shrine]] of [[Muhammad al-Bukhari|Imam Bukhari]], an [[Ulama|Islamic scholar]] who authored the [[History of hadith|hadith collection]] known as ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'', which [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] regard as one of the most authentic (''[[Saheeh|sahih]]'') [[hadith]] collections. His other books included ''[[Al-Adab al-Mufrad]]''. Samarkand is also home to [[:ru:Мавзолей Абу Мансура Матуриди|the Shrine]] of [[Abu Mansur al-Maturidi|Imam Maturidi]], the founder of [[Maturidi]]sm and the [[:ru:Мавзолей Ходжа Дониёр|Mausoleum of the Prophet Daniel]], who is revered in [[Islam]], [[Judaism]], and [[Christianity]].

Most inhabitants of Samarkand are Muslim, primarily [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] (mostly [[Hanafi]]) and [[Sufism|Sufi]]. Approximately 80–85% of Muslims in the city are Sunni, comprising almost all [[Tajiks]], [[Uzbeks]], and Samarkandian Arabs living therein. Samarkand's best-known Islamic sacred lineages are the descendants of Sufi leaders such as Khodja Akhror Wali (1404–1490) and Makhdumi A’zam (1461–1542), the descendants of Sayyid Ata (first half of 14th c.) and Mirakoni Khojas (Sayyids from Mirakon, a village in Iran).<ref>Malikov Azim, Sacred lineages of Samarqand: history and identity in Anthropology of the Middle East, Volume 15, Issue 1, Summer 2020, р.36</ref> The liberal policy of President [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] opened up new opportunities for the expression of the religious identity. In Samarkand, since 2018, there has been an increase in the number of women wearing the hijab.<ref>https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijma/article/view/218533 Malikov A. and Djuraeva D. 2021. Women, Islam, and politics in Samarkand (1991–2021), International Journal of Modern Anthropology. 2 (16): 561</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:AlBukhari mausoleum.jpg|[[:ru:Мемориальный комплекс имама Аль-Бухари|Imam Bukhari Shrine]]
File:Imammaturidi.jpg|[[:ru:Мавзолей Абу Мансура Матуриди|Imam Maturidi Shrine]]
File:Ruhabad.JPG|[[:ru:Мавзолей Рухабад|Ruhabad Mausoleum]]
File:Nuriddin Basir Mausoleum 1.jpg|[[:ru:Мавзолей Нуриддина Басира|Nuriddin Basir Shrine]]
File:Mausoleum Khoja Daniyar 5221.JPG|[[:ru:Мавзолей Ходжа Дониёр|Khoja Daniyar Mausoleum]]
</gallery>

====Shia Muslims====
The [[Samarqand Region|Samarqand Vilayat]] is one of the two regions of Uzbekistan (along with [[Buxoro Region|Bukhara Vilayat]]) that are home to a large number of Shiites. The total population of the Samarkand Vilayat is more than 3,720,000 people (2019).

There are no exact data on the number of Shiites in the city of Samarkand, but the city has several Shiite mosques and madrasas. The largest of these are the Punjabi Mosque, the Punjabi Madrassah, and the Mausoleum of Mourad Avliya. Every year, the Shiites of Samarkand commemorate [[Ashura]], as well as other memorable Shiite dates and holidays.

Shiites in Samarkand are mostly [[:ru:Среднеазиатские иранцы|Samarkandian Iranians]], who call themselves ''Irani''. Their ancestors began to arrive in Samarkand in the 18th century. Some migrated there
in search of a better life, others were sold as [[slavery|slaves]] there by [[Turkmens|Turkmen]] captors, and others were soldiers who were posted to Samarkand. Mostly they came from [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]], [[Mashhad]], [[Sabzevar]], [[Nishapur]], and [[Merv]]; and secondarily from [[Iranian Azerbaijan]], [[Zanjan, Iran|Zanjan]], [[Tabriz]], and [[Ardabil]]. Samarkandian Shiites also include [[Azerbaijanis]], as well as small numbers of Tajiks and Uzbeks.

While there are no official data on the total number of Shiites in Uzbekistan, they are estimated to be "several hundred thousand." According to [[United States diplomatic cables leak|leaked diplomatic cables]], in 2007–2008, the [[United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom|US Ambassador for International Religious Freedom]] held a series of meetings with Sunni [[mullah]]s and Shiite [[imam]]s in Uzbekistan. During one of the talks, the imam of the Shiite mosque in [[Bukhara]] said that about 300,000 Shiites live in the Bukhara Vilayat and 1 million in the Samarkand Vilayat. The Ambassador slightly doubted the authenticity of these figures, emphasizing in his report that data on the numbers of religious and ethnic minorities provided by the government of Uzbekistan were considered a very "delicate topic" due to their potential to provoke interethnic and interreligious conflicts. All the ambassadors of the ambassador tried to emphasize that traditional Islam, especially [[Sufism]] and [[Sunnism]], in the regions of Bukhara and Samarkand is characterized by great religious tolerance toward other religions and sects, including Shiism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamsng.com/uzb/pastfuture/5570 |title=Шииты в Узбекистане |work=www.islamsng.com |access-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003214455/http://www.islamsng.com/uzb/pastfuture/5570 |archive-date=October 3, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dn.kz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1545:2013-11-29-08-08-10&catid=2:2011-10-23-11-43-45&Itemid=17 |title=Ташкент озабочен делами шиитов |work=www.dn.kz |access-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403133434/http://www.dn.kz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1545:2013-11-29-08-08-10&catid=2:2011-10-23-11-43-45&Itemid=17 |archive-date=2019-04-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://catoday.org/centrasia/uzbekistan-irancy-shiity-stalkivayutsya-c-problemami-s-pravoohranitelnymi-organami-iran |title=Узбекистан: Иранцы-шииты сталкиваются c проблемами с правоохранительными органами |work=catoday.org |access-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905092804/http://catoday.org/centrasia/uzbekistan-irancy-shiity-stalkivayutsya-c-problemami-s-pravoohranitelnymi-organami-iran |archive-date=September 5, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<gallery mode="separated">
File:Panjab Shia Mosque in Samarkand.jpg|[[:ru:Панджоб (мечеть)|Panjab Shia Mosque]]
File:Panjab Madrasa in Samarkand.jpg|[[:ru:Медресе Панджоб|Panjab Shia Madrasa]]
File:Murad Avliya Mausoleum and Courtyard.jpg|[[:ru:Мавзолей Мурад Авлия|Murad Avliya Shrine]]
</gallery>

===Christianity===
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2024}}[[File:Church of the East provinces 10 c.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Provinces of the [[Church of the East]] in 10th century]]
[[Christianity]] was introduced to Samarkand when it was part of Sogdiana, long before the penetration of [[Islam]] into Central Asia. The city then became one of the centers of [[Nestorianism]] in [[Central Asia]].<ref>Dickens, Mark "Nestorian Christianity in Central Asia. p. 17</ref> The majority of the population were then [[Zoroastrians]], but since Samarkand was the crossroads of trade routes among [[East Asia|China]], [[Greater Iran|Persia]], and [[Europe]], it was religiously tolerant. Under the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], Zoroastrians and Nestorians were persecuted by the [[Arabs|Arab]] conquerors;{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} the survivors fled to other places or converted to Islam. Several Nestorian temples were built in Samarkand, but they have not survived. Their remains were found by archeologists at the ancient site of [[Afrasiyab (Samarkand)|Afrasiyab]] and on the outskirts of Samarkand.

In the three decades of 1329–1359, the [[:ru:Самаркандская епархия (титулярная)|Samarkand eparchy]] of the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] served several thousand Catholics who lived in the city. According to [[Marco Polo]] and Johann Elemosina, a descendant of [[Chagatai Khan|Chaghatai Khan]], the founder of the [[Chagatai Khanate|Chaghatai dynasty]], [[Eljigidey]], converted to Christianity and was baptized. With the assistance of Eljigidey, the Catholic Church of [[St. John the Baptist]] was built in Samarkand. After a while, however, Islam completely supplanted Catholicism.

Christianity reappeared in Samarkand several centuries later, from the mid-19th century onward, after the city was seized by the [[Russian Empire]]. [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodoxy]] was introduced to Samarkand in 1868, and several churches and temples were built. In the early 20th century several more Orthodox cathedrals, churches, and temples were built, most of which were demolished while Samarkand was part of the [[USSR]].

In present time, Christianity is the second-largest religious group in Samarkand with the predominant form is the [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]]. More than 5% of Samarkand residents are Orthodox, mostly [[Russians]], [[Ukrainians]], and [[Belarusians]], and also some [[Koryo-saram|Koreans]] and [[Greeks]]. Samarkand is the center of the Samarkand branch (which includes the [[Samarqand Region|Samarkand]], [[Qashqadaryo Region|Qashqadarya]], and [[Surxondaryo Region|Surkhandarya]] provinces of Uzbekistan) of the [[:ru:Ташкентская и Узбекистанская епархия|Uzbekistan and Tashkent eparchy]] of the [[:ru:Среднеазиатский митрополичий округ|Central Asian Metropolitan District]] of the [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate]]. The city has several active Orthodox churches: [[:ru:Собор Святителя Алексия Московского (Самарканд)|Cathedral of St. Alexiy Moscowskiy]], [[:ru:Храм Покрова Пресвятой Богородицы (Самарканд)|Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin]], and [[:ru:Храм Святого Георгия Победоносца (Самарканд, действующий)|Church of St. George the Victorious]]. There are also a number of inactive Orthodox churches and temples, for example that of [[:ru:Храм Святого Георгия Победоносца (Самарканд, недействующий)|Church of St. George Pobedonosets]].<ref>В. А. Нильсен. У истоков современного градостроительства Узбекистана (ΧΙΧ — начало ΧΧ веков). —Ташкент: Издательство литературы и искусства имени Гафура Гуляма, 1988. 208 с.</ref><ref>''Голенберг В. А.'' «Старинные храмы туркестанского края». Ташкент 2011 год</ref>

There are also a few tens of thousands of [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] in Samarkand, mostly [[Polish people|Poles]], [[Germans]], and some [[Ukrainians]]. In the center of Samarkand is [[St. John the Baptist Church, Samarkand|St. John the Baptist Catholic Church]], which was built at the beginning of the 20th century. Samarkand is part of the [[Apostolic Administration of Uzbekistan]].<ref>Католичество в Узбекистане. Ташкент, 1990.</ref>

The third largest Christian sect in Samarkand is the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]], followed by a few tens of thousands of Armenian Samarkandians. Armenian Christians began emigrating to Samarkand at the end of the 19th century, this flow increasing especially in the Soviet era.<ref>Armenians. Ethnic atlas of Uzbekistan, 2000.</ref> In the west of Samarkand is the [[:ru:Церковь Святой Богородицы (Самарканд)|Armenian Church Surb Astvatsatsin]].<ref>Назарьян Р.Г. Армяне Самарканда. Москва. 2007</ref>
<gallery mode="separated">
File:Orthodox church in Samarkand 11-09.JPG|[[:ru:Собор Святителя Алексия Московского (Самарканд)|Orthodox Cathedral of St. Alexiy Moscowskiy]]
File:Church Cover Blessed Virgin in Samarkand 12-55.JPG|[[:ru:Храм Покрова Пресвятой Богородицы (Самарканд)|Orthodox Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin]]
File:Church of St. George Victorious Samarkand 08-19.JPG|[[:ru:Храм Святого Георгия Победоносца (Самарканд, действующий)|Orthodox Church of St. George the Victorious]]
File:Church of St. George Victorious in Samarkand 08-18.JPG|[[:ru:Храм Святого Георгия Победоносца (Самарканд, недействующий)|Orthodox Church of St. George Pobedonosets]]
File:Church Saint John Baptist in Samarkand 23-38.JPG|[[St. John the Baptist Church, Samarkand|St. John the Baptist Catholic Church]]
File:St. Mary Church in Samarkand 10-54.JPG|[[:ru:Церковь Святой Богородицы (Самарканд)|Armenian Church Surb Astvatsatsin]]
</gallery>

Samarkand also has several thousand [[Protestantism|Protestants]], including [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]], [[Baptists]], [[Mormons]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[Adventism|Adventists]], and members of the [[Korean Presbyterian church]]. These Christian movements appeared in Samarkand mainly after the independence of [[Uzbekistan]] in 1991.<ref>Бабина Ю. Ё. Новые христианские течения и страны мира. Фолкв, 1995.</ref>

==Landmarks==
=== Silk Road Samarkand (Eternal city) ===
Silk Road Samarkand is a modern multiplex which opened in early 2022 in eastern Samarkand. The complex covers 260 hectares and includes world-class business and medical hotels, eateries, recreational facilities, park grounds, an ethnographic corner and a large congress hall for hosting international events.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Silk Road Samarkand Tourist Complex |url=https://www.advantour.com/uzbekistan/samarkand/silk-road-samarkand.htm |access-date=2023-01-20 |website= Advantour}}</ref>

Eternal city situated in Silk Road Samarkand complex. This site which occupies 17 hectares accurately recreates the spirit of the ancient city backed up by the history and traditions of Uzbek lands and Uzbek people for the guests of the Silk Road Samarkand. The narrow streets here house multiple shops of artists, artisans, and craftsmen. The pavilions of the Eternal City were inspired by real houses and picturesque squares described in ancient books. This is where you can plunge into a beautiful oriental fairy tale: with turquoise domes, mosaics on palaces, and high minarets that pierce the sky.

Visitors to the Eternal City can taste national dishes from different eras and regions of the country and also see authentic street performances. The Eternal City showcases a unique mix of Parthian, Hellenistic, and Islamic cultures so that the guests could imagine the versatile heritage of bygone centuries in full splendor. The project was inspired and designed by Bobur Ismoilov, a famous modern artist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eternal City |url=https://www.silkroad-samarkand.com/resort/eternal-city/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=www.silkroad-samarkand.com}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Building Samarkand Mosque.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Building the Great Mosque of Samarkand. Illustration by [[Bihzad]] for the [[Zafarnama (Yazdi biography)|Zafar-Nameh]]. Text copied in [[Herat]] in 1467–68 and illuminated the late 1480s. John Work Garret Collection, Milton S. Eisenhower Library, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.]]

Timur initiated the building of Bibi-Khanym after his 1398–1399 campaign in India. The Bibi-Khanym originally had about 450 marble columns, which were hauled there and set up with the help of 95 elephants that Timur had brought back from Hindustan. Artisans and stonemasons from India designed the mosque's dome, giving it its distinctive appearance amongst the other buildings. An 1897 earthquake destroyed the columns, which were not entirely restored in the subsequent reconstruction.<ref name="Marefat 1992 33–38"/>

The best-known landmark of Samarkand is the mausoleum known as Gur-i Amir. It exhibits the influences of many cultures, past civilizations, neighboring peoples, and religions, especially those of Islam. Despite the devastation wrought by Mongols to Samarkand's pre-Timurid Islamic architecture, under Timur these architectural styles were revived, recreated, and restored. The blueprint and layout of the mosque itself, with their precise measurements, demonstrate the Islamic passion for [[geometry]]. The entrance to the Gur-i Amir is decorated with Arabic [[calligraphy]] and inscriptions, the latter a common feature in Islamic architecture. Timur's meticulous attention to detail is especially obvious inside the mausoleum: the tiled walls are a marvelous example of [[mosaic]] [[faience]], an Iranian technique in which each tile is cut, colored, and fit into place individually.<ref name="Marefat 1992 33–38"/> The tiles of the Gur-i Amir were also arranged so that they spell out religious words such as "[[Muhammad]]" and "Allah."<ref name="Marefat 1992 33–38"/>

The ornamentation of the Gur-i Amir's walls includes floral and vegetal motifs, which signify gardens; the floor tiles feature uninterrupted floral patterns. In Islam, gardens are symbols of paradise, and as such, they were depicted on the walls of tombs and grown in Samarkand itself.<ref name="Marefat 1992 33–38"/> Samarkand boasted two major gardens, the New Garden and the Garden of Heart's Delight, which became the central areas of entertainment for ambassadors and important guests. In 1218, a friend of Genghis Khan named Yelü Chucai reported that Samarkand was the most beautiful city of all, as "it was surrounded by numerous gardens. Every household had a garden, and all the gardens were well designed, with canals and water fountains that supplied water to round or square-shaped ponds. The landscape included rows of willows and cypress trees, and peach and plum orchards were shoulder to shoulder."<ref>{{cite book |last=Liu |first=Xinru |title=The Silk Road in world history |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-516174-8}}</ref> Persian carpets with floral patterns have also been found in some Timurid buildings.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cohn-Wiener |first=Ernst |title=An Unknown Timurid Building |journal=The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs |date=June 1935 |volume=66 |issue=387 |pages=272–273+277 |jstor=866154}}</ref>

The elements of traditional Islamic architecture can be seen in traditional mud-brick Uzbek houses that are built around central courtyards with gardens.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Samarkand – Crossroad of Cultures |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/603/ |access-date=2018-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516103352/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/603/ |archive-date=2018-05-16 |url-status=live}}</ref> Most of these houses have painted wooden ceilings and walls. By contrast, houses in the west of the city are chiefly European-style homes built in the 19th and 20th centuries.<ref name=":1" />

Turko-Mongol influence is also apparent in Samarkand's architecture. It is believed that the melon-shaped domes of the mausoleums were designed to echo [[Yurt|''yurts'' or ''gers'']], traditional Mongol tents in which the bodies of the dead were displayed before burial or other disposition. Timur built his tents from more-durable materials, such as bricks and wood, but their purposes remained largely unchanged.<ref name="Marefat 1992 33–38"/> The chamber in which Timur's own body was laid included "[[Tug (banner)|tugs]]", poles whose tops were hung with a circular arrangement of horse or yak tail hairs. These banners symbolized an ancient Turkic tradition of sacrificing horses, which were valuable commodities, to honor the dead.<ref name="Marefat 1992 33–38"/> Tugs were also a type of cavalry standard used by many nomads, up to the time of the Ottoman Turks.

Colors of buildings in Samarkand also have significant meanings. The dominant architectural color is blue, which Timur used to convey a broad range of concepts. For example, the shades of blue in the Gur-i Amir are colors of mourning; in that era, blue was the color of mourning in Central Asia, as it still is in various cultures today. Blue was also considered the color that could ward off "the [[evil eye]]" in Central Asia; this notion is evidenced by in the number of blue-painted doors in and around the city. Furthermore, blue represented water, a particularly rare resource in the Middle East and Central Asia; walls painted blue symbolized the wealth of the city.

Gold also has a strong presence in the city. Timur's fascination with vaulting explains the excessive use of gold in the Gur-i Amir, as well as the use of [[Goldwork (embroidery)|embroidered gold fabric]] in both the city and his buildings. The Mongols had great interests in Chinese- and Persian-style golden silk textiles, as well as ''nasij''<ref>{{cite web |title=Textiles in "The world of Kubilai Khan" @ Metropolitan Museum, New York |date=25 December 2010 |url=http://www.alaintruong.com/archives/2010/12/25/19964881.html |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=Alain.R.Truong |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118044543/http://www.alaintruong.com/archives/2010/12/25/19964881.html |archive-date=2019-11-18 |url-status=deviated}}</ref> woven in [[Iran]] and Transoxiana. Mongol leaders like [[Ögedei Khan]] built textile workshops in their cities to be able to produce gold fabrics themselves.

===Suburbs===
Suburbs of the city include: Gulyakandoz, Superfosfatnyy, Bukharishlak, Ulugbek, Ravanak, Kattakishlak, Registan, Zebiniso, Kaftarkhona, Uzbankinty.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Superfosfatnyy,+Uzbekistan/@39.6761233,66.9140197,28690m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x3f4d1af650279a57:0x4ff7249d3d5dafb8!8m2!3d39.67305!4d66.853607 |title=Superfosfatnyy · Uzbekistan |website=Superfosfatnyy · Uzbekistan}}</ref>

==Transport==

===Local===
Samarkand has a strong public-transport system. From Soviet times up through today, municipal [[bus]]es and [[taxi]]s ([[GAZ-21]], [[GAZ-24]], [[GAZ-3102]], [[VAZ-2101]], [[VAZ-2106]] and [[VAZ-2107]]) have operated in Samarkand. Buses, mostly [[SamAuto]] and [[Isuzu]] buses, are the most common and popular mode of transport in the city. Taxis, which are mostly [[Chevrolet]]s and [[Daewoo Motors|Daewoo]] sedans, are usually yellow in color. Since 2017, there have also been [[Trams in Samarkand|several Samarkandian tram lines]], mostly Vario LF.S Czech trams. From the [[Soviet]] Era up until 2005, Samarkandians also got around via [[trolleybus]]. Finally, Samarkand has the so-called "[[Marshrutka]]," which are [[Daewoo Damas]] and [[GAZelle]] [[minibuses]].
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Beruni street in Samarkand.jpg|Many yellow taxis on the streets of Samarkand
File:Hotel in Rudaki and Dahbed Streets in Samarkand.jpg|Taxi and tram on Rudaki Street in Samarkand
File:Tram in Samarkand.jpg|Tram in Samarkand
</gallery>
Until 1950, the main forms of transport in Samarkand were [[carriage]]s and "[[Araba (carriage)|arabas]]" with [[horse]]s and [[donkey]]s. However, the city had a [[steam]] tram from 1924 to 1930, and there were more modern trams from 1947 to 1973.

===Air transport===
In the north of the city is [[Samarkand International Airport]], which was opened in the 1930s, under the Soviets. As of spring 2019, Samarkand International Airport has flights to [[Tashkent]], [[Nukus]], [[Moscow]], [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Yekaterinburg]], [[Kazan]], [[Istanbul]], and [[Dushanbe]]; charter flights to other cities are also available.

===Railway===
Modern Samarkand is an important rail junction of Uzbekistan, and all national east–west railway routes pass through the city. The most important and longest of these is [[Tashkent]]–[[Kungrad]]. High-speed [[Tashkent–Samarkand high-speed rail line]] trains run between Tashkent, Samarkand, and Bukhara. Samarkand also has international railway connections: [[Saratov]]–Samarkand, [[Moscow]]–Samarkand, and [[Astana]]–Samarkand.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Samarkand Railway Station.jpg|Samarkand railway station
File:Afrosiyob Express Train in Station - Samarkand - Uzbekistan (7502824436) (3).jpg|Afrasiyab (Talgo 250) high-speed train in Samarkand railway station
</gallery>
Between 1879 and 1891, the [[Russian Empire]] built the [[Trans-Caspian Railway]] to facilitate its expansion into Central Asia. The railway originated in Krasnovodsk (now [[Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan|Turkmenbashi]]) on the [[Caspian Sea]] coast. Its terminus was originally Samarkand, whose station first opened in May 1888. However, a decade later, the railway was extended eastward to Tashkent and [[Andijan]], and its name was changed to Central Asian Railways. Nonetheless, Samarkand remained one of the largest and most important stations of the [[Uzbek SSR]] and [[Soviet Central Asia]].

==International relations==
{{See also|List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Asia#Uzbekistan|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Uzbekistan}}
Samarkand is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref name=samarkand>{{cite web |title=Самарканд и Валенсия станут городами-побратимами |url=https://podrobno.uz/cat/podrobno/samarkand-i-valensiya-stanut-gorodami-pobratimami/ |website=podrobno.uz |language=ru |date=2018-01-27 |access-date=2020-11-15}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Agra]], India
*{{flagicon|AFG}} [[Balkh]], Afghanistan
*{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Banda Aceh]], Indonesia
*{{flagicon|PER}} [[Cusco]], Peru
*{{flagicon|LVA}} [[Jūrmala]], Latvia
*{{flagicon|TUN}} [[Kairouan]], Tunisia
*{{flagicon|TJK}} [[Khujand]], Tajikistan
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Krasnoyarsk]], Russia
*{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Lahore]], Pakistan
*{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Liège]], Belgium
*{{flagicon|TKM}} [[Mary, Turkmenistan|Mary]], Turkmenistan
*{{flagicon|TKM}} [[Merv]], Turkmenistan
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico City]], Mexico
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]], India
*{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Nishapur]], Iran
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Plovdiv]], Bulgaria
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Samara]], Russia
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xi'an]], China
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nara (city)|Nara]], Japan<ref>{{cite web | url=https://samarkand.uz/en/press/news/nara-va-samarqand-shaharlari-ortasida-birodarlik-bitimi-imzolandi | title=A brotherhood agreement has been signed between the cities of Nara and Samarkand }}</ref>


{{div col end}}

Samarkand has friendly relations with:<ref name=samarkand/><ref>{{cite web |title=Внешнеэкономическое сотрудничество |url=http://bobruisk.by/economics/part/?curPos=2 |website=bobruisk.by |publisher=Babruysk |language=ru |access-date=2020-11-15 |archive-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028022318/http://bobruisk.by/economics/part/?curPos=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Antalya]], Turkey
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Babruysk]], Belarus
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Bremen]], Germany
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Canberra]], Australia
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Eskişehir]], Turkey
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Florence]], Italy
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Gyeongju]], South Korea
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[İzmir]], Turkey
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lyon]], France
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Lviv]], Ukraine
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Valencia]], Spain
{{div col end}}

==In literature==
The [[frame story]] of ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'' involves a [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] king who assigns his brother, [[Shah Zaman (One Thousand and One Nights)|Shah Zaman]], to rule over Samarkand.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Richard |title=The Arabian Nights |date=2011 |publisher=Canterbury Classics |isbn=978-1-60710-309-7 |editor-last=Mondschein |editor-first=Ken |pages=1}}</ref>

The poet [[James Elroy Flecker]] published the poem ''The Golden Journey to Samarkand'' in 1913. It was included in his play, ''Hassan''. ''Hassan'' (''The Story of Hassan of Bagdad and How He Came to Make the Golden Journey to Samarkand'') is a five-act drama in prose with verse passages. It tells the story of Hassan, a young man from Baghdad who embarks on a journey to Samarkand. Along the way, he encounters various challenges and obstacles, including bandits, treacherous terrain, and political turmoil.

Samarkand (French: Samarcande), written by French-Lebanese writer [[Amin Maalouf]], is a 1988 historical fiction novel that revolves around the 11th-century Persian poet Omar Khayyám and his poetry collection Rubaiyat.

In 2002, Nobel Laureate [[Wole Soyinka]] titled his collection of poetry ''Samarkand and Other Markets I Have Known.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samarkand and Other Markets I Have Known {{!}} poetry by Soyinka {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Samarkand-and-Other-Markets-I-Have-Known |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>

English author [[Jonathan Stroud]] published his book ''[[The Amulet of Samarkand]]'' in 2003. The book contains no allusions to Samarkand other than namesake.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

The city of Samarkand is famous for being the subject of an Uzbek tale called "The Rendezvous at Samarkand."
It was recounted by a 12th-century Persian storyteller and mystic, Farid Al-Din Attar.
In a legendary Baghdad, ruled by a powerful caliph, lived a young, healthy vizier. He seemed to have his whole life ahead of him. One day, he went to the city market, incognito, as he often did. Amidst the stalls of the spice merchants, he encountered a skeletal woman, who turned around as he passed and reached out to him. The vizier, a wise man, immediately recognized death. Terrified by what he saw, he begged his caliph to let him flee Baghdad, explaining that death was here and wanted to take him. His only hope was to immediately saddle his fastest horse and gallop off far from the city. The caliph therefore granted him permission to leave and asked him where he would be going. The vizier replies that to escape death, he is going to Samarkand, the desert city, on the edge of the kingdom, on the borders of Asia and the Middle East, thinking he will be safe there, far from the death that lurks in Baghdad! However, the caliph also decides to go to the market to check for the presence of death. He recognizes her very quickly and addresses her without fear, asking her the meaning of the gesture she made towards the vizier. "It was only a gesture of surprise..." replies death "Because I saw him in Baghdad while I must take him tonight in Samarkand..."
This tale illustrates the inevitability of human destiny in the face of death. {{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

This tale also inspired Agatha Christie to title her novel "Appointment with Death."{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

In [[Theodore Judson]]'s 2004 novel [[Fitzpatrick's War]], the title character attempts to make Samarkand (which he renames "Neapolis") the capital of a world empire and resides there until his assassination.

Mentioned in books of [[World of Watches]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Newman |first=Kim |date=2008-12-06 |title=The coldest warriors |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/dec/06/sergei-lukyanenko-russia-novel-fiction |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |quote=Here we also get a trip to Scotland to find a real vampire lurking in the Edinburgh Dungeon tourist attraction, offering a foreign view of the familiar, but the middle segment, set in Samarkand, is more striking}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lukyanenko |first=Sergei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2PwoAQAAIAAJ |title=The Last Watch |date=2008 |publisher=William Heinemann |isbn=978-0-434-01737-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-24 |title=Review 137: The Last Watch |url=https://thelablib.org/2011/08/25/review-137-the-last-watch/ |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=The Labyrinth Library |language=en |quote=Anton not only has to deal with the Watches of Samarkand – which are far less efficient and well-staffed as others in Europe – but there’s still someone out to kill him}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Recommendation |first=New Book |date=2024-10-07 |title=Summary of 'The Last Watch' by Sergei Lukyanenko: A Detailed Synopsis |url=https://newbookrecommendation.com/summary-of-the-last-watch-by-sergei-lukyanenko-a-detailed-synopsis-2/ |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=New Book Recommendation |language=en-US |quote=The societal structures in Samarkand differ dramatically from Moscow’s. Anton’s relationship with the local Watches showcases the common struggles they all face}}</ref> and [[Day Watch (film)|Day Watch]] movie (2006).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Floyd |first=Nigel |title=Day Watch |url=https://www.timeout.com/movies/day-watch-1 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240617075853/https://www.timeout.com/movies/day-watch-1 |archive-date=2024-06-17 |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=Time Out Worldwide |language=en-GB |quote=The opening scenes whisk us back to fourteenth-century Samarkand, where Mongol warlord Tamerlane acquires the ‘Chalk of Destiny’}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Day Watch (2006) |url=https://www.moriareviews.com/horror/day-watch-2006.htm |quote=Anton travels to Samarkand on a crusade to find the legendary Chalk of Fate from the tomb of the great warrior Tamerlane, with which one is reputed to be able to rewrite their own past}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-06-06 |title=Day Watch |url=https://www.straight.com/article-94192/day-watch |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=The Georgia Straight |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://wherefilmed.org/en/day-watch-2006/ |title=Where was the movie Day Watch filmed: {{!}} Filming locations, countries, coordinates, and map |language=en |access-date=2025-12-30 |via=wherefilmed.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Day Watch |url=https://reverseshot.org/reviews/entry/501/day_watch |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=Reverse Shot |language=en |quote=the 14th-century nomadic warrior Tamerlane invades a fortress in Samarkand in search of the “chalk of fate,” which he successfully swipes from a gold-dusted, Buddha-shaped man named Zoar, who is alive and well and running a noodle shop in Moscow six centuries later}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Bakhtiyor Fazilov]], Businessman
*[[Takhmina Ikromova]], Uzbek rhythmic gymnast
*[[Igor Sarukhanov]], Russian pop musician, composer and artist of Armenian descent

==See also==
*[[Samarkand non]]
*[[The Mongol Invasion (trilogy)]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==General and cited references==
*Azim Malikov, "Cult of saints and shrines in the Samarqand province of Uzbekistan". ''International Journal of Modern Anthropology''. No. 4. 2010, pp. 116–123.
*Azim Malikov, "The politics of memory in Samarkand in post-Soviet period". ''International Journal of Modern Anthropology''. (2018) Vol. 2. Issue No. 11. pp. 127–145.
*Azim Malikov, "Sacred lineages of Samarqand: history and identity". ''Anthropology of the Middle East'', Volume 15, Issue 1, Summer 2020, рp. 34–49.
*Alexander Morrison, ''Russian Rule in Samarkand 1868–1910: A Comparison with British India'' (Oxford, OUP, 2008) (Oxford Historical Monographs).

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: ''[http://www.cpamedia.com/article.php?pg=archive&acid=120613150427&aiid=120613151433 Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Bukhara and Samarkand]'' (CPA Media).
* [http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/uz/samarkand/samarkand.html Samarkand – Silk Road Seattle Project], University of Washington
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311131202/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/sup/Samarqand.html The history of Samarkand]}}, according to Columbia University's Encyclopædia Iranica (archived 11 March 2007)
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/603 Samarkand – Crossroad of Cultures]. UNESCO World Heritage Committee documentation on Samarkand.
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Samarkand (city) |volume= 24 |last1= Kropotkin |first1= Peter Alexeivitch |author1-link= Peter Kropotkin |last2= Bealby |first2= John Thomas |pages= 112–113 |short= 1}}
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/sama1.htm GCatholic – former Latin Catholic bishopric]
*[http://www.people-travels.com/uzbekistan-cities/samarkand/ Samarkand: Photos, History, Sights], Useful information for travelers
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180818044736/http://samarkand.com/samarkand/about-samarkand-uzbekistan/ About Samarkand in Uzbekistan Latest] (archived 18 August 2018)
* [https://damda.uz/en/blog/medrese-tillya-kori Tilla-Kori Madrasa was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702062426/https://damda.uz/en/blog/medrese-tillya-kori |date=2019-07-02 }}

{{S-start}}
{{s-bef|before=-}}
{{s-ttl|title=Capital of the [[Samanid Empire]]|years=819–892}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bukhara]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Gurganj]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Capital of [[Khwarazmian Empire]] |years=1212–1220}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ghazni|Ghazna]]}}
{{s-bef|before=-}}
{{s-ttl|title=Capital of the [[Timurid Empire]]|years=1370–1405}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Herat]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Bukhara]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Capital of the [[Uzbek SSR]]|years=1925–1930}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Tashkent]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Samarqand Region}}
{{Cities in Uzbekistan}}
{{Tourist attractions in Uzbekistan}}
{{Iranian Architecture}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Samarkand| ]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Cities in Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Former capitals of Iran]]
[[Category:Former national capitals]]
[[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC]]
[[Category:Populated places in Samarkand Region]]
[[Category:Samarkand Oblast]]
[[Category:Sasanian cities]]
[[Category:Sogdian cities]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Uzbekistan]]

North Andhra

2026-03-23T20:08:03Z

Vanmathiscp:

{{update|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = North Andhra
| native_name = Uttara Āndhra, Kaḷiṅga Āndhra
| other_name = Vizag Region
| settlement_type = [[Andhra Pradesh#Administrative divisions|Geographic region of Andhra Pradesh]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 250
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
|image1 = Vizag View from Kailasagiri.jpg
|image2 = Arasavilli Suryanarayana Temple in Srikakulam.jpg
|image3 = Ganta stambham (clock tower) in Vizianagaram.jpg
|image4 = Araku Valley coffee plantations.jpg
|image5 = Kamalingeswara Temple, Gallavilli, Andhra Pradesh - 01.jpg
|image6 = Main Stupa Bojjannakonda.jpg
|image7 = Vizag submarine museum.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top: [[Kailasagiri|Kailasagiri hill top view]], [[Arasavalli Sun Temple]], Ganta stambham, [[Araku Valley]], Kamalingeswara Temple, [[Bojjannakonda]] and [[INS Kursura (S20)|INS Kursura museum]].
| image_map = Uttaraandhra Andhra Pradesh new districts.png
| map_caption = Uttarandhra region with districts
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of Andhra Pradesh.svg}}[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|Districts]]
| subdivision_name2 = *[[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]]
*[[Anakapalli district]]
*[[Parvathipuram Manyam district]]
*[[Polavaram district]]
*[[Srikakulam district]]
*[[Visakhapatnam district]]
*[[Vizianagaram district]]
| subdivision_type3 = Largest cities
| subdivision_name3 = *[[Visakhapatnam]]
*[[Vizianagaram]]
*[[Srikakulam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| parts_style = coll
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 23,537
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 9,338,177
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| demographics1_title2 = Local
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kui language (India)|Kui]]{{·}}[[Odia language|Odia]]{{·}}[[Koya language|Koya]]{{·}}[[Sora language|Sora]]{{·}}[[Kuvi language|Kuvi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP 30, AP 31, AP 32, AP 33, AP 34, AP 35, AP 39, AP40
| blank1_name_sec1 = Largest airport
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Visakhapatnam Airport]]
| website =
}}
[[File:Megalithic Dolmen at Dannanapeta 03.jpg|thumb|250px|Megalithic Dolmen of [[Iron Age]] period at Dannanapeta near [[Amudalavalasa]]]]
[[File:Evening scenic view in peddipalem village of Visakhapatnam District.jpg|thumb|250px|Evening scenic view in peddipalem village of [[Visakhapatnam District]]]]
'''North Andhra''' or '''Uttara Andhra''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Uttara Āndhra''), also known as '''Kalinga Andhra''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Kaḷiṅga Āndhra''),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XumoDQAAQBAJ&q=165&pg=PA165|title=Social Economy of Development in India|last=Chalam|first=K. S.|date=2016-11-24|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9789385985126|pages=165|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Indefatigable-talent/article16076672.ece|title=Indefatigable talent|last=Subrahmanyam|first=Velcheti|date=2016-10-20|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is a geographic region in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is between the [[Eastern Ghats]] and the coast of the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It comprises seven northern districts of the state, [[Srikakulam District|Srikakulam]], [[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]], [[Polavaram district]], [[Vizianagaram District|Vizianagaram]], [[Visakhapatnam District|Visakhapatnam]], half of the [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri Sitharama Raju]] district and [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Uttarandhra-in-a-State-of-Plenty-Penury/2014/06/02/article2258988.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604010502/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Uttarandhra-in-a-State-of-Plenty-Penury/2014/06/02/article2258988.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2014|title=Uttarandhra in a State of Plenty, Penury|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2016-05-08}}</ref> [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]] was carved out of Erstwhile Visakhapatnam and East Godavari districts. So, half of the Alluri Sitharamaraju district belongs to North Andhra/ Uttara Andhra (Northern part of the district which is sharing its border with Visakhapatnam, Anakapalli and Vizianagaram districts) and the southern part of this district belongs to Coastal Andhra region/ Godavari region. As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 census of India]], the region with six districts has a population of 9,338,177.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh, 2018 |url=https://core.ap.gov.in/CMDashBoard/Download/Publications/Statistical%20Abstract%202018.pdf |website=CORE Dashboard |publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=6 June 2019 |location=[[Gollapudi, Vijayawada|Gollapudi]], [[Vijayawada]] |page=10 }}</ref>

The region is in the extreme Northeast of Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The region is skirted to a distance by Kandivalasagedda, Vamshadhara and Bahuda at certain stretches of their courses white a line of heights of the great Eastern Ghats run from Northeast. [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]] and [[East Godavari]] Districts flanks in the southwest while [[Odisha]] bounds it on the north and [[Bay of Bengal]] on the South and the East and Parts of [[Telangana]] and [[Chhattisgarh]] on the west. [[Visakhapatnam]] is the largest city of the region in terms of population and area.

Uttarandhra region is a part of Coastal Andhra region.

==History==

The present north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh were once part of the Kalinga region. [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] is a historical [[List of regions of India|region of India]]. According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga [[janapada]] originally comprised the area covered by the [[Puri district|Puri]] and [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] districts.<ref>Sudama Misra (1973). ''Janapada state in ancient India''. Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana. p. 78</ref> It is generally defined as the [[Eastern coastal plains|eastern coastal region]] between the [[Mahanadi]] and the [[Godavari]] rivers, although its boundaries have fluctuated with the territory of its rulers. The core territory of Kalinga now encompasses a large part of [[Odisha]] and northern part of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory00rcma |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |first=R.C. |last=Majumdar |pages=1, 19 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |date=1996|isbn=9788120611948 |access-date=May 1, 2021}}</ref>

Part of the city is known by its colonial British name, Waltair; during the colonial era, the city's hub was the Waltair railway station, and a part of the city is still called Waltair.

===Early and Medieval history===
The [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalingas]] have been mentioned as a major tribe in the legendary text ''[[Mahabharata]]''. In the 3rd century BCE, the region came under [[Mauryan Empire|Mauryan]] control as a result of the [[Kalinga War]]. [[Ashoka]] annexed the kingdom after the final battle near the Dhauli hills, the capital Sisupalgarh fell to the Mauryas. After the war, Buddhism prospered in Kalinga and spread to other south eastern regions through maritime trade routes. After the decline of the Mauryan Empire, the region came under the control of the [[Mahameghavahana dynasty|Mahameghavahana]] family, whose king [[Kharavela]] described himself as the "supreme Lord of Kalinga".{{sfn|Dineschandra Sircar|1971|p=167}}

After several wars with Satavahanas and other kingdoms, the Kalinga dynasty crumbled and divided into small independent kingdoms. The Gupta ruler Samudragupta sensed an opportunity and invaded the kingdom. Kalinga came under [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] suzerainty in the 4th century CE after his invasion, the kingdom got united and reclaimed its glory. They ruled the region from [[Mukhalinga]] and [[Dantapura]] of Northern Andhra. After the Gupta withdrawal, it was ruled by several minor dynasties. These included the [[Vasishtha dynasty|Vasishthas]], the [[Mathara dynasty|Matharas]], and the [[Pitrbhakta dynasty|Pitrbhaktas]].{{sfn|Snigdha Tripathy|1997|p=219}}

The last [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] ruler Bhanudeva IV was dethroned by [[Kapilendra Deva]] in 1435. This event marked the foundation of the [[Gajapati Empire]] that ruled over the regions of [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkala]] (North Odisha) and Kalinga (South Odisha, North Andhra Pradesh). [[Prataparudra Deva]] was the last great king of the [[Suryavamsi Gajapati dynasty|Suryavamsi Gajapatis]] and soon after his death his minister [[Govinda Vidyadhara]] usurped the throne by murdering the last two Gajapati scions. The fall of the Gajapati Empire meant the independence of their many tributary and feudal states.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Evidently, a tributary kingdom called Nandapur ruled by the [[Solar dynasty|Suryavamsa]] dynasty from 13th century .{{sfn|Mohanty|2013|}} The king of this kingdom was Vishwanatha Deva Gajapati who began expanding his kingdom in the southern region of Odisha and northern region of Andhra. In 1545, he sent his military commander and the chief of [[Kasimkota]], Mukunda Deva/ Mukunda Harichandan to conquer the northern plains of Odisha which were under control of the weak [[Bhoi dynasty]] of Govinda Vidyadhara.{{sfn|KBS Singh|1939|p=26}}

Govinda Vidyadhara signed a truce with Vishwanatha Deva and was granted the status of a tributary state. Mukunda Harichandan was appointed as the minister in order to seek full control over the region, however, he later assassinated the last two Bhoi heirs and declared himself as the new king of Utkala. Nevertheless, Kalinga was still ruled by the Suryavansi kings until they were defeated and became a [[Vassal]] of the [[Golconda]] [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi]] during the reign of Balarama Deva, who failed to control the vast dominion of his predecessor, Vishwanatha Gajapati.{{sfn|Dutt|2009|p=43}} His successors ruled over the region as 'Maharajah of Kalinga' until the feud of Ramachandra Deva I and Balarama Deva III which marked the end of their domination over Kalinga.{{sfn|Dutt|2009|p=44}} They came to be known as [[Kingdom of Jeypore]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

===Modern history===
In 1674, Vishwambhar Dev of [[Kingdom of Jeypore|Jeypore kingdom]] defeated the [[Faujdar]] of [[Chicacole]] (Srikakulam), appointed by the Qutb Shahi Sultans and claimed an independent semi-monarchy over the Circars.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Senapati|first=N.|date=1966|title=Orissa district gazetteers : Koraput|url=http://indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/orissa-district-gazetteers-koraput|access-date=2021-06-03|website=INDIAN CULTURE|pages=66–69|language=en}}</ref> Aurangzeb conquered Golconda in 1687 and the Circars along with the Qutb Shahi Sultanate were annexed to the extensive empire of [[Aurangzeb]]. However, the first two Faujdars appointed by the Mughals were defeated and slain in the battlefield by the Maharaja of Jeypore, Raghunath Krishna Dev, who continued to rule claiming independent control over the region until his death in 1708.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Deo Kumar Bidyadhar Singh|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209240|title=Nandapur A Forsaken Kingdom Part-i|date=1961|edition=Second|pages=69}}</ref> The successor of Raghunath Krishna proved to be an inefficient ruler and as a result lost a vast territory of the Circars. However, the kings of Jeypore continued to rule their decreased kingdom independently until the advent of the British in 1777. The British destroyed the fort of Jeypore and granted them a demoted status of a [[Zamindar]]i.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

In 1724, [[Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan]] was appointed the governor of Hyderabad, with the title ''Nizam al Mulk''. He came to be known as the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], its ''de facto'' ruler. The fourth Nizam [[Salabat Jang]], a son of the Nizam al Mulk, who was indebted for his elevation to the throne to the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]], granted the circars to the French in return for their services. In 1759, through the conquest of the fortress of [[Masulipatnam]], the maritime provinces from the river [[Gundlakamma River|Gundlakamma]] to the [[Chilka Lake]] were transferred from the French to the [[British East India Company|British]]. But the British left them under the administration of the [[Nizam]], with the exception of Masulipatnam, a valuable port, which was retained by the British.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

In 1765 Lord [[Robert Clive]] obtained from the Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]] a grant of the five Circars. The fort of Kondapalli was seized by the British as an opening move. On 12 November 1766 a treaty of alliance was signed with [[Nizam Ali Khan]] by which the British undertook to maintain troops for the Nizam's assistance. By a second treaty, often referred to as the ''Treaty of Masulipatnam'', signed on 1 March 1768, the Nizam acknowledged the validity of Shah Alam's grant and resigned the Circars to the British East India Company, receiving as a mark of friendship an annuity of £50,000. Finally, in 1823, the claims of the Nizam over the Northern Circars were bought outright by the Company, and they became a British possession.<ref>[http://heavydutytravel.blogspot.com/2012/10/in-context-northern-circars.html The History of Vizag]</ref> The Northern Circars were governed as part of [[Madras Presidency]] until India's independence in 1947, after which the presidency became India's Madras State.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

===Post independence===

{{See also|Andhra State|Vishalandhra Movement|United Andhra Pradesh}}

In an effort to gain an independent state based on linguistic identity, and to protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people of [[Madras State]], [[Potti Sreeramulu]] fasted to death in 1952. As Madras became a bone of contention, in 1949 a JVP committee report stated: "Andhra Province could be formed provided the Andhras give up their claim on the city of Madras [now Chennai]". After Potti Sreeramulu's death, the Telugu-speaking area of [[Andhra State]] was carved out of [[Madras State]] on 1 October 1953, with [[Kurnool]] as its capital city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html#Emergence |title=Post-Independence Era, then and now |publisher=aponline.gov.in |access-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220113947/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> On the basis of the [[Gentlemen's Agreement of 1956|gentlemen's agreement]] of 1 November 1956, the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation Act]] formed [[United Andhra Pradesh (1956-2014)|combined Andhra Pradesh]] by merging Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking areas of the already existing [[Hyderabad State]].<ref name="Know Hyderabad">{{cite web |title=Know Hyderabad: History |url=http://hyderabadonline.in/Profile/History/ |publisher=Pan India Network |year=2010 |access-date=5 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921144224/http://hyderabadonline.in/Profile/History/ |archive-date=21 September 2010 }}</ref> Hyderabad was made the capital of the new state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mallikarjun |first=Y. |date=1 June 2014 |title=First linguistic State gets split |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/first-linguistic-state-gets-split/article6072332.ece |access-date=17 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In February 2014, the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014]] bill was passed by the [[Parliament of India]] for the formation of the [[Telangana]] state comprising [[List of districts of Telangana|ten districts]]. [[Hyderabad]] will remain as a joint capital for not exceeding ten years.<ref name="reorganisation">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiacode.nic.in/acts2014/6%20of%202014.pdf|title=The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|date=1 March 2014|website=India Code Legislative Department|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice|page=2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034307/http://www.indiacode.nic.in/acts2014/6%20of%202014.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref> The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Telangana-State-to-Be-Born-on-June-2/2014/03/04/article2090470.ece|title=Telangana state formation gazette|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=14 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706093144/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Telangana-State-to-Be-Born-on-June-2/2014/03/04/article2090470.ece|archive-date=6 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Number of petitions questioning the validity of Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 is long pending for the verdict since April 2014 before the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] constitutional bench.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/supreme-court-refers-telangana-petitions-to-constitution-bench-492795|title=Supreme court refers Telangana petitions to constitution bench|publisher=NDTV|access-date=17 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042049/http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/supreme-court-refers-telangana-petitions-to-constitution-bench-492795|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, Andhra Pradesh Government began operating from the newly planned capital city [[Amaravati]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Andhra Pradesh To Get New Capital Amaravati Today, PM Modi To Inaugurate|url=https://www.ndtv.com/andhra-pradesh-news/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-andhra-pradeshs-new-capital-amaravati-today-1235078|access-date=9 March 2021|work=NDTV|date=22 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=P|first=Ashish|date=2 March 2017|title=Chief Minister Chandrababu Naidu inaugurates new Andhra Pradesh Assembly|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/new-andhra-pradesh-assembly-chandrababu-naidu-velagapudi-guntur-district-963618-2017-03-02|access-date=9 March 2021|work=India Today|language=en}}</ref> In August 2020, [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] passed [[Andhra Pradesh Decentralisation and Inclusive Development of All Regions Act, 2020]]. According to its provisions, [[Visakhapatnam]] is the [[Executive (government)|executive]] capital while [[Amaravati]] and [[Kurnool]] serve as [[Legislature|legislative]] and [[Judiciary|judicial]] capitals, respectively.<ref name="3caps">{{Cite news|title=YS Jaganmohan Reddy's three-capital plan on track as Andhra Pradesh governor gives nod to two bills|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/ys-jaganmohan-reddys-three-capital-plan-on-track-as-andhra-pradesh-governor-gives-nod-to-two-bills/articleshow/77296660.cms}}</ref> The decision resulted in widespread [[2019–2020 Amaravati protests|protests by the farmers of Amaravati]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sudhir|first1=Uma|date=13 January 2020|title=Won't Celebrate Harvest Festival, Say Amaravati Farmers Amid Protests|work=NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/andhra-pradesh-news/amaravati-farmers-protesting-over-andhra-pradesh-capital-proposal-say-wont-celebrate-sankranti-2163126|access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref> The act has been challenged in [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]], which ordered to maintain status quo until the court completes its hearing.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

== Geography ==

[[Nagavali River]] rises in the eastern slopes of the Eastern Ghats near Lakhbahal in the Kalahandi district of Odisha at an elevation of about 1,300 metres. The total length of the river is about 256 km, of which 161 km are in Odisha and the rest in Andhra Pradesh.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} The catchment area of the basin is 9,510 square km. Nagavali is an interstate river with 4462 km2 and 5048 km2 river basin area located in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh respectively. The river basin receives 1000 mm average rain fall annually. The uplands of the river basin are hilly areas with predominantly tribal populated.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} It drains parts of the Kalahandi, Rayagada and Koraput districts of Odisha and Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>[[Nagavali River]]</ref> [[Vamsadhara River]] originates in the border of Thuamul Rampur in the Kalahandi district and Kalyansinghpur in Rayagada district of Odisha and runs for a distance of about 254 kilometers, where it joins the Bay of Bengal at Kalingapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. The total catchment area of the river basin is about 10,830 square kilometers.<ref>[[Vamsadhara River]]</ref>

== Climate ==
The average elevation of this region ranges from 45 metres to 100 meters. South West Monsoon : 1000–1100 mm. Temperatures range from Max. 33-36 °C & Min. 26-27 °C. Red soils and Black soils with clay base, Pockets of acidic soils, laterite soils, Soils with PH 4-5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH State Horticulture Mission |url=http://apshm.ap.nic.in/Agri_Climatic_Zones.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915063255/http://apshm.ap.nic.in/Agri_Climatic_Zones.html#2 |archive-date=15 September 2013 |access-date=8 December 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Economy ==
There are [[special economic zone]]s (SEZs) and industrial corridors such as [[Visakhapatnam Special Economic Zone]] (VSEZ), [[Andhra Pradesh Special Economic Zone|APSEZ]], [[Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation|APIIC]], Aganumpudi Industrial Park, Visakha Dairy, JNPC, [[Andhra Pradesh Medtech Zone]].

=== Agriculture ===

Major crops grown in this region are rice, black gram, green gram, groundnut, sugarcane, sesame, pearl millet, Mesta, finger millets, and horse gram.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dacnet.nic.in/farmer/new/dac/AgroClimaticZones.asp?SCod=01|title=Agro Climatic Regions in Andhra Pradesh|access-date=11 March 2014|archive-date=10 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210184800/http://dacnet.nic.in/farmer/new/dac/AgroClimaticZones.asp?SCod=01|url-status=dead}}</ref> This region is home to many co-operative sugar factories, jute mills, cashew processing industries.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Visakha Dairy is second biggest co-operative dairy in India.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

=== Industries ===

[[Visakhapatnam]] is the biggest city of the region and is placed 10th among the top 15 cities contributing to [[India]]'s overall [[Gross domestic product]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Sat 3 Nov 2012, 8:24 PM IST – India Markets closed |url=http://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807049.html |title=India's top 15 cities with the highest GDP Photos | Pictures – Yahoo! India Finance |publisher=In.finance.yahoo.com |date=2012-09-28 |access-date=2012-11-03 |archive-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721191102/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807049.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The industrial city, Visakhapatnam has contributed a GDP of $43.5 billion. The city has state owned heavy industries and a steel plant.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=20 November 2023 |title=Visakhapatnam is blessed with resources and opportunities to benefit from mission mode projects, says NITI Aayog official |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/visakhapatnam-is-blessed-with-resources-and-opportunities-to-benefit-from-mission-mode-projects-says-niti-aayog-official/article67554963.ece |access-date=17 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

{{bulleted list
|[[Visakhapatnam Steel Plant]] a leading Central PSU under the Ministry of Steel is the first shore based Integrated Steel Plant in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Revoke decision to privatise steel plant, forum urges Prime Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/revoke-decision-to-privatise-steel-plant-forum-urges-prime-minister/article33796494.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=18 September 2024 |date=10 February 2021}}</ref>
|[[Visakhapatnam Port]] is one of the major ports in India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rao |first1=V. Kamalakara |title=Visakhapatnam Port gets third rank in cargo handling |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/visakhapatnam-port-gets-third-rank-in-cargo-handling/article67306749.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=17 September 2024 |date=14 September 2023}}</ref>
|[[HPCL Visakh Refinery|Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited]] is one of the two oil refineries of [[HPCL]] in India<ref>[[Visakhapatnam Refinery]]</ref>
|[[Hindustan Shipyard Limited]] (HSL) is a shipyard located in Visakhapatnam on the east coast of India.<ref>[[Hindustan Shipyard]]</ref>
|[[Naval Dockyard (Visakhapatnam)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijay Sekhar takes over as Admiral Superintendent of Naval Dockyard in Visakhapatnam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/vijay-sekhar-takes-over-as-admiral-superintendent-of-naval-dockyard-in-visakhapatnam/article67143102.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=18 September 2024 |date=31 July 2023}}</ref>
|[[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BHEL bags order to supply compact heat exchanger sets for Tejas aircraft |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/bhel-bags-order-to-supply-compact-heat-exchanger-sets-for-tejas-aircraft/article65048453.ece |website=The Hindu BusinessLine |access-date=18 September 2024 |date=14 February 2022}}</ref>
|[[Gangavaram Port]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rao |first1=V. Kamalakara |title=GVL urges protesting Gangavaram port workers to allow shifting of coking coal to Vizag steel plant |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/gvl-urges-protesting-gangavaram-port-workers-to-allow-shifting-of-coking-coal-to-vizag-steel-plant/article68076394.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=18 September 2024 |language=en-IN |date=18 April 2024}}</ref>
|[[Simhadri Super Thermal Power Station]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Patnaik |first1=Santosh |title=NTPC Simhadri to achieve zero demurrage for third consecutive month |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ntpc-simhadri-to-achieve-zero-demurrage-for-third-consecutive-month/article26359056.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=18 September 2024 |date=25 February 2019}}</ref>
}}

[[File:Weaving,ponduru,march25.png|thumb|250px|Weaving at Ponduru]]

== Politics ==
{{unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}
The parliament constituencies of Uttarandhra are.
*[[Araku (ST) (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araku]]
*[[Srikakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srikakulam]]
*[[Vizianagaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vizianagaram]]
*[[Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Visakhapatnam]]
*[[Anakapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anakapalli]]

== Education ==
{{unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}

=== Central Universities ===

* [[Central Tribal University of Andhra Pradesh]], Vizianagaram

=== Universities ===

[[File:Andhra University Entrance Gate.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Andhra University, Visakhapatnam]]
* [[Andhra University]], Visakhapatnam
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University - Gurajada, Vizianagaram]]
* [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam]]
* [[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management|GITAM University]], Visakhapatnam
* [[Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University]]
* [[Indian Maritime University]]

=== Medical colleges ===

* [[Andhra Medical College]], Visakhapatnam
* Gayatri Vidya Parishad Institute of Health Care and Medical Technology, Visakhapatnam
* [[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management|Gitam Institute of Medical Science and Research]], Visakhapatnam
* [[Government Medical College, Srikakulam]]
* Great Eastern Medical School and Hospital, Srikakulam
* Maharaja Institute of Medical Sciences, Vizianagaram
* NRI Institute of Medical Sciences, Visakhapatnam

=== Central Institutions ===

* [[Indian Institute of Management Visakhapatnam]]
* [[Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy]]
* [[National Institute of Oceanography, India]]
* [[Kalam Institute of Health Technology]], Visakhapatnam

==Transport==
*The [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway Zone(SCoR)]] with [[Visakhapatnam railway station|Vishakhapatnam Railway Station]] is one of the busiest railway junctions in India, serving many trains.
* [[Visakhapatnam Port|Vishakhapatnam Port]] is the major port in Uttarandhra Region. The state of Andhra Pradesh is the second-busiest maritime state (after [[Gujarat]]) in terms of cargo handled.<ref>{{Cite news|author1=P.Manoj|title=Dugarajapatnam in Andhra Pradesh to have new major port|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/bOhk7gMjTCGnUqamWzNYAM/Dugarajapatnam-in-Andhra-Pradesh-to-have-new-major-port.html|access-date=26 July 2014|work=Live Mint and The Wall Street Journal|date=10 May 2013}}</ref> Visakhapatnam Port is one of the busiest cargo-handling ports in the country.<ref name="IBTimes">{{Cite news|author1=Rama Mohan|title=AP to Set up Maritime Board to Develop Ports|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ap-set-maritime-board-develop-ports-604320|access-date=26 July 2014|work=ibtimes.co.in|publisher=International Business Times, India|date=13 July 2014}}</ref>
* The airport which is currently operating in this region is [[Visakhapatnam Airport|Vishakhapatnam International Airport]]. Another international airport in this region which is under construction is [[Bhogapuram International Airport]].
*[[Gangavaram Port]] at [[Vishakhapatnam]] is major private port in this region.

== People from Uttarandhra ==

*[[Alluri Sitarama Raju]] (Freedom fighter, Belongs to Godavari districts but participated in the freedom struggle by empowering the tribals from East Godavari and Visakhapatnam districts(Now Alluri seetharamaraju district)).
*[[Chowdary Satyanarayana]] (Freedom fighter, Politician, Rights Activist)
*[[Tenneti Viswanadham]] (Freedom fighter and politician)
*[[Kandala Subrahmanya Tilak]] (Indian lawyer, Socialist leader, Indian freedom activist and Parliamentarian)
*[[Gouthu Latchanna]] (veteran freedom fighter)
*[[Gurazada Apparao]] (Social reformer)
*[[Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu]] (violinist)
*[[Gidugu Venkata Ramamurthy]] (doyen of Spoken Telugu movement)
*[[Srirangam Srinivasarao]] (poet)
*[[Aarudhra]] (poet, lyricist, songwriter, translator and writer)
*[[Ajjada Adibhatla Narayana Dasu]] (poet, musician, dancer, linguist and philosopher)
*[[Rachakonda Viswanatha Sastry]] (writer)
*[[Lanka Sundaram]] (Indian parliamentarian and an expert in international law)
*[[Gedela Srinubabu]] (Politician and Businessman)
*[[Yalaka Venugopal Rao|Venugopal Rao]](cricketer)
*[[P. Susheela]] (singer)
*[[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]]
*[[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]] (lyricist)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/inter_sirivennela.html|title=Telugu Cinema Etc – Idlebrain.com}}</ref>
*[[Yadla Gopalarao]] (theatre artist) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/peoples-padma-honours-grassroots-heroes/articleshow/89553482.cms |title='People's Padma' honours grass root heroes|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
*[[Sarath Babu]] (Tollywood movie actor)
*[[Puri Jagannadh]] (movie director)
*[[Parasuram (director)|Parasuram]] (movie director)
*[[Ramana Gogula]]
*[[Grandhi Mallikarjuna Rao]] (founder chairman of GMR Group)
*[[Kodi Rammurthy Naidu]] (Indian bodybuilder)
*[[Karnam Malleswari]] (Indian weightlifter, Olympic medalist)
*[[Chaganti Somayajulu]] (Telugu story writers)
*[[Vulimiri Ramalingaswami]] (pathologist and ex-Director AIIMS New Delhi and ICMR)
*[[Hilda Mary Lazarus]] (Christian missionary, gynecologist and obstetrician)
*[[Vaddadi Papaiah]] (artist)
*[[Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao]] (physicist)
*[[Pingali Nagendrarao]] (script writer, playwright and lyricist)
*[[Raja Abel]] (Tollywood actor)
*[[Rashmi Gautam]] (Tollywood actress)
*[[Anisha Ambrose]] (Tollywood actress)
*[[Ipsita Pati]] (actress)
*[[Zarina Wahab]] (actress)
*[[Devika Rani]] (Indian film actress)
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] (Tollywood actor)
*[[G.Anand]] (playback singer and music director)
*[[J.V. Somayajulu]] (Indian theatre and film actor)
*[[E. L. Quirk]] (founder of [[Quirk Memorial Baptist Church]])
*[[S. Rajeswara Rao]] (composer)

=== Anglo-Indians Born in Uttarandhra ===
*[[Edward Hay Mackenzie Elliot]] (Governor of New Zealand)
*[[Arthur Luard]] (English cricketer)
*[[George William Forbes Playfair]] (British businessman and member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong)

== Religious Destinations ==
[[File:Simhachalam-temple-2 big.jpg|thumbnail|right|Simhachalam Temple]]UttarAndhra has many important places of pilgrimage. [[Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Simhachalam|Simhachalam Temple]], abode of [[Narasimha|Lord Narasimha Swamy]] is one of the richest and the most visited place of worship in the State.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}} The other being:

* [[Sirimanothsavam|Paidithalli Ammavari temple]]
* [[Arasavalli Sun Temple|Arasavilli Surya narayana swamy temple]]
* [[Sri Kurmam|Sri Kurmam temple]]
* [[Mukhalingam|Sri Mukhalingam]]
* [[Kanaka Maha Lakshmi Temple|Sri Kanaka Maha Lakshmi temple]]
* [[Nookambika Temple|Nookambika temple]]
* [[Asilmetta|Sampath Vinayaka temple]]
* [[Appikonda]]
* [[Ramateertham|Ramatheertham]]
* [[Ramanarayanam]]
* Ross Hill Church
* Archbishops of Visakhapatnam
* Upamaka Sri Venkateshwara swamy temple
* [[Madhavadhara]]

=== Buddhist sites ===
There are many Buddhist sites like [[Thotlakonda]], [[Bavikonda|Bhavikonda]], [[Salihundam|Shankaram]], [[Pavurallakonda]], [[Kotturu Dhanadibbalu]], [[Gudiwada Dibba, Vizianagaram|Gudiwada dibba]], [[Bojjannakonda|Bojjanakonda]].

== See also ==
* [[Coastal Andhra]]
* [[Rayalaseema]]
* [[List_of_districts_of_Andhra_Pradesh#Districts|List of districts of Andhra Pradesh by regions]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Mohanty |first=Indrajit |title=Jeypore - A Historical Perspective |year=2013 |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/jun/engpdf/70-72.pdf |publisher=Government of Odisha State |archive-date=30 March 2024 |access-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330225751/https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/jun/engpdf/70-72.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |author=KBS Singh |title=Nandapur A Forsaken Kingdom |year=1939 |publisher=Utkal Sahitya Press |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209240}}
* {{cite book |author=Dineschandra Sircar |title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&pg=PA167 |year=1971 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0690-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=Snigdha Tripathy |title=Inscriptions of Orissa |volume=I - Circa 5th-8th centuries A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUiYu3XByNgC&pg=PR3 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Indian Council of Historical Research]] and [[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1077-8 }}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Andhra Pradesh}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline| Uttarandhra }}
{{Wikivoyage|Northern Coast (Andhra Pradesh)}}

[[Category:Uttarandhra| ]]
[[Category:Coastal Andhra]]
[[Category:Regions of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Proposed states and union territories of India]]

Deccan Chargers

2026-03-21T20:21:03Z

Vanmathiscp: quick expand section per standard format also and fixed typos per sources

{{short description|Defunct IPL franchise based on Deccan Plateau, India (2008–2012)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox cricket team
|name = Deccan Chargers
|alt_name =
|image = HyderabadDeccanChargers.png
|city = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
|colors =
|owner = [[Deccan Chronicle]]
|founded = {{start date and age |2008}}
|dissolved = {{start date and age |2012}} (Replaced by [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]])
|ground = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
|title1 = [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
|title1wins = '''1 ([[2009 IPL|2009]])'''
}}

'''Deccan Chargers''' (also sometimes known as the '''Chargers''') is a defunct cricket franchise that competed in the [[Indian Premier League]]. It was based in the city of [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketnext.com/news/hyderabad-ipl-team-named-deccan-chargers/30392-13.html|title=Cricket News: Live Cricket Scores, Cricket Live News, Schedule - Cricketnext|website=News18|access-date=19 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323233731/http://www.cricketnext.com/news/hyderabad-ipl-team-named-deccan-chargers/30392-13.html|archive-date=23 March 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> The franchise was one of the eight inaugural members of the IPL in 2008 and winner of 2009. It was owned by [[Deccan Chronicle]] Holdings Ltd. After finishing at the bottom of the points table in the [[2008 Indian Premier League|first season]], they won the [[2009 Indian Premier League|second season]] held in [[South Africa]] in 2009 under the captaincy of former Australian [[wicket-keeper]]-batsman [[Adam Gilchrist]]. Gilchrist was the captain of the team for the first three seasons of the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] with [[Rohit Sharma]] as his deputy. From the fourth season, [[Kumar Sangakkara]] led the team and [[Cameron White]] played as his deputy. The team was coached by former Australian cricketer [[Darren Lehmann]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/kumar-sangakkara-to-lead-deccan-chargers-in-ipl-4-1709|title=Kumar Sangakkara to lead Deccan Chargers in IPL 4|date=5 April 2011|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015132629/https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/kumar-sangakkara-to-lead-deccan-chargers-in-ipl-4-1709|archive-date=15 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The owners put the franchise up for sale in 2012 due to constant banning of team players in previous seasons{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}, but declined the sole bid.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} On 14 September 2012, the IPL governing council terminated the franchise for breaching contract terms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/current/story/582292.html |title=India Cricket News: BCCI terminates Deccan Chargers franchise |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917010941/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/current/story/582292.html |archive-date=17 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, the [[Sun Network|Sun TV Network]] won the bid for the Hyderabad franchise, the BCCI confirmed on 25 October 2012.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/sun-tv-network-win-hyderabad-ipl-franchise/32100| title= Sun TV Network win Hyderabad IPL franchise| publisher=Wisden India| date= 25 October 2012| access-date= 25 October 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170625142249/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/sun-tv-network-win-hyderabad-ipl-franchise/32100| archive-date= 25 June 2017| url-status= dead}}</ref> The new team was named as [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/sun-risers-represent-hyderabad-ipl/40723| title= Sun Risers to represent Hyderabad in IPL| publisher=Wisden India| date= 18 December 2012| access-date= 18 December 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170625164705/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/sun-risers-represent-hyderabad-ipl/40723| archive-date= 25 June 2017| url-status= dead}}</ref>

In July 2020, a [[Bombay High Court]]-appointed arbitration tribunal ruled that the termination of Deccan Chargers by BCCI was illegal. Deccan Chronicle Holding Ltd was awarded a compensation of {{INR}}4814.67 [[crore]] plus 10% interest from 2012 by the BCCI.<ref>{{Cite web |last=V. V. Subrahmanyam |date=17 July 2020 |title=IPL: BCCI asked to pay Rs 4814.67 crore to Deccan Chargers for unwanted termination |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl-deccan-chargers-bombay-high-court-dc-bcci-indian-cricket/article32117630.ece |website=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>

==Franchise history==
The Hyderabad franchise was bought by [[Deccan Chronicle|Deccan Chronicle Holdings Ltd]]. The media group acquired the franchise for US$107 million on 24 January 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Group M to pick up 20% in Hyderabad IPL team |url=http://indianpl.com/news/%20group-m-to-pick-up-20-in-hyderabad-ipl-team/ |date=27 February 2008 |access-date=28 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102040713/http://indianpl.com/news/%20group-m-to-pick-up-20-in-hyderabad-ipl-team/ |archive-date=2 November 2008 }}</ref> The Chargers logo is a charging bull.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deccanchargers.com/node/315 |title=DC unleashes war cry. Deccan Chargers |access-date=12 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324005100/http://www.deccanchargers.com/node/315 |archive-date=24 March 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> From the 2009 season, the team changed the colour of the jersey (from beige and black to sparkling silver and blue) and the logo (from gold and red to white and blue). There was no [[Icon Player]] for the team as the former captain [[V.V.S. Laxman]] rejected the offer to be an icon player in order to free funds and enable the franchise to buy and encourage younger players.

The Deccan Chargers were a franchise cricket team based in Hyderabad, India. The team was created in 2009 by the Deccan Chronicle group and played in the Indian Premier League (IPL) until 2013.

The idea of starting a cricket team under the banner of Deccan Chronicle was first discussed on 11 November 2008 at a meeting with BCCI officials by K. K. Tiwari, Editor-in-chief of the newspaper and its owner T.Venkat Ram Reddy. It was decided that the team would be based in Hyderabad and have an affiliation with CSK for their training facilities. The decision to name it "Deccan Chargers" came from two sources: one being T.Venkat Ram Reddy's desire to give back to society after his success as an entrepreneur; and second, his love for horses which is reflected in his horse racing business called "Deccan Horse Racing".

===Franchise termination===
Due to financial problems [[Deccan Chronicle|Deccan Chronicle Holdings Ltd]], the team owner of Deccan Chargers announced a sale of their team by auction. The sale, announced in a newspaper advertisement on Thursday, was to be through a bidding process that was to be completed on 13 September, with the winning bid to be announced on the same day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Deccan Chargers franchise up for sale|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/581166.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912190529/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/581166.html|archive-date=12 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> However the auction for the franchise on 13 September 2012 ended with no results as the team's owners rejecting the sole bid they received from [[PVP Ventures]].<ref name="espncricinfo1">{{cite web|title=Deccan Chargers reject sole bid for franchise|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/582048.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916090402/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/582048.html|archive-date=16 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> It was reported that Deccan Chargers owner rejected the bid by PVP ventures as DCHL's bankers were not happy with PVP's plan to divide the bid amount in two parts over the next ten years.<ref name="espncricinfo1"/> Later on 14 September 2012, the BCCI announced that the Deccan Chargers IPL franchise was terminated due to BCCI codes by DCHL<ref name="espncricinfo1"/> and the tender will be called for new team.<ref>{{cite web|last=ESPN|first=ESPNcricinfo|title=BCCI terminates Deccan Chargers franchise|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/582292.html?CMP=chrome|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=14 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916225448/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/582292.html?CMP=chrome|archive-date=16 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> DCHL moved to court to sort their issues with BCCI on termination.<ref>{{cite web|title=www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/582379.html|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/582379.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918063930/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/582379.html|archive-date=18 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Indian Premier League==

===2008 season===


====Players====
The franchise initially acquired star players [[Adam Gilchrist]], [[Andrew Symonds]], [[Shahid Afridi]], [[Scott Styris]] and [[Herschelle Gibbs]]. The main bowlers purchased by the franchise were [[R.P. Singh]], [[Nuwan Zoysa]] and [[Chaminda Vaas]]. The other Indian players are [[Rohit Sharma]], [[Yalaka Venugopal Rao|Venugopal Rao]], and [[Pragyan Ojha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/content/squad/338087.html|title=Deccan Chargers Squad / Players|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607104834/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/content/squad/338087.html|archive-date=7 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Performance====
Despite the fact that the team was one of the favorites to win the [[2008 Indian Premier League|inaugural edition of the IPL]], the team finished last. [[Andrew Symonds]], who was Deccan's most expensive player, batted only 3 innings before leaving to play for the [[Australia national cricket team|Australian national team]]. In addition, the team captain [[V.V.S. Laxman]] had an injury which ended his season after 6 games. Only three bowlers [[R. P. Singh]], [[Pragyan Ojha]] and [[Shahid Afridi]] took more than 4 wickets in the competition. In this 14 match period, the team went on a losing streak at home and only managed 2 wins overall, one against the [[Mumbai Indians]] and one against the [[Chennai Super Kings]] and as a result they finished at the bottom of the table.

===2009 season===
{{main|Deccan Chargers in 2009}}

====New administration and support staff====
After the debacle of 2008, the team management sacked the entire administration associated with the tournament in that year. They removed their CEO J. Kalyan Krishnan, Coach [[Robin Singh (cricketer, born 1963)|Robin Singh]] and the Captain [[V.V.S. Laxman]] and replaced them with Tim Wright, the former Australian batsman [[Darren Lehmann]] and former Australian Wicket-keeper [[Adam Gilchrist]] respectively. Many new players were taken from domestic circuit and also few new international players were signed. The 2008 sponsor [[Jaypee Group]] withdrew its sponsorship due to the 2008 debacle. After this, the Deccan Chargers went through a complete makeover, including changing the colours of the team from pale brown to vibrant blue and a new logo displaying a more vibrant charging bull with [[Deccan Chronicle]] as the primary sponsor for the team. Among the other members of the support staff, their physio Sean Slattery and performance analyst Unni Krishnan were retained and were part of the team to win the IPL second edition in 2009 which was held in South Africa.

====Tradings====
In low key trading of players, the Deccan Chargers management had placed [[Shahid Afridi]] and [[Herschelle Gibbs]] up for sale, a direct result of their below par performance during the 2008 season. However, no franchise owners were interested in purchasing these two players. Later, the Deccan Chargers management severed all ties with [[Shahid Afridi]], due to his disagreement with former team captain [[V.V.S. Laxman]]. Also, former Indian all-rounder [[Sanjay Bangar]] was transferred to the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]].

====New signings====
Before the second player auction took place the management signed [[Queensland]] all-rounder [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]] owing to a strong recommendation from coach [[Darren Lehmann]]. In the resulting auction the Deccan Chargers franchise acquired two [[West Indies|West Indian]] players, [[Fidel Edwards]] for a fee of $150,000, and [[Dwayne Smith]] for $100,000. Seven new domestic players were also signed up including batsmen [[Tirumalasetti Suman]] and Abhinav Kumar, and bowler [[Shoaib Maqsusi]] from the [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] team after their consistent performances on the domestic circuit. Baroda batsman Azhar Bilakhia and two fast bowlers from [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], Jaskarandeep Singh and [[Harmeet Singh (cricketer born 1987)|Harmeet Singh]] were also signed on.

====Performance====
With the below-par performance in the inaugural season and finishing at the bottom, Deccan staged an inspired comeback in 2009 by winning the second IPL season. After having an undefeated run in the initial league stage, the team suffered minor setbacks by losing some close matches. But the return of [[Andrew Symonds]], [[Rohit Sharma]] regaining form and the continuing exuberance of captain [[Adam Gilchrist]] bolstered the team. Some luck came in Charger's way towards the end of the league stage, with [[Kings XI Punjab]] and [[Rajasthan Royals]] losing key matches, enabling the Chargers into the semi-finals. During the semi-finals against the [[Delhi Daredevils]], who were at the top of the table, few gave the Chargers a chance of an outside win. But against the odds, Gilchrist scored a sensational 85 off just 35 balls to put the Daredevils out of the competition and give the Chargers their first IPL final against the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]].

In the final match, Gilchrist got out for a duck in the first over; however, the Chargers managed to recover and posted a total of 143 for the loss of 6 wickets. Many felt that a good defending total could have been a further 20–30 runs. The Chargers came out with all guns blazing right from the first ball, and this spirited effort ensured that they successfully defended the total, winning the game by 6 runs and lifting the prized IPL trophy.

===2010 season===
{{main|Deccan Chargers in 2010}}
On 11 August 2009, Dinesh Wadhwa, former Regional Manager of ICICI Bank was appointed chief operating officer for 2010.

====New signing====

=====Foreign inclusions=====
*[[Kemar Roach]], [[Mitchell Marsh]]

=====Domestic inclusions=====
*Anirudh Singh, [[Mohnish Mishra]], Ashish Reddy, Bodapati Sumanth, [[Rahul Sharma (cricketer, born 1986)|Rahul Sharma]]

=====Contracts bought out=====
*[[Chamara Silva]], [[Nuwan Zoysa]]

====Performance====
After winning 2009, there were high expectations on Chargers. Team opened with a loss in their inaugural match against KKR but subsequently won next three matches. But thereafter Chargers went on to lose the next five matches. With a situation where many doubted whether Chargers will be able to make to next round but they did it by winning next five consecutive matches and qualifying for playoffs. But Chargers lost both games in play-offs i.e. Semifinals and third place. [[Pragyan Ojha]] won the [[Purple Cap]] by becoming the highest wicket taker for them in the same season.

[[File:Indian Premier League Deccan Chargers vs Delhi Daredevils in RGIS Hyderabad 2.JPG|thumbnail|Deccan Chargers home crowd in 2011]]

===2011 season===
{{main|Deccan Chargers in 2011}}
Before the start of auction Chargers decided not to retain any players and have put all the players in auction. The much awaited Auction on 8 and 9 January 2011 lived up to the expectation; in fact it exceeded in many ways. [[Daniel Christian]] was termed as million dollar baby as he was hardly known to the world cricket at that point of time. Chargers also picked up [[Cameron White]], [[JP Duminy]], [[Ishant Sharma]], [[Dale Steyn]] and skipper [[Kumar Sangakkara]], but at lost [[R. P. Singh]], [[Rohit Sharma]], and [[Andrew Symonds]] and Gilchrist.

====New signings====

=====Foreign inclusions=====
*[[Kumar Sangakkara]], [[Cameron White]], [[Dale Steyn]], [[Michael Lumb (cricketer)|Michael Lumb]], [[Daniel Christian]], [[Rusty Theron]], [[JP Duminy]], [[Chris Lynn]]

=====Indian players inclusions=====
*'''Capped Players''': [[Shikhar Dhawan]], [[Ishant Sharma]], [[Harmeet Singh (cricketer born 1987)|Harmeet Singh]], [[Pragyan Ojha]], [[Amit Mishra]], [[Manpreet Gony]]
*'''Uncapped Players''': [[Bharat Chipli]], [[Ishan Malhotra]], [[Ishank Jaggi]], [[Sunny Sohal]], [[Jaydev Shah]], [[Prem Vardhan]], [[Anand Rajan]], [[Kedar Devdhar]], [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]], [[Arjun Yadav]], [[Ashish Reddy]] and [[Akash Bhandari]].

====Performance====
Team started the campaign by losing first 2 games but team won next match. There after team started losing badly despite winning some games and was therefore eliminated from the competition. But team bounced back by showing pride by winning final 3 matches which did not allow a chance for other teams for qualifiers. Team disappointing performance was clearly due to inexperience in the squad especially due to lack of Indian international batsmen. Fans of DC have criticized management for not holding back [[Rohit Sharma]] during player retention. Chargers got to play IPL matches at Hyderabad after almost 3 years, but dismal performance at their home ground continued with a win against RCB being the only exception. However, in the away matches, Chargers did manage to beat Delhi Daredevils, Mumbai Indians, Knight Riders, Pune Warriors and Kings XI Punjab. They ended on a high with 3 consecutive wins but could not scale above 7th position in the league standings.

===2012 season===
{{main|Deccan Chargers in 2012}}
In [[2012 Indian Premier League]], Chargers named new fielding coach [[Trevor Penney]] replacing [[Mike Young (cricket)|Mike Young]].

====New signings and tradings====
In the trading window which opened in December, Chargers traded off [[Kevin Pietersen]], [[Harmeet Singh (cricketer born 1987)|Harmeet Singh]] and [[Pragyan Ojha]] to [[Delhi Daredevils]], [[Kings XI Punjab]], [[Mumbai Indians]] respectively. During player auctions, Chargers had tried to bid [[Ravindra Jadeja]] for entire $2m but eventually lost to the Super Kings in tie breaker. Later they acquired following players-

====Players acquired====
[[Daniel Harris (cricketer)|Daniel Harris]] ($70,000), [[Darren Bravo]] ($100,000), [[Parthiv Patel]] ($650,000)

After the auction, they signed up a few uncapped players such as [[TP Sudhindra]], [[Tanmay Srivastava]], [[Biplab Samantray]], [[Akshath Reddy]] and [[Ashish Reddy]] owing to their strong domestic performances.

====Contracts bought out====
[[Michael Lumb (cricketer)|Michael Lumb]], [[Jaydev Shah]], Ishan Malhotra

====Performance====
The Chargers failed to deliver on a consistent basis in 2012 with narrow and consecutive defeats. [[Shikhar Dhawan]], [[Dale Steyn]] and [[Cameron White]] were the only players who helped the team put up a fight. Team weakness was the bowling and fielding department, with fast bowler [[Ishant Sharma]] being ruled out due to injury and spinner [[Pragyan Ojha]] traded to [[Mumbai Indians]]. Deccan finished eighth out of the nine teams in the league stage points table, after languishing at the bottom for most part of the season. Deccan Chargers came into the season being characterized as 'underdogs', and they are yet to lose that name.

==Champions League T20==
The [[Twenty20 Champions League]] was an international [[Twenty20]] cricket competition between clubs from [[India]], [[Australia]], [[England and Wales|England]], [[South Africa]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[New Zealand]] and [[West Indies]]. The competition was launched in 2008 as a response to the success of national Twenty20 domestic cricket leagues, most notably the [[Indian Premier League]].

===2009 season===
{{main|2009 Twenty20 Champions League}}
On account of emerging as the winners of the 2009 season of the [[Indian Premier League]], the team participated in the inaugural edition of the T20 Champions League, along with two other Indian teams: the runners-up of IPL 2009, [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]], and [[Delhi Daredevils]], the toppers of the league-stage points table.

They were knocked out in the group stages after losing to the [[Somerset Sabres]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team|Trinidad and Tobago]], who they were drawn against in Group A.

==Honours==

=== Indian Premier League ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;" |
! Year
!League standing
! Final standing
|-
! 2008
|8th out of 8
| Group stage
|-
! 2009
|4th out of 8
| style="background: gold;" | '''Champions'''
|-
! 2010
|2nd out of 8
| Semi-finals
|-
! 2011
|7th out of 10
| Group stage
|-
! 2012
|8th out of 9
| Group stage
|}

=== Champions League Twenty20 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;" |
! Year
! Final standing
|-
! 2008
| ''Cancelled''
|-
! 2009
| Group stage
|-
! 2010
| DNQ
|-
! 2011
| DNQ
|-
! 2012
| DNQ
|}

* DNQ = Did not qualify

==Team sponsors==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Year
! Kit manufacturers
! Shirt sponsor (front)
! Shirt sponsor (back)
! Chest branding
|-
|2008
|[[Nike, Inc.|Nike]]
|[[Jaypee Group]]
|[[Jaypee Group]]
|[[Nike, Inc.|Nike]]
|-
|2009
| rowspan="4" |[[Puma (brand)|Puma]]<ref>{{cite web|title=PUMA unveils the official IPL uniforms of Deccan Chargers|url=https://www.adgully.com/puma-unveils-the-official-ipl-uniforms-of-deccan-chargers-46289.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015133810/https://www.adgully.com/puma-unveils-the-official-ipl-uniforms-of-deccan-chargers-46289.html|archive-date=15 October 2019|access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref>
|[[Deccan Chronicle]]
|[[Deccan Chronicle|Odyssey]]
|[[Deccan Chronicle]]
|-
|2010
|[[Idea Cellular|Idea]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Deccan Chronicle]]
| rowspan="3" |[[McDowell's No.1]]
|-
|2011
|[[UltraTech Cement]]
|-
|2012
|[[Fly Emirates]]<ref>{{cite web|title=TVS Motor Company and Jaypee Group tie up with Deccan Chargers|url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/tvs-motor-company-and-jaypee-group-tie-up-with-deccan-chargers/416146|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015133435/https://www.campaignindia.in/article/tvs-motor-company-and-jaypee-group-tie-up-with-deccan-chargers/416146|archive-date=15 October 2019|access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref>
|[[Jaypee Group|Jaypee Cement]]
|}

==Results==
===Overall results===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Summary of results
|-
! Season!! Played !! Wins !! Losses !! Tied !! Win % !! Position
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align: center; "| '''IPL'''
|-
! [[IPL 2008|2008]]
| 14 || 2 || 12 ||0 || 14% || 8/8
|-
! [[IPL 2009|2009]]
| 16 || 9 || 7|| 0 || 56% || 1/8
|-
! [[IPL 2010|2010]]
| 16 || 8 || 8 || 0 || 50% || 4/8
|-
! [[IPL 2011|2011]]
| 14 || 6 || 8 || 0 || 42% || 7/10
|-
! [[IPL 2012|2012]]
| 15 || 4 || 11 || 0 || 26.67% || 8/9
|-
! Total
| '''75''' || '''29''' || '''46''' ||'''0''' || '''38.67%'''
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align: center; "| '''Champions League T20'''
|-
! [[2009 Champions League Twenty20|2009]]
| 2 || 0 || 2|| 0 || 0% || 10/12
|-
! Total
| '''2''' || '''0''' || '''2''' || '''0''' || '''0%''' || ''' '''
|-
! colspan="7" style="text-align: center; "| '''Overall'''
|-
! Overall
| '''77''' || '''29''' || '''48''' || '''0''' || '''37.67%''' || ''' '''
|}

===Results summary by opposition===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Opposition!! Span !! Mat !! Won !! Lost !! Tied !! NR !! %
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align: center; "| '''IPL'''
|-
| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || 2008–2012 || 10 || 4 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 40.00
|-
| [[Delhi Capitals]] || 2008–2012 || 11 || 4 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 36.36
|-
| [[Kings XI Punjab]] || 2008–2012 || 10 || 3 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 30.00
|-
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || 2008–2012 || 10 || 2 || 7 || 0 || 1 || 22.57
|-
| [[Mumbai Indians]] || 2008–2012 || 10|| 4 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 40.00
|-
| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || 2008–2012 || 9 || 2 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 22.22
|-
| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || 2008–2012 || 11 || 6 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 54.54
|-
| [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]] || 2011 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
| [[Pune Warriors India]] || 2011–2012 || 4 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 75.00
|-
| '''Total''' || '''2008–2012''' || '''76''' ||| '''29''' || '''46''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''38.66%'''
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align: center; "| '''Champions League T20'''
|-
| [[Trinidad and Tobago]] || 2009 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0.00
|-
| [[Somerset Sabres]] || 2009 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0.00
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Hyderabad}}

* [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}

{{Deccan Chargers}}
{{Indian Premier League}}

{{Hyderabad topics}}

[[Category:Indian Premier League teams]]
[[Category:Sport in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Cricket in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Telangana]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:Former senior cricket teams in India]]

Mehta (village)

2026-03-18T10:55:29Z

Vanmathiscp:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mehta
| nickname = Apna Mehta
| settlement_type = village
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.6316416|N|79.8662469|E|display=inline,title}}
| image_skyline =Mehta in night.png
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Madhya Pradesh
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Seoni
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = Ghansor
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 6.10
| population_total = 1,966
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes=<ref name="census2011">{{cite web
|title=Mehta Village Population - Mehta - Seoni, Madhya Pradesh
|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/496165-mehta-madhya-pradesh.html
|website=Census2011.co.in
|access-date=28 September 2025
}}</ref>
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 480999
| registration_plate = MP-22
}}

'''Mehta''' ({{ipa|hi|meːɦtaː|ipa}}) is a village and [[gram panchayat]] in [[Ghansor|Ghansor tehsil]], [[Seoni district]], in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is approximately 11 km from Ghansor headquarters and 89 km from the district headquarters of Seoni.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Gram Panchayat Mehta
| url = https://civicatlas.in/gram-panchayat-mehta-149707
| website = Civic Atlas
| access-date = 2025-09-27
}}</ref> The village sits along the main road connecting [[Lakhnadon]] and [[Mandla]] which is madhya pradesh state highway 33(MP SH 33).

== Geography ==
With a total geographical area of around 609.6 hectares (6.10 km²), Mehta is located in the central Indian [[Satpura region]], within the forest–agriculture transition zone.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Geography of Mehta
| url = https://villageinindia.com/india/madhya-pradesh/seoni/ghansaur/ghansaur-mehta/#:~:text=Mehta%20Overview&text=Mehta%20is%20a%20small%20village,its%20residents%20with%20their%20facilities.
| website = Village in India
| date=15 August 2022 | access-date = 2025-09-27
}}</ref> The terrain includes fields, small forest patches, and the broader Satpura–Mahadeo range ecosystem characteristic of the Seoni district.

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 Census of India, Mehta is home to about 1,966 people living in 458 households. There are around 941 women for every 1,000 men in the village. About 14% of the population are young children aged 0 to 6, and among them, there are roughly 923 girls for every 1,000 boys.<ref name="census2011"/>

The village has a literacy rate of 72.42%, which is higher than the average in the Seoni district (around 62–63%). Breaking it down by gender, about 78.42% of men and 66.06% of women in Mehta can read and write.
In total, 854 residents were employed in work activities, with 81.1% engaged in main work (more than six months of employment), including 213 cultivators and 252 agricultural labourers.<ref name="census2011"/>

== Administration ==
Mehta serves as its own gram panchayat, administered under the [[Panchayati Raj]] system by an elected [[sarpanch]] since at least 2009. It falls under [[Ghansor|Kahnapas (Ghansor)]] Block Panchayat, part of the Mandla Lok Sabha constituency and Lakhnadon Vidhan Sabha segment.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Gram Panchayat Mehta (Seoni, Madhya Pradesh)
|url=https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayat-mehta-149707
|website=LocalBodyData
|access-date=28 September 2025
}}</ref>

==Economy and infrastructure==
[[File:Village Street of mehta (India).jpg|thumb|women going to work in the village]]
Agriculture is the primary economic activity; most workers are cultivators or labourers in local farms. Roads connecting Mehta to Ghansor, Lakhnadon, and Mandla facilitate travel and trade. While a public bus service is available within 10+ km and private buses operate through the village, the nearest railway station is in Ghansor, roughly 11 km away.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Mehta Village, Ghansaur Tehsil, Seoni District
|url=https://geolysis.com/p/in/mp/seoni/ghansaur/mehta
|website=Geolysis
|access-date=28 September 2025
}}</ref>

==Education and facilities==
Mehta has several educational institutions providing primary, middle, and higher secondary education. The village has a mix of government and private schools, most of which are under the Tribal Welfare Department. Major schools include the GGMS Mehta (Upper Primary Girls School), GBMS Mehta (Upper Primary Boys School), Jay Shiv Shankar School(class 1st to 8th), GGPS Mehta(girls primary school), GPS Mehta(boys primary school), and Govt. Higher Secondary School, Mehta. These schools provide education from grades 1 to 12. Facilities such as drinking water, and playgrounds are available in some schools, though computer labs and advanced infrastructure are limited.<ref>{{cite web |title=GGMS Mehta |url=https://www.vidyatime.com/school-home/GH23440712304/ggms-mehta |website=Vidyatime |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GBMS Mehta |url=https://www.vidyatime.com/school-home/GH23440712306/gbms-mehta |website=Vidyatime |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jay Shiv Shankar School Mehta |url=https://webconte.com/school/jay_shiv_shankar_mehta_9g518 |website=Webconte |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GPS & GGPS Mehta |url=https://www.vidyatime.com/school-home/GH23440712303/ggps-mehta |website=Vidyatime |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Govt. Higher Secondary School, Mehta |url=https://webconte.com/school/govt_higher_secondary_school%2C_mehta_9ghd2 |website=Webconte |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref>

Basic facilities in Mehta include electricity, road connections, and access to drinking water through wells and handpumps. Transport connections link the village to nearby towns such as Ghansor and Lakhnadon. The nearest railway station is in Ghansor, approximately 11 km away. Health facilities within the village are limited, with residents relying on Community Health Centres and Sub Health Centres in nearby areas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mehta Village Profile |url=https://villageinfo.org/village/496165 |website=VillageInfo |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Seoni District Health Services |url=https://seoni.nic.in/en/health/ |website=Seoni.nic.in |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:A shop in village mehta, India.png|A shop in the village
File:A village pathway of india.jpg|Road towards smaller nearby villages in mehta which is also the south entrance of the village
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Ghansor]]
* [[Ghansor railway station]]
* [[Seoni]]
* [[Jabalpur]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}

[[Category:Populated places established in 1774]]
[[Category:Villages in Seoni district]]

Northern Railway zone

2026-03-13T21:47:07Z

Vanmathiscp: refined intro also and updated info after review

{{Short description|Northernmost railway zone of India}}
{{About|the northernmost zone of the [[Indian Railways]]||Northern Railway (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox rail
| name =
| other_name =
| railroad_name = Northern Railway
| logo =
| logo_filename = Northern Railway Zone.svg
| logo_size = 100px
| logo_alt =
| system_map = Indianrailwayzones-numbered.png
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = 1-Northern Railway
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| franchise =
| nameforarea =
| regions =
| secregions =
| fleet =
| stations =
| stationsop = 1021<ref name = "Northern Railways - Statistics (31-03-25)">{{cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Northern Railways - Important Statistics (as of 31-03-2025) |url=https://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1750745196307-Table1_NR%20SYS%20MAP_2025.pdf |website= |location= |publisher=[[Northern Railways]] |access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref>
| parent_company =
| headquarters = [[Baroda House]], [[New Delhi]]
| founders =
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* Ashok Kumar Verma (General Manager)<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=1 October 2025 |title=Shri Ashok Kumar Verma assumes the charge of General Manager, Northern Railway |url=https://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261,1440 |website=nr.indianrailways.gov.in |location= |publisher= |access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref>
* Mohit Chandra (Additional General Manager)<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=17 November 2024 |title=Shri Mohit Chandra has assumed the charge of Additional General Manager, Northern Railway |url=https://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,261,1441 |website=nr.indianrailways.gov.in |location= |publisher= |access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref>
}}
| marks =
| locale =
| start_year = {{start date and age|df=yes|1952|4|14}}
| end_year = Present
| predecessor_line = {{unbulleted list|[[Eastern Punjab Railway]]|[[Jodhpur State Railway]]|[[Bikaner State Railway]]|[[East Indian Railway]]}}
| successor_line =
| gauge = Mixed
| old_gauge =
| electrification =
| length = {{cvt|7405|km|mi|0}}<ref name = "Northern Railways - Statistics (31-03-25)" />
| tracklength = {{cvt|10702|km|mi|0}}<ref name = "Northern Railways - Statistics (31-03-25)" />
| notrack =
| speed =
| elevation =
| website = {{URL|nr.indianrailways.gov.in}}
| embedded =
| map =
| map_state =
| map_name =
}}

The '''Northern Railway''' (abbreviated '''NR''') is one of the 17 [[Indian Railways Zones and Divisions|Railway zones of India]] and the northernmost zone of the [[Indian Railways]]. It is headquartered at [[Baroda House]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="zones_and_divisions">{{cite web |title=Railway Zones and Divisions in The Country |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=168812. |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Railways (Government of India) |access-date=1 January 2025 |date=21 July 2017}}</ref>

== {{anchor | Northern Railway zone history | NR zone history | History}} History ==
{{see also | Rail transport in India#History | label 1 = Indian railway history | North Western Railway zone#History | label 2 = NWR history | North Central Railway zone#History | label 3 = NCR history | North Eastern Railway zone#History | label 4 = NER history }}
[[File:India_railways1909a.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Extent of the Indian railway network in 1909]]

Officially notified as a new railway zone on 14 April 1952, its origin goes back to 3 March 1859.

On 14 April 1952, the Northern Railway zone was created by merging [[Jodhpur State Railway|Jodhpur Railway]], [[Bikaner State Railway|Bikaner Railway]], [[Eastern Punjab Railway]] and three divisions of the [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]] north-west of [[Mughalsarai]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]]).

On 3 March 1859, [[Allahabad]]–[[Kanpur]], the first passenger railway line in North India was opened, which falls under Northern Railway zone.<ref name="Indian Railways">{{cite web|author=Asiatradehub.com.com|title=India – Infrastructure Railways|url=http://www.asiatradehub.com/India/railways.asp|access-date=4 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016092740/http://www.asiatradehub.com/India/railways.asp|archive-date=16 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1864, a [[broad-gauge]] track from [[Calcutta]] to [[Delhi]] was laid.<ref name=del1/>

In 1864, the railway line between [[Delhi Junction railway station|Old Delhi]] and [[Meerut City railway station]] was constructed. [[Meerut Cantt railway station]] was established by British India government around 1865 after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|sepoy mutiny]] of 1857.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

In 1866, through trains started running on the [[East Indian Railway Company]]'s Howrah–Delhi line.<ref name=irfcai>{{cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html |title=IR History: Early History (1832-1869)| publisher=IRFCA| access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref>

In 1870, the [[Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway]] completed the {{convert|483|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long {{stnlnk|Amritsar}}–[[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station|Ambala]]–[[Jagadhri]]–{{stnlnk|Saharanpur}}–{{stnlnk|Ghaziabad}} line connecting [[Multan Cantonment railway station|Multan]] (now in Pakistan) with {{stnlnk|Delhi Junction}}.<ref name=timeline>{{cite web|last=R. P. Saxena|title=Indian Railway History Time line|url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm|work=Irse.bravehost.com|access-date=24 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229092028/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm|archive-date=29 February 2012}}</ref>

In 1872, [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station]] was established when the [[metre-gauge railway]] line from Delhi to [[Jaipur]] and [[Ajmer]] was being laid. It was a small station just outside Delhi as Delhi was confined to walled city then. All the metre-gauge trains starting from (and terminating at) Delhi to [[Rewari]], Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat passed through this station. The track from Delhi to Sarai Rohilla was double. The single track from Sarai Rohilla to Rewari was doubled up to Rewari, from where single tracks diverged in five directions.

In 1876, [[metre-gauge]] track from Delhi to [[Rewari railway junction|Rewari]] and further to Ajmer was laid in 1873 by [[Rajputana State Railway]].<ref name=del1/>

In 1879, the Sind, Punjab and Delhi railway completed the {{convert|483|km|mi|0|adj=mid|-long}} Amritsar–Ambala–Saharanpur–Ghaziabad line connecting [[Multan Cantonment railway station|Multan]] (now in Pakistan) with Delhi.<ref name=EarlyDays>{{cite web |title=IR History: Early Days II (1870-1899) |url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |access-date=7 March 2014 |archive-date=26 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726192451/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1884, the [[Rajputana–Malwa Railway]] extended the {{track gauge|1000mm}}-wide [[metre gauge]] Delhi–Rewari line to Bathinda.<ref name=hisar>{{cite web| url= http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| title= Gazetteer of India, Haryana, Hisar| work= Communications, page 135| publisher= Haryana Government| access-date= 10 May 2014| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| archive-date= 1 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php/Rajputana-Malwa_State_Railway |title = Rajputana Malwa State Railway| publisher= fibis| access-date = 10 May 2014}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=February 2019}} The Bathinda–Rewari metre-gauge line was converted to {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1390378076313-Overview%20dt.21.01.14.pdf| title = Overview of Bikaner Division| publisher = Indian Railways| access-date = 10 May 2014| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140508030427/http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1390378076313-Overview%20dt.21.01.14.pdf| archive-date = 8 May 2014}}</ref>

On 9 March 1885, the first train ran from [[Jodhpur Junction railway station]] to Luni. The [[New Jodhpur Railway]] was later combined with [[Bikaner Railway]] to form [[Jodhpur–Bikaner Railway]] in 1889. A Railway line was completed between Jodhpur and Bikaner in 1891. Later in 1900, it combined with Jodhpur–Hyderabad Railway (some part of this railway is in Pakistan) leading to connection with Hyderabad of Sindh Province. Later in 1924 Jodhpur and Bikaner Railways worked as independent Railways. After Independence, a part of Jodhpur Railway went to West Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html | title = IR History: Part - 2 (1870–1900) | publisher = IRFCA | access-date = 2014-02-01 | archive-date = 26 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160726192451/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Jodhpur-Bikaner_Railway | title = Jodhpur bikaner railway | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140202124719/http://www.wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Jodhpur-Bikaner_Railway | archive-date = 2 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://trainsrunningstatus.net/station/jodhpur-jn-railway-station | title = Jodhpur jn Railway Station | access-date = 12 December 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180820235018/https://trainsrunningstatus.net/station/jodhpur-jn-railway-station | archive-date = 20 August 2018 | url-status = usurped }}</ref>

In 1891, the [[Delhi–Kalka line|Delhi–Panipat–Ambala–Kalka line]] was opened.<ref name=EarlyDays />

In 1891, the [[Delhi–Kalka line|Delhi–Panipat–Ambala–Kalka line]] was opened<ref name=EarlyDays /> The {{track gauge|610mm}}-wide [[narrow-gauge]] Kalka–Shimla Railway was constructed by Delhi–Panipat–Ambala–Kalka Railway Company and opened for traffic in 1903.<ref>"Engineer" journal article, circa 1915, reprinted in ''Narrow Gauge & Industrial Railway Modelling Review'', no. 75, July 2008</ref> In 1905 the line was regauged to {{track gauge|762mm}}-wide narrow gauge.

In 1897, the Southern Punjab Railway Co. opened the Delhi–Bhatinda–Samasatta line in 1897.<ref name=EarlyDays /> The line passed through Muktasar and Fazilka tehsils and provided direct connection through [[Samma Satta]] (now in Pakistan) to Karachi.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/muktsar/Chapter%207.htm|title= Chapter VII Communications|access-date= 1 March 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140223172820/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/muktsar/Chapter%207.htm|archive-date= 23 February 2014|url-status= dead}}</ref>

In 1900, the present building of the [[Delhi Junction railway station]] was built with 2 platforms and opened for public in 1903.<ref name=del1/>

In 1900, the {{stnlnk|Ghaziabad}}–Moradabad link was established by [[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]].<ref name=orr>{{cite web| url=https://www.educateacademic.com/2019/04/oudh-and-rohilkhand-railway.html| title=The Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway| work=Educate Academic| access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref>
In 1901–02, the metre gauge Jodhpur–Bikaner line was extended to Bathinda by Jodhpur–Bikaner Railway.<ref name=fibis>{{cite web| url = http://www.wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Jodhpur–Bikaner_Railway| title = Jodhpur–Bikaner Railway| publisher = fibis| access-date = 10 May 2014| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140202124719/http://www.wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Jodhpur-Bikaner_Railway| archive-date = 2 February 2014}}</ref><ref name=irfcaii>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html | title = IR History: Part II (1870-1899) | publisher = IRFCA | access-date = 10 May 2014 | archive-date = 26 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160726192451/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> It was subsequently converted to broad gauge.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=37655|title = Railway line along Indian border| publisher= Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India, 21 April 2008| access-date = 10 May 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Old Delhi Junction.jpg|thumb|Old Delhi Junction]]
[[File:Delhi railway station.jpg|thumb|Delhi railway station]]
In 1904 the Agra–Delhi line was opened. Six railway lines then entered Delhi. [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]], [[North Western Railway (British India)|North-Western Railway]], and [[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]] entered from {{stnlnk|Ghaziabad}} crossing the [[Yamuna river]]. [[Delhi]]–[[Sonipat Junction railway station]]–{{stnlnk|Panipat Junction}}–{{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment Junction}}–{{stnlnk|Kalka}} Railway ran northwards from Delhi, and the [[Rajputana–Malwa Railway]] traversed the Delhi district for a short distance in the direction of [[Gurgaon]] and {{stnlnk|Rewari Junction}}.<ref name=del1>{{cite book |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India|volume=11 |chapter=Delhi District: Trade and communications|publisher=Oxford at Clarendon Press |year=1909|page=229 |chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_235.gif |ref=Hist |title-link=The Imperial Gazetteer of India}}</ref> Delhi Railway Station was built in red stone to give the effect of nearby historic [[Red Fort]]. The station building had six clock towers and tower 4 is still in use as a water tank. The station was remodelled in 1934–35, when its platforms were extended and power signals were introduced.<ref name=htimes>{{cite news|title=A fine balance of luxury and care |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/A-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/Article1-723880.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214175839/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/a-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/article1-723880.aspx |archive-date=14 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=When Railways nearly derailed New Delhi |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/When-Railways-nearly-derailed-New-Delhi/Article1-652023.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926091104/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/When-Railways-nearly-derailed-New-Delhi/Article1-652023.aspx |archive-date=26 September 2013 }}</ref> A new entrance from [[Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)|Kashmere Gate]] side was created in 1990s and new platforms were added. The platforms were renumbered in September 2011. The numbers that started from Kashmere Gate entrance as 1A and ended at 18 near the main entrance were renumbered starting as 1 from the main entrance and ending at 16 at Kashmere Gate entrance and some platforms were merged to form long platforms to accommodate trains of 24 coaches.<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/confusion-after-old-delhi-railway-station-reverses-order-of-platforms/842151/ Confusion after Old Delhi railway station reverses order of platforms]{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The station building was renovated in 2012–13. Delhi earlier handled both broad and meter gauge trains. Since 1994, it is a purely broad-gauge station, metre-gauge traffic having been shifted to [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station|Delhi Sarai Rohilla station]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,263,314,315|title=Northern Railways / Indian Railways Portal|website=www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in|access-date=2017-06-02}}</ref>

In 1926, [[New Delhi railway station]] opened ahead of the inauguration of the New Delhi as city in 1931. [[Agra Cantonment railway station|Agra]]–Delhi railway track cut through the site earmarked for the hexagonal War Memorial (now called [[India Gate]]) and Kingsway (now called [[Rajpath]]). [[East Indian Railway Company]] shifted the line along the [[Yamuna river]] and opened the new track in 1924. Before the new imperial capital New Delhi was established after 1911, the [[Delhi Junction railway station|Old Delhi railway station]] served the entire city and the [[Agra]]–Delhi railway line cut through what is today called ''[[Lutyens' Delhi]]'' and the site earmarked for the hexagonal All-India War Memorial (now ''[[India Gate]]'') and Kingsway (now ''[[Rajpath]]''). The railway line was shifted along Yamuna river and opened in 1924 to make way for the new capital. Minto (now ''Shivaji'') and Hardinge (now ''Tilak'') rail bridges came up for this realigned line. The [[East Indian Railway Company]], that overlooked railways in the region, sanctioned the construction of a single story building and a single platform between [[Gates of Delhi#Gates in the 7th city|Ajmeri Gate]] and [[Paharganj]] in 1926. This was later known as New Delhi Railway station. The government's plans to have the new station built inside the Central Park of [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] was rejected by the Railways as it found the idea impractical.<ref name="htcresent">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/CP-s-blueprint-Bath-s-Crescent/Article1-659739.aspx|title=CP's blueprint: Bath's Crescent|date=8 February 2011|work=Hindustan Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103040022/http://www.hindustantimes.com/CP-s-blueprint-Bath-s-Crescent/Article1-659739.aspx|archive-date=3 January 2013}}</ref> In 1927–28, New Delhi Capital Works project involving construction of {{convert|4.79|mi|km}} of new lines was completed. The Viceroy and royal retinue entered the city through the new railway station during the inauguration of New Delhi in 1931. New structures were added to the railway station later and the original building served as the parcel office for many years.<ref name=ht>{{cite news|title=A fine balance of luxury and care|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/A-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/Article1-723880.aspx|work=Hindustan Times|date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214175839/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/a-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/article1-723880.aspx|archive-date=14 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=When Railways nearly derailed New Delhi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/When-Railways-nearly-derailed-New-Delhi/Article1-652023.aspx|work=Hindustan Times|date=18 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926091104/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/When-Railways-nearly-derailed-New-Delhi/Article1-652023.aspx|archive-date=26 September 2013}}</ref>

In 1975–76, the Tundla–Aligarh–Ghaziabad track was electrified.<ref name=tun1/>

In 1976–77, the Ghaziabad–Nizamuddin–New Delhi–Delhi track was electrified.<ref name=tun1>{{cite web| url=http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html| title=History of Electrification| publisher=IRFCA| access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref>

On 1 July 1987, [[Ambala railway division]] was created by transferring 639 km tracks from Delhi Division and 348 km from Firozpur Division, and it became completely operational from 15 August 1988. 62% its are lies Punjab and the rest in Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chandigarh. It has 141 stations, including [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage]] [[Kalka Shimla Railway]].<ref name=amb1>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,263,314,319 Ambala Division map and history].</ref>

In 1992–1995, Sabjimandi–Panipat–Karnal sector was electrified.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 3 March 2014}}</ref>

In 1994 December, the Delhi–Rewari railway line had double metre-gauge tracks and one of the tracks was converted to broad gauge as a part of conversion of Ajmer–Delhi line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: IR History: Part 5|publisher=IRFCA}}</ref> Within a few years, both the tracks from Sarai Rohilla to Delhi railway station were converted to broad gauge and all metre gauge trains stopped operating from Delhi station.<ref name=roh1/>

In 1998–99, Ambala–Chandigarh sector was electrified.<ref name=ir1>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 21 February 2014}}</ref>

In 1999–2000, Chandigarh–Kalka.<ref name=ir1/>

In 2003, [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station]]'s was announced as new station to be built,<ref name="Station here">{{cite web|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=45049|title=With rly station, Anand Vihar is prime property|publisher=cities.expressindia.com|author=Shruti Kohli|date=28 February 2003|access-date=2009-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030331080253/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=45049|archive-date=31 March 2003|url-status=dead}}</ref> foundation stone laid on 25 January 2004.<ref name="Stationnew4">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=792|title=Railway Minister to lay foundation for Anand Vihar Coaching Terminal|publisher=pib.nic.in|date=23 January 2004|access-date=2010-06-27}}</ref> construction commenced in October 2006,<ref name="Station2">{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-153048627.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103065257/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-153048627.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2012|title=Northern Railway has begun construction of a new station at Anand Vihar in Delhi|publisher=Highbeam.com|date=1 October 2006|access-date=2009-12-06}}</ref> and opened on 20 October 2009.<ref name="Stationnew1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_anand-vihar-railway-terminal-set-for-launch-in-2-weeks-time_1320598|title=Anand Vihar railway terminal set for launch in 2 weeks' time|publisher=DNAIndia.com|date=6 December 2009|access-date=2010-06-26}}</ref> The city of [[Delhi]] heavily depends on the Rail transport to cater for the increasing load of passengers to their destinations. The long-distance trains from Delhi used to ply from three stations namely {{stnlnk|Delhi Junction}} (Old Delhi), {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} and [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station]]s. These stations lacked the infrastructure facilities to handle such high passenger rush. Also, Delhi is the connecting station for the cities in the Northern states [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. With increasing passenger pressure at the existing stations, the requirement of additional major passenger terminals was identified by the Northern Railways. The East-bound trains from Delhi to the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], [[Jharkhand]] [[West Bengal]] and other [[North East India|North-eastern states]] had to cross the bridge over [[River Yamuna]] as all the three stations are located on the other side of the river. Thus, the area of Anand Vihar was selected in the trans-Yamuna region to construct a mega-railway terminal.<ref name="Station3">{{cite web|work=The Hindu|title=Anand Vihar railway terminal to open this month|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article61417.ece|date=7 December 2009|access-date=2009-12-08}}</ref>

In 2010–11 Rail Budget, [[Panipat–Meerut line]] 104 km survey was announced and the project implementation was approved in 2017–18 budget with an outlay of {{INR}}948 crore.<ref name="pani2">[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/panchkula-haryana-got-much-lower-than-expected-in-rail-budget-13635778.html Haryana gets much less than expected in rail budget], [https://www.jagran.com/haryana/panchkula-haryana-got-much-lower-than-expected-in-rail-budget-13635778.html Jagran], 25 February 2016.</ref>

In 2013, [[Chandigarh–Sahnewal line]] (also referred to as Ludhiana–Chandigarh rail link) was inaugurated.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130419/ldh1.htm |title= New Rail Link |work= The Tribune|date=19 April 2013| access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref>

In 2013, the foundation stone for the shifting of Rohtak–[[Makrauli]] section of Rohtak–Gohana–Panipat line was laid.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2919&id=0,4,268 |title = Minister for Railways Sh. Mallikarjun Kharge lays the foundation stones of 'Rohtak–Meham–Hansi new line and shifting of Rohtak–Makrauli section of Rohtak–Gohana–Panipat section today | publisher= Northern Railway | access-date = 3 March 2014 }}</ref>

In May 2013, a tender was awarded to enable free Wi-Fi connectivity at the [[New Delhi railway station]], at an approximate cost of {{INRConvert|8|m}} and service became functional later in the year.<ref name="medianama">{{cite web|url=http://www.medianama.com/2013/07/223-free-wifi-at-new-delhi-railway-station/|title=New Delhi Railway Station To Offer Free WiFi Service; Yet Another Pilot? – MediaNama|date=29 July 2013 |publisher=medianama.com|access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="thehindubusinessline">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/free-wifi-connectivity-at-delhi-railway-station-soon/article4963152.ece|title=Free Wi-Fi connectivity at Delhi railway station soon | Business Line|publisher=thehindubusinessline.com|access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref>

By September 2006, the second metre-gauge track from Sarai Rohilla to Rewari was also converted to broad gauge and all metre-gauge trains stopped operating between Rewari and Sarai Rohilla (though the converted track was opened for public use only in October 2007).<ref name=roh1>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=31676|title=Press Information Bureau|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/08/stories/2007100854500400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013182649/http://hindu.com/2007/10/08/stories/2007100854500400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 October 2007 | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Delhi–Haryana rail link gets better | date=8 October 2007}}</ref>

In 2015 and 2016, work of doubling of Ghaziabad–Meerut–Khatauli (Muzaffarnagar) section of Meerut–{{stnlnk|Muzaffarnagar}}–Saharanpur tracks was completed.

In January 2016, the {{convert|140|km|mi|0|adj=mid|-long}} Ghaziabad–Moradabad line was completely electrified. The Ghaziabad–Meerut–Muzaffarnagar–Saharanpur–Roorkee–Haridwar line is also open to electric trains with effect from March 2016.

In 2016, Vivaan Solar, a [[Gwalior]]-based company won the contract to install 2.2 MW of [[rooftop solar]] project at the [[Delhi Junction railway station]] in late 2016. The [[solar power]] project to be set up under [[public–private partnership]] will be executed on design, build, finance, operate and transfer (DBFOT) basis. The company will also be responsible for maintenance of the plant for a period of 25 years.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|title=NORTHERN RAILWAYS TO INSTALL 5 MW ROOFTOP SOLAR IN FOUR OF ITS STATIONS|url=http://mercomcapital.com/northern-railways-to-install-5-mw-rooftop-solar-in-four-of-its-stations#sthash.5S8zaJPl.dpuf|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303201130/http://mercomcapital.com/northern-railways-to-install-5-mw-rooftop-solar-in-four-of-its-stations#sthash.5S8zaJPl.dpuf|archive-date=3 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2016–17 Rail Budget, [[Yamunanagar–Chandigarh line]] re-survey for this {{INR}}875 crore line was announced at the cost of {{INR}}25 crore.<ref name="pani2"/>

In 2017–18, Indian Railway approved Panipat–Jind line and Panipat–Rohtak line electrification for {{INR}}980 crore and new rail line Panipat–Shamli–Baghpat–Meerut for {{INR}}2200 crore.

In December 2017, [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] signed agreements with {{lang|es|[[Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias]]}} (Spain's state owned company) and [[SNCF|Société nationale des chemins de fer français]] (France's state owned company) to cooperate on the development of rapid rail smart projects, including Delhi–Meerut Smart Line, Delhi–Panipat Smart Line and Delhi–Alwar Smart Line have been prioritised for implementation in the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation#Phase I|first phase of NCR RRTS]] where these three lines will operate from [[Sarai Kale Khan]] in Delhi. Designed with 180 km/h design speed, 160 km/h operational speed, and 100 km/h average speed, of six-car trains carrying 1,154 passengers running every 5 to 10 minutes on either underground or elevated point-to-point tracks where passengers will not have to change trains. 35-40% funding will be equity from Centre and state governments and the remaining 60% will come from multilateral funding agencies. In 2017 December, [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] signed agreements with {{lang|es|[[Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias]]}} (Spain's state owned company) and [[SNCF|Société nationale des chemins de fer français]] (France's state owned company) to cooperate on the development of rapid rail smart projects, including Delhi–Meerut Smart Line, Delhi–Panipat Smart Line and Delhi–Alwar Smart Line have been prioritised for implementation in the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation#Phase I|first phase of NCR RRTS]] where these three lines will operate from [[Sarai Kale Khan]] in Delhi. NCRTC has commissioned a traffic pattern study by the [[Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System]] (DIMTS) that will determine rote and the design of stations depending on the traffic. {{INR}}32,598 crore Delhi–Ghaziabad–Meerut RRTS will be implemented first, ground clearance is underway in December 2017, construction will commence by June 2018 and completed by 2024, for which pre-construction activities including geo-technical investigations, detailed design, utility-shifting planning and traffic diversion planning are in progress. {{INR}}30,000 crore Delhi–Panipat Smart Line and 180.5 km will cost around {{INR}}37,539 crore Delhi–Alwar Smart Line are awaiting DPR approval, construction to commence by the end of 2018 and completed before 2025.<ref name="smart1">[https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/dec/01/india-spain-to-cooperate-on-rapid-rail-project-1715366.html], 1 December 2017.</ref><ref name=smart2>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/on-tracks-direct-trains-on-high-speed-rail-corridor-to-and-from-most-ncr-towns/story-jpcYpkBt5gs8H7SmcR8dwK.html "On track: Direct trains on high-speed rail corridor to and from most NCR towns"], ''Hindustan Times'', 28 November 2017.</ref><ref name=smart3>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/high-speed-rail-link-by-2023-to-cut-journey-time-to-30-minutes-at-100-km/h-between-kashmere-gate-and-gurgaon/articleshow/58324162.cms "High speed rail link by 2023 to cut journey time to 30 minutes at 100 km/h between Kashmere Gate and Gurgaon"], ''[[The Economic Times]]'', 23 April 2017.</ref> Delhi–Alwar line will have 19 stations, 9 underground stations from [[Maharana Pratap Inter State Bus Terminus|ISBT Kashmere Gate]] to [[Kherki Daula]] and 10 elevated stations on 124.5 km route.<ref name=smart3/>

By December 2017, railways for the first time installed 6,095 [[Global Positioning System|GPS]]-enabled "Fog Pilot Assistance System" [[railway signalling]] devices in four most affected zones, Northern Railway zone, [[North Central Railway zone]], [[North Eastern Railway zone]] and [[North Western Railway zone]], by doing away with the old practice of putting firecrackers on train tracks to alert train divers running trains on snail's pace. With these devices, train pilots precisely know in advance, about the location of signals, level-crossing gates and other such approaching markers.<ref name=fog1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62042305.cms "Indian Railways to use GPS-enabled devices to fight fog this season"], ''The Economic Times'', 12 December 2017.</ref>

==Divisions==
The Zonal Headquarters Office of Northern Railways is at [[Baroda House]], [[New Delhi]], and it has 6 railway divisions, whose divisional headquarters are located at:
* [[Ambala railway division]] at [[Ambala]] ([[Haryana]]),
* [[Delhi railway division]] at [[Delhi]],
* [[Firozpur railway division]] at [[Firozpur]] ([[Punjab, India|Punjab]]),
* [[Lucknow NR railway division]] at [[Lucknow]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]])
* [[Moradabad railway division]] at [[Moradabad]] ([[Western Uttar Pradesh]])
* [[Jammu railway division]] at [[Jammu]] ([[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]).

The first passenger railway line in [[North India]] opened from [[Railways in Kanpur|Allahabad to Kanpur]] on 3 March 1859. This was followed in 1889, by the Delhi–Panipat–Ambala–[[Kalka]] line. Northern Railways previously consisted of eight divisional zones: [[Allahabad]], [[Bikaner]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Delhi]], [[Moradabad]], [[Ferozpur]], [[Ambala]], and [[Lucknow]], spanning most of North India. With the re-organisation of zones by the Indian Railways, Northern Railway zone came to its present form on 14 April 1952 and it now consists of six divisional zones. The [[Jammu railway division]] is the latest division which came to existence in 2025.

== Major stations in Northern Railway Zone ==
Below is a list of the breakup of stations by category.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statement showing Category-wise No.of stations|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128044328/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI%26ACategoryStns.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2016|date=2016-01-28|access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"
! style="background:#ffd750;" |Category of station
! style="background:#ffd750;" |No. of stations
! style="background:#ffd750;" |Names of stations
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''A-1''' Category
| style="text-align:center;" |17
| style="text-align:center;" |{{stnlnk|Delhi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|New Delhi}}, {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}, {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}}, {{stnlnk|Ayodhya Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Chandigarh Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}}, {{stnlnk|Ludhiana Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Lucknow Charbagh}}, {{stnlnk|Rae Bareli Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Moradabad}}, {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Banaras}}, {{stnlnk|Haridwar Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bareilly Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Dehradun}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''A''' category
| style="text-align:center;" |48
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Adarsh Nagar railway station|Adarsh Nagar Delhi]], {{stnlnk|Ballabhgarh}}, {{stnlnk|Delhi Sarai Rohilla}}, {{stnlnk|Delhi Cantonment}}, {{stnlnk|Delhi Shahdara Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Faridabad}}, {{stnlnk|Ghaziabad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Gurgaon}}, {{stnlnk|Karnal}}, {{stnlnk|Meerut City}}, {{stnlnk|Meerut Cantt}}, {{stnlnk|Muzaffarnagar}}, {{stnlnk|Panipat Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Rohtak Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Sonipat Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bathinda Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jagadhri}}, {{stnlnk|Kalka}}, {{stnlnk|Patiala}}, {{stnlnk|Rajpura Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Saharanpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Sirhind}}, {{stnlnk|Beas Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Pathankot Cantonment}}, {{stnlnk|Firozpur Cantonment}}, {{stnlnk|Jalandhar City Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jalandhar Cantonment}}, {{stnlnk|Pathankot Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Phagwara Junction}}, [[Phillaur Junction railway station|Phillaur Junction]], {{stnlnk|Udhampur}}, {{stnlnk|Akbarpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ayodhya Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Barabanki Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bhadohi}}, {{stnlnk|Faizabad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Janghai Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Pratapgarh Junction}}, [[Shahganj Junction Railway Station|Shahganj Junction]], {{stnlnk|Sultanpur}}, {{stnlnk|Unnao Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Chandausi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Hapur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Hardoi}}, {{stnlnk|Moradabad}}, {{stnlnk|Rampur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Roorkee}}, {{stnlnk|Shahjahanpur}}, {{stnlnk|Roza Junction}}
|-
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''B''' category
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | {{stnlnk|Jaunpur Junction}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''C''' category
(Suburban station)
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''D''' category<ref>{{cite web|title=VIJAYAWADA DIVISION: A PROFILE|url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1448370249434-Division%20Profile.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128163230/http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1448370249434-Division%20Profile.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-01-28}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''E''' category<ref>{{cite web|title=VIJAYAWADA DIVISION: A PROFILE|url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1448370249434-Division%20Profile.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128163230/http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1448370249434-Division%20Profile.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-01-28}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''F''' category
Halt station
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Total'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''-'''
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|}

== Amrit Bharat Station Scheme in Northern Railway Zone ==
The Amrit Bharat Station Scheme in Northern Railway Zone is a significant infrastructure project under the Ministry of Railways, aimed at the long-term redevelopment of 151 railway stations in the Northern Railway (NR) zone. Launched as part of a national initiative by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in August 2023 and furthered in February 2024, the scheme aims to transform these stations into modern "City Centres" that integrate transportation with social and economic hubs. The table below lists all the stations under the project.<ref>https://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=9123&id=0,4,268{{Dead link | date=March 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small"
|-
!S.no
!Division
!Count
!Name of stations
|-
| 1
| Ambala (UMB)
| 19
|Abohar, Amb andaura, Ambala Cantt. Jn., Ambala City, Anandpur Sahib, Bathinda Jn., Chandigarh, Dhuri Jn., Kalka, Malerkotla, Nangal Dam, Patiala, Roop Nagar, Saharanpur Jn., Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar (Mohali), Sangrur, Shimla, Sirhind Jn. & Yamunanagar jagadhari
|-
| 2
|Delhi (DLI)
|34
|Adarsh Nagar Delhi, Anand Vihar Terminal, Bahadurgarh, Ballabgarh, Bijwasan, Delhi Cantt., Delhi Jn., Delhi-Safdar Jang, Delhi-Sarai Rohilla, Delhi-Shahdara Jn., Faridabad, Faridabad New Town, Ghaziabad Jn., Gohana, Gurgaon, Hazrat Nizamuddin Jn. , Jind Jn., Karnal, Kurukshetra Jn., Mansa, Meerut City Jn., Modinagar, Muzaffarnagar, Narela,Narwana Jn., New Delhi, Palwal,Panipat Jn., Pataudi Road, Rohtak Jn., Shamli, Sonipat, Subzi Mandi & Tilak Bridge
|-
| 3
|Firozpur (FZR)
|15
|Amritsar Jn., Beas JN., Dhandari Kalan, Fazilka Jn., Firozpur Cantt. Jn., Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar Cantt. Jn., Jalandhar City Jn., Kapurthala, Kot Kapura Jn., Ludhiana Jn., Moga, Muktsar, Phagwara Jn. & Phillaur Jn.
|-
| 4
|Jammu (JAT) Included under Firozpur/Northern HQ for administrative ABSS purposes.
| 9
| Budgam, Baijnath Paprola, Gurdaspur, Jammu Tawi, Martyr Captain Tushar Mahajan, Palampur Himachal, Pathankot Cantt, Pathankot Jn. & Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra
|-
| 5
|Lucknow (LKO)
|44
| Akbarpur Jn., Amethi, Ayodhya Dham Junction, Babatpur, Bachhrawn, Badshahpur, Bara Banki Jn., Bhadohi, Bharatkund, Chilbila Jn., Darshannagar, Gauriganj, Haidergarh, Janghai Jn., Jaunpur City, Jaunpur jn., Kanpur Bridge, Kashi, Kunda Harnamganj, Lalganj, Lambhua, Lohta, Lucknow Jn., Maa Belha Devi Dham Pratapgarh Junction, Maharaja Bijli Pasi, Malhour, Manak Nagar, Mariahu, Mohanlalganj, Phaphamau Jn., Phulpur, Prayag Jn., Rae Bareli Jn., Shahganj Jn., Shiupur, Sri Krishna Nagar, Sultanpur Jn., Takia, Unchahar Jn., Unnao Jn., Utraitia Jn., Varanasi Jn., Vyasanagar & Zafarabad Jn.
|-
| 6
| Moradabad (MB)
| 23
| Amroha, Aonla, Balamau Jn., Bareilly Jn., Bijnor, Bulandshahr, Chandausi Jn., Dehra Dun, Dhampur, Gajraula Jn., Garhmuktesar, Hapur jn., Hardoi , Haridwar Jn., Harrawala, Kotdwara, Moradabad Jn., Nagina, Najibabad Jn., Rampur, Roorkee, Seohara & Shahjahanpur Jn.
|}

== State wise Stations under Amrit Bharat Station scheme ==

The Amrit Bharat Station Scheme, as of March 2026, encompasses 144 railway stations under the jurisdiction of the Northern Railway (NR) zone, distributed across several states and union territories in North India. Uttar Pradesh holds the largest share of the project with 61 stations, primarily managed by the Lucknow and Moradabad divisions, including major hubs like Varanasi Jn. and Ayodhya Dham Junction. Punjab follows with 29 stations, featuring significant redevelopment at sites such as Amritsar Jn., Ludhiana Jn., and Jalandhar City Jn. In Haryana, 20 stations have been identified for upgrades, with a heavy concentration in the Delhi and Ambala divisions, covering locations like Faridabad, Rohtak Jn. and Ambala Cantt.

The National Capital Territory of Delhi includes 14 stations under the scheme, with New Delhi (NDLS) representing the most significant financial investment at a project cost of 4,744 Cr. In the Himalayan regions, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand have 6 and 5 stations respectively, including high-profile tourist destinations like Shimla, Haridwar Jn., and Dehra Dun. The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir accounts for 4 stations, notably Jammu Tawi and Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra. The Union Territory of Chandigarh is represented by a single station Chandigarh (CDG) which has an allocated project cost of 436.29 Cr.

<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/GATI-SHAKTI/2023/Amrit%20Bharat%20Station%20Scheme.pdf | title=Amrit Bharat Station Scheme for Indian Railways | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011150940/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/GATI-SHAKTI/2023/Amrit%20Bharat%20Station%20Scheme.pdf | archive-date=2023-10-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1701334226670-Amrit%20stations%20Description.pdf | title=Amrit station:ABSS Overview | website=nr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! S. No. !! Name of Station !! State !! Division !! Category !! Executing Agency
|-
| 1 || [[Abohar Junction railway station|Abohar (ABS)]] || Punjab || Ambala || NSG4 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 2 || [[Amb Andaura railway station|Amb Andaura (AADR)]] || Himachal Pradesh || Ambala || NSG4 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 3 || [[Ambala Cantt Junction railway station|Ambala Cantt. Jn. (UMB)]] || Haryana || Ambala || NSG2 || RLDA
|-
| 4 || [[Ambala City railway station|Ambala City (UBC)]] || Haryana || Ambala || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 5 || [[Anandpur Sahib railway station|Anandpur Sahib (ANSB)]] || Punjab || Ambala || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 6 || [[Bathinda Junction railway station|Bathinda Jn. (BTI)]] || Punjab || Ambala || NSG3 || Construction Unit
|-
| 7 || [[Chandigarh Junction railway station|Chandigarh (CDG)]] || Chandigarh || Ambala || NSG2 || RLDA
|-
| 8 || [[Dhuri Junction railway station|Dhuri Jn. (DUI)]] || Punjab || Ambala || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 9 || [[Kalka railway station|Kalka (KLK)]] || Haryana || Ambala || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 10 || [[Malerkotla railway station|Malerkotla (MET)]] || Punjab || Ambala || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 11 || [[Nangal Dam railway station|Nangal Dam (NLDM)]] || Punjab || Ambala || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 12 || [[Patiala railway station|Patiala (PTA)]] || Punjab || Ambala || NSG4 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 13 || [[Rupnagar railway station|Roop Nagar (RPAR)]] || Punjab || Ambala || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 14 || [[Saharanpur Junction railway station|Saharanpur Jn. (SRE)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Ambala || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 15 || [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar railway station|SAS Nagar Mohali (SASN)]] || Punjab || Ambala || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 16 || [[Sangrur railway station|Sangrur (SAG)]] || Punjab || Ambala || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 17 || [[Shimla railway station|Shimla (SML)]] || Himachal Pradesh || Ambala || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 18 || [[Sirhind Junction railway station|Sirhind Jn. (SIR)]] || Punjab || Ambala || NSG4 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 19 || [[Yamunanagar-Jagadhri railway station|Yamunanagar Jagadhari (YJUD)]] || Haryana || Ambala || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 20 || [[Adarsh Nagar Delhi railway station|Adarsh Nagar Delhi (ANDI)]] || Delhi || Delhi || NSG5 || Construction Unit
|-
| 21 || [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar Terminal (ANVT)]] || Delhi || Delhi || NSG1 || RLDA
|-
| 22 || [[Bahadurgarh railway station|Bahadurgarh (BGZ)]] || Haryana || Delhi || NSG4 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 23 || [[Ballabhgarh railway station|Ballabgarh (BVH)]] || Haryana || Delhi || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 24 || [[Bijwasan railway station|Bijwasan (BWSN)]] || Delhi || Delhi || NSG6 || RLDA
|-
| 25 || [[Delhi Cantt railway station|Delhi Cantt. (DEC)]] || Delhi || Delhi || NSG3 || RLDA
|-
| 26 || [[Old Delhi railway station|Delhi Jn. (DLI)]] || Delhi || Delhi || NSG1 || RLDA
|-
| 27 || [[Delhi Safdarjung railway station|Delhi-Safdar Jang (DSJ)]] || Delhi || Delhi || NSG4 || RLDA
|-
| 28 || [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station|Delhi-Sarai Rohilla (DEE)]] || Delhi || Delhi || NSG2 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 29 || [[Delhi Shahdara Junction railway station|Delhi-Shahdara Jn. (DSA)]] || Delhi || Delhi || NSG4 || Construction Unit
|-
| 30 || [[Faridabad railway station|Faridabad (FDB)]] || Haryana || Delhi || NSG3 || Construction Unit
|-
| 31 || [[Faridabad New Town railway station|Faridabad New Town (FDN)]] || Haryana || Delhi || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 32 || [[Ghaziabad Junction railway station|Ghaziabad Jn. (GZB)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Delhi || NSG2 || Construction Unit
|-
| 33 || [[Gohana Junction railway station|Gohana (GHNA)]] || Haryana || Delhi || NSG6 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 34 || [[Gurgaon railway station|Gurgaon (GGN)]] || Haryana || Delhi || NSG3 || RLDA
|-
| 35 || [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin Jn. (NZM)]] || Delhi || Delhi || NSG1 || RLDA
|-
| 36 || [[Jind Junction railway station|Jind Jn. (JIND)]] || Haryana || Delhi || NSG4 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 37 || [[Karnal railway station|Karnal (KUN)]] || Haryana || Delhi || NSG3 || Construction Unit
|-
| 38 || [[Kurukshetra Junction railway station|Kurukshetra Jn. (KKDE)]] || Haryana || Delhi || NSG3 || Construction Unit
|-
| 39 || [[Mansa railway station|Mansa (MSZ)]] || Punjab || Delhi || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 40 || [[Meerut City Junction railway station|Meerut City Jn. (MTC)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Delhi || NSG3 || Construction Unit
|-
| 41 || [[Modinagar railway station|Modinagar (MDNR)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Delhi || NSG4 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 42 || [[Muzaffarnagar railway station|Muzaffarnagar (MOZ)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Delhi || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 43 || [[Narela railway station|Narela (NUR)]] || Delhi || Delhi || NSG4 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 44 || [[Narwana Junction railway station|Narwana Jn. (NRW)]] || Haryana || Delhi || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 45 || [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi (NDLS)]] || Delhi || Delhi || NSG1 || RLDA
|-
| 46 || [[Palwal railway station|Palwal (PWL)]] || Haryana || Delhi || NSG4 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 47 || [[Panipat Junction railway station|Panipat Jn. (PNP)]] || Haryana || Delhi || NSG3 || Construction Unit
|-
| 48 || [[Pataudi Road railway station|Pataudi Road (PTRD)]] || Haryana || Delhi || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 49 || [[Rohtak Junction railway station|Rohtak Jn. (ROK)]] || Haryana || Delhi || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 50 || [[Shamli railway station|Shamli (SMQL)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Delhi || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 51 || [[Sonipat Junction railway station|Sonipat (SNP)]] || Haryana || Delhi || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 52 || [[Sabzi Mandi railway station|Subzi Mandi (SZM)]] || Delhi || Delhi || NSG4 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 53 || [[Tilak Bridge railway station|Tilak Bridge (TKJ)]] || Delhi || Delhi || NSG6 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 54 || [[Amritsar Junction railway station|Amritsar Jn. (ASR)]] || Punjab || Firozpur || NSG2 || Construction Unit
|-
| 55 || [[Beas Junction railway station|Beas JN (BEAS)]] || Punjab || Firozpur || NSG3 || Construction Unit
|-
| 56 || [[Dhandari Kalan railway station|Dhandari Kalan (DDL)]] || Punjab || Firozpur || NSG4 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 57 || [[Fazilka Junction railway station|Fazilka Jn. (FKA)]] || Punjab || Firozpur || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 58 || [[Firozpur Cantt railway station|Firozpur Cantt. Jn. (FZR)]] || Punjab || Firozpur || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 59 || [[Hoshiarpur railway station|Hoshiarpur (HSX)]] || Punjab || Firozpur || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 60 || [[Jalandhar Cantt Junction railway station|Jalandhar Cantt. Jn. (JRC)]] || Punjab || Firozpur || NSG3 || Construction Unit
|-
| 61 || [[Jalandhar City Junction railway station|Jalandhar City Jn. (JUC)]] || Punjab || Firozpur || NSG2 || Construction Unit
|-
| 62 || [[Kapurthala railway station|Kapurthala (KXH)]] || Punjab || Firozpur || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 63 || [[Kot Kapura Junction railway station|Kot Kapura Jn. (KKP)]] || Punjab || Firozpur || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 64 || [[Ludhiana Junction railway station|Ludhiana Jn. (LDH)]] || Punjab || Firozpur || NSG2 || Construction Unit
|-
| 65 || [[Moga railway station|Moga (MOGA)]] || Punjab || Firozpur || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 66 || [[Muktsar railway station|Muktsar (MKS)]] || Punjab || Firozpur || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 67 || [[Phagwara Junction railway station|Phagwara Jn. (PGW)]] || Punjab || Firozpur || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 68 || [[Phillaur Junction railway station|Phillaur Jn. (PHR)]] || Punjab || Firozpur || NSG4 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 69 || [[Baijnath Paprola railway station|Baijnath Paprola (BJPL)]] || Himachal Pradesh || Jammu || NSG6 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 70 || [[Budgam railway station|Budgam (BDGM)]] || Jammu and Kashmir || Jammu || NSG6 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 71 || [[Gurdaspur railway station|Gurdaspur (GSP)]] || Punjab || Jammu || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 72 || [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi (JAT)]] || Jammu and Kashmir || Jammu || NSG2 || Construction Unit
|-
| 73 || [[Martyr Captain Tushar Mahajan railway station|MCT Mahajan (MCTM)]] || Jammu and Kashmir || Jammu || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 74 || [[Palampur Himachal railway station|Palampur Himachal (PLMX)]] || Himachal Pradesh || Jammu || NSG4 || Construction Unit
|-
| 75 || [[Pathankot Cantt railway station|Pathankot Cantt (PTKC)]] || Punjab || Jammu || NSG3 || Construction Unit
|-
| 76 || [[Pathankot Junction railway station|Pathankot Jn. (PTK)]] || Punjab || Jammu || NSG4 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 77 || [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra railway station|SMVD Katra (SVDK)]] || Jammu and Kashmir || Jammu || NSG2 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 78 || [[Akbarpur Junction railway station|Akbarpur Jn. (ABP)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 79 || [[Amethi railway station|Amethi (AME)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG4 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 80 || [[Ayodhya Dham Junction railway station|Ayodhya Dham Jn. (AY)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG3 || Construction Unit
|-
| 81 || [[Babatpur railway station|Babatpur (BTP)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG6 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 82 || [[Bachhrawan railway station|Bachhrawn (BCN)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 83 || [[Badshahpur railway station|Badshahpur (BSE)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 84 || [[Barabanki Junction railway station|Bara Banki Jn. (BBK)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 85 || [[Bhadohi railway station|Bhadohi (BOY)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 86 || [[Bharatkund railway station|Bharatkund (BTKD)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG6 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 87 || [[Chilbila Junction railway station|Chilbila Jn. (CIL)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG6 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 88 || [[Darshannagar railway station|Darshannagar (DRG)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG6 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 89 || [[Gauriganj railway station|Gauriganj (GNG)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 90 || [[Haidergarh railway station|Haidergarh (HGH)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG6 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 91 || [[Janghai Junction railway station|Janghai Jn. (JNH)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 92 || [[Jaunpur City railway station|Jaunpur City (JOP)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG4 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 93 || [[Jaunpur Junction railway station|Jaunpur Jn. (JNU)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 94 || [[Kanpur Bridge Left Bank railway station|Kanpur Bridge (RB) (CPB)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG6 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 95 || [[Kashi railway station|Kashi (KEI)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG5 || Construction Unit
|-
| 96 || [[Kunda Harnamganj railway station|Kunda Harnamganj (KHNM)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 97 || [[Lalganj railway station|Lalganj (LLJ)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 98 || [[Lambhua railway station|Lambhua (LBA)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 99 || [[Lohta railway station|Lohta (LOT)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG6 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 100 || [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow Jn. (LKO)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG2 || RLDA
|-
| 101 || [[Maa Belha Devi Dham Pratapgarh Junction railway station|MBDD Pratapgarh Jn. (MBDP)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 102 || [[Maharaja Bijli Pasi railway station|Maharaja Bijli Pasi (MBLP)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG4 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 103 || [[Malhour railway station|Malhour (ML)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG6 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 104 || [[Manak Nagar railway station|Manak Nagar (MKG)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG6 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 105 || [[Mariahu railway station|Mariahu (MAY)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 106 || [[Mohanlalganj railway station|Mohanlalganj (MLJ)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG6 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 107 || [[Phaphamau Junction railway station|Phaphamau Jn. (PFM)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG5 || Division (Open Line) Unit
|-
| 108 || [[Phulpur railway station|Phulpur (PLP)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 109 || [[Prayag Junction railway station|Prayag Jn. (PRG)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG4 || Division (Open Line) Unit
|-
| 110 || [[Rae Bareli Junction railway station|Rae Bareli Jn. (RBL)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 111 || [[Shahganj Junction railway station|Shahganj Jn. (SHG)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 112 || [[Shiupur railway station|Shiupur (SOP)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG6 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 113 || [[Sri Krishna Nagar railway station|Sri Krishna Nagar (SKN)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 114 || [[Sultanpur Junction railway station|Sultanpur Jn. (SLN)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 115 || [[Takia railway station|Takia (TQA)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 116 || [[Unchahar Junction railway station|Unchahar Jn. (UCR)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 117 || [[Unnao Junction railway station|Unnao Jn. (ON)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 118 || [[Utraitia Junction railway station|Utraitia Jn. (UTR)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG6 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 119 || [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi Jn. (BSB)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG1 || Construction Unit
|-
| 120 || [[Vyasanagar railway station|Vyasanagar (VYN)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG6 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 121 || [[Zafarabad Junction railway station|Zafarabad Jn. (ZBD)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Lucknow || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 122 || [[Amroha railway station|Amroha (AMRO)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Moradabad || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 123 || [[Aonla railway station|Aonla (AO)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Moradabad || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 124 || [[Balamau Junction railway station|Balamau Jn. (BLM)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Moradabad || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 125 || [[Bareilly Junction railway station|Bareilly Jn. (BE)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Moradabad || NSG2 || Construction Unit
|-
| 126 || [[Bijnor railway station|Bijnor (BJO)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Moradabad || NSG5 || Division (Open Line) Unit
|-
| 127 || [[Bulandshahr railway station|Bulandshahr (BSC)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Moradabad || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 128 || [[Chandausi Junction railway station|Chandausi Jn. (CH)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Moradabad || NSG4 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 129 || [[Dehradun railway station|Dehra Dun (DDN)]] || Uttarakhand || Moradabad || NSG2 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 130 || [[Dhampur railway station|Dhampur (DPR)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Moradabad || NSG5 || Division (Open Line) Unit
|-
| 131 || [[Gajraula Junction railway station|Gajraula Jn. (GJL)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Moradabad || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 132 || [[Garhmuktesar railway station|Garhmuktesar (GMS)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Moradabad || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 133 || [[Hapur Junction railway station|Hapur Jn. (HPU)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Moradabad || NSG4 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 134 || [[Hardoi railway station|Hardoi (HRI)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Moradabad || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 135 || [[Haridwar railway station|Haridwar Jn. (HW)]] || Uttarakhand || Moradabad || NSG2 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 136 || [[Harrawala railway station|Harrawala (HRW)]] || Uttarakhand || Moradabad || NSG6 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 137 || [[Kotdwar railway station|Kotdwara (KTW)]] || Uttarakhand || Moradabad || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 138 || [[Moradabad Junction railway station|Moradabad Jn. (MB)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Moradabad || NSG2 || Construction Unit
|-
| 139 || [[Nagina railway station|Nagina (NGG)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Moradabad || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 140 || [[Najibabad Junction railway station|Najibabad Jn. (NBD)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Moradabad || NSG4 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 141 || [[Rampur Junction railway station|Rampur (RMU)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Moradabad || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 142 || [[Roorkee railway station|Roorkee (RK)]] || Uttarakhand || Moradabad || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 143 || [[Seohara railway station|Seohara (SEO)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Moradabad || NSG5 || Gati Shakti Unit
|-
| 144 || [[Shahjahanpur Junction railway station|Shahjahanpur Jn. (SPN)]] || Uttar Pradesh || Moradabad || NSG3 || Gati Shakti Unit
|}

== Infrastructure ==
On 19 February 1986, Northern Railways was the first zone to introduce the computerized passenger reservation system and was the first zone to do so. To facilitate the Unreserved travellers to also plan their journey ahead, Northern Railway introduced the Unreserved Ticketing System (UTS) whereby the unreserved rail passenger can purchase an unreserved ticket three days in advance from the current booking counters.

The first diesel and electric locomotive simulators in India at the [[Diesel Loco Shed, Tughlakabad|Tughlakabad]] and [[Electric Loco Shed, Kanpur|Kanpur]] locomotive sheds were introduced by Northern Railways. These help upgrading the skills of the working and new drivers, providing them training for high-speed train operation. All workshops, diesel sheds and air brake freight departments are [[ISO 9000]] certified. Diesel shed, Tughlaqabad has the distinction of being the first diesel shed to get [[ISO 14000]] certification on the Indian Railway.

There are eight workshops operated by Northern Railways

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#1e90ff;"|Workshop
! style="background:#1e90ff;"|Location
! style="background:#1e90ff;"|State
|-
| Locomotive Workshop|| [[Charbagh railway station]], [[Lucknow]]||[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| Carriage & Wagon Workshop<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrcnwlko.gov.in/|title=Northern Railway Carriage and wagon Workshop Lucknow|website=nrcnwlko.gov.in|access-date=8 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328232553/http://www.nrcnwlko.gov.in/|archive-date=28 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>|| [[Alambagh]], Lucknow||Uttar Pradesh
|-
| Carriage & Wagon Workshop|| [[Jagadhri railway station|Yamunanagar-Jagadhari railway station]], [[Yamunanagar]]||[[Haryana]]
|-
| Carriage & Wagon Workshop||[[Kalka]]||Haryana
|-
| Bridge Workshop||[[Jalandhar Cantonment]]||[[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|-
| Bridge Workshop||[[Lucknow]]||Uttar Pradesh
|-
|Engineering workshop||[[Jalandhar]]||Punjab (India)|Punjab
|-
|Signal & Telecom Workshop||[[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]]||Uttar Pradesh
|}

'''Zonal Railway Training Institute (ZRTI)''' at [[Chandausi]], Moradabad UP is the oldest (and North India's only) Railway Training Institute, where group C railway employees like Driver, Guard, Ticket Checker, Station Master, Traffic Inspector, Commercial Inspector, JE (signal & Telecom) etc. are trained for initial, promotional and refresher courses. ZRTI is an ISO 9001 Institute. Applicants pass All India Railway Examinations to get admission into the institute. ZRTI is headed by a senior Civil Services Officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zrti.in/|title=ZRTI, Chandausi|website=www.zrti.in|access-date=7 January 2014|archive-date=12 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112154440/http://zrti.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Routes==
===Express===
* [[Haridwar–Jammu Tawi Express]], between {{stnlnk|Haridwar}} and {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}}
* [[Kalka–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Express]], between {{stnlnk|Kalka}} and {{stnlnk|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra}}

== Jurisdiction ==
Northern Railways is one of nine old zones of Indian Railways and also the biggest in terms of network having 6807 kilometre route.<ref name="Northern Railways">{{cite web|author=iloveindia.com|title=Northern Indian Railway|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-railways/railway-zones/northern-railway.html|access-date=2 December 2009|archive-date=12 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212063408/http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-railways/railway-zones/northern-railway.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It covers the states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] and the [[Union Territory|Union territories]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Delhi]] and [[Chandigarh]].

== Background ==
Northern Railways implemented the [[route relay interlocking]] (RRI) system at [[New Delhi railway station]] which is a modern signaling system for enhancing efficiency and safety in the operations. This RRI system at New Delhi is one of the world's largest route relay interlocking system certified by the Guinness Book of Records. Northern Railway is equipped with 40 RRI systems including the system at Delhi Main.

[[Delhi Suburban Railway]] services is a commuter rail service operated by Northern Railway. It covers the city state of Delhi, along with the adjoining districts of [[Faridabad]], Ghaziabad and other adjoining places in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. These services are mostly run using [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] and MEMU rakes. In 2009 Ladies Special trains were introduced between New Delhi and [[Palwal]]. Two more ladies special trains will be connecting from the city to Ghaziabad and [[Panipat]].

Starting with a part of [[Firozpur railway division|Firozpur division]] of the Northern Railway zone, the line has been under construction since 1983; the Jammu–Udhampur–Srinagar–Baramulla Railway Link (JUSBRL) of the [[Jammu–Baramulla line]] is under construction in perhaps the most difficult terrain on the Indian subcontinent. The Northern Railway reached another landmark achievement by extending rail services in the Kashmir Valley on 28 October 2009 by commencing rail services between [[Anantnag]] and [[Qazigund]] of the Qazigund-Baramula rail project.<ref name="Qazigund-Baramula rail project">{{cite web|author=Sify.com|title=Tracking Jammu and Kashmir's rail history|website=[[Sify]] |url=http://sify.com/news/Tracking-Jammu-and-Kashmir-39-s-rail-history-news-jk2sOdacaeg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030012610/http://www.sify.com/news/Tracking-Jammu-and-Kashmir-39-s-rail-history-news-jk2sOdacaeg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-10-30}}</ref> [[Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel]], the 10.96 km long railway tunnel, passes through the [[Pir Panjal Range]] of middle [[Himalayas]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is a part of its [[Udhampur]]–[[Srinagar]]–[[Baramulla]] rail link project, opened in October 2011, India's longest and Asia's second longest railway tunnel and reduced the distance between [[Quazigund]] and [[Banihal]] to only 11 km.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news| title=India's longest railway tunnel unveiled in Jammu & Kashmir| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indias-longest-railway-tunnel-unveiled-in-Jammu-Kashmir/articleshow/10354892.cms| work=[[The Times of India]]| date=14 October 2011| access-date=14 October 2011}}</ref>

Northern Railways in keeping the objective to achieve the target under [[National Solar Mission]] to maximize the use of solar power selected Vivaan Solar, a [[Gwalior]]-based company to install a total of five MW rooftop solar power project in 4 major railway stations of [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi]] namely {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar}}, {{stnlnk|New Delhi}}, {{stnlnk|Old Delhi}} and {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} respectively. The [[Public Private Partnership]] to install [[rooftop solar]] project was signed in late 2016. The [[solar power]] project is to be executed on design, build, finance, operate and transfer (DBFOT) basis and expected to be operational by August 2017. The company will also be responsible for maintaining the respective solar power plants with break up of 1.1 MW, 1.1 MW, 2.2 MW, and 0.6 MW respectively for a period of 25 years.<ref name="auto"/>

==Loco sheds==
* [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad]]
* [[Electric Loco Shed, Ludhiana]]
* Electric Loco Shed, Saharanpur
* Electric Loco Shed, Khanalampura
* Diesel Loco Shed, Tughlakabad
* [[Diesel Loco Shed, Ludhiana]]
* Diesel Loco Shed, Lucknow
* Diesel Loco Shed, Roza
* Diesel Loco Shed, Alambagh

==See also==

* [[All India Station Masters' Association]] (AISMA)
* [[Zones and divisions of Indian Railways]]
* [[New Delhi railway station]]
* [[Delhi Junction railway station]]
* [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station]]
* [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow NR]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131206155845/http://www.nr.indianrail.gov.in/ Northern Railway, Official website]
* [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/ Indian Railway, Official website]

{{coord missing|Delhi}}

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

[[Category:Zones of Indian Railways]]
[[Category:Northern Railway zone| ]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in India]]

Jhangvi dialect

2026-03-08T12:53:07Z

Vanmathiscp: cleaned up content based on references

{{Short description|Dialect of Punjabi}}
{{Cleanup lang|date=July 2025|iso=pnb}}
{{Infobox dialect
| name = Jhangvi
| nativename = {{hlist|
{{lang|pnb|{{nq|جھنگوی}}}}|{{lang|pnb|{{nq|}}}}|{{lang|pnb|{{nq|رچناوی}}}}}}
| states = [[Pakistan]]
| region = [[Bar region]] of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]
| ethnicity = [[Punjabis]]
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]]
| fam5 = [[Lahnda]] {{small|(Western Punjabi)}}
| map =
| mapcaption =
| isoexception = dialect
| glotto = jatk1238
}}
[[File:Dialects Of Punjabi.jpg|thumb|right|Map of dialects of Punjabi.]]
'''Jhangvi''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|æ|ŋ|v|i}}; {{lang|pnb|{{resize|{{nq|جھنگوی}}}}}}; {{IPA|pa|ˈd͡ʒàŋ.gᵊ.ʋi|Jhangvi:}}), also known as '''Jhangochi''' ({{resize|{{nq|جھنگوچی}}}}), is a [[Punjabi dialects and languages#List of dialects and varieties|western dialect]] of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], predominantly spoken in [[central Punjab]], Pakistan. Its name is derived from [[Jhang]], its main city.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dikshit |first1=K. R. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tss-EQAAQBAJ&pg=PT146 |title=Regional Geography of Pakistan: A Study in Spatial Relations |last2=Dikshit |first2=Jutta K. |date=2025 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-30665-9 |pages=146 |language=en |chapter=Punjab}}</ref> It is spoken throughout a widespread area, starting from [[Khanewal]] to [[Jhang District]] at either end of [[Ravi River|Ravi]] and [[Chenab River|Chenab]].<ref name="Habib-2024">{{Cite journal |last1=Habib |first1=Dr Muhammad Asad |last2=Asif |first2=Dr Muhammad |last3=Fayyaz |first3=Dr Shafaq |last4=Afzal |first4=Muhammad Imran |last5=Mohsin |first5=Liaqat Ali |date=April 27, 2024 |title=Exploring Syllable Structure in Jhangvi: A CV Phonology Analysis. |url= |journal=International Journal of Multicultural Education |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=125–134 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.11079196 |issn=1934-5267 |doi-access=}}</ref> It is also spoken in [[Chiniot|Chinot]], [[Okara District|Okara]], [[Sahiwal Division|Sahiwal]], [[Toba Tek Singh District|Toba Tek Singh]], [[Hafizabad District|Hafizabad]], [[Mandi Bahauddin District|Mandi Bahauddin]], [[Pakpattan]], [[Bahawalnagar District|Bahawalnagar]] and [[Faisalabad District|Faisalabad]].<ref name="Habib-2024" />

It is intermediate between [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]] and Multani.{{sfn|Wagha|1997|p=220}} The similar [[Shahpuri dialect]] is spoken in [[Sargodha District|Sargodha]] and [[Mandi Bahauddin District|Mandi Bahauddin]], while [[Dhanni dialect|Dhanni]] is spoken in [[Chakwal District|Chakwal]], [[Talagang]] and [[Khushab District|Khushab]].

==Phonology==
Jangli's sound inventory includes [[implosive consonants]], but [[Saraiki language#Implosives|unlike in Saraiki]] these do not have [[phonemic]] status, as they do not contrast with plain voiced consonants.{{sfn|Wagha|1997|pp=234–35}} The implosives are more common than in Saraiki, and their set contains an unusual and highly rare consonant, a [[dental implosive]] {{IPA|/ɗ̪/}}, which contrasts with the regular [[retroflex implosive]] {{IPA|/ᶑ/}}.{{sfn|Shackle|1976|p=23}}{{sfn|Bahl|1936|p=28}}

==Similar dialects==
[[Glottolog]] shows [[Jatki language|Jatki]], [[Shahpuri dialect|Shahpuri]] and [[Dhanni dialect|Dhanni]] as other dialects of [[Lahnda]] (Western Punjabi).<ref name="e395">{{cite web | title=Western Panjabi | website= Glottolog 5.1 | url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/west2386 | access-date=19 January 2025}}</ref>

==Grammar==

===Continuous tense===
Similar to [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pothohari]], [[Hindko]], and other [[Punjabi varieties|Western Punjabi dialects]], Jhangochi also uses ''pyā'' to signify the continuous tense.<ref>For instance see examples given at {{harvb|Wilson|1898|p=54}}</ref>

Many [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]] sub-dialects also utilize this tense.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |'''English'''
! colspan="3" |'''Jatki'''
|-
!'''Transliteration'''
![[Shahmukhi alphabet|'''Shahmukhi''']]
!'''[[Gurmukhi]]'''
|-
|I am doing
|Mãi karda pya aan
Mãi kareynda pya aan
|میں کردا پیا آں
میں کریندا پیا آں
|ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਆਂ
ਮੈਂ ਕਰੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਆਂ
|-
|We are doing
|Asī̃ karday paye haen
Asī̃ kareynday paye haen

("aan" may also be used)
|اسِیں کردے پئے ہائیں
اسِیں کریندے پئے ہائیں
|ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਹਾਏਂ
ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ ਹਾਏਂ
|-
|You are doing (sing, m.)
|Tū̃ karda pya ain
Tū̃ kareynda pya ain
|تُوں کردا پیا ایں
تُوں کریندا پیا ایں
|ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐਂ
ਤੂੰ ਕਰੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐਂ
|-
|You are doing (sing, f.)
|Tū̃ kardi pyi ain
Tū̃ kareyndi pyi ain
|تُوں کردی پئی ایں
تُوں کریندی پئی ایں
|ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦੀ ਪਈ ਐਂ
ਤੂੰ ਕਰੇਂਦੀ ਪਈ ਐਂ
|-
|You are doing (plural)
|Tusī̃ karday paye o
Tusī̃ kareynday paye o
|تُسِیں کردے پئے او
تُسِیں کردے پئے او
|ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਓ
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ ਓ
|-
|He is doing
|Ó karda pya ae
Ó kareynda pya ae
|اوہ کردا پیا اے
اوہ کریندا پیا اے
|ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
ਉਹ ਕਰੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|-
|She is doing
|Ó kardi pyi ae
Ó kareyndi pyi ae
|اوہ کردی پِئی اے
اوہ کریندی پِئی اے
|ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀ ਪਈ ਐ
ਉਹ ਕਰੇਂਦੀ ਪਈ ਐ
|-
|They are doing (m.)
|Ó karday paye no
Ó kareynday paye hin
|اوہ کردے پئے نوں
اوہ کریندے پئے ہِن
|ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ
ਉਹ ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ
|-
|They are doing (f.)
|Ó kardiyan pyian no
Ó kareyndiyan pyian hin
|اوہ کردِیاں پئِیاں نوں
اوہ کردِیاں پئِیاں ہِن
|ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਨੋਂ
ਉਹ ਕਰੇਂਦੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਹਿਨ
|}
The place of "''pyā"'' may sometimes be switched with respect to the verb.

''"Tusī̃ bahoon changā kamm paye karenday o"'', meaning "You (plural) are doing a very good thing"

''"Tū̃ bahoon changā kamm krendā ain pyā"'', meaning "You (sing, m) are doing a very good thing"

''"Sāḍā hāl kehṛā puchhdā ãi, mar mar ke paye aan jeenday'', meaning "What do you ask about us? We are living in great distress" (a song by Mansoor Malangi)

''"Paye aapna vanjeynday visaah o"'', meaning "You are wasting the trust people have in you" (from "Tusi changean naseeban de shah")

''"Eh dohven aape vich larde hin paye"''. meaning "These two are fighting amongst themselves"

''"Ethay seklaan pyiaan vikkdiyaan hin"'' or ''"Ethay seklaan vikkdiyaan ne pyiaan"'', meaning "Bicycles are being sold here"

===Future tense===
The future tense in Jatki Punjabi is formed by adding -s as opposed to the Eastern Punjabi ''gā.''{{sfn|Wilson|1898|p=50}}

This tense is also utilized in [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pothwari]], [[Hindko]], [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] and other Western Punjabi dialects.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |'''English'''
! colspan="3" |'''Jatki'''
|-
!'''Transliteration'''
![[Shahmukhi alphabet|'''Shahmukhi''']]
!'''[[Gurmukhi]]'''
|-
|I will do
|Mãi karsā̃
Mãi kareysā̃
|میں کرساں
میں کریساں
|ਮੈਂ ਕਰਸਾਂ
ਮੈਂ ਕਰੇਸਾਂ
|-
|We will do
|Asī̃ karsā̃ / Asī̃ karsā̃e
Asī̃ kareysā̃ / Asī̃ kareysā̃e
|اسِیں کرساں / اسِیں کرسائیں
اسِیں کریساں / اسِیں کریسائیں
|ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਸਾਂ / ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਸਾਏਂ
ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰੇਸਾਂ / ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰੇਸਾਏਂ
|-
|You will do (singular)
|Tū̃ karsãi
Tū̃ kareysãi
|تُوں کرسیں
تُوں کریسیں
|ਤੂੰ ਕਰਸੈਂ
ਤੂੰ ਕਰੇਸੈਂ
|-
|You will do (plural)
|Tusī̃ karso
Tusī̃ kareyso
|تُسِیں کرسو
تُسِیں کریسو
|ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਸੋ
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰੇਸੋ
|-
|He/She will do
|Ó karsi
Ó kaeyrsi
|اوہ کرسی
اوہ کریسی
|ਓਹ ਕਰਸੀ
ਓਹ ਕਰੇਸੀ
|-
|They will do
|Ó karsan
Ó kareysan
|اوہ کرسن
اوہ کریسن
|ਓਹ ਕਰਸਨ
ਓਹ ਕਰੇਸਨ
|}

=== Past Tense ===
The past tense in the Jatki dialects differs from that of [[Eastern Punjabi Bharatpedia|Eastern Punjabi]].{{sfn|Wilson|1898|p=46}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |English
! colspan="2" |Jatki
! rowspan="2" |[[Pahari-Pothwari|Pothohari]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Majhi dialect|Majhi]]
|-
!Shahpuri/Jhangochi
![[Dhanni dialect|Dhanni]]
|-
|I was doing
|میں کریندا پیا ہمُوں (جھنگوچی)
میں کردا پیا ہاسُو (شاہپُوری)

ਮੈਂ ਕਰੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਮੂੰ (ਝੰਗਵੀ)

ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਸੂ (ਸ਼ਾਹਪੂਰੀ)
|میں کریندا پیا اوس
ਮੈਂ ਕਰੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਓਸ
|میں کرنا پیا ساں
ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਸਾਂ
|میں کردا پیا ساں
ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸਾਂ
|-
|We were doing
|اسِیں کریندے/کردے پئے ہاسے
ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ/ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ ਹਾਸੇ
|اسِیں کریندے پئے اوس
ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ ਓਸ
|اساں کرنے پئے سیاں
اساں کرنے پئے ساں

ਅਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਸਿਆਂ/ਸਾਂ
|اسِیں کردے پئے ساں
ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਸਾਂ
|-
|You were doing (sing.)
|تُوں کردا/کردیندا پیا ہائیں
ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ/ਕਰੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਏਂ
|تُوں کریندا پیا ایاں
ਤੂੰ ਕਰੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਅਇਆਂ
|تُوں کرنا پیا سَیں
ਤੂੰ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੈਂ
|تُوں کردا پیا سیں
ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੈਂ
|-
|You were doing (pl.)
|تُسِیں کردے/کریندے پئے ہائے (جھنگوچی)
تُسِیں کردے/کریندے پئے ہاؤ (شاہپُوری)

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ/ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ ਹਾਏ (ਝੰਗਵੀ)

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ/ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ ਹਾਓ (ਸ਼ਾਹਪੂਰੀ)
|تُسِیں کریندے پئے اَو

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ ਆਓ
|تُساں کرنے پئے سیو
تُساں کرنے پِئے سو

ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਸਿਓ/ਸੋ
|تُسِیں کردے پئے سو
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਸੋ
|-
|He was doing
|اوہ کردا/کریندا پیا ہا
ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ/ਕਰੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾ
|اوہ کریندا پیا آیا
ਉਹ ਕਰੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਆਇਆ
|اوہ کرنا پیا سا
اوہ کرنا پیا سی

ਉਹ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਸਾ/ਸੀ
|اوہ کردا پیا سی
ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੀ
|-
|She was doing
|اوہ کردی/کریندی پئی ہائی
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀ/ਕਰੇਂਦੀ ਪਈ ਹਾਈ
|اوہ کریندی پئی آئی
ਉਹ ਕਰੇਂਦੀ ਪਈ ਆਈ
|اوہ کرنی پئی سی
ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀ ਪਈ ਸੀ
|اوہ کردی پئی سی
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀ ਪਈ ਸੀ
|-
|They were doing (m.)
|اوہ کردے/کریندے پئے ہان
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ/ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ ਹਾਨ
|اوہ کریندے پئے آہے
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ/ਕਰੇਂਦੇ ਪਏ ਆਏ
|اوہ کرنے پئے سے
اوہ کرنے پئے سن

ਉਹ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਸੇ/ਸਨ
|اوہ کردے پئے سن
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਸਨ
|-
|They were doing (f.)
|اوہ کردِیاں/کریندِیاں پئیاں ہان
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ/ਕਰੇਂਦੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਹਾਨ
|اوہ کریندِیاں پئیاں آئیاں
ਉਹ ਕਰੇਂਦੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਆਈਆਂ
|اوہ کرنِیاں پئیاں سِیاں
اوہ کرنِیاں پئیاں سن

ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਸੀਆਂ/ਸਨ
|اوہ کردِیاں پئیاں سن
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਸਨ
|}

===Present tense===
The present tense of non-causative verbs in Jatki may involve the addition of '''''-eyndā''''', while causative verbs may attain either ''-eyndā'' or ''-āandā''. The future tense changes accordingly.

Verbs that have a causative form, rarely acquire -''eyndā'', for example, ''Mardā'' (dies) cannot become ''Mareyndā'' (kills/hits) as that is the present form of ''Maarnā'' (killing/hitting).

However, ''Mannnā'' (to be convinced) and ''Mannāvnā'' (to convince) both can be said as ''Maneyndā'' in the present form.

Verbs like ''āvan'' (to come) and ''lyāvan'' (to bring) will not take -eyndā, as they lack a passive form, so they are either said as -'''''āndā''''' or -'''''aundā'''''
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |English
! colspan="3" |Jatki Punjabi
|-
!Present
!Future
!Present Passive
|-
|Dividing
|''Vanḍeyndā / Vanḍdā''
|''Vanḍeysi / Vanḍdsi''
|''Vanḍeendā''
|-
|Doing
|''Kareyndā / Kardā''
|''Kareysi / Karsi''
|''Kareendā''
|-
|Throwing
|''Saṭṭeyndā / Saṭṭdā''
|''Saṭṭeysi / Saṭṭsi''
|''Saṭṭeendā''
|-
|Removing
|''Kaḍḍheyndā / Kaḍḍhdā''
|''Kaḍḍheysi / Kaḍḍhsi''
|''Kaḍḍheendā''
|-
|Scattering
|''Ruleyndā / Roldā''
|''Ruleysi / Rolsi''
|''Roleendā''
|-
|To be making one cry
|''Ruveyndā / Ruvaandā''
|''Ruveysi / Ruvaasi''
|''Ruvāveedā''
|-
|To feed
|''Khaveyndā / Khavaandā''
|''Khaveysi / Khavaasi''
|''Khāaveedā''
|-
|Beating
|''Mareyndā / Maardā''
|''Mareysi / Maarsi''
|''Mareendā/Māreendā''
|-
|Moving
|''Ṭureyndā / Ṭordā''
|''Ṭureysi / Ṭorsi''
|''Ṭureendā''
|-
|Using
|''Varteyndā / Vartdā''
|''Varteysi / Vartsi''
|''Varteendā''
|-
|Cutting
|''Kapeyndā / Kappdā''
|''Kapeysi / Kappsi''
|''Kapeendā''
|-
|Chopping
|''Vaḍḍheyndā / Vaḍḍhdā''
|''Vaḍḍheysi/ Vaḍḍhsi''
|''Vaḍḍheendā''
|-
|To be making one understand
|''Samjheyndā / Samjhaandā''
|''Samjheysi / Samjhaasi''
|''Samjhaaveedā''
|-
|Raising/Lifting
|''Cheyndā / Chaandā''
|''Cheysi / Chaasi''
|''Chaveendā''
|-
|Putting/Pouring/Adding
|''Peyndā / Paandā''
|''Peysi / Paasi''
|''Paveendā/Pāveedā''
|-
|Bringing
|''Aaṅdā / Aṅeydā''
|''Aaṅsi / Aṅeysi''
|''Aaṅeā veyndā''
|-
|Being
|''Hondā''
|''Hosi''
|''Hoveendā''
|-
|Giving
|''Deyndā''
|''Deysi''
|''Deyveendā (is given)''
''Ḍheendā (is obtained)''
|-
|Calls
|''Sadd'da / Sadeynda''
|''Sadeysi''
|''Sadeenda''
|}
The progressive tense is built upon the present tense, and is used in all Punjabi dialects. It is made by ending the verb with '''''-eān''''' in the present form.

For example, "to be doing" or "while doing", can be either '''''kardeān''''' or '''''kareyndeān'''''.

===Passive tense===
The Jatki dialects have a special passive tense for most verbs.

The present passive is made by adding '''''-eendā''''', past passive by adding '''''-eejā/eeyā''''', subjunctive by adding '''''-eevay''''' (s.) and '''''-eevan''''' (pl), progressive by adding '''''-eendeān''''', gerundive passive by adding '''''-eevna/eejna''''' and future passive by adding '''''-eesi'''''. The continuous passive is built upon the present passive by adding '''''pyā''''', while perfect passive is built by adding '''''gyā''''' to the past passive.

''Varteendā'' (is used), ''Varteenday'' (are used), ''Varteevay/Varteejay'' (to be used, sing), ''Varteevan/Varteejan'' (to be used, pl), ''Varteejā/Varteeyā'' (was used), ''Vartee-gyā'' (has been used), ''Varteenda-pyā'' (is being used), ''Varteendeān'' (while being used), ''Varteevna/Varteejna'' (its "being used"), ''Varteesi'' (will be used), ''Vartee-veysi'' or ''Vartee-jaasi'' (will have been used/will end up being used), ''Vartee-veynda'' or ''Vartee-jaanda'' (gets used).

Note: The past passive in [[Shahpuri dialect|Shahpuri]] is made by adding '''''-eevyā''''', in Jhangochi by adding '''''-eeyaā''''', [[Dhanni dialect|Dhani]] is made by adding '''''-eetā''''', and in [[Thalochi]] and it is made by adding '''''-eechā'''''. In [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] it is also added with '''''-eechā'''''/'''''-eejā'''''.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Active
! colspan="2" |Passive
|-
!English
!Jatki Punjabi
!English
!Jatki Punjabi
|-
|Is cutting
|کٹّدا پیا اے / کٹیندا پیا اے
ਕੱਟਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ / ਕਟੇੰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|Is being cut
|کٹِیندا پیا اے
ਕਟੀਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|-
|To cut
|کٹّنا
ਕੱਟਣਾ
|To be cut
|کٹِیوَنا / کٹِیجنا
ਕਟੀਵਣਾ / ਕਟੀਜਣਾ
|-
|If he cuts
|جے اوہ کٹّے
ਜੇ ਉਹ ਕੱਟੇ
|If it is cut
|جے اوہ کٹِیوے/کٹِیجے
ਜੇ ਉਹ ਕਟੀਵੇ/ਕਟੀਜੇ
|-
|Shall I cut?
|میں کٹّاں؟
ਮੈਂ ਕੱਟਾਂ?
|Shall I be cut?
|میں کٹِیواں/کٹِیجاں؟
ਮੈਂ ਕਟੀਵਾਂ?
|-
|Will cut (sing.)
|کٹّسی / کٹیسی
ਕੱਟਸੀ / ਕਟੇਸੀ
|Will be cut (sing.)
|کٹِیسی
ਕੱਟੀਸੀ
|-
|He cut it
|اُس کٹیا
ਉਸ ਕੱਟਿਆ
|Was cut by him
|اوہندے کولُوں کٹِیا (کٹی آ) / کٹِیجا
ਓਂਹਦੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਕਟੀਆ/ਕਟੀਜਾ
|-
|I will beat
|میں مارساں / میں مریساں
ਮੈਂ ਮਾਰਸਾਂ / ਮੈਂ ਮਰੇਸਾਂ
|I will be beaten
|میں مرِیساں
ਮੈਂ ਮਰੀਸਾਂ
|-
|I did not hear
|میں سُنیا نہیں
ਮੈਂ ਸੁਣਿਆ ਨਹੀਂ
|Was not heard by me
|مینُوں سُنِیجا نہیں
ਮੈਨੂੰ ਸੁਣੀਜਾ ਨਹੀਂ
|-
|Let him use first
|اوہ پہلوں ورتے تاں سہی
ਉਹ ਪਹਿਲੋਂ ਵਰਤੇ ਤਾਂ ਸਹੀ
|Let it be used first
|اوہ پہلوں ورتِیوے تاں سہی
ਉਹ ਪਹਿਲੋਂ ਵਰਤੀਵੇ ਤਾਂ ਸਹੀ
|-
|Uses
|ورتدا / ورتیندا
ਵਰਤਦਾ/ਵਰਤੇਂਦ
|Under use
|ورتِیندا
ਵਰਤੀਂਦਾ
|-
|Does not give
|نہیں دیندا
ਨਹੀਂ ਦੇਂਦਾ
|Is not to be given
|نہیں دیوِیندا / نہیں دیوی دا
ਨਹੀਂ ਦੇਵੀਂਦਾ/ਨਹੀਂ ਦੇਵੀਦਾ
|-
|Does not give
|نہیں دیندا
ਨਹੀਂ ਦੇਂਦਾ
|Is not obtained
|نہیں ڈھِیندا
ਨਹੀਂ ਢੀਂਦਾ
|-
|They (f.) uproot it
|اوہ پٹّدِیاں نو / اوہ پٹیندِیاں ہِن
ਉਹ ਪੱਟਦੀਆਂ ਨੋਂ

ਉਹ ਪਟੇਂਦੀਆਂ ਹਿਨ
|They (f.) are to be uprooted
|او اجے پٹِیونِیاں ہِن
ਉਹ ਅਜੇ ਪਟੀਵਣੀਆਂ ਹਿਨ
|-
|Friends do not agree
|سنگّی نہیں منّدے/منیندے
ਸੰਗੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਮੰਨਦੇ/ਮਨੇਂਦੇ
|Friends cannot be convinced
|سنگّی نہیں منِیندے
ਸੰਗੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਮੰਨੀਂਦੇ
|-
|He came and chopped it
|اوہ وڈھّ گیا
ਉਹ ਵੱਢ ਗਿਆ
|It was chopped
|اوہ وڈھی گیا / وڈھِیج گیا
ਉਹ ਵੱਢੀ/ਵੱਢੀਜ ਗਿਆ
|-
|He catches
|اوہ پھڑدا اے
ਉਹ ਫੜਦਾ ਐ
|They were caught
|اوہ پھڑی/پھڑِیج گئے
ਉਹ ਫੜੀ/ਫੜੀਜ ਗਏ
|-
|I am not reading
|میں پڑھدا نہیں پیا
ਮੈਂ ਪੜ੍ਹਦਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਪਿਆ
|It is not being read by me
(I cannot understand it)
|میتھُوں پڑھِیندا نہیں پیا
ਮੈਥੂੰ ਪੜ੍ਹੀਂਦਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਪਿਆ
|-
|When will he use?
|کدوں ورتسی/ورتیسی؟
ਕਦੋਂ ਵਰਤਸੀ/ਵਰਤੇਸੀ?

|When will it be used?
|کدوں ورتِیسی؟
ਕਦੋਂ ਵਰਤੀਸੀ?

|-
|He wil come and use it tomorrow
|کلّ ورت ویسی
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਵਰਤ ਵੇਸੀ

|It will end up being used tomorrow
|کلّ ورتی ویسی
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਵਰਤੀ ਵੇਸੀ

|-
|He is not eating or driking
|اوہ کُجھ کھاندا پِیندا نہیں پیا
ਓਹ ਕੁਝ ਖਾਂਦਾ ਪੀਂਦਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਪਿਆ
|Nothing is being eaten or drunk by him
|اوہندے کولُوں کُجھ وی کھوِیندا پِوِیندا نہیں پیا
ਓਂਹਦੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਕੁਝ ਵੀ ਖਵੀਂਦਾ ਪਵੀਂਦਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਪਿਆ

|-
|To forgive
|بخشنا
ਬਸ਼ਣਾ
|To be forgiven
|بخشِیوݨا
ਬਖ਼ਸ਼ੀਵਣਾ
|}
Some verbs may attain this form without any change in usage or meaning, such as:

ਬਵ੍ਹਣਾ ਉਠੀਵਣਾ / بہوَنا اُٹھِیونا, being the same as ਉੱਠਣਾ / اُٹھّنا

ਦਿਸੀਂਦਾ / دِسِیندا, being the same as ਦਿੱਸਦਾ / دِسّدا

Proverb example: '''''Heṭṭhon utton vaḍḍheeveeye taan ḍakk sadeeenda''''' (ہیٹھوں اُتّوں وڈھِیوِیئے تاں ڈکّ سدِیندا)

''(If we are cut from top to bottom, only then may we be called as a cane)''

Note: The past tense of ''Marnā'' is '''''Moyā''''' (dead) and the past passive tense is '''''Mareejā''''' (killed)

=== Agentive Tense ===
The agentive tense of verb in Punjabi is either shown in the standard manner by adding the words "''āalā" or "laggeā".''

For example, "He is to come" or "He is about to come" is spoken as ''Oh aavan aalā/laggeā ae.''

In Jatki, another manner exists where the root verb is suffixated by adding '''''-oo'''''

Examples:

''Tun kitthay '''jaaoo/vanjoo''' ain?'' (Where are you to go?)

''Oh kay '''karoo''' ae?'' (What is he up to)

''Ajj mein tuhānu hik ehjihi gall '''sunāoo''' aan'' (Today I am about to tell you such a thing...)

''Tuseen ohnu '''deoo''' o ke menu '''deoo''' o?'' (You are to give him or me?)

''Ghaabarda kyon pya ain? Saanu vi '''miloo''' ae'' (Why are you worried? We too are to get it)

==Vocabulary==

===Present plural marker===
The dialects of [[Jatki language|Jatki Punjabi]] use '''''Hin'' (ہِن)''' or '''''No'' (نو)''' to signify the present plural tense. These are dialectal forms of "Han" (ہَن) and "Ne" (نے) respectively.

''"Do janay hin/no"'' (دو جنے ہِن/نو), meaning "There are two people".

The word "hin" may be attached with the verb colloquially.

''"Oh menu dassdin"'' (اوہ مینُوں دسّدِن), meaning "They tell me".

''"Bahoon vāday keetin"'' (بہُوں وعدے کِیتِن)، meaning "Made many promises"

The word '''''Hen'' (ہَینڑ)''' may also be used.

===Words for "then/again"===
Words like Vall, Valla, ''Vatt'' (وتّ) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Maya |date=1895 |title=The Panjabi dictionary. |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/singh_query.py?qs=watt&searchhws=yes&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |quote=WATT ਵੱਤ ad. Again, afterwards}}</ref> or ''Muṛ'' (مُڑ) and its variant pronunciation Munṛ (مُنڑ) {{sfn|Wilson|1898|p=31}} are used instead of the [[Standard Punjabi]] ''Phir'' (پھیر).

''"Halā vatt ke/kya hoya/thiya?"'' (ہلا وتّ کے ہویا؟), meaning "Alright, what happened then?".

''"Tenu vatt vii aas praai rahi"'' (تَینُوں وتّ وی آس پرائی رہی), meaning "Even then, you had hopes for some other", a lyric from "Changean Naseeban de Shah", by Talib Hussain Dard

=== Words for "Going" ===
Words like ''Vaj̈an'' (ونجن), ''Jāwaṇ and Vehna'' (جاوَن) are both used.{{sfn|Wilson|1898|p=39}}

''"Kiddey vendā/jāndā pyā ain?"'' (کِتھّے ویندا/جاندا پیا ایں؟), meaning "Where are you going?"

=== Words for "Someone" and "What" ===
For "what", Jatki either uses the common word ''Kii'' (کی) or the Western word '''''Ke'' (کے)''' or '''Kya'''.

For "someone", Jatki may use either the standard ''Kisay'' (کِسے) or another word that is '''''Kahee'ṇ'' (کہِیں)'''

=== Words for "That" ===
'''''Ba'', ''Bai''''' or '''''Jo''''' are used, as opposed to ''ke'' in Standard Punjabi. (بہ، بئی، جو)

''Mein tuhaanu dassaan '''bai''' (ke) aes ton changga mein pehla KaDDe nhi dditha''

(Let me tell you that I have never seen one better than this)

''KaDDe vi mein nahi aakhya '''jo''' (ke) tun menu kujh desein taahin mein tenu kujh desaan''

(Never did I say that you must first give only then to receive from me)

''Tusi'n inj keeta karo '''ba''' (ke) menu dass ditta karo''

(You should do it as such that you should inform me)

''Menu pata ae '''ba''' (ke) khoon rattaa ae, tey hetna rattaa ae '''jo''' (ke) teray hatthaan tey mehndi lagsi''

(I know that blood is red, and it is so much that it will look like henna on your hands)

Similarly, '''''Kyunjo''''' ''(or '''Kyunjay''')'' is used for ''Kyunke, and '''Taanjo''' (or '''Taanjay''') is used for Taake.''

===Supporting verbs===
In Jatki, many verbs exist to support the adjoining verb, giving the same meaning as ''de/dittaa/devay/devaan/denda/desi''.

''De chaa'' (دے چا), is the same as ''De de'' (دے دے), meaning "Give it"

''Rakkh chhaḍḍ'' (رکھّ چھڈّ), is the same as ''Rakkh de'' (رکھّ دے), meaning "Place it"

''Chaa karay'' (چا کرے), is the same as Kar devay (کر دیوے), meaning "Someone do it"

Other examples:

''Chaa keetaa'' (چا کیتا), meaning "Done it"

''Mukaa chhoryaa'' (مُکا چھوڑیا), meaning "Finished it"

''Pivaa chaa'' (پِوا چا), meaning "Get me (something) to drink"

''Laah satto'' (لاہ سٹّو), meaning "Remove it"

''Bhann sattyaa'' (بھنّ سٹّیا), meaning "Broke it"

''Hun dass vi chhaḍḍo'' (ہُن دسّ وی چھڈّو), meaning "Now tell already"

''Koi ghatt chhaḍḍay'' (کوئی گھتّ چھڈّے), meaning "Someone come and pour it"

''Mein ohnu de chhaḍḍsaan'' (میں اوہنُوں دے چھڈّساں), meaning "I will give him"

''Maar ghattsan'' (مار گھتّسن), meaning "Will come and beat"

===The verb "Vattnā"===
In its past form '''''Vadā''''', it can either show continuous action (like ''pyā'') or a state of being (like ''hoyā/thiya''), depending on the main verb's form.

In the latter case, '''''Khalā''''' and '''''Khlotā''''' (both meaning "standing") may also be used.

''Menu bhukkh laggi '''vadi/khali/pyi''' ae'' (I have hunger)

''Menu bhukkh laggdi '''vadi/pyi''' ae'' (I am getting hungry)

''Oh chendā '''vadā/pyā''' ae'' (He is picking it up)

''Oh chaai '''vadā/khalā''' ae'' (He has it picked up)

''Ukkā moye '''vaday''' āen'' (We are completely dead)

''Oh khādhi '''khalā''' hosi'' (He must have eaten)

''Ohnu treh laggi '''vadi/khloti''' ae'' (He has thirst)

''Mein kamm mukaai '''vadā/khalā/khlotā''' aa'n'' (I have finished the work)

''Mein dhammi da progam keeti '''khalā/vadā/khlotā/pyā''' aa'n (I have decided it for morning)''

''Rujjhay '''vade''' o, naveān saangeān vich'' (You are busy in your new attachments, a lyric from "Tusi Changean Naseeban de Shah", a song by Talib Hussain Dard)

In other forms, the verb '''''Vattnā''''', (literally meaning "to wander") depicts a continuity in an action, and is synonymous with the word ''Phirnā''.

''Hyaati saari nassdyān '''vattnā/phirnā''''' (Running for all life)

''Oh tenu kay kujh ghalldā '''vattdā/phirdā''' ee?'' (What does he keep on sending you?)

''Beyli ruṭṭhā '''vadā''' hove tey aseen jeende '''vateeye/phireeye'''?'' (The friend is unhappy and we are to keep on living?)

''Mein injay tue'n magar laggya '''vattaa'n/phiraa'n'''?'' (I should stay after you for no reason?)

===Personal pronouns===
Jatki uses special personal pronouns such as ''Kãi'n'' (''Kihne/Kis''), and ''Jãi'n'' (''Jihne/Jis'').

''Kãi aakhya?'' کَیں آکھیا؟, meaning "Says who?"

''Jãi vii aakhya hove/thive'' جَیں وی آکھیا ہووے, meaning "Whomsoever might have said it"

''Eh kãi'nda ghar ae?'' ایہہ کَیندا گھر اے؟, meaning "Whose house is this?"

''Kãi kãi janay eh aali kheyḍ kheyḍi ee?'', کیں کیں جنڑے ایہہ آلی کھیڈ کھیڈی ہئی؟ meaning "Who has played this game?"

''Jãi kahe'n vii karna hove/thive'' جَیں کہیں وی کرنا ہووے or ''Jis kise vii karna hove/thive'' جِس کِسے وی کرنا ہووے, meaning "Whomsoever wants to do"

''Jainda vii mann kareynda'' or ''Jai'n kahee'n da vii mann kareynda''

===Pronominal affixes===
''Eh kay keetum'' (What have I done?)

''Eh kay keeto-ee'' (What have you done?)

''Eh kay keeta-nhay'' (What have you done? plural/respect)

''Eh kay keeta-nay'' (What have they done?)

''Eh kay keeto-say'' (What have we done?)

''Eh kay keetus'' (What has he done?)

''Kii naa'n-us?'' (What is his name?)

''Nisay keeta'' (We did not do)

''Nimoo keeta'' (I did not do)

''Tenu aakhyam'' (I have told you)

''Bhiraa nisay?'' (Are we not brothers?)

''Jehri naveen film kaddhi nay, ḍiṭṭhi hayi?'' (The new film they released, have you seen it?)

''Punjabi aapni dhi nu sikhaai koi nhoo'n?'' (You did not teach your daughter Punjabi?)

''Bhalla hone'' (respectfully, "Thank you")

''Bhalla hovi'' (Thank you)

===Counting===
Counting is generally the same, but with some notable deviations being:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |English
! colspan="2" |Jatki Punjabi
! colspan="2" |Standard Punjabi
|-
!Numbers
!Numerals
!Transliteration
!Shahmukhi
!Transliteration
!Shahmukhi
|-
|One
|1
|Hikk
|ہِکّ
|Ikk
|اِکّ
|-
|Three
|3
|Trae
|ترَے
|Tinn
|تِنّ
|-
|Ten
|10
|Dāh
|داہ
|Das
|دس
|-
|Eleven
|11
|Yārā̃
|یاراں
|Gyārā̃
|گیاراں
|-
|Twenty three
|23
|Trei / Trevi
|ترئی / تریوی
|Tei
|تئی
|-
|Twenty four
|24
|Chavhi
|چوّھی
|Chauvi
|چَووی
|-
|Twenty five
|25
|Panjhi / Panjhvi
|پنجھی / پنجھوی
|Panji
|پچّی
|-
|Twenty six
|26
|Chhavvi
|چھوی
|Chhabbi
|چھبّی
|-
|Thirty
|30
|Trih
|ترِیہہ
|Tih
|تِیہہ
|}

===Addition of "v" in verb forms===
The usage of the "v" sound in Jhangochi is far more present that other Punjabi dialects.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |English
! colspan="2" |Jhangochi
! colspan="2" |Standard Punjabi
|-
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
|-
|Happening
|ہووَنا
|ਹੋਵਣਾ
|ہونا
|ਹੋਣਾ
|-
|Going
|جاوَنا
|ਜਾਵਣਾ
|جانا
|ਜਾਣਾ
|-
|Eating
|کھاوَنا
|ਖਾਵਣਾ
|کھانا
|ਖਾਣਾ
|-
|Drinking
|پِیوَنا
|ਪੀਵਣਾ
|پِینا
|ਪੀਣਾ
|-
|Giving
|دیوَنا
|ਦੇਵਣਾ
|دینا
|ਦੇਣਾ
|-
|Taking
|لوَنا
|ਲਵਣਾ
|لَینا
|ਲੈਣਾ
|-
|It is our job to give
|ساڈا کمّ اے اسِیں دیوِیئے
|ਸਾਡਾ ਕੰਮ ਐ ਅਸੀਂ ਦੇਵੀਏ
|ساڈا کمّ اے اسِیں دیِئے
|ਸਾਡਾ ਕੰਮ ਐ ਅਸੀਂ ਦੇਈਏ
|-
|Coming
|آوَنا
|ਆਵਣਾ
|آؤنا
|ਆਉਣਾ
|-
|Staying
|رہوَنا
|ਰਵ੍ਹਣਾ
|رہنا
|ਰਹਿਣਾ
|-
|They should allow some work
|کوئی کمّ تاں ہوون دیون
|ਕੋਈ ਕੰਮ ਤਾਂ ਹੋਵਣ ਦੇਵਣ
|کوئی کمّ تاں ہون دین
|ਕੋਈ ਕੰਮ ਤਾਂ ਹੋਣ ਦੇਣ
|-
|Shall we come?
|اسِیں آوِیئے؟
|ਅਸੀਂ ਆਵੀਏ?
|اسِیں آیِئے؟
|ਅਸੀਂ ਆਈਏ?
|-
|Bringing
|لیاوَنا
|ਲਿਆਵਣਾ
|لیاؤنا
|ਲਿਆਉਣਾ
|-
|Hold
|پھڑاوِیں
|ਫੜਾਵੀਂ
|پھڑائیں
|ਫੜਾਈਂ
|-
|Shall I let it happen?
|میں ایہنُوں ہووَن دیواں؟
|ਮੈਂ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਹੋਵਣ ਦੇਵਾਂ?
|میں ایہنُوں ہون دیاں؟
|ਮੈਂ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਹੋਣ ਦਿਆਂ?
|-
|May he live
|جِیوندا رہوے
|ਜਿੰਦਾ, ਰਵ੍ਹੇ
|جِیوندا رہے
|ਜਿਉਂਦਾ ਰਹੇ
|-
|Is not to be given
|نہیں دیوِیندا
|ਨਹੀਂ ਦੇਵੀਂਦਾ
|نہیں دئی دا
|ਨਹੀਂ ਦੇਈਦਾ
|}

===General vocabulary===
Jatki dialects have several words that differ from Standard Punjabi.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |English
! colspan="2" |Jatki
! colspan="2" |Standard Punjabi
|-
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
|-
|Many
|بہُوں
|ਬਹੂੰ
|بہت
|ਬਹੁਤ
|-
|Cried / To Cry
|رُنّا، رووَنا
|ਰੁੰਨਾ, ਰੋਵਣਾ
|رویا، رونا
|ਰੋਇਆ, ਰੋਣਾ
|-
|Happening
|ہووَنا
|ਹੋਵਣਾ/ਥੀਣਾ
|ہونا
|ਹੋਣਾ
|-
|Lifting
|چاوَنا
|ਚਾਵਣਾ/ਚਾਣਾ
|چُکّنا
|ਚੁੱਕਣਾ
|-
|Again/Then
|وتّ / مُڑ
|ਵੱਤ / ਮੁੜ / ਵੱਲ / ਵੱਲਾ
|پھیر
|ਫੇਰ
|-
|Wandering
|وتّنا
|ਵੱਤਣਾ
|پھِرنا
|ਫਿਰਨਾ
|-
|Day
|دینْہہ
|ਦੇਂਹ
|دِن
|ਦਿਨ
|-
|Quickly
|ٹھَوہ / جھب
|ਠਹੁ / ਝਬ
|چھیتی
|ਛੇਤੀ
|-
|More
|چوکھا / گھنا
|ਚੋਖਾ / ਘਣਾ
|زیادہ
|ਜ਼ਿਆਦਾ
|-
|To sleep
|سَیں ونج
|ਸੈਂ ਵੰਜ/ ਸਾਮ੍ਹ ਵੰਜ
|سَوں جا
|ਸੌਂ ਜਾ
|-
|Placing
|پیا، پوَنا، پوندا، پوسی
|ਪਿਆ, ਪਵਣਾ, ਪੋਂਦਾ, ਪੋਸੀ
|پیا، پینا، پَیندا، پویگا
|ਪਿਆ, ਪੈਣਾ, ਪੈਂਦਾ, ਪਵੇਗਾ
|-
|To lose
|ونجاوَنا
|ਵੰਞਾਵਣਾ
|گواؤنا
|ਗਵਾਉਣਾ
|-
|Going
|ونج، ویندا، ویسی
جا، جاندا، جاسی
|ਵੰਜ, ਵੇਂਦਾ, ਵੇਸੀ
ਜਾ, ਜਾਂਦਾ, ਜਾਸੀ
|جا، جاندا، جاویگا
|ਜਾ, ਜਾਂਦਾ, ਜਾਵੇਗਾ/ਜਾਊਗਾ
ਵਗ, ਵਗਦਾ
ਵਾਗੂਗਾ
|-
|Alright / Okay
|ہلا
|ਹਲਾ
|اچھا
|ਅੱਛਾ
|-
|Wife
|سوانی، ٹبّری
|ਸਵਾਣੀ, ਟੱਬਰੀ
|زنانی
|ਜ਼ਨਾਨੀ
|-
|Boy
|چھوہَر / جاتک
|ਛੋਹਰ / ਜਾਤਕ
|مُنڈا
|ਮੁੰਡਾ
|-
|Life
|حیاتی
|ਹਿਆਤੀ
|زندگی
|ਜ਼ਿੰਦਗੀ
|-
|To pull
|چھِکّنا
|ਛਿੱਕਣਾ
|کھِچّنا
|ਖਿੱਚਣਾ
|-
|To beat
|ماردا / مریندا
مارسی / مریسی
|ਮਾਰਦਾ / ਮਰੇਂਦਾ
ਮਾਰਸੀ / ਮਰੇਸੀ
|ماردا، ماریگا
|ਮਾਰਦਾ / ਮਾਰੂਗਾ
|-
|To cut
|کپّنا / وڈھّنا
|ਕੱਪਣਾ / ਵੱਢਣਾ
|کٹّنا
|ਕੱਟਣਾ
|-
|For
|کاݨ / آسطے
|ਕਾਣ / ਆਸਤੇ
|لئی
|ਲਈ / ਵਾਸਤੇ
|-
|Due to
|پارُوں
|ਪਾਰੂੰ
|کرکے / کارن
|ਕਰਕੇ / ਕਾਰਨ
|-
|May
|شالا
|ਸ਼ਾਲਾ
|رب کرے
|ਰੱਬ ਕਰੇ
|-
|Lest
|متاں
|ਮਤਾਂ
|کِتّے ایہہ نہ ہووے
|ਕਿੱਤੇ ਇਹ ਨਾ ਹੋਵੇ
|-
|Friendship
|سن٘گت
|ਸੰਗਤ
|دوستی
|ਦੋਸਤੀ
|}

===Words for "taking" and "bringing"===
Commonly observed in the [[Lahnda dialects]] is the use of ''GhinNā'' (گھِننا)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Maya |date=1895 |title=The Panjabi dictionary. |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/singh_query.py?qs=ghinna&searchhws=yes&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |quote=GHINNAṈÁ ਘਿੱਨਣਾ v. a. To take}}</ref>{{sfn|Wilson|1898|p=1}} and ''AaṇNā'' (آننا){{sfn|Jukes|1900|p=22}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salah-ud-Din Panjabi dictionary |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/salah-ud-din_query.py?qs=%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%86&searchhws=yes&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> instead of the Eastern Punjabi words ''Laiṇā'' (لَینا) and ''Lyāṇā'' (لیانا).

Jhangochi and Shahpuri make use of the first set. The Dhani dialect however, seems to lean more towards the former.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |English
! colspan="2" |[[Jatki language|Jatki]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Pothohari]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Hindko]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]
|-
!Shahpuri/Jhangochi
![[Dhanni dialect|Dhanni]]
|-
|From tomorrow onwards, I'll also bring it for you, just cope for today.
|کلّ توں میں تُہانُوں وی لیا دِتّا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر لوو
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਲਿਆ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਕਰਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਲਵੋ
|کلّ توں میں تُسانُوں وی آݨ دِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਆਣ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਕਰੇਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਘਿਨੋ
|کلّ توں میں تُساں کی وی آݨی دیا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کری گھِنو
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕੀ ਵੀ ਆਣੀ ਦਿਆ ਕਰਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰੀ ਘਿਨੋ
|کلّ توں میں تُساں آں وی آݨ دیا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਆਂ ਵੀ ਆਣ ਦਿਆ ਕਰਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਘਿਨੋ
|کلّ توں میں تُہاکُوں وی آݨ ڈِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਹਾਕੂੰ ਵੀ ਆਣ ਡਿੱਤਾ ਕਰੇਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਘਿਨੋ
|-
|Bring him along as well.
|اوہنُوں وی نال لَے آوو
ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਆਵੋ
|اوہنُوں وی نال گھِن آوو
ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਆਵੋ
|اُسکی وی نال گھِنی اچھو
ਉਸਕੀ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਅਛੋ
|اُساں وی نال گھِن آؤ
ਉਸਾਂ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਆਓ
|اُوکُوں وی نال گھِن آوو
ਊਕੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਆਵੋ
|-
|They took it from me as well
|اُنھاں میرے کولُوں وی لَے لیا
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੇਰੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਲੈ ਲਿਆ
|اُنھاں مینڈھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੈਂਢੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨ ਘਿਦਾ
|اُنھاں مہاڑے کولُوں وی گھِنی گھِدا
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮਹਾੜੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨੀ ਘਿਦਾ
|اُنھان مڑھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੜ੍ਹੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨ ਘਿਦਾ
|اُنھاں میڈے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੈਂਡੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨ ਘਿਦਾ
|-
|He is bringing
|اوہ لیاندا پیا اے
ਓਹ ਲਿਆਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|اوہ اݨیدا پیا اے
ਓਹ ਅਣੇਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|اوہ آݨنا پیا اے
ਓਹ ਆਣਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|اوہ آݨدا پیا اے
ਓਹ ਆਣਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|اوہ اݨیدا پیا اے
ਓਹ ਅਣੇਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|-
|We will also have to bring them back
|اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی لیاوَݨا ہوسی
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਲਿਆਵਣਾ ਹੋਸੀ
|اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ
|اُنھاں کی واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਕੀ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ
|اُنھاں آں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਆਂ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ
|اُنھاں کُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਕੂੰ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ
|-
|Eat it
|کھا لَے
ਖਾ ਲੈ
|کھا گھِن
ਖਾ ਘਿਨ
|کھائی گھِن
ਖਾਈ ਘਿਨ
|کھا گھِن
ਖਾ ਘਿਨ
|کھا گھِن
ਖਾ ਘਿਨ
|-
|Bring it
Brought it
|چا لیاؤ
چا لیاندا

ਚਾ ਲਿਆਓ

ਚਾ ਲਿਆਂਦਾ
|چا آݨو
چا آندا

ਚਾ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾ ਆਂਦਾ
|چائی آݨو
چائی آندا

ਚਾਈ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾਈ ਆਂਦਾ
|چا آݨو
چا آندا

ਚਾ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾ ਆਂਦਾ
|چا آݨو
چا آندا

ਚਾ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾ ਆਂਦਾ
|-
|Take it
Took it
|چا لوو
چا لیا

ਚਾ ਲਵੋ

ਚਾ ਲਿਆ
|چا گھِنو
چا گھِدا

ਚਾ ਘਿਨੋ

ਚਾ ਘਿਦਾ
|چائی گھِنو
چائی گھِدا

ਚਾਈ ਘਿਨੋ

ਚਾਈ ਘਿਦਾ
|چا گھِنو
چا گھِدا

ਚਾ ਘਿਨੋ

ਚਾ ਘਿਦਾ
|چا گھِنو
چا گھِدا

ਚਾ ਘਿਨੋ

ਚਾ ਘਿਦਾ
|}

===Retention of the irrgeular past tense===
In Jatki Punjabi, as well as in Saraiki, the irregular Punjabi past tense form of verbs is retained when used with the verb ''Karnā'', a feature that is not present in [[Punjabi dialects#Eastern_Punjabi|Eastern dialects]] such as [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]], or even in other [[Lahnda]] varieties such as [[Pothohari]] and [[Hindko]].

The irregular past tense is generally the same throughout the Punjabi dialects (e.g. ''khādhā, peetā, nahātā, dhotā, moyā, latthā, khalotā, ḍaṭṭhā, suttā, keetā, dittā, ghidā, seetā, baddhā'').

Jatki does seem to have some additional ones as well, such as '''''runnā''''' for ''royā'' (cried) '''''ḍiṭṭhā''''' for ''vekhya'' (seen), and '''''syātā''''' for ''syāneā'' (recognized).

Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
!English
![[Jatki language|Jatki]]
![[Majhi dialect|Majhi]]
![[Pahari-Pothwari|Pothohari]]
|-
|Eat less rotis
|روٹِیاں گھٹّ کھادھِیاں کرو
ਰੋਟੀਆਂ ਘੱਟ ਖਾਧੀਆਂ ਕਰੋ
|روٹِیاں گھٹّ کھایا کرو
ਰੋਟੀਆਂ ਘੱਟ ਖਾਇਆ ਕਰੋ
|روٹِیاں گھٹّ کھایا کرو
ਰੋਟੀਆਂ ਘੱਟ ਖਾਇਆ ਕਰੋ
|-
|I will also be taking tea with you from tomorrow onwards
|کلّ توں میں وی تُہاڈے نال چاء پِیتی کرساں
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਵੀ ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਨਾਲ ਚਾਹ ਪੀਤੀ ਕਰਸਾਂ
|کلّ توں میں وی تُہاڈے نال چاء پیا کرانْگا
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਵੀ ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਨਾਲ ਚਾਹ ਪੀਆ ਕਰਾਂਗਾ
|کلّ توں میں وی تُساں نال چاء پیا کرساں
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਵੀ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਚਾਹ ਪੀਆ ਕਰਸਾਂ
|-
|You should also do it as such
|تُسِیں وی اِنج/ایویں کِیتا کرو
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਵੀ ਇੰਜ/ਐਵੇਂ ਕੀਤਾ ਕਰੋ
|تُسِیں وی اِنج/ایویں کریا کرو
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਵੀ ਇੰਜ/ਐਵੇਂ ਕਰਿਆ ਕਰੋ
|تُساں وی اِسراں کریا کرو
ਤੁਸਾਂ ਵੀ ਇਸਰਾਂ ਕਰਿਆ ਕਰੋ
|-
|Don't be giving me such tasks.
|مینُوں اِنج دے/ایجہے کمّ نہ دِتّے کرو
ਮੈਨੂੰ ਇੰਜ ਦੇ/ਅਜਿਹੇ ਕੱਮ ਨਾ ਦਿੱਤੇ ਕਰੋ
|مینُوں اِنج دے/ایجِہے کمّ نہ دیا کرو
ਮੈਨੂੰ ਇੰਜ ਦੇ/ਅਜਿਹੇ ਕੱਮ ਨਾ ਦਿਆ ਕਰੋ
|میکی ایہے جِہے کمّ نہ دیا کرو
ਮਿਕੀ ਇਹੇ ਜਿਹੇ ਕੱਮ ਨਾ ਦਿਆ ਕਰੋ
|-
|Tell him that he needs to eat and drink well.
|اوہنُوں آکھو بہ اوہ کُجھ کھادھا پِیتا کرے
ਓਹਨੂੰ ਆਖੋ ਬਾ ਓਹ ਕੁਝ ਖਾਧਾ ਪੀਤਾ ਕਰੇ
|اوہنُوں آکھو کہ اوہ کُجھ کھایا پیا کرے
ਓਹਨੂੰ ਆਖੋ ਕਿ ਓਹ ਕੁਝ ਖਾਇਆ ਪੀਆ ਕਰੇ
|اُسکی آکھو کہ اوہ کُجھ کھایا پیا کرے
ਉਸਕੀ ਆਖੋ ਕਿ ਓਹ ਕੁਝ ਖਾਇਆ ਪੀਆ ਕਰੇ
|-
|He wants that I should sleep on time
|اوہ چاہندا اے میں ویلے نال سُتّا کراں
ਉਹ ਚਾਹੰਦਾ ਐ ਮੈਂ ਵੇਲੇ ਨਾਲ ਸੁੱਤਾ ਕਰਾਂ
|اوہ چاہندا اے میں ویلے نال سَونْیا کراں
ਉਹ ਚਾਹੰਦਾ ਐ ਮੈਂ ਵੇਲੇ ਨਾਲ ਸੌਂਇਆ ਕਰਾਂ
|اوہ چاہنا اے میں ویلے نال سیا کراں
ਉਹ ਚਾਹਣਾ ਐ ਮੈਂ ਵੇਲੇ ਨਾਲ ਸਿਆ ਕਰਾਂ
|-
|Do talks of truth
|گلّاں سچّیاں کیتِیاں کرو
ਗੱਲਾਂ ਸੱਚੀਆਂ ਕੀਤੀਆਂ ਕਰੋ
|گلّاں سچّیاں کریا کرو
ਗੱਲਾਂ ਸੱਚੀਆਂ ਕਰਿਆ ਕਰੋ
|گلّاں سچّیاں کریا کرو
ਗੱਲਾਂ ਸੱਚੀਆਂ ਕਰਿਆ ਕਰੋ
|-
|You should listen to what I have to say
|کدے میری گلّ وی سُن لئی کر
کدے مینڈی گلّ وی سُن گھِدی کر

ਕਦੇ ਮੇਰੀ ਗੱਲ ਵੀ ਸੁਣ ਲਈ ਕਰ

ਕਦੇ ਮੈਂਡੀ ਗੱਲ ਵੀ ਸੁਣ ਘਿਦੀ ਕਰ
|کدے میری گلّ وی سُن لیا کر
ਕਦੇ ਮੇਰੀ ਗੱਲ ਵੀ ਸੁਣ ਲਿਆ ਕਰ
|کدے مہاڑی گلّ وی سُنی گھِنیا کر
ਕਦੇ ਮਹਾੜੀ ਗੱਲ ਵੀ ਸੁਣੀ ਘਿਨਿਆ ਕਰ
|}

This is also observed with the verbs ''"Rakkhnā"'' and ''"Jāvnā/Vanjnā"''. Examples:

''Asī̃ ohnū̃ '''ditti''' rakhie?'' (اسِیں اوہنُوں '''دِتّی''' رکھّیئے؟) instead of ''Asī̃ ohnū̃ '''dei''' rakhie?'' (اسِیں اوہنُوں '''دئی''' رکھّیئے؟)

(meaning, "Shall we keep on giving him?")

and

''Oh '''keeti''' jāndā ae'' (اوہ '''کِیتی''' جاندا اے) instead of ''Oh '''kari''' jāndā ae'' (اوہ '''کری''' جاندا اے)

(meaning, "He keeps on doing")

''Kalla maiiyon kamm '''keeti''' jaavan?'' instead of ''Kalla maiiyon kamm '''kari''' jaavan?''

(meaning, "I alone am to keep on doing?)

This can be further observed with the verbs ''Aanā'' (to come) and ''Jānā/Vanjnā'' (to go), when used in this manner:

''Ohnu ohndey pesay taan '''ditti''' aa'' (اوہنُوں اوہندے پیسے تاں دِتّی آ), meaning "Give him his money and come back"

''Pesay taan mere '''ditti''' vanj'' (پیسے تاں میرے دِتّی ونج), meaning "Give my money as you go"

''Pesay taan '''ditti''' veynda/jaanda'' (پیسے تاں دِتّی ویندا/جانا), meaning "You could have at least given the money as you went"

''Mein hikk kamm '''keeti''' aavaan'' (میں ہِکّ کمّ نہ کیتی آواں), meaning "I'll be back after one task"

''Mein veyndean do trae moṭian moṭian gallaan bas '''keeti''' jaavan'' (میں ویندیاں دو ترۓ گلّاں بس کیتی جاواں), meaning "I'm just going to say a few things as I go"

''Ajj kujh baahroon na '''khaadhi''' aaveeye?'' (اجّ کُجھ باہرُوں نہ کھادی آوِیئے؟), meaning "Shouldn't we eat something from outside today?"

''Aseen gall kareynde haaen, pehlon booha taan band '''keeti''' aa'' (اسِیں گلّ کریندے ہائیں، پہلوں بُوہا تاں بند کیتی آ), meaning "We will talk, first go close the door"

''Booha band '''keeti''' jaaveen'' (بُوہا بند کیتی جاوِیں), meaning "Close the door when you go"

''Oh '''ditti''' aaya karay'' (اوہ دِتّی آیا کرے), meaning "He can give (and come back)"

''Oh '''ditti''' jaaya karay'' (اوہ دِتّی کرے), meaning "He can give give (while he is passing/leaving)"

''Mein '''ḍiṭṭhi aavaan''''' (میں ڈِتھّی آواں), meaning "I'll be back after a look"

''Jaa '''nahaati''' aa'' (جا نہاتی آ), meaning "Go take a bath"

The words in bold would be "de", "kar", "khaa", "dekhya", and "nahaaya" in Standard Punjabi as well as in Urdu-Hindi translation.

With the verb ''Baiṭhnā'':

''"Hun taan mein '''keeti''' baitha aan"'' instead of "''Hun taan mein karii '''baitha''' aan".''

(meaning, "Now I have done it" [So now what?])

''"'''Peeti''' baitha ae"'' instead of ''"'''Pee''' baitha ae"''

(meaning, "He has drunk")

==See also==
*''[[Heer Ranjha]]''
*''[[Bar region]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book| last = Bahl| first = Parmanand| title = Étude de phonetique historique et experimentale des consonnes injectives du Multani, dialecte panjabi occidental| location = Paris|publisher = Adrien-Maisonneuve| date = 1936}}
*{{Cite book| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = The Siraiki language of central Pakistan : a reference grammar| date = 1976| location = London| publisher = School of Oriental and African Studies}}
*{{cite thesis|last= Wagha|first= Muhammad Ahsan|date= 1997|title= The development of Siraiki language in Pakistan|type= Ph.D.|publisher= School of Oriental and African Studies|url= http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267685|access-date= 2016-11-12|archive-date= 2017-02-14|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170214205829/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267685|url-status= dead|url-access=registration}}
*{{Cite book |first=J. |last=Wilson |url=http://archive.org/details/WesternPunjabiShahpurDistrict |title=Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi as spoken in the Shahpur District |publisher=Lahore: Punjab Government Press |year=1898 |page= |language=English |quote=|oclc=254680092}}
*{{Cite book |oclc=1128095742 |title=Dictionary of the Jatki or Western Panjábi Language|first=A. |last=Jukes|url=https://archive.org/details/204912920SaraikiDictionary |publisher=Lahore: Religious Book and Tract Society|date=1900 }}
{{Punjabi dialects}}

[[Category:Punjabi dialects]]
[[Category:Punjabi language in Pakistan]]

Linthoingambi Devi Maibam

2026-03-04T19:14:02Z

Vanmathiscp:

{{short description|Indian footballer (b. 1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Western name order|Maibam Linthoingambi Devi}}
{{Meitei name|Maibam|Linthoingambi|Devi}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Linthoingambi Devi
| fullname = Linthoingambi Devi Maibam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |1999|2|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thoubal]], [[Manipur]], India
| height =
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
| currentclub = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
| clubnumber = 1
| clubs1 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
| years1 = 2016–2018
| caps1 = 10
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2019–2019
| clubs2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (Women's)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps2 = 6
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2019–2020
| clubs3 = [[KRYPHSA FC|KRYPHSA]]
| caps3 = 7
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2021–
| clubs4 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
| caps4 = 47
| goals4 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2014
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U16]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2017
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U19]]
| nationalcaps2 = 2
| nationalgoals2 =
| nationalyears3 = 2019–
| nationalteam3 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps3 = 13
| nationalgoals3 = 0
| club-update =
| ntupdate = 2 January 2025
}}
'''Linthoingambi Devi Maibam''' ({{langx|mni|Maibam Linthoingambi Devi}}, born 2 February 1999) is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] for [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]] in the [[Indian Women's League]] and the [[India women's national football team]].

==Career==
===International===
She was also a member of [[2020 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9552|title=WEATHER WON'T AFFECT PERFORMANCE: MAYMOL ROCKY|website=www.the-aiff.com|access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===International===
{{Updated|2 January 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=4|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2019
|5
|0
|-
|2021
|5
|0
|-
|2022
|1
|0
|-
|2024
|2
|0
|-
! colspan=2|Total
!13
!0
|}

==Honours==

'''India'''
* [[SAFF Women's Championship]]: [[2019 SAFF Women's Championship|2019]]
* [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] Gold medal: [[Football at the 2019 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|2019]]

'''KRYPHSA'''
*[[Indian Women's League]] runner-up: [[2019–20 Indian Women's League season|2019–20]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Gokulam Kerala crowned champion of IWL 2020 – As it happened |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/gokulam-kerala-vs-kryphsa-live-iwl-indian-womens-league-sabitra-bhandari-anju-tamang-ratanbala-kamala-devi-karishma-manisha-grace-football/article30813472.ece |website=Sportstar |date=13 February 2020 }}</ref>

'''Kickstart'''
*[[Indian Women's League]] runner-up: 2022–23<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Women's League 2023: Gokulam Kerala thrash Kickstart FC 5–0 to win third consecutive title|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/gokulam-kerala-wins-indian-womens-league-gkfc-5-0-kickstart-fc-sabitra-bhandari-top-scorer-iwl-records-milestones-stats/article66878249.ece|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=21 May 2023|access-date=22 May 2023|location=Chennai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522151217/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/gokulam-kerala-wins-indian-womens-league-gkfc-5-0-kickstart-fc-sabitra-bhandari-top-scorer-iwl-records-milestones-stats/article66878249.ece|archive-date=22 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gokulam Kerala steamroll Kickstart to complete hat-trick of Hero IWL titles|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/gokulam-kerala-steamroll-kickstart-to-complete-hat-trick-of-hero-iwl-titles|access-date=21 May 2023 |website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation|date=21 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522160849/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/gokulam-kerala-steamroll-kickstart-to-complete-hat-trick-of-hero-iwl-titles|archive-date=22 May 2023}}</ref>

'''Manipur'''
* [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]: [[2019–20 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2019–20]], [[2023–24 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2023–24]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Manipur champions for the 22nd time in Sr Women's NFC for Rajmata Jijabai Trophy |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/manipur-champions-for-the-22nd-time-in-sr-womens-nfc-for-rajmata-jijabai-trophy |website=AIFF |date=15 May 2024 }}</ref>
* [[National Games of India|National Games]] Gold medal: [[2022 National Games of India|2022]]<ref>{{cite web |title=National Games 2022, October 10 HIGHLIGHTS: Manipur wins women's football gold; Tamil Nadu tops Group A in men's volleyball |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/national-games/national-games-2022-october-10-live-updates-results-highlights-gujarat/article65991366.ece |website=Sportstar |date=10 October 2022 }}</ref>

'''Individual'''
* Indian Women's League Best Goalkeeper: [[2018–19 Indian Women's League season|2018–19]], [[2019–20 Indian Women's League season|2019–20]], [[2021–22 Indian Women's League season|2021–22]], [[2022–23 Indian Women's League season|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite news|title=IWL 2023: Gokulam Kerala thrash Kickstart FC 5-0 to win third consecutive title|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/gokulam-kerala-wins-indian-womens-league-gkfc-5-0-kickstart-fc-sabitra-bhandari-top-scorer-iwl-records-milestones-stats/article66878249.ece|website=Sportstar|date=21 May 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/30007 Maibam Linthoingambi Devi] at All India Football Federation
* {{GSA player|linthoingambi-devi/153329}}

{{India squad 2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maibam, Linthoingambi Devi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:People from Thoubal district]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC Women players]]
[[Category:KRYPHSA FC players]]
[[Category:Eastern Sporting Union players]]
[[Category:Kickstart FC players]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]
[[Category:Women's association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in football]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup players]]

{{India-women-footy-bio-stub}}
{{India-footy-goalkeeper-stub}}

Thoranai

2026-03-03T04:21:53Z

Vanmathiscp: typo fix

{{short description|2009 film by Sabha Ayyappan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thoranai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster of Tamil version
| director = Sabha Ayyappan
| producer = [[Vikram Krishna]]
| writer = Sabha Ayyappan Shashank Vennelakanti (Telugu dialogues)
| starring = [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] [[Shriya Saran]] [[Prakash Raj]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[Priyan]]
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| studio = [[Vikram Krishna|G K Film Corporation]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|5|29}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Thoranai''''' ({{translation|''Posture''}}) or '''''Pistha''''' ({{translation|''Person with attitude''}}) is a 2009 Indian [[masala film]] directed by Sabha Ayyappan and produced by [[Vikram Krishna]] under the banner [[Vikram Krishna|G K Film Corporation]]. It stars [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] and [[Shriya Saran]] in the lead roles, while [[Prakash Raj]], [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] and [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] appear in other pivotal roles. The film was simultaneously shot in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages with different supporting cast in the Telugu version. ''Thoranai'' and ''Pistha'' were released on 29 May 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2008/Dec/12/vishals-pista-on-floors-10138.html|title=Vishal's Pista on floors|location=Hyderabad|date=12 December 2008|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref>

==Plot==
Murugan is a native of [[Madurai]] who arrives at [[Chennai]] to find his long-lost brother Ganesan, who had run away from home about two decades ago. Murugan gets stuck in a rivalry between gangsters Guru and Tamizharasu, where he learns that Guru is actually Ganesan. Murugan decides to protect Guru/Ganesan from Tamizharasu and a cat-and-mouse game ensues. Guru/Ganesan finally decide to reform himself where he reunites with Murugan and his mother, while Tamizharasu is killed in a police encounter.

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! Actor (Tamil) !! Actor (Telugu) !! Role (Tamil) !! Role (Telugu)
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] || style="text-align:center;"| C. Murugan (CM) || style="text-align:center;"|C. Muralikrishna "Krishna" (CM)
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Shriya Saran]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Indu
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Prakash Raj]] || style="text-align:center;"|Thamizharasu || style="text-align:center;"|Suryaprakash
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] || style="text-align:center;"|Vellaichamy || style="text-align:center;"| Chittibabu
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] || style="text-align:center;"|Ganesan (Guru) || style="text-align:center;"|Rambabu (Guru)
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] || style="text-align:center;"|Ganesan ||style="text-align:center;"| Rambabu
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Indu's friend
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] || style="text-align:center;"|Murugan's mother || style="text-align:center;"| Muralikrishna's mother
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Sayaji Shinde]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Minister Sivanaandi
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[M. S. Bhaskar]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Tanikella Bharani]] || style="text-align:center;"|Tamizharasan's assistant || style="text-align:center;"| Suryaprakash's assistant
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Paravai Muniyamma]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Telangana Shakuntala]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Pachamma Patti
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] || style="text-align:center;"|Murugan's father || style="text-align:center;"|Krishna's father
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Pandiarajan]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Krishna Bhagavaan]] || style="text-align:center;"|Walter Vetrivel|| style="text-align:center;"|Walter Rangaraju
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] || style="text-align:center;"|Chennai Police Commissioner || style="text-align:center;"| Vizag Police Commissioner
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Suruli Manohar]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Srinivasa Reddy]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Constable
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mayilsamy]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[M. S. Narayana]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Watchman
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[T. P. Gajendran]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao|Kondavalasa]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Apartment Secretary
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Suman Shetty]] || style="text-align:center;"|Murugan's friend || style="text-align:center;"| Krishna's friend
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Nellai Siva]]|| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Resident
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Shanmugarajan]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Corrupt inspector
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Muthukaalai]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Kallu Chidambaram]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Bike customer
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Besant Ravi]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Guru's henchman
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Sampath Ram]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Guru's henchman
|-
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Aryan (Tamil actor)|Aryan]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Tamizharasan/Suryaprakash's henchman
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Periya Karuppu Thevar]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Panchayat Man
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Swaminathan]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Cashier
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Senthi Kumari]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Indu's friend
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Manobala]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Dharmavarapu Subrahmanyam]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Birth and Death administration officer
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Boys Rajan || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Police officer
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Dhadi Balaji || style="text-align:center;"|[[Chitram Srinu]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Bystander who pretends to be blind
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Kullamani]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Cyclist who laughs at Indu
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Karate Raja]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Rowdy
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Kadhal Saravanan || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Waiter
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Scissor Manohar]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Duvvasi Mohan]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Man who asks for lift
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Raviraj || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|''Unknown'' || style="text-align:center;"|[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoornamma]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Krishna's grandmother
|-
|style="text-align: center;"|''Unknown'' || style="text-align:center;"|[[Gautam Raju]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Traffic police officer
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Pinky Saran|Meenakshi]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Item number]] in "Vedi Vedi" and "Pidi Pidi"
|-
|}

== Production ==
Among the forty scripts that he heard, Vishal okayed Sabha Ayyappan as the director. Ayyappan had previously worked as an assistant director to [[Boopathy Pandian]] for ''[[Malaikottai]]'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/in-conversation-with-vishal/articleshow/4359168.cms|title=In conversation with Vishal|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 April 2009|first=KR|last=Manigandan|access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref>

==Music==
The music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. In a music review, [[Karthik Srinivasan|Karthik]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' wrote, "''Thoranai'' has what a Vishal starrer deserves â€“ massy and straight forward songs that aim at your feet with Manisharma scoring better than his other recent Tamil soundtracks".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://milliblog.com/2009/04/20/music-review-thoranai-tamil-manisharma|title=Music review: Thoranai (Tamil – Manisharma)|work=[[Milliblog]]|author=Karthik|author-link=Karthik Srinivasan|access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref>

;Tamil version<ref>{{cite web |date=15 Nov 2019 |title=Thoranai (2009) |url=https://mio.to/album/Thoranai+%282009%29 |access-date=15 Nov 2019 |work=Music India Online |archive-date=15 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115151605/https://mio.to/album/Thoranai%2B(2009) |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics!! Length
|-
| "Vedi Vedi Saravedi" || Naveen, [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]] || [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]] || 4:26
|-
| "Vaa Chellam" || [[Udit Narayan]] || [[Pa. Vijay]]|| 5:07
|-
| "Pattucha" || [[Vijay Yesudas]], Janani Madhan || [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]|| 3:58
|-
| "Peliccan Paravaigal" || [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Rita Thyagarajan|Rita]], Rahul, Jai || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]|| 4:07
|-
| "Manjasela Mandakini" || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Saindhavi]] || rowspan="2" |[[Pa. Vijay]]|| 4:20
|-
| "Vaa Chellam" (Version 2) || Ranjith || 5:07
|}

;Telugu version<ref>{{cite web |date=15 Nov 2019 |title=Pista (2009) |url=https://www.raaga.com/telugu/movie/pista-songs-A0001475 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115151607/https://www.raaga.com/telugu/movie/pista-songs-A0001475 |archive-date=15 November 2019 |access-date=15 Nov 2019 |work=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>
*"Pidi Pidi" - Ranjith, Naveen
*"Naa Maharani" - Udit Narayan
*"Pattuko Pattuko" - Narayanan, Janani Madhan
*"Oka Pelican" - Rahul, Suchithra
*"Naa Maharani" - Ranjith
*"Mandakini" - Tippu, Saindhavi

== Critical reception ==
''[[Sify]]'' wrote "Arbitrarily packing in elements of every genre without actually bothering to stop and see if the mix does work, ''Thoranai'' is like an overcooked stew."<ref>{{cite web |date=29 May 2009 |title=Thoranai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thoranai-review-tamil-pclxeIjbjgghf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191553/http://www.sify.com/movies/thoranai-review-tamil-pclxeIjbjgghf.html |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' wrote "Thoranai's only merit is that it's marginally better than ''[[Satyam (2008 film)|Sathyam]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=29 May 2009 |title=Thoranai: Not good, but not bad either |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/may/29/thoranai-review.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101002610/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/may/29/thoranai-review.htm |archive-date=1 January 2017 |access-date=15 Nov 2019 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "It is a formidable star cast that you see in ''Thoranai''. However, what is missing is a convincing story".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thoranai Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thoranai/movie-review/4597080.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=26 January 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007161034/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thoranai/movie-review/4597080.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Reviewing the Telugu version, BVS Prakash of ''The Times of India'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Inspite of a dud like ''[[Salute (2008 Telugu film)|Salute]]'', Tamil star Vishal hasn't realised the significance of a solid plot even for a star-centric film."<ref>{{Cite web |author=Prakash |first=BVS |date=30 May 2009 |title=Pistha Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/pistha/movie-review/4597638.cms |accessdate=15 November 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=10 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810121214/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Pistha/movie-review/4597638.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2008 multilingual films]]
[[Category:2009 action films]]
[[Category:2009 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Davanagere City Corporation

2026-03-01T01:46:02Z

Vanmathiscp: minor edit

{{Short description|Local civic body in Davanagere, Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name =Davanagere City Corporation
| coa_pic = Davanagerecc.jpg
| coa_res = 300px
| coa_alt =
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|2007|01|06|df=y|p=y}}
| leader2_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader2 =
| leader3_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader3 = K. Chaman Sab
| party3 =
| leader4_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader4 = Shanthakumar Sogi
| party4 =
| leader5_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader5 = Renuka, KMAS
| party5 =
| leader1_type =
| leader1 =
| seats = 45
| structure1 =
| structure1_res = 300px
|political_groups1 =
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post]]
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = 2019
| next_election1 = TBD
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place = City Corporation office, P. B. Road, [[Davanagere]] – [[Postal Index Number|577004]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| motto =
| website = [http://davanagerecity.mrc.gov.in/ DCC]
| footnotes = Governed by: '''Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act, 1976'''
|native_name=ದಾವಣಗೆರೆ ಮಹಾನಗರ ಪಾಲಿಕೆ<hr/>{{small|''Dāvaṇagere Mahānagara Pālike''}} }}

'''Davanagere City Corporation (DCC)''' is the civic organisation that manages the municipal affairs of [[Davanagere]] City in the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]. It is the 6th largest [[Municipal governance in India|Urban Local Body]] in [[Karnataka]]. The town administration of Davanagere city was upgraded as a [[Municipal council (India)|Municipality]] in c.1870 and later as a City Corporation on 6 January 2006. The Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with the formation of municipal corporations in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> It has a territorial area of 68.63 km2 and a population of 4,34,971, as per the [[2011 Census of India]].<ref>[http://davanagerecity.mrc.gov.in/kn/about-cc|title= About Davanagere City Corporation]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The territorial limits of the City Corporation fall under the [[Davanagere North (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Davanagere North]] and [[Davanagere South (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Davanagere South]] legislative assembly constituencies.

== History of electoral results ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"

|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! SN
! Party
! Seats won (2013)
! Seats won (2019)<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/nov/14/davanagere-throws-up-hung-corporation-congress-emerges-single-largest-party-2061720.html|title= Davanagere throws up hung corporation, Congress emerges single largest party]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|1
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|01
|{{won|17}}
|-
|2
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{won|38}}
|22
|-
|3
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|00
|01
|-
|4
|Others
|02
|05
|-
|
| '''Total'''
|'''41'''
| '''45'''
|}

==Wards and organisational structure==
Davanagere City Corporation's territory has been divided into 45 wards, each represented by an elected representative called a ''corporator''. A [[mayor]], who is the head of the institution and de facto first citizen of the city, and a [[deputy mayor]], who is the mayor's deputy, are elected by these corporators yearly as per the roster of reservations from different social groups in compliance with the [[Government of Karnataka]]'s affirmative action policy. The term of all corporators is five years, while that of each mayor and deputy mayor is one year. The jurisdictional [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Davanagere North (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Davanagere North]] and [[Davanagere South (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Davanagere South]] Assembly Constituencies, [[Member of Parliament]] from [[Davanagere (Lok Sabha constituency)|Davanagere Loksabha Constituency]] and [[Member of the Legislative Council (India)|Member of Legislative Council]] who reside in [[Davanagere]] city also have voting powers while electing mayor and deputy mayor, along with corporators.

Accompanying the mayor and the deputy mayor, four standing committees, each composed of corporators and headed by a chairman chosen among them from the ruling party, are constituted every year for monitoring various civic-related subjects – one each for Taxation, Finance and Appeals; Public Health, Education and Social justice; Town Planning and Reforms; and Accounts.

== Functions ==
Davangere Mahanagara Palike is created for the following functions:<ref name="Da9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation – Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="Da10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .
* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.
* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.
* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.
* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.
* Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.
* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.
* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.
* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Da11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Da12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Da13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

== See also ==
* [[Davanagere]]
* [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Davangere}}
* [http://davanagerecity.mrc.gov.in// Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715111103/http://www.davanagerecity.mrc.gov.in/ |date=15 July 2020 }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Davangere]]

Pingla

2026-02-28T11:04:42Z

Vanmathiscp: enhanced page as per guidelines and added references per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pingla
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|16|18.9|N|87|35|08.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5,253
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 721140 (Pingla)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03228
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Debra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Debra]]
| website = {{URL|paschimmedinipur.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pingla''' is a village in the [[Pingla (community development block)|Pingla]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Kharagpur subdivision]] of the [[Paschim Medinipur district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|22|0|N|87|28|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the northern part of Kharagpur subdivision (including Khararagpur I & II, Debra and Pingla CD blocks) of Paschim Medinipur district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, F: facilities Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1= {{coord|22|22|0|N|87|33|0|E}}| label-pos1=bottom|label1=Balichak | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Balichak]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|21|20|N|87|13|35|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Kalaikunda | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Kalaikunda]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|21|35|N|87|20|30|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Kharagpur |labela3 =Railway Settlement | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Kharagpur Railway Settlement]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|19|0|N|87|23|8|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Changual | numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Changual]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|22|21|N|87|34|40|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Debra | numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Debra, Paschim Medinipur]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|22|35|N|87|33|47|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6=Gangaram Chak | numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Gangaram Chak]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|22|54|N|87|26|23|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Madpur | numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Madpur]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|17|13|N|87|38|30|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Maligram | numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Maligram]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|16|18|N|87|35|8|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Pingla | numbered9=R| mark-title9= Pingla (R)|shape-color9=black| label-size9=13|label-color9=black 
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|16|21|N|87|17|35|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Salua | numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Salua, Paschim Medinipur]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|22|50|N|87|20|30|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Satkul | numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Satkul]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|17|40|N|87|18|35|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Hijli | numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Hijli]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|19|48|N|87|19|25|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13= Kharagpur| numbered13=M| mark-title13= [[Kharagpur]] (M)| shape-color13= #800000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|19|48|N|87|18|13|E}}| label-pos14=bottom|label14= IIT, Kharagpur| numbered14=F| mark-title14= [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]] (F)|shape-color14=#967117
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|25|14|N|87|36|16|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15= Chak Bajit| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Chak Bajit]] (H) |shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|15|20|N|87|32|31|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16= Dhaneshwarpur |labela16= Madhyabar| numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[Dhaneshwarpur Madhyabar]] (H) |shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|14|37|N|87|40|19|E}}| label-pos17=left|label17= Jalchak| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Jalchak]] (H) |shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|26|51|N|87|37|46|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18= Loyada| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Loyada, Paschim Medinipur]] (H) |shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|17|45|N|87|34|50|E}}| label-pos19=lft|label19= Raj Ballabh| numbered19=H| mark-title19= [[Raj Ballabh]] (H) |shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|28|10|N|87|34|17|E}}| label-pos20=right|label20= Satyapur| numbered20=H| mark-title20= [[Satyapur, Paschim Medinipur]] (H) |shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|23|0|N|87|16|0|E}}|label21= Kangsabati River| label-color21 = #77A1CB| label-angle21=10| label-pos21=top| label-size21=11| mark-size21=0| mark-title21=none }}

===Location===
Pingla is located at {{coord|22|16|18.9|N|87|35|08.4|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Kharagpur subdivision, shown partly in the map alongside, mostly has [[Alluvium|alluvial]] soils, except in two CD blocks in the west – Kharagpur I and Keshiary, which mostly have [[Laterite|lateritic]] soils. Around 74% of the total cultivated area is cropped more than once.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report| title = District Human Development Report Paschim Medinipur, 2011| work= page 27-28| publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 10 September 2020}}</ref> With a density of population of 787 per km2nearly half of the district’s population resides in this subdivision. 14.33% of the population lives in urban areas and 86.67% lives in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook Paschim Medinipur, 2013| work= Table 2.2, 2.4 (a)| publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics |accessdate = 10 September 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Pingla had a total population of 5,253 of which 2,639 (50%) were males and 2,614 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 665. The total number of literates in Pingla was 3,538 (67.35% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 27 October 2016 }}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Pingla CD block are located at Pingla.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1918_PART_A_DCHB_PASCHIM%20MEDINIPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Paschim Medinipur | work= Map of Paschim Medinipur with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | accessdate = 20 November 2016 }}</ref>

===Police station===
Pingla police station has jurisdiction over [[Pingla (community development block)|Pingla]] CD Block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Paschim Medinipur |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 14 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/wmdp/wmdpstat.php | title = District at a Glance | publisher = Paschim Medinipur District Police | accessdate = 27 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161027124602/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/wmdp/wmdpstat.php | archive-date = 27 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Education==
[[Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya]], located at [[Maligram]], was set up in 1965. It is affiliated to [[Vidyasagar University]] and as of 2016 offers undergraduate courses in Humanities, Commerce and Science. Post-graduate programme in Bengali was added in 2014-15 and efforts are on to add PG programme in commerce.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.pinglacollege.org/home.aspx | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140929030338/http://www.pinglacollege.org/home.aspx | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 29 September 2014 |title = Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya | publisher= Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya | accessdate = 27 October 2016}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Pingla Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at Pingla, is the major Government medical facility in the Pingla CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | accessdate =1 September 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Paschim Medinipur District}}

[[Category:Villages in Paschim Medinipur district]]
{{PaschimMedinipur-geo-stub}}

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

2026-02-23T15:47:53Z

Vanmathiscp: small edit

{{Short description|President of India from 2002 to 2007}}
{{redirect|Abdul Kalam|the member of Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly|Abdul Kalam (Varanasi politician)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
| image = A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Official portrait, {{circa|2002}}
| office = [[President of India]]
| term_start = 25 July 2002
| term_end = 25 July 2007
| predecessor = [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| primeminister = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] [[Manmohan Singh]]
| successor = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| vicepresident = [[Krishan Kant]] [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
| office1 = [[Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India]]
| term_start1 = November 1999
| term_end1 = November 2001
| president1 = K. R. Narayanan
| primeminister1 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee
| predecessor1 = ''Office established''
| successor1 = [[Rajagopala Chidambaram]]
| office2 = [[Director General]] of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| term2 = 1992–1999
| predecessor2 = [[Raja Ramanna]]
| successor2 = [[Vasudev Kalkunte Aatre]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1931|10|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rameswaram]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present day [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|2015|07|27|1931|10|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]], India
| resting_place = [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial]]
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli|St. Joseph's College]] ([[BEng]])
* [[Madras Institute of Technology]] ([[MEng]])
}}
| profession = {{hlist|[[Aerospace engineering|Aerospace scientist]]|[[author]]}}
| awards = [[List of honors and awards received by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|List of awards and honours]]
| blank1 = Notable work(s)
| data1 = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Wings of Fire (autobiography)|Wings of Fire]]''
* ''[[India 2020]]''
* ''[[Ignited Minds]]''
* ''[[Indomitable Spirit]]''
* ''[[Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji]]''}}
| module = {{Infobox scientist
| embed = yes
| fields = [[Aerospace engineering]]
| workplaces = {{Plainlist|
* [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
* [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]}}
| signature = A. P. J. Abdul Kalam signature.svg
| honours = [[Padma Bhushan]] (1981) [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1990) [[Bharat Ratna]] (1997)
| website = {{URL|https://kalamcentre.com|A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Centre}}
}}
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]{{Refn|group=|Contested the [[2002 Indian presidential election]] as an independent candidate backed by the ruling [[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
| order = 
| order2 = 
| order1 = 
}}

'''Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-A.p.j. Abdul Kalam from India pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|ˈ|ʌ|b|d|ʊ|l|_|k|ə|ˈ|l|ɑː|m}} {{respell|UB|duul|_|kə|LAHM}}; 15 October 1931{{snd}}27 July 2015) was an Indian [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace]] scientist and statesman who served as the  [[president of India]] from 2002 to 2007.

Born and raised in a Muslim family in [[Rameswaram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], Kalam studied [[physics]] and [[aerospace engineering]]. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) and [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program|missile development efforts]]. He was known as the "Missile Man of India" for his work on the development of [[ballistic missile]] and [[launch vehicle]] technology. He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in ''[[Pokhran-II]]'' nuclear tests in 1998, India's second such test after the [[Smiling Buddha|first test]] in 1974.

Kalam [[2002 Indian presidential election|was elected]] as the [[president of India]] in 2002 with the support of both the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the then-opposition [[Indian National Congress]]. He was widely referred to as the "People's President". He engaged in teaching, writing and public service after his presidency. He was a recipient of several awards, including the [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian honour.

While delivering a lecture at [[Indian Institute of Management Shillong|IIM Shillong]], Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent [[cardiac arrest]] on 27 July 2015, aged 83. Thousands attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameswaram, where he was buried with [[21-gun salute|full state honours]]. A [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial|memorial]] was inaugurated near his home town in 2017.

== Early life and education ==
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 to a [[Tamil Muslim]] family in the pilgrimage center of [[Rameswaram]] on [[Pamban Island]], [[Madras Presidency]] (now in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]).<ref name="KalamTiwari1999">{{cite book|last1=Kalam|first1=Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul|last2=Tiwari|first2=Arun|title=Wings of Fire: An Autobiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3qmIZtWUjAC|year=1999|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-81-7371-146-6|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013011216/http://books.google.com/books?id=c3qmIZtWUjAC|archive-date=13 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="PIB01march12">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/profile/apjak.asp|title=Bio-data: Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam|publisher=Press Information Bureau, [[Government of India]]|date=1 March 2012|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608115449/http://pib.nic.in/profile/apjak.asp|archive-date=8 June 2010 }}</ref> His father, Jainulabdeen Marakayar, was a boat owner and [[imam]] of a local mosque,<ref name="IT">{{cite magazine|last=Akbar|first=M J|date=9 July 2012|title=APJ Abdul Kalam speaks to Editorial Director M.J. Akbar about presidential elections 2012|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/interview/story/20120709-abdul-kalam-presidential-elections-2012-new-book-turning-points-758940-2012-06-29|magazine=[[India Today]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731011511/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/abdul-kalam-presidential-elections-2012-new-book-turning-points/1/203064.html|archive-date=31 July 2015|access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref> and his mother, Ashiamma, was a housewife.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dr Abdul Kalam, People's President in Sri Lanka|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2567111001.html|access-date=3 May 2012|newspaper=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]|date=23 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518223333/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2567111001.html|archive-date=18 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Jai2003">{{cite book|last=Jai|first=Janak Raj|title=Presidents of India, 1950–2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&pg=PA295|year=2003|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=978-81-87498-65-0|page=296|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012224650/http://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&pg=PA295|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref> His father owned a boat that ferried [[Hindu]] pilgrims between Rameswaram and [[Dhanushkodi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/incoming/2015/07/28/article664629.ece/APJ-Abdul-Kalam-the-unconventional-President-who-learnt-the-art-of-the-political|title=APJ Abdul Kalam, the unconventional President who learnt the art of the political|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729043804/http://www.abplive.in/incoming/2015/07/28/article664629.ece/APJ-Abdul-Kalam-the-unconventional-President-who-learnt-the-art-of-the-political|archive-date=29 July 2015|work=[[ABP News]]|access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/apj-abdul-kalam-peoples-president-greatest-student-india-ever-had/story/1/5271.html|title=The greatest student India ever had|work=Dailyo|access-date=1 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730224338/http://www.dailyo.in/politics/apj-abdul-kalam-peoples-president-greatest-student-india-ever-had/story/1/5271.html|archive-date=30 July 2015}}</ref>

[[File:House of Abdul Kalam.jpg|thumb|left|Kalam's birthplace in [[Rameswaram]], [[Tamil Nadu]]]]
{{A. P. J. Abdul Kalam series}}
Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and a sister in the family.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150729/jsp/nation/story_34253.jsp|title=Brother awaits Kalam last trip|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729155853/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150729/jsp/nation/story_34253.jsp|archive-date=29 July 2015|work=[[Telegraph (India)|Telegraph]]|access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://qz.com/465515/how-two-orthodox-brahmins-played-a-crucial-role-in-apj-abdul-kalams-childhood/|title=How two orthodox Brahmins played a crucial role in APJ Abdul Kalam's childhood|date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729090458/http://qz.com/465515/how-two-orthodox-brahmins-played-a-crucial-role-in-apj-abdul-kalams-childhood/|archive-date=29 July 2015|work=Qz|access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/day-before-death-kalam-enquired-about-elder-brothers-health-1026767.html|title=Day before death, Kalam enquired about elder brother's health|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730205650/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/day-before-death-kalam-enquired-about-elder-brothers-health-1026767.html|archive-date=30 July 2015|work=[[CNN-News18|IBN Live]]|access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> His ancestors had been wealthy [[Marakkar|Marakayar]] traders and landowners, with numerous properties and large tracts of land. Marakayar are a [[Muslim]] ethnic group found in coastal Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka who claim descent from [[Arab]] traders and local women. The family business had involved trading goods and transporting passengers between the Indian mainland and the Pamban Island and to and from Sri Lanka. With the opening of the [[Pamban Bridge]] connecting Pamban Island to mainland India in 1914, the businesses failed. As a result, apart from the ancestral home, the other family fortune and properties were lost by the 1920s, and the family was poverty-stricken by the time Kalam was born. As a young boy, he delivered newspapers to support the family's meager income.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Not-aware-of-any-will-left-by-Kalam-Nephew/articleshow/48297059.cms|title=Not aware of any will left by Kalam: nephew|date=31 July 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803120645/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Not-aware-of-any-will-left-by-Kalam-Nephew/articleshow/48297059.cms|archive-date=3 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="SharmaDas2004">{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Mahesh|last2=Das|first2=P.K.|last3=Bhalla|first3=P.|title=Pride of the Nation: Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TkGyzKt-l6cC&pg=PA13|year=2004|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-288-0806-7|page=13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013011056/http://books.google.com/books?id=TkGyzKt-l6cC&pg=PA13|archive-date=13 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="visit">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3K3wQsM9PUC&pg=PA153|title=A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India|pages=1–10,153|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|location=New Delhi|date=2002|last1=Bhushan|first1=K.|last2=Katyal|first2=G.|isbn=978-81-7648-380-3|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-date=25 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725113051/https://books.google.com/books?id=W3K3wQsM9PUC&pg=PA153|url-status=live}}</ref>

In his school years, Kalam got average grades but was described by his teachers as a bright and hardworking student with a strong desire to learn. He spent hours learning [[Mathematics]].<ref name="visit" /> He did his schooling at Schwartz Higher Secondary School in [[Ramanathapuram]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalam's alma mater in Ramnad set for renovation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/renovation-of-dr-apj-abdul-kalams-alma-mater-in-ramanathapuram-by-coimbatore-non-profit/articleshow/108571331.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 March 2024 |access-date=1 April 2025}}</ref> He then graduated in [[Physics]] from [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli]], in 1954.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalam meets the teacher who moulded him|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/24/stories/2006092404791000.htm|access-date=29 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 September 2006|author=K. Raju|author2=S. Annamalai|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928165057/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/24/stories/2006092404791000.htm|archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref>

Kalam moved to Madras in 1955 to study [[aerospace engineering]] at the [[Madras Institute of Technology]].<ref name="PIB01march12" /> While he was working on a class project, the Dean of the institution was dissatisfied with his lack of progress and threatened to revoke his scholarship unless the project was finished within the next three days. Kalam met the deadline, impressing the Dean, who later said to him, "I was putting you under stress and asking you to meet a difficult deadline."<ref>{{cite web|last=Dixit|first=Sumita Vaid|title=The boy from Rameswaram who became a President|url=http://getahead.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/mar/18/slide-show-1-achievers-indias-best-students-apj-abdul-kalam.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=4 July 2012|date=18 March 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702010920/http://getahead.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/mar/18/slide-show-1-achievers-indias-best-students-apj-abdul-kalam.htm|archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> Later, he narrowly missed out on his dream of becoming a [[fighter pilot]], as he placed ninth in qualifiers, and only eight positions were available in the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Failed in my dream of becoming a pilot : Abdul Kalam in new book|date=18 August 2013|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/failed-in-my-dream-of-becoming-pilot-abdul-kalam-in-new-book/article5035287.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=18 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818165820/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/failed-in-my-dream-of-becoming-pilot-abdul-kalam-in-new-book/article5035287.ece|archive-date=18 August 2013}}</ref>

== Career as a scientist ==
{{quote box
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| quote = This was my first stage, in which I learnt leadership from three great teachers—Dr [[Vikram Sarabhai]], Prof [[Satish Dhawan]] and Dr [[Brahm Prakash]]. This was the time of learning and acquisition of knowledge for me.
| source = Abdul Kalam<ref name="nic">{{cite web|title=Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam |url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/abdulkalam/abdulkalam.htm |work=[[National Informatics Centre]] |access-date=1 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309080244/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/Abdulkalam/Abdulkalam.htm |archive-date=9 March 2007 }}</ref>}}

After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960, Kalam became a member of the [[Defence Research & Development Service]] and joined the [[Aeronautical Development Establishment]] of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) as a scientist. During his early career, he was involved in the design of small [[hovercraft]], and remained unconvinced by his choice of a job at DRDO.<ref name="Sumita Vaid Dixit">{{cite news|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=Karthika|title=Kalam tells students to follow their heart|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Kalam-tells-students-to-follow-their-heart/articleshow/4689858.cms|access-date=4 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 June 2009|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523213320/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-23/chennai/28168542_1_kalam-primary-school-maths-class|archive-date=23 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, he joined the [[Indian National Committee for Space Research]], working under renowned space scientist [[Vikram Sarabhai]].<ref name="PIB01march12" /> He was interviewed and recruited into [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) by [[H. G. S. Murthy]], the first director of the [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-i-m-proud-that-i-recommended-him-for-isro-ev-chitnis-2109096|title=I'm proud that I recommended him for ISRO: EV Chitnis|first=Ashwini|last=Pawar|date=29 July 2015|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=30 December 2022|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709211836/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-i-m-proud-that-i-recommended-him-for-isro-ev-chitnis-2109096|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1969, Kalam transferred to ISRO where he became the project director of India's first [[satellite launch vehicle]] (SLV) which successfully deployed the [[Rohini (satellite)|Rohini]] satellite in near-earth orbit in July 1980. He had earlier started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite book |title=A to C (Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas to Cypress).|date=2000|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica (India)|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-85229-760-5|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kpd9lLY_0-IC|author=Ramchandani|editor-first=Dale|editor-last=Hoiberg|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829192223/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kpd9lLY_0-IC|archive-date=29 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1969, Kalam received the approval from the [[Government of India]] to expand the programme to include more engineers.<ref name="nic" /> In 1963–64, he visited [[NASA]]'s [[Langley Research Center]] in [[Hampton, Virginia|Hampton]], [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] in [[Greenbelt, Maryland|Greenbelt]], and [[Wallops Flight Facility]].<ref name="KalamTiwari1999" /><ref name="Inc.1989">{{cite journal |title=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Science and Public Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AUAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32|date=November 1989|publisher=Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science |page=32|issn=0096-3402|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511004955/https://books.google.com/books?id=6AUAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32|archive-date=11 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the late 1970s, Kalam was part of the effort to develop the [[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV-3]] and [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV), both of which were successful.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/national-space-day-when-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-learnt-from-failure-and-isro-bounced-back-to-life-2586775-2024-08-23|title=When Dr APJ Abdul Kalam learnt from failure and Isro bounced back to life|date=23 August 2024|access-date=1 January 2025|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=1 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001120006/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/national-space-day-when-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-learnt-from-failure-and-isro-bounced-back-to-life-2586775-2024-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://presidentofindia.nic.in/dr-apj-abdul-kalam-profile|title=APJ Abdul Kalam, profile|work=[[Rashtrapathi Bhavan]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=27 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227201320/https://presidentofindia.nic.in/dr-apj-abdul-kalam-profile|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 1974, Kalam was invited by [[Raja Ramanna]] to witness the country's first nuclear test ''[[Smiling Buddha]]'' as the representative of [[Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory]], even though he was officially not part of the project.<ref name="Facts">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2015/Jul/28/lesser-known-facts-about-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-787047.html|title=Lesser Known Facts About Dr APJ Abdul Kalam|date=28 July 2015|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> In the 1970s, Kalam directed two projects, ''[[Project Devil]]'' and ''[[Project Valiant]]'', which sought to develop [[ballistic missiles]] using the technology from the successful SLV programme. Despite the disapproval of the [[Union Council of Ministers of India|union cabinet]], then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] allotted funds for these aerospace projects under Kalam's directorship through her discretionary powers. Kalam also played a major role in convincing the cabinet to conceal the true nature of these classified projects. His research and leadership brought him recognition in the 1980s, which prompted the government to initiate an advanced missile programme under his directorship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/india_missile.pdf?_=1316466791|publisher=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at Monterey Institute of International Studies, Nuclear Threat Initiative|date=July 2003|title=Missile Chronology, 1971–1979|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120103945/http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/india_missile.pdf?_=1316466791|archive-date=20 November 2012}}</ref>

Kalam worked with metallurgist [[V. S. R. Arunachalam]], who was then scientific adviser to the Defence Minister, on the suggestion by the then Defence Minister [[R. Venkataraman]] on the simultaneous development of a quiver of missiles instead of taking planned missiles one after another.<ref name="RV">{{cite news|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1913/19131240.htm|title=The prime motivator|newspaper=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=5 July 2002|access-date=5 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021161310/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1913/19131240.htm|archive-date=21 October 2006}}</ref> Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the cabinet approval for allocating {{INRconvert|3.88|b|year=1983}} for the project titled [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme]] (IGMDP) and appointed Kalam as its chief executive.<ref name="RV" /> Kalam played a major role in the development of missiles including [[Agni missile|Agni]], an intermediate range ballistic missile and [[Prithvi missile|Prithvi]], the tactical surface-to-surface missile, despite inflated costs and time overruns.<ref name="RV" /><ref name="IGMDP Criticism">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Missile-plan-Some-hits-misses/articleshow/2684641.cms|title=Missile plan: Some hits, misses|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|first=Rajat|last=Pandit|agency=TNN|date=9 January 2008|access-date=1 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118112401/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-09/india/27782318_1_akash-visual-range-air-to-air-missile-missile-development-programme|archive-date=18 November 2011|url-status=live }}</ref> He was known as the "Missile Man of India" for his work on the development of [[ballistic missile]] and [[launch vehicle]] technology.<ref>{{cite book|first=R. K.|last=Pruthi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee3PR5HFBCAC|title=President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam|publisher=Anmol Publications|date=2005|isbn=978-81-261-1344-6|chapter=Missile Man of India|pages=61–76|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-date=25 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725112548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee3PR5HFBCAC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2015/07/29/indias-mr-missile-a-man-of-the-people?token=8bebcb17cfd851eb0bc06642519e8767|title=India's 'Mr. Missile': A man of the people|access-date=30 July 2015|date=30 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925135024/http://www.torontosun.com/2015/07/29/indias-mr-missile-a-man-of-the-people?token=8bebcb17cfd851eb0bc06642519e8767|archive-date=25 September 2015|newspaper=[[Toronto Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Kalams-unrealised-Nag-missile-dream-to-become-reality-next-year/articleshow/48267342.cms|title=Kalam's unrealised 'Nag' missile dream to become reality next year|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 July 2015|date=30 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103225412/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Kalams-unrealised-Nag-missile-dream-to-become-reality-next-year/articleshow/48267342.cms|archive-date=3 January 2017}}</ref>

Kalam served as the chief scientific adviser to the prime minister and [[Secretary to Government of India|secretary]] of the DRDO from July 1992 to December 1999. He played a key organisational, political and technical role in the ''[[Pokhran-II]]'' nuclear tests conducted in May 1998.<ref>{{cite book|first=Amartya|last=Sen|author-link=Amartya Sen|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjZA-bQde1wC&pg=RA1-PA169|chapter=India and the Bomb|title=Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream|editor=M. V. Ramana|editor2=C. Rammanohar Reddy|pages=167–188|publisher=Sangam Books|date=2003|isbn=978-81-250-2477-4|access-date=8 June 2020|archive-date=25 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725112558/https://books.google.com/books?id=IjZA-bQde1wC&pg=RA1-PA169|url-status=live}}</ref> Along with [[Rajagopala Chidambaram]], he served as the chief project coordinator for the tests.<ref name="KalamTiwari1999"/><ref name="Conley2001">{{cite book|first=Jerome M.|last=Conley|title=Indo-Russian military and nuclear cooperation: lessons and options for U.S. policy in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZRk_z3dhtYC&pg=PA106|date=2001|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-0217-6|page=106|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425020736/https://books.google.com/books?id=SZRk_z3dhtYC&pg=PA106|archive-date=25 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Media coverage of Kalam during this period made him the country's best known nuclear scientist.<ref>{{cite news|title=Koodankulam nuclear plant: A. P. J. Abdul Kalam's safety review has failed to satisfy nuke plant protestors, expert laments|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-08/news/30373196_1_safety-review-safety-norms-koodankulam|access-date=20 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=8 November 2011|archive-date=10 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410003051/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-08/news/30373196_1_safety-review-safety-norms-koodankulam|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the director of the site test, [[K. Santhanam]], said that the [[thermonuclear bomb]] had been a "[[fizzle (nuclear test)|fizzle]]" and criticised Kalam for issuing an incorrect report.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2619/stories/20090925261902000.htm|title=Pokhran row|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|first1=Ramachandran|last1=R.|date=25 September 2009|access-date=5 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203180132/http://frontlineonnet.com/fl2619/stories/20090925261902000.htm|archive-date=3 February 2011}}</ref> The claim was refuted and rejected by Kalam and Chidambaram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pokhran II controversy needless: PM|url=http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/2009/08/3161|publisher=Hard News|date=August 2009|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525092955/http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/2009/08/3161|archive-date=25 May 2012}}</ref>

In 1998, Kalam worked with [[cardiologist]] [[Bhupathiraju Somaraju]] and developed a low cost [[coronary stent]], named the "Kalam-Raju stent".<ref>{{cite web|title=Story of indigenous stents|url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/08/15/stories/041567so.htm|work=[[Business Line]]|date=15 August 2001|location=India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528085930/http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/08/15/stories/041567so.htm|archive-date=28 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The stent man|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/dec/19ap.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=19 December 1998|location=India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518111556/http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/dec/19ap.htm|archive-date=18 May 2013}}</ref> In 2012, the duo designed a [[tablet computer]] named the "Kalam-Raju tablet" for usage by healthcare workers in rural areas.<ref>{{cite news|title=Now, 'Kalam-Raju tablet' for healthcare workers|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article3025860.ece|access-date=19 April 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=M. Sai|last=Gopal|date=22 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425093504/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article3025860.ece|archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref>

== Presidency ==
[[File:The President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam greeting the Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee on his 79th birthday in New Delhi on December 25, 2003.jpg|thumb|Kalam greeting then prime minister [[Vajpayee]] on 25 December 2003]]

On 10 June 2002, the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) which was in power at the time, expressed its intention to nominate Kalam for the post of the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=NDA's smart missile: President Kalam|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-06-11/news/27348497_1_nda-alliance-nda-today-president-kalam|access-date=29 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=11 June 2002|author=Times News Network|author-link=Times News Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523202053/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-06-11/news/27348497_1_nda-alliance-nda-today-president-kalam|archive-date=23 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/11spec.htm|title=With him at the helm, there is hope that things might change|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729224243/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/11spec.htm|archive-date=29 July 2015|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> His candidature was backed by the opposition parties including the [[Samajwadi Party]] and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref>{{cite web|title=SP to support Kalam for President's post|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/11prez3.htm|date=11 June 2002|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522075344/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/11prez3.htm|archive-date=22 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NCP supports Kalam's candidature for presidentship|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/11prez2.htm|date=11 June 2002|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522072307/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/11prez2.htm|archive-date=22 May 2013 }}</ref> After the support for Kalam, incumbent president [[K. R. Narayanan]] chose not to seek a re-election.<ref>{{cite news|title=Narayanan opts out, field clear for Kalam|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/11prez5.htm|date=11 June 2002|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518112930/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/11prez5.htm|archive-date=18 May 2013 }}</ref> Kalam said of the announcement of his candidature:

{{blockquote|I am really overwhelmed. Everywhere both in Internet and in other media, I have been asked for a message. I was thinking what message I can give to the people of the country at this juncture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Overwhelmed by response: Kalam|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/13prez2.htm|date=13 June 2002|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518114306/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/13prez2.htm|archive-date=18 May 2013 }}</ref>}}

On 18 June, Kalam filed his nomination papers in the [[Indian Parliament]]. Three sets of nomination papers were filed, one accompanied by the NDA leaders including prime minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and senior cabinet members, the second accompanied by Congress including [[Sonia Gandhi]], and the third with leaders from other supporting political parties.<ref>{{cite news|title=Presidential nominee Abdul Kalam files nomination papers|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/18prez1.htm|date=18 June 2002|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518111105/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/18prez1.htm|archive-date=18 May 2013 }}</ref> He faced off against [[Lakshmi Sahgal]], and the polling for the [[2002 Indian presidential election|presidential election]] was held on 15 July 2002, in the Indian parliament and the state assemblies, with the media predicting a win for Kalam.<ref>{{cite news|title=Polling for presidential election begins|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/15prez1.htm|date=15 July 2002|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518112418/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/15prez1.htm|archive-date=18 May 2013 }}</ref> The counting was held on 18 July, and Kalam won the elections after securing 922,884 electoral votes as against the 107,366 votes won by Sahgal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalam is 11th President in 12th term|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kalam-is-11th-President-in-12th-term/articleshow/17197985.cms|date=26 July 2002|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 July 2012|last=Ved|first=Mahendra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530003810/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-07-26/india/27318326_1_neelam-sanjiva-reddy-p-j-abdul-kalam-rashtrapati-bhavan|archive-date=30 May 2013|url-status=live }}</ref> He was sworn in as the [[List of Presidents of India|11th president]] of India on 25 July 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=Former Presidents, Rashtrapati Bhavan|url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/former-presidents.htm|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016060850/http://presidentofindia.nic.in/former-presidents.htm|archive-date=16 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Abdul Kalam elected President|url=http://hindu.com/2002/07/19/stories/2002071905340100.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 July 2002|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113191656/http://hindu.com/2002/07/19/stories/2002071905340100.htm|archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref> He was the first scientist and the first bachelor to occupy the top chair at [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=A P J Kalam is sworn in as India's eleventh President|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/25prez5.htm|date=25 July 2002|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130222012/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/25prez5.htm|archive-date=30 January 2012 }}</ref>

[[File:The President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam authorizing the Prime Minister designate Dr. Manmohan Singh to form the next Government in New Delhi on May 19, 2004.jpg|thumb|left|Kalam with prime minister designate [[Manmohan Singh]] in New Delhi on 19 May 2004]]

During his term as president, he was affectionately known as the "People's President".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tyagi|first1=Kavita|last2=Misra|first2=Padma|title=Basic Technical Communication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3ixJ62qwqcC&pg=PA124|publisher=[[Prentice Hall]]|isbn=978-81-203-4238-5|page=124|date=23 May 2011|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603050016/https://books.google.com/books?id=N3ixJ62qwqcC&pg=PA124|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Amarnath|last1=Menon|title=Why Abdul Kalam was the 'People's President'|url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/why-apj-abdul-kalam-was-the-peoples-president/story/1/5270.html|work=DailyO|access-date=20 August 2015|date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813121059/http://www.dailyo.in/politics/why-apj-abdul-kalam-was-the-peoples-president/story/1/5270.html|archive-date=13 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/abdul-kalam-is-peoples-president-mamata/266740-37-64.html|title=APJ Abdul Kalam is people's president: Mamata Banerjee|date=19 June 2012|newspaper=[[CNN-IBN]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|access-date=4 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620094235/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/abdul-kalam-is-peoples-president-mamata/266740-37-64.html|archive-date=20 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/14/stories/2007041411130100.htm|title=The people's President does it again|last=Perappadan|first=Bindu Shajan|date=14 April 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 March 2012|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125233936/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/14/stories/2007041411130100.htm|archive-date=25 January 2012}}</ref> He later stated that signing the [[Office of profit]] bill was the toughest decision he had taken during his tenure.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/my-toughest-decision-as-president-was-returning-the-office-of-profit-bill-to-parliament------------------------/214046/|title=My toughest decision as president was returning the Office of Profit Bill to Parliament|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731003929/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/my-toughest-decision-as-president-was-returning-the-office-of-profit-bill-to-parliament------------------------/214046|archive-date=31 July 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=1 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How a 110 years old became friend of APJ Kalam|url= http://www.thebetterindia.com/64306/life-lesson-dr-p-j-abdul-kalam-srijan-pal-singh|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160819200510/http://www.thebetterindia.com/64306/life-lesson-dr-p-j-abdul-kalam-srijan-pal-singh/|archive-date= 19 August 2016|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Better India|date= 14 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Signing office of profit bill was toughest decision: A P J Kalam|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/dateline-india/signing-office-of-profit-bill-was-toughest-decision-a-p-j-kalam/articleshow/6182455.cms|access-date=2 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=18 July 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511055231/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/dateline-india/signing-office-of-profit-bill-was-toughest-decision-a-p-j-kalam/articleshow/6182455.cms|archive-date=11 May 2013}}</ref> In September 2003, during an interactive session at [[Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research|PGIMER]] in [[Chandigarh]], Kalam asserted the need of [[Uniform Civil Code]] in India, keeping in view the population of the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/29prez.htm|title=Uniform Civil Code essential: Kalam|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928084617/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/29prez.htm|archive-date=28 September 2015|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=29 September 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-09-30/news/27555155_1_uniform-civil-code-moon-mission-secular-credentials|title=Kalam calls for uniform civil code|access-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305142527/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-09-30/news/27555155_1_uniform-civil-code-moon-mission-secular-credentials|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=30 September 2003}}</ref> He also took a decision to impose [[President's rule]] in Bihar in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=APJ Abdul Kalam: The People's President|url=http://www.ndtv.com/people/apj-abdul-kalam-the-peoples-president-1201126|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727173548/http://www.ndtv.com/people/apj-abdul-kalam-the-peoples-president-1201126|archive-date=27 July 2015}}</ref> However, during his tenure as president, he made no decision on 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions submitted to him to commute [[death penalties]], including that of terrorist [[Afzal Guru]], who was convicted of conspiracy in the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament]] and was sentenced to death by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mercy Guidelines|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2607/stories/20090410260703400.htm|date=April 2009|access-date=5 July 2012|work=Frontline|last=V.|first=Venkatesan|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129214855/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2607/stories/20090410260703400.htm|archive-date=29 January 2013 }}</ref> He acted only on a single plea, rejecting that of [[Dhananjoy Chatterjee]], who was later hanged.<ref>{{cite news|title=The journey of a mercy plea|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-journey-of-a-mercy-plea/621586/0|date=21 May 2010|access-date=5 July 2012|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128051841/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-journey-of-a-mercy-plea/621586/0|archive-date=28 November 2012}}</ref>

Towards the end of his term, on 20 June 2007, Kalam expressed his willingness to consider a second term in office provided there was certainty about his victory in the upcoming [[2007 Indian presidential election|presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalam not to contest presidential poll|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jun/22prezpoll6.htm|date=22 June 2007|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=2 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518114128/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jun/22prezpoll6.htm|archive-date=18 May 2013}}</ref> His name was proposed by the [[United National Progressive Alliance]], but he did receive the support of the ruling [[United Progressive Alliance]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalam not to contest Presidential polls|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/Kalam-not-to-contest-Presidential-polls/articleshow/2142035.cms|access-date=3 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523223931/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-06-22/india/27955990_1_unpa-leaders-united-national-progressive-alliance-nda-leaders|archive-date=23 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/10/stories/2007051008450100.htm|title=Talks under way on Presidential election|date=10 May 2007|access-date=2 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317101008/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/10/stories/2007051008450100.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=17 March 2012}}</ref> However, two days later, he decided not to contest the election again stating that he wanted to avoid involving the Rashtrapati Bhavan in the political processes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalam not to contest Presidential polls|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/Kalam-not-to-contest-Presidential-polls/articleshow/2142035.cms|access-date=2 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523223931/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-06-22/india/27955990_1_unpa-leaders-united-national-progressive-alliance-nda-leaders|archive-date=23 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam addressing the nation on the eve of 58th Republic Day, in New Delhi on January 25, 2007.jpg|thumb|Kalam addressing the nation on the eve of the 58th Republic day in 2007]]

In April 2012, towards the expiry of the term of the 12th president [[Pratibha Patil]], media reports claimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for his second term.<ref>{{cite news|last=Raj|first=Rohit|title=Virtual world seeks second term for Abdul Kalam|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/south/virtual-world-seeks-second-term-abdul-kalam-590|access-date=23 April 2012|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=23 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423195211/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/south/virtual-world-seeks-second-term-abdul-kalam-590|archive-date=23 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Prafulla|last=Marapakwar|title=Next President should be apolitical: Pawar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Second-innings-APJ-Abdul-Kalam-to-return-as-President/articleshow/12830216.cms|access-date=23 April 2012|date=23 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616111353/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-23/india/31386583_1_consensus-candidate-sharad-pawar-parties|archive-date=16 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Race for Rashtrapati Bhawan: APJ Abdul Kalam a good choice, says SP; backs Pawar|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/race-for-rashtrapati-bhawan-apj-abdul-kalam-a-good-choice-says-sp-backs-pawar-200986|access-date=23 April 2012|work=[[NDTV]]|date=23 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424001728/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/race-for-rashtrapati-bhawan-apj-abdul-kalam-a-good-choice-says-sp-backs-pawar-200986|archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref> After the reports, [[social networking sites]] witnessed a surge in posts supporting his candidature.<ref>{{cite news|title=Netizens campaign for second term to Kalam|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/245135/netizens-campaign-second-term-kalam.html|access-date=27 April 2012|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=26 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114034934/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/245135/netizens-campaign-second-term-kalam.html|archive-date=14 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Azeez|first=Parwin|title=Kalam for President clicks on social networks|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/chennai/Kalam-for-President-clicks-on-social-networks/articleshow/13044137.cms|access-date=8 May 2012|date=8 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616111409/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-08/chennai/31625398_1_p-j-abdul-kalam-social-media-social-networking|archive-date=16 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> While the ruling [[Indian National Congress]] opposed the nomination of Kalam,<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Benedict|first=Kay|date=14 June 2012|title=Congress opposes APJ Abdul Kalam's name for President|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/presidential-race-congress-opposes-apj-abdul-kalam-100083-2012-04-23|magazine=[[India Today]]|access-date=24 July 2023|archive-date=24 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724163532/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/presidential-race-congress-opposes-apj-abdul-kalam-100083-2012-04-23|url-status=live}}</ref> other parties such as the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the [[Trinamool Congress]] were reported by the media to be keen on his candidature.<ref>{{cite news|title=President poll: BJP rejects Pranab Mukherjee, Hamid Ansari, may back Kalam|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/president-poll-bjp-rejects-pranab-may-back-kalam/253558-37.html|access-date=30 April 2012|newspaper=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=30 April 2012|place=New Delhi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208161314/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/president-poll-bjp-rejects-pranab-may-back-kalam/253558-37.html|archive-date=8 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Presidential polls: We will not support Pranab Mukherjee, BJP says|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/Presidential-polls-We-will-not-support-Pranab-Mukherjee-BJP-says/articleshow/12937364.cms|access-date=30 April 2012|date=30 April 2012|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517162025/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-30/india/31505985_1_pranab-mukherjee-presidential-polls-sushma-swaraj|archive-date=17 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Prez poll: Mulayam, Mamata suggest APJ Kalam, Manmohan Singh, Somnath Chatterjee|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_prez-poll-mulayam-mamata-refuse-to-endorse-pranab-suggest-manmohan_1701902|access-date=13 June 2012|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=13 June 2012|archive-date=10 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410000348/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-prez-poll-mulayam-mamata-reject-pranab-suggest-manmohan-1701902|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mamata turns to Facebook, seeks support for Kalam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/social-media/Mamata-turns-to-Facebook-seeks-support-for-Kalam/articleshow/14174984.cms|access-date=16 June 2012|date=16 June 2012|agency=Press Trust of India|location=Kolkata, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617112446/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-16/social-media/32268498_1_mamata-banerjee-apj-abdul-kalam-missile-man|archive-date=17 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 June 2012, Kalam declined to contest stating that:

{{blockquote|Many, many citizens have also expressed the same wish. It only reflects their love and affection for me and the aspiration of the people. I am really overwhelmed by this support. This being their wish, I respect it. I want to thank them for the trust they have in me.<ref name="toirefused">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/APJ-Abdul-Kalam-not-to-contest-presidential-poll-2012/articleshow/14237561.cms|title=Abdul Kalam not to contest presidential poll 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 June 2012|access-date=18 June 2012|first=Karthick|last=S|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622074516/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-18/india/32298401_1_apj-abdul-kalam-bjp-leader-contest|archive-date=22 June 2012|url-status=live }}</ref>}}

== Post-presidency ==
[[File:Dr A P J Abdul Kalam addresses the 14th Convocation ceremony at the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati.jpg|thumb|Kalam addressing students at [[IIT Guwahati]] in 2012]]

After leaving office, Kalam returned to teaching, and became a visiting professor at various institutions. He became a visiting professor at [[Indian Institute of Management Shillong|IIM Shillong]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/kalvimalar-news-en/kalam-to-join-as-visiting-faculty-at-iim-shillong/11068|title=Kalam to join as visiting faculty at IIM Shillong|date=7 March 2013|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta}}</ref> an honorary professor at his alma mater [[Anna University]] in Chennai,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kalam-may-become-honorary-professor/story-IDF8dULMzCFsuZd1acZ4sI.html|title=Kalam may become honorary professor|date=15 July 2007|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927083323/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kalam-may-become-honorary-professor/story-IDF8dULMzCFsuZd1acZ4sI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and an honorary fellow of the [[Indian Institute of Science]] at [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/news/press_rel.htm|title=Honorary Fellowship of IISc|work=[[Indian Institute of Science]]|date=27 May 2008|access-date=10 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709223659/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/news/press_rel.htm|archive-date=9 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kalam|first1=Abdul|title=Turning Points: A Journey Through Challenges|publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|isbn=978-9-35029-543-4|access-date=30 June 2015|publication-date=5 September 2012|pages=48, 69|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HykusumG6YkC&pg=PT48|date=22 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517061603/https://books.google.com/books?id=HykusumG6YkC&pg=PT48|archive-date=17 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2007, he became the first chancellor of the newly established [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalam appointed IIST Chancellor |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/09/stories/2008090956211300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911060649/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/09/stories/2008090956211300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 September 2008|date=9 September 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> He also conducted lectures for management students in India,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/kalam-to-teach-management-students/articleshow/2642842.cms?from=mdr|title=Kalam to teach management students|date=22 December 2007|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> and visited China twice at the invitation of the [[Chinese government]] to conduct sessions at the [[Peking University]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/apj-abdul-kalam-not-just-indias-scientist-but-of-the-world-china-professor/|title=China professor: Abdul Kalam not just India's scientist but of the world|date=29 July 2015|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008233944/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/apj-abdul-kalam-not-just-indias-scientist-but-of-the-world-china-professor/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, Kalam voiced his support towards the establishment of the [[Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant|nuclear power plant]] at [[Koodankulam]] in Tamil Nadu, giving assurances for the safety of the facility.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 November 2011|title=Dr Kalam's 'assurance' on nuclear power plants draws flak|newspaper=Financial Magazine|url=http://moneylife.in/article/dr-kalams-assurance-on-nuclear-power-plants-draws-flak/21199.html|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108023921/http://www.moneylife.in/article/dr-kalams-assurance-on-nuclear-power-plants-draws-flak/21199.html|archive-date=8 November 2011}}</ref> However, some of the locals were unconvinced by his statements on the safety of the plant, and were hostile to his visit.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 November 2011|title=Kalam bats for Kudankulam but protesters unimpressed|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kalam-bats-for-Kudankulam-but-protesters-unimpressed/articleshow/10637144.cms|url-status=live|access-date=5 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523204808/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-07/india/30369212_1_kudankulam-plant-kudankulam-nuclear-power-project-kasinath-balaji|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> In May 2012, Kalam launched a programme called ''What Can I Give Movement'' aimed at the youth of India with a central theme of defeating corruption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whatcanigive.info/BlankBodyWGnrlRightPanl.php?PageTitle=AboutUs|title=About us|publisher=What Can I Give|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522051003/http://www.whatcanigive.info/BlankBodyWGnrlRightPanl.php?PageTitle=AboutUs|archive-date=22 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2137285.ece|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911233506/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2137285.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 September 2012|title=Take part in movement against corruption: Kalam|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 June 2011|access-date=1 March 2012|author=Mallady, Shastry}}</ref>

== Death ==
{{Main|Death and state funeral of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam}}

On 27 July 2015, Kalam travelled to [[Shillong]] to deliver a lecture on "Creating a Livable Planet Earth" at IIM Shillong. While climbing a flight of stairs, he experienced some discomfort, but was able to enter the auditorium after a brief rest.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalam-had-no-property/article7493734.ece|title=Kalam had no property|author=Scott, D.J. Walter|date=3 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222044729/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalam-had-no-property/article7493734.ece|archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-passes-away-after-collapsing-during-lecture-at-iim-shillong-2366030.html|title=End of an era: 'Missile man' APJ Abdul Kalam passes away after cardiac arrest|work=Firstpost|date=28 July 2015|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728112529/http://www.firstpost.com/india/former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-passes-away-after-collapsing-during-lecture-at-iim-shillong-2366030.html|archive-date=28 July 2015}}</ref> At around 6:35 p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], after five minutes into his lecture, he collapsed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/former-president-abdul-kalam-passed-away-following-sudden-illness/|title=Abdul Kalam, former president of India, passes away at 84|date=27 July 2015|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=27 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728170754/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/former-president-abdul-kalam-passed-away-following-sudden-illness/|archive-date=28 July 2015}}</ref> He was rushed to the nearby Bethany Hospital in a critical condition, and upon arrival, he lacked a pulse or any other signs of life. Despite being placed in the [[intensive care unit]], he was confirmed dead of a sudden [[cardiac arrest]] at 7:45{{nbsp}}p.m.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/abdul-kalam-showed-no-signs-of-life-when-brought-to-hospital-doctor-1026532.html|title=Abdul Kalam showed no signs of life when brought to hospital: Doctor|date=28 July 2015|work=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729225600/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/abdul-kalam-showed-no-signs-of-life-when-brought-to-hospital-doctor-1026532.html|archive-date=29 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-admitted-to-icu-in-shillong-sources-1201111|title=Former President APJ Abdul Kalam Dies at 83|first=Anindita|last=Sanyal|date=27 July 2015|publisher=NDTV.com|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729222948/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-admitted-to-icu-in-shillong-sources-1201111|archive-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> His purported last words to his aide [[Srijan Pal Singh]] were: "Funny guy! Are you doing well?"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/11-last-words-of-famous-people-that-reflect-exactly-what-life-was-to-them-243620.html|title=11 Last Words of Famous People That Reflect Exactly What Life Was To Them|work=India Times|date=31 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803141930/http://m.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/11-last-words-of-famous-people-that-reflect-exactly-what-life-was-to-them-243620.html|archive-date=3 August 2015}}</ref>

=== Aftermath ===
[[File:Front_view_of_APJ_Abdul_Kalam_Memorial_.jpg|thumb|[[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial]] at [[Rameswaram]]]]

Following his death, the people of India paid tributes on social media.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33685083|title=People's president: India mourns Abdul Kalam|date=28 July 2015|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730230504/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33685083|archive-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> The Government of India declared a seven-day [[National day of mourning|state mourning]] period as a mark of respect.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Seven-day-state-mourning-but-no-holiday/articleshow/48246786.cms|title=Seven-day state mourning but no holiday|date=28 July 2015|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731030228/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Seven-day-state-mourning-but-no-holiday/articleshow/48246786.cms|archive-date=31 July 2015}}</ref> Various leaders from India and abroad condoled the death of Kalam.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/28/former-indian-president-apj-abdul-kalam-has-died-aged-83|title=Former President APJ Abdul Kalam has died aged 83|access-date=28 July 2015|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821123429/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/28/former-indian-president-apj-abdul-kalam-has-died-aged-83|archive-date=21 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/abdul-kalams-death-tremendous-loss-to-india-isro-chief-a-s-krishna-kumar-1201137|title=Abdul Kalam's Death Tremendous Loss to India: ISRO Chief A S Kiran Kumar|date=29 July 2015|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730021211/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/abdul-kalams-death-tremendous-loss-to-india-isro-chief-a-s-krishna-kumar-1201137|archive-date=30 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/world-leaders-pay-glowing-tributes-to-inspirational-kalam-115072801081_1.html|title=World leaders pay glowing tributes to inspirational Kalam|date=28 July 2015|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144046/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/world-leaders-pay-glowing-tributes-to-inspirational-kalam-115072801081_1.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
Kalam's body was flown to New Delhi on the morning of 28 July, where dignitaries including then president, vice president, and prime minister paid their last respects.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-s-body-being-flown-to-delhi/article1-1373798.aspx|title=Farewell Kalam! Pranab, Modi lead nation in paying homage|date=28 July 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728100552/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-s-body-being-flown-to-delhi/article1-1373798.aspx|archive-date=28 July 2015}}</ref> His body was placed in his Delhi residence for public viewing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/apj-abdul-kalam-funeral-in-rameswaram-live-285013-2015-07-28|title=Live: Kalam's body at Delhi house for people to pay tribute|date=28 July 2015|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728192314/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/apj-abdul-kalam-funeral-in-rameswaram-live/1/454493.html|archive-date=28 July 2015}}</ref> On 29 July, his body was flown to the town of [[Mandapam]] via [[Madurai]], and was carried towards his home town of Rameswaram by road. His body was displayed in an open area to allow the public to pay their final respects until 8{{nbsp}}p.m. that evening.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Dignitaries-Pay-Respect-to-Kalam-in-Madurai-Airport/2015/07/29/article2947038.ece|title=Dignitaries Pay Respect to Kalam in Madurai Airport|author=Arunachalam, Pon Vasanth|date=29 July 2015|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=29 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801220459/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Dignitaries-Pay-Respect-to-Kalam-in-Madurai-Airport/2015/07/29/article2947038.ece|archive-date=1 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-kalams-body-to-be-flown-to-rameswaram-from-delhi/article7476407.ece?homepage=true|title=Kalam's mortal remains reach Rameswaram|date=29 July 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729093211/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-kalams-body-to-be-flown-to-rameswaram-from-delhi/article7476407.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=29 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Rishi|last1=Iyengar|title=India Pays Tribute to 'People's President' A.P.J. Abdul Kalam|url=https://time.com/3974357/apj-abdul-kalam-death-tributes-condolences/|access-date=20 August 2015|work=[[Time Inc.]]|date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731002329/http://time.com/3974357/apj-abdul-kalam-death-tributes-condolences/|archive-date=31 July 2015}}</ref> On 30 July 2015, following an [[Islamic funeral|Islamic burial prayer]] performed by the local [[imam]],<ref>{{cite news|date=30 July 2015|title=Thousands bid adieu to former President A P J Abdul Kalam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Thousands-bid-adieu-to-former-President-A-P-J-Abdul-Kalam/article60333907.ece|access-date=10 June 2025|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> he was laid to rest at Rameswaram's Pei Karumbu ground with full state honours with over 350,000 people in attendance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/people-s-president-kalam-laid-to-rest-with-full-state-honours-115073000426_1.html|title=People's president' Kalam laid to rest with full state honours|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=30 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801235007/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/people-s-president-kalam-laid-to-rest-with-full-state-honours-115073000426_1.html|archive-date=1 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/nation-bids-adieu-to-abdul-kalam/article7480951.ece?homepage=true|title=Nation bids adieu to Abdul Kalam|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=30 July 2015|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920020301/https://www.thehindu.com/news/nation-bids-adieu-to-abdul-kalam/article7480951.ece?homepage=true|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial]] was built in memory of Kalam by the DRDO in Pei Karumbu in Rameswaram.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dr APJ Abdul Kalam National Memorial Foundation Stone Laying Ceremony|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=147841|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023001125/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=147841|archive-date=23 October 2016}}</ref> It was inaugurated by the prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] in July 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Images of the Inauguration function |work=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=photogallary_events_pm_apj_memorial.jsp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802082018/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=photogallary_events_pm_apj_memorial.jsp|archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi's web page with news and photos|url=http://www.narendramodi.in/pm-modi-inaugurates-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-memorial-ar-rameswaram-tamil-nadu-536393|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802123139/http://www.narendramodi.in/pm-modi-inaugurates-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-memorial-ar-rameswaram-tamil-nadu-536393|archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> The memorial displays replicas of rockets and missiles which Kalam had worked with, and various acrylic paintings about his life. There is a large statue of Kalam in the entrance showing him playing the [[veena]], and two other smaller statues in sitting and standing posture respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is the Abdul Kalam memorial row? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-the-abdul-kalam-memorial-row-4774992/ |access-date=8 August 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808124802/https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-the-abdul-kalam-memorial-row-4774992/ |archive-date=8 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life and interests ==
[[File:Veena played by APJ Abdul Kalam.jpg|alt=Musical instrument veena enclosed in a glass casing|thumb|Kalam's veena on display at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] museum in Delhi]]

Kalam was the youngest of five siblings, the eldest of whom was a sister, Asim Zohra ({{died-in|1997}}), followed by three elder brothers: Mohammed Lebbai (5 November 1916–7 March 2021),<ref>{{cite news|date=7 March 2021|title=Kalam's elder brother dies at 104|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalams-elder-brother-dies-at-104-ramanathapuram-rameswaram/article34013992.ece|access-date=8 March 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=11 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311044739/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalams-elder-brother-dies-at-104-ramanathapuram-rameswaram/article34013992.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Abdul Kalam's elder brother turns 100 and APJ had bought a gift for him|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/apj-abdul-kalam-brother-birthday-350421-2016-11-05|access-date=5 July 2017|work=[[India Today]]|date=5 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710181745/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/apj-abdul-kalam-brother-birthday/1/803544.html|archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> Mustafa Kalam ({{died-in|1999}}) and Kasim Mohammed ({{died-in|1995}}).<ref name="Mid">{{cite news|title=We thought he would be with us for another decade: Kalam's nephew|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/we-thought-he-would-be-with-us-for-another-decade-kalams-nephew/16408160|access-date=3 August 2015|work=Mid-Day|date=29 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731230128/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/we-thought-he-would-be-with-us-for-another-decade-kalams-nephew/16408160|archive-date=31 July 2015}}</ref> He was close to his elder siblings and their extended families throughout his life, and would regularly send small sums of money to his older siblings, though he himself remaining a lifelong [[bachelor]].<ref name="Mid"/><ref name="integrity">{{cite news|title=Man of integrity, Kalam insulated family from trappings of power|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Man-of-integrity-Kalam-insulated-family-from-trappings-of-power/articleshow/48289991.cms|date=31 July 2015|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803081040/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Man-of-integrity-Kalam-insulated-family-from-trappings-of-power/articleshow/48289991.cms|archive-date=3 August 2015}}</ref>

Kalam was noted for his integrity and his simple lifestyle.<ref name="integrity"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Scott|first1=Walter|date=4 November 2016|title=Kalam's brother turns 100, says takes life as it comes|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Kalam%E2%80%99s-brother-turns-100-says-takes-life-as-it-comes/article16436426.ece|url-status=live|access-date=23 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223052244/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Kalam%E2%80%99s-brother-turns-100-says-takes-life-as-it-comes/article16436426.ece|archive-date=23 February 2020|quote=Kalam never accepted gifts when he attended functions...}}</ref> He was a [[teetotalism|teetotaler]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Michael|first=Saneesh|title=A.P.J. Abdul Kalam - The President of the masses|work=OneIndia|date=n.d.|url=http://living.oneindia.in/celebrity/other-celebrities/kalam-indian-president.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914092623/http://living.oneindia.in/celebrity/other-celebrities/kalam-indian-president.html|archive-date=14 September 2007}}</ref> and a [[vegetarian]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Of Rasam and Rice: The Humble Lifestyle of Former President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam|work=[[NDTV]]|url=http://food.ndtv.com/opinions/of-rasam-and-rice-the-humble-lifestyle-of-former-president-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-1201369|access-date=4 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730231654/http://food.ndtv.com/opinions/of-rasam-and-rice-the-humble-lifestyle-of-formerHe|archive-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> Kalam enjoyed writing [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poetry, playing the [[veena]] (an Indian string instrument),<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2040386,00.html|title=India's A.P.J. Abdul Kalam|date=30 November 1998|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228182257/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2040386,00.html|archive-date=28 February 2012 }}</ref> and listening to [[Carnatic music|Carnatic devotional music]] every day.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33685041|title=Abdul Kalam: People's president, extraordinary Indian|work=[[BBC]]|date=28 June 2015|access-date=28 June 2015|first=Shashi|last=Tharoor|author-link=Shashi Tharoor|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730230459/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33685041|archive-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> He never owned a [[television]], and was in the habit of rising at 6:30 or 7{{nbsp}}a.m. and sleeping by 2{{nbsp}}a.m.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kalam Tribute: Sir Never Had a TV at Home, Recalls Secretary of 24 Years|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kalam-tribute-sir-never-had-a-tv-at-home-recalls-secretary-of-24-years-1201261|date=28 July 2015|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=3 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731000524/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kalam-tribute-sir-never-had-a-tv-at-home-recalls-secretary-of-24-years-1201261|archive-date=31 July 2015}}</ref> His personal possessions included a few books, a [[veena]], clothing, a [[compact disc]] player and a [[laptop]]. He left no will, and his possessions went to his eldest brother after his death.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalam had no property|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalam-had-no-property/article7493734.ece?homepage=true|date=3 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=3 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222032339/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalam-had-no-property/article7493734.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Guru Kalam's assets, royalties to go to elder brother|url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/oneindia-special-guru-kalam-s-assets-royalties-to-go-to-elder-brother-1825182.html|access-date=3 August 2015|work=One India|date=3 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805225257/http://www.oneindia.com/india/oneindia-special-guru-kalam-s-assets-royalties-to-go-to-elder-brother-1825182.html|archive-date=5 August 2015}}</ref>

Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 students during the two years after his resignation from the post of scientific adviser in 1999. He explained, "I feel comfortable in the company of young people, particularly high school students. Henceforth, I intend to share with them experiences, helping them to ignite their imagination and preparing them to work for a developed India for which the road map is already available." His dream is to let every student to light up the sky with victory using their latent fire in the heart.<ref name="visit"/> He had an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology such as developing [[Implant (medicine)|biomedical implants]]. He also supported [[Open-source software|open source]] technology over [[proprietary software]], predicting that the use of free software on a large scale would bring the benefits of information technology to more people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/India-leader-advocates-open-source/2100-1016_3-1011255.html|title=India leader advocates open source|last=Becker|first=David|work=[[CNET]]|date=29 May 2003|access-date=17 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617103200/http://news.cnet.com/India-leader-advocates-open-source/2100-1016_3-1011255.html|archive-date=17 June 2011}}</ref>

=== Religious and spiritual views ===
Religion and spirituality were very important to Kalam throughout his life.<ref>{{cite web|title =The Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama|url=http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/626-apj-abdul-kalam-contemplative-science-complements-modern-science|website=www.dalailama.com|access-date=4 August 2015|first=The Office of His Holiness the 14th Dalai|last=Lama|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907005520/http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/626-apj-abdul-kalam-contemplative-science-complements-modern-science|archive-date=7 September 2015}}</ref> He was a practising [[Sunni Muslim]], and daily [[namaz]] and fasting during [[Ramadan]] were integral to his life.<ref name="BBC"/><ref name="NDTV">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/dr-kalam-indias-most-non-traditional-president-1201311?site=full|title=Dr Kalam, India's Most Non-Traditional President|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320080739/http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/dr-kalam-indias-most-non-traditional-president-1201311?site=full|archive-date=20 March 2016|work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> His father was an imam of a mosque, and had strictly instilled these Islamic customs in his children.<ref name="IT" /> His father had also impressed upon the young Kalam the value of interfaith respect and dialogue. As Kalam recalled: "Every evening, my father A. P. Jainulabdeen, an imam, Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry, the head priest of the Ramanathaswamy Hindu temple, and a church priest used to sit with hot tea and discuss the issues concerning the island."<ref name="Pramukh">{{Cite book|title=Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji|last=Kalam|first=A.P.J. Abdul|publisher=HarperCollins India|date=2015|isbn=978-93-5177-405-1|location=Noida|pages=ix–xi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ramzan & Rameswaram: His ties with the island|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Ramzan-Rameswaram-His-ties-with-the-island/articleshow/48274023.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 July 2015|access-date=4 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823165616/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Ramzan-Rameswaram-His-ties-with-the-island/articleshow/48274023.cms|archive-date=23 August 2015}}</ref> Such early exposure convinced Kalam that the answers to India's multitudinous issues lay in "dialogue and cooperation" among the country's religious, social, and political leaders.<ref name="NDTV"/> Moreover, since Kalam believed that "respect for other faiths" was one of the key cornerstones of Islam, and he remarked: "For great men, religion is a way of making friends; small people make religion a fighting tool."<ref>{{cite web|title=APJ Abdul Kalam: Not Hindu, Not Muslim – Death of an 'Indian'|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/apj-abdul-kalam-not-hindu-not-muslim-%25E2%2580%2593-death-of-an-indian_1637341.html|access-date=4 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730205714/http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/apj-abdul-kalam-not-hindu-not-muslim-%E2%80%93-death-of-an-indian_1637341.html|archive-date=30 July 2015|date=27 July 2015}}</ref>

One component of Kalam's widespread popularity among diverse groups in India, and an enduring aspect of his legacy, is the [[syncretism]] he embodied in appreciating various elements of the many spiritual and cultural traditions of India.<ref name="BBC"/><ref name="NDTV"/><ref name="FP">{{cite web|title=Remembering Kalam: Greatly beloved, but he maybe missed being truly great|date=28 July 2015|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/remembering-apj-abdul-kalam-greatly-beloved-but-he-maybe-missed-being-truly-great-2367544.html|access-date=4 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731000537/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/remembering-apj-abdul-kalam-greatly-beloved-but-he-maybe-missed-being-truly-great-2367544.html|archive-date=31 July 2015|work=Firstpost}}</ref> In addition to his faith in the [[Quran]] and Islamic practice, Kalam was well-versed in Hindu traditions, learnt [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Abdul-Kalam-or-Abul-Kalam-the-message-is-same/articleshow/48408920.cms|title=Abdul Kalam or Abul Kalam- the message is same|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824191957/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Abdul-Kalam-or-Abul-Kalam-the-message-is-same/articleshow/48408920.cms|archive-date=24 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/feb/01kalam1.htm|title=Kalam on why Sanskrit is important|access-date=8 August 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910015917/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/feb/01kalam1.htm|archive-date=10 September 2007|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> and read the [[Bhagavad Gita]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/11spec.htm|title=Muslims react to A P J Abdul Kalam's candidature for President|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830051202/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/11spec.htm|archive-date=30 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Three books that influenced APJ Abdul Kalam deeply|date=28 July 2015|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/three-books-that-influenced-apj-abdul-kalam-deeply-2367912.html|access-date=4 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730195411/http://www.firstpost.com/living/three-books-that-influenced-apj-abdul-kalam-deeply-2367912.html|archive-date=30 July 2015|work=Firstpost}}</ref> In 2002, in one of his early speeches to Parliament after becoming the president, he reiterated his desire for a more united India, stating that "During the last one year I met a number of spiritual leaders of all religions ... and I would like to endeavour to work for bringing about unity of minds among the divergent traditions of our country".<ref name="FP"/> Describing Kalam as a unifier of diverse traditions, [[Shashi Tharoor]] remarked, "Kalam was a complete Indian, an embodiment of the eclecticism of India's heritage of diversity".<ref name="BBC"/> Former [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|deputy prime minister]] [[L. K. Advani]] concurred that Kalam was "the best exemplar of the Idea of India, one who embodied the best of all the cultural and spiritual traditions that signify India's unity in immense diversity.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalam served India till last breath: Advani|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/kalam-served-india-till-last-breath-advani_1637359.html|access-date=4 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014074425/http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/kalam-served-india-till-last-breath-advani_1637359.html|archive-date=14 October 2015|date=28 July 2015|work=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>

Kalam's desire to meet spiritual leaders led him to meet [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]], the Hindu guru of the [[Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha]] (BAPS), who Kalam would come to consider his ultimate spiritual teacher and guru.<ref name="NDTV"/> Kalam and Pramukh Swami met eight times over a fourteen-year period and on his first meeting on 30 June 2001, Kalam described being immediately drawn to Pramukh Swami's simplicity and spiritual purity.<ref name="Pramukh"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Transcending boundaries with Swamiji|url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/ahmedabad/others/Transcending-boundaries-with-Swamiji/articleshow/48006801.cms|access-date=4 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817031028/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/ahmedabad/others/Transcending-boundaries-with-Swamiji/articleshow/48006801.cms|archive-date=17 August 2015|work= Ahmedabad Mirror}}</ref> Kalam stated that he was inspired by Pramukh Swami throughout their numerous interactions, and recalled being moved by Swami's equanimity and compassion, citing this incident as one of his motivations for writing his experiences as a book later.<ref name="Pramukh"/> Summarising the effect that Pramukh Swami had on him, Kalam stated that "[Pramukh Swami] has indeed transformed me. He is the ultimate stage of the spiritual ascent in my life ... Pramukh Swamiji has put me in a God-synchronous orbit. No manoeuvres are required any more, as I am placed in my final position in eternity."<ref name="NDTV"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Did Kalam sense his end was near? Arun Tiwari suspects|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arun-tiwari-suspects-kalams-premonition-of-his-death/article7478169.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 July 2015|access-date=4 August 2015|issn=0971-751X|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222061032/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arun-tiwari-suspects-kalams-premonition-of-his-death/article7478169.ece|archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref>

== Writings ==
{{main|A. P. J. Abdul Kalam bibliography}}
[[File:A.P.J Abdul Kalam.jpg|thumb|Kalam delivering a speech in 2010]]

Kalam has authored various books during his career, and his books have garnered interest in various countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=354077|title=Kalam, the author catching on in South Korea|date=9 February 2006|access-date=25 March 2012|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511001515/http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=354077|archive-date=11 May 2009}}</ref>

In his book ''[[India 2020]]'', he strongly advocated an action plan to develop India into a "knowledge superpower" and a [[developed nation]] by 2020. He regarded his work on India's [[nuclear weapons]] programme as a way to assert India's place as a future superpower.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nujslawreview.org/pdf/articles/2011_3/dr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam.pdf|title=IDG Session Address|last=Kalam|first=A.P.J. Abdul|date=1 October 2011|journal=NUJS Law Review|access-date=1 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314182225/http://nujslawreview.org/pdf/articles/2011_3/dr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam.pdf|archive-date=14 March 2014}}</ref>

{{blockquote|I have identified five areas where India has a core competence for integrated action: (1) agriculture and food processing; (2) education and healthcare; (3) information and communication technology; (4) infrastructure, reliable and quality electric power, surface transport and infrastructure for all parts of the country; and (5) self-reliance in critical technologies. These five areas are closely inter-related and if advanced in a coordinated way, will lead to food, economic and national security.}}

Kalam described a "transformative moment" in his life in his book ''[[Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji]]''. When he asked Pramukh Swami on how India might realise his vision of development, Swami answered to add a sixth area of developing faith in God and spirituality to overcome the current climate of crime and corruption.<ref name="Pramukh"/>

;Bibliography
The following are the books authored by Kalam:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-books-written-by-dr-abdul-kalam-1509088012-1|title=List of 25 Inspiring books written by Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam|work=[[Jagran Prakashan]]|date=14 October 2022|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
* {{cite book|title=Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Roddam Narasimha|author-link2=Roddam Narasimha|publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]|year=1988}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology|url=http://www.abdulkalam.nic.in/fluid.html|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]]|access-date=1 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130092420/http://abdulkalam.nic.in/fluid.html|archive-date=30 January 2012}}</ref>
* {{cite book|title=[[India 2020|India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium]]|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Y. S. Rajan|author-link2=Y. S. Rajan|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|year=1998|isbn=978-0-670-88271-7}}
* {{cite book|title=[[Wings of Fire (autobiography)|Wings of Fire]]|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Arun Tiwari|author-link2=Arun Tiwari|publisher=Universities Press|year=1999|isbn=978-8-173-71146-6}}
* {{cite book|author=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|title=Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power within India|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|date=2002|isbn=978-0-670-04928-8}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=A. Sivathanu Pillai|author-link2=A. Sivathanu Pillai|title=Envisioning an Empowered Nation: Technology for Societal Transformation|date=2004|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]|isbn=978-0-070-53154-3}}
* {{cite book|author=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|title=The Luminous Sparks: A Biography in Verse and Colours|publisher=Punya Publishing|date=2004|isbn=978-8-190-18978-1}}
* {{cite book|title=Guiding Souls: Dialogues on the Purpose of Life|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Arun Tiwari|author-link2=Arun Tiwari|publisher=Ocean Books|year=2005|isbn=978-8-188-32274-9}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Manav Gupta|author-link2=Manav Gupta|title=Mission India : A Vision for Indian youth|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|date=2005|isbn=978-0-14-333499-6}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|title=Inspiring Thoughts: Quotation Series|date=2007|publisher=[[Rajpal & Sons]]|isbn=978-81-7028-684-4}}
* {{cite book|title=You Are Born To Blossom: Take my Journey Beyond|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Arun Tiwari|author-link2=Arun Tiwari|publisher=Ocean Books|year=2010|isbn=978-8-184-30037-6}}
* {{cite book|title=The Scientific India: A Twenty First Century Guide to the World around Us|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Y. S. Rajan|author-link2=Y. S. Rajan|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0-143-41687-6}}
* {{cite book|title=Failure to Success: Legendry Lives|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Arun Tiwari|author-link2=Arun Tiwari|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|year=2011|isbn=978-8-125-04212-9}}
* {{cite book|title=[[Target 3 Billion|Target 3 Billion: Innovative Solutions towards Sustainable Development]]|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Srijan Pal Singh|author-link2=Srijan Pal Singh|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0-143-41730-9}}
* {{cite book|title=You are Unique: Scale New Heights by Thoughts and Actions|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Poonam Kohli|author-link2=|publisher=Punya Publishing|year=2012|isbn=978-0-143-41730-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Turning Points: A Journey through Challenges|author=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|year=2012|isbn=978-9-350-29347-8}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|title=[[Indomitable Spirit]]|date=2013|publisher=[[Rajpal & Sons]]|isbn=978-8-170-28879-4}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|title=Spirit of India|date=2013|publisher=[[Rajpal & Sons]]|isbn=978-8-170-28795-7}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|title=My Journey: Transforming Dreams into Actions|date=2014|publisher=[[Rupa Publications]]|isbn=978-8-129-12491-3}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=A. Sivathanu Pillai|author-link2=A. Sivathanu Pillai|title=We Can do it: Thoughts for Change|date=2014|publisher=Shree Book Centre|isbn=978-9-350-49763-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|title=Governance for Growth in India|date=2014|publisher=[[Rupa Publications]]|isbn=978-8-129-13260-4}}
* {{cite book|title=A Manifesto for Change: A Sequel to India 2020|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=V. Ponraj|publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|year=2014|isbn=978-9-351-36172-5}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Dr. Abdul Kalam's new Book A Manifesto for Change to release on July 14|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/dr-abdul-kalams-new-book-a-manifesto-for-change-to-release-on-july-14/|work=Bihar Prabha|access-date=27 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707150021/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/dr-abdul-kalams-new-book-a-manifesto-for-change-to-release-on-july-14/|archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref>
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|title=Forge Your Future: Candid, Forthright, Inspiring|date=2014|publisher=[[Rajpal & Sons]]|isbn=978-93-5064-279-5}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|title=Beyond 2020: A Vision for Tomorrow's India|date=2014|publisher=Viking Publishing|isbn=978-0-670-08796-9}}
* {{cite book|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|title=The Guiding Light: A Selection of Quotations from My Favourite Books|date=2015|publisher=[[Rupa Publications]]|isbn=978-8-129-13486-8}}
* {{cite book|title=Reignited: Scientific Pathways to a Brighter Future|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Srijan Pal Singh|author-link2=Srijan Pal Singh|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|date=2015|isbn=978-0-143-33354-8}}
* {{cite book|title=The Family and the Nation|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Acharya Mahapragya|author-link2=Acharya Mahapragya|publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|date=2015|isbn=978-8-172-23727-1}}
* {{cite book|title=[[Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji]]|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Arun Tiwari|author-link2=Arun Tiwari|publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|date=2015|isbn=978-9-351-77405-1}}
* {{cite book|title=Advantage India: From Challenge to Opportunity|author1=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author2=Srijan Pal Singh|author-link2=Srijan Pal Singh|publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|date=2015|isbn=978-9-351-77645-1}}

== Awards and honours ==
{{Main|List of honors and awards received by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam}}

Kalam received [[Doctor (title)#Honorary doctorates|honorary doctorates]] from various universities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr.Kalam's Page|url=http://www.abdulkalam.com/kalam/jsp/display_content.jsp?menuid=22&menuname=Dr.Kalam%F6s%20Page&linkid=130&linkname=Profile&content=457&columnno=0&starts=0&menu_image=-|publisher=Abdulkalam.com|access-date=1 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424232206/http://www.abdulkalam.com/kalam/jsp/display_content.jsp?menuid=22&menuname=Dr.Kalam%F6s%20Page&linkid=130&linkname=Profile&content=457&columnno=0&starts=0&menu_image=-|archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dr Abdul Kalam former President of India arrives to Dubai|url=http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20110417054039|date=16 April 2011|last=Dayekh|first=Ribal|work=[[Zawya]]|access-date=17 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604020818/http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20110417054039|archive-date=4 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kalam receives honorary doctorate from Queen's University Belfast|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2009/06/11/kalamreceives-honorary-doctorate-from-queensuniver.html|date=11 June 2009|work=[[Oneindia.in]]|access-date=13 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515153517/http://news.oneindia.in/2009/06/11/kalamreceives-honorary-doctorate-from-queensuniver.html|archive-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> The Government of India honoured him with the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1981 and the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1990.<ref name="Facts"/> In 1997, he was awarded India's highest civilian honour, the [[Bharat Ratna]], for his contribution to the scientific research and modernisation of defence technology in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/nov/26kal.htm|date=26 November 1997|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=13 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717032654/http://www.rediff.com/news/nov/26kal.htm|archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> He received the [[Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration]] in 1997, Savarkar Award in 1998, and Ramanujan Award in 2000.<ref name="Facts"/> In 2008, he was the recipient of [[Hoover Medal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, 2008 Hoover Medal Recipient |url=https://www.asme.org/about-asme/honors-awards/joint-awards/hoover-awards/2008 |work=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] |access-date=12 August 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812084114/https://www.asme.org/about-asme/honors-awards/joint-awards/hoover-awards/2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, he was awarded the [[National Space Society#Awards|Von Braun Award]] by the [[National Space Society]] "to recognize excellence in the management and leadership of a space-related project".<ref>{{cite web|work=[[National Space Society]]|url=http://www.nss.org/awards/vonbraun_award.html|title=NSS Von Braun Award|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202034637/http://www.nss.org/awards/vonbraun_award.html |archive-date=2 February 2015 |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:APJ Abdul Kalam 2015 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|A 2015 [[India Post]] stamp of Kalam]]
{{Main|List of things named after A. P. J. Abdul Kalam}}

Kalam's birthday is celebrated as [[World Students' Day]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 October 2021|title=Why APJ Kalam's birth anniversary is celebrated as World Students' Day|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-apj-kalam-s-birth-anniversary-is-celebrated-as-world-students-day-101634262358789.html|access-date=30 June 2022|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> In 2012, Kalam was ranked second in ''[[the Greatest Indian]]'' poll conducted by [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949|title=A Measure of the Man|last=Sengupta|first=Uttam|date=20 August 2012|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501020655/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2014, India and the United States launched the Fulbright-Kalam climate fellowship which enabled six Indian doctoral students and researchers to work with institutions in the US for a period of 6–12 months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-us-launch-fulbright-kalam-climate-fellowship-1286399|title=India, US Launch Fulbright-Kalam Climate Fellowship|work=[[NDTV]]|date=12 March 2016|access-date=17 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217101021/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-us-launch-fulbright-kalam-climate-fellowship-1286399|archive-date=17 February 2017 }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] announced that Kalam's birthday, 15 October, would be observed as "Youth Renaissance Day". It also instituted the "[[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Award|Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Award]]" constituting a gold medal, a certificate and {{INRconvert|500|k}}, to be awarded annually on the [[Indian Independence Day]], to residents of the state with achievements in promoting scientific growth, the humanities or the welfare of students.<ref>{{cite news|title=Award in Kalam's name, birthday to be observed as 'Youth Renaissance Day'|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/award-in-apj-abdul-kalams-name-birthday-to-be-observed-as-youth-renaissance-day/articleshow/48293888.cms|date=31 July 2015|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=31 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823154804/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/award-in-apj-abdul-kalams-name-birthday-to-be-observed-as-youth-renaissance-day/articleshow/48293888.cms|archive-date=23 August 2017}}</ref> On the anniversary of Kalam's birth in 2015, the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) released topics on his name as a part of the CBSE expression series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://49.50.126.244/web_material/Circulars/2015/exseries/66_APJ_Abdul_Kalam.pdf|title=APJ Abdul Kalam.pdf|date=16 October 2015|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[Central Board of Secondary Education]]|pages=1, 4–6|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014012454/http://49.50.126.244/web_material/Circulars/2015/exseries/66_APJ_Abdul_Kalam.pdf|archive-date=14 October 2015}}</ref> On the same day, [[India Post]] released postage stamps commemorating the 84th anniversary of Kalam's birth.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-remarks-at-birth-anniversary-celebrations-of-dr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam/|title=PM's remarks at birth anniversary celebrations of Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam|date=15 October 2015|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's office]]|archive-date=18 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118133838/http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-remarks-at-birth-anniversary-celebrations-of-dr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, researchers at the NASA's [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] discovered a new bacterium on the filters of the [[International Space Station]] and named it ''[[Solibacillus kalamii]]'' to honour Kalam.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nasa-pays-tribute-apj-abdul-kalam-by-naming-new-species-after-him-727552|title=NASA pays tribute to APJ Abdul Kalam by naming new species after him|date=21 May 2017|access-date=21 May 2017|work=International Business Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521111607/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nasa-pays-tribute-apj-abdul-kalam-by-naming-new-species-after-him-727552|archive-date=21 May 2017}}</ref> In February 2018, scientists from the [[Botanical Survey of India]] named a newly found plant species as ''Drypetes kalamii'', in his honour.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/new-plant-species-from-west-bengal-named-after-former-president-abdul-kalam/article22845140.ece|title=New plant species from West Bengal named after former President Abdul Kalam|access-date=27 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303121557/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/new-plant-species-from-west-bengal-named-after-former-president-abdul-kalam/article22845140.ece|archive-date=3 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 February 2018|last1=Pacha|first1=Aswathi }}</ref> In 2022, a newly discovered species of [[footballfish]] was named as ''[[Himantolophus kalami]]'' in Kalam's honour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/|title=Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families Caulophrynidae, Neoceratiidae, Melanocetidae, Himantolophidae, Diceratiidae, Oneirodidae, Thaumatichthyidae, Centrophrynidae, Ceratiidae, Gigantactinidae And Linophrynidaee|first=Christopher|last=Scharpf|date=3 June 2024|access-date=28 June 2024|work=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database|publisher=Christopher Scharpf|version=3|archive-date=13 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513083231/https://etyfish.org/lophiiformes2/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, a newly discovered [[tardigrade]] was named ''Batillipes kalami'' after him.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rajwi|first=Tiki|date=19 September 2023|title=New marine tardigrade species named after former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/new-marine-tardigrade-species-named-after-former-president-apj-abdul-kalam/article67322477.ece|access-date=7 November 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Several places and locations have been named after Kalam. In August 2015, [[Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road|Aurangzeb Road]] in New Delhi was named after Kalam as Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhis-aurangzeb-road-to-be-renamed-abdul-kalam-road/|title=Delhi exits 'cruel' Aurangzeb Road for 'kind' Abdul Kalam|access-date=27 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701212557/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhis-aurangzeb-road-to-be-renamed-abdul-kalam-road/|archive-date=1 July 2017|date=29 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/aurangzeb-road-is-now-abdul-kalam-road/article7613198.ece|title=Aurangzeb Road is now Abdul Kalam Road|access-date=27 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227114944/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/aurangzeb-road-is-now-abdul-kalam-road/article7613198.ece|archive-date=27 February 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 September 2015|last1=Nath|first1=Damini }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhis-aurangzeb-road-to-be-named-after-president-apj-abdul-kalam-tweets-arvind-kejriwal-1211984|title=Aurangzeb Road Renamed After APJ Abdul Kalam, Arvind Kejriwal Tweets 'Congrats'|access-date=27 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041412/https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhis-aurangzeb-road-to-be-named-after-president-apj-abdul-kalam-tweets-arvind-kejriwal-1211984|archive-date=28 February 2018|work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> In September 2015, the national missile test site in [[Odisha]] in Wheeler Island was renamed as [[Abdul Kalam Island]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Odisha's Wheeler Island to be renamed after APJ Abdul Kalam|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-s-wheeler-island-to-be-renamed-after-former-indian-president-apj-abdul-kalam/article1-1387528.aspx|date=4 September 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|access-date=21 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909091009/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-s-wheeler-island-to-be-renamed-after-former-indian-president-apj-abdul-kalam/article1-1387528.aspx|archive-date=9 September 2015}}</ref> In October 2015, a {{cvt|6180|m}} peak near the [[Bara Shigri Glacier]] in the [[Himalayas]] was named as Mount Kalam.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/36880/arjun-vajpai-and-bhupesh-kumar-scale-unexplored-peak/|title=These 2 Indians Scaled an Unexplored Mountain Peak. And Named It Mt. Kalam|date=23 October 2015|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Better India}}</ref> [[Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Missile Complex]], a missile research facility in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] is named after him.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/missile-complex-in-hyderabad-renamed-after-kalam-495459-2015-10-15|title=Missile Complex in Hyderabad renamed after Kalam|work=[[India Today]]|date=15 October 2015|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Science City]] in [[Patna]], and [[Puducherry Science Centre & Planetarium|Dr. Abdul Kalam Science Centre and Planetarium]] in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] are named in honour of Kalam.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumi|first1=Faryal|title=Work on APJ Abdul Kalam Science City to begin this month|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/work-on-science-city-to-begin-this-month/articleshow/68141661.cms|access-date=31 October 2019|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129021835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/work-on-science-city-to-begin-this-month/articleshow/68141661.cms|archive-date=29 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Science centre-cum-planetarium named after Abdul Kalam|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/science-centrecumplanetarium-named-after-abdul-kalam/article7545449.ece|date=16 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222061046/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/science-centrecumplanetarium-named-after-abdul-kalam/article7545449.ece|archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> Several universities,<ref>{{cite news|title=UPTU is now APJ Abdul Kalam Tech University|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/UPTU-is-now-APJ-Abdul-Kalam-Tech-University/articleshow/48302218.cms|date=1 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805101720/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/UPTU-is-now-APJ-Abdul-Kalam-Tech-University/articleshow/48302218.cms|archive-date=5 August 2015}}</ref> and other educational institutions and other locations were renamed or named in honour of Kalam.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bihar govt names college, science city after 'People's President' APJ Abdul Kalam|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/bihar-govt-names-college-science-city-after-peoples-president-apj-abdul-kalam/|date=30 July 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802205557/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/bihar-govt-names-college-science-city-after-peoples-president-apj-abdul-kalam/|archive-date=2 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Institute to be named after Kalam|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/institute-to-be-named-after-kalam/article7483906.ece|date=31 July 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222010642/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/institute-to-be-named-after-kalam/article7483906.ece|archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Complex to be named after Abdul Kalam|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/complex-to-be-named-after-abdul-kalam/article7498039.ece|date=4 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222044815/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/complex-to-be-named-after-abdul-kalam/article7498039.ece|archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/new-arts-and-science-college-named-after-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-coming-up-in-tamil-nadu-1451387-2019-02-08|title=New arts and science college named after Dr APJ Abdul Kalam coming up in Tamil Nadu| work=[[India Today]]|date=8 February 2019|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
;Biographies
* ''Eternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr Kalam'' by S Chandra; Pentagon Publishers, 2002.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rohde|first=David|title=Nuclear Scientist, 70, a Folk Hero, Is Elected India's President|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/19/world/nuclear-scientist-70-a-folk-hero-is-elected-india-s-president.html|access-date=29 June 2012|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=19 July 2002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109144604/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/19/world/nuclear-scientist-70-a-folk-hero-is-elected-india-s-president.html|archive-date=9 November 2012}}</ref>
* ''President A P J Abdul Kalam'' by R K Pruthi; Anmol Publications, 2002.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pruthi|first=Raj|title=President Apj Abdul Kalam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee3PR5HFBCAC|date=2003|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-81-261-1344-6|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603190326/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee3PR5HFBCAC|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''A P J Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India'' by K Bhushan, G Katyal; A P H Pub Corp, 2002.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhushan|first1=K.|last2=Katyal|first2=G.|title=A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3K3wQsM9PUC|date=2002|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-380-3|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507014259/https://books.google.com/books?id=W3K3wQsM9PUC|archive-date=7 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President'' by P M Nair; HarperCollins, 2008.<ref name="Nair2008">{{cite book|last=Nair|first=P. M.|title=The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NldWPgAACAAJ|date=2008|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers, a joint venture with the India Today Group|isbn=978-81-7223-736-3|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426081144/https://books.google.com/books?id=NldWPgAACAAJ|archive-date=26 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam'' by Fr A K George; Novel Corporation, 2009.<ref name="George2009">{{cite book|author=Fr A K George|title=My Days with Mahatma Abdul Kalam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyvbRgAACAAJ|date=2009|publisher=Novel Corp|isbn=978-81-904529-5-3|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513053103/https://books.google.com/books?id=PyvbRgAACAAJ|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: A Life'' by [[Arun Tiwari]]; Harper Collins, 2015.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://harpercollins.co.in/book/a-p-j-abdul-kalam-a-life/|title=A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: A Life|last=Tiwari|first=Arun|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2015|isbn=9789351776918|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905181325/https://harpercollins.co.in/book/a-p-j-abdul-kalam-a-life/|archive-date=5 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''The People's President: Dr A P J Abdul Kalam'' by S M Khan; Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/the-peoples-president-9789386141521/|title=The People's President: Dr A P J Abdul Kalam|last=Khan|first=S M|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2016|isbn=9789386141521|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=30 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330121500/https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/the-peoples-president-9789386141521/|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Film and media
In 2008, a documentary film ''[[A Little Dream]]'' directed by P. Dhanapal was released in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/25/stories/2008012550520200.htm|title=Documentary on Kalam released|date=12 January 2008|access-date=27 March 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090511012413/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/25/stories/2008012550520200.htm|archive-date= 11 May 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url-status= dead}}</ref> In the 2011 [[Bollywood|Hindi film]] ''[[I Am Kalam]]'', Kalam is portrayed as a positive influence on a poor but bright [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthani]] boy named Chhotu, who renames himself Kalam in honour of his idol.<ref>{{cite web|title=I Am Kalam: Movie Review|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-04/news-interviews/29849681_1_film-nila-madhab-panda-harsh-mayar|access-date=3 March 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523204749/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-04/news-interviews/29849681_1_film-nila-madhab-panda-harsh-mayar|archive-date=23 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''People's President'' is a 2016 Indian documentary [[feature film]] directed by Pankaj Vyas and produced by the Government of India's [[Films Division of India|Films Division]].<ref>{{cite news|date=15 January 2021|title=Biopic to be streamed as tribute to Dr APJ Abdul Kalam|url=https://filmsdivision.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/15.pdf|work=[[Films Division of India]]|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611165852/https://filmsdivision.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/15.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ''My Hero Kalam'' is a 2018 [[Kannada]] biographical film by Shivu Hiremath which portrays Kalam's life from childhood to the Pokhran tests.<ref>{{cite web|title=My Hero Kalam (2018)|url=https://indiancine.ma/CFYH/info|work=Indiancine|access-date=17 February 2021|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818013129/https://indiancine.ma/CFYH/info|url-status=live }}</ref> The third episode of ''Mega Icons'' (2018–2020), a documentary television series about prominent personalities of India aired on [[National Geographic India|National Geographic]] was based on Kalam's life.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mega Icons Season 1 Episode 1|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/mega-icons/1260000382/virat-kohli/1770018765|access-date=11 June 2021|work=[[Disney+ Hotstar]]|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611165844/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/mega-icons/1260000382/virat-kohli/1770018765|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2020 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'', Sheik Maideen portrayed Kalam.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the man who's Kalam but not Kalam|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/apj-abdul-kalam-sheikh-mydeen-look-alike-331642-2016-07-27|access-date=29 April 2022|work=India Today|date=27 July 2016|archive-date=29 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429101432/https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/apj-abdul-kalam-sheikh-mydeen-look-alike-331642-2016-07-27|url-status=live }}</ref> In ''Rocket Boys'', a Hindi biographical [[streaming television]] series on [[SonyLIV]], the character of Kalam was played by Arjun Radhakrishnan.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Rocket Boys' Begins Well, Then Turns Into Hagiography With a Blatantly Communal Touch|url=https://thewire.in/culture/rocket-boys-review|access-date=1 July 2022|website=The Wire|archive-date=4 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304105826/https://thewire.in/culture/rocket-boys-review|url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2022 Tamil film ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]'', Kalam is portrayed by Amaan.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chellappan|first=Kumar|date=8 December 2013|title=True lies|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/sunday-edition/true-lies.html|work=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]|access-date=2 April 2021|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419131302/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/sunday-edition/true-lies.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Presidency of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
* [[List of presidents of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|display=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|wikt=no|c=Category:Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam|commonscat=Category:Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam|n=Former Indian president APJ Abdul Kalam dies at age 83|q=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|s=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|author=no|b=no|voy=no|v=no|d=Q9513|species=no|species_author=no|m=no|mw=Bharatpedia:VideoWiki/A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|position=right}}
* [http://www.abdulkalam.com/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227160818/http://www.abdulkalam.com/ |date=27 February 2021 }}
* [http://abdulkalam.nic.in/profile.html Website of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam during his tenureship as the President of India], hosted by the [[National Informatics Centre]]
* {{IMDb name|id=1527897}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[K. R. Narayanan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of India]]|years=2002 - 2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pratibha Patil]]}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-new|reason=First holder}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India]]|years = 1999 - 2002}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rajagopala Chidambaram]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[V. S. R. Arunachalam]]}}
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{{s-aft|after=[[V. K. Aatre]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Navboxes|list1=
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalam, Abdul}}
[[Category:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam| ]]
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Gaa (restaurant)

2026-02-18T14:10:28Z

Vanmathiscp: Creating some stub and citations...

{{Short description|Indian restaurant in Bangkok}}
{{Infobox restaurant
| name = Gaa
| logo = Gaa restaurant logo.jpg
| logo_width = 100
| coordinates = {{coord|13.7273585|100.5782663|display=title, inline|type:landmark|format=dms}}
| established = {{Start date|2017}}
| current_owner = [[Garima Arora]]
| head_chef = Garima Arora
| food_type = [[Indian cuisine|Indian]]
| rating = {{Michelinstar|2}} [[Michelin Guide]]
| street_address = 46/1 Sukhumvit 53, Klong Tan Nuea, Wattana, 10110
| city = [[Bangkok]]
| country = [[Thailand]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.gaabkk.com/}}
| mapframe = no
}}

'''Gaa''' is a restaurant in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]], offering modern Indian cuisine with Thai influences. Founded in 2017 by [[Garima Arora]], the restaurant holds two [[Michelin Guide|Michelin stars]] and is recognized among Asia's 50 Best Restaurants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Garima Arora Makes Culinary History: Secures Two MICHELIN Stars while Navigating Motherhood at Gaa |url=http://guide.michelin.com/th/en/article/people/garima-arora-makes-history-two-michelin-stars-gaa |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=MICHELIN Guide |language=en-TH}}</ref> The restaurant is housed in a restored 60-year-old Thai wooden house in the Sukhumvit district.

== History ==
Gaa opened in April 2017 under the leadership of Garima Arora, a Mumbai-born chef who trained at [[Le Cordon Bleu]] in Paris and worked in renowned kitchens including [[Noma (restaurant)|Noma]] in Copenhagen and [[Gaggan]] in Bangkok.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaa-Bangkok-Restaurant-50Best Discovery |url=https://www.theworlds50best.com/discovery/Establishments/Thailand/Bangkok/Gaa.html |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=50B - Discovery |language=en}}</ref>

Gaa earned its first Michelin star in 2018 and a second in 2024, making Garima Arora the first Indian woman to achieve two Michelin stars. Arora also received the Michelin Guide Young Chef Award, and Gaa has consistently ranked among the region's best, including #16 in Asia's 50 Best Restaurants (2019), Asia's Best Female Chef (2019) by [[The World's 50 Best Restaurants|World's 50 Best Restaurants]], #7 in Bangkok's Top 25 Restaurants (2023), and [[Tatler]] Best 20 Restaurants (2025).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-11 |title=GAA - Turtle 23 |url=https://turtle23.com/brand/gaa/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Turtle 23 -}}</ref>

== Cuisine ==
Gaa serves seasonal tasting menus that reinterpret Indian culinary traditions using modern techniques and locally sourced Thai ingredients. The menu incorporates methods such as fermentation, pickling, and [[tandoor]] cooking. Signature items include the [[Bombay sandwich]] with sea urchin and Kashmiri morel [[paniyaram]], crab in macadamia milk curry, and tandoori [[durian]] with pickles and [[roti]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaa {{!}} |url=https://www.enprimeurclub.com/restaurants/gaa-bangkok-restaurant |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=The En Primeur Club |language=en}}</ref> Pairings include wine, champagne, and house-made non-alcoholic beverages, supported by a cellar of over 2,000 bottles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaa – Michelin-Starred Restaurant in Bangkok, Thailand {{!}} Flavors, Photos, Reviews |url=https://gastronomap.com/restaurant/gaa-bangkok-thailand |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Michelin Map |language=en}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
Gaa occupies a traditional Thai wooden house that originated in [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Ayutthaya]] and was relocated and reconstructed in Bangkok using traditional ''Ruen Thai'' joinery techniques.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-16 |title=Gaa – Transformation of a Thai House – architectkidd co. ltd. |url=https://www.architectkidd.com/index.php/2023/06/gaa-tranformation-of-thai-house/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> This method allowed the structure to be disassembled and reassembled, preserving its heritage while adapting it for a modern dining experience.

The space retains characteristic [[Thai architecture|Thai architectural]] elements such as undulating roof forms and curved ceilings, complemented by a striking string installation inspired by ''Sai Sin'', the sacred white threads used in Thai rituals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaa by Architectkidd rematerializes traditional Thai architecture |url=https://archello.com/it/news/gaa-by-architectkidd-rematerializes-traditional-thai-architecture |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Archello |language=it}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Restaurants in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Restaurants established in 2017]]
[[Category:Fine dining restaurants]]
[[Category:Michelin-starred Asian restaurants]]
[[Category:Michelin-starred restaurants in Thailand]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Thailand]]
[[Category:Culture of Bangkok]]
[[Category:Indian restaurants outside India]]

M. P. Parameswaran

2026-02-08T11:58:58Z

Vanmathiscp: reworked structure and corrected details based on references

{{Short description|Indian nuclear engineer and educationist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = M. P. Parameswaran
| image = Mpparameswaran.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1935|01|18}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| field = [[Nuclear Engineering]]
| work_institution = [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] [[Department of Atomic Energy]]
| alma_mater = [[College of Engineering, Trivandrum]] [[Moscow Power Engineering Institute]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Indian Nuclear Programme [[Operation Smiling Buddha]]
| prizes = Books for Neoliterates Award (1962) Basic and Cultural Literature Award (1964) Children's Literature Award (1984)
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}
'''M. P. Parameswaran''' is an Indian [[nuclear engineer]] and educationist, who played an important role in the Indian nuclear programme. In 2022, he was honoured with [[Kerala Awards|Kerala Sree Award]], third highest civilian award given by the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala declares 1st-ever Padma-inspired awards; MT gets highest honour |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/nov/01/kerala-declares-1st-ever-padma-inspired-awards-mt-gets-highest-honour-2513604.html |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=The New Indian Express|date=November 2022 }}</ref>

== Education ==
He was born on 18 January 1935 in [[Kerala]]. In 1956, he received a [[Bachelor's degree]] in [[Engineering]] from the [[College of Engineering, Trivandrum]], Kerala. He then joined [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) in [[Bombay]] and continued there till 1975. From 1969 to 1973 he worked as the Assistant Director of the State Institute of Languages in Kerala, on a deputation from BARC. He got a PhD in [[Nuclear Engineering]] from the [[Moscow Power Engineering Institute]] in 1965.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://atlanta.aidindia.org/events/parameswaran03_flyer.html|title=Talk by Dr MP Parameswaran|accessdate=19 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026091533/http://atlanta.aidindia.org/events/parameswaran03_flyer.html|archive-date=26 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Indian science movement ==
During the 1970s, a [[people's science movement]] called [[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]] (KSSP) was formed in Kerala and created a new movement among science teachers and [[Science communication|science communicators]] in the state. He resigned from his job in 1975 to take part in the movement. Since then he has been a full-time activist of the Kerala Sasthra Sahitya Parishad (KSSP). Under his leadership, the KSSP grew into a massive people’s movement and influenced science communicators all over the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatogether.org/interviews/iview-mpp.htm|title=India Together - A conversation with Interview with Dr. M.P. Parameswaran|accessdate=19 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424133349/http://www.indiatogether.org/interviews/iview-mpp.htm|archive-date=24 April 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Social Movements in India|editor=R. Ray and M. F. Katzen nstein|publisher=Rowman & LittlefieldPublishers|year=2005}}</ref>
[[File:MP Parameshwaran.jpg|thumb|250px|M. P. Parameswaran]]

==Kerala Sasthra Sahitya Parishad==
After KSSP became a success in Kerala, M. P. Parameswaran took steps to enlarge the canvas at the national level. In 1987, as Convener of the National Organising Committee of the [[Bharat Jan Vigyan Jatha]], a unique [[communication]] event for India - he significantly contributed to the conceptualisation, organisation and conduct of this massive communication experiment. He had also been instrumental in the setting up of the All India People's Science Network (AIPSN), a common platform of people science movements in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgvs.org/index.php/all-article-categories/73-story-of-bharat-gyan-vigyan-samiti-bgvs|title=Story Of Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti (BGVS)|accessdate=19 December 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510053607/http://www.bgvs.org/index.php/all-article-categories/73-story-of-bharat-gyan-vigyan-samiti-bgvs|archivedate=10 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1990, he was instrumental in the organisation of the Bharat Gyan Vigyan Jatha in support of the [[National Literacy Mission Programme]], which was organised from 2 October 1990 to 14 November 1990. This led to the formation of Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti (BGVS), which was responsible for the massive [[literacy]] campaign initiated in India.

== Contribution in science and technology ==
[[File:M. P. Parameswaran.jpg|thumb|Dr. M. P. Parameswaran at Thrissur 2014]]
MP is a prolific writer, having written 29 [[popular science]] books in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] and two in [[English language|English]]. His books give a panoramic view of [[science]]. [[Radioactivity]], atomic science, [[astronomy]], [[mathematics]], [[political science]], [[social science]], [[ecology]] - these are some of the varied subjects he has dealt with in his books. A vision of "A New World - A New India" guides his thoughts and actions.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} He was the recipient of two national awards, one for science popularisation and another for literacy. He has written more than 300 articles in various [[periodical]]s. He has received [[Government of India]] awards for "Books for Neoliterates" (1962) and "Basic and Cultural Literature" (1964). He also received an Award for Children's Literature in 1982.

He was an active member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] for 33 years, before being expelled for writing an ideological book 'Fourth World' which envisions a world based on decentralised democracy and an economic production that is detached from consumerism. The party viewed it as a rejection of Marxist principles.

As Assistant Director of Kerala Institute of Languages, he was instrumental in designing the layout for Malayalam keyboard for typewriters, which was later adopted in the inscript layout for computers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clickeralam.org/MalReport.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=22 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204222715/http://clickeralam.org/MalReport.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2008/08039-kerala-order.pdf | title=Malayalam script-adoption of new script for use-orders issued | date=23 March 1971 | publisher=Government of Kerala | accessdate=16 July 2019 }}</ref>

In 2007, he acted in a Malayalam movie named ''AKG'' about the Communist leader A K Gopalan in which M. P. Parameswaran donned the role of Kerala's first Chief Minister [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]].

He had published the book ''Janakeeya Sasthra Prasthanam'' in 2008. The third edition of the book was recently published.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080627111212/http://aipsn.org/ All India Peoples Science Network]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080708065428/http://www.pragoti.org/node/198 Indo-American Nuclear Deal]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parameswaran, M. P.}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Engineers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian technology writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian nuclear engineers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala Sree Award Winners]]

Rajiv Gandhi Bhawan

2026-01-31T18:16:20Z

Vanmathiscp: update citations further and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Airports Authority of India headquarters}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2010}}

[[File:Rajiv gandhi bhawan4.JPG|thumb|Rajiv Gandhi Bhawan]]

'''Rajiv Gandhi Bhawan''' is the corporate headquarters of [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI).<ref>"[http://203.145.141.162/cms/ContactUsSearchP.aspx?val=0 Contact Information Search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104181048/http://203.145.141.162/cms/ContactUsSearchP.aspx?val=0 |date=4 January 2012 }}." [[Airports Authority of India]]. Retrieved on 9 September 2010. "Airports Authority of India, Rajiv Gandhi Bhawan, Safdarjung Airport, New Delhi - 110003"</ref> AAI also functions under the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] and manages most of the [[airports]] in India. The [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Indian Ministry of Civil Aviation]] is co-located in the same building.

Mehro Consultants was involved in the design of the building.<ref>"[http://www.mehroconsultants.com/projectgallary.htm Project Gallary]"{{sic}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141124084255/http://www.mehroconsultants.com/projectgallary.htm Archive]) (the building is the one with the filename: "[http://www.mehroconsultants.com/images/Rajiv-Gandhi-Bhawan-Airport.gif Rajiv-Gandhi-Bhawan-Airport.gif]"). Mehro Consultants. Retrieved on 24 August 2014.</ref> It has been used as a [[metonym]] for the Ministry of Civil Aviation.<ref>Seth, Rabindra. ''Tourism In India: An Overview'' (2 Vols.). Gyan Publishing House, 1 January 2005. {{ISBN|8178353288}}, 9788178353289. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SI1YFyUjUcMC&pg=PA153 153]. "Open-skies continues to be a dirty word at Rajiv Gandhi Bhawan."</ref>

It is named after [[Rajiv Gandhi]].

==Design==
The building has a unique plan. This can be seen in the picture opposite, showing the aerial view as seen from the satellite. This building is on the [[Aurobindo Marg]], with [[Safdarjung's Tomb]] adjacent on the right-hand side and the [[Aero Club of India]] on the left, and near [[Safdarjung Airport]].

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
*[https://www.aai.aero/ Airports Authority of India, (AAI) website]

{{coord missing|Delhi}}
{{Portal|India|Aviation}}

{{Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)}}

[[Category:Government buildings in Delhi]]
[[Category:Headquarters in India]]
[[Category:Aviation in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

{{India-struct-stub}}

Abul Kalam Azad (photographer)

2026-01-29T22:03:12Z

Vanmathiscp: creating post

{{Short description|Indian photographer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Abul Kalam Azad.JPG
| caption = Azad in Casa, Himalayas, 2012
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1964|09|24}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Photographer
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'''Abul Kalam Azad''' (born 24 September 1964) is a noted contemporary Indian photographer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abulkalamazad.in/|title=Home|first=Abul Kalam|last=Azad|website=Abul Kalam Azad|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1b8bFdGXflQ|title=War Wedding Widows You tube - YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref><ref>Exploring every angle, Priyadarsshini Sharma, The Hindu, 16 June 2006</ref><ref>Addressing Gandhi, SAHMAT, New Delhi, 1995, Page 109</ref><ref>Gift for India, SAHMAT, New Delhi, 1997</ref> Abul's photographic works are predominantly autobiographical and expose the areas of politics, culture, [[contemporary history]], [[gender]] and [[eroticism]]. His works attempts a re-reading of contemporary Indian history – the history in which ordinary people are absent and mainly provided by beautiful images and icons. Abul's works makes an active intervention in the common illustrative discourse of this history. Using the same tool, photography, that chisels history out of a block of ‘real’ human experiences, Abul makes a parody of it. 'Overall, the corpus of Azad's work can be seen to have a thrust towards an archive of local micro-history at the level of personal memory and in that sense, his works add up to a kind of social anthropology of his land and its people, though not necessarily in the line of tradition of the objective documentary'.<ref>Abul Kalam Azad photography, Prof. R. Nandakumar, HoD Visual arts, IGNCA</ref> Abul Kalam Azad is the visionary behind EtP [[Ekalokam Trust for Photography]], a Trust dedicated to preserving and promoting contemporary Photography. He is also the Director of [[Project 365]],<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/ekalokam-trust-for-photography/article6764338.ece|title=365 days of visual history|first=K.|last=Pradeep|date=7 January 2015|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/project-365-photo-archive-Tiruvannamalai-temple-town-photo-series-bangalore-mirror/articleshow/38811967.cms|title=A 360-degree view of Tiruvannamalai|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/jul/21/snapshots-of-a-sepia-tinted-past-and-a-glistening-present-638267.html|title=Snapshots of a sepia tinted past and a glistening present|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref> a public photo art project that collectively creates and preserves photographic visuals of the fast changing culture and lifestyle of ancient [[Tamilakam]]. He is the Editor-in-Chief of Photo Mail<ref>http://www.photomail.org></ref> online magazine.

== Biography ==
Abul was born in [[Kerala]] (24 September 1964) to a migrant family from [[Tamil Nadu]] and was brought up in [[Mattancherry]], the historical heart of [[Kochi]]. Abul's talents as a photographer was evident from childhood and he joined as an apprentice in a hometown studio to develop his skills. During the 1980s he set up 'Zen studio' at Mattancherry and started working with many prominent news agencies, newspapers, and in periodicals in India and Abroad. He moved to Delhi in the year 1990 and worked as a photo-journalist with [[Press Trust of India]] (1990–1996), [[New Delhi]] Bureau. During this time he traveled for further studies to Europe. He was supported by various scholarships, one of which was granted to him by the French Government. He also received a Charles Wallace Award (fellowship 1995), UK. He left the promising photo-journalist career to follow his passion '[[art photography]]'. His first exhibition 'Frontier People' was held at Kerala Kaladeepam in the year 1994. His first National level exhibition 'Violence Undone' was held in Max Muller Bhavan, New Delhi in the year 1996. Since then, Abul's work has been exhibited widely in India and Abroad.

Coming back to his native Mattancherry in the year 2000, he set up Mattancherry's his studio 'Mayalokam' in the inspiring labyrinth of the ancient warehouses, between the Bazaar Road and the Harbour front. Soon, Mayalokam studio became a cultural hub for locals, national and international artists / enthusiasts from various discipline. Eventually, Mayalokam became Mayalokam Art Collective to include other artists – Emma Burke-gaffney, Gayatri Gamuz and Anand Felix Scaria. The collective space comprised Mayalokam studio, Lila gallery, Masala company design store and Badal, an alternate shop. Art Exhibitions and Free music (interactive music concert between locals and professional musicians) took place on a regular basis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/06/16/stories/2006061600480300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703185521/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/06/16/stories/2006061600480300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Exploring every angle|date=2006-06-16|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/25/stories/2003122501520100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041110193931/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/25/stories/2003122501520100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Cultures merge across the backwaters|date=2003-12-25|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

In the year 2001, 'Encounter', Kochi's first contemporary art festival, sort of precursor to the [[Kochi-Muziris Biennale]] was initiated by Mayalokam Art Collective and Kashi Art Cafe.<ref name="thehindu.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/others/Kochi-Muzris-Biennale-Lalith-Kala-Academy-Jitish-Kallat/articleshow/45828908.cms|title=What you see when you see: A significant exposition of visual arts|last1=Bangalore Mirror Bureau |date=January 10, 2015|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/others/Kochi-Muzris-Biennale-Lalith-Kala-Academy-Jitish-Kallat/articleshow/45828908.cms|title=What you see when you see: A significant exposition of visual arts|last=Jayaram|first=Suresh|date=10 January 2015|work=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=2019-07-03|publisher=The Times of India}}</ref> The festival took place at Mayalokam Art collective and Kashi art cafe. Prominent artists and academicians like Ajayan Namboothri, Jose Manuel Val, Bawa Chelladurai, Suresh Jayaram, Vivek Vilasini, [[Rajan Gurukkal|Dr. Rajan Gurukal]] took part in the fortnight long art festival which included film screenings, book reading sessions, plays, art exhibitions and seminars.<ref>The first 'Encounter', Anand Haridas, The Hindu, 16 August 2001</ref><ref>'Encounter with realities, Anand Haridas, The Hindu</ref><ref>Anand Haridas, The rest of Encounter, The Hindu</ref><ref>Shades of Silence, Anand Haridas, The Hindu</ref> Mayalokam Art collective was officially dissolved in the year 2005 and Abul's Mayalokam studio continued in the same building till 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://johnyml.blogspot.in/2010/09/moving-out-of-mayalokam-world-of.html|title=By All Means Necessary|publisher=Johnyml.blogspot.in|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

Abul Kalam Azad moved to [[Tiruvannamalai]], Tamil Nadu in the year 2010. Here Abul Kalam Azad initiated the formation of [[Ekalokam Trust for Photography]] which was registered as a non-profit foundation in the year 2013, co-founded by Kulanthivel and Tulsi Swarna Lakshmi.

== Grants and scholarships ==
2017 & 2018 [[India Foundation for the Arts]] Grantee
2012 – 2014 Senior Fellowship, Ministry of Culture, Government of India
1995 Charles Wallace Award for Masters in the UK
1994 French Government Scholarship for higher studies in photography

== Early works (1980–1999) ==
Using the medium of [[Analog photography]], Azad documents his personal and social life. His works could largely be associated with the place he lives, the social-political dynamics of the period, the technological advancement etc., and very much pertains to the local culture and historical context. Abul worked as Photo-journalist and editor in several magazines and news papers which is reflected in the works done during this period. He traveled for higher studies to Europe and London which has greatly influenced his works.<ref>Facing the world, A photographer's profile, The India Magazine, 1989</ref><ref>Power points, offices of Political parties, Design Digest, 1996</ref>

== Painted photographs (1992–2013) ==
Painted photography also referred to as [[Hand-colouring of photographs]] refers to manually adding colour to a black-and-white photograph print, generally either to heighten the realism of the photograph or for artistic purposes. Azad started experimenting different sorts of painted photographs starting early 1990s.<ref>Hand painted photographs, Nothing marks, K.S.Shekhawat, Design Digest, September 1996</ref>

'Azad's early explorations included various mixtures of negative manipulation and hand-colouring and later digitally altering scans of already hand altered prints. Azad's hands on experiments were (and are) non-stop. The result has been a number of series each with its own particular approach and look.'<ref>Photos of the Gods, Christopher Pinney, Oxford, 2004</ref><ref>An inclusive autopsy of a non-existent corpse, Waswo V Waswo, Cover story, Art&Deal, Issue 61/Vol.8 No. July 2013</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artanddealmagazine.com/|title=Welcome to Art and Deal Magazine|publisher=Artanddealmagazine.com|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

Painting and multi-media works on printed photographs is predominant in his early works. Doodling, scratching the negatives and the printed photographs, [[serigraph]] printing, stitching, beading and sequencing on the photographs are other styles used. Abul's exploration also included exposing two or three negatives at the same time, cutting and pasting different negatives to create a new image etc.,

'Abul draws on photographs. Engaging in the act of scratching and inscribing certain images- often symbols of violation like sword, torch, and other instruments of force. This process evokes a sense of witchcraft or ritualistic transformation.The violence is vigorous, and the outcome can be seen as a form resurrection. Through this, Abul's two- dimensional works enter directly into the discourse of contemporary social life. He negates the negation, and violates the violation, creating works that oscillate between the social dialectics; creation and destruction, spiritualism and fundamentalism, pacifism and fascism.'<ref>Violence – Chemical strategies of violation, Johny M.L. and Mrinal M.Kulkarni, Art Critics, New Delhi, 1996</ref>

== Popular works ==

=== Divine Façade ===
Abul Kalam Azad's series Divine Façade (1990–1995) has been widely discussed and exhibited internationally. The history of human civilization could be seen as the shift of human beings from their nomadic uncertainty to a settled fixity. But that was not the end. For them, invading other territories and building up architectural structures, to live and rule, were as important as making settlements in their own territory. In this sense, architectures all over the world give evidence to the growth of civilization, are symbols of invasion, seats of power and negotiating points in the exchange of power. What becomes minimal in the comparison with the overpowering architectures is the mass of human beings, who always remains powerless. Ordinary people are apparently absent from this history. Abul's works attempts at a re-reading of this history.<ref name="variant.org.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.variant.org.uk/4texts/Michelle_McGuire.html
|title=Variant – issue 4 – Divine Façades, Michelle McGuire|publisher=Variant.org.uk|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

'In the 1990s, Abul traveled extensively the length and width of [[North India]], and documented the unmistakable scar of time, the dilemma of post-emergency India – the erupting quest of the haunted sphinx of history at the foreground of a degenerating architecture of faith. This is evident in this set of work that deals with the violent message of an unending search for identity. In the context of the demolition of [[Babri Masjid]], these images stand at the historical frontier of human resistance. Azad deploys the powerful language of human presence, the presence of man before history... the humblest people with no air of power around them. The portraits’ cut and closed up textures of life become biographical with the manual scribbling, thus making a statement on the individual history of the ‘ant hill’—‘people of a nation’.<ref>On the photography of Abul Kalam Azad, Kabita Mukhopadhyay, Cochin 2003</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://abulkalamazad-abulkalamazad.blogspot.in/2009/07/on-photography.html |title=On Photography: My Favorite Portraits|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130804123655/http://abulkalamazad-abulkalamazad.blogspot.in/2009/07/on-photography.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 August 2013 |access-date=4 August 2013 }}</ref>

===Black Mother – 'Heroine of Silapathikaram'===
Black Mother – 'Heroine of [[Silappathikaram]]' done during the period from 2000 to 2003, on his return to Kerala after a stay outside, depicts the female oracles at the time of the festival at the Devi temple at [[Kodungalloor]] which is related according to local legends to the myth of [[Kannaki]]. Silappatikaram is one of the five Great Epics. The Jain poet prince [[Ilango Adigal]] of the 2nd century AD/CE is credited with this work. Kannaki, a legendary Tamil woman, is the central character of this epic. The story relates how Kannaki took revenge on the early Pandyan King of Madurai, for a mistaken death penalty imposed on her husband [[Kovalan]], by cursing the city with disaster. Black Mother series reveal the inherent drama of this frozen movement – the supreme Goddess and her worshipers in a trance. The biological ancientness boils into the blackness of the photographs, exploring the utmost human possibility of the medium of Photography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/27/stories/2003032701150400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030702091436/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/27/stories/2003032701150400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 July 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Unembellished, stark stills|date=2003-03-27|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

Noted art historian Prof. R. Nandakumar, HoD Visual arts, IGNCA says, 'these oracles in the various stages of trance, can be seen stomping around, sword in hand, in convulsive movements of frenzy. Weird-looking in their hysteric outbursts, the women oracles are part of the temple functionaries who devote themselves at the service of these unique customs and rituals observed in the temple that are related to ancient and possibly, pre-Brahminic mother goddess cults. Though the atmosphere is charged and overwrought with a kind of high-strung atavistic fervour, the images of these women in their redemptive bodily movements of self-mortification, have hardly any religious awe about them'.

=== Untouchables ===
Untouchables is Abul Kalam Azad's another popular series done during the period 2000–2006. The images are based on autobiographical reality and an understanding of everyday life. The Pop Art language is used to create a retro effect. The symbols are all gathered from memories and social experiences – it is a re-looking, and is a redoing the readily existing images. Some of them are local imageries and others are derived from Azad's family albums consisting of sepia-tinted photographs and are reworked digitally. While talking about his 'Untouchables' series, Abul says,'All the images of Untouchables series are based on poets, litterateurs, politicians and objects. It is an ode to eminent people like [[Gandhiji]], [[Nataraja Guru]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Kumaran Asan]], [[P. Krishna Pillai]], my mother ... who have left an indelible stamp on the social, cultural and political sphere. They are "Untouchables" in the context of their stature, their achievements, and so these documents hold timeless images dressed in modern metaphor'.

'Carefully chosen the tell-tale images of times gone by, of memories that rankle and rant, of disappeared loves, of homes that once held sway, of men that mattered, of women who ruled, of hearths and hearts, of ideologies, of blood, sweat and tears and of emotions that have never let go of the artist the `Untouchables' is a veritable emotional journey. A journey that troubles just as it tells the lives and [[The Times of India|times of India]], of Kerala and of closer home, Mattancherry', says Priyadarsshini Sharma in The Hindu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/10/12/stories/2006101201840100.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703185538/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/10/12/stories/2006101201840100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Pixilated images, private thoughts|date=2006-10-12|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

== Recent works (2010–2013) ==
Abul now uses minimal equipments including film cameras, [[lomography]], and a plastic pin hole camera.

== Historians and critics ==
Abul's work has been widely discussed and critiqued. 'Azad has several firsts to his credit. From a minority community, he articulated the issues related to minority communities as well as those of ‘minoritism’ as an ideological position. But he never fell into the traps of minority culture', [[Johny ML]], Art historian and critic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://johnyml.blogspot.in/2010/07/clicking-spirit-small-note-on-abul.html|title=By All Means Necessary|publisher=Johnyml.blogspot.in|access-date=11 October 2014|date=5 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartanart.com/tag/johny-ml/|title=Johny ML|work=Cart An Art|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artindia.net/johny/art4.html|title=Art in the times of Cholera by Johny ML|publisher=Artindia.net|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

Ram Rahman<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Books/LiteraryBuzz/New-book-chronicles-history-of-SAHMAT/Article1-1042710.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411235850/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Books/LiteraryBuzz/New-book-chronicles-history-of-SAHMAT/Article1-1042710.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|title=New book chronicles history of SAHMAT|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saffronart.com/artists/ram-rahman|title=Ram Rahman|work=Saffronart|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> well known photographer, designer and curator says, 'Azad shoots like a maniac – his frantic camera is an extension of an eye driven by a fevered mind. That fevered mind is a perfect reflection of our crazy culture – everything is worthy of being seen. The personal is political – the political is personal – that adage only applies to a part of his work. Left politics seen from the inside, religious ritual as street-side happening, blatant sexuality and marginalized sexual desire, drugged and drunken excess, the glories of classical music and dance, quotidian little details – his images teem with a life which cannot be contained'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unitedartfair.in/blog/?p=48|title=Photographs by Abul Azad|publisher=Unitedartfair.in|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016002223/http://www.unitedartfair.in/blog/?p=48|archive-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Exhibitions ==
Abul's first exhibition was in Kalapeedom, Kochi and since then has exhibited his works in India and Abroad.

* 1994 Frontier People – Kerala Kalapeedom, Ernakulam
* 1995 Cine cést ne' – Gallery Nicephore, France
* 1995 Addressing Gandhi – New Delhi, Bombay, Madras, Calcutta
* 1996 Violence Undone – Max Mueller Bhavan, New Delhi
* 1997 Gift for India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smartmuseum.uchicago.edu/exhibitions/assets/Sahmat_Participants.pdf|title=SAHMAT: Project Participants|publisher=Smartmuseum.uchicago.edu|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220053823/http://smartmuseum.uchicago.edu/exhibitions/assets/Sahmat_Participants.pdf|archive-date=20 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aaa.org.hk/Collection/Details/19836|title=Gift for India – Asia Art Archive|publisher=Aaa.org.hk|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017030449/http://www.aaa.org.hk/Collection/Details/19836|archive-date=17 October 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> – New Delhi, Bombay, Madras, Calcutta
* 1997 Indien – Aspekte moderner Kunst, GTZ Gallery, Frankfurt
* 1997 Divine Façades – Photographers Gallery, Edinburgh
* 1997 Divine Façades<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.variant.org.uk/pdfs/issue4/divine.pdf|title=Divine Façades : Views of Indian architecture|publisher=Variant.org.uk|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> – Pitshanger Museum, London
* 1997 Divine Façades<ref name="variant.org.uk"/> – Impression Gallery, York
* 1998 Edge of the Century – Max Muller Bhavan, New Delhi
* 2001 Exhibition of Photography – Kashi Art Gallery
* 2002 Contemporary design and photography – Westferry Studio, London
* 2003 Goddesses – Lila Gallery, Mayalokam, Cochin
* 2003 Black Mother<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/27/stories/2003032701150400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030702091436/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/27/stories/2003032701150400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 July 2003|title=Unembellished, stark stills|access-date=11 October 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 March 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/03/26/stories/2003032601640200.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703185518/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/03/26/stories/2003032601640200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2013|title=Images of female power|access-date=11 October 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 March 2003}}</ref> – Kashi Art Gallery, Cochin
* 2003 Remembering Bhupen – Kashi Art Gallery,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kashiartgallery.com/gallery/archives.htm|title=Kashi Art Gallery|publisher=Kashiartgallery.com|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802113905/http://www.kashiartgallery.com/gallery/archives.htm|archive-date=2 August 2009|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Cochin
* 2003 Heat – Bose Pacia Modern, New York City
* 2005 Double Enders – Bombay, Delhi, Bangalore, Cochin
* 2006 Untouchables<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artcat.com/exhibits/3854|title=Abul Kalam Azad, Untouchables – RL Fine Arts |publisher=Artcat.com|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> – RL Fine Art, New York
* 2006 Untouchables – Apparao Galleries, Madras, Delhi (preview at Kochi<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/10/05/stories/2006100500820100.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703185516/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/10/05/stories/2006100500820100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2013|title=Contemporary photography|access-date=11 October 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 October 2006}}</ref>
* 2007 Making history our own – AIFACS, Delhi
* 2007 The whirlpool of fate – The visual art gallery, Habitat Centre, Delhi
* 2008 Crossovers & Overlaps – Apparao Galleries,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/09/14/stories/2010091450160500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922061514/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/09/14/stories/2010091450160500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 September 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=News Archives:|date=2010-09-14|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> Triveni Garden Theatre, New Delhi
* 2008 Animals<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jugaadoo.blogspot.in/2008/05/bad-moon-rising-abul-kalam-azads-animal_08.html|title=Jugaad|publisher=Jugaadoo.blogspot.in|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> – Ishka art Gallery, Cochin
* 2009 [[India Art Fair|India Art Summit]] – New Delhi
* 2009 Arco Festival<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.galleryespace.com/IAS.pdf|title=Abul Kalam Azad|publisher=Galleryespace.com|access-date=11 October 2014}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> – Madrid, Spain
* 2010 Where three dreams cross<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitechapelgallery.org/downloads/Winter2010MediaPackEMAIL.pdf|title=Where Three Dreams Cross: 150 Years of Photography from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh|publisher=Whitechapelgallery.org|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024452/http://www.whitechapelgallery.org/downloads/Winter2010MediaPackEMAIL.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitechapelgallery.org/downloads/exhibition_download.pdf|title=Where Three Dreams Cross: 150 Years of Photography from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh|publisher=Whitechapelgallery.org|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030222638/http://www.whitechapelgallery.org/downloads/exhibition_download.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tallisphotography.weebly.com/blog.html|title=Blog|work= Tallis Photography|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> – White Chapel Gallery London
* 2010 Where three dreams cross – [[Fotomuseum Winterthur]], Switzerland
* 2011 Red room – Ragini art gallery,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aaa.org.hk/WorldEvents/Details/17560|title=The Red Room|publisher=Aaa.org.hk|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017030254/http://www.aaa.org.hk/WorldEvents/Details/17560|archive-date=17 October 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Delhi
* 2011 "Lens-ing it"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://artexpoindia.blogspot.in/2011/05/lens-ing-it-abul-kalam-azad-and-vivek.html|title=Art Expo India: 'Lens-ing It': Abul Kalam Azad and Vivek Vilasini's photo series|publisher=Artexpoindia.blogspot.in|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>- Ashna Gallery, Delhi
* 2011 ‘Photos of the gods’ LIFE IN ART, Switcherland
* 2012 Mind the gap, United Art Fair,<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Reportage on United Art Fair New Delhi|url=http://www.luxe-immo.com/reportage-en-565-united-art-fair-new-delhi.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321220004/http://www.luxe-immo.com/reportage-en-565-united-art-fair-new-delhi.html|archive-date=21 March 2017|access-date=5 June 2013|website=}}</ref> New Delhi
* 2013 Focus Photography,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://focusfestivalmumbai.com/exhibitions/artists/|title=- FOCUS Photography Festival Mumbai|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbaiartgalleries.com/visual-evidence/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703185543/http://mumbaiartgalleries.com/visual-evidence/|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2013|title=Visual Evidence – Mumbai Art Galleries|date=3 July 2013|website=archive.ph}}</ref> Visual evidence
* 2013 HAIL show,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/hail-the-forty/article4397092.ece|title=Hail the forty|work=The Hindu|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://keralamuseum.com/exhibitions|title=Exhibitions|work=The Hindu|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019133624/http://keralamuseum.com/exhibitions|archive-date=19 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> MNF Museum, Cochin
* 2013 ‘Beatles in Rishikesh’ Apparao Galleries, New Delhi

==Documentary==
A documentary about Abul Kalam Azad's works titled An Excavator of Images<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJcLbYziBTU|title=Indian Photographer Abul Kalam Azad | An Excavator Of Images | Documentary - YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref> was released in 2018.

==Miniature art notebooks==
150 images from various series of Abul Kalam Azad has been featured in the ten different notebooks published by Ekalokam Collective, in the year 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frequency.com/video/ekalokam-book-release/86926127/-/5-1825|title=Video: Ekalokam Book release|work=Frequency|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015145202/http://www.frequency.com/video/ekalokam-book-release/86926127/-/5-1825|archive-date=15 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/taking-art-to-the-commoners/article4549657.ece|title=Taking art to the commoners|work=The Hindu|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://johnyml.blogspot.in/2013/04/notebooks-as-curatorial-projects.html|title=By All Means Necessary|publisher=Johnyml.blogspot.in|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mattersofart.blogspot.in/2013/03/abul-kalam-azads-notebooks-release.html|title=mattersofart: Abul Kalam Azad's Notebooks Release!|publisher=Mattersofart.blogspot.in|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> Ekalokam collective is a south Indian based firm (year of registration – 2012), working with the vision of reaching out to art lovers with their day to day use art products. Their motto is 'art in every day life'.

* Untouchables
* Periya Kovil
* Beatles in Rishikesh
* Etymology of Rishikesh
* Southern Salt
* ''My'' anger and other stories
* Coral Hills
* Samadhi
* ''The'' Dockland
* Chai, Charas and Chappathi

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azad, Abul Kalam}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Artists from Kochi]]
[[Category:Photographers from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Mattancherry]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Indian portrait photographers]]
[[Category:Photography in India]]

Frank D'Souza

2026-01-27T03:06:40Z

Vanmathiscp: correct citations for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian railway executive}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}

'''Frank D'Souza''' (born in [[Karachi]], [[British India]]) was the first Indian to be appointed member of the [[Railway Board (India)|Indian Railway Board]] and the man who set up the [[Pakistan Western Railway]] after [[Partition of India]] in 1947.<ref>[http://www.goansofpakistan.org/13-04-00.htm The Goans of Karachi, have a history of their own] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226182255/http://www.goansofpakistan.org/13-04-00.htm |date=26 December 2017 }} Goans of Pakistan. Retrieved 1 October 2010.</ref>

==Early life==
D'Souza was born in Karachi, British India (now Pakistan). He was educated at [[St Patrick's High School, Karachi]]. After finishing school with a Matriculation, Frank D'Souza started to work as a Railway Guard. He was a [[self-made man]] and educated himself over the years. In 1929 he was the first Indian to be appointed by the British as a Member of the Railway Board of India.

In those days, The board controlling the railways was comprised the Chief Commissioner, a Financial Commissioner and three Members, one responsible for Way and Works, Projects and Stores one for General Administration and Staff and one for Traffic, Transportation & Commercial matters.
All the Britishers on the Board were members of the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service (ICS)]], which was an exclusive institute. Frank D'Souza was neither an ICS officer nor a university graduate at the time, but was considered brilliant.

During or after [[World War I|WW1]] (1910s to 1930s), the British Indian Railways had reduced the number of Europeans from Europe and instead replaced them with resident (domiciled) Europeans, who were sons of railroad men, and Eurasians or Anglo-Indians. As a member of the Railway Board, in the 1930s, Frank D'Souza was appointed to investigate [[Minority group|minority]] representation in the railways. His findings were reported in a paper titled "''Review of the Working of the Rules and Orders Relating to the Representation of Minority Communities in the Services of the State-managed Railways''" that was published in 1940.<ref name="1940_paper">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtFNAAAAYAAJ|title=Review of the Working of the Rules and Orders Relating to the Representation of Minority Communities in the Services of the State-managed Railways|last=D'Souza|first=Frank|date=1940|publisher=Manager, Government of India Press|language=en}}</ref>
In this paper, he reported that most of the well-paid middle to senior level jobs in departments such as Traffic Department or Locomotive (Mechanical Engineering) Department were monopolized by resident Europeans and Eurasians.<ref name="book_1988_tech_transfer">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V28sDwAAQBAJ&dq=Frank+D'Souza+railway&pg=PA342|title=The Tentacles of Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism, 1850-1940|last=Headrick|first=Daniel R.|date=1988|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195051162|language=en}}</ref>

== Pakistan Railways==
At the time of Partition, Frank D'Souza opted for India and because of the [[Evacuee Property Law]], which was established by both India and Pakistan, he lost his large property '[[Maryville, Karachi|Maryville]]' in Karachi, Pakistan. In 1947, [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]], founder and the first Governor-General of Pakistan specifically requested Frank D'Souza to help in setting up the [[Pakistan Railways]]<ref>[http://www.goansofpakistan.org/milestone.htm Milestones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219192102/http://www.goansofpakistan.org/milestone.htm |date=19 December 2009 }} Goans of Pakistan Retrieved 1 October 2010.</ref> system.
Frank agreed, but on the condition that his home 'Maryville' be returned to him. Jinnah and the Government of Pakistan agreed.

Upon completing his job in Pakistan, Frank returned to India and donated his house in Karachi to an order of nuns, the Sisters of Mercy, to be used as a home for the aged. Later, one of his sons, Reverend Father Ronald Alexander D'Souza, a Catholic priest who worked in Lahore, lived the last few years of his life at the home.<ref name="frank_geni">{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Frank-D-Souza/6000000008499751729|title=Genealogy: Frank D'Souza|website=geni_family_tree|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-26}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Fateh Chand Badhwar]]
* [[Sri Rajangam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:DSouza, Frank}}
[[Category:Pakistani people of Goan descent]]
[[Category:Pakistani Christians]]
[[Category:St. Patrick's High School, Karachi alumni]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Karachi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Pakistan Railways]]

R. M. Palanisami

2026-01-10T07:16:38Z

Vanmathiscp: new new entry v1...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
'''R. M. Palanisami''' was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Modakkurichi (State Assembly Constituency)|Modakkurichi constituency]] in the [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006 elections]]. He was a candidate of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) party.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Election Commission of India |page=6 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatisticalReport-TN06.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2006 |accessdate=2017-05-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatisticalReport-TN06.pdf |archivedate=7 October 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-16 |title=TN: Congressmen raise pitch for share in power |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2011/Feb/14/tn-congressmen-raise-pitch-for-share-in-power-227353.html |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Bal Krishna Sharma Naveen

2025-12-31T07:43:59Z

Vanmathiscp: rework section to improve readability

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bal Krishna Sharma
| image = Bal Krishna Sharma Naveen 1989 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = Naveen on a 1989 stamp of India
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1897|12|08}}
| birth_place = Bhyana, [[Shajapur district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1960|04|29|1897|12|08}}
| occupation = Freedom activist Poet Politician Journalist
| known for = [[Hindi literature|Hindi]] poems
| parents = Jamanadas Sharma Radhabai
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]
}}
{{Short description|Indian journalist, politician and poet (1897-1960)}}
'''Bal Krishna Sharma''' (8 December 1897 – 29 April 1960), known under the [[pen name]] '''Naveen''', was an Indian freedom activist, journalist, politician and a poet of [[Hindi literature]].<ref name="Balkrishna Sharma Naveen on Bharat Darshan">{{cite web |url=http://www.bharatdarshan.co.nz/author-profile/79/balkrishan-sharma-navin-biography.html |title=Balkrishna Sharma Naveen on Bharat Darshan |publisher=Bharat Darshan |date=2016 |access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> He was a member of the [[1st Lok Sabha]], representing [[Kanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanpur constituency]]<ref name="The First Lok Sabha">{{cite press release |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |title=The First Lok Sabha — Page 140 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2016 |access-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archive-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> and served the [[Rajya Sabha]] as a member from 1957 till his death.<ref name="Biographical Sketches 1952–2003">{{cite web |url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/s.pdf |title=Biographical Sketches 1952–2003 |publisher=Rajya Sabha |work=List of Former Members |date=2016 |access-date=5 March 2016 |pages=14 of 48}}</ref> He succeeded [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi]] as the editor of ''Pratap'' daily and also served as a member of the [[Official Languages Commission]].<ref name="B. K. Sharma on India Post">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Color/Grey/B.K.%20SHARMA |title=B. K. Sharma on India Post |publisher=India Post |date=2016 |access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> His poetry anthologies include ''Kumkum'', ''Rashmirekha'', ''Apalak'', ''Kwasi'', ''Vinoba Stavan'', ''Urmila'' and ''Hum Vishpaee Janam Ke'', the last one published posthumously. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 1960, for his contributions to literature.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2016 |access-date=3 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> [[India Post]] issued a commemorative stamp on Sharma in 1989.<ref name="Commemorative Stamps">{{cite web |url=http://indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Indian_Postage_Stamp_Catalogue_1947-2011.pdf |title=Commemorative Stamps |publisher=India Post |work=Stamp listing |date=2016 |access-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117224026/http://indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Indian_Postage_Stamp_Catalogue_1947-2011.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Bal Krishna Sharma was born on 8 December 1897 at Bhyana, a small village in [[Shajapur district]] of the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], in a family of modest financial means to Jamanadas Sharma and Radhabai.<ref name="B. K. Sharma on India Post" /> Due to poverty at home, he could start his formal education only at the age of 11 at a local school in Shajapur where he completed the middle school. Moving to Ujjain, he passed matriculation in 1917 and during this period, he had the opportunity to meet [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi]], the renowned poet, who led him to [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi]], who would later precede him as the editor of ''Pratap'' magazine.<ref name="Pandit Balakrishna Sharma Biography">{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/history/pandit-balakrishna-sharma.html |title=Pandit Balakrishna Sharma Biography |publisher=Maps of India |date=2016 |access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> The new personal connections helped him to shift his base to [[Kanpur]] and he joined [[Christ Church College, Kanpur]] to pursue his graduate studies (BA). A turning point in his life occurred during his Kanpur college days when he participated in the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement]] and this prompted him to abandon his college studies in 1921 to take up politics as a full-time career.<ref name="B. K. Sharma on India Post" />

Sharma became active in the [[Indian freedom movement]] and was incarcerated by the British government six times between 1921 and 1944, the government declaring him as a dangerous prisoner.<ref name="Pandit Balakrishna Sharma 'Navin' on Free India">{{cite web |url=http://www.freeindia.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=449 |title=Pandit Balakrishna Sharma 'Navin' on Free India |publisher=Free India |date=3 February 2003 |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309111107/http://www.freeindia.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=449 |archive-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He pursued his journalistic career concurrently through his association with ''Pratap'', a [[Hindi language]] daily, and when [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi]], the then editor of the newspaper died in March 1931,<ref name="Gita Press and the Making of Hindu India">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BOhrCgAAQBAJ&q=Ganesh+Shankar+Vidyarthi&pg=PT16 |title=Gita Press and the Making of Hindu India |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |author=Akshaya Mukul |year=2015 |pages=552 |isbn=9789351772316}}</ref> he was chosen as the editor. After the [[Partition of India|Indian independence]] of 1947, he took up party politics, continuing his alignment with the [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Indian National Congress]] (INC). He contested the [[Indian general election, 1951–52|first lok sabha elections]] of 1951–52, and won from the [[Kanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanpur District South cum Etawah district Lok Sabha constituency]], defeating Chandrasekhar of the [[Congress Socialist Party]] with a margin of over 26,500 votes, securing almost 50 percent of the votes polled.<ref name="The First Lok Sabha" /> In 1957, he was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]], a post he held till his death.<ref name="Pandit Balakrishna Sharma Biography" /> His active participation in political and social activities together with his oratorical skills earned him the moniker, ''Lion of Kanpur''. When the [[Official Languages Commission]] was established by the Government of India in 1955, he was selected as a member<ref name="Balkrishna Sharma New Biography">{{cite web |url=http://www.bharatdarshan.co.nz/author-profile/79/balkrishan-sharma-navin-biography.html |title=Balkrishna Sharma New Biography |publisher=Bharat Darshan |date=2016 |access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> and he was also a member of the Cultural delegation which visited a number of countries including Nepal, Mauritius and USA.<ref name="Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&q=Bal+Krishna+Navin&pg=PA345 |title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |editor=Kartik Chandra Dutt |year=1999 |pages=1490 |isbn=9788126008735}}</ref>

Sharma wrote several poems, under the [[pen name]] ''Naveen'', since his college days which reflected patriotic fervor<ref name="Hindi Literature ">{{cite web |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Hindi+Literature |title=Hindi Literature |publisher=The Free Dictionary |date=2016 |access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> and published many anthologies such as ''Kumkum'', ''Rashmirekha'', ''Apalak'', ''Kwasi'', ''Vinoba Stavan'' and ''Urmila''. He was the editor of the Hindi language literary magazine, ''Prabha''.<ref name="Balkrishna Sharma Naveen on Bharat Discovery">{{cite web |url=http://en.bharatdiscovery.org/india/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8 |title=Balkrishna Sharma Naveen on Bharat Discovery |publisher=Bharat Discovery |date=2016 |access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1960, a few months before his death on 29 April 1960; while he was serving as a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref name="Padma Awards" /> Some of his poems were compiled by Gyanpeeth after his death and published under the title, ''Hum Vishpaee Janam Ke''.<ref name="B. K. Sharma on India Post" /> His prose writings, ''Balkrishna Sharma Gadya Rachanavali'' is available in 5 volumes and poems, ''Balkrishna Sharma Kavya Rachanavali'' has been published in 3 volumes.<ref name="Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M" /> His poems have been reported to have influenced many, including the former Indian Prime Minister, [[Atal Behari Vajpayee]].<ref name="There was no time to get married: PM">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/12/25/stories/2002122506491200.htm |title=There was no time to get married: PM |date=25 December 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 March 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The India Post honored him with a commemorative stamp in 1989<ref name="B. K. Sharma on India Post" /> and the ''[[Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan]]'' has instituted an award, ''Bal Krishna Sharma Naveen award'', in his honor.<ref name="Bal Krishna Sharma 'Naveen' award">{{cite web |url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/performing_arts/dance/vidhinagar.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930155819/http://www.bhu.ac.in/performing_arts/dance/vidhinagar.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 September 2013 |title=Bal Krishna Sharma 'Naveen' award |publisher=Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan |date=2016 |access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> A college in [[Shajapur]] managed by the Government of Madhya Pradesh, ''Government Balkrishna Sharma Navin Post Graduate College'', has been named after him.<ref name="Government Balkrishna Sharma Navin Post Graduate College">{{cite web |url=http://highereducation.mp.gov.in/GuestLecturer0910/JoiningStatus/GuestLecturerBudgetAllotment08122009_123.pdf |title=Government Balkrishna Sharma Navin Post Graduate College |publisher=Government of Madhya Pradesh |date=2016 |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306224026/http://highereducation.mp.gov.in/GuestLecturer0910/JoiningStatus/GuestLecturerBudgetAllotment08122009_123.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="MP Colleges">{{cite web |url=http://www.mpcolleges.nic.in/bksnpgcshajapur/d1.html |title=MP Colleges |publisher=Government of Madhya Pradesh |date=2016 |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822182038/http://www.mpcolleges.nic.in/bksnpgcshajapur/d1.html |archive-date=22 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His life has been documented in a biography, ''Balkrishna Sharma Naveen'', written by Vishnu Tripathi and published in 2013.<ref name="Balkrishna Sharma Naveen">{{cite book |url=http://www.prabhatbooks.com/balkrishna-sharma-naveen.htm |title=Balkrishna Sharma Naveen |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |author=Vishnu Tripathi |year=2013 |pages=128 |isbn=9789350482551}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[List of postage stamps of India]]
* [[Official Languages Commission]]
* [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi]]
* [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title=Balkrishna Sharma Naveen |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |author=Vishnu Tripathi |year=2013 |pages=128 |isbn=9789350482551}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naveen, Bal Krishna Sharma}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Shajapur district]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Journalists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Poets from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century pseudonymous writers]]

List of people associated with Thanjavur district

2025-12-25T08:21:05Z

Vanmathiscp: expanded content

{{short description|None}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=March 2022}}
{{Unreferenced|date=June 2025}}
}}
This is a list of notable people associated with [[Thanjavur district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]

== Academics ==

* [[Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar]] (1871–1947), Indian historian and Dravidologist.
* [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] (1887–1920), Indian mathematician. Regarded amongst the world's greatest mathematicians.
* [[U. V. Swaminatha Iyer]](1855–1942), Tamil scholar, [[linguist]], and [[music composer]].
* [[P. Dawood Shah|P. Dawood shah]] (1885–1969) Tamil Scholar and [[Activism|activist]].

== Religious and spiritual leaders ==

* [[Abirami Pattar]] (c. 18th century), was a Tamil saint and poet. Author of ''Abirami Anthathi'' and Hindu religious works in Tamil.
* [[Swami Smaranananda]] (born 1929), spiritual leader, 16th President, Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission.
* [[Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]] (born 1956), spiritual leader, yogi, and founder of 'Art of Living'.

== Administrators ==

* [[Sir T. Madhava Rao]] (1828–1891), Diwan of [[Travancore]] from 1857 to 1872, and an early leader of the [[Indian National Congress]].
* [[T. Venkata Rao]], Diwan of Travancore from 1821 to 1829 and 1838 to 1839.
* [[T. Ananda Rao]] (1852–1919), Indian administrator. Diwan of Mysore from 1909 to 1912. Son of Sir T. Madhava Rao.
* [[V. P. Madhava Rao]] (1850–1934), Indian administrator. Diwan of [[Mysore]] from 1906 to 1909 and Baroda from 1910 to 1913.

== Journalists ==

* [[G. A. Natesan]] (1873–1948), Indian [[journalist]] and [[publisher]]. Founder of publishing company G. A. Natesan & Co. and editor of ''The Indian Review''.

== Artists ==
* [[N. Srinivasan (artist)|N. Srinivasan]], Artist famous for digital paintings, who have received [[Kalaimamani]] award in 2009.

== Film artists ==
* [[T. R. Rajakumari]] (1922–1999)
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] (1928–2001)
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)]]
* [[Hema Malini]]
* [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]]
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]
* [[S. Shankar]]
* [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]
* [[Arvind Swami]]
* [[Dhivyadharshini]]
* [[Snehan (lyricist)

== Political leaders ==
* [[Ko. Si. Mani]] (b. 1929), Minister in the Tamil Nadu State Government.
* [[G. K. Vasan]] (b. 1964), Cabinet Minister in the Government of India.Rajya Sabha Member. Leader of [[Tamil Maanila Congress|Tamil Manilaa Congress]].
* [[G. K. Moopanar]] (1931–2001), Tamil politician and leader of the [[Indian National Congress]]. Founder of the Tamil Manilaa Congress.
* [[A. Y. S. Parisutha Nadar|A Y S Parisutham Nadar]] (1909–1985), member of the [[Indian National Congress]], MLA in 1946–1952, 1957–1962, and 1967–1971. Municipal Chairman, 1959–1961.
* [[S. Muthiah Mudaliar]] (1883–1953), Indian politician of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]], and, later, the [[Swaraj Party]]. Minister of education and excise for the [[Madras Presidency]] from 1928 to 1930.
* Sir [[P. S. Sivaswami Iyer]] (1864–1946), Indian lawyer. Advocate General of Madras Presidency from 1907 to 1911.
* [[V. S. Srinivasa Sastri]] (1869–1946), Indian freedom fighter, orator and teacher. Was called the "Silver Tongued Orator of the British Empire" by [[Winston Churchill]].
* [[S. A. Saminatha Iyer]] (d. 1899), Indian lawyer and freedom-fighter.
* [[R. Venkataraman]] (1910–2009), Indian politician and freedom fighter. Served as the 8th [[President of India]] (1987–1992); Vice-president of India (1984–1987)
* [[M.Karunanidhi]] (1924-2018), Indian Politician. Served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu five times
* [[Adanjur A.Singaravel viruthullar]] (1898-1960), Congress leader and member of [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Thanjavur district board]] (consisting of [[Nagapattinam]], [[thiruvarur]] and [[Pudukkottai|pudukottai]]) from 1949 to 1959.
* [[R. Swaminatha Merkondar]],a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party, represented the District of [[Uthiramerur]] in the Madras Assembly from 1957 to 1962 representing the [[Tiruvaiyaru]] constituency.
* [[M. Ramkumar]], is an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was the chairman district panchayat ([[Thanjavur district]]) from 1996 to 2001.
* [[A. Vaidyanatha Iyer]]

== Sports ==
* [[Varun Chakravarthy]], Indian cricketer.

[[Category:Districts of India-related lists|Thanjavur people]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district| ]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Tamil Nadu|Thanjavur]]

K. V. Sasikanth

2025-12-11T21:58:50Z

Vanmathiscp: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = K. V. Sasikanth
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Kodiramakrishna Venkata Sasikanth
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|7|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium
| role = All-rounder
| club1 = [[Andhra Pradesh cricket team|Andhra Pradesh]]
| year1 = 2015/16–present
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =
| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 47
| runs1 = 1,000
| bat avg1 = 17.54
| 100s/50s1 = 0/3
| top score1 = 99[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 7,677
| wickets1 = 154
| bowl avg1 = 22.77
| fivefor1 = 9
| tenfor1 = 1
| best bowling1 = 6/18
| catches/stumpings1 = 19/–
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 29
| runs2 = 266
| bat avg2 = 16.62
| 100s/50s2 = 0/1
| top score2 = 52*
| deliveries2 = 1,156
| wickets2 = 23
| bowl avg2 = 46.86
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = 3/46
| catches/stumpings2 = 12/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches3 = 61
| runs3 = 418
| bat avg3 = 17.41
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 47[[not out|*]]
| deliveries3 = 1,282
| wickets3 = 66
| bowl avg3 = 26.95
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = –
| best bowling3 = 3/8
| catches/stumpings3 = 30/–
| date = 12 December
| year = 2025
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/kv-sasikanth-852317 ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''K. V. Sasikanth''' (born 17 July 1995) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays for [[Andhra Pradesh cricket team|Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Cricinfo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/852317.html |title=K. V. Sasikanth |access-date=25 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut on 22 October 2015 in the [[2015–16 Ranji Trophy]].<ref name="FC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901773.html |title=Ranji Trophy, Group B: Andhra v Uttar Pradesh at Ongole, Oct 22-25, 2015 |access-date=25 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut on 10 December 2015 in the [[2015–16 Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref name="ListA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901933.html |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, Group C: Andhra v Tripura at Delhi, Dec 10, 2015 |access-date=11 December 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

Sasikanth was the joint leading wicket-taker for Andhra in the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]], with 17 dismissals in four matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12592;team=1592;type=tournament |title=Ranji Trophy, 2018/19 - Andhra: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref> He took his best first-class bowling figures in that season, taking 6 for 18 and helping to dismiss [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] for 35.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elite, Group B, Indore, January 07-09, 2019, Ranji Trophy |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2018-19-1156773/madhya-pradesh-vs-andhra-elite-group-b-1157081/full-scorecard |website=Cricinfo |access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=852317}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sasikanth, K. V.}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Andhra cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Visakhapatnam]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1995-stub}}

2013–14 East Bengal FC season

2025-12-06T02:37:45Z

Vanmathiscp: creating page - done

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| season = [[2013–14 in Indian football|'''2013-14''']]
| manager = [[Marcos Falopa]] {{nowrap|''(until 14 November 2013)''}} [[Armando Colaco]] {{nowrap|''(from 14 November 2013)''}}
| mgrtitle = Head-Coach
| chairman = Dr Pranab Dasgupta
| chrtitle = President
| stdtitle = Ground
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]] [[Kalyani Stadium]] [[East Bengal Ground]]
| league = [[I-League]]
| league result = '''[[2013-14 I-League|Runner-up]]'''
| cup1 = [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]
| cup1 result = '''[[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup Group Stage|Group Stage]]'''
| cup2 = [[AFC Cup]]
| cup2 result = '''[[2013 AFC Cup|Semi-finals]]'''
| league2 = [[Calcutta Football League]]
| league2 result = '''Champions'''
| cup3 = [[IFA Shield]]
| cup3 result = '''[[2014 IFA Shield|Fourth]]'''
| league topscorer = [[Chidi Edeh]] ('''9''')
| season topscorer = [[Chidi Edeh]] ('''20''')
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
|pattern_b1 = _EastBengal_12_13_Home
|pattern_la1 =
|pattern_ra1 =
|pattern_sh1 =
|pattern_so1 = _2 gold stripes
|leftarm1 = FFDF00
|body1 = FFDF00
|rightarm1 = FF0000
|shorts1 = 000000
|socks1 = FF0000
|pattern_b2 = _redcollar
|pattern_la2 = _redlines
|pattern_ra2 = _redlines
|pattern_sh2 =
|pattern_so2 = _redtop_2whitestripes
|leftarm2 = FFDF00
|body2 = FFDF00
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|pattern_b3 =
|pattern_la3 =
|pattern_ra3 =
|pattern_so3 =
|leftarm3 =
|body3 =
|rightarm3 =
|shorts3 =
|socks3 =
| prevseason = [[2012–13 East Bengal F.C. season|2012–13]]
| nextseason = [[2014–15 East Bengal F.C. season|2014–15]]
}}
The 2013–14 season was [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]'s 94th season since its formation in 1920.

==Key events==
*'''12 June 2013''': Brazilian [[Marcos Falopa]] succeeds [[Trevor Morgan (footballer)|Trevor Morgan]] as the head coach.<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal appoint Falopa|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/east-bengal-appoint-brazilian-marcos-falopa-as-new-head-coach/398287-5-21.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625010444/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/east-bengal-appoint-brazilian-marcos-falopa-as-new-head-coach/398287-5-21.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 June 2013|publisher=IBN Live|accessdate=20 September 2013}}</ref>
*'''6 July 2013''': The club signed [[James Moga]] from [[Pune FC]] who became their second foreigner.<ref>{{cite web|title=I-League transfers 6 June|date=6 June 2013 |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/indian-football-transfers-live-updates-june-6/|publisher=The hard tackle|accessdate=20 September 2013}}</ref>
*'''15 July 2013''': The club revealed [[Ryuji Sueoka]] as their fourth foreigner.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ryuji Sueoka unveiled|publisher=East Bengal|url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/news.php?category=1&permalink=east-bengal-unveils-ryuji-sueoka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060610/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/news.php?category=1&permalink=east-bengal-unveils-ryuji-sueoka|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 September 2013|accessdate=21 September 2013}}</ref>
*'''17 September 2013''': They continue their winning streak in the [[AFC Cup]] by beating [[Semen Padang]].<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal pips Semen Padang|url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/news.php?category=1&permalink=east-bengal-pips-semen-padang|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054341/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/news.php?category=1&permalink=east-bengal-pips-semen-padang|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 September 2013|publisher=East Bengal|accessdate=20 September 2013}}</ref> AIFF General Secretary Kushal Das congratulated the club on the behalf of entire [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]].<ref>{{cite web|title=AIFF congratulated East Bengal|url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/news.php?category=1&permalink=aiff-congratulates-east-bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016001715/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/news.php?category=1&permalink=aiff-congratulates-east-bengal|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 October 2013|publisher=East Bengal|accessdate=20 September 2013}}</ref>
*'''24 September 2013''': East Bengal drew with Semen and secured the semi-final stages, becoming the second Indian club to do so. They will meet [[Al-Kuwait]].<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal in semifinal of AFC Cup|url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/news.php?category=1&permalink=east-bengal-in-semifinal-of-afc-cup|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928001230/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/news.php?category=1&permalink=east-bengal-in-semifinal-of-afc-cup|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 September 2013|publisher=East Bengal|accessdate=25 September 2013}}</ref>
*'''14 November 2013''': East Bengal appoint Armando Colaco as their new head coach.<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal appoints Armando Colaco|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/11/14/4406460/east-bengal-appoint-armando-colaco-as-their-new-coach?ICID=CP_790|publisher=Goal.com|accessdate=14 November 2013}}</ref>

== Transfers ==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
'''In:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Japan|name=[[Ryuji Sueoka]]|pos=FW|other=from [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]}}<ref name=May22nd>{{cite web|last=George|first=Joseph|title=Indian Football Transfers – Live Updates, May 22|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/indian-football-transfers-live-updates-may-22/|work=The Hard Tackle|date=22 May 2013 |accessdate=6 June 2013}}</ref>
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|name=[[Abhra Mondal]]|pos=GK|other=from [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]}}<ref name=KOIJune6th>{{cite web|title=Indian Football Transfer Gossip: James Moga agrees terms with East Bengal, Simon Colosimo set for Dempo move|url=http://www.kickoffindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1056%3Aindian-football-transfer-gossip-james-moga-agrees-terms-with-east-bengal-simon-colosimo-set-for-dempo-move-&catid=39%3Aplayer-blogs&Itemid=44|work=Kick Off India|accessdate=7 June 2013}}</ref>
{{Fs player|no=|nat=South Sudan|name=[[James Moga]]|pos=FW|other='''Free Agent'''}}<ref name=June6th>{{cite web|last=George|first=Joseph|title=Indian Football Transfers – Live Updates, June 6|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/indian-football-transfers-live-updates-june-6/|work=The Hard Tackle|date=6 June 2013 |accessdate=7 June 2013}}</ref>
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|name=[[Joaquim Abranches]]|pos=FW|other='''Free Agent'''}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Abranches, Rowilson headed to Kolkata|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Abranches-Rowilson-headed-to-Kolkata/articleshow/20547176.cms|work=Times of India|accessdate=11 June 2013}}</ref>
{{fs end}}
{{Col-2}}
'''Out:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|name=[[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]]|pos=FW|other='''Released'''}}<ref name=June3rd>{{cite web|last=George|first=Joseph|title=Indian Football Transfers – Live Updates, June 3|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/indian-football-transfers-live-updates-june-3/|work=The Hard Tackle|date=3 June 2013 |accessdate=7 June 2013}}</ref>
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Nigeria|name=[[Penn Orji]]|pos=MF|other=to [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]}}<ref name=KOIJune4th>{{cite web|title=Indian Football Transfer Gossip: Penn Orji makes a last minute swoop to Mohammedan Sporting; Dempo eying Andrew Barisic|url=http://www.kickoffindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1053%3Aindian-football-transfer-gossip-penn-orji-makes-a-last-minute-swoop-to-mohammedan-sporting-dempo-eying-andrew-barisic&catid=39%3Aplayer-blogs&Itemid=44|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616013008/http://www.kickoffindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1053:indian-football-transfer-gossip-penn-orji-makes-a-last-minute-swoop-to-mohammedan-sporting-dempo-eying-andrew-barisic&catid=39:player-blogs&Itemid=44|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2013|work=Kick Off India|accessdate=7 June 2013}}</ref>
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Australia|name=[[Andrew Barisić]]|pos=FW|other='''Released'''}}<ref name=KOIJune4th/>
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|name=[[Khanthang Paite]]|pos=MF|other='''Released'''}}<ref name=PaiteMove>{{cite web|title=Mohammedan Sporting complete signing of Khanthang Paite|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/05/30/4012815/mohammedan-sporting-complete-signing-of-khanthang-paite?source=breakingnews&ICID=HP_BN_1|work=Goal.com|accessdate=7 June 2013}}</ref>
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-end}}

==First-team squad==

{{updated|2 September 2013}}<ref>
{{Cite web
| title = Senior Team
| url = http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/team.php
| publisher = East Bengal F.C.
| accessdate = 10 August 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120819200929/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/team.php
| archive-date = 19 August 2012
| url-status = usurped
| df = dmy-all
}}
</ref>
{{Fs start}}

{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Abhijit Mondal]]}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Raju Gaikwad]]}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Arnab Mondal]]}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=NGA|pos=DF|name=[[Uga Samuel Okpara|Uga Okpara]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|vice-captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Abhishek Das (footballer)|Abhishek Das]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Baljit Sahni]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Harmanjot Khabra]]}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Naoba Singh]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|3rd captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Alvito D'Cunha]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=NGA|pos=FW|name=[[Chidi Edeh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=JPN|pos=MF|name=[[Ryuji Sueoka]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Reisangmei Vashum]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Mehtab Hossain]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=SSD|pos=FW|name=[[James Moga]]}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Gurwinder Singh]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Joaquim Abranches]]}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Robert Lalthalma]]}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Lalrindika Ralte]]}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Seminlen Doungel]]}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Safar Sardar}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Cavin Lobo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Abhra Mondal]]}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Jayanta Pal}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Shylo Tulunga]]}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Saumik Dey]]}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]}}
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Dipankar Roy}}
{{Fs player|no=34|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Subodh Kumar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=35|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Nilendra Dewan}}
{{Fs end}}

==Competitions==

===Overall===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:200px;" | Competition
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | First match
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | Last match
! style="text-align:center; width:100px;" | Final position
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Calcutta Football League]]
|12 September 2013
|11 January 2014
|bgcolor="gold"|Champions
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[I-League]]
|9 October 2013
|28 April 2014
|bgcolor="silver"|[[2013–14 I-League|Runners-up]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]
|15 January 2014
|21 January 2014
|[[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup|Group Stage]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[IFA Shield]]
|29 January 2014
|13 February 2014
|[[2014 IFA Shield|Fourth]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[AFC Cup]]{{efn-ua|The continuation of the [[2013 AFC Cup]] from the Quarter-final stage happened in the 2013-14 season.}}
|17 September 2013
|22 October 2013
|[[2013 AFC Cup|Semi-finals]]
|-
|}

{{notelist-ua}}

===Overview===
{{Fb overview
|c=3
|c1=Calcutta Football League
|w1=9|l1=1|d1=1|f1=28|a1=5
|c2=[[2013–14 I-League|I-League]]
|w2=12|l2=5|d2=7|f2=39|a2=23
|c3=[[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]]
|w3=1|l3=1|d3=1|f3=4|a3=3
|c4=[[2014 IFA Shield|IFA Shield]]
|w4=2|l4=1|d4=2|f4=6|a4=5
|c5=[[2013 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
|w5=1|l5=2|d5=1|f5=4|a5=8
|u=31 May 2014
}}

===Calcutta Football League===
{{Main|2013–14 Calcutta Premier Division}}

====Table====
{{:2013–14 Calcutta Premier Division|transcludesection=Group A|teamwidth=135|showteam=KEB}}

====Fixtures & results====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{football box collapsible
|round= 1
|date=12 September 2013
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|score= 4–0
|result=W
|report={{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060335/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/news.php?category=1&permalink=east-bengal-rout-police-ac report]}}
|team2=Police A.C.
|goals1=[[Chidi Edeh]] {{goal|10}} [[Joaquim Abranches]] {{goal|27||49}} [[Lalrindika Ralte]] {{goal|33}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=Prabeer Dhar
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 2
|date=13 November 2013
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–1
|result=W
|report=[https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2013/nov6part.html#eastbengal-beat-peerless-cfl report]
|team2=[[Peerless SC|Peerless]]
|goals1=[[Harmanjot Khabra]] {{goal|35}} [[James Moga]] {{goal|47}}
|goals2=[[Christopher Chizoba]] {{goal|63}}
|stadium=[[East Bengal Ground]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=Ajit Dutta
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 3
|date=16 November 2013
|time=17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–1
|result=W
|report=[https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2013/nov9part.html#eastbengal-beat-aryan-cfl report]
|team2=[[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]]
|goals1=[[Cavin Lobo]] {{goal|25}} [[Chidi Edeh]] {{goal|41}}
|goals2=Stanley {{goal|78|pen}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=Pranjal Banerjee
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 4
|date=19 November 2013
|time=17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|score= 4–1
|result=W
|report=[https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2013/nov13part.html#eastbengal-beat-george-4-1 report]
|team2=[[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]
|goals1=[[Cavin Lobo]] {{goal|22}} [[Chidi Edeh]] {{goal|42||62||72}}
|goals2=Bibekananda {{goal|90+2}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=Bapi Dey
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 5
|date=19 December 2013
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|score= 5–0
|result=W
|report=[https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2013/dec11thpart.html#coacing-camp-in-delhi report]
|team2=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]
|goals1=[[James Moga]] {{goal|25||44||47}} [[Reisangmei Vashum]] {{goal|45+1}} [[Ryuji Sueoka]] {{goal|75}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[East Bengal Ground]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=Ranjit Bakshi
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 6
|date=29 December 2013
|time=17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|score= 3–0
|result=W
|report=[https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2013/dec18thpart.html#eastbengal_beat_army-3-0 report]
|team2=Army XI
|goals1=[[Ryuji Sueoka]] {{goal|31}} [[Seiminlen Doungel]] {{goal|37}} [[Reisangmei Vashum]] {{goal|81}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=Subrata Burman
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 7
|date=31 December 2013
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|score= 4–1
|result=W
|report=[https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2013/dec31stpart.html#eastbengal_beat_railwayfc_4-1 report]
|team2=Railway FC
|goals1=[[Lalrindika Ralte]] {{goal|27|pen}} [[Harmanjot Khabra]] {{goal|45+1}} [[Seiminlen Doungel]] {{goal|62||65}}
|goals2=[[Raju Gaikwad]] {{goal|85}} {{own goal}}
|stadium=[[East Bengal Ground]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=Kanika Burman
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 8
|date=2 January 2014
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|score= 0–0
|result=D
|report=[https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2014/jan_part2.html#eastbengal_mohammedan_cfl_goalless report]
|team2=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=Prabir Dhar
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 9
|date=5 January 2014
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–0
|result=W
|report=[https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2014/jan_part5.html#eastbengal_beat_united_cfl report]
|team2=[[United S.C.|United]]
|goals1=[[James Moga]] {{goal|12}} [[Chidi Edeh]] {{goal|81}} [[Harmanjot Khabra]] {{sentoff|2|42|90+2}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=Biplab Poddar
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 10
|date=8 January 2014
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–0
|result=W
|report=[https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2014/jan_part9.html#eastbengal_win_cfl_premier_title report]
|team2=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat MS]]
|goals1=[[James Moga]] {{goal|23}} [[Chidi Edeh]] {{goal|76}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[East Bengal Ground]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=Ujjal Haldar
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= [[Kolkata Derby|11]]
|date=11 January 2014
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|score= 0–1
|result=L
|report=[https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2014/jan_part13.html#cfl_derby_eastbengal_lost_mohunbagan report]
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=
|goals2=[[Katsumi Yusa]] {{goal|83}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=Pranjal Banerjee
}}
 
----

===I-League===
{{Main|2013–14 I-League}}

====Table====
{{:2013–14 I-League|transcludesection=Standings|teamwidth=135|showteam=EB}}

====Fixtures & results====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{football box collapsible
|round=1
|date= 9 October 2013
|time=15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|score= 0–4
|result=W
|report=[https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/10/09/india/i-league/lajong-sc/east-bengal-club-fc/1585301/ Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[James Moga|James]] {{goal|20}} {{goal|63}} [[Chidi Edeh|Chidi]] {{goal|45}} [[Subodh Kumar|Subodh]] {{yel|50}} [[Cavin Lobo|Cavin]] {{goal|55}}
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Shillong|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location=[[Shillong]]
|attendance=
|referee= Raktim Shah
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=2
|date= 17 October 2013
|time=14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–3
|result=L
|report=[https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/10/17/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/dempo-sports-club/1585303/ Report]
|team2=[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|goals1= [[Uga Okpara|Uga]] {{sent off|2|10|75}} [[Baljit Sahni|Baljit]] {{goal|85}}
|goals2= [[Clifford Miranda|Clifford]] {{goal|3}} [[Roberto Mendes Silva|Beto]] {{goal|54}} {{goal|pen|77}}
|stadium=[[Kalyani Stadium]]
|location=[[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|attendance=
|referee= Pratap Singh
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=3
|date= 26 October 2013
|time=14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–0
|result=W
|report=[https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/10/26/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/bengaluru/1585320/ Report]
|team2=[[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1= [[Mehtab Hussain|Mehtab]] {{yel|21}} [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin]] {{goal|49|og}} [[Robert Lalthalma|Robert]] {{yel|82}} [[James Moga|James]] {{goal|90+4}} {{yel|90+4}}
|goals2= [[John Johnson (footballer)|John]] {{yel|22}} [[Johnny Menyongar|Johnny]] {{yel|82}} [[Siam Hanghal|Siam]] {{yel|90+1}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee= Rahul Dsa
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=4
|date= 1 November 2013
|time=14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–3
|result=L
|report=[https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/11/01/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/salgaocar-sports-club/1585326/ Report]
|team2=[[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]
|goals1= [[James Moga|Moga]] {{goal|64}} [[Gurwinder Singh|Gurwinder]] {{yel|66}} [[Seminlen Doungel|Len]] {{goal|77}}
|goals2= [[Karma Tsewang|Karma]] {{goal|8}} [[Francis Fernandes|Francis]] {{goal|10}} [[Clifton Dias|Clifton]] {{goal|60}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee= Umesh Bora
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=5
|date= 5 November 2013
|time=15:45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Sporting Clube de Goa]]
|score= 1–1
|result=D
|report=[https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/11/05/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/east-bengal-club-fc/1585332/ Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Dawson Fernandes|Dawson]] {{goal|41|pen}} [[Ravi Kumar (footballer)|Ravi]] {{yel|45}}
|goals2= [[Harmanjot Khabra|Harmanjot]] {{yel|43}} [[Lalrindika Ralte|Dika]] {{yel|45+1}} [[Arnab Mondal|Arnab]] {{yel|59}} [[Cavin Lobo|Cavin]] {{yel|61}} [[Mehtab Hussain|Mehtab]] {{yel|70}}{{goal|90+4}}
|stadium=[[Duler Stadium]]
|location=[[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee= Ratheesh Kumar
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= [[Kolkata derby|6]]
|date= 24 November 2013
|time=17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 0–1
|result=W
|report=[https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/11/24/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/east-bengal-club-fc/1585341/ Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=[[Ryuji Sueoka|Ryuji]] {{yel|44}} [[Lalrindika Ralte|Dika]] {{goal|73}}{{yel|74}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee= Pratap Singh
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 7
|date= 28 November 2013
|time=17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–1
|result=D
|report=[https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/11/28/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/chirag-united-sc/1585349/ Report]
|team2=[[Prayag United|United SC]]
|goals1= [[Chidi Edeh|Chidi]] {{yel|27}}{{goal|32}}
|goals2=[[Anupam Sarkar|Anupam]] {{yel|6}} [[Dhanachandra Singh|Dhanachandra]] {{goal|59}} Hasan {{yel|83}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee= Khamba Singh
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 8
|date= 2 December 2013
|time=18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai FC]]
|score= 3–2
|result=L
|report=[https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/12/02/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/east-bengal-club-fc/1585358/ Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Yusif Yakubu|Yakubu]] {{goal|2}} [[Ahmad Hatifi|Ahmad]] {{goal|37}}{{sent off|2|67|80}} [[N.P. Pradeep|Pradeep]] {{goal|65}}
|goals2=[[Cavin Lobo|Cavin]] {{yel|1}} {{goal|32}} [[Ryuji Sueoka|Ryuji]] {{goal|87}}
|stadium=[[Cooperage Ground]]
|location=[[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee= CR Srikrishna
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 9
|date= 7 December 2013
|time=17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]
|score= 1–2
|result=W
|report=[https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/12/07/india/i-league/arhima-club/east-bengal-club-fc/1585364/ Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Lamine Tamba|Lamine]] {{yel|15}} [[Kim Seng-Yong|Kim]] {{goal|45+1}} [[Yohei Iwasaki|Yohei]] {{yel|90+1}}
|goals2=[[Gurwinder Singh|Gurwinder]] {{goal|41}} [[Harmanjot Khabra|Harmanjot]] {{yel|76}} [[Shylo Malsawmtluanga|Shylo]] {{goal|84}} [[Saumik Dey|Saumik]] {{yel|90+3}}
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Shillong|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location=[[Shillong]]
|attendance=
|referee= Umesh Bora
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 10
|date= 11 December 2013
|time=15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]
|score= 0–0
|result=D
|report=[https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/12/11/india/i-league/salgaocar-sports-club/east-bengal-club-fc/1585367/ Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Duler Stadium]]
|location=[[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee= Vishnu Chauhan
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 11
|date= 15 December 2013
|time=15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Bengaluru FC]]
|score= 0–2
|result=w
|report=[https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/12/15/india/i-league/bengaluru/east-bengal-club-fc/1585373/ Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Darren Caldeira|Darren]] {{yel|76}}
|goals2= [[James Moga|James]] {{goal|17}} [[Raju Gaikwad|Raju]] {{yel|42}} [[Cavin Lobo|Cavin]] {{yel|59}} [[Chidi Edeh|Chidi]] {{goal|81}}
|stadium=[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|location=[[Bangaluru]]
|attendance=
|referee= Anthony Simoees
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 12
|date= 18 February 2014
|time=15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 0–0
|result=D
|report=[https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/02/18/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/churchill-brothers-sc/1585391/ Report]
|team2=[[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee= Pratap Singh
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 13
|date= 23 February 2014
|time=15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|score= 1–0
|result=L
|report=[https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/02/23/india/i-league/dempo-sports-club/east-bengal-club-fc/1585394/ Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Tolgay Ozbey|Ozbey]] {{goal|70}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|location=[[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]]
|attendance=
|referee= Vishnu Chauhan
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= [[Kolkata Derby|14]]
|date= 1 March 2014
|time=17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–1
|result=D
|report=[https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/03/01/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/mohun-bagan-ac/1585403/ Report]
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1= [[James Moga|James]] {{goal|39}}
|goals2= [[C.S. Sabeeth|Sabeeth]] {{goal|67}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee= Santosh Kumar
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 15
|date= 11 March 2014
|time=17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–1
|result=W
|report=[https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2014/03/11/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/mohammedan-sporting-club/1585285/ Report]
|team2=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|goals1= [[James Moga|James]] {{goal|18}} [[Chidi Edeh|Chidi]] {{goal|84}}
|goals2= [[Taro Hasegawa|Hasegawa]] {{goal|34}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee= C.R. Srikrishna
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 16
|date= 14 March 2014
|time=17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 0–0
|result=D
|report=[https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2014/03/14/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/lajong-sc/1585418/ Report]
|team2=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee= Rahul Dsa
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 17
|date= 23 March 2014
|time=15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 3–1
|result=W
|report=[https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2014/03/23/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/arhima-club/1585426/ Report]
|team2=[[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]
|goals1= [[Chidi Edeh|Chidi]] {{goal|16|pen}} [[Reisangmei Vashum|Vashum]] {{goal|45+1}} [[Seiminlen Doungel|Lenn]] {{goal|55}}
|goals2= [[Ranti Martins]] {{goal|30}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee= Armughan Rowan
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 18
|date= 26 March 2014
|time=15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–2
|result=D
|report=[https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/03/26/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/mumbai-fc/1585383/ Report]
|team2=[[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|goals1= [[Ryuji Sueoka|Ryuji]] {{goal|66||68}}
|goals2= [[Yusif Yakubu|Yakubu]] {{goal|61}} [[Ashutosh Mehta|Mehta]] {{goal|87}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee= Anthony Simoees
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 19
|date= 30 March 2014
|time=17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–1
|result=W
|report=[https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2014/03/30/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/sporting-club-de-goa/1585433/ Report]
|team2=[[Sporting Club de Goa]]
|goals1= [[Baljit Sahni|Sahni]] {{goal|45+2}} [[Lalrindika Ralte|Dika]] {{goal|65}}
|goals2= [[Beevan D'Mello|D'Mello]] {{goal|90}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee= Umesh Bora
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 20
|date= 5 April 2014
|time=17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|score= 1–3
|result=W
|report=[https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2014/04/05/india/i-league/mohammedan-sporting-club/east-bengal-club-fc/1585438/ Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Josimar da Silva Martins|Joshimar]] {{goal|41}}
|goals2= [[Ryuji Sueoka|Ryuji]] {{goal|11}} [[Joaquim Abranches|Abranches]] {{goal|40}} [[Chidi Edeh|Chidi]] {{goal|62}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee= Pratap Singh
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 21
|date= 12 April 2014
|time=17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 3–1
|result=W
|report=[https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2014/04/12/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/pune-fc/1585291/ Report]
|team2=[[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1= [[Chidi Edeh|Chidi]] {{goal|18}} [[Lalrindika Ralte|Dika]] {{goal|43||70}}
|goals2= [[Mirjan Pavlović|Pavlović]] {{goal|58}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee= Khamba Singh
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 22
|date= 16 April 2014
|time=17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|score= 1–0
|result=L
|report=[https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2014/04/16/india/i-league/churchill-brothers-sc/east-bengal-club-fc/1585310/ Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Yumnam Raju|Raju]] {{goal|23}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]
|location=[[Margao, Goa|Margao]]
|attendance=
|referee= C.R. Srikrishna
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 23
|date= 19 April 2014
|time=19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|score= 1–2
|result=W
|report=[https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2014/04/19/india/i-league/pune-fc/east-bengal-club-fc/1585448/ Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Anthony D'Souza|D'Souza]] {{goal|39}}
|goals2= [[Chidi Edeh|Chidi]] {{goal|72}} [[Seiminlen Doungel|Lenn]] {{goal|75}}
|stadium=Balewadi Stadium
|location=[[Pune]]
|attendance=
|referee= Armughan Rowan
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= 24
|date= 28 April 2014
|time=17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[United S.C.|United]]
|score= 0–3
|result=W
|report=[https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2014/04/28/india/i-league/chirag-united-sc/east-bengal-club-fc/1585452/ Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Abhishek Das (footballer)|Das]] {{goal|64}} [[Chidi Edeh|Chidi]] {{goal|84}} [[Seiminlen Doungel|Lenn]] {{goal|90}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee= Umesh Bora
}}
 
----

===Federation Cup===
{{main|2013–14 Indian Federation Cup Group Stage}}
;Group B
{{:2013–14 Indian Federation Cup Group Stage|transcludesection=Group B|showteam=EBG}}

====Fixtures & results====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{football box collapsible
|round=Group Stage
|date=15 January 2014
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=1–1
|report=[http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5422 Report]
|team2=[[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]
|goals1=[[James Moga|Moga]] {{goal|56}}
|goals2=[[Kim Seng-Yong|Seng-Yong]] {{goal|20}}
|location= [[Manjeri]]
|stadium=[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|MDS Complex]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=D
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round=Group Stage
|date=18 January 2014
|time=
|team1=[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|score=2–1
|report=[http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5433 Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Victorino Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|18}} [[Beevan D'Mello|D'Mello]] {{goal|85}}
|goals2=[[Ryuji Sueoka|Sueoka]] {{goal|58}}
|location= [[Manjeri]]
|stadium=[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|MDS Complex]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round=Group Stage
|date=21 January 2014
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=2–0
|report=[http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5456 Report]
|team2=[[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1=[[Chidi Edeh|Edeh]] {{goal|62||75}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Manjeri]]
|stadium=[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|MDS Complex]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
 
----

===IFA Shield===
{{Main|2014 IFA Shield}}
;Group A
{{:2014 IFA Shield|transcludesection=Group A|showteam=EB}}

====Fixtures & results====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{football box collapsible
|round= Group stage
|date=29 January 2014
|time=15:15 [[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=1–1
|report={{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140203014056/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/news.php?category=1&permalink=east-bengal-play-draw-with-busan Report]}}
|team2=[[Busan Kyotong]]
|goals1=[[James Moga]] {{goal|78}}
|goals2=Gim Dae Han {{goal|6}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result= D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= Group stage
|date=1 February 2014
|time=15:15 [[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–0
|report={{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140220120625/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/news.php?category=1&permalink=east-bengal-beat-geylang Report]}}
|team2=[[Geylang International FC|Geylang International]]
|goals1= [[Seminlen Doungel]] {{goal|72}} [[Chidi Edeh]] {{goal|90}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result= W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= Group stage
|date=4 February 2014
|time=15:15 [[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–0
|report=[http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/220474-east-bengal-beat-10-man-united-sc-reach-semifinals-of-ifa-shield Report]
|team2=[[Prayag United|United SC]]
|goals1= [[Lalrindika Ralte]] {{goal|49}} [[James Moga]] {{goal|69}}
|goals2= [[Ranti Martins]] {{sent off|0|47}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result= w
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= Semi-final
|date=11 February 2014
|time=15:15 [[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 0–3
|report=[http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/220474-east-bengal-beat-10-man-united-sc-reach-semifinals-of-ifa-shield Report]
|team2=[[Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club|Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi]]
|goals1=
|goals2=[[Emeka Darlington]] {{goal|22}} [[Sony Norde]] {{goal|37}} [[Wedson Anselme]] {{goal|66}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result= L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= Third-Place Play-off
|date=13 February 2014
|time=15:15 [[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–1
|aet= yes
|report=[http://www.kolkatafootball.com/118th_ifa_shield_2014/#horizontalTab6 Report]
|team2=[[United S.C.|United]]
|goals1= [[Chidi Edeh]] {{goal|22|pen.}}
|goals2= [[Baldeep Singh (footballer born 1987)|Baldeep Singh]] {{goal|73}}
|penalties1= [[Chidi Edeh|Edeh]] {{penmiss}} [[Cavin Lobo|Lobo]] {{pengoal}} [[Shylo Malsawmtluanga|Tluanga]] {{pengoal}} [[Subodh Kumar|Kumar]] {{pengoal}} [[Naoba Singh|N. Singh]] {{pengoal}} [[Harmanjot Khabra|Khabra]] {{penmiss}}
|penaltyscore= 4-5
|penalties2= {{pengoal}} [[Ranti Martins|Martins]] {{penmiss}} [[Bello Razaq|Razaq]] {{pengoal}} [[Dhanachandra Singh|D. Singh]] {{pengoal}} [[Biswajit Biswas|Biswas]] {{pengoal}} [[Anupam Sarkar|Sarkar]] {{pengoal}} [[Souvik Chakraborty|Chakraborty]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result= L
}}
 
----

===AFC Cup===
{{Main|2013 AFC Cup}}

====Knock-out Stage====
{{#section:2013 AFC Cup knockout stage|Bracket}}

====Fixtures & results====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{football box collapsible
|round= [[2013 AFC Cup knock-out stage|QF 1st leg]]
|date=17 September 2013
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–0
|result=W
|report=[http://www.the-afc.com/en/afc-cup-2013-schedule-results.html?fixtureid=7662&stageid=292&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary report]
|team2=[[Semen Padang]]
|goals1=[[Ryuji Sueoka|Sueoka]] {{goal|71}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=30,000
|referee=Iida Jumpe (Japan)
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= [[2013 AFC Cup knock-out stage|QF 2nd leg]]
|date=24 September 2013
|time=1:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Semen Padang]]
|score= 1–1
|result= D
|report= [http://www.the-afc.com/en/afc-cup-2013-schedule-results.html?fixtureid=7666&stageid=292&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary report]
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Edward Wilson Junior|Junior]] {{goal|23}}
|goals2= [[James Moga]] {{goal|78}}
|stadium=[[Haji Agus Salim Stadium]]
|location=[[Padang]]
|attendance= 11,350
|referee= Mohammed A Alawaji ([[Saudi Arabia]])
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= [[2013 AFC Cup knock-out stage|SF 1st leg]]
|date=1 October 2013
|time=19:30 [[UTC+03:00|UTC+3]]
|team1=[[Kuwait SC|Al-Kuwait]]
|score=4–2
|report=[http://www.the-afc.com/en/afc-cup-2013-schedule-results.html?fixtureid=7669&stageid=292&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary Report]
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Issam Jemâa|Jemâa]] {{goal|17||33}} [[Waleed Ali|Ali]] {{goal|32}} [[Chadi Hammami|Hammami]] {{goal|48}}
|goals2=[[Uga Okpara|Okpara]] {{goal|65}} [[Lalrindika Ralte|Ralte]] {{goal|87}}
|location=[[Kuwait City]]
|stadium=[[Al Kuwait Sports Club Stadium]]
|attendance=1,000
|referee=[[Tan Hai (referee)|Tan Hai]] ([[Chinese Football Association|China PR]])
|result= L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round= [[2013 AFC Cup knock-out stage|SF 2nd leg]]
|date=22 October 2013
|time=16:00 [[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|score=0–3
|report=[http://www.the-afc.com/en/afc-cup-2013-schedule-results.html?fixtureid=7671&stageid=292&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary Report]
|team2=[[Kuwait SC|Al-Kuwait]]
|goals1=
|goals2=[[Rogério de Assis Silva Coutinho|Rogerinho]] {{goal|43}} [[Abdulhadi Khamis|Khamis]] {{goal|44}} [[Abhishek Das (footballer)|Das]] {{goal|87|o.g.}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=50,000
|referee=[[Strebre Delovski]] ([[Football Federation Australia|Australia]])
|result= L
}}

==Statistics==

=== Appearances ===
:Players with no appearances are not included in the list.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
! colspan="16" |Appearances for East Bengal in 2013–14 season
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |No.
! rowspan="2" style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}
! rowspan="2" style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}
! rowspan="2" style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:165px;" |Name
! colspan="2" style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" |CFL
! colspan="2" style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" |I League
! colspan="2" style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" |Fed Cup
! colspan="2" style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" |IFA Shield
! colspan="2" style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" |AFC Cup
! colspan="2" style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" |Total
|-
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
|-
! colspan="16" |Goalkeepers
|-
|1
|GK
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Abhijit Mondal]]
|2
|2
|12
|12
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|1
!15
!15
|-
|30
|GK
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]
|9
|9
|8
|8
|3
|3
|3
|3
|3
|3
!26
!26
|-
|26
|GK
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Abhra Mondal]]
|2
|0
|4
|4
|0
|0
|2
|2
|0
|0
!8
!6
|-
! colspan="16" |Defenders
|-
|3
|DF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Arnab Mondal]]
|5
|5
|20
|18
|2
|2
|3
|3
|4
|4
!34
!32
|-
|2
|DF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Raju Gaikwad]]
|4
|4
|17
|14
|3
|3
|5
|5
|0
|0
!29
!26
|-
|8
|DF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Naoba Singh]]
|9
|9
|15
|11
|1
|1
|1
|1
|3
|3
!29
!25
|-
|19
|DF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Robert Lalthlamuana]]
|6
|6
|14
|14
|1
|1
|4
|4
|3
|2
!28
!27
|-
|16
|DF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Gurwinder Singh]]
|8
|8
|13
|8
|0
|0
|1
|1
|1
|0
!23
!17
|-
|5
|DF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Abhishek Das (footballer)|Abhishek Das]]
|1
|1
|10
|9
| colspan="2" |
|5
|4
|1
|1
!17
!15
|-
|29
|DF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Saumik Dey|Soumik Dey]]
|8
|7
|10
|10
|2
|2
|2
|2
|4
|4
!26
!25
|-
|4
|DF
|{{flagicon|NGA}}
|[[Uga Okpara]]
|2
|2
|9
|9
|3
|3
|
|
|4
|4
!18
!18
|-
|23
|DF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|Safar Sardar
|
|
|1
|0
|
|
|
|
|
|
!1
!0
|-
! colspan="16" |Midfielders
|-
|24
|MF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Cavin Lobo]]
|10
|9
|23
|20
|2
|2
|3
|1
|3
|2
!41
!34
|-
|20
|MF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Lalrindika Ralte]]
|6
|6
|22
|20
|3
|3
|4
|3
|4
|3
!39
!35
|-
|7
|MF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Harmanjot Khabra]]
|9
|9
|21
|19
|2
|2
|2
|0
|1
|1
!35
!31
|-
|11
|MF
|{{flagicon|JPN}}
|[[Ryuji Sueoka]]
|10
|9
|18
|17
|3
|3
|4
|4
|2
|1
!37
!34
|-
|28
|MF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Shylo Malsawmtluanga]]
|9
|3
|17
|12
|1
|1
|4
|4
|1
|0
!32
!20
|-
|17
|MF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Joaquim Abranches]]
|4
|4
|15
|9
|1
|1
|2
|2
|4
|3
!26
!19
|-
|14
|MF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Mehtab Hossain]]
|1
|1
|8
|8
|
|
|2
|1
|4
|4
!15
!14
|-
|18
|MF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Subodh Kumar]]
|6
|5
|7
|4
|0
|0
|5
|4
|
|
!18
!13
|-
|12
|MF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Reisangmei Vashum]]
|6
|6
|3
|3
|
|
|0
|0
|1
|1
!10
!10
|-
|9
|MF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Alvito D'Cunha]]
|4
|1
|0
|0
|
|
|3
|1
|1
|0
!8
!2
|-
|33
|MF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Dipankar Roy]]
|2
|0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
!2
!0
|-
! colspan="16" |Forwards
|-
|10
|FW
|{{flagicon|NGA}}
|[[Chidi Edeh]]
|8
|4
|22
|22
|3
|3
|5
|5
|4
|4
!42
!38
|-
|21
|FW
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Seminlen Doungel|Semilen Doungel]]
|8
|2
|17
|2
|0
|0
|4
|1
|
|
!29
!5
|-
|15
|FW
|{{flagicon|South Sudan}}
|[[James Moga]]
|9
|7
|14
|11
|3
|3
|4
|4
|4
|3
!34
!28
|-
|6
|FW
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[Baljit Sahni|Baljit Singh Sahni]]
|5
|2
|9
|0
|
|
|
|
|3
|0
!17
!2
|}

=== Goal scorers ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
! colspan="11" |Goals for East Bengal in 2013–14 season
|-
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |Rank
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |Name
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |CFL
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |I League
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |Fed Cup
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |IFA Shield
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |AFC Cup
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |Total
|-
!1
|10
|FW
|{{flagicon|NGA}}
|Chidi Edeh
|7
|9
|2
|2
|0
!20
|-
!2
|15
|FW
|{{flagicon|South Sudan}}
|James Moga
|6
|7
|1
|2
|1
!17
|-
! rowspan="3" |3
|11
|MF
|{{flagicon|JPN}}
|Ryuji Sueoka
|2
|4
|1
|0
|1
!8
|-
|20
|MF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|Lalrindika Ralte
|2
|4
|0
|1
|1
!8
|-
|21
|FW
|{{flagicon|India}}
|Semilen Doungel
|3
|4
|0
|1
|
!8
|-
!6
|24
|MF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|Cavin Lobo
|2
|2
|0
|0
|0
!4
|-
! rowspan="2" |7
|12
|MF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|Reisangmei Vashum
|2
|1
|
|0
|0
!3
|-
|17
|MF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|Joaquim Abranches
|2
|1
|0
|0
|0
!3
|-
! rowspan="2" |9
|6
|FW
|{{flagicon|India}}
|Baljit Singh Sahni
|0
|2
|0
|0
|0
!2
|-
|7
|MF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|Harmanjot Khabra
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
!2
|-
! rowspan="4" |11
|4
|DF
|{{flagicon|NGA}}
|Uga Okpara
|0
|0
|0
|
|1
!1
|-
|5
|DF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|Abhishek Das
|0
|1
|
|0
|0
!1
|-
|16
|DF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|Gurwinder Singh
|0
|1
|0
|
|0
!1
|-
|28
|MF
|{{flagicon|India}}
|Shylo Malsawmtluanga
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
!1
|-
| colspan="5" |''Own goals''
|0
|2
|0
|0
|0
!2
|-
! colspan="5" |Total
|28
|39
|4
|6
|4
!81
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{East Bengal F.C.}}
{{2013–14 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2013-14 East Bengal F.C. season}}
[[Category:2013–14 I-League by team|East]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club seasons]]

Konyak Naga

2025-11-27T17:25:14Z

Vanmathiscp: revised

{{Short description|Major Naga ethnic group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Konyak Naga
| image = Koniak 0382b.jpg
| image_caption = Konyak chief in traditional outfit
| population = 320,000 approx.
| languages = [[Konyak language]], [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
| region1 = {{flag|India}}
| pop1 = N/A
| region2 = {{nbsp|10}}
[[Nagaland]]
| pop2 = N/A
| region3 = {{nbsp|10}}
[[File:Seal of Assam.svg|20px]][[Assam]]
| pop3 = N/A
| region4 = {{flag|Myanmar}}
| pop4 = N/A
| region5 = {{nbsp|10}}[[File:Flag of Naga Self-Administered Zone.png|20px]]
[[Naga Self-Administered Zone|Naga SAZ]]
| pop5 = N/A
| religions = [[Christianity]] and Animism
| related = [[Wancho Naga|Wancho]], Other [[Naga people|Naga Ethnic Groups]], Tai Ahom
}}
{{Naga people}}

The '''Konyaks''' are a major [[Naga people|Naga]] [[ethnic group]] native to the [[Northeast India|Northeast Indian]] state of [[Nagaland]].<ref>'Konyak Nagas' by Christoph von Furer-Haimendorf, (1969)</ref> They inhabit in the [[Mon District]], which is also known as ''The Land of the Anghs''. The ''Anghs''/''Wangs'' are their traditional chiefs whom they hold in high esteem. Facial tattoos were earned for taking an enemy's head.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1136007/the-konyaks-of-nagaland-indias-famed-tattooed-headhunters-are-a-vanishing-tribe/|title = Portraits of India's last tattooed headhunters before they disappear}}</ref>

== Culture ==
[[File:Konyak Tribe 3.jpg|thumb|right|A Konyak man in his traditional outfit]]
[[File:Konyak Tribe 001.jpg|thumb|right|A Konyak man]]

=== Society ===
The Konyaks are the largest of the Naga ethnic groups. They are found in [[Tirap district|Tirap]], [[Longding district|Longding]], and [[Changlang district|Changlang]] districts of Arunachal Pradesh; [[Sibsagar District]] of Assam; and in [[Naga Self-Administered Zone]] of [[Myanmar]]. They are known in Arunachal Pradesh as the Wanchos ('Wancho' is a synonymous term for 'Konyak'). Ethnically, culturally, and linguistically the [[Nocte people|Nocte]] and [[Tangsa]] of the same neighbouring state of Arunachal Pradesh, are also closely related to the Konyaks.
The Konyaks were the last among the Naga ethnic groups to accept Christianity. In the past, they were infamous for attacking nearby villages, often resulting in killings and [[decapitation]] of opposing warriors. The severed heads were taken as trophies and usually hung in the 'baan' (a communal house). The number of hunted heads indicated the power of a warrior. The headhunting expeditions were often driven by certain beliefs, such as code of honour and principles of loyalty and sacrifice.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

The ethnic members maintain a very disciplined community life with strict adherence to duties and responsibilities assigned to each of them.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

===Skill===
Other unique traditional practices that set the Konyaks apart are gunsmithing, iron smelting, brasswork, and gunpowder making. Members of a village were asked to urinate in one particular place for months. Urine contains potassium nitrate and sulphur. The urine-rich soil is then boiled. A black residue floats on top of the water which is collected, dried, mixed with charcoal, and turned into gunpowder. The Konyaks are also known for making excellent machetes and wooden sculptures.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

===Festival===
''[[Aoleang]]'' is a festival celebrated in the first week of April (1–6) to welcome the spring and also to invoke the Almighty's (''Kahwang'') blessing upon the land before seed-sowing, is the biggest festival of the Konyaks. Another festival, ''Lao Ong Mo'', is the traditional harvest festival celebrated in the months of August/September.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
[[File:Ceremonial basket Konyak Naga.jpg|thumb|right|A ceremonial basket of the Konyak tribe with a skull and two human heads carved from wood. This basket is a status symbol.]]

==Language==
The [[Konyak language]] belongs to the [[Northern Naga]] sub-branch of the [[Sal languages|Sal]] sub-family of [[Sino-Tibetan]]. [[Konyak language|Konyak]] language share similarities with [[Garo language|Garo]] and [[Boro language (India)|Bodo]] languages than it is to other [[Naga languages|Naga]] languages.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

== Notable people ==
* [[Chingwang Konyak]] (b. 1943), politician
* [[N. Bongkhao Konyak]] (b. 1977), politician
* [[Phangnon Konyak]] (b. 1978), politician
* [[P. Paiwang Konyak]] (b. 1977), politician
* [[Noke Wangnao]] (b. 1948), politician
* [[W. Wangyuh]] (b. 1963), politician

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*Stirn, Aglaja & Peter van Ham. ''The Hidden world of the Naga: Living Traditions in Northeast India''. London: Prestel.
*Oppitz, Michael, Thomas Kaiser, Alban von Stockhausen & Marion Wettstein. 2008. ''Naga Identities: Changing Local Cultures in the Northeast of India''. Gent: Snoeck Publishers.
*Kunz, Richard & Vibha Joshi. 2008. ''Naga – A Forgotten Mountain Region Rediscovered''. Basel: Merian.
* Alban von Stockhausen: ''Imag(in)ing the Nagas: The Pictorial Ethnography of Hans-Eberhard Kauffmann and Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf''. Arnoldsche, Stuttgart 2014,.
* {{ISBN|978-3-89790-412-5}}.

== External links ==
{{commons category|Konyak Naga}}
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nbe Ethnologue profile]

{{Naga tribes}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Headhunting]]

Ayesha Javed

2025-11-07T22:38:18Z

Vanmathiscp: small changes

{{Short description|Pakistani politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ayesha Javed
| honorific-suffix =
| office = Member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]
| term_start = 2008
| term_end = 31 May 2018
|constituency= Reserved seat for women
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|10|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Abbottabad]]
|nationality = Pakistani
|party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]]
}}

'''Ayesha Javed''' ({{Langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|عائشہ جاوید}}}}; born 12 October 1967) is a Pakistani politician who was a Member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]], from 2008 to May 2018.

==Early life and education==
She was born on 12 October 1967 in [[Abbottabad]].<ref name="pap/2013">{{cite web|title=Punjab Assembly|url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/20/1152|website=www.pap.gov.pk|accessdate=6 February 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124152/http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/20/1152|archivedate=13 June 2017}}</ref>

She has earned Master of Arts in Political Science in 1996 from [[University of the Punjab]].<ref name="pap/2008">{{cite web|title=Punjab Assembly|url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/19/781|website=www.pap.gov.pk|accessdate=6 February 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720095510/http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/19/781|archivedate=20 July 2017}}</ref>

==Political career==
She was elected to the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]] as a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]] on a reserved seat for women in the [[2008 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Special Report, NOS, The News International|url=https://jang.com.pk/thenews/mar2011-weekly/nos-06-03-2011/spr.htm#7|accessdate=6 February 2018|work=jang.com.pk|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124124049/http://jang.com.pk/thenews/mar2011-weekly/nos-06-03-2011/spr.htm#7|archivedate=24 January 2016}}</ref>

She joined [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML-N) in March 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Upcoming polls: PML-N marks 110 NA seats in Punjab - The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/515940/upcoming-polls-pml-n-marks-110-na-seats-in-punjab/|accessdate=6 February 2018|work=The Express Tribune|date=5 March 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005093018/http://tribune.com.pk/story/515940/upcoming-polls-pml-n-marks-110-na-seats-in-punjab/|archivedate=5 October 2015}}</ref>

She was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML-N on a reserved seat for women in the [[2013 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=PML-N secures maximum number of reserved seats in NA|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/05/28/pml-n-secures-maximum-number-of-reserved-seats-in-na/|accessdate=6 February 2018|work=www.pakistantoday.com.pk|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103061614/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/05/28/pml-n-secures-maximum-number-of-reserved-seats-in-na/|archivedate=3 January 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Javed, Ayesha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Women members of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:21st-century Pakistani women politicians]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) MPAs (Punjab)]]

{{PunjabPK-MuslimN-MPA-stub}}

Nityananda Sahoo

2025-09-29T23:41:19Z

Vanmathiscp: new new article needs work...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Raghunath Mohanty
| successor = [[Subasini Jena]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| image =
}}
'''Nityananda Sahoo''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a two time elected [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]] and [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Basta Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Basta Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/basta-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916560.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Basta Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Basta Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/basta-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahoo, Nityananda}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Chandraspalle

2025-08-05T22:35:21Z

Vanmathiscp: rework references and updated info to improve readability

{{more citations needed|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chandrapalle
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16|48|44|N|77|47|32|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Deccan Plateau]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka/constituency]]
| parts = [[Narayanpet]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name1 = [[Manne Srinivas Reddy]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 5
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 409
| population_total = 2050
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode]]
| postal_code = 509371.
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91]], 08542{{force singular}}
| registration_plate = TS 06
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 75%
| blank1_name_sec2 = Avg. Annual Temperature
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|31|°C|°F}}
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name2 = [[S.Rajender Reddy]]
| leader_title3 = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name3 = Kavali Gopal
| leader_title4 = [ Upa Sarpanch]
|leader_name4 = Shasani Raghupathi Reddy
| blank2_name_sec1 = Assembly Constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Narayanpet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narayanpet]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] Constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]] Rural
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. Summer Temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|40|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. Winter Temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|20|°C|°F}}
}}
'''Chandraspalle''' is a small village in [[Koilkonda]] Mandal, Narayanpet constituency, [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahbubnagar district]], [[Telangana]] in [[southern India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Chandraspalle Population - Mahbubnagar, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/575415-chandraspalle-andhra-pradesh.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 9, 2025}}</ref> It is located 26 kilometres towards west from the district headquarters in Mahbubnagar, and is five kilometres from Mandal Koilkonda and 125 kilometres from [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].

Chandraspalle's pin code is 509371 and postal head office is in Koilkonda. Jamalpur (5 km), Seri Venkatapur (6 km), Ayodhya Nagar (6 km), Kistampally (6 km), Modipur (7 km) are nearby villages. Chandraspalle is surrounded by Gandeed Mandal towards North, Hanwada Mandal towards East, Maddur Mandal towards west, Kosgi Mandal towards North.

Chandraspalle is close to the cities and towns of Mahbubnagar, Narayanpet, Badepally, and [[Farooqnagar]].

It has a population of more than 2050. It is a religiously diversified small village with Hindu temples. This village is famous for temples of Lord [[Ananthaswamy]], [[Hanuman]], [[Saraswati]] and [[Poshammathalli|Pochamma]]. Every year, the Sree Anantha Swamy Jatara is held for the Ugadi festival, [[Rama Navami|Sree Rama Kalyanotsavam]] is held in the village for Sri Rama Navami in April and special pujas and bhajans for Lord Hanuman on the day of [[Hanuman Jayanti]], which are all organised by the [[Www.facebook.com/SMYS471/|Sri Maruthi Yuvajana Sangam (SMYS)]]. It was started in 2017. Ugadi, Sankranthi, Dussehra, Diwali and Bonalu, are the major festivals celebrated in this village.

[[File:ZPH School.jpg|alt=ZPHS High School, Chandraspalle, the former ruler of Hyderabad|left|thumb|ZP High School, Chandraspalle]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mahabubnagar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mahbubnagar district]]

{{Mahbubnagar-geo-stub}}

Mohun Bagan field hockey team

2025-07-30T11:33:21Z

Vanmathiscp:

{{Short description|Indian professional field hockey club based in Kolkata, West Bengal}}
{{About|the field hockey team|the parent club|Mohun Bagan AC}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox football club
| image = Mohun Bagan A.C. logo.svg
| image_size = 200px
| fullname = Mohun Bagan Athletic Club
| nickname = The Mariners
| short name = MBAC
| founded = {{Start date and age|1889|8|15|df=y}}
| dissolved =
| ground = Howrah Dumurjola Stadium [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
| capacity = 22,000
| owner =
| chrtitle = President
| chairman = Debasish Dutta
| coach = Simranjeet Singh
| manager = Gurmeet Singh
| members =
| league = [[Calcutta Hockey League]]
| season = 2022–23
| website = {{URL|https://www.themohunbaganac.com}}
| current = 2025 Mohun Bagan AC hockey season
| kit_alt1 =
| pattern_la1 = _mb1920h
| pattern_b1 = _mb1920h
| pattern_ra1 = _mb1920h
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 = _mbhome_1415
| leftarm1 = 91191B
| body1 =
| rightarm1 = 91191B
| shorts1 = B81C1C
| socks1 = B81C1C
| kit_alt2 =
| pattern_la2 = _mb1920a
| pattern_b2 = _atkmbfc2021a
| pattern_ra2 = _mb1920a
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 = _mbaway_1213
| leftarm2 =
| body2 =
| rightarm2 =
| shorts2 =
| socks2 =
| kit_alt3 =
| pattern_la3 =
| pattern_b3 =
| pattern_ra3 =
| pattern_sh3 =
| pattern_so3 =
| leftarm3 =
| body3 =
| rightarm3 =
| shorts3 =
| socks3 =
| pre_NCAA =
| NCAA_champion =
| NCAA_runner =
| NCAA_semi =
| NCAA_quarter =
| NCAA_tourney =
| conf_tourney =
| conf_champion =
}}
'''Mohun Bagan hockey team''' is an Indian professional [[field hockey]] team based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. It participates in various tournaments conducted by Hockey Bengal. The team plays its home matches mostly at the [[Mohun Bagan Ground]], SAI Sports Complex at [[Salt Lake Stadium]] and Howrah Dumurjola Stadium. The team has won 41 major state titles, which includes 27 [[Calcutta Hockey League]] and 14 [[Beighton Cup]] titles.<ref name="Trophies">{{cite web|url=https://www.themohunbaganac.com/tropy-room/|title=Trophy room|publisher=themohunbaganac.com|access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Teams with Most Wins in Prestigious Beighton Cup|date=26 September 2022 |url=https://hockeypassion.in/hockey-perspectives/teams-with-most-wins-in-prestigious-beighton-cup/|access-date=3 November 2022|publisher=Hockey Passion}}</ref>

==History==
Mohun Bagan started their field hockey section in the early 1930s and got affiliated with the Bengal Hockey Association (BHA). The Club participated in the [[Calcutta Hockey League]] and the [[Beighton Cup]] and were the second Indian field hockey club to win the Calcutta Hockey League after Greer Sporting in the 1935 season.<ref name="chl">{{cite web|url=https://www.hockeybengal.org/calcutta-hockey-league-history |title=BIRTH AND EVOLUTION OF CALCUTTA HOCKEY LEAGUE COMPETITION (1905) |date=2022 |access-date=24 October 2022|website=www.hockeybengal.org|publisher=Hockey Bengal |location=Kolkata |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018155544/https://www.hockeybengal.org/calcutta-hockey-league-history |archive-date=18 October 2022 }}</ref>

The club disbanded their hockey section in 2000,<ref>{{cite web |title=As hockey regains its place in the sun, Bengal experts rue lack of basic infra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/as-hockey-regains-its-place-in-the-sun-bengal-experts-rue-lack-of-basic-infra/articleshow/85121490.cms |date=7 August 2021 |last=Bhattacharya |first=Nilesh |website=The Times of India }}</ref> but was eventually revived after 22 years in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=NTFS #110 – An Indian Hockey Giant Returns To The Fold, The Laws of Cricket, and The Shelf Life of Sport As A Product |url=https://notthefootyshow.ashleymorrisonmedia.com/https-notthefootyshow-ashleymorrisonmedia-com-wp-content-uploads-2022-08-ntfs-podcast-110-mp3/ |date=30 August 2022 |last=Morrison |first=Ashley |publisher=Not the Footy Show }}</ref>

== Statistics ==
{{As of|2025|March|28}}
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" |Season
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;" |Tournament
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" |Result
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;" |Played
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" |Won
! style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;" |Draw
! style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;" |Lose
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2024–25 in Indian football|2024–25]]
| style="text-align:center" |Calcutta Premier Hockey League
| style="text-align:center" |'''Champions'''
| style="text-align:center" |8
| style="text-align:center" |7
| style="text-align:center" |1
| style="text-align:center" |0
|}

==Honours==
===League===
*'''[[Calcutta Hockey League]]'''
**Champions (27): 1935, 1951, 1952, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1962, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2023, 2025

===Cup===
*'''[[Beighton Cup]]'''
**Champions (14): 1952, 1958, 1960, 1964, 1965, 1968, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1979
**Runners-up (3): 1956, 1972, 1980

*'''Agha Khan Cup'''
**Champions (1): 1964

*'''[[Bombay Gold Cup]]'''
**Champions (1): 1964
**Runners-up (1): 1970

==Notable players==
Notable players who have represented Mohun Bagan includes olympians [[Keshav Dutt]],<ref>{{Cite magazine|agency=Press Trust of India |date=7 July 2021 |title=Olympic gold-winning hockey legend Keshav Datt dies|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/hockey/story/olympic-gold-winning-hockey-legend-keshav-datt-dies-1824945-2021-07-07|access-date=9 July 2021|magazine=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sarangi|first=Y. B.|date=7 July 2021|title=Olympic gold-winning hockey legend Keshav Datt dies|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/hockey-legend-keshav-datt-dead/article35185012.ece|access-date=9 July 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Ashok Kumar (field hockey)|Ashok Kumar]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hockey stalwart Ashok Kumar to receive Mohun Bagan Lifetime Achievement Award|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/ashok-kumar-lifetime-achievement-award-mohun-bagan-foundation-day-india-1975-hockey-world-cup-gold/article32070175.ece|date=13 July 2020|publisher=Sportstar}}</ref> [[Jaswant Singh Rajput]], [[Joginder Singh (field hockey)|Joginder Singh]], [[Inam-ur Rahman]] etc.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.themohunbaganac.com/}}

{{Mohun Bagan AC}}
{{West Bengal Sports}}

[[Category:Mohun Bagan AC| ]]
[[Category:Field hockey in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Field hockey clubs in India]]

Naidupeta revenue division

2025-07-22T09:54:15Z

Vanmathiscp: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Former revenue division in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Naidupeta revenue division
| image_map = Revenue_divisions_map_of_Nellore_district.png
| map_caption = Naidupeta revenue division in the erstwhile Nellore district
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Naidupeta]]
| established_title = Formed
| established_date = 25 June 2013
| established_title1 = Dissolved
| established_date1 = 4 April 2022
| founder = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| other_name = Nayudupeta revenue division
}}

'''Naidupeta revenue division''', also spelt '''Nayudupeta revenue division''',<ref name="mandals" /> was an [[administrative division]] in the [[Nellore district]] of Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It was formed in 2013 with six [[mandals]] and was merged into the newly formed [[Sullurupeta revenue division]] of [[Tirupati district]] in 2022 as part of the reorganization of the districts in the state.

== History ==
Naidupeta revenue division was formed on 25 June 2013 becoming is one of the [[Nellore district#Administrative divisions|five revenue divisions]] in the Nellore district, with six [[mandals]] under its administration.<ref name="mandals">{{cite news|title=New revenue divisions formed in Nellore district|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/new-revenue-divisions-formed-in-nellore-district/article4848109.ece|access-date=9 June 2015 |work=The Hindu|date=25 June 2013|location=Nellore}}</ref> The divisional headquarters are located at [[Naidupeta]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Geographic Information|url=http://nellore.ap.nic.in/geography.htm|website=Official Website of Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore District|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=16 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131055726/http://nellore.ap.nic.in/geography.htm|archive-date=31 January 2015}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2022}} On 4 April 2022, the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] reorganized the districts and formed [[Sullurupeta revenue division]] and [[Tirupati district]]. The Nellore district was also reorganized. All the six mandals were transferred to the Sullurupeta revenue division, thus dissolving the Naidupeta revenue division.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2022 |title=New districts to come into force on April 4 |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-districts-to-come-into-force-on-april-4/article65274658.ece |access-date=2 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2022 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=[[Sakshi Post]] |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231914/https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Administration ==

There were six mandals administered under Naidupeta revenue division: [[Doravarisatram]], [[Naidupeta mandal|Naidupeta]], [[Ojili]], [[Pellakur]], [[Sullurpeta mandal|Sullurpeta]] and [[Tada mandal|Tada]].<ref name="mandals" /> All of these mandals were earlier part of [[Gudur revenue division]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s39c82c7143c102b71c593d98d96093fde/uploads/2019/08/2019080553.pdf |title=District Census Handbook Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore |date=2011 |page=25 |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Nellore district}}

[[Category:2013 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Revenue divisions in Nellore district]]
[[Category:2022 disestablishments in India]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Suneil Anand

2025-06-25T22:17:26Z

Vanmathiscp: typo fix

{{short description|Indian film actor and film director (born 1956)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suneil Dev Anand
| image = File:Suneil_Anand_2024.png
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|30 June 1956}}
| birth_place = [[Zurich]], Switzerland
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actor
| father = [[Dev Anand]]
| mother = [[Kalpana Kartik]]
| family = [[Anand family]]
}}
'''Suneil Anand''' (born 30 June 1956) is an Indian actor<ref name="isbn81-7991-066-0">{{cite book |author1=Saibal Chatterjee |author2=Encyclopædia Britannica |author3=Govind Nihalani |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema: An Enchanting Close-Up of India's Hindi Cinema |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc |year=2004 |pages=520 |isbn=81-7991-066-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&dq=%22Suneil+Anand%22&pg=PT530 |archive-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701211312/http://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT530&dq=%22Suneil+Anand%22&ei=dZp-SKS4Io_aigGg-Z20CA&sig=ACfU3U2Cr7GYu7789e2MUV5Z4bJsegec2A |url-status=live }}</ref> and film director. He is the son of actors [[Dev Anand]]<ref name=IndiaExpress.Com>{{cite web|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20010205-0.html|title=Suneil Anand makes India's first martial arts movie : Bollywood News : IndiaExpress.Com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929135422/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20010205-0.html|archive-date=29 September 2010|access-date=2008-07-16|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[Kalpana Kartik]]. He runs [[Navketan Films]].

==Early life==
He was born in 1956 in Zurich, Switzerland, while his parents were on their way to attend the [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival|''Karlovy Vary ''Film Festival]], where he was the youngest delegate.

He has a degree in Business Administration<ref name="IndiaExpress.Com" /> from [[American University]], Washington, D.C.

His uncles are [[Chetan Anand (director)|Chetan Anand]] and [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]]. His cousins are Indian [[Film director]] [[Ketan Anand]], Vivek Anand, Indian actor and film-maker [[Shekhar Kapoor]], Neelu, and Aruna. Neelu was married to actor [[Navin Nischol]], while Aruna is married to [[Parikshit Sahni]], son of [[Balraj Sahni]].

He has trained in Wing Tsun in Hong Kong.<ref name=IndiaExpress.Com/>

== Career ==
[[File:Sunil Anand son of late Shri Dev Anand being felicitated at the 43rd International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2012), in Panaji, Goa on November 23, 2012.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Suneil Anand (right), [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[43rd International Film Festival of India|2012]]) ]]
He has acted in ''Anand aur Anand'' (1984),<ref name="urlDNA – After Hrs – Anand to direct Anand – Daily News & Analysis">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1125240|title=DNA – After Hrs – Anand to direct Anand – Daily News & Analysis|author=Chaitanya Padukone|date=2007-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606135832/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1125240|archive-date=6 June 2012|access-date=2008-07-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Car Thief'' (1986), ''Main Tere Liye'' (1988), and ''Master'' (2001).<ref name="isbn0-15-603084-5">{{cite book |author=Alter, Stephen |title=Fantasies of a Bollywood Love Thief: Inside the World of Indian Moviemaking |publisher=Harvest Books |year=2007 |pages= 79|isbn=978-0-15-603084-7 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=H6uvi2BrIhkC&dq=%22Suneil+Anand%22&pg=PA79}}</ref>

His first directorial venture, ''Master'', a martial arts film, was released in 2001. In 2014 he began work on a Hollywood Movie, ''Vagator Mixer''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-suneil-anand-announces-navketan-films-next-1745192|title=Suneil Anand announces Navketan Films' next|date=26 September 2012|website=DNA India}}</ref>

=== Filmography ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Anand Aur Anand]]'' ||
|-
| 1986 || ''Car Thief'' ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Main Tere Liye]]'' ||
|-
| 2001 || ''Master'' || Directorial debut
|-
| || ''Vagator Mixer'' || Actor & Director
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* Anand, Dev (2007), ''Romancing With Life, An Autobiography, ''Penguin/ Viking, pp. p. 162, 165–166, 168, 178, 247, 274–277, 284, 314, 358–59, 411. {{ISBN|0-670-08124-8}}

{{Authority control}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Suneil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Male actors from Zurich]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Dev Anand]]
[[Category:Anand–Sahni family]]

{{India-film-actor-1950s-stub}}

Emblem of Ladakh

2025-05-19T07:35:15Z

Vanmathiscp: enhance section based on references and cleaned formatting

#REDIRECT [[State Emblem of India]]

Om Prakash (historian)

2025-03-05T11:10:14Z

Vanmathiscp: refine intro for accuracy after review

{{short description|Indian economic historian (born 1940)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox academic|name=Om Prakash|alma_mater=[[Delhi School of Economics]]|awards=[[Order of the Netherlands Lion]]}}
'''Om Prakash''' (born January 1940, in [[Delhi]]) is an Indian economic [[historian]]. He is noted for his work on the [[Dutch East India Company]] in [[Bengal]], and also for his work on [[coin]]age, [[precious metal]] trade, and other aspects of pre-colonial commerce between Europe and India. In 2005, he was knighted by the Dutch queen.

== Early life and education ==
He did his M.A. from the [[Delhi School of Economics]] in 1961, ranking first, and continued with his PhD in Economic History. His thesis, ''The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630-1720'', is based on archival material from the [[Nationaal Archief]] at [[the Hague]]. It was published as a book by the [[Princeton University Press]] in 1985.

== Career ==
Subsequently, Prakash joined the Delhi School of Economics faculty from 1965 and 2005. His work is highly regarded in the Netherlands, where he is a Foreign Member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]], Haarlem (since 2000).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.knaw.nl/en/members/foreign-members/4670 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213230234/https://www.knaw.nl/en/members/foreign-members/4670 |title=O. Prakash |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |archive-date=13 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> In April 2005, he was honoured as a "Knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion" by [[Queen Beatrix]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iias.asia/profile/om-prakash|title=Om Prakash | IIAS}}</ref>

He is also the author of ''European commercial enterprise in pre-colonial India'' (1998), published under [[the New Cambridge History of India]] series (part II, v.5).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|title=Most widely held works by Om Prakash|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n84086424/|publisher=[[WorldCat]]}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Om}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Delhi School of Economics alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Economic historians]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Historians of the Dutch East India Company]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Thiruvaikunda Vinnagaram

2025-01-14T01:56:29Z

Vanmathiscp: starting initial article v1 - done

{{Infobox temple
| name = Thiruvaikunda Vinnagaram
| image = Vaikunta vinnagaram.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11|10|39|N|79|46|45|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
| location = Thirunangur
| elevation_m =
| deity = Vaikunta Nathan Perumal ([[Vishnu]]), Vaikunta Valli ([[Lakshmi]])
| temple_tank = Lakshmi, viraja
| tower = Anantasatyavartaka
| festivals= adi magam
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}{{Short description|Perumal temple in Mayiladuthurai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

'''Thiruvaikunda Vinnagaram''' or '''Vaikunta Nathan Perumal Temple''' is dedicated to Hindu god [[Vishnu]] located in Tirunangur, a village in the outskirts of [[Sirkazhi]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Vaikuntanathan and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Vaikuntavalli.

It is one among the eleven Divya Desams of [[Thirunangur tirupathi|Thirunangur Tirupathis]] and is closely associated with [[Thirumangai Alvar]]. The temple is open from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m. and 5 p.m. to 7 p.m and has four daily rituals at various times of the day. The Thirumangai Alvar Mangalasasana Utsavam celebrated annually during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''[[Tamil calendar|Tai]]'' is the major festival of the temple during which the festival images of the eleven [[Thirunangur tirupathi|Thirunangur Tirupatis]] are brought on mount designed like [[Garuda]], called Garuda ''[[Vahana]]'', to Thirunangur.

==Legend==
[[File:Vaikunda vinnagaram 2.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Entrance of the temple]]
The legend of all the eleven temples of Thirunangur are closely associated with each other. As per legend, the Hindu god [[Shiva]] started dancing in fury at this place after the death of his consort Uma due to the ''[[Daksha yajna|yagna]]'' (sacrifice) of Daksha. Each time his lock of hair touched the ground, there were eleven other forms of Shiva who appeared. The celestial deities were worried that if the dance continues, it would result in decimation of entire creations. They prayed to [[Vishnu]] for help, who appeared at this place. On seeing Vishnu, Shiva's anger was reduced and he requested Vishnu to appear in eleven forms like he did. On his request, Vishnu appeared in eleven different forms at Tirunangur. The eleven places where Vishnu appeared are believed to be where the eleven temples in Tirunangur are located.<ref name="R">[[#R.|R. 2001]], pp. 470-1</ref> As per another variant, Shiva requested Vishnu to appear in eleven different forms like him to control the eleven Shiva forms he created.<ref name=Malai>{{cite web|title=திருநாங்கூர் நாராயண பெருமாள் கோவில்|language=Tamil|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2019/10/21070922/1267133/thirunangur-narayana-perumal-temple.vpf|date=21 October 2019|accessdate=17 July 2021}}</ref> The eleven [[Rudras]], called Ekadas Rudras and king of [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], [[Indra]], are believed to have worshiped Vishnu at this temple.<ref>[[#Ayyar|Ayyar 1982]], p. 535</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Vaikunda vinnagaram 3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|[[Pushkarni|Temple tank]] outside the main entrance]]
The temple complex has a single ''[[prakaram]]'' (closed precincts of a temple). The sanctum here is believed to be on par with celestial [[vaikuntam|Vaikuntham]]. It is located in Thirunangur, a small village, 10 km away from [[Sirkali]] en route to Thiruvenkadu. The temple tank is located to the north of the temple. The presiding deity is believed to have worshiped by sage Uthankar and King Uparisarvasara.<ref>[[#Ayyar|Ayyar 1993]], p. 535</ref><ref name="R1">[[#R.|R. 2001]], pp. 570</ref> The presiding deity, Vaikuntanathar (also called Thamaraikannudiyabiran - the one with lotus eyes), his consort and the festival images are housed in the sanctum. The temple has only one shrine. The walls around the temple are a modern addition. The Garuda Mandapa is located axial to the central shrine and located close to the entrance.<ref name=A>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam |last=Anantharaman|pages=62–67|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8}}</ref>

==Religious significance==
The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabhandam]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Periazhwar|Periyalvar]], [[Thirumalisai Alvar]] and [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]]. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the temple finds mention in several works like ''108 Tirupathi Anthathi'' by Divya Kavi Pillai Perumal Aiyangar.<ref name="dinamalar"/> As per another variant, Shiva requested Vishnu to appear in eleven different forms like him to control the eleven Shiva forms he created.<ref name=Malai>{{cite web|title=திருநாங்கூர் நாராயண பெருமாள் கோவில்|language=Tamil|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2019/10/21070922/1267133/thirunangur-narayana-perumal-temple.vpf|date=21 October 2019|accessdate=17 July 2021}}</ref> The eleven [[Rudras]], called Ekadas Rudras and king of [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], [[Indra]], are believed to have worshiped Vishnu at this temple.<ref>[[#Ayyar|Ayyar 1982]], p. 535</ref>

==Worship practices and festivals==
[[File:Vaikunda vinnagaram 4.jpg|200x200px|Entrance to the sanctum|thumb]]
The temple is open from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m. and 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] tradition, from the Brahmin community. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 8 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 10:00 a.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 5:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 7:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Vaikuntanathan and his consort Vaikuntavalli. During the worship, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Vaikundanathar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=360|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref>

During the new moon day of the Tamil month ''Thai'', the [[utsavar|festival deity]] of Thirumangai Alvar is brought to the temple from [[Thiruvali-Thirunagari]].<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|title=Shrine dedicated to Arjuna|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/shrine-dedicated-to-arjuna/article3631326.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 July 2012|access-date=2013-09-09|last=S.|first=Prabhu}}</ref> The Thirumangai Alvar Mangalasasana Utsavam is celebrated in the Tamil month of ''Thai'' (January–February). The highlight of the festival is ''Garudasevai'', an event in which the festival images of the eleven [[Thirunangur tirupathi|Thirunangur Tirupathis]] are brought on mount designed like [[Garuda]], called Garuda Vahana, to Thirunangur. The festive image of Thirumangai Alvar is also brought on a ''Hamsa Vahanam'' (palanquin) and his ''pasurams'' (verses) dedicated to each of these eleven temples are recited during the occasion. The festival images of Thirumangai Alvar and his consort Kumudavalli Naachiyar are taken in a palanquin to each of the eleven temples. The verses dedicated to each of the eleven temples are chanted in the respective shrines. This is one of the most important festivals in the region which draws thousands of visitors.<ref name="hindu"/><ref name="Garuda Sevai Festival">{{cite news| title=Garuda Sevai| work=Ramanuja.org|
url=http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ramanuja/archives/feb08/pdfUQOxvBFB4v.pdf|access-date= 2011-08-19}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated|year=1993|edition=2 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=tiruvidaimaruthur&pg=PA535|ref=Ayyar}}
* {{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.}}
{{refend}}

{{Thirunangur Tirupathis}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}
{{Mayiladuthurai Topics}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]

Sriwass

2024-09-02T06:34:01Z

Vanmathiscp: starting a entry basic info

{{short description|Indian film director, and screenwriter (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sriwass Oleti
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|11|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Purushothapatnam, [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Film director Screen writer
}}
'''Sriwass''' is an [[Indian film]] director, and screenwriter known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/heroines-not-yet-finalised-for-balakrishnas-99th-film-director-sriwass/|title=Heroines not yet finalised for Balakrishna's 99th film: Director Sriwass|date=14 April 2015|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=20 October 2015}}</ref> He is known for directing comedy and action films like ''[[Loukyam]]'' and ''[[Dictator (2016 film)|Dictator]]''.

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Film
|-
| 2007 ||''[[Lakshyam (2007 film)|Lakshyam]]''
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Rama Rama Krishna Krishna]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014 || ''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda]]''
|-
| ''[[Loukyam]]''<ref name="idreampost.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.idreampost.com/nbk-as-dictator-in-sriwasss-next|title=NBK as Dictator in Sriwass's Next|work=idreampost.com|accessdate=20 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Dictator (2016 film)|Dictator]]''<ref name="indianexpress.com"/><ref name="idreampost.com"/>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Saakshyam (film)|Saakshyam]]''
|-
|2023 || ''[[Ramabanam]]''
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sriwass}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Raichur]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Indian action choreographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Hyderabad, India]]

Pali, Jaunpur

2024-07-18T17:04:59Z

Vanmathiscp: brief expand layout per standard format and added references

{{short description|Village in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

'''Pali''' is a village in [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="EC Data">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se2002/pollupd/ac/states/s24/acnstcand235.htm|title=State Elections 2002|access-date=30 August 2010|publisher=[[Government of India]]|year=2002|author=Election Commission of India|work=List of Contesting Candidates|format=Text/HTML}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Jaunpur district}}
{{Coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Jaunpur district]]

{{Jaunpur-geo-stub}}

Anandpur, Vikramgad

2024-07-08T18:43:11Z

Vanmathiscp: creating a page

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Anandpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.8607374|N|73.0139616|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vikramgad]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 163
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 687
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551774
| footnotes =
}}
'''Anandpur''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Vikramgad]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Anandpur has 134 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 49.65%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 687 || 349 || 338
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 117 || 65 || 52
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 686 || 349 || 337
|-
| Literates || 283 || 172 || 111
|-
| Workers (all) || 449 || 221 || 228
|-
| Main workers (total) || 412 || 202 || 210
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 245 || 120 || 125
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 158 || 74 || 84
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 8 || 7 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 37 || 19 || 18
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 18 || 9 || 9
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 11 || 5 || 6
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 8 || 5 || 3
|-
| Non-workers || 238 || 128 || 110
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikramgad taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikramgad taluka]]

Krishna Tulasi

2024-02-17T03:14:23Z

Vanmathiscp: slightly expanded lead for accuracy also for consistency

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film by Suresh Nayak}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Krishna Tulasi
| image = Krishna Tulasi poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = Sukesh Nayak
| producer = M. Narayanaswamy
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sanchari Vijay]]
*[[Meghashree]]
}}
| music = Kiran Ravindranath
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Annapoorneshwari Cine Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|4|20}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
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'''''Krishna Tulasi''''' is a 2018 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film directed by newcomer Sukesh Nayak.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/apr/21/krishna-tulasi-movie-review-experience-unseen-love-1804259.html |title='Krishna Tulasi' movie review: Experience unseen love |publisher=New Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421163502/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/apr/21/krishna-tulasi-movie-review-experience-unseen-love-1804259.html |archive-date=21 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/250418/krishna-tulasi-movie-review-a-blinder-unfolds.html |title=Krishna Tulasi movie review: A BLINDer unfolds |first=Shashiprasad |last=SM |date=25 April 2018 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Krishna ([[Sanchari Vijay]]), a visually impaired man, moves to Mysuru after he gets a job at the university. He befriends Tulasi ([[Meghashree]]), a dubbing artiste who is also visually impaired, takes the same bus as he does. Neither of them realizes that the other is
person is also visually impaired. Whether or not they figure this out and fall in love forms the rest of the story.<ref name="A">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/krishna-tulasi/movie-review/63855168.cms|title=Krishna Tulasi Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Krishna Tulasi by Times of India|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Sanchari Vijay]] as Krishna
*[[Meghashree]] as Tulasi
*[[Prathap (Kannada actor)|Kuri Pratap]]
* [[Tabla Nani]]
*[[Ramesh Bhat]]
*[[Suchendra Prasad]]
* [[Padmaja Rao]]

== Soundtrack==
The songs were composed by Kiran Ravindranath.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUDhdL_yhLo |title=Krishna Tulasi – Kannada New HD Trailer 2018 – Sanchari Vijay – Megha Shree – Kiran Ravindranath |work=Anand Audio |date=15 April 2018}}</ref>

*"Sogasaagi" – Kiran Ravindranath
*"Yeno Hosa Nantu" – [[Armaan Malik]]
*"Lokana Nammange" – [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
*"Khali Kanninali" – [[Anuradha Bhat]], [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
*"Kandey Iralilla" – Varun Pradeep

== Release ==
''The Times of India'' gave the film three out of five stars and wrote that "Go ahead, watch ''Krishna Tulasi'' if you like simple unadulterated romance that comes straight from the heart".<ref name="A"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|8034094}}

[[Category:2018 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2018 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]

Govindabhatta

2023-11-24T07:18:08Z

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'''Govinda-bhaṭṭa''', known by his [[pen name]] '''Akbariya Kālidāsa''' ("[[Kalidasa]] of Akbar"), was a 16th-century [[Sanskrit]]-language court poet from present-day India. His patrons included [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]]'s ruler Ramachandra and the [[Mughal Emperor|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]].{{sfn|E. V. Vira Ragahavacharya|1947|p=567}}

== Works ==

The texts attributed to Govindabhatta include:

* ''Akabari-vilasa''{{sfn|Ludwik Sternbach|1978|p=61}}
* ''Birudavali''{{sfn|E. V. Vira Ragahavacharya|1947|p=568}}
* ''Ramachandra-yashah-prabandha'', a panegyric on Ramachandra of Rewa{{sfn|E. V. Vira Ragahavacharya|1947|p=567}}
* ''Stutimalika''{{sfn|Ludwik Sternbach|1978|p=61}}

Govindabhatta appears to have become quite popular, as his verses appear in at least six anthologies of the 17th and the 18th centuries.{{sfn|E. V. Vira Ragahavacharya|1947|p=568}} The texts that cite his verses include ''Subhashita-haravali'' (c. 1650), ''Padyamrta-tarangini'' (c. 1673), ''Rasika-jivana'' (later than c. 1735), Sundaradeva's ''Sukti-Sundara'', ''Padyareni'', and ''Padyarchana''.{{sfn|E. V. Vira Ragahavacharya|1947|pp=567-570}}

Most of Govindabhatta's extant verses are devoted to description and praise of kings.{{sfn|Ludwik Sternbach|1978|p=61}} The kings praised by him include Akbar (whom he calls Kabilendra or Jallaladin) and Ramachandra of Rewa (whom he calls Vaghela).{{sfn|E. V. Vira Ragahavacharya|1947|p=566}} He may have adopted the pen-name "Akbariya Kalidasa" to please Emperor Akbar.{{sfn|Ludwik Sternbach|1978|p=61}}

In his poems, Govindabhatta pays homage to the gods [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Bhavani]], [[Ganesha]], [[Krishna]], [[Durga]], and Jvalapa ([[Jwala Ji|Jvalamukhi]]).{{sfn|Ludwik Sternbach|1978|p=61}}

== See also ==

* [[Tansen]], another courtier of Akbar originally in service of Ramachandra

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |author=E. V. Vira Ragahavacharya |chapter=Akbariya-Kalidasa Alias Govindabhatta (16th century) |title=Bhārata-kaumudī: studies in Indology in honour of Dr. Radha Kumud Mookerji |volume=Part II |year=1947 |publisher=Indian Press |location=Allahabad |oclc=618204 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jns9AAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=Ludwik Sternbach |title=A Descriptive Catalogue of Poets Quoted in Sanskrit Anthologies and Inscriptions |volume=1: Aṁśudhara-Dhoyī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iL0ZAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Otto Harrasowitz |isbn=978-3-447-01978-1 }}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:16th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Sanskrit poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Akbar]]
[[Category:Poets from the Mughal Empire]]

Zakir Husain (politician)

2023-06-04T20:26:46Z

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#REDIRECT [[Zakir Husain]]

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