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2002 Gujarat violence

2026-05-28T16:11:48Z

VanessaColls18: fixed issues

{{Short description|Sectarian violence in the Indian state}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
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{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2002 Gujarat violence
| location = [[Gujarat]], India
| date = February – March 2002
| partof = [[religious violence in India]]
| image = Ahmedabad riots1.jpg
| caption = The skyline of [[Ahmedabad]] filled with smoke as buildings and shops are set on fire by rioting mobs.
| target = [[Muslims]] in Gujarat
| type = [[Pogrom]], [[arson]], [[mass rape]], [[kidnapping]], [[mass murder]], [[riot]]ing
| fatalities = {{Bulleted list
|'''Official''': 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus
|'''Other sources''': 1,926 to 2,000+ total (predominantly Muslims)<ref name="teesta">{{cite web|last1=Setalvad|first1=Teesta|title=Talk by Teesta Setalvad at Ramjas college (March 2017)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKJDhISTtTk|website=www.youtube.com|date=3 March 2017 |publisher=You tube|access-date=4 July 2017|archive-date=27 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127203614/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKJDhISTtTk|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite journal|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?|journal=Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics|date=July 2003|page=16|url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf|access-date=5 November 2013|archive-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204131058/http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5SlnZilfMMC&q=2000+deaths+gujarat+riots&pg=PA28|title=The Ethics of Terrorism: Innovative Approaches from an International Perspective|publisher=Charles C Thomas Publisher|year=2009|page=28|isbn=9780398079956|access-date=15 October 2020|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205030956/https://books.google.com/books?id=w5SlnZilfMMC&q=2000+deaths+gujarat+riots&pg=PA28|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| injuries = 2,500+
| perpetrators = {{Bulleted list
|[[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
|[[Vishva Hindu Parishad]]
|[[Bajrang Dal]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Government of Gujarat]]}}
| motive = {{Bulleted list
|Revenge for the [[Godhra train burning]]<ref name="Baruah 2012 b">{{cite book|last=Baruah|first=Bipasha|title=Women and Property in Urban India|year=2012|publisher=University of British Columbia Press|isbn=978-0-7748-1928-2|page=41|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319504819 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref name="McLane 2010">{{cite book|last=McLane|first=John R. |chapter=Hindu Victimhood and India's Muslim Minority|title=The Fundamentalist Mindset: Psychological Perspectives on Religion, Violence, and History|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-537965-5|page=212|editor1=Charles B. Strozier |editor2=David M. Terman |editor3=James W. Jones |editor4=Katherine A. Boyd |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oflQEAAAQBAJ&dq=In+2002+ethnic+violence+in+Gujarat,+which+for+decades+has+had+the+highest+level+of+ethnic+violence,+reached+Partition-level+proportions.&pg=PA212}}</ref>
|[[State terrorism]]<ref name="Pandey 2005 b">{{cite book|last=Pandey|first=Gyanendra|title=Routine violence: nations, fragments, histories|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5264-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/routineviolencen0000pand/page/187 187–188]|date=November 2005|url=https://archive.org/details/routineviolencen0000pand/page/187}}</ref><ref name="Baruah 2012 b" />
|[[Ethnic cleansing]]<ref name="McLane 2010" />}}
}}

On 28 February 2002, a three-day period of inter-communal violence began in the [[western India]]n state of [[Gujarat]]. The [[Godhra train burning|burning of a train]] in [[Godhra]] the day before, which caused the deaths of 58 Hindu pilgrims and [[karsevaks]] (religious volunteers) returning from [[Ayodhya]], is cited as having instigated the violence.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Fundamentalist City?: Religiosity and the Remaking of Urban Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKnHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT34|quote=godhra train burning which led to the gujarat riots of 2002|publisher=Routledge|page=34|author1=Nezar AlSayyad|author2=Mejgan Massoumi|isbn=9781136921209|date=13 September 2010|access-date=7 July 2017|archive-date=9 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309110528/https://books.google.com/books?id=uKnHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT34|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Communal Violence, Forced Migration and the State: Gujarat since 2002|quote=gujarat 2002 riots caused godhra burning|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=98|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiW8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98|author=Sanjeevini Badigar Lokhande|isbn=9781107065444|date=13 October 2016|access-date=1 January 2020|archive-date=9 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309110530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MiW8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Resurgent India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xxqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70|page=70|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=9788184302011|year=2014|access-date=7 July 2017|archive-date=9 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309110531/https://books.google.com/books?id=8xxqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Isabelle Clark-Decès|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98uLj5FpTHQC|title=A Companion to the Anthropology of India|quote=the violence occurred in the aftermath of a fire that broke out in carriage of the Sabarmati Express train|isbn=9781444390582|date=10 February 2011|access-date=7 July 2017|archive-date=10 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110135901/https://books.google.com/books?id=98uLj5FpTHQC|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the initial violence, further outbreaks occurred in [[Ahmedabad]] for three months; statewide, even further outbreaks of [[Violence against Muslims in India|violence against the minority Muslim population]] of Gujarat continued for the next year.{{sfn|Ghassem-Fachand|2012|p=1-2}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Escherle|first=Nora Anna|title=Haunted Narratives: Life Writing in an Age of Trauma|year=2013|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-4601-8|page=205|edition=3rd Revised|editor-last=Rippl|editor-first=Gabriele|location=Toronto|oclc=841909784|editor2-last=Schweighauser|editor2-first=Philipp|editor-link2=Philipp Schweighauser|editor3-last=Kirss|editor3-first=Tina|editor4-last=Sutrop|editor4-first=Margit|editor5-last=Steffen|editor5-first=Therese}}</ref>

According to official figures, the riots ended with 1,044 dead, 223 missing, and 2,500 injured. Of the dead, 790 were Muslim and 254 Hindu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gujarat riot death toll revealed|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4536199.stm|publisher=BBC|date=11 May 2005|access-date=13 July 2013|archive-date=6 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106234202/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4536199.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The Concerned Citizens Tribunal Report estimated that as many as 1,926 may have been killed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report on Godhra riots |url=http://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115112215/https://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/ |archive-date=15 January 2020 |access-date=4 July 2017 |website=www.sabrang.com |publisher=Concerned Citizens Tribunal Report}}</ref><ref name="teesta" /> Other sources estimated death tolls in excess of 2,000.<ref name="auto" /> In addition to many brutal killings, many [[Rape in India|rape]]s were reported, as well as widespread looting and destruction of property. [[Narendra Modi]], then [[List of Chief Ministers of Gujarat|Chief Minister of Gujarat]] and later [[Prime Minister of India]], was accused of condoning the violence, as were police and government officials who allegedly directed the mob and gave them lists of Muslim-owned properties.<ref name="Murphy 2011">{{cite book|last=Murphy|first=Eamon|title=Contemporary State Terrorism: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-66447-9|page=86,90|editor1=Richard Jackson |editor2=Eamon Murphy |editor3=Scott Poynting |date=24 March 2011}}</ref>

Though officially classified as a [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal riot]], the events of 2002 have been described as a [[pogrom]] by many scholars;{{sfn|Ghassem-Fachand|2012|p=1-2}}<ref>{{cite news |title=The Soul-Wounds of Massacre, or Why We Should Not Forget the 2002 Gujarat Pogrom |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/communalism/2002-gujarat-anti-muslim-pogrom |access-date=26 May 2024 |work= [[The Wire (India)]] |date=27 February 2022 |language=en |quote=This article is extracted and adapted from the author’s book Between Memory and Forgetting: Massacre and the Modi Years in Gujarat, Yoda Press, 2019.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-link=Akeel Bilgrami |last=Bilgrami |first=Akeel |title=Democratic Culture: Historical and Philosophical Essays |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4YSqkgAWUsC&pg=PA143 |date=1 February 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-19777-2 |pages=143}}</ref><ref name="Berenschot2014">{{cite book |last=Berenschot |first=Ward |chapter=Rioting as Maintaining Relations: Hindu-Muslim Violence and Political Mediation in Gujarat, India |editor1=Jutta Bakonyi |editor2=Berit Bliesemann de Guevara |title=A Micro-Sociology of Violence: Deciphering Patterns and Dynamics of Collective Violence |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QjKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |date=11 June 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-97796-4 |pages=18–37}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Indian Social Institute |title=The Gujarat pogrom: compilation of various reports |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0ZuAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>Chris Ogden. 2012. A Lasting Legacy: The BJP-led National Democratic Alliance and India's Politics Journal of Contemporary Asia Vol. 42, Iss. 1, 2012</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Dhattiwala|first=Raheel|author2=Michael Biggs|title=The Political Logic of Ethnic Violence The Anti-Muslim Pogrom in Gujarat, 2002 |url=https://violent-interactions.org/images/PAS_RDhattiwala.pdf |journal=Politics and Society|year=2012|volume=40|issue=4|page=485|doi=10.1177/0032329212461125|s2cid=154681870}}</ref> some commentators alleged that the attacks had been planned and that the attack on the train was a "[[False flag|staged trigger]]" to obfuscate what was actually premeditated violence.{{sfn|Brass|2005|p=388}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Kabir|first=Ananya Jahanara|title=Feminism, Literature and Rape Narratives: Violence and Violation|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-80608-4|editor1=Sorcha Gunne |editor2=Zoe Brigley Thompson}}</ref> Instances of mass violence include the [[Naroda Patiya massacre]] that took place right next to a police training camp;<ref name="Patiya massacre">{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Dipankar|title=Justice before Reconciliation: Negotiating a 'New Normal' in Post-riot Mumbai and Ahmedabad|year=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-61254-8|page=24}}</ref> the [[Gulbarg Society massacre]] that killed, among others, [[Ehsan Jafri]], a former [[Parliament of India|parliamentarian]]; and several incidents in [[Vadodara]] city.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ganguly|first=Rajat|title=The State of India's Democracy|year=2007|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-8791-8|page=60|editor1=Sumit Ganguly |editor2=Larry Diamond |editor3=Marc F. Plattner}}</ref> Scholars studying the 2002 riots state that they were premeditated and constituted a form of [[ethnic cleansing]], and that the state government and law enforcement were complicit in the violence.{{sfn|Brass|2005|p=388}}<ref name="Pandey 2005 b" /><ref name="Patiya massacre" />{{sfn|Nussbaum|2008|p=50-51}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bobbio |first=Tommaso |title=Making Gujarat Vibrant: Hindutva, development and the rise of subnationalism in India |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=33 |issue=4 |year=2012 |pages=657–672 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2012.657423 |s2cid=154422056 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1047619 |access-date=29 June 2019 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301151004/https://zenodo.org/record/1047619 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{sfn|Shani|2007b|pp=168–173}}<ref>{{cite news |title=A rebirth dogged by controversy |first=Andrew |last=Buncombe |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html |work=The Independent |date=19 September 2011 |access-date=10 October 2012 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225024707/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html |archive-date=25 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=Gujarat Elections: The Sub-Text of Modi's 'Hattrick'—High Tech Populism and the 'Neo-middle Class' |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270671263 |journal=Studies in Indian Politics |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=June 2013 |pages=79–95 |doi= 10.1177/2321023013482789|s2cid=154404089}}</ref><ref name="Pandey 2005 b" /><ref name="Baruah 2012 b" /><ref name="McLane 2010" /> Observers have stated that these events had met the "legal definition of genocide".<ref>{{cite book|last=Garlough|first=Christine L.|title=Desi Divas: Political Activism in South Asian American Cultural Performances|year=2013|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-61703-732-0|page=123}}</ref>

In 2012, Modi was cleared of complicity in the violence by Special Investigation Team (SIT) appointed by the [[Supreme Court of India]]. The SIT also rejected claims that the state government had not done enough to prevent the riots.<ref>{{cite news|title=How SIT report on Gujarat riots exonerates Modi|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/how-sit-report-on-gujarat-riots-exonerates-modi-the-highlights/256848-3.html|work=CNN-IBN|date=11 November 2011|access-date=19 May 2014|archive-date=11 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511054140/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/how-sit-report-on-gujarat-riots-exonerates-modi-the-highlights/256848-3.html}}</ref> The Muslim community reacted with anger and disbelief.<ref>{{cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Murali|title=Modi's clearance in the Gujarat riots case angers Indian Muslims|url=http://www.dw.de/modis-clearance-in-the-gujarat-riots-case-angers-indian-muslims/a-15874606|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=11 March 2012|author2=Shamil Shams|access-date=5 July 2013|archive-date=20 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223515/http://www.dw.de/modis-clearance-in-the-gujarat-riots-case-angers-indian-muslims/a-15874606|url-status=live}}</ref> The Supreme Court rejected multiple legal challenges to the SIT report in subsequent years, and in a 2022 decision ended legal proceedings involving Modi and allegations of state complicity.<ref name="c676">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Darpan | title=Gujarat riots clean chit to PM: Two decades of legal battle and what's next | website=India Today | date=2022-06-24 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gujarat-riots-clean-chit-pm-modi-sc-two-decades-legal-battle-1966358-2022-06-24 | access-date=2025-09-14}}</ref><ref name="j324">{{cite web | last=Sinha | first=Amitabh | title=Kailash Satyarthi calls for integrating compassion in climate action | website=The Indian Express | date=2025-09-14 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kailash-satyarthi-calls-for-integrating-compassion-in-climate-action-10249769/?ref=infinite | access-date=2025-09-14}}</ref><ref name="a373">{{cite web | last=Srinivasan | first=Chandrashekar | title=Timeline: From Gujarat riots to SC rejecting ‘larger conspiracy’ probe plea | website=Hindustan Times | date=2022-06-24 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/timeline-from-gujarat-riots-to-supreme-court-rejecting-larger-conspiracy-probe-plea-narendra-modi-zakia-jafri-101656050532942.html | access-date=2025-09-14}}</ref> Approximately 600 individuals were accused in cases related to specific incidents: {{as of|2022}}, approximately 200 people had been convicted, and 150 had received life sentences, with various appeals pending.<ref name="c676"/>

== Godhra train burning ==
{{Main|Godhra train burning}}
On the morning of 27 February 2002, the [[Sabarmati Express]], returning from Ayodhya to Ahmedabad, stopped near the [[Godhra]] railway station. The passengers were Hindu pilgrims, returning from Ayodhya.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12605659 | work=BBC News | title=Eleven sentenced to death for India Godhra train blaze | date=1 March 2011 | access-date=21 June 2018 | archive-date=24 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624025021/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12605659 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gujarat riot death toll revealed|work=BBC News|date=11 May 2005|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4536199.stm|access-date=23 July 2006|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225050757/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4536199.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> An argument erupted between the train passengers and the vendors on the railway platform.<ref>{{cite news|title=Is SIT hiding proof in Gujarat riots case?|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Is-SIT-hiding-proof-in-Gujarat-riots-case/articleshow/21132148.cms|access-date=4 July 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 June 2013|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Is-SIT-hiding-proof-in-Gujarat-riots-case/articleshow/21132148.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The argument became violent and, under uncertain circumstances, four coaches of the train caught fire with many people trapped inside. In the resulting conflagration, 59 people, including women and children, burned to death.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Death-for-11-life-sentence-for-20-in-Godhra-train-burning-case/articleshow/7600059.cms | title=Death for 11, life sentence for 20 in Godhra train burning case | date=1 March 2011 | access-date=15 March 2014 | archive-date=8 July 2012 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708181940/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-01/india/28643060_1_haji-billa-godhra-train-rajjak-kurkur | work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The government of Gujarat set up [[Gujarat High Court]] judge K. G. Shah as a one-man [[Nanavati-Shah commission|commission]] to look into the incident,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/03/07/stories/2002030706110100.htm |title=Probe panel appointed |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 March 2002 |access-date=4 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030210180012/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/03/07/stories/2002030706110100.htm |archive-date=10 February 2003 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> but following outrage among families of victims and in the media over Shah's alleged closeness to Modi, retired Supreme Court judge [[G.T. Nanavati]] was added as chairman of the now two-person commission.<ref name="Jaffrelot 77–80">{{cite journal|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Gujarat 2002: What Justice for the Victims?|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|date=25 February 2012|volume=XLVII|issue=8|pages=77–80}}</ref>

In 2003, The Concerned Citizens Tribunal (CCT){{refn|group=Note|The Concerned Citizen's Tribunal (CCT) was an eight-member committee headed by [[V. R. Krishna Iyer]], retired Judge of Supreme Court, with P. B. Sawant, Hosbet Suresh, K. G. Kannabiran, Aruna Roy, K. S. Subramanian, Ghanshyam Shah and Tanika Sarkar making up the rest. It was appointed by Citizens for Peace and Justice (CPJ), a group formed by some social activists from Mumbai and Ahmedabad. It released its first reports in 2003. CPJ members included Alyque Padamsee, Anil Dharkar, Cyrus Guzder, Ghulam Mohammed, I.M. Kadri, Javed Akhtar, Nandan Maluste, Titoo Ahluwalia, Vijay Tendulkar, Teesta Setalvad, Javed Anand; Indubhai Jani, Uves Sareshwala, Batuk Vora, Fr. Cedric Prakash, Najmal Almelkar.}} concluded that the fire had been an accident.<ref>{{cite web |author=Concerned Citizens Tribunal |title=Crime Against Humanity |url=http://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/tribunal2.pdf |publisher=Citizens for Justice and Peace |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316170313/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Religion-communalism/2003/gujarat-tribunal-report.htm |archive-date=16 March 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Asian Human Rights Commission |title=Genocide in Gujarat: Patterns of violence |url=http://www.humanrights.asia/resources/journals-magazines/article2/0201/genocide-in-gujarat-patterns-of-violence |publisher=Asian Human Rights Commission |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921045429/http://www.humanrights.asia/resources/journals-magazines/article2/0201/genocide-in-gujarat-patterns-of-violence |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Godhra |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/godhra/218036 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805184558/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/godhra/218036/amp |archive-date=5 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=Outlook India|date=3 February 2022}}</ref> Several other independent commentators have also concluded that the fire itself was almost certainly an accident, saying that the initial cause of the conflagration has never been conclusively determined.<ref>{{cite book|last=Metcalf|first=Barbara D.|title=A Concise History of Modern India|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1107026490|page=280}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jeffery|first=Craig|title=A Companion to the Anthropology of India|year=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-9892-9|page=1988|editor=Isabelle Clark-Decès}}</ref> Historian [[Ainslie Thomas Embree]] stated that the official story of the attack on the train (that it was organised and carried out by people under orders from Pakistan) was entirely baseless.<ref name="Embree 2012">{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-66744-9|page=233|editor1=Chris Seiple |editor2=Dennis Hoover |editor3=Dennis R. Hoover |editor4=Pauletta Otis}}</ref>

The Union government led by the [[Indian National Congress]] party in 2005 also set up a [[Godhra train burning#Banerjee investigation|committee]] to probe the incident, headed up by retired Supreme Court judge [[Umesh Chandra Banerjee]]. The committee concluded that the fire had begun inside the train and was most likely accidental.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP welcomes verdict on Godhra train burning case |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bjp-welcomes-verdict-on-gohdra-train-burning-case/753287/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=22 February 2011 |access-date=9 July 2013}}</ref> However, the Gujarat High Court ruled in 2006 that the matter was outside the jurisdiction of the union government, and that the committee was therefore unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite news|author=Press Trust of India|title=Banerjee panel illegal: Gujarat HC|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=75485|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=13 October 2006}}</ref>

After six years of going over the details, [[Nanavati-Mehta Commission]] submitted its preliminary report which concluded that the fire was an act of arson, committed by a mob of one to two thousand locals.<ref name="Jaffrelot 77–80" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Khan|first=Saeed|title=Nanavati Commission's term extended till Dec-end|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nanavati-Commissions-term-extended-till-Dec-end/articleshow/8937828.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130705034236/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-21/india/29682704_1_justice-mehta-nanavati-commission-post-godhra-riots|archive-date=5 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|date=21 June 2011}}</ref> [[Mawlawi (Islamic title)|Maulvi]] Husain Haji Ibrahim Umarji, a cleric in Godhra, and a dismissed [[Central Reserve Police Force]] officer named Nanumiyan were presented as the "masterminds" behind the arson.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130602070023/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIM/2008/09/27&ID=Ar01400 The Godhra conspiracy as Justice Nanavati saw it] The Times of India, 28 September 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130602070023/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIM/2008/09/27&ID=Ar01400 Archived] 21 February 2012.</ref> After 24 extensions, the commission submitted its final report on 18 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2002-gujarat-riots-nanavati-commission-submits-final-report-to-gujarat-chief-minister-anandiben-patel/article6611260.ece|title=Nanavati panel submits final report on Gujarat riots|date=18 November 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 August 2017|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053503/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2002-gujarat-riots-nanavati-commission-submits-final-report-to-gujarat-chief-minister-anandiben-patel/article6611260.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The findings of the commission were called into question by a video recording released by [[Tehelka]] magazine, which showed Arvind Pandya, counsel for the Gujarat government, stating that the findings of the Shah-Nanavati commission would support the view presented by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), as Shah was "their man" and Nanavati could be bribed.{{sfn| Jaffrelot |2011 |p=398}}

In February 2011, the trial court convicted 31 people and acquitted 63 others based on the murder and conspiracy provisions of the [[Indian Penal Code]], saying the incident was a "pre-planned conspiracy."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Godhra-verdict-31-convicted-in-Sabarmati-Express-burning-case/articleshow/7543495.cms|title=Godhra verdict: 31 convicted in Sabarmati Express burning case|date=22 February 2011|access-date=24 February 2011|archive-date=23 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060656/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-22/india/28624491_1_maulvi-umarji-godhra-train-maulana-umarji|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/26/stories/2008092660541300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927000205/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/26/stories/2008092660541300.htm |archive-date=27 September 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Front Page: Muslim mob attacked train: Nanavati Commission |date=2008-09-26 |access-date=9 June 2013}}</ref> Of those convicted, 11 were sentenced to death and the other 20 to life in prison.<ref name="Hindu1" /><ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/godhra-verdict-31-convicted-63-acquitted-86991 Godhra verdict: 31 convicted, 63 acquitted] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129024715/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/godhra-verdict-31-convicted-63-acquitted-86991 |date=29 November 2014}} NDTV – 1 March 2011</ref> Maulvi Umarji, presented by the Nanavati-Shah commission as the prime conspirator, was acquitted along with 62 others accused for lack of evidence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Special court convicts 31 in Godhra train burning case |url=http://liveindia.tv/india/states/special-court-convicts-31-in-godhra-train-burning-case/ |access-date=22 May 2013 |newspaper=Live India |date=22 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119002050/http://liveindia.tv/india/states/special-court-convicts-31-in-godhra-train-burning-case/ |archive-date=19 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Key accused let off in Godhra case|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/feb/230211-fast-track-court-Godhra-case-verdict-Sabarmati-Express.htm|access-date=22 May 2013|newspaper=Mid Day|date=23 February 2011}}</ref>

== Post-Godhra violence ==
{{location map+|India Gujarat|float=right|width=300|caption=Location of major incidents.|places=
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Vadodara'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=left|lat=22|long=73}}
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Naroda'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=bottom|lat=23|long=72}}
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Ahmedabad'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=23.03|long=72.58}}
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Godhra'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=22.777266|long=73.620253}}
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Ode'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=22.00|long=73.00}}
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Gandhinagar'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=23.22|long=72.68}}
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Mehsana'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=left|lat=23.6|long=72.7}}
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Bharuch'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=21.7|long=72.97}}
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Surat'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=21.17|long=72.83}}
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Rajkot'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=22.3000|long=70.7833}}
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Halvad'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=left|lat=23.02|long=71.18}}
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Modasa'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=23.4|long=73.3}}
{{Location map~|India Gujarat|label='''Himatnagar'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=23.6|long=72.95}}
}}

Following the attack on the train, the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) called for a statewide ''[[bandh]],'' or strike. Although the Supreme Court had declared such strikes to be unconstitutional and illegal, and despite the common tendency for such strikes to be followed by violence, no action was taken by the state to prevent the strike. The government did not attempt to stop the initial outbreak of violence across the state.{{sfn|Shani|2007b|p=171}} Independent reports indicate that the state BJP president [[Rajendrasinh Rana|Rana Rajendrasinh]] had endorsed the strike, and that Modi and Rana used inflammatory language which worsened the situation.{{sfn|Simpson|2009|p=134}}

Then-Chief Minister Narendra Modi declared that the attack on the train had been an act of terrorism, and not an incident of communal violence.<ref>{{cite news|title=My govt is being defamed, says Modi|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020310/main4.htm|access-date=28 June 2014|work=The Tribune|date=10 March 2002|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205030959/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020310/main4.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Local newspapers and members of the state government used the statement to incite violence against the Muslim community by claiming, without proof,<ref name="Embree 2012" /> that the attack on the train was carried out by Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence|intelligence]] agency and that local Muslims had conspired with them to attack Hindus in the state. False stories were also printed by local newspapers which claimed that Muslim people had kidnapped and raped Hindu women.<ref name="Hibbard 2010 b">{{cite book|last=Hibbard|first=Scott W.|title=Religious Politics and Secular States: Egypt, India, and the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/religiouspolitic00hibb|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-9669-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/religiouspolitic00hibb/page/n189 171]}}</ref>

Numerous accounts describe the attacks on the Muslim community that began on 28 February (the day after the train fire) as highly coordinated with mobile phones and government-issued printouts listing the homes and businesses of Muslims. Attackers arrived in Muslim communities across the region in trucks, wearing saffron robes and khaki shorts, bearing a variety of weapons. In many cases, attackers damaged or burned Muslim-owned or occupied buildings while leaving adjacent Hindu buildings untouched. Although many calls to the police were made from victims, they were told by the police that "we have no orders to save you." In some cases, the police fired on Muslims who attempted to defend themselves.<ref name="Murphy 2011" /><ref name="Human Rights Watch 2002">{{cite news|first=Smita|last=Narula|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/india/gujarat.pdf|title="We Have No Orders To Save You:" State Participation and Complicity in Communal Violence in Gujarat|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=April 2002|access-date=10 August 2017|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053447/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/india/gujarat.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The rioters used mobile phones to coordinate their attacks.<ref name="Khan 2011 b">{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Yasmin|title=The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence|year=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-9131-9|page=369|editor=Andrew R. Murphy}}</ref> By the end of the day on 28 February a curfew had been declared in 27 towns and cities across the state.<ref name="Oommen 2005 a">{{cite book|last=Oommen|first=T K|title=Crisis and Contention in Indian Society|year=2005|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-3359-5|page=120}}</ref> A government minister stated that although the circumstances were tense in Baroda and Ahmedabad, the situation was under control, and that the police who had been deployed were enough to prevent any violence. In Baroda, the administration imposed a curfew in seven areas of the city.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

[[M. D. Antani]], then the deputy superintendent of police, deployed the [[Rapid Action Force]] to sensitive areas in Godhra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/oldStory/31027/|title=Godhra gets that scare again – ''Indian Express''|date=6 September 2003|work=Indian Express|access-date=1 March 2017|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053457/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/godhra-gets-that-scare-again/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gordhan Zadafia]], the [[Minister of State]] for Home, believed there would be no retaliation from the Hindu community for the train burning.<ref name="Bhatt 2002">{{cite news|last=Bhatt|first=Sheela|title=Mob sets fire to Wakf board office in Gujarat secretariat|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2002/feb/28sheela.htm|newspaper=Rediff|date=28 February 2002|access-date=10 May 2011|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053520/https://in.rediff.com/news/2002/feb/28sheela.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Desai 2002">{{cite news|last=Desai|first=Darshan|title=Leads From Purgatory|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?218197|newspaper=Outlook India|date=2 December 2002}}</ref> Modi stated that the violence was no longer as intense as it had been and that it would soon be brought under control, and that if the situation warranted it, the police would be supported by deploying the army. A shoot-to-kill order was issued.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dasgupta|first=Manas|title=Shoot orders in many Gujarat towns, toll over 200|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/03/02/stories/2002030203050100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120054556/http://www.hindu.com/2002/03/02/stories/2002030203050100.htm|archive-date=20 November 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 March 2002}}</ref> However the troop deployment was withheld by the state government until 1 March, when the most severe violence had ended.<ref>{{cite book|last=Margatt|first=Ruth|title=Acting Together: Resistance and reconciliation in regions of violence|year=2011|publisher=New Village Press|isbn=978-0-9815593-9-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/actingtogetherpe0000unse/page/188 188]|editor1=Cynthia E. Cohen|editor2=Roberto Gutierrez Varea|editor3=Polly O. Walker|url=https://archive.org/details/actingtogetherpe0000unse/page/188}}</ref> After more than two months of violence a unanimous vote to authorize central intervention was passed in the [[Rajya Sabha|upper house of parliament]]. Members of the opposition made accusations that the government had failed to protect Muslim people in the worst rioting in India in more than 10 years.<ref name="BBC 6 May 2002">{{cite news|last=Corporation|first=British Broadcasting|title=Indian MPs back Gujarat motion|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1970415.stm|publisher=BBC|date=6 May 2002|access-date=11 July 2013|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053517/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1970415.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

It is estimated that 230 [[mosque]]s and 274 [[dargah]]s were destroyed during the violence.{{sfn|Bunsha|2005}} For the first time in the history of communal riots Hindu women took part, looting Muslim shops.<ref name="Oommen 2005 a" /> It is estimated that up to 150,000 people were displaced during the violence.<ref name="Rubin 2010 b">{{cite book|last=Rubin|first=Olivier|title=Democracy and Famine|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-59822-4|pages=172–173}}</ref> It is estimated that 200 police officers died while trying to control the violence, and [[Human Rights Watch]] reported that acts of exceptional heroism were committed by Hindus, [[Dalit]]s and tribals who tried to protect Muslims from the violence.<ref name="Rosser 2003">{{cite book|last=Rosser|first=Yvette Claire|title=Curriculum as Destiny: Forging National Identity in India, Pakistan, and Bangla|year=2003|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|page=356|url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2003/rosseryc036/rosseryc036.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911035259/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2003/rosseryc036/rosseryc036.pdf|archive-date=11 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="Heroism">{{cite web|last=Watch|first=H R.|title=Compounding Injustice: The Government's Failure to Redress Massacres in Gujarat|year=2003|publisher=Fédération internationale des droits de l'homme|page=57|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/06/30/compounding-injustice|access-date=11 July 2013|archive-date=19 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619182253/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/06/30/compounding-injustice|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Attacks on Muslims ==
In the aftermath of the violence, it became clear that not only were many attacks focused on Muslim populations, but were conducted with a deliberate emphasis on targeting Muslim women and children. Organisations such as [[Human Rights Watch]] criticised the [[Government of India|Indian government]] and the Gujarat state administration for failure to address the resulting humanitarian condition of victims who fled their homes for relief camps during the violence, the "overwhelming majority of them Muslim."<ref>{{cite news|last=Watch|first=Human Rights|title=India: Gujarat Officials Took Part in Anti-Muslim Violence|url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2002/04/29/india-gujarat-officials-took-part-anti-muslim-violence|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=1 May 2002|access-date=4 December 2016|archive-date=13 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013001213/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2002/04/29/india-gujarat-officials-took-part-anti-muslim-violence|url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Teesta Setalvad]] on 28 February in the districts of Morjari Chowk and Charodia Chowk in Ahmedabad of all forty people who had been killed by police shooting were Muslim.{{refn|name=Setalvad|[[Teesta Setalvad]], "When guardians betray: The role of the police," in {{harvnb|Varadarajan|2002|p=181}}}} An international fact-finding committee formed of all women international experts from US, UK, France, Germany and Sri Lanka reported, "sexual violence was being used as a strategy for terrorizing women belonging to minority community in the state."<ref>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=17823 |title=Intl experts spoil Modi's party, say Gujarat worse than Bosnia |work=Express India |date=19 December 2002 |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630044324/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=17823 |archive-date=30 June 2007}}</ref>

It is estimated that at least 250 girls and women were [[gang rape]]d and then burned to death.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kabir|first=Ananya Jahanara|title=Feminism, Literature and Rape Narratives: Violence and Violation|year=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-89668-9|page=146|edition=Reprint|editor1=Sorcha Gunne |editor2=Zoe Brigley Brigley Thompson}}</ref> Children were force-fed petrol and then set on fire,<ref>{{cite book|date=2015|title=The Geometry of Genocide: A Study in Pure Sociology|page=87|publisher=University of Virginia Press|first=Bradley|last=Campbell}}</ref> pregnant women were gutted and then had their unborn child's body shown to them. In the [[Naroda Patiya massacre|Naroda Patiya mass grave]] of ninety-six bodies, forty-six were women. Rioters also flooded homes and electrocuted entire families inside.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2011|p=388}} Violence against women also included them being stripped naked, violated with objects, and then killed. According to [[Kalpana Kannabiran]] the rapes were part of a well-organised, deliberate and pre-planned strategy, and which facts place the violence into the categories of political pogrom and genocide.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kannabiran|first=Kalpana|title=Tools of Justice: Non-discrimination and the Indian Constitution|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-52310-3|page=414}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/12/09/blood-and-soil-in-narendra-modis-india|title=Blood and Soil in Narendra Modi's India|last=Filkins|first=Dexter |date=2019-12-09|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en|access-date=2020-02-03|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422170919/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/12/09/blood-and-soil-in-narendra-modis-india|url-status=live}}</ref> Other acts of violence against women included [[Acid throwing|acid attacks]], beatings and the killing of women who were pregnant. Children were also killed in front of their parents.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gangoli|first=Geetanjali|title=International Approaches to Rape|year=2012|publisher=Policy Press|isbn=978-1-84742-621-5|page=103|editor1=Nicole Westmarland |editor2=Geetanjali Gangoli}}</ref> [[George Fernandes]] in a discussion in parliament on the violence caused widespread furor in his defense of the state government, saying that this was not the first time that women had been violated and raped in India.<ref>{{cite book|last=Martin-Lucas|first=Belen|title=Feminism, Literature and Rape Narratives: Violence and Violation|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-80608-4|page=147|edition=1st|editor1=Sorcha Gunne |editor2=Zoë Brigley}}</ref>

Children were killed by being burnt alive and those who dug the mass graves described the bodies interred within them as "burned and butchered beyond recognition."<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Paul J.|title=The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty-First Century|year=2007|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-1988-4|page=88}}</ref> Children and infants were speared and held aloft before being thrown into fires.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=Steven|title=Religious politics and communal violence|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567237-4|page=107}}</ref> Describing the sexual violence perpetrated against Muslim women and girls, Renu Khanna writes that the survivors reported that it "consisted of forced nudity, mass rapes, gang-rapes, mutilation, insertion of objects into bodies, cutting of breasts, slitting the stomach and reproductive organs, and carving of Hindu religious symbols on women's body parts."<ref name="Renu Khanna 2008">{{cite journal|last=Khanna|first=Renu|title=Communal Violence in Gujarat, India: Impact of Sexual Violence and Responsibilities of the Health Care System|journal=Reproductive Health Matters|year=2008|volume=16|issue=31|pages=142–52|doi=10.1016/s0968-8080(08)31357-3|doi-access=free|pmid=18513616|s2cid=36616597}}</ref> The Concerned Citizens' Tribunal characterised the use of rape "as an instrument for the subjugation and humiliation of a community."<ref name="Renu Khanna 2008" /> Testimony heard by the committee stated that:
<blockquote>A chilling technique, absent in pogroms unleashed hitherto but very much in evidence this time in a large number of cases, was the deliberate destruction of evidence. Barring a few, in most instances of sexual violence, the women victims were stripped and paraded naked, then gang-raped, and thereafter quartered and burnt beyond recognition. ... The leaders of the mobs even raped young girls, some as young as 11 years old ... before burning them alive. ... Even a 20-day-old infant, or a fetus in the womb of its mother, was not spared.<ref name="Renu Khanna 2008" />
</blockquote>An autopsy report conducted on the deceased women states that the doctor who conducted the post-mortem, found the foetus intact. The doctor, who had conducted the autopsy said to the court that the foetus was intact in the woman's womb.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-03-17 |title=Foetus was intact in Naroda-Patiya victim: doctor |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Foetus-was-intact-in-Naroda-Patiya-victim-doctor/article16576695.ece |access-date=2023-10-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[Vandana Shiva]] stated that "Young boys have been taught to burn, rape and kill in the name of Hindutva."<ref>{{cite book|last=Shiva|first=Vandana|title=India Divided: Diversity and Democracy Under Attack|year=2003|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-58322-540-0}}</ref>

[[Dionne Bunsha]], writing on the [[Gulbarg Society massacre]] and murder of [[Ehsan Jafri]], has said that when Jafri begged the crowd to spare the women, he was dragged into the street and forced to parade naked for refusing to say "Jai Shri Ram." He was then beheaded and thrown onto a fire, after which rioters returned and burned Jafri's family, including two small boys, to death. After the massacre Gulbarg remained in flames for a week.{{sfn|Bunsha|2005}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Akbar S.|title=Islam Under Siege: Living Dangerously in a Post- Honor World|year=2003|publisher=Polity Press|isbn=978-0-7456-2210-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/islamundersiegel0000ahme}}</ref>

== Attacks on Hindus ==
''The Times of India'' reported that over ten thousand Hindus were displaced during the violence.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Riots-hit-all-classes-people-of-all-faith/articleshow/4007683.cms|title=Riots hit all classes, people of all faith|work=The Times of India|date=17 March 2002|access-date=20 May 2014|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205031053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Riots-hit-all-classes-people-of-all-faith/articleshow/4007683.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> According to police records, 157 riots after the Godhra incident were started by Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gautier|first1=François|title=Heed the New Hindu Mood|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/mar/11franc.htm|access-date=4 November 2014|date=11 March 2003|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205030957/https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/mar/11franc.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In Mahajan No Vando, a Hindu residential area in Jamalpur, residents reported that Muslim attackers injured approximately twenty-five Hindu residents and destroyed five houses on 1 March. The community head reported that the police responded quickly, but were ineffectual as there were so few of them present to help during the attack. The colony was later visited by Modi on 6 March, who promised the residents that they would be taken care of.<ref name="Human Rights Watch 2002" />{{sfn|Oommen| 2008| p=71}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bunsha|first1=Dionne|title=Scarred: Experiments with Violence in Gujarat|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Penguin Books India|page=81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQPdGXeh31AC&pg=PA81|isbn=9780144000760|access-date=21 September 2016|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205031003/https://books.google.com/books?id=cQPdGXeh31AC&pg=PA81|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 17 March, it was reported that Muslims attacked Dalits in the [[Danilimda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Danilimda area]] of Ahmedabad. In [[Himatnagar]], a man was reportedly found dead with both his eyes gouged out. The Sindhi Market and Bhanderi Pole areas of Ahmedabad were also reportedly attacked by mobs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20020415/states.shtml|title=End of Hope|work=India Today|date=4 April 2002|access-date=20 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713010309/http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20020415/states.shtml|archive-date=13 July 2014}}</ref>

''[[India Today]]'' reported on 20 May 2002 that there were sporadic attacks on Hindus in Ahmedabad. On 5 May, Muslim rioters attacked Bhilwas locality in the Shah Alam area.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20020520-gujarat-riots-as-death-toll-rises-cm-narendra-modi-image-hits-a-new-low-795273-2002-05-19 Gujarat riots: As death toll rises, CM Narendra Modi image hits a new low] , India Today, 20 May 2002</ref> Hindu doctors were asked to stop practicing in Muslim areas after one Hindu doctor was stabbed.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Docs-told-to-stay-off-minority-areas/articleshow/6512317.cms Docs told to stay off minority areas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205030958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Docs-told-to-stay-off-minority-areas/articleshow/6512317.cms |date=5 December 2021}}, Times of India, 11 April 2002</ref>

''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'' magazine reported that in Ahmedabad of the 249 bodies recovered by 5 March, thirty were Hindu. Of the Hindus that had been killed, thirteen had died as a result of police action and several others had died while attacking Muslim owned properties. Despite the relatively few attacks by Muslim mobs on Hindu neighbourhoods, twenty-four Muslims were reported to have died in police shootings.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30244258.ece|title=Saffron Terror|work=Frontline|date=16 March 2002|access-date=21 May 2014|archive-date=28 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228082637/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30244258.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|Nandini Sundar, "A licene to kill: Patterns of violence in Gujarat", in {{harvnb|Varadarajan|2002|p=83}}}}

== Media coverage ==
The events in Gujarat were the first instance of communal violence in India in the age of 24-hour news coverage and were televised worldwide. This coverage played a central role in the politics of the situation. Media coverage was generally critical of the Hindu right; however, the BJP portrayed the coverage as an assault on the honor of Gujaratis and turned the hostility into an emotive part of their electoral campaign.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mehtaa|first=Nalin|title=Modi and the Camera: The Politics of Television in the 2002 Gujarat Riots|journal=Journal of South Asian Studies|year=2006|volume=26|issue=3|pages=395–414|doi=10.1080/00856400601031989|s2cid=144450580}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Amit|title=Global Security Watch—India|year=2012|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-313-39586-4|page=7}}</ref> With the violence receding in April, a peace meeting was arranged at [[Sabarmati Ashram]], a former home of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. [[Hindutva]] supporters and police officers attacked almost a dozen journalists. The state government banned television news channels critical of the government's response, and local stations were blocked. Two reporters working for [[ABP News|STAR News]] were assaulted several times while covering the violence. On a return trip from having interviewed Modi when their car was surrounded by a crowd, one of the crowd claimed that they would be killed should they be a member of a minority community.

The Editors Guild of India, in its report on [[media ethics]] and coverage on the incidents stated that the news coverage was exemplary, with only a few minor lapses. The local newspapers ''[[Sandesh (newspaper)|Sandesh]]'' and ''[[Gujarat Samachar]]'', however, were heavily criticised.{{refn|[[Siddharth Varadarajan]] and [[Rajdeep Sardesai]], "The truth hurts: Gujarat and the role of the media", in {{harvnb|Varadarajan|2002|p=272}}}} The report states that ''Sandesh'' had headlines which would "provoke, communalize and terrorize" people. The newspaper also used a quote from a VHP leader as a headline, "Avenge with blood." The report stated that ''Gujarat Samachar'' had played a role in increasing the tensions but did not give all of its coverage over to "hawkish and inflammatory reportage in the first few weeks". The paper carried reports to highlight communal harmony. ''[[Gujarat Today]]'' was given praise for showing restraint and for the balanced reportage of the violence.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sonwalkar|first=Prasun|title=Conflict, Terrorism and the Media in Asia|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-54554-9|pages=93–94|editor=Benjamin Cole}}</ref> Critical reporting on the Gujarat government's handling of the situation helped bring about the Indian government's intervention in controlling the violence. The Editors Guild rejected the charge that graphic news coverage aggravated the situation, saying that the coverage exposed the "horrors" of the riots as well as the "supine if not complicit" attitude of the state, helping to propel remedial action.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Prasun|last=Sonwalkar|editor-last=Cole|editor-first=Benjamin|contribution=Shooting the messenger? Political violence, Gujarat 2002 and the Indian news media|title=Conflict, Terrorism and the Media in Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/conflictterroris00cole|url-access=limited|year=2006|pages=[https://archive.org/details/conflictterroris00cole/page/n92 82]–97|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415351987}}</ref>

== Allegations of state complicity ==
Many scholars and commentators have accused the state government of being complicit in the attacks, either in failing to exert any effort to quell the violence or for actively planning and executing the attacks themselves. The [[United States Department of State]] ultimately banned [[Narendra Modi]] from travelling to the US due to his alleged role in the attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/sca/rls/rm/2005/43701.htm|title=Issue of Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi's Visa Status|publisher=US State Department|access-date=20 January 2023|date=21 March 2005}}</ref> These allegations center around several ideas. First, the state did little to quell the violence, with attacks continuing well through the Spring. The historian [[Gyanendra Pandey (historian)|Gyanendra Pandey]] described these attacks as state terrorism, saying that they were not riots but "organised political massacres."<ref name="Pandey 2005 b" /> According to [[Paul Brass]] the only conclusion from the evidence which is available points to the methodical coordination of an anti-Muslim pogrom which was carried out with exceptional brutality.{{sfn|Brass|2005|p=388}}

The media has described the attacks as state terrorism rather than "communal riots" due to the lack of state intervention.<ref name="Baruah 2012 b" /> Many politicians downplayed the incidents, claiming that the situation was under control. One minister who spoke with [[Rediff.com]] stated that though the circumstances were tense in Baroda and Ahmedabad, the situation was under control, and that the police who had been deployed were enough to prevent any violence. The deputy superintendent of police stated that the [[Rapid Action Force]] had been deployed to sensitive areas in Godhra. [[Gordhan Zadafia]], the Minister of State for Home, stated that he believed there would be no retaliation from the Hindu community.<ref name="Bhatt 2002" /><ref name="Desai 2002" /> Once troops were airlifted in on 1 March, Modi stated that the violence was no longer as intense as it had been and that it would soon be brought under control.<ref name="Murphy 2011" /> The violence continued for 3 months with no intervention from the federal government until May.<ref name="BBC 6 May 2002" /> Local and state-level politicians were seen leading violent mobs, restraining the police and arranging the distribution of weapons, leading investigative reports to conclude that the violence was "engineered and launched."<ref name="Berenschot2014" />

Throughout the violence, attacks were made in full view of police stations and police officers who did not intervene.<ref name="Murphy 2011" /> In many instances, police joined the mobs in perpetrating violence. At one Muslim locality, of the twenty-nine deaths, sixteen were caused by police firing into the locality.<ref name="Berenschot2014" /> Some rioters even had printouts of voter registration lists, allowing them to selectively target Muslim properties.<ref name="Khan 2011 b" /><ref name="Rubin 2010 b" /><ref name="Human Rights Watch 2002" /> Selective targeting of properties was shown by the destruction of the offices of the Muslim [[Wakf]] board which was located within the confines of the high security zone and just 500 meters from the office of the chief minister.{{sfn|Shani|2007b|p=171}}

The violence had been planned far in advance, and that similar to other instances of communal violence the [[Bajrang Dal]], the VHP and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) all took part in the attacks.<ref name="Hibbard 2010 b" /> Following the attack on the train the VHP called for a statewide ''bandh'' (strike), and the state took no action to prevent this.{{sfn|Shani|2007b|p=171}}{{sfn|Simpson|2009|p=134}}

The Concerned Citizens Tribunal (CCT) report includes testimony of the then Gujarat BJP minister [[Haren Pandya]] (since murdered), who testified about an evening meeting convened by Modi the evening of the train burning. At this meeting, officials were instructed not to obstruct the Hindu rage following the incident.<ref>{{cite news|last=Puniyani|first=Ram|title=Gujarat Carnage-Role of Narendra Modi|url=http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/gujarat-carnage-role-of-narendra-modi/|newspaper=Tehelka|date=2 May 2009|access-date=7 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421155615/http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/gujarat-carnage-role-of-narendra-modi/|archive-date=21 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Narula 2010">{{cite book |first=Smita |last=Narula |chapter=Law and Hindu nationalist movements |editor1=Timothy Lubin |editor2=Donald R. Davis Jr |editor3=Jayanth K. Krishnan |title=Hinduism and Law: An Introduction |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtuhClbfL7EC&pg=PA248 |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49358-1 |pages=234–251}}</ref> The report also highlighted a second meeting, held in Lunawada village of [[Panchmahal district]], attended by state ministers [[Ashok Bhatt]], and Prabhatsinh Chauhan, among other BJP and RSS leaders, where "detailed plans were made on the use of kerosene and petrol for arson and other methods of killing."<ref name="Desai 2002" /><ref name="Narula 2010" /> The [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind]] claimed in 2002 that some regional Congress workers collaborated with the perpetrators of the violence.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramachandran|first=Rajesh|title=Cong silent on cadres linked to Guj riots|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cong-silent-on-cadres-linked-to-Guj-riots/articleshow/122796.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219190300/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-08-09/india/27201201_1_congress-leaders-congress-mlas-gujarat-youth-congress|archive-date=19 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|date=9 August 2003}}</ref>

[[Dipankar Gupta]] believes that the state and police were clearly complicit in the violence, but that some officers were outstanding in the performance of their duties, such as Himanshu Bhatt and [[Rahul Sharma (Gujarat police)|Rahul Sharma]]. Sharma was reported to have said "I don't think any other job would have allowed me to save so many lives."<ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Dipankar|title=Justice before Reconciliation: Negotiating a 'New Normal' in Post-riot Mumbai and Ahmedabad|year=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-61254-8|page=34}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] has reported on acts of exceptional heroism by Hindus, Dalits and tribals who tried to protect Muslims from the violence.<ref name="Rosser 2003" /><ref name="Heroism" />

In response to allegations of state involvement, Gujarat government spokesman, Bharat Pandya, told the BBC that the rioting was a spontaneous Hindu backlash fueled by widespread anger against Muslims. He said "Hindus are frustrated over the role of Muslims in the on-going violence in Indian-administered Kashmir and other parts of India."<ref name="Sen March 2002">{{cite news|last=Sen|first=Ayanjit|title=NGO says Gujarat riots were planned|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1881497.stm|publisher=BBC|date=19 March 2002}}</ref> In support of this, the [[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom|US Ambassador at-large for International Religious Freedom]], [[John Hanford]], expressed concern over religious intolerance in Indian politics and said that while the rioters may have been aided by state and local officials, he did not believe that the BJP-led central government was involved in inciting the riots.<ref>{{cite news|last=Krishnaswami|first=Sridhar|title=U.S. raised Gujarat riots with BJP-led Government|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/16/stories/2004091613381100.htm|date=16 September 2006|access-date=7 December 2006|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053528/https://www.thehindu.com/archive/print/2004/09/16/|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Criminal prosecutions ==
Prosecution of the perpetrators of the violence hampered by witnesses being bribed or intimidated and the perpetrators' names being deleted from the charge sheets. Local judges were also biased.{{sfn|Nussbaum|2008|p=2}} After more than two years of acquittals, the [[Supreme Court of India]] stepped in, transferring key cases to the [[Bombay High Court]] and ordering the police to reopen two thousand cases that had been previously closed. The Supreme Court also lambasted the Gujarat government as "modern day Neros" who looked elsewhere when innocent women and children were burning and then interfered with prosecution.<ref>{{cite news |title=Court orders Gujarat riot review |work=BBC News |date=17 August 2004 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3572296.stm |access-date=4 February 2011 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205030959/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3572296.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Narula 2010" /> Following this direction, police identified nearly 1,600 cases for re-investigation, arrested 640 accused and launched investigations against forty police officers for their failures.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat riot cases to be reopened |work=BBC News |date=8 February 2006 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4693412.stm |access-date=4 February 2011 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205030959/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4693412.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gujarat riot probe panel moves against 41 cops |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=9 February 2006 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/archive/StoryO-87579-Gujarat-riot-probe-panel-moves-against-41-cops.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319112614/http://www.indianexpress.com/archive/StoryO-87579-Gujarat-riot-probe-panel-moves-against-41-cops.html |archive-date=19 March 2008 |access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref>{{refn|group=Note|[[Human Rights Watch]] alleged<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/india/gujarat |title=Discouraging Dissent: Intimidation and Harassment of Witnesses, Human Rights Activists, and Lawyers Pursuing Accountability for the 2002 Communal Violence in Gujarat(Human Rights Watch, September 2004) |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-date=15 April 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415063958/http://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/asia/india/gujarat/ |url-status=live}}</ref> that state and law enforcement officials were harassing and intimidating<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/09/23/india9383.htm |title=India: After Gujarat Riots, Witnesses Face Intimidation (Human Rights Watch, 23 September 2004) |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=25 September 2004 |access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref> key witnesses, NGOs, social activists and lawyers who were fighting to seek justice for riot victims. In its 2003 annual report, Amnesty International stated, "the same police force that was accused of colluding with the attackers was put in charge of the investigations into the massacres, undermining the process of delivery of justice to the victims."<ref name="AI-2003" />}}

In March 2008, the Supreme Court ordered the setting up of a Special Investigation Team (SIT) to reinvestigate the Godhra train burning case and key cases of post-Godhra violence. The former [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Director [[R. K. Raghavan]] was appointed to chair the Team.<ref name="Narula 2010" /> [[Christophe Jaffrelot]] notes that the SIT was not as independent as commonly believed. Other than Raghavan, half of the six members of the team were recruited from the Gujarat police, and the Gujarat High Court was still responsible for appointing judicial officers. The SIT made efforts to appoint independent prosecutors but some of them resigned due to their inability to function. No efforts were made to protect the witnesses and Raghavan himself was said to be an "absentee investigator," who spent only a few days every month in Gujarat, with the investigations being conducted by the remainder of the team.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |title=Gujarat 2002: What Justice for the Victims? The Supreme Court, the SIT, the Police and the State Judiciary |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=XLVII |number=8 |date=25 February 2012 |url=http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/8951350/680768191/name/Gujarat+2002+-+What+Justice+for+the+Victims.pdf |access-date=21 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221706/http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/8951350/680768191/name/Gujarat+2002+-+What+Justice+for+the+Victims.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>

As of April 2013, 249 convictions had been secured of 184 Hindus and 65 Muslims. Thirty-one of the Muslim convictions were for the massacre of Hindus in Godhra.<ref>{{cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Newzfirst|title=Gujarat riots not sudden and spontaneous, SIT probe biased|url=http://www.newzfirst.com/web/guest/full-story/-/asset_publisher/Qd8l/content/gujarat-riots-not-sudden-and-spontaneous-sit-probe-biased?redirect=/web/guest/full%20story|newspaper=New Z First|date=16 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905065319/http://www.newzfirst.com/web/guest/full-story/-/asset_publisher/Qd8l/content/gujarat-riots-not-sudden-and-spontaneous-sit-probe-biased?redirect=%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Ffull%20story|archive-date=5 September 2016}}</ref>

=== Best Bakery case ===
The [[Best Bakery case|Best Bakery murder trial]] received wide attention after witnesses retracted testimony in court and all of the accused were acquitted. The [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]], acting on a petition by social activist [[Teesta Setalvad]], ordered a retrial outside Gujarat in which nine accused were found guilty in 2006.<ref>Dionne Bunsha, [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2304/stories/20060310005611700.htm Verdict in Best Bakery case], ''Frontline'', Volume 23 – Issue 04, 25 February – 10 March 2006</ref> A key witness, [[Zaheera Sheikh]], who repeatedly changed her testimony during the trials and the petition was found guilty of [[perjury]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/08spec.htm |title=Why did Zaheera Sheikh have to lie? |work=Rediff.com |access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref>

=== British citizens' murder case ===
Six people were charged with burning alive three British tourists :Saeed Dawood, Shakil Dawood, Mohammad Aswat. However, in 2015 all the accused were acquitted due to a lack of evidence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-27 |title=India acquits six over Gujarat killing of UK tourists |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-31654788 |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Bilkis Bano case ===
{{Main|Bilkis Bano case}}
During the Gujarat riots, a pregnant woman named Bilkis Bano was gang-raped and numerous members of her family were killed.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62574247 | access-date = 2024-03-24 | title = Bilkis Bano: India PM Modi's government okayed rapists' release | date = 2022-10-18 | author-first = Geeta | author-last = Pandey | work = BBC News}}</ref> After police dismissed the case against her assailants, she approached the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] and petitioned the Supreme Court seeking a reinvestigation.

The Supreme Court granted the motion, directing the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) to take over the investigation. CBI appointed a team of experts from the [[Central Forensic Science Laboratory]] (CFSL) Delhi and [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS) under the guidance and leadership of Professor [[Tirath Das Dogra|T. D. Dogra]] to exhume the mass graves to establish the identity and cause of death of the victims. The team successfully located and exhumed the remains of the victims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-meticulous-seven-and-a-sevenday-hunt-for-proof/264049|title=The meticulous seven, and a seven-day hunt for proof-Amitabh Sinha|location= New Delhi |date=21 January 2008 |work=The Indian Express|access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref>

The trial of the case was transferred out of Gujarat and the central government was directed to appoint a public prosecutor.<ref>{{cite news | title = A hopeful Bilkis goes public |work=Deccan Herald |location=India |date=9 August 2004 | url = http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/aug092004/n14.asp|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080323094551/http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/aug092004/n14.asp|archive-date= 23 March 2008| access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Second riot case shift | work = The Telegraph |date=7 August 2004 | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040807/asp/frontpage/story_3595362.asp| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040903144523/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040807/asp/frontpage/story_3595362.asp| url-status = dead| archive-date = 3 September 2004| access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref> Charges were filed in a Mumbai court against nineteen people as well as six police officials and a government doctor over their role in the initial investigations.<ref>{{cite news | title = Charges framed in Bilkis case |date=14 January 2005 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/14/stories/2005011403701300.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050130200053/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/14/stories/2005011403701300.htm | archive-date = 30 January 2005 | location=Chennai, India| work = [[The Hindu]] | access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref> In January 2008, eleven men were sentenced to life imprisonment for rapes and murders and a policeman was convicted of falsifying evidence.<ref>{{cite news | title = Rape victim Bilkis Bano hails victory for Muslims as Hindu assailants are jailed for life | author = Jeremy Page |work=The Times |location=London | date = 23 January 2008 | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3234530.ece | access-date=4 February 2011}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The Mumbai High Court upheld the life imprisonment of the eleven men convicted for the gang rape of Bilkis Bano and the murder of her family members on 8 May 2017.

On 15 August 2022, the Gujarat government released the eleven men sentenced to life imprisonment in the case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1030549/bilkis-bano-gangrape-11-men-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-released-from-jail|title=Bilkis Bano gangrape: 11 men sentenced to life imprisonment released from jail|date=16 August 2022|work=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> The judge who sentenced the rapists said the early release set a bad precedent by the Gujarat government and warned that the move would have wide ramifications.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bilkis Bano case: Gujarat has set bad precedent by releasing convicts, says judge who sentenced them |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1030820/bilkis-bano-case-on-court-to-decide-if-releasing-convicts-is-right-says-judge-who-sentenced-them |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=19 August 2022}}</ref>

The panel which granted remission included two legislators from the BJP, which was the state government at that time, former BJP Godhra municipal councillor, and a BJP women wing member.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Langa |first1=Mahesh |title=Two BJP legislators on panel that backed remission in Bilkis Bano case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/two-bjp-legislators-on-panel-that-backed-remission-in-bilkis-bano-case/article65780663.ece |access-date=2022-08-30 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2022-08-17}}</ref> A BJP MLA, one of the panellists, has said that some of the convicts are "Brahmins" with good 'sanskaar' or values.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2022-08-19 |title=Some convicts in Bilkis Bano case are 'Brahmins with good sanskaar', says Gujarat BJP MLA |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/some-convicts-in-bilkis-bano-case-are-brahmins-with-good-sanskaar-says-gujarat-bjp-mla/article65786447.ece |access-date=2024-01-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> After being released from the jail, they were welcomed with sweets and their feet touched in respect.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bilkis Bano case convicts greeted with sweets; Owaisi questions PM Modi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/owaisi-questions-pm-modi-as-bilkis-bano-case-convicts-greeted-with-sweets-101660650551483.html |access-date=2022-08-30 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2022-08-16}}</ref>

On 8 January 2024, Supreme Court of India ruled that the Gujarat government was not competent to grant remission<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-08 |title=Bilkis Bano case: SC says Gujarat government not competent to remit sentences of 11 convicts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bilkis-bano-case-sc-holds-gujarat-government-wasnt-competent-to-remit-sentence-101704691381488.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and struck down the relief granted, in August 2022, to the 11 men who were sentenced to life imprisonment. The court ordered the 11 men to surrender to the jail authorities within 15 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-08 |title='Abuse of power': Supreme Court scraps release of Bilkis case rape-murder convicts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bilkis-bano-case-supreme-court-quashed-gujarat-government-remission-convicts-9099554/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2024-01-08 |title=Bilkis Bano case {{!}} Supreme Court quashes early release of 11 lifers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bilkis-bano-case-supreme-court-quashes-gujarats-premature-release-of-convicts/article67718561.ece |access-date=2024-01-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Avdhootnagar case ===
In 2005, the Vadodara fast-track court acquitted 108 people accused of murdering two youths during a mob attack on a group of displaced Muslims returning under police escort to their homes in Avdhootnagar. The court passed strictures against the police for failing to protect the people under their escort and failing to identify the attackers they had seen.<ref>{{cite news |title=All accused in riot case acquitted |work=The Hindu |location=India |date=26 October 2005 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/10/26/stories/2005102605681400.htm |access-date=4 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226233220/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/10/26/stories/2005102605681400.htm |archive-date=26 December 2008 |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Over 100 accused in post-Godhra riots acquitted | publisher = Rediff News |date=25 October 2005 | url = http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/oct/25godhra.htm | access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref>

=== Danilimda case ===
Nine people were convicted of killing a Hindu man and injuring another during group clashes in Danilimda, Ahmedabad on 12 April 2005, while twenty-five others were acquitted.<ref>{{cite news | title = Sentencing in Gujarat Hindu death | author = Rajeev Khanna |work=BBC News |date=28 March 2006 | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4854760.stm| access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref>

=== Eral case ===
Eight people, including a VHP leader and a member of the BJP, were convicted for the murder of seven members of a family and the rape of two minor girls in the village of Eral in Panchmahal district.<ref>{{cite news | title = Hindus jailed over Gujarat riots |work=BBC News |date=30 October 2007 | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7069809.stm | access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title = Godhra court convicts 11 in Eral massacre case; 29 acquitted| publisher = India Today| url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Raped+German+girl+identifies+2+accused/1/1693| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190404173838/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/godhra-court-convicts-11-in-eral-massacre-case-29-acquitted-21255-2007-10-30| url-status = dead| archive-date = 4 April 2019| access-date = 30 October 2007}}</ref>

=== Pavagadh and Dhikva case ===
Fifty-two people from Pavagadh and Dhikva villages in [[Panchmahal district]] were acquitted of rioting charges for lack of evidence.<ref>{{cite news | title = 52 acquitted in post-Godhra case | publisher = Rediff News |date=22 April 2006 | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/apr/22godhra.htm | access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref>

=== Godhra train-burning case ===
A stringent anti-terror law, the [[Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002|POTA]], was used by the Gujarat government to charge 131 people in connection to the Godhra train fire, but not invoked in prosecuting any of the accused in the post-Godhra riots.<ref>{{Cite book | contribution = Hindu Nationalists and federal structures in an era of regionalism | author = Katharine Adeney | title = Coalition Politics And Hindu Nationalism | url = https://archive.org/details/coalitionpolitic00aden | url-access = limited |editor= Katharine Adeney |editor2=Lawrence Sáez | publisher = Routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-415-35981-8 | page = [https://archive.org/details/coalitionpolitic00aden/page/n130 114]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand | author1 = Paranjoy Guha Thakurta | author2 = Shankar Raghuraman | publisher = Sage Publications | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-7619-3237-6 | page = [https://archive.org/details/timeofcoalitions0000guha/page/123 123] | url = https://archive.org/details/timeofcoalitions0000guha/page/123}}</ref> In 2005 the POTA Review Committee set up by the central government to review the application of the law opined that the Godhra accused should not have been tried under the provisions of POTA.<ref>{{cite news | title = Pota Review Committee Gives Opinion on Godhra Case To POTA Court | publisher = Indlaw|date=21 June 2005 | url = http://www.indlawnews.com/0b4b3d8601312009fa9754c2386220f9|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060526033930/http://www.indlawnews.com/0b4b3d8601312009fa9754c2386220f9 |archive-date = 26 May 2006}}</ref>

In February 2011 a special fast track court convicted thirty-one Muslims for the Godhra train burning incident and the conspiracy for the crime<ref name="Hindu1">{{cite news|title=It was not a random attack on S-6 but kar sevaks were targeted, says judge|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1513008.ece|access-date=11 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 March 2011|archive-date=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117044114/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1513008.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Dipda Darwaza case ===
On 9 November 2011, a court in [[Ahmedabad]] sentenced thirty-one Hindus to life imprisonment for murdering dozens of Muslims by burning a building in which they took shelter.<ref name="Srivastava" /> Forty-one other Hindus were acquitted of murder charges due to a lack of evidence.<ref name="Srivastava">{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-pacific/indian-court-finds-31-hindus-guilty-of-killing-dozens-of-muslims-in-rioting-9-years-ago/2011/11/09/gIQA5HPL4M_story.html |title=Indian court sentences 31 Hindus to life in prison for killing dozens of Muslims 9 years ago - the Washington Post |website=www.washingtonpost.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111061735/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-pacific/indian-court-finds-31-hindus-guilty-of-killing-dozens-of-muslims-in-rioting-9-years-ago/2011/11/09/gIQA5HPL4M_story.html |archive-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> Twenty-two further people were convicted for attempted murder on 30 July 2012, while sixty-one others were acquitted.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-19044830 |title=India convictions over Gujarat Dipda Darwaza killings |date=30 July 2012 |work=BBC News |access-date=31 July 2012 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053516/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-19044830 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Naroda Patiya massacre ===
{{Main|Naroda Patiya massacre}}
On 29 July 2012, an Indian court convicted thirty people in the [[Naroda Patiya massacre]] case for their involvement in the attacks. The convicted included former state minister [[Maya Kodnani]] and Bajrang Dal activist [[Babu Bajrangi]]. The court case began in 2009, and over three hundred people (including victims, witnesses, doctors, and journalists) testified before the court. For the first time, the verdict acknowledged the role of a politician in inciting Hindu mobs. Activists asserted that the verdict would embolden the opponent of Narendra Modi, the then chief minister of Gujarat, in the crucial run-up to state elections later that year, when Modi would be seeking a third term (The BJP and he eventually went on to win the elections<ref>{{cite news|last1=D|first1=S|title=Modi3rdterm|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/state-election-victory-boosts-narendra-modis-national-ambitions/2012/12/20/55ad2108-4aa5-11e2-8758-b64a2997a921_story.html|access-date=31 October 2014}}</ref>). Modi refused to apologise and denied that the government had a role in the riots. Twenty-nine people were acquitted during the verdict. Teesta Setalvad said "For the first time, this judgment actually goes beyond neighborhood perpetrators and goes up to the political conspiracy. The fact that convictions have gone that high means the conspiracy charge has been accepted and the political influencing of the mobs has been accepted by the judge. This is a huge victory for justice."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/indian-court-convicts-former-government-minister-in-deadly-2002-riots/2012/08/29/3745a438-f1b3-11e1-b74c-84ed55e0300b_story.html | title=Indian court convicts former state minister in deadly 2002 anti-Muslim riots | newspaper=The Washington Post | author=Lakshmi, Rama | date=29 August 2012 | access-date=29 August 2012}}</ref>

=== Perjury cases ===
In April 2009, the SIT submitted before the Court that Teesta Setalvad had cooked up cases of violence to spice up the incidents. The SIT which is headed by former CBI director, R. K. Raghavan has said that false witnesses were tutored to give evidence about imaginary incidents by Setalvad and other NGOs.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dhananjay Mahapatra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NGOs-Teesta-spiced-up-Gujarat-riot-incidents-SIT/articleshow/4396986.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811112141/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-14/india/28031729_1_riot-cases-r-k-raghavan-riot-victims |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=NGOs, Teesta spiced up Gujarat riot incidents: SIT |date=14 April 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref> The SIT charged her of "cooking up macabre tales of killings."<ref name="economictimes">Setalvad in dock for 'cooking up killings' [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Setalvad-in-dock-for-cooking-up-killings/articleshow/4397849.cms "Setalvad in dock for 'cooking up killings'"]. ''The Economic Times''. Retrieved 11 May 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417153054/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Setalvad-in-dock-for-cooking-up-killings/articleshow/4397849.cms |date=17 April 2009}} 14 May 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gujarat riot myths busted |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/169490/Gujarat-riot-myths-busted.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520071215/http://www.dailypioneer.com/169490/Gujarat-riot-myths-busted.html |archive-date=20 May 2009 |access-date=11 May 2009}}</ref>

The court was told that twenty-two witnesses, who had submitted identical affidavits before various courts relating to riot incidents, were questioned by SIT and it was found that the witnesses had not actually witnessed the incidents and they were tutored and the affidavits were handed over to them by Setalvad.<ref name="economictimes" />

== Inquiries ==
There were more than sixty investigations by national and international bodies many of which concluded that the violence was supported by state officials.<ref>{{cite book|last=Evans|first=Carolyn|title=Religion and Human Rights: An Introduction|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973344-6|page=357|editor1=John Witte, Jr. |editor2=M. Christian Green}}</ref> A report from the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] (NHRC) stated that [[res ipsa loquitur]] applied as the state had comprehensively failed to protect uphold the rights of the people as set out in the [[Constitution of India]].{{sfn|Engineer|2003|p=262}} It faulted the Gujarat government for failure of intelligence, failure to take appropriate action, and failure to identify local factors and players. NHRC also expressed "widespread lack of faith" in the integrity of the investigation of major incidents of violence. It recommended that five critical cases should be transferred to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).

The US State Department's International Religious Freedom Report quoted the NHRC as concluding that the attacks had been premeditated, that state government officials were complicit, and that there was evidence of police not acting during the assaults on Muslims. The US State Department also cited how Gujarat's high school textbooks described Hitler's "charismatic personality" and the "achievements of Nazism."{{sfn|Nussbaum|2008|p=50-51}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2003/24470.htm |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2003: India |publisher=Bureau of democracy, human rights and labor, [[US State Department]] |website=2009-2017.state.gov |quote=The Gujarat State Higher Secondary Board, to which nearly 98 percent of schools in Gujarat belong, requires the use of certain textbooks in which Nazism is condoned. In the Standard 10 social studies textbook, the "charismatic personality" of "Hitler the Supremo" and the "achievements of Nazism" are described at length. The textbook does not acknowledge Nazi extermination policies or concentration camps except for a passing reference to "a policy of opposition towards the Jewish people and [advocacy for] the supremacy of the German race." The Standard 9 social studies textbook implies that Muslims, Christians, Parsees, and Jews are "foreigners." In 2002 the Gujarat State Higher Secondary Board administered an exam, while the riots were ongoing, in which students of English were asked to form one sentence out of the following: "There are two solutions. One of them is the Nazi solution. If you don't like people, kill them, segregate them. Then strut up and down. Proclaim that you are the salt of the earth."}}</ref> US Congressmen [[John Conyers]] and [[Joe Pitts (Pennsylvania politician)|Joe Pitts]] subsequently introduced a resolution in the House condemning the conduct of Modi for inciting religious persecution. They stated that Modi's government had a role in "promoting the attitudes of [[Racism|racial supremacy]], [[Bigotry|racial hatred]] and the legacy of [[Nazi]]sm through his government's support of school textbooks in which Nazism is glorified." They also wrote a letter to the US State Department asking it deny Modi a visa to the United States. The resolution was not adopted.<ref>{{cite web | last=Member | first=Any House | title=Text - H.Res.160 - 109th Congress (2005-2006): Condemning the conduct of Chief Minister Narendra Modi for his actions to incite religious persecution and urging the United States to condemn all violations of religious freedom in India. | website=Congress.gov | date=2005-03-16 | url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/house-resolution/160/text | access-date=2022-08-20}}</ref>

The CCT consisting of eminent high court judges released a detailed three-volume report on the riots.<ref>{{cite news|title=What really happened in Godhra|last1=Chandrasekaran|first1=Rajeev|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Crimes against Humanity (3 volumes)|url=http://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/|website=www.sabrang.com|publisher=Official report on godhra riots by the Concerned Citizens Tribunal|access-date=5 July 2017|archive-date=15 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115112215/https://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.home.gujarat.gov.in/homedepartment/downloads/godharaincident.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219062904/http://home.gujarat.gov.in/homedepartment/downloads/godharaincident.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2009|title=Official Nanavati Shah commission report|website=www.home.gujarat.gov.in|publisher=Government of Gujarat|access-date=5 July 2017}}</ref> Headed by retired Supreme Court Justice [[V. R. Krishna Iyer]], the CCT released its findings in 2003 and stated that, contrary to the government allegation of a conspiracy in Godhra, the incident had not been pre-planned and there was no evidence to indicate otherwise. On the statewide riots, the CCT reported that, several days before the Godhra incident, which was the excuse used for the attacks, homes belonging to Hindus in Muslim areas had been marked with pictures of Hindu deities or saffron flags, and that this had been done to prevent any accidental assaults on Hindu homes or businesses. The CCT investigation also discovered evidence that the VHP and the Bajrang Dal had training camps in which people were taught to view Muslims as an enemy. These camps were backed and supported by the BJP and RSS. They also reported that "The complicity of the state government is obvious. And, the support of the central government to the state government in all that it did is also by now a matter of common knowledge."<ref>{{cite news|author=PUCL Bulletin|title=Crime Against Humanity|url=http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Religion-communalism/2003/gujarat-tribunal-report.htm|newspaper=Citizens for Justice and Peace|date=January 2006|access-date=4 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316170313/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Religion-communalism/2003/gujarat-tribunal-report.htm|archive-date=16 March 2012}}</ref>

The state government commissioned J. G. Shah to conduct, what became, a controversial one man inquiry into the [[Godhra train burning|Godhra incident]], its credibility was questioned and the [[National Human Rights Commission of India|NHRC]] and the [[National Minorities Commission]] requested that a sitting judge from the supreme court be appointed. The supreme court overturned the findings by Shah stating, "this judgement is not based on the understanding of any evidence, but on imagination."{{sfn|Guha| 2002| p=437}}

Early in 2003, the state government of Gujarat set up the [[Nanavati-Shah commission]] to investigate the entire incident, from the initial one at Godhra to the ensuing violence. The commission was caught up in controversy from the beginning. Activists and members of the opposition insisted on a judicial commission to be set up and headed by a sitting judge rather than a retired one from the high court. The state government refused. Within a few months Nanavati, before hearing any testimony declared there was no evidence of lapses by either the police or government in their handling of the violence.{{sfn|Oommen| 2008| p=73}} In 2008 Shah died and was replaced by Justice Akshay Mehta, another retired high court judge.<ref>{{cite news|author=Economic Times|title=Gujarat government extends term of Nanavati panel till June 30, 2013|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-12-31/news/36079392_1_godhra-train-justice-k-g-shah-akshay-mehta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326120751/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-12-31/news/36079392_1_godhra-train-justice-k-g-shah-akshay-mehta|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 March 2014|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=31 December 2012}}</ref> Metha's appointment was controversial as he was the judge who allowed Babu Bajrangi, a prime suspect in the massacre [[Naroda Patiya massacre]], to be released on bail.<ref>{{cite news|author=Tehelka Magazine |title=A Compromised Commission |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main38.asp?filename=Ne260408compromised_commission.asp |newspaper=Tehelka |date=16 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326105457/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main38.asp?filename=Ne260408compromised_commission.asp |archive-date=26 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=((CNN-IBN))|title=Controversial ex-judge joins Gujarat riots probe|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/controversial-exjudge-joins-gujarat-riots-probe/62984-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624012654/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/controversial-exjudge-joins-gujarat-riots-probe/62984-3.html|archive-date=24 June 2010|work=CNN IBN|date=9 April 2008}}</ref> In July 2013 the commission was given its 20th extension, and Mukul Sinha of the civil rights group ''[[Jan Sangharsh Manch]]'' said of the delays "I think the Commission has lost its significance and it now seems to be awaiting the outcome of the 2014 Lok Sabha election."<ref>{{cite news|last=Soni|first=Nikunj|title=Nanavati commission: A new lease of life, for the 20th time!|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/1856383/report-nanavati-commission-a-new-lease-of-life-for-the-20th-time|newspaper=DNA India|date=3 July 2013}}</ref> In 2007 Tehelka in an undercover operation had said that the Nanavati-Shah commission had relied on "manufactured evidence." ''[[Tehelka]]'' editor [[Tarun Tejpal]] has claimed that they had taped witnesses who stated they had given false testimony after they had been bribed by the Gujarati police force. ''Tehelka'' also recorded Ranjitsinh Patel where he stated that he and Prabhatsinh Patel had been paid fifty thousand rupees each to amend earlier statements and to identify some Muslims as conspirators.<ref>{{cite news|author=India Today|title=Nanavati report based on manufactured evidence: Tehelka|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/nanavati-report-based-on-manufactured-evidence-tehelka-30597-2008-09-27|newspaper=India Today|date=27 September 2008}}</ref> According to [[B. G. Verghese|B G Verghese]], the Tehelka expose was far too detailed to have been fake.<ref>{{cite book|last=Verghese|first=B G|title=First Draft: Witness to the Making of Modern India|year=2010|publisher=Westland|isbn=978-93-80283-76-0|page=448}}</ref>

A fact finding mission by the [[SAHMAT#Legacy|Sahmat]] organisation led by Dr. Kamal Mitra Chenoy concluded that the violence was more akin to ethnic cleansing or a pogrom rather than communal violence. The report said that the violence surpassed other periods of communal violence such as in [[1969 Gujarat riots|1969]], [[1985 Gujarat riots|1985]], [[1989 Bhagalpur violence|1989]], and [[Bombay riots|1992]] not only in the total loss of life, but also in the savagery of the attacks.<ref name="Sen March 2002" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Chenoy|first=Kamal Mitra|title=Ethnic Cleansing in Ahmedabad|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?214962|newspaper=Outlook India|date=22 March 2002}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
=== Rioting in Gujarat ===
There was widespread destruction of property. 273 [[dargahs]], 241 mosques, 19 temples, and 3 churches were either destroyed or damaged.<ref>[http://www.radianceweekly.com/331/9584/indo-pak-relations-fostering-trust-legal-fraternity-steps-forward/2012-11-04/gujrat/story-detail/destroyed-damaged-religious-structures-in-gujarat-govt-silent-on-when-to-provide-compensation.html DESTROYED, DAMAGED RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES IN GUJARAT] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503211746/http://www.radianceweekly.com/331/9584/indo-pak-relations-fostering-trust-legal-fraternity-steps-forward/2012-11-04/gujrat/story-detail/destroyed-damaged-religious-structures-in-gujarat-govt-silent-on-when-to-provide-compensation.html |date=3 May 2013}} Radiance Viewsweekly, 10 November 2012.</ref>{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2011|p=389}} It is estimated that Muslim property losses were "100,000 houses, 1,100 hotels, 15,000 businesses, 3,000 handcarts and 5,000 vehicles."<ref>{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Gloria|title=Globalization in the Asian Region: Impacts And Consequences edited by Gloria Davies|year=2005|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-84542-219-6|page=111|editor1=Gloria Davies |editor2=Chris Nyland}}</ref> Overall, 27,780 people were arrested. Of them, 11,167 were arrested for criminal behavior (3,269 Muslim, 7,896 Hindu) and 16,615 were arrested as a preventive measure (2,811 Muslim, 13,804 Hindu). The CCT tribunal reported that 90 percent of those arrested were almost immediately granted bail, even if they had been arrested on suspicion of murder or arson. There were also media reports that political leaders gave those being released public welcomes. This contradicts the state government's statement during the violence that: "Bail applications of all accused persons are being strongly defended and rejected."{{sfn|Engineer|2003|p=265}}

=== Police transfers ===
According to [[R. B. Sreekumar]], police officers who followed the rule of law and helped prevent the riots from spreading were punished by the Modi government. They were subjected to disciplinary proceedings and transfers with some having to leave the state.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sreekumar|first=R B.|title=Gujarat genocide: The State, law and subversion|newspaper=Rediff|date=27 February 2012|quote=Significantly, practically all police officers who had genuinely enforced the rule of law to ensure security to minorities had incurred the wrath of the Modi government and many of these persons who refused to carry out the covert anti-minority agenda of the CM were punished with disciplinary proceedings, transfers, by-passing in promotion and so on. A few upright officers have to leave the state on deputation.}}</ref> Sreekumar also claims it is common practice to intimidate whistleblowers and otherwise subvert the justice system,<ref>{{cite news|last=Khetan|first=Ashish|title=Senior IPS Officer Sanjeev Bhatt Arrested in Ahmedabad|url=http://www.tehelka.com/senior-ips-officer-sanjeev-bhatt-arrested-in-ahmedabad/|newspaper=Tehelka|date=19 February 2011|access-date=17 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703091242/http://www.tehelka.com/senior-ips-officer-sanjeev-bhatt-arrested-in-ahmedabad/|archive-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> and that the state government issued "unconstitutional directives", with officials asking him to kill Muslims involved in rioting or disrupting a Hindu religious event. The Gujarat government denied his allegations, claiming that they were "baseless" and based on malice because Sreekumar had not been promoted.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4445107.stm |title=BBC UK Website |work=BBC News |date=14 April 2005 |access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref>

=== Further violence promotion by extremist groups ===
Following the violence [[Bal Thackeray]], then leader of the Hindutva group [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]], said "Muslims are a [[Eliminationism|cancer to this country]]. Cancer is an incurable disease. Its only cure is operation. O Hindus, take weapons in your hands and remove this cancer from your roots."<ref name="Haynes 2012 b">{{cite book|last=Haynes|first=Jeffrey|title=Religious Transnational Actors and Soft Power|year=2012|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-1-4094-2508-3|page=107}}</ref> [[Pravin Togadia]], international president of the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP), said "All [[Hindutva]] opponents will get the death sentence" and [[Ashok Singhal]], the then president of the VHP, has said that the violence in Gujarat was a "successful experiment" which would be repeated nationwide.<ref name="Haynes 2012 b" />

The militant group [[Indian Mujahideen]] have carried out attacks in revenge and to also act as a deterrent against further instances of mass violence against Muslims.<ref>{{cite book|last=Freedman|first=Lawrence|title=Security Studies: An Introduction|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-78281-4|page=211|edition=2nd|author2=Srinath Raghavan|editor=Paul D. Williams}}</ref> They also claimed to have carried out the [[13 September 2008 Delhi bombings|2008 Delhi bombings]] in revenge for mistreatment of Muslims, referencing the destruction of the [[Babri Mosque]] and the violence in Gujarat 2002.<ref>{{cite book|last=Basset|first=Donna|title=Encyclopedia of Terrorism|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-30895-6|page=532|editor=Peter Chalk}}</ref> In September 2002 there was an attack on the Hindu temple of [[Akshardham Temple attack|Akshardham]], gunmen carried letters on their persons which suggested that it was a revenge attack for the violence that Muslims had undergone.<ref>{{cite book|last=Duffy Toft|first=Monica|title=Rethinking Religion and World Affairs|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-982797-8|page=132|editor1=Timothy Samuel Shah |editor2=Alfred Stepan |editor3=Monica Duffy Toft}}</ref> In August 2002 Shahid Ahmad Bakshi, an operative for the militant group [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] planned to assassinate Modi, [[Pravin Togadia]] of the VHP, and other members of the right wing nationalist movement to avenge the 2002 Gujarat violence.<ref>{{cite book|last=Swami|first=Praveen|title=Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Implications for South Asia|year=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=978-81-297-0998-1|page=69|editor1=Wilson John |editor2=Swati Parashar}}</ref>

Human Rights Watch has accused the state of orchestrating a cover-up of their role in the violence. Human rights activists and Indian solicitors have urged that legislation be passed so that "communal violence is treated as genocide."<ref>{{cite book|last=Kiernan|first=Ben|title=Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500–2000|year=2008|publisher=Melbourne University Press|isbn=978-0-522-85477-0|page=15}}</ref> Following the violence thousands of Muslims were fired from their places of work, and those who tried to return home had to endure an economic and social boycott.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rauf|first=Taha Abdul|title=Violence Inficted on Muslims:Direct, Cultural and Structural|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|date=4 June 2011|volume=xlvi|issue=23|pages=69–75|url=https://www.academia.edu/1050326}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

=== Organisational changes and political reactions ===
On 3 May 2002, former Punjab police chief [[Kanwar Pal Singh Gill]] was appointed as security adviser to Modi.<ref>{{cite news|last=News Service|first=Tribune|title=Gill is Modi's Security Adviser|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020503/main4.htm|newspaper=The Tribune|date=2 May 2002}}</ref> Defending the Modi administration in the [[Rajya Sabha]] against charges of genocide, BJP spokesman V. K. Malhotra said that the official toll of 254 Hindus, killed mostly by police fire, indicates how the state authorities took effective steps to curb the violence.<ref>{{cite news|last=of India|first=Press Trust|title=BJP cites govt statistics to defend Modi|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=46626|newspaper=Express India|date=12 May 2005|access-date=28 July 2013|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053510/https://indianexpress.com/?newsid=46626|url-status=live}}</ref> Opposition parties and three coalition partners of the BJP-led central government demanded the dismissal of Modi for failing to contain the violence, with some calling for the removal of Union Home Minister [[L. K. Advani]] as well.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 March 2002 |title=Removal of Advani, Modi sought |url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/03/07/stories/2002030702791300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319202511/http://www.hindu.com/2002/03/07/stories/2002030702791300.htm |archive-date=19 March 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

On 18 July, Modi asked the [[Governor of Gujarat]] to dissolve the state assembly and call fresh elections.<ref>{{cite news | title = Gujarat chief minister resigns |work=BBC News |date=19 July 2002 | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2139008.stm| access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref> The [[Indian Election Commission]] ruled out early elections citing the prevailing law and order situation and held them in December 2002.<ref>{{cite news |title=2 Indian Elections Bring Vote Panel's Chief to Fore |author=Amy Waldman |work=The New York Times |date=7 September 2002 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/07/world/2-indian-elections-bring-vote-panel-s-chief-to-fore.html |access-date=4 February 2011 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053516/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/07/world/2-indian-elections-bring-vote-panel-s-chief-to-fore.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = India's electoral process in question | author = Mark Tully | publisher = CNN |date=27 August 2002 | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/08/27/tully.india/index.html?related| access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref>
The BJP capitalised on the violence using posters and videotapes of the Godhra incident and painting Muslims as terrorists. The party gained in all the constituencies affected by the communal violence and a number of candidates implicated in the violence were elected, which in turn ensured freedom from prosecution.<ref>{{cite news | title = Gujarat victory heartens nationalists |work=BBC News |date=15 December 2002 | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2576855.stm| access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Narula 2010" />

=== Media investigation ===
In 2004, the weekly magazine ''[[Tehelka]]'' published a hidden camera exposé alleging that BJP legislator Madhu Srivastava bribed Zaheera Sheikh, a witness in the Best Bakery case.<ref>{{cite news |title=I Paid Zaheera Sheikh Rs 18 Lakh |work=Tehelka |date=6 December 2007 |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main10.asp?filename=ts010105press.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226174245/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main10.asp?filename=ts010105press.asp |archive-date=26 December 2008 |access-date=27 May 2009}}</ref> Srivastava denied the allegation,<ref>{{cite news | title = Politician denies bribing witness |work=BBC News |date=22 December 2004 | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4117875.stm| access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref> and an inquiry committee appointed by the Supreme Court drew an "adverse inference" from the video footage, though it failed to uncover evidence that money was actually paid.<ref>{{cite news | title = Zahira sting: MLA gets clean chit |date=4 January 2006 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Zahira-sting-MLA-gets-clean-chit/articleshow/1357590.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928220212/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-01-04/india/27802438_1_sting-operation-clean-chit-zahira-sheikh | archive-date = 28 September 2011 | work = [[The Times of India]] | url-status = live | access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref> In a [[The Truth: Gujarat 2002 - Tehelka report|2007 expose]], the magazine released hidden camera footage of several members of the BJP, VHP and the Bajrang Dal admitting their role in the riots.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gujarat 2002: The Truth in the words of the men who did it |work=Tehelka |date=3 November 2007 |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main35.asp?filename=Ne031107gujrat_sec.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027025856/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main35.asp?filename=Ne031107gujrat_sec.asp |archive-date=27 October 2007 |access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="express-oct-26">{{cite news |title=Sting traps footsoldiers of Gujarat riots allegedly boasting about killings with state support |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=26 October 2007 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/232545.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417200637/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/232545.html |archive-date=17 April 2008}}</ref> Among those featured in the tapes was the special counsel representing the Gujarat government before the Nanavati-Shah Commission, Arvind Pandya, who resigned from his post after the release.<ref>{{cite news | title = Gujarat Govt counsel quits | work = The Indian Express | location = India | date = 28 October 2007 | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/story/233175.html | access-date = 4 February 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071101085909/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/233175.html | archive-date = 1 November 2007}}</ref> While the report was criticised by some as being politically motivated,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/001200710271941.htm |title=The Hindu News Update Service |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=27 October 2007 |access-date=11 July 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226233414/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/001200710271941.htm |archive-date=26 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Oct272007/national2007102732570.asp |title=Deccan Herald – Tehelka is Cong proxy: BJP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126093410/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Oct272007/national2007102732570.asp |archive-date=26 January 2009 |access-date=19 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20071112&fname=Cover+Story+(F)&sid=6 |title=A Sting Without Venom | Chandan Mitra |publisher=Outlookindia.com |date=12 November 2007 |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105061447/http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20071112&fname=Cover%2BStory%2B%28F%29&sid=6 |archive-date=5 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/8454 |title=Godhra Carnage Vs. Pundits Exodus |work=Asian Tribune |access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref> some newspapers said the revelations simply reinforced what was common knowledge.<ref name="express-oct-26" /><ref>{{cite news | title = Polls don't tell whole story |date=October 2007 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/Polls-dont-tell-whole-story/articleshow/2500634.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023235513/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-30/edit-page/27965541_1_gujarat-assembly-tehelka-tapes-narendra-modi | archive-date = 2012-10-23 | first1=Kingshuk | last1=Nag| work = [[The Times of India]] | url-status = live | access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ghosts don't lie |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=27 October 2007 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/232757.html |access-date=4 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709090641/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/232757.html |archive-date=9 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Everything, but the news |work=Hindustan Times |location=India |author=Chitra Padmanabhan |date=14 November 2007 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=9ba3c46a-72dd-4b2a-9a04-6fa9c299b32a&MatchID1=4604&TeamID1=6&TeamID2=7&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1157&MatchID2=4575&TeamID3=8&TeamID4=2&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1147&PrimaryID=4604&Headline=Everything%2c+but+the+news |access-date=4 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226161716/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=9ba3c46a-72dd-4b2a-9a04-6fa9c299b32a&MatchID1=4604&TeamID1=6&TeamID2=7&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1157&MatchID2=4575&TeamID3=8&TeamID4=2&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1147&PrimaryID=4604&Headline=Everything%2C%2Bbut%2Bthe%2Bnews |archive-date=26 December 2008}}</ref> However, the report contradicted official records with regard to Modi's alleged visit to Naroda Patiya and a local police superintendent's location.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mahurkar |first1=Uday |title=Gujarat: The noose tightens |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20071112-gujarat-the-noose-tightens-734431-2007-11-01 |access-date=17 December 2014 |work=India Today |date=1 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207101903/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Gujarat%3A%2BThe%2Bnoose%2Btightens/1/1716.html |archive-date=7 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Gujarat government blocked telecast of cable news channels broadcasting the expose, a move strongly condemned by the Editors Guild of India.<ref>{{cite news | title = Editors Guild condemns Gujarat action |date=30 October 2007 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/30/stories/2007103055681200.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071101035658/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/30/stories/2007103055681200.htm | archive-date = 1 November 2007 | location=Chennai, India| work = [[The Hindu]] | access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref>

Taking a stand decried by the media and other rights groups, Nafisa Hussain, a member of the [[National Commission for Women]] accused organisations and the media of needlessly exaggerating the plight of women victims of the riots,<ref name="Women's groups decry NCW stand">{{cite web|url=http://www.fisiusa.org/fisi_News_items/Godhra/godhra093.htm |title=Women's groups decry NCW stand |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122085938/http://www.fisiusa.org/fisi_News_items/Godhra/godhra093.htm |archive-date=22 January 2009 |access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/channels/currentaffairs/2002/apr/22/ca042202rinku.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020606124734/http://www.tehelka.com/channels/currentaffairs/2002/apr/22/ca042202rinku.htm |archive-date=6 June 2002 |title = tehelka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infochangeindia.org/archives1.jsp?secno=1&monthname=June&year=2002&detail=T |title=InfoChange India News & Features development news Indian Archives |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110003657/http://www.infochangeindia.org/archives1.jsp?secno=1&monthname=June&year=2002&detail=T |archive-date=10 January 2006 |url-status=usurped |access-date=19 April 2014}}</ref> which was strongly disputed as Gujarat did not have a State Commission for Women to act on the ground.<ref name="Women's groups decry NCW stand" /> The newspaper ''Tribune'' reported that "The National Commission for Women has reluctantly agreed to the complicity of Gujarat Government in the communal violence in the state." The tone of their most recent report was reported by the ''Tribune'' as "lenient".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020426/main5.htm |title=NCM rejects Gujarat report:Directs state to follow its recommendations |publisher=Fisiusa.org |access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref>

=== Special Investigation Team ===
In April 2012, the three-member SIT formed in 2008 by the Supreme Court as a response to a petition by one of the aggrieved in the Gulmerg massacre absolved Modi of any involvement in the Gulberg massacre, arguably the worst episode of the riots.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/top-story/56643-its-official-modi-gets-clean-chit-in-gulberg-massacre.html |title=It's official: Modi gets clean chit in Gulberg massacre |work=The Pioneer |location=India |date=10 April 2012 |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718041715/http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/top-story/56643-its-official-modi-gets-clean-chit-in-gulberg-massacre.html |archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref>

In his report, [[Raju Ramachandran]], the [[amicus curiae]] for the case, strongly disagreed with a key conclusion of R. K. Raghavan who led SIT: that IPS officer [[Sanjiv Bhatt]] was not present at a late-night meeting of top Gujarat cops held at the Chief Minister's residence in the wake of 27 February 2002 Godhra carnage. It has been Bhatt's claim—made in an affidavit before the apex court and in statements to the SIT and the amicus—that he was present at the meeting where Modi allegedly said Hindus must be allowed to carry out retaliatory violence against Muslims. Ramachandran was of the opinion that Modi could be prosecuted for alleged statements he had made. He said there was no clinching material available in the pre-trial stage to disbelieve Bhatt, whose claim could be tested only in court. "Hence, it cannot be said, at this stage, that Shri Bhatt should be disbelieved and no further proceedings should be taken against Shri Modi."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3393808.ece|title=Proceed against Modi for Gujarat riots: amicus|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2012|access-date=5 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3398456.ece|title=No evidence of Modi promoting enmity: SIT|work=The Hindu|date=9 May 2012|access-date=5 September 2012|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Manas}}</ref>

Further, R. K. Shah, the public prosecutor in the Gulbarg Society massacre, resigned because he found it impossible to work with the SIT and further stated that "Here I am collecting witnesses who know something about a gruesome case in which so many people, mostly women and children huddled in Jafri's house, were killed and I get no cooperation. The SIT officers are unsympathetic towards witnesses, they try to browbeat them and don't share evidence with the prosecution as they are supposed to do."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?264745 |publisher=Outlook India |date=29 March 2010 |title=Nero Hour |access-date=5 May 2013 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104215723/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?264745 |url-status=live}}</ref> Teesta Setalvad referred to the stark inequalities between the SIT team's lawyers who are paid 9 lakh (900,000) rupees per day and the government prosecutors who are paid a pittance. SIT officers have been paid Rs. 1.5 lakh (150,000) per month for their participation in the SIT since 2008.<ref>{{citation|last1=Setalvad|first1=Filed by Teesta|title=Right to information petition – SIT team (lawyers compensaton)|publisher=Central Information Commission, Government of India}}</ref>

== Diplomatic ban ==
Modi's failure to stop anti-Muslim violence led to a ''de facto'' travel ban imposed by the [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], and several European nations, as well as the boycott of his provincial government by all but the most junior officials.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/22/uk-ends-boycott-narendra-modi |title=UK government ends boycott of Narendra Modi |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=22 October 2012 |access-date=20 December 2016 |archive-date=14 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914031502/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/22/uk-ends-boycott-narendra-modi |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2005, Modi was refused a US visa as someone held responsible for a serious violation of [[religious freedom]]. Modi had been invited to the US to speak before the [[Asian American Hotel Owners Association|Asian-American Hotel Owners Association]]. A petition was set up by [[Coalition Against Genocide]] led by [[Angana P. Chatterji|Angana Chatterji]] and signed by 125 academics requesting that Modi be refused a diplomatic visa.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterji |first=Angana |title=How we made U.S. deny visa to Modi |url=http://www.coalitionagainstgenocide.org/news/2005/mar/21.aa.modi.php |newspaper=Asian Age |date=21 March 2005}}</ref>

Hindu groups in the US also protested and planned to demonstrate in cities in Florida. A resolution was submitted by [[John Conyers]] and [[Joseph R. Pitts]] in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] which condemned Modi for inciting religious persecution. Pitts also wrote to then [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] requesting Modi be refused a visa. On 19 March Modi was denied a diplomatic visa and his tourist visa was revoked.{{sfn|Nussbaum|2008|p=50-51}}<ref>{{cite news |title=All-American Grand Slam |newspaper=Outlook |date=4 April 2005 |access-date=31 August 2014 |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/AllAmerican-Grand-Slam/226975}}</ref>

As Modi rose to prominence in India, the UK and the EU lifted their bans in October 2012 and March 2013, respectively,<ref>{{cite news |title=UK government ends boycott of Narendra Modi |first=Jason |last=Burke |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/22/uk-ends-boycott-narendra-modi |date=22 October 2012 |access-date=12 May 2013 |archive-date=14 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914031502/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/22/uk-ends-boycott-narendra-modi |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Germany delinks Narendra Modi's image from human rights issues |url= http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/germany-delinks-narendra-modi-s-image-from-human-rights-issues-338646 |publisher= NDTV |date= 6 March 2013 |access-date= 6 March 2013 |archive-date= 8 March 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130308142057/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/germany-delinks-narendra-modi-s-image-from-human-rights-issues-338646 |url-status= live}}</ref> and after his election as prime minister he was invited to [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], in the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/05/16/readout-president-s-call-prime-ministerial-candidate-narendra-modi-india|title=Readout of the President's Call with Prime Ministerial Candidate Narendra Modi of India|date=16 May 2014|access-date=14 June 2014|archive-date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216153654/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/05/16/readout-president-s-call-prime-ministerial-candidate-narendra-modi-india|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cassidy|first=John|title=What Does Modi's Victory Mean for the World?|url=http://www.newyorker.com/rational-irrationality/what-does-modis-victory-mean-for-the-world|newspaper=[[The New Yorker]]|date=16 May 2014|access-date=21 May 2014|archive-date=24 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924070852/http://www.newyorker.com/rational-irrationality/what-does-modis-victory-mean-for-the-world|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Relief efforts ==
By 27 March 2002, nearly one-hundred thousand displaced people moved into 101 relief camps. This swelled to over 150,000 in 104 camps the next two weeks.{{sfn|Brass|2005|p=385-393}} The camps were run by community groups and NGOs, with the government committing to provide amenities and supplementary services. Drinking water, medical help, clothing and blankets were in short supply at the camps.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rains, epidemic threaten relief camps |date=2 July 2002 |author=Ruchir Chandorkar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Rains-epidemic-threaten-relief-camps/articleshow/14700660.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628041123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-07-02/ahmedabad/27313985_1_relief-camps-medicines-rains|archive-date=28 June 2013|work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref> At least another 100 camps were denied government support, according to a camp organiser,<ref>{{cite news|title=Camp Comatose |author=Priyanka Kakodkar |date=15 April 2002 |work=Outlook |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20020415&fname=Cover+Stories&sid=4 |access-date=4 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030130171258/http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?sid=4&fodname=20020415&fname=Cover%2BStories |archive-date=30 January 2003}}</ref> and relief supplies were prevented from reaching some camps due to fears that they may be carrying arms.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1881497.stm |title=NGO says Gujarat riots were planned |agency=BBC News |date=19 March 2002 |access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref>

Reactions to the relief effort were further critical of the Gujarat government. Relief camp organisers alleged that the state government was coercing refugees to leave relief camps, with twenty-five thousand people made to leave eighteen camps which were shut down. Following government assurances that further camps would not be shut down, the Gujarat High Court bench ordered that camp organizers be given a supervisory role to ensure that assurances were met.<ref>{{cite news |title=Govt not to close relief camps |date=27 June 2002 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Govt-not-to-close-relief-camps/articleshow/14205642.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628041157/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-06-27/ahmedabad/27290804_1_relief-camps-camp-organisers-violence-victims |archive-date=28 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref>

On 9 September 2002, Modi mentioned during a speech that he was against running relief camps. In January 2010, the Supreme Court ordered the government to hand over the speech and other documents to the SIT.
<blockquote>What brother, should we run relief camps? Should I start children-producing centres there? We want to achieve progress by pursuing the policy of family planning with determination. Ame paanch, Amara pachhees! (we are five and we have twenty-five) ... Can't Gujarat implement family planning? Whose inhibitions are coming in our way? Which religious sect is coming in the way?"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/news-analysis-in-absolving-modi-sit-mixes-up-godhra-postgodhra-perpetrators/article3419147.ece |title=News Analysis: In absolving Modi, SIT mixes up Godhra, post-Godhra perpetrators |work=The Hindu |date=15 May 2012}}</ref></blockquote>
On 23 May 2008, the [[Government of India|Union Government]] announced a 3.2 billion rupee (US$80 million) relief package for the victims of the riots.<ref>{{cite news |title=Relief for Gujarat riot victims|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7416073.stm|agency=BBC News |date= 23 May 2008 |access-date=11 September 2008}}</ref>
In contrast, [[Amnesty International]]'s annual report on India in 2003 claimed the "Gujarat government did not actively fulfill its duty to provide appropriate relief and rehabilitation to the survivors".<ref name="AI-2003">{{cite web|url=http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/ind-summary-eng |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704200816/http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/ind-summary-eng |archive-date=4 July 2003 |title=Amnesty International | Working to Protect Human Rights |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref> The Gujarat government initially offered compensation payments of 200,000 rupees to the families of those who died in the Godhra train fire and 100,000 rupees to the families of those who died in the subsequent riots, which local Muslims took to be discriminatory.<ref>Dugger, Celia W. (Ahmedabad Journal) "In India, a Child's Life Is Cheap Indeed". ''[[The New York Times]]''. 7 March 2002</ref>

== Media suppression ==
In January 2023, the [[BBC]] aired a documentary titled ''[[India: The Modi Question]]'' that probed Prime Minister Narendra Modi's role in the 2002 riots. The Indian government responded to the airing by attempting to block links to the documentary on YouTube and Twitter using provisions of the controversial [[Information Technology Rules, 2021]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/21/india-asks-youtube-twitter-to-block-links-of-bbc-film-on-modi-gujarat-riots|title=India blocks BBC documentary on Modi's role in Gujarat riots|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> In February, several weeks after the ban, the Indian tax authorities raided the British media group's local offices, seizing employees' laptops and mobile phones.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/14/india-tax-agents-raid-bbc-office-in-wake-of-modi-documentary|title=Indian tax agents raid BBC offices in wake of Modi documentary|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> [[Reporters Without Borders]] denounced the actions as "attempts to clamp down on independent media", noting that the raids had "all the appearance of a reprisal against the BBC for releasing a documentary critical of Prime Minister Narendra Modi".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/17/india-accuses-bbc-of-tax-evasion-after-searching-offices|title=India accuses BBC of tax evasion after searching offices|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
* ''[[Final Solution (2003 film)|Final Solution]]'' is a 2003 documentary directed by [[Rakesh Sharma (filmmaker)|Rakesh Sharma]] about the 2002 Gujarat violence. The film was denied entry to [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] in 2004 due to objections by [[Censor Board of India]], but won two awards at the 54th Berlin International Film Festival 2004. The ban was later lifted in October 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/17/stories/2004021701112200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040304074115/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/17/stories/2004021701112200.htm |archive-date=4 March 2004 |title=A miss at MIFF, accolades at Berlinale |date=17 February 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-02-17/news-interviews/28324546_1_wolfgang-staudte-award-bags-two-awards-indian-film |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617082213/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-02-17/news-interviews/28324546_1_wolfgang-staudte-award-bags-two-awards-indian-film |archive-date=17 June 2013 |title=Mumbai reject finally shines in Berlin |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 February 2004 |agency=Press Trust of India |access-date=27 March 2013}}</ref>
* ''Passengers: A Video Journey in Gujarat'' is a 2003 documentary film co-directed by [[Akanksha Damini Joshi]]. It is a critically acclaimed 52-minute long film that narrates the journey of a Hindu and a Muslim family during and after the violence. The politics of division is experienced intimately through the lives two families in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Passengers|url=http://magiclanternmovies.in/film/passengers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318035047/http://www.magiclanternmovies.in/film/passengers|archive-date=2014-03-18|publisher=Magic Lantern Movies}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Navras Jaat Aafreedi's Social Activism|date=28 October 2009|url=http://openspacelucknow.blogspot.com/2009/10/remembering-gujarat-2002.html|publisher=openspacelucknow|access-date=25 January 2020|archive-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124192242/http://openspacelucknow.blogspot.com/2009/10/remembering-gujarat-2002.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Passengers: A Video Journey in Gujarat|date=27 March 2014|url=https://earthwitnessfilm.wordpress.com/passengers-a-video-journey-in-gujarat/|publisher=Earth Witness|access-date=25 January 2020|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053516/https://earthwitnessfilm.wordpress.com/passengers-a-video-journey-in-gujarat/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Passengers, by Akanksha Joshi & Nooh Nizami, a trailer by Under Construction|date=26 June 2009 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOmE29WZ7Dk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/uOmE29WZ7Dk |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|publisher=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film, completed in 2003, has been screened at the 9th Open Frame Festival,<ref>{{cite web|title=PSBT presents Annual International Film Festival / 11th to 17th September 09|url=http://www.ardeecityrwa.com/psbt-presents-annual-international-film-0111.html|publisher=Ardee City Resident's Welfare Association|access-date=25 January 2020|archive-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124192228/http://www.ardeecityrwa.com/psbt-presents-annual-international-film-0111.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Artivist Film Festival, [[United States|USA]], Films for Freedom, [[Delhi]], the [[World Social Forum|World Social Forum 2004]], [[Madurai]] International Documentary and Short Film Festival and Persistence Resistance, [[New Delhi]].
* Gujarati play ''Dost Chokkas Ahin Ek Nagar Vastu Hatu'' by [[Saumya Joshi]] is a black comedy-based on 2002 riots.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.governancenow.com/views/interview/dalits-una-gujarat-jignesh-mevani-dalit-atyachar-anandiben-patel-modi-lower-castes|title = Here is a spiritual opportunity for...}}</ref>
* ''[[Parzania]]'' is a 2007 drama film set after the violence and looks at the aftermath of the riots. It is based on the true story of a ten-year-old Parsi boy, Azhar Mody. [[Rahul Dholakia]] won the Golden Lotus [[National Film Award for Best Direction]] and [[Sarika]] won the Silver Lotus [[National Film Award for Best Actress]].
* [[T. V. Chandran]] made a trilogy of [[Malayalam]] films based on the aftermaths of the Gujarat riots. The trilogy consists of ''[[Kathavasheshan]]'' (2004), ''[[Vilapangalkkappuram]]'' (2008) and ''[[Bhoomiyude Avakashikal]]'' (2012). The narrative of all these films begin on the same day, 28 February 2002, that is, on the day after the Godhra train burning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/all-things-bright-and-beautiful/article3965306.ece |title=All things bright and beautiful ... |date=4 October 2012 |access-date=28 October 2012 |author=C. S. Venkiteswaran |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008043654/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/all-things-bright-and-beautiful/article3965306.ece |archive-date=8 October 2012}}</ref>
* ''[[Firaaq]]'' is a 2008 political thriller film set one month after the violence and looks at the aftermath in its effects on the lives of everyday people.
* ''[[Mausam (2011 film)|Mausam]]'' is a 2011 romantic drama film directed by [[Pankaj Kapoor]], spanned over the period between 1992 and 2002 covering major events.
* ''[[Kai Po Che!]]'' is a 2013 Hindi film which depicted riots in its plot.
* ''[[India: The Modi Question]]'' is a 2023 two-part documentary aired by the BBC.
* ''[[Modi: Journey of a Common Man]]'' (season 2) is 2020 biographical web series on Modi depicting the events of Godhra riots.
* ''[[L2: Empuraan]]'' is a 2025 Malayalam movie which is loosely based on the 2002 riots. One of the antagonistic characters in the film is named "Baba Bajrangi", which some viewers have interpreted as an allusion to [[Bajrang Dal]] leader [[Babu Bajrangi]], a convicted figure involved in the [[2002 Gujarat riots]] who was sentenced to life imprisonment for masterminding the [[Naroda Patiya massacre]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-31 |title=L2 Empuraan: Why Mohanlal's latest film has sparked a controversy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g2djqxjj7o |access-date=2025-03-31 |agency=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Crime|2000s}}
*[[Violence against Muslims in India]]
*[[Persecution of Hindus]]
*[[1969 Gujarat riots]]
*[[1985 Gujarat riots]]
*[[2006 Vadodara riots]]
*[[Religious violence in India]]
*[[Gujarat Files|''Gujarat Files: Anatomy of a Cover Up'']], Rana Ayyub's investigative book on the riots
*[[List of massacres in India]]
*''[[India: The Modi Question]]'' – a 2023 two-part documentary series aired by BBC Two about the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|group=Note}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Paul Brass|last=Brass|first=Paul R.|title=The Production of Hindu–Muslim Violence in Contemporary India|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98506-0|page=388|date=2005}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Dionne Bunsha|last=Bunsha|first=Dionne|title=Scarred: Experiments with Violence in Gujarat|year=2005|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-400076-0|title-link=Scarred: Experiments with Violence in Gujarat}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Asgharali Engineer|last=Engineer|first=Asgharali|title=The Gujarat Carnage|year=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2496-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Ghassem-Fachandi|first=Parvis|title=Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India|url=http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i9755.pdf|year=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15177-9|ref={{sfnref|Ghassem-Fachand|2012}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|title=Gujarat, the making of a tragedy |publisher=Penguin Books |location=India |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-14-302901-4 }}
* {{cite book|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India|year=2011|publisher=C Hurst & Co|isbn=978-1849041386}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Madhu Kishwar|last=Kishwar |first=Madhu Purnima |title=Modi, Muslims and Media: Voices from Narendra Modi's Gujarat |year=2014 |publisher=Manushi Publications |isbn=978-81-929352-0-1 }}
* {{cite book|last=Marino |first=Andy |title=Narendra Modi: A Political Biography |year=2014 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-93-5136-217-3 }}
* {{cite book|last=Mitta |first=Manoj |title=The Fiction of Fact-Finding: Modi & Godhra |year=2014 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-93-5029-187-0 }}
* {{cite book|author-link=Martha Nussbaum|last=Nussbaum|first=Martha Craven|title=The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future|year=2008|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03059-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Oommen|first=T. K.|title=Reconciliation in Post-Godhra Gujarat: The Role of Civil Society|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1546-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Shani|first=Ornit|title=Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-72753-2|ref={{sfnref|Shani|2007b}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Edward|title=Muslim Society and the Western Indian Ocean: The Seafarers of Kachchh|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-54377-4}}
* {{cite book |editor-link=Siddharth Varadarajan|editor-last=Varadarajan|editor-first=Siddharth|title=Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy|year=2002|publisher=Penguin (India)|isbn=978-0-14-302901-4|title-link=Gujarat The making of a tragedy}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links |collapsible=yes |wikt=no |d=Q1747156 |commons=no |n=no |q=2002 Gujarat violence |s=no |b=no |v=no |voy=no |species=no}}

* {{Citation|title=Report: Nanavati Commission|url=http://home.gujarat.gov.in/homedepartment/downloads/godharaincident.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]|access-date=25 September 2009|archive-date=16 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316134832/http://home.gujarat.gov.in/homedepartment/downloads/godharaincident.pdf}}
* {{Citation|title=Godhra riots by Citizen Tribunal|url=http://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/|publisher=[[Sabrang Communications]]}}
*{{Citation|title=Issue of Gujarat CM US visa|url=http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/sca/rls/rm/2005/43701.htm|publisher=[[United States Department of State|US State Department]]}}

{{2002 Gujarat Violence}}
{{Religious persecution}}
{{Riots in India}}
{{IslamismSA}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujarat violence}}
[[Category:2002 Gujarat riots| ]]
[[Category:2000s in Gujarat]]
[[Category:2002 riots]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim riots in India]]
[[Category:2002 mass murders]]
[[Category:Attacks on mosques in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:Sexual violence at riots and crowd disturbances]]
[[Category:Massacres in India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party controversies]]
[[Category:February 2002 in India]]
[[Category:March 2002 in India]]
[[Category:2002 murders in India]]
[[Category:Massacres of ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Looting in India]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi|2002 Gujarat violence]]
[[Category:Attacks on mosques in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Pogroms]]

INS Akshay (2024)

2026-05-05T17:28:23Z

VanessaColls18:

{{Short description|Sixth ship of Arnala class corvettes of ASW-SWC project of the Indian Navy}}
{{other ships|INS Akshay}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
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| beam = {{cvt|10.5|m|ftin}}<ref name="janes.com"/>
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| time_to_activate =
| sensors = *'''Combat suite:'''
* ASW Combat Suite (presumably the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]-developed IAC MOD 'C' combat suite)<ref name="grse.in">{{Cite web|url=http://grse.in/eoi/EOI_ASW_SWC_R1.pdf|title=NIE No. GRSE/GMD/ASW-SWC/12/01 Expression of Interest (EOI) For Design of Anti Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC) for Indian Navy.|website=grse.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202243/http://grse.in/eoi/EOI_ASW_SWC_R1.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://grse.in/index.php/tender-archive|title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd.- Government of India Undertaking - Tender Archive|website=grse.in}}</ref>
*'''Sonar:'''
* [[DRDO]] Abhay Hull-Mounted Sonar (HMS)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eyes and Ears Underwater |url=https://forceindia.net/feature-report/eyes-ears-underwater/ |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=Force India |language=en-US |archive-date=23 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823153937/https://forceindia.net/feature-report/eyes-ears-underwater/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Low Frequency Variable Depth Sonar (LFVDS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
*'''Management systems:'''
* Fire Control System (FCS)
* Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
* Automatic Power Management System (APMS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
* Battle Damage Control System (BDCS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
| armament = *'''Anti-submarine warfare:'''
*1 × [[RBU-6000]] [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine]] rocket launcher<ref name=":0" />
*2 × triple lightweight [[torpedo]] launchers ([[Torpedo Advanced Light Shyena#Advanced Light-Weight Torpedo (ALWT)|Advanced Light-Weight Torpedo (ALWT)]])<ref name="eurasiantimes.com"/>
*[[Anti-submarine weapon|Anti-submarine mines]] (launched from mine-laying rails)
*'''Guns:'''
* 1 × [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers#Naval Surface Gun (NSG) 30 mm|Naval Surface Gun (30 mm)]]
* 2 × [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli|OFT]] 12.7 mm M2 [[Remote controlled weapon station|Stabilized Remote Controlled Gun]]
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft =
| notes = Largest class of waterjet-powered vessels in the [[Indian Navy]].
}}
}}
'''INS ''Akshay''''' is the sixth ship of the ''Arnala'' class of the [[Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft]] (ASW SWC). The ship has been ordered by the [[Indian Navy]] and was launched on 13 March 2024.<ref name=":02">{{Cite press release |title=Launch of 'Agray' and 'Akshay' fifth and sixth ship of ASW SWC (GRSE) Project on 13 Mar 24 at M/S GRSE Kolkata |date=13 March 2024 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2014425 |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Background ===
On 23 December 2013, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) –- the main acquisition panel subordinate to India's [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD), approved the procurement of sixteen [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) vessels capable of operating in shallow waters, at a cost of {{INRConvert|13440|c|lk=on|year=2013}}, to replace the ageing [[Abhay-class corvette|''Abhay''-class corvettes]] of the Indian Navy – which were commissioned between 1989 and 1991. This includes the development of the vessels with about {{Convert|700|t|abbr=on}} displacement and an operational radius of {{Convert|200|nmi|abbr=on}} from its [[home port]]. They would be built by [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]] (GRSE).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhatnagar |first=Gaurav Vivek |date=24 December 2013 |title=Four major acquisitions for the Navy and the Army approved |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/four-major-acquisitions-for-the-navy-and-the-army-approved/article5494688.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915131130/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/four-major-acquisitions-for-the-navy-and-the-army-approved/article5494688.ece |archive-date=15 September 2025 |access-date=17 October 2017 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=KV |date=25 December 2013 |title=MoD clears Navy plans to get 16 shallow-water anti-sub vessels |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131226/main5.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829044614/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131226/main5.htm |archive-date=29 August 2025 |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=Tribune India}}</ref>

In June 2014, the MoD issued a tender, worth USD2.25 billion under the 'Buy and Make India' category to private-shipyards – including [[Larsen & Toubro]] (L&T), [[ABG Shipyard]], [[Pipavav Shipyard|Pipavav Defense and Offshore Engineering]], [[Goa Shipyard]] (GSL) and [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE), for the procurement of the 16 anti-submarine vessels.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2014 |title=India issues $2.25bn tender to procure ASW shallow-water craft |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindia-issues-225bn-tender-to-procure-asw-shallow-water-craft-4297624/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915131157/https://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindia-issues-225bn-tender-to-procure-asw-shallow-water-craft-4297624/ |archive-date=15 September 2025 |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=Naval Technology}}</ref>

In October 2017, [[Cochin Shipyard]] (CSL) and [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE) emerged as the first and the second-lowest bidder in the tender, respectively. CSL had quoted a value of {{INRConvert|5400|c|year=2017|mode=historical}} while GRSE had to match the bid value of CSL in order to get the contract.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2018 |title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders set to win ₹5,400-crore Navy order |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/garden-reach-shipbuilders-set-to-win-5400crore-navy-order/article10035674.ece |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

=== Purchase ===
On 29 April 2019, the MoD and GRSE signed a contract, valued at {{INRConvert|6311.32|c|year=2019}}, for eight anti-submarine vessels, to be delivered between 2022 and 2026. The contract mandates the first vessel to be delivered within 42 months of the date of signing, with the remaining seven vessels delivered at a rate of two ships per year within 84 months.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Himatsingka |first=Anuradha |date=29 April 2019 |title=GRSE signs contract for 8 anti-submarine warfare shallow water crafts for Indian Navy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/grse-signs-contract-for-8-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-crafts-for-indian-navy/articleshow/69099130.cms |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite press release |title=Contract Signing with M/S CSL and M/S GRSE for Acquisition of Sixteen Anti Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC) for Indian Navy |date=30 April 2019 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1571375 |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref>

On 30 April 2019, the MoD and CSL signed a similar contract for the construction of the remaining eight vessels – within a deadline of 84 months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2019 |title=GRSE Signs Contract for 08 Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Watercraft |url=https://psuwatch.com/grse-signs-contract-for-08-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-watercraft |website=psuwatch.com}}</ref> Under this contract, the first ship was also expected to be delivered within a span of 42 months, with subsequent deliveries of two ships per year.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2019 |title=Cochin Shipyard gets Rs 6,311 crore contract for anti-submarine warfare ships |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/cochin-shipyard-gets-rs-6311-crore-contract-for-anti-submarine-warfare-ships-188690-2019-04-30 |website=Business Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2019 |title=Cochin Shipyard gets ₹6,311 crore contract for anti-submarine warfare ships |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cochin-shipyard-gets-rs-6-311-crore-contract-for-anti-submarine-warfare-ships-1556639149645.html |website=mint}}</ref>

=== Construction ===
GRSE formed a [[Public Private Partnership]] alliance with [[Larsen & Toubro]] involving its [[Kattupalli Shipyard]] to undertake the entire ASW SWC project along with the [[Sandhayak-class survey vessel (2023)|Survey Vessel (Large) Project]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite press release |title=Keel laying ceremony for 1st warship of ASW Shallow Water Craft Project and 3rd warship of Survey Vessel Large Project |date=6 August 2021 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1743323 |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref>

The [[keel laying]] ceremony of the ship, along with her [[sister ship]] {{INS|Agray|2024|6}}, was conducted on 31 December 2022 at GRSE Main Works in Kolkata by the then [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]], [[Giridhar Aramane]].<ref name="pip20221231">{{Cite press release |title=Keel laying by Shri Giridhar Aramane, Defence Secretary, for two warships of ASW SWC Project at GRSE, Kolkata, on 31 Dec 22 |date=31 December 2022 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1887783 |access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref> [[Ceremonial ship launching|Christened]] ''Akshay'', the ship was launched into the water of the [[Hooghly River]] on 13 March 2024. The chief guest of the event was the then [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]], [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Vivek Ram Chaudhari]].<ref name=":02" />

== Design ==
{{Excerpt|INS Arnala (2022)|Design}}

=== Weapons ===
{{Excerpt|INS Arnala (2022)|Weapons}}

=== Sensors ===
{{Excerpt|INS Arnala (2022)|Sensors}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akshay, INS}}
[[Category:Arnala-class corvettes]]
[[Category:2024 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Kolkata]]

Prannoy H. S.

2026-05-05T16:29:35Z

VanessaColls18:

{{Short description|Indian badminton player (born 1992)}}
{{Indian name|Prannoy|Sunil Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Prannoy H. S.
| image = Prannoy H.S. Kumar.jpg
| caption = Prannoy in 2022
| birth_name = Prannoy Haseena Sunil Kumar
| country = India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1992|07|17}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| height = 1.79 m
| weight = 73 kg
| handedness = Right
| years_active =
| coach = [[Pullela Gopichand]]
| event = Men's singles
| career_record = 285 wins, 195 losses
| highest_ranking = 6
| date_of_highest_ranking = 29 August 2023
| current_ranking = 34
| date_of_current_ranking = 5 May 2026
| played =
| titles =
| best_result =
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[badminton]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[BWF World Championships|World Championships]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2023 BWF World Championships|2023 Copenhagen]] | [[2023 BWF World Championships – Men's singles|Men's singles]] }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Thomas Cup]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[2022 Thomas & Uber Cup|2022 Bangkok]] | Men's team }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2026 Thomas & Uber Cup|2026 Horsens]] | Men's team }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|2018 Gold Coast]] | [[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|Mixed team]] }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]] | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's team|Men's team]] }}
{{MedalBronze | 2022 Hangzhou | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's singles|Men's singles]] }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton Asia Championships|Asian Championships]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2018 Badminton Asia Championships|2018 Wuhan]] | Men's singles }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|Asia Mixed Team Championships]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2023 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|2023 Dubai]] | Mixed team }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asia Team Championships]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2016 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2016 Hyderabad]] | Men's team }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2020 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2020 Manila]] | Men's team }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[Badminton at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati–Shillong]] | Men's team }}
{{MedalSilver | 2016 Guwahati–Shillong | Men's singles }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton at the Youth Olympic Games|Youth Olympic Games]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[Badminton at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics|2010 Singapore]] | [[Badminton at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' singles|Boys' singles]] }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[BWF World Junior Championships|World Junior Championships]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2010 BWF World Junior Championships|2010 Guadalajara]] | [[2010 BWF World Junior Championships – boys' singles|Boys' singles]] }}
| bwfbadminton_id = 83950
}}
'''Prannoy Haseena Sunil Kumar''' (born 17 July 1992), also known as '''H. S. Prannoy''', is an Indian [[badminton]] player who currently trains at the [[Gopichand Badminton Academy]] in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140917/sports-other-sports/article/prannoy-promises-punch-higher Prannoy training at the Gopichand Academy]</ref> He has won bronze medals at the [[2023 BWF World Championships – Men's singles|2023 World Championships]] and at the [[2022 Asian Games]]. Prannoy was part of India winning team at the [[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|2018 Commonwealth Games]] and [[2022 Thomas & Uber Cup|2022 Thomas Cup]]. He originally hails from [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and has a career-high [[BWF World Ranking|world ranking]] of number 6, which he attained in August 2023.<ref>[http://www.badmintonindia.org/players/rankings/senior/ Badminton India Rankings]</ref> He studied at Kendriya Vidyalaya Akkulam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manorama Sports Star 2017: Prannoy's giant-killing acts |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/sports/other-sports/2018/02/25/manorama-sports-star-2017-hs-prannoy.html |website=Manorama Online |access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Early career ===
Prannoy came to prominence after winning the silver medal in the boys' singles at the [[2010 Summer Youth Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Savaliya|first=Gautam|title=Prannoy Haseena Sunil Kumar Singapore Youth olympics 2010|url=http://www.trivandrumbuzz.com/prannoy-haseena-sunil-kumar-the-badminton-superstar-from-trivandrum/|access-date=29 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824052732/http://www.trivandrumbuzz.com/prannoy-haseena-sunil-kumar-the-badminton-superstar-from-trivandrum/|archive-date=24 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> He followed it up with another silver, this time at the Bahrain International Challenge, in 2011.<ref>[http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=830426B5-5FE8-4F6E-A5CB-5C774A1BB131&draw=8 Bahrain International Challenge]</ref> However, as he struggled for form and injuries, Prannoy endured a somewhat barren spell following these achievements.

=== 2013 ===
In 2013, Prannoy managed to reach the final of the Tata Open International Challenge in [[Mumbai]], eventually losing to compatriot [[Sourabh Verma]] in the final.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sourabh Varma overcomes Prannoy to win Tata Open crown|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/sourabh-varma-overcomes-prannoy-to-win-tata-open-crown/articleshow/27433163.cms|access-date=15 December 2013|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=15 December 2013}}</ref>

=== 2014 ===
In 2014, Prannoy claimed two All India Senior National Ranking Championships: Manorama Indian Open All India Senior Ranking Badminton Tournament, [[Kerala]]<ref>[http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=144479D4-EFF3-4209-9CDA-6B54915FFB23&draw=6 Manorama Indian Open 2014]</ref> and the V. V. Natu Memorial All India Senior Ranking Badminton Tournament, [[Pune]].<ref>[http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=D1F5D5F9-CC78-4E8C-BD4C-AE2EACE1F9E4&draw=2 V.V.Natu Memorial All India Senior Ranking Badminton Tournament]</ref> However, it was his exploits on the international circuit that caught everyone's attention. He was a semi-finalist at the [[2014 India Open Grand Prix Gold]],<ref>[http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=7596546B-7F3D-499A-90E9-90806ECA6123&draw=1 Indian Grand Prix Gold, 2014]</ref> [[Bitburger Open|Bitburger Open Grand Prix Gold]],<ref>[http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/player.aspx?id=6C6A8325-63B2-45E6-AB03-D92A5B77B300&player=150 Bitburger Badminton Open] </ref>[[2014 Macau Open Grand Prix Gold]] and the Sri Lanka Open International Badminton Challenge in [[Colombo]].<ref>[http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=7596546B-7F3D-499A-90E9-90806ECA6123&draw=1 Sri Lanka Open International Badminton Challenge, 2014]</ref>

Prannoy surprised one and all by reaching the final of the [[2014 Vietnam Open Grand Prix]] where he lost to top seed and tournament favourite [[Dionysius Hayom Rumbaka]] of Indonesia.<ref>[http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=C36BBEFE-B7D9-4EC8-B46C-821960390346&draw=2 Vietnam Open, 2014]</ref> In the very next tournament, the [[Indonesia Open Grand Prix Gold]], Prannoy went one better, this time beating local favourite [[Firman Abdul Kholik]] of Indonesia in straight sets.<ref>[http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=C36BBEFE-B7D9-4EC8-B46C-821960390346&draw=2 Indonesian Masters, 2014]</ref> He managed to end the year as the third-highest ranked Indian at World no. 21.

=== 2015 ===
Prannoy started off the year on a good note reaching the semifinals of the [[2015 India Open Grand Prix Gold]]. He put up a spirited performance in the semifinals before bowing out to compatriot [[Srikanth Kidambi]] in 3 sets. His greatest victory came in the pre-quarters of the [[2015 India Super Series]], when he beat an in-form world number 2 [[Jan Ø. Jørgensen]] in 3 sets.<ref>{{cite news|title=India Open Super Series: Prannoy stuns top seed Jorgensen; Kashyap ousted|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/india-open-super-series-prannoy-stuns-top-seed-jorgensen-kashyap-ousted/articleshow/46711320.cms|access-date=27 March 2015|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|date=27 March 2015}}</ref> He played his heart out in the quarter-finals as well, but ultimately suffered defeat to Denmark's [[Viktor Axelsen]].

=== 2016 ===
Prannoy started 2016 on a good note by beating German ace [[Marc Zwiebler]] in the finals of the Swiss Open Grand Prix gold 21–18, 21–15.<ref>{{cite news|title=Badminton: HS Prannoy wins the 2016 Swiss Open men's singles|url=https://scroll.in/latest/805426/badminton-hs-prannoy-wins-the-2016-swiss-open-mens-singles|access-date=20 March 2016|newspaper=[[Scroll.in]]|date=20 March 2016}}</ref>

=== 2017 ===
Prannoy played for the [[Mumbai Rockets]] franchise in the 2017 season of the [[Premier Badminton League]]. In the [[2017 Indonesia Super Series Premier|2017 Indonesia Open]], he defeated the reigning Olympic silver medalist [[Lee Chong Wei]] and the reigning Olympic champion [[Chen Long]] in consecutive matches, but lost to Japanese [[Kazumasa Sakai]] in the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kazumasa Sakai halts HS Prannoy's dream run in Indonesia Open semis|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2017/jun/17/kazumasa-sakai-halts-hs-prannoys-dream-run-in-indonesia-open-semis-1617806.html|access-date=17 June 2017|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|date=17 June 2017}}</ref> At the [[2017 U.S. Open Grand Prix Gold|2017 U.S. Open]], he defeated Vietnamese [[Nguyễn Tiến Minh]] to reach the finals, where he beat compatriot [[Parupalli Kashyap]] to win the title.<ref>{{cite news|title=HS Prannoy beats Parupalli Kashyap to win US Open title|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/hs-prannoy-beats-praupalli-kashyap-to-win-us-open-title-4764299/|access-date=24 July 2017|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=24 July 2017}}</ref>

=== 2018 ===
Prannoy participated in the [[Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's singles|2018 Commonwealth Games]], where he finished in fourth place after being beaten by [[Rajiv Ouseph]] of England in the bronze medal match.<ref>{{cite news|title=Commonwealth Games 2018: HS Prannoy loses badminton men's singles bronze medal match to Rajiv Ouseph|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/commonwealth-games-2018-hs-prannoy-loses-in-badminton-mens-singles-bronze-medal-match-to-rajiv-ouseph-4431825.html|access-date=14 April 2018|newspaper=[[Firstpost]]|date=14 April 2018}}</ref> He then won a bronze medal at the [[2018 Badminton Asia Championships|2018 Asian Championships]], after beating second seed [[Son Wan-ho]] in the quarterfinals. However, he was defeated in the semifinal by third seed [[Chen Long]].<ref>{{cite news|title=A moment to cherish for a long time': Prannoy happy with Asian C'ships bronze after CWG disaster|url=https://scroll.in/field/877284/a-moment-to-cherish-for-a-long-time-prannoy-happy-with-asian-cships-bronze-after-cwg-disaster|access-date=29 April 2018|newspaper=[[Scroll.in]]|date=29 April 2018}}</ref>

=== 2021 ===
Prannoy had a disastrous start to 2021 after exiting in the early rounds of the [[2021 Swiss Open (badminton)|2021 Swiss Open]] and the [[2021 All England Open]]. However, he came back strongly in the second half of the year, most notably defeating reigning Olympic champion [[Viktor Axelsen]] in the 2nd round of the [[2021 Indonesia Masters]] in November.<ref>{{cite news|title=HS Prannoy stuns Olympic champion Viktor Axelsen, moves into Indonesia Masters quarter-finals|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/hs-prannoy-stuns-olympic-champion-viktor-axelsen-moves-into-indonesia-masters-quarter-finals-1878301-2021-11-18|access-date=18 November 2021|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=18 November 2021}}</ref> He got further success in the [[2021 BWF World Championships]], held in December, where he upset World no. 9 [[Ng Ka Long]] of Hong Kong in the 1st round and World no. 10 [[Rasmus Gemke]] in the pre-quarterfinals. He lost to the eventual world champion [[Loh Kean Yew]] of Singapore in the quarterfinals.<ref>{{cite news|title=BWF World Championships: HS Prannoy crashes out in quarterfinals after straight-game defeat vs Yew Kean Loh|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/bwf-world-championships-hs-prannoy-crashes-out-in-quarterfinals-after-straight-game-defeat-vs-yew-kean-loh-1889148-2021-12-17|access-date=17 December 2021|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=17 December 2021}}</ref> His consistent performances in the last few months of the year enabled him to rise to World no. 27 at the end of the year.

=== 2022 ===
Prannoy was part of the India squad for the [[2022 Thomas & Uber Cup|2022 Thomas Cup]]. In the quarter-final against Malaysia, he won the decider match against [[Leong Jun Hao]] to assure India a semi-final spot and its first-ever medal in the [[Thomas Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Men's Badminton Team Scripts History, Defeats Malaysia In Thomas Cup Quarter-Finals To Assure First-Ever Medal {{!}} Badminton News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/badminton/india-assured-of-first-ever-medal-at-thomas-cup-after-mens-team-defeats-malaysia-in-last-eight-2970806 |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref> He repeated this performance in the semi-final against Denmark, beating [[Rasmus Gemke]] in the deciding match to take India to the final,<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2022 |title=Prannoy pulls off another thriller as India down Denmark 3–2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/prannoy-pulls-off-another-thriller-as-india-down-denmark-3-2-to-enter-thomas-cup-final/articleshow/91549722.cms |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> which India eventually won.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2022 |title=Historic title triumph: India stun Indonesia 3–0 to win Thomas Cup|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/india-beat-indonesia-3-0-to-lift-maiden-thomas-cup-trophy/articleshow/91576637.cms |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Prannoy also had a consistent year on the [[2022 BWF World Tour|BWF World Tour]], reaching six quarterfinals and two semifinals, as well as the quarterfinal of the [[2022 BWF World Championships – Men's singles|2022 BWF World Championships]]. This enabled him to re-enter the Top 15 in the [[BWF World Ranking|BWF World Rankings]] after 4 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2022 |title=HS Prannoy storms into top 15 of BWF rankings for the first time in four years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/hs-prannoy-storms-into-top-15-of-bwf-rankings-for-the-first-time-in-four-years/articleshow/94476850.cms |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He also qualified for the [[2022 BWF World Tour Finals|BWF World Tour Finals]] for the first time in his career.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 23, 2022 |title=BWF World Tour Finals: Sindhu, Prannoy named for season finale|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/bwf-pv-sindhu-hs-prannoy-world-tour-finals-complete-list-qualified-players/article66173178.ece |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== Achievements ==

=== BWF World Championships ===
''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2023 BWF World Championships – Men's singles|2023]]
| align="left" | [[Royal Arena]], [[Copenhagen]], Denmark
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn]]
| align="left" | 21–18, 13–21, 14–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|}

=== Asian Games ===
''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#FFB069"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's singles|2022]]
| align="left" | Binjiang Gymnasium, [[Hangzhou]], China
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Shifeng]]
| align="left" | 16–21, 9–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|}

=== Asian Championships ===
''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#ECF2FF"
| align="center" | [[2018 Badminton Asia Championships#Finals|2018]]
| align="left" | [[Wuhan Sports Center Gymnasium]], [[Wuhan]], China
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chen Long]]
| align="left" | 16–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white"| [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|}

=== South Asian Games ===
''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#FFAAAA"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016]]
| align="left" | Multipurpose Hall SAI–SAG Centre, [[Shillong]], India
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Srikanth Kidambi]]
| align="left" | 21–11, 14–21, 6–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
|}

=== Youth Olympic Games ===
''Boys' singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#FBCEB1"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' singles|2010]]
| align="left" | [[Singapore Indoor Stadium]], Singapore
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Pisit Poodchalat]]
| align="left" | 15–21, 16–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Silver medal.svg|16px]] '''Silver'''
|}

=== BWF World Junior Championships===
''Boys' singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#98FB98"
| align="center" | [[2010 BWF World Junior Championships – boys' singles|2010]]
| align="left" | Domo del Code Jalisco, [[Guadalajara]], Mexico
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kang Ji-Wook]]
| align="left" | 13–21, 9–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|}

===BWF World Tour (1 title, 2 runners-up)===
The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |last=Alleyne |first=Gayle |title=BWF Launches New Events Structure |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF). The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300, and the BWF Tour Super 100.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Action-Packed Season Ahead! |url=http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | [[2022 Swiss Open (badminton)#Finals|2022]]
| align="left" | [[Swiss Open (badminton)|Swiss Open]]
| align="left" | Super 300
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Jonatan Christie]]
| align="left" | 12–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2023 Malaysia Masters#Finals|2023]]
| align="left" | [[Malaysia Masters]]
| align="left" | Super 500
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Weng Hongyang]]
| align="left" | 21–19, 13–21, 21–18
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2023 Australian Open (badminton)#Finals|2023]]
| align="left" | [[Australian Open (badminton)|Australian Open]]
| align="left" | Super 500
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} Weng Hongyang
| align="left" | 9–21, 23–21, 20–22
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

=== BWF Grand Prix (3 titles, 1 runner-up)===
The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the [[BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold|Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold]]. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF) and played between 2007 and 2017.

''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D4F1C5"
| align="center" | [[2014 Vietnam Open Grand Prix#Finals|2014]]
| align="left" | [[Vietnam Open (badminton)|Vietnam Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Dionysius Hayom Rumbaka]]
| align="left" | 21–18, 15–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#FFFF67"
| align="center" | [[2014 Indonesian Masters Grand Prix Gold#Finals|2014]]
| align="left" | [[Indonesia Masters|Indonesian Masters]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Firman Abdul Kholik]]
| align="left" | 21–11, 22–20
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#FFFF67"
| align="center" | [[2016 Swiss Open Grand Prix Gold#Finals|2016]]
| align="left" | [[Swiss Open (badminton)|Swiss Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|GER}} [[Marc Zwiebler]]
| align="left" | 21–18, 21–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#FFFF67"
| align="center" | [[2017 U.S. Open Grand Prix Gold#Finals|2017]]
| align="left" | [[U.S. Open Badminton Championships|U.S. Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kashyap Parupalli]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 20–22, 21–12
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}
: {{Color box|#FFFF67|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix|BWF Grand Prix Gold]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D4F1C5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix|BWF Grand Prix]] tournament

=== BWF International Challenge/Series (1 title, 2 runners-up)===
''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2011
| align="left" | [[Bahrain International (badminton)|Bahrain International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sourabh Varma]]
| align="left" | 23–25, 12–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2013
| align="left" | [[Tata Open India International Challenge|Tata Open India International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Sourabh Varma
| align="left" | 12–21, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2014
| align="left" | Tata Open India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[R. M. V. Gurusaidutt]]
| align="left" | 21–16, 20–22, 21–17
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament

== Record against selected opponents ==
Record against Year-end Finals finalists, World Championships semi-finalists, and Olympic quarter-finalists. Accurate as of 31 July 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=H. S. Prannoy head to head |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/head-2-head?OrganizationCode=209B123F-AA87-41A2-BC3E-CB57133E64CC&T1P1MemberID=839501 |website=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:small"
|-
! width="20" | {{abbr|C|Country}}
! width="200" | Player
! width="50" | Matches
! width="50" | Won
! width="50" | Lost
! width="50" | {{abbr|Diff.|Difference}}
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} || align="left" | [[Chen Long]] || 6 || 1 || 5 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –4
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} || align="left" | [[Du Pengyu]] || 1 || 0 || 1 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} || align="left" | [[Lin Dan]] || 5 || 3 || 2 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} || align="left" | [[Shi Yuqi]] || 9 || 2 || 7 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –5
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} || align="left" | [[Tian Houwei]] || 1 || 0 || 1 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} || align="left" | [[Zhao Junpeng]] || 3 || 1 || 2 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} || align="left" | [[Chou Tien-chen]] || 14 || 6 || 8 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} || align="left" | [[Anders Antonsen]] || 4 || 2 || 2 || bgcolor="#fffff0" | 0
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} || align="left" | [[Viktor Axelsen]] || 10 || 3 || 7 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –4
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} || align="left" | [[Jan Ø. Jørgensen]] || 4 || 4 || 0 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +4
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} || align="left" | [[Hans-Kristian Vittinghus]] || 1 || 1 || 0 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} || align="left" | [[Rajiv Ouseph]] || 4 || 1 || 3 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} || align="left" | [[Parupalli Kashyap]] || 4 || 3 || 1 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} || align="left" | [[Srikanth Kidambi]] || 10 || 3 || 7 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –4
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} || align="left" | [[B. Sai Praneeth]] || 5 || 3 || 2 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} || align="left" | [[Lakshya Sen]] || 8 || 3 || 5 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} || align="left" | [[Anthony Sinisuka Ginting]] || 6 || 4 || 2 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} || align="left" | [[Taufik Hidayat]] || 1 || 1 || 0 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} || align="left" | [[Sony Dwi Kuncoro]] || 3 || 2 || 1 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} || align="left" | [[Tommy Sugiarto]] || 3 || 3 || 0 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +3
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} || align="left" | [[Kento Momota]] || 8 || 1 || 7 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –6
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} || align="left" | [[Kodai Naraoka]] || 7 || 1 || 6 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –5
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} || align="left" | [[Lee Chong Wei]] || 5 || 2 || 3 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} || align="left" | [[Liew Daren]] || 12 || 8 || 4 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +4
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|SGP}} || align="left" | [[Loh Kean Yew]] || 6 || 4 || 2 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} || align="left" | [[Heo Kwang-hee]] || 1 || 1 || 0 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} || align="left" | [[Lee Hyun-il]] || 3 || 1 || 2 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} || align="left" | [[Son Wan-ho]] || 5 || 2 || 3 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} || align="left" | [[Boonsak Ponsana]] || 2 || 2 || 0 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} || align="left" | [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn]] || 3 || 0 || 3 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –3
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} || align="left" | [[Kantaphon Wangcharoen]] || 3 || 2 || 1 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|VIE}} || align="left" | [[Nguyễn Tiến Minh]] || 2 || 1 || 1 || bgcolor="#fffff0" | 0
|}
{{col-end}}

== See also ==
*[[Badminton in India]]
*[[India national badminton team]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{BWFB|83950}}
* {{BWFT|9906AA55-580B-465A-8782-2251A4912DB9}}
* {{Olympics.com|name=Prannoy Haseena Sunil Kumar}}
* {{Olympedia|name=H. S. Sunil Kumar}}
* {{InterSportStats|3000349942|H. S. Sunil Kumar}}
* {{2018 Commonwealth Games profile|badminton/athlete-profile-n6018907-h-s-prannoy|H. S. Prannoy}}
* {{Instagram|name=Prannoy H S}}

{{Footer Thomas Cup Champions Badminton Team Men}}
{{Badminton in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prannoy, H. S.}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male badminton players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Indian national badminton champions]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in badminton]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in badminton]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in badminton]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in badminton]]

A. Seshayya Sastri

2026-05-03T16:12:34Z

VanessaColls18: New a pg

{{Short description|Indian administrator (1828–1903)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Sir
| name = Amaravati Seshayya Sastri
| image =Seshayya_sastri.jpg
| image_size =250px
| caption = ''Portrait of Sir A. Seshayya Sastri''
| office1 = [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of [[Pudukkottai]]
| term_start1 = 1878
| term_end1 = 1894
| monarch1 = Ramachandra Tondaiman (1878-1886), [[Marthanda Bhairava Tondaiman]] (1886-1894)
| successor1 = [[R. Vedantacharlu]]
| office2 = Diwan of Travancore
| term_start2 = May 1872
| term_end2 = 1877
| monarch2 = [[Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore]]
| predecessor2 =[[T. Madhava Rao]]
| successor2 = [[Nanoo Pillai]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1828|03|22}}
| birth_place = [[Tanjore]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1903|10|29|1828|03|22}}
| death_place = [[Madras Presidency]], [[India]]
| party =
| spouse = Sundari
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater =[[Madras University]]
| occupation =[[lawyer]], Administrator
| profession =[[politician|Statesman]]
| signature = Seshayyasastrisign.JPG
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sir Amaravati Seshayya Sastri''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|KCSI}} (22 March 1828 – 29 October 1903), or '''Sashiah Sastri''', was an Indian administrator who served as the [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of [[Travancore]] from May 1872 to 4 May 1877 and as the Diwan of [[Pudukkottai state|Pudukkottai]] from 1878 to 1894. He is credited with having modernized the city of [[Pudukkottai]].

Seshayya Sastri was born in the village of Amaravati in [[Tanjore district]], [[Madras Presidency]] in 1828 in a poor Hindu family. At the age of nine, Seshayya Sastri moved to [[Madras]] city with his uncle Gopala Aiyer. Seshayya Sastri had his schooling and higher education in Madras and graduated in 1848 in first class.

In 1848, Seshayya Sastri was employed as a clerk in the Revenue Office and rose to become Tahsildar, Naib Sheristadar and later, Head Sheristadar. In 1872, Seshayya Sastri was appointed Diwan of Travancore and served from 1872 to 1877, when palace intrigues forced him to quit. Seshayya Sastri served as Diwan of Pudukkottai from 1878 to 1886 and Diwan-Regent from 1886 to 1894. He rebuilt the town of Pudukkottai and created the Pudukulam Lake. Seshayya Sastri retired from service in 1894. He died on 29 October 1903 at the age of 75.

Seshayya Sastri was made a [[Order of the Star of India|Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] in 1902.

== Early life ==

Seshayya Sastri was born on 22 March 1828<ref name="visakhavijaya">{{cite book | title=Visakhavijaya, a Study| last=Pillai| first=Poovattoor Ramakrishna| year=1990| page=85| publisher=Anitha Publications}}</ref> in the village of Amaravati in [[Tanjore district]]<ref name="tanjore_district_handbook">{{cite book | title=Tanjore District Handbook | year=1957| page=419| publisher=Madras (India : State) Record Office, Tamil Nadu, India, B. S. Ranga Record Office}}</ref> He was the youngest of six children and his father was a Vaidika priest. Sastri's parents were poor and he had a troubled upbringing.<ref name="tanjore_district_handbook" /> At a very early age, he moved with his uncle Gopala Aiyer, to Madras. In Madras, he learnt Tamil from a private tuition master and had his first English lessons at a school run by a Portuguese named Francis Rodriques. In 1837, Seshayya Sastri joined Anderson's school. As a child, Seshayya Sastri mastered verses from the [[Bible]] and became a favorite with the Rev. Mr. Anderson. In 1840, as a result of violent protests and accusations of proselytization against Anderson, an Education Board was set up by the Madras Government and a preparatory and a high school established by the board. Seshayya Sastri joined the preparatory school in 1841. The school was later upgraded to a high school and Seshayya Sastri studied in the school till 1848 when financial difficulties forced him to quit. The headmaster of the school was the legendary [[E. B. Powell]] who took a special liking for the boy. Sastri's classmates at the school were the illustrious [[Ramiengar]] and [[T. Madhava Rao]]. In 1848, he joined [[Pachaiyappa's College|Pachaiyappa's school]] and studied with the aid of a regular stipend from the Government.

Meanwhile, Sastri's uncle Gopala Aiyer died in 1847. The very same year Seshayya Sastri married Sundari, a native of [[Konerirajapuram]] and became a [[household]]er. Seshayya Sastri rigorously practised oratory and drama along with his close friend Ramiengar. He graduated on 29 May 1848 in first class. In September 1848, Sastri was employed as a [[clerk (position)|clerk]] in the Revenue Office.

== Career ==

Seshayya Sastri's performance as a clerk won him a place in the Roving Commission. Later, Seshayya was transferred to the Currents Department and was eventually appointed Tahsildar of Masulipatnam in May 1851. Sastri was promoted as Naib Sheristadar in 1853 and Head Sheristadar on 5 November 1855. Seshayya served in the Imam Commission from November 1858 to 1865, when he was appointed Deputy Collector of Tanjore. Sastri took charge in April 1866 and served for a year till he was appointed Vice President of the Tanjore municipality. In 1869, Seshayya was appointed Head Sheristadar of the Board of Revenue. In May 1872, he succeeded his classmate [[T. Madhava Rao|Madhava Rao]] as the Dewan of Travancore.<ref name="visakhavijaya" /><ref name="in_quest_of_kerala">{{cite book | title=In Quest of Kerala| last=Nayar| year=1974| page=98| publisher=Accent Publications}}</ref>

== As Dewan of Travancore ==
During the tenure of Seshayya Sastri as Dewan, the Varkala Tunnel connecting two lakes in Varkala, forty kilometres from Tiruvananthapuram city was opened for traffic.<ref name="in_quest_of_kerala" /> The first systematic census of Travancore state was taken on 18 May 1875.<ref name="in_quest_of_kerala" />

Seshayya Sastri became Dewan at a time when Travancore was gripped by political intrigues. Sastri's predecessor Madhava Rao had tried to overrule the king and was dismissed.<ref name="malayali_literature">{{cite book | title=A History of Malayalam Literature | last=Chaitanya| first=Krishna| year=1971| page=167| publisher=Orient Longman}}</ref> Sastri, too, was dominant and uncompromising as Madhava Rao and had frequent clashes with the king.<ref name="malayali_literature" /><ref name="keralavarma">{{cite book | title=Kerala Varma | last=Pillai| first=P. K. Narayana| year=1988| page=33| publisher=Sahitya Academy}}</ref> Notwithstanding this strained relationship, Kerala Varma, the ruler of Cochin, wrote a letter to Seshayya Sastri warning him about the designs of Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal but the letter fell into the hands of the Raja of Travancore.<ref name="keralodaya">{{cite book | title=Keralodaya: An Epic Kāvya on Kerala History | publisher=University of Calicut| title-link=Keralodayam Mahakavyam}}</ref>

In August 1877, Seshayya Sastri resigned as Diwan of Travancore and retired to [[Trichinopoly]] where he was appointed Vice-President and Secretary of the Mansion House Famine Relief Committee. In January 1878, Seshayya was nominated to the [[Madras Legislative Council]] and served till August 1878 when he took charge as the Diwan of Pudukkottai.

== As Dewan of Pudukkottai ==
In 1878, when Ramachandra Tondaiman was the ruler of Pudukkottai, Seshayya Sastri was appointed Dewan.<ref name="imperial_gazette_1908p232">[[#Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1908|Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1908]], Pg. 232</ref> He brought forth a number of reforms. He remodelled the town and rebuilt it incorporating modern principles of town planning.<ref name="pudukkottai_history">{{cite web|url=http://www.pudukkottai.org/places/pudukkottai/01pudukkottai.html#HISTORY |title=Modern History of Pudukkottai |accessdate=13 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319060317/http://www.pudukkottai.org/places/pudukkottai/01pudukkottai.html |archivedate=19 March 2008 }}</ref><ref name="imperial_gazette_1908p241">[[#Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1908|Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1908]], Pg. 241</ref> The Pudukkottai administrative office building was constructed during the tenure of Seshayya Sastri.<ref name="imperial_gazette_1908p241" /><ref name="pudukkottai_district_official">{{cite web|url=http://pudukkottai.nic.in/history.htm|title=Official website of Pudukottai District|accessdate=13 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918102258/http://pudukkottai.nic.in/history.htm|archive-date=18 September 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The famous Pudukkulam Lake in Pudukkottai was a creation of Seshayya Sastri.<ref name="imperial_gazette_1908p241" /><ref name="pudukkottai_district_official" /> Under Seshayya Sastri's advice, Ramachandra Tondaiman renovated many temples in the state.<ref name="pudukkottai_district_official" /> At the suggestion of his Tanjore-born wife,<ref name="brihadambaldas">{{cite book | title=Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLmuJhU3wC8C&pg=PA405| last=Hiltebeitel| first=Alf |authorlink=Alf Hiltebeitel |year=1989| page=405| publisher=SUNY PRESS| isbn=0-88706-981-9}}</ref> Ramachandra Tondaiman adopted the name "Brihadambaldas" with consent of Dewan Seshayya Sastri.<ref name="brihadambaldas" />

In 1886, Ramachandra Tondaiman died and Martanda Bhairava Tondaiman, then a minor, succeeded to the throne of [[Pudukkottai]].<ref name="imperial_gazette_1908p232" /> Seshayya Sastri, who was the Dewan, ruled Pudukkottai as Regent till Martanda Bhairava Tondaiman came of age.<ref name="imperial_gazette_1908p232" /> His tenure as dewan came to an end in 1894 and he returned to private life.<ref name="pudukkottai_history" />

== Later life ==
In 1902, Seshayya Sastri was knighted for his services to the Crown.<ref name="knighthood">{{cite book |title=The Knights of England  |last=Shaw| first=William Arthur |authorlink=William Arthur Shaw |year=1971 |page=6 |publisher=Genealogical Publishing Company |isbn=0-8063-0443-X}}</ref>

Seshayya Sastri died on 29 October 1903.<ref name="tanjore_district_handbook" />

== Honours ==

Seshayya Sastri was made a fellow of the [[University of Madras]] in 1868 and on 1 January 1878, made a [[Order of the Star of India|Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] in the New Year Honour's List. In 1901, Seshayya Sastri was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India in the King's Birthday Honour's List.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== References ==

* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282199|title=The Imperial Gazetteer Of India Vol XX (1908)|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1908|ref=Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1908}}
* {{cite book|title=Sir A. Sashiah Sastri, K.C.S.I., an Indian Statesman: a Biographical Sketch|url=https://archive.org/details/sirasashiahsast00aiyagoog|year=1902|author=B. V. Kamesvara Aiyar|publisher=Srinivasa Varadachari}} ([http://digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/dms/werkansicht/?PPN=PPN628493673&PHYSID=PHYS_0009 Online])
* {{cite news|title=The architect of Pudukkottai|url=http://hindu.com/2000/04/09/stories/1309078a.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007164029/http://hindu.com/2000/04/09/stories/1309078a.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 October 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 April 2000}}

{{Kingdom of Travancore}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seshayya Sastri, A.}}
[[Category:1828 births]]
[[Category:1903 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Diwans of Travancore]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:19th-century regents]]

Sijoy Varghese

2026-04-30T19:44:45Z

VanessaColls18: adding page

{{short description|Indian actor and advertising filmmaker (born 1975)}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sijoy Varghese
| birth_name = Sijoy Varghese
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1971|3|6}}
| birth_place = [[Edappally]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|ad film director}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Tessy Raphel|1999}}
| children = 5
| parents = {{ubl|C. Varghese Kelamparambil|Leelamma Varghese}}
| yearsactive = 1994 – present
| website = {{URL|https://sijoy.com/}}
}}
'''Sijoy Varghese''' (born 6 March 1971) is an Indian [[actor]] and advertising filmmaker.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Joshiy-sir-found-a-commanding-power-in-my-body-language-Sijoy-Varghese/articleshow/39486276.cms |title=Joshiy sir found a commanding power in my body language: Sijoy Varghese |date=3 August 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225055407/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Joshiy-sir-found-a-commanding-power-in-my-body-language-Sijoy-Varghese/articleshow/39486276.cms |archive-date=25 December 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/news/business/ad-gateway-of-cinema.html |title=പരസ്യം: സിനിമയിലേക്ക് തുറക്കുന്ന പടിവാതിൽ |date=12 October 2016 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date=13 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060610/http://www.manoramaonline.com/news/business/ad-gateway-of-cinema.html |archive-date=14 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/ad-film-makers-logo-unweiling.html |title=പരസ്യനിർമാതക്കളുടെ അസോസിയേഷൻ ലോഗോ ബച്ചൻ പുറത്തിറക്കി |date=4 June 2016 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date=13 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060700/http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/ad-film-makers-logo-unweiling.html |archive-date=14 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> He has been involved in advertising and cinema for 20 years. As an actor he has portrayed characters in Malayalam films including ''[[Bangalore Days]]'', ''[[Avatharam (2014 Malayalam film)|Avatharam]]'', ''[[James & Alice]]'', ''[[Aadhi]]'' and ''[[Ittymaani: Made in China]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Sijoy-Varghese-as-Prithvirajs-confidante-next/articleshow/50961440.cms |title=Sijoy Varghese as Prithviraj's confidante next |date=13 February 2016 |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=6 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313012811/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Sijoy-Varghese-as-Prithvirajs-confidante-next/articleshow/50961440.cms |archive-date=13 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130704/entertainment-mollywood/article/%E2%80%98ad%E2%80%99orning-khaki |title='Ad'orning the khaki |date=4 July 2014 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513091420/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130704/entertainment-mollywood/article/%E2%80%98ad%E2%80%99orning-khaki |archive-date=13 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bangalore-days-releasing-uae-3-july-603107 |title='Bangalore Days' Releasing in UAE on 3 July |date=26 June 2014 |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111075320/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bangalore-days-releasing-uae-3-july-603107 |archive-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/avatharam-review-mass-entertainer-dileep-joshiy-team-605897 |title='Avatharam' Review: Mass Entertainer from Dileep-Joshiy Team |first=Nicy |last=V.P |date=1 August 2014 |website=International Business Times, India Edition |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424001806/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/avatharam-review-mass-entertainer-dileep-joshiy-team-605897 |archive-date=24 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/jamna-pyari-review-round-watchable-family-film-onam-season-644497 |title='Jamna Pyari' Review Round-up: Watchable Family Film for Onam Season |last=IBTimes |date=28 August 2015 |website=International Business Times, India Edition |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707033525/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/jamna-pyari-review-round-watchable-family-film-onam-season-644497 |archive-date=7 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Varghese was born in [[Edappally]], [[Kochi]] to (late) C. Varghese Kelamparambil, a headmaster; and (late) Leelamma Varghese, a teacher.

He studied at the [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara]] before commencing his career in the film and advertising film industry.

He married Tessy Raphel in 1999. The couple has five children — Varkey, Maria, Annamma, Anthony and Zarah.

==Career==
Varghese started his career as an assistant director, and has worked with the leading ad film production houses of India. In 2005 he found his own production house, TVC Factory,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140608/entertainment-mollywood/article/success-it-takes-two-tango |title=Success: It takes two to tango! |date=8 June 2014 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222122857/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140608/entertainment-mollywood/article/success-it-takes-two-tango |archive-date=22 December 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2018}} which has now grown to be one of the most trusted production houses in India and UAE.

Varghese is also an actor who has performed supporting characters in Malayalam films including ''Bangalore Days'', ''Avatharam'', ''James & Alice'', ''Aadhi'' and ''Ittymaani: Made in China''.

He is the current President of Indian Adfilm Makers (IAM), S.Indian Chapter.

Varghese started his acting career in 2013 with the role of a police commissioner in [[Martin Prakkat]]'s ''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|ABCD]]'', along with [[Dulquer Salmaan]]. He indulged in further experimentation with [[Amal Neerad]] Production's ''[[5 Sundarikal]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2013/jun/20/stories-from-the-heart-488653.html |title=Stories from the heart |website=The New Indian Express |date=20 June 2013 |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118181156/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2013/jun/20/Stories-from-the-heart-488653.html |archive-date=18 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> (2013). He co-wrote ''Isha'' with [[Sidharth Bharathan]] for [[Sameer Thahir]] in the much appreciated anthology. After his villainous Cabinet Minister for ''[[Thira (film)|Thira]]'' by [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130704/entertainment-mollywood/article/%E2%80%98ad%E2%80%99orning-khaki |title=Ad'orning the khaki |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513091420/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130704/entertainment-mollywood/article/%E2%80%98ad%E2%80%99orning-khaki |archive-date=13 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> he did a notable role in [[Anjali Menon]]'s movie ''[[Bangalore Days]]'' as Coach Zach, for which his character got a huge fan response. Later, he played the same role of the coach with [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] in the Tamil remake named ''[[Bangalore Naatkal]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Sijoys-cop-act-in-Kollywood/articleshow/46794708.cms |title=Sijoy's cop act in Kollywood |date=4 April 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308234023/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Sijoys-cop-act-in-Kollywood/articleshow/46794708.cms |archive-date=8 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Then he appeared on screen as ACP Gautam Viswanath along with [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] in director [[Joshiy]]'s ''[[Avatharam (2014 Malayalam film)|Avatharam]]'', for which his character was appreciated by critics and public in general. In 2016 he portrayed St. Peter in Sujith Vasudev's debut movie ''[[James & Alice]]'', for which he garnered critical acclaim for his style of acting. He appeared in ''[[Jamna Pyari]]''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-enjoy-playing-cool-dads-Sijoy-Varghese/articleshow/49183756.cms |title=I enjoy playing cool dads: Sijoy Varghese |date=2 October 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118140138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-enjoy-playing-cool-dads-Sijoy-Varghese/articleshow/49183756.cms |archive-date=18 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> as Vasu, Pranav Mohanlal starrer ''[[Aadhi]]'' as Sidharth, and Mohanlal starrer ''[[Ittymaani: Made in China]]'' as Alex Plamoottil.

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
===Malayalam films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable' | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2013 || ''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|ABCD]]'' || Commissioner ||
|-
| ''[[Thira (film)|Thira]]'' || Home Minister Alex ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/shobana-play-lead-thira-sequel-608682 |title=Shobana to Play Lead in 'Thira' Sequel |date=9 September 2014 |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222122325/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/shobana-play-lead-thira-sequel-608682 |archive-date=22 December 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2014 || ''[[Bangalore Days]]'' || Coach Zach ||
|-
| ''[[Avatharam (2014 Malayalam film)|Avatharam]]'' || ACP Gautam Viswanath ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/avatharam-box-office-collection-dileep-starrer-grosses-4-crore-3-days-606003 |title='Avatharam' Box Office Collection: Dileep Starrer Grosses ₹4 Crore in 3 Days |first=Nicy |last=V.P |date=4 August 2014 |website=International Business Times, India Edition |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118010240/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/avatharam-box-office-collection-dileep-starrer-grosses-4-crore-3-days-606003 |archive-date=18 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[RajadhiRaja]]'' || Gangster Chandru ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Ayal Njanalla]]'' || Manaf ||
|-
| ''[[Jamna Pyari]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[James & Alice]]''|| St. Peter || [[Asianet Film Awards|19th Asianet Film Awards - Special Jury award]] [[Asiavision Awards]] - Best Supporting Actor
|-
| ''Gemini''|| Dr. Vijay Varma ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017 || ''[[Tharangam (2017 film)|Tharangam]]''|| Christopher Luke ||
|-
| ''[[Pullikkaran Staraa]]''|| Antony ||
|-
| ''[[Aadu 2]]''|| Keshav Madhav IPS ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018 || ''[[Diwanjimoola Grand Prix]]''|| Bike Rider Christo ||
|-
| ''[[Aadhi]]''|| Sidharth ||
|-
| ''[[Parole]]''|| Varkey ||
|-
| ''[[Abrahaminte Santhathikal]]''|| Joseph Esthappan ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2019 || ''[[Mikhael (film)|Mikhael]]''|| Abram ||
|-
| ''[[Neeyum Njanum]]''|| Kishan ||
|-
| ''[[The Gambinos]]''|| DySP Pradeep Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]''|| PR Manager ||
|-
| ''Ormayil Oru Sisiram''|| Shihab ||
|-
| ''[[The Gambler (2019 film)|The Gambler]]''|| Kochu Lona ||
|-
| ''[[Ittymaani: Made in China]]''|| Alex Plamoottil ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2020 || ''Thelivu'' || Issac ||
|-
| ''[[Guardian (2021 film)|Guardian]]'' || Nandakumar IPS ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[Kolaambi]]'' || Sanjay Tharakan ||
|-
| ''[[Lal Bagh]]'' || Tom ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022 || ''[[Bro Daddy]]'' || Agency Head ||
|-
| ''The Hope'' || Dr. John ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''Binary'' || Sreeram ||
|-
| ''Namukku Kodathiyil Kanaam'' || David ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Swargam]]'' || Fr. Sony ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-27 |title=Aju Varghese starrer 'Swargam' first look poster|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/aju-varghese-movie-swargam-first-look-poster-1.9820185 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || {{Pending film| Unmadham}} || {{TableTBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-25 |title=Kunchacko Boban-Lijomol Jose film titled Unmadham, gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Apr/25/kunchacko-boban-lijomol-jose-film-titled-unmadham-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Other language films===

{| class = "wikitable sortable "
!Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class"unsortable' | Notes
|-
|2015
| ''[[Bangalore Naatkal]]'' || Coach Zach || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
|2016
| ''[[Munnodi]]'' || ACP Soundarpandian ||
|-
|2017
| ''[[A Gentleman]]'' || Ramachandra Rao IPS || Hindi ||
|-
|2018
| ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2018 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' || Sanjay || Telugu ||
|-
|2023
| ''[[Thunivu]]''|| Sam Jacob || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2024 || ''[[Ayalaan]]'' || Arjun ||
|-
| ''[[KA (film)|KA]]'' || Abid Shaikh || Telugu || Uncredited
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=7328054|name=Sijoy Varghese}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varghese, Sijoy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

Sanjay Govil

2026-04-25T21:35:45Z

VanessaColls18: adding stub...

{{short description|Indian-American businessman}}{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox person
|image = SanjayGovil.jpg
| name = Sanjay Govil
| education = B.A., [[Auburn University]] M.A., [[Syracuse University]], [[Wharton School of Business]]
| occupation = Businessman
}}

'''Sanjay Govil''' is an Indian-American businessman. He is the owner of the [[Washington Freedom (cricket)|Washington Freedom]] [[cricket]] team, a co-owner of the [[Welsh Fire]] cricket team, and the founder and chairman of Infinite Computer Solutions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atherton |first=Mike |date=2025-02-14 |title=Can American tech tycoon’s £84.6m breathe new life into Welsh cricket? |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/cricket/article/hundred-welsh-fire-cricket-glamorgan-mike-atherton-t0506qst2 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Randall |first=Liam |date=2025-02-13 |title=Ryan Reynolds suffers $50M blow as billionaire businessman wraps up huge deal |url=https://www.themirror.com/sport/other-sport/ryan-reynolds-suffers-50-million-972636 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=The Mirror US |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Govil graduated from [[Auburn University]] with a degree in electrical engineering. He also has advanced degrees from [[Syracuse University]] and [[Wharton School|Wharton School of Business]]. His father was a professor of mathematics at Auburn University.<ref name= Shearer>{{cite web|last=Shearer|first=Jeff|title=The American dream with Auburn as the backbone- Entrepreneur Sanjay Govil|url=https://auburntigers.com/news/2017/7/12/_The_American_dream_with_Auburn_as_the_backbone_Entrepreneur_Sanjay_Govil.aspx|date=12 July 2017|website=Auburn Tigers}}</ref>

==Career==
Govil began his career at [[IBM]].<ref name=Shearer /><ref name= Allen>{{cite web|last=Allen|first=Ike|title=The Owner of DC's New Major League Cricket Team Is an Evangelist for the Sport|url=https://washingtonian.com/2023/07/13/the-owner-of-dcs-new-major-league-cricket-team-is-an-evangelist-for-the-sport/|date=13 July 2023|website=The Washingtonian}}</ref> In 1999, Govil founded Infinite Computers, a global technology platform provider.<ref name=Shearer /> The company went private in 2018; as of 2023, Govil sits on the Board of Directors of the Company.<ref name= Cordell>{{cite web|last=Cordell|first=Carten|title=An explosive wave of hiring is expected. A Rockville company made a big purchase with that in mind|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2021/04/26/with-ibm-software-suite-buy-infinite-bets-on-jobs.html|date=26 April 2021|website=Washington Business Journal}}</ref> Govil is the founder and CEO of Zyter.<ref name=Allen />

Govil also owned the [[Delhi Dashers|Delhi Acers]] badminton team before a sellout to the [[Dalmia Group]] ahead of the [[2017-18 Premier Badminton League]] season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://business-standard.com/article/news-ians/cricket-in-us-delhi-acers-owner-sanjay-govil-has-a-new-dream-116032800533_1.html |first=Arun |last=Kumar |website=Business Standard |title=Cricket in US: Delhi Acers owner Sanjay Govil has a new dream |date=March 28, 2016 |access-date=September 27, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/dalmia-group-becomes-owners-of-delhi-dashers-in-pbl-3/articleshow/62267822.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=December 27, 2017 |title=Dalmia Group becomes owners of Delhi Dashers in PBL 3 |access-date=September 27, 2023}}</ref>

Govil is a founding investor in [[Major League Cricket]] and the lead team investor and owner of the Washington Freedom cricket team.<ref name="Kumar">{{cite web|last=Kumar|first=Arun|title=Sanjay Govil brings professional cricket to Washington|date=21 March 2023|url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2023/03/20/sanjay-govil-brings-professional-cricket-to-washington-452961/|website=The American Bazaar}}</ref><ref name=Barua>{{cite web|last=Barua|first=Abhishek|title=MLC Mumbai Indians bags New York Franchise in Major League Cricket|url=https://crictips.com/news/major-league-cricket/mlc-mumbai-indians-bags-new-york-franchise-in-major-league-cricket/|date=13 July 2023}}</ref> Govil and the team partnered with [[George Mason University]] to attempt to build a combined cricket and [[baseball]] stadium in [[Fairfax, Virginia]].<ref name=Allen /> In March 2024 the project was scrapped,<ref name="nbc-scrapped">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-28 |title=GMU cricket stadium proposal scrapped |url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/northern-virginia/gmu-cricket-stadium-proposal-scrapped/3579208/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=NBC4 Washington |language=en-US}}</ref> but efforts to build a stadium at a different site in the D.C., Virginia, and Maryland area have continued.<ref name="wapo-rfk-cricket">{{Cite web |last=Wiener |first=Aaron |last2=Brice-Saddler |first2=Michael |date=2024-11-30 |title=Cricket in D.C.? Team owner lobbies city for stadium at RFK site. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2024/11/30/cricket-washington-rfk-stadium/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241203112236/https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2024/11/30/cricket-washington-rfk-stadium/ |archive-date=2024-12-03 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref><ref name="forbes-stadium">{{Cite web |last=Lavalette |first=Tristan |date=2025-06-28 |title=A Home Ground For Washington Freedom Could Ignite Cricket In Maryland |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tristanlavalette/2025/06/28/a-home-ground-for-washington-freedom-could-ignite-cricket-in-maryland/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, Govil secured a 50% stake in the Cardiff-based cricket team [[Welsh Fire]] for approximately $50 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atherton |first=Mike |date=2025-02-14 |title=Can American tech tycoon’s £84.6m breathe new life into Welsh cricket? |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/cricket/article/hundred-welsh-fire-cricket-glamorgan-mike-atherton-t0506qst2 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Randall |first=Liam |date=2025-02-13 |title=Ryan Reynolds suffers $50M blow as billionaire businessman wraps up huge deal |url=https://www.themirror.com/sport/other-sport/ryan-reynolds-suffers-50-million-972636 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=The Mirror US |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Govil, Sanjay}}
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]

Devil's Double Next Level

2026-04-24T16:29:41Z

VanessaColls18: New new biography - done

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by S. Prem Anand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devil's Double Next Level
| image = Devil's Double Next Level Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = S. Prem Anand
| writer = S. Prem Anand
| screenplay = S. Prem Anand E. Murugan Eswara Moorthy G. L. Sethu Raman
| story = S. Prem Anand E. Murugan Eswara Moorthy G. L. Sethu Raman
| producer = {{ubl
|Venkat Boyanapalli
|[[Arya (actor)|Arya]]
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
* [[Selvaraghavan]]
* [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
* Geethika Tiwary
}}
| cinematography = Deepak Kumar Padhy
| editing = Bharath Vikraman
| music = [[OfRo]]
| studio = {{ubl|
* [[The Show People]]
* Niharika Entertainment
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|05|16}}
| runtime = 133 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devil's Double Next Level |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMzAxMDUyMDI1MDAwMTQ= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516032843/https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php%3Frecid%3DQ0EwMzAxMDUyMDI1MDAwMTQ%3D |archive-date=16 May 2025 |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}14.95 crore{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}
}}

'''''Devil's Double Next Level''''' (previously known as '''''DD Next Level''''') is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Satire (film and television)|satirical]] [[comedy horror]] film written and directed by S. Prem Anand. Produced by [[The Show People]] and Niharika Entertainment, the film stars [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Selvaraghavan]], [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] and Geethika Tiwary in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite news|title='DD Next Level': Makers release first look of Santhanam from horror comedy|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dd-next-level-first-look-santhanam-horror-comedy/article69123424.ece/|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=21 January 2025|archive-date=3 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203020504/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dd-next-level-first-look-santhanam-horror-comedy/article69123424.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the fourth instalment in the [[Dhilluku Dhuddu (film series)|''Dhilluku Dhuddu'' film series]].

''Devil's Double Next Level'' was released on 16 May 2025 in theaters to mixed reviews from critics.

== Plot ==

=== "Hitchcock" Irudhayaraj ===

The film begins with It's Prashanth, a movie reviewer, receiving a special show ticket for "Hitchcock Iruthyaraj," a film directed by Hitchcock Iruthyaraj himself. At the Cinema Paradise theater, Prashanth finds himself alone and soon becomes trapped. He witnesses Hitchcock Iruthyaraj brutally killing movie reviewers who gave poor reviews. The film intertwines with the killings, and by the end, Hitchcock Iruthyaraj and his assistant are shown to be killed, with Prashanth being trapped and killed by Hitchcock's spirit.

=== Who is Kissa 47 ? ===

Krishnamoorthy "Kissa 47," a sharp-tongued YouTube film reviewer, known for his honest critiques, receives an invitation to a private screening of Hitchcock Iruthyaraj's latest film, "DD Next Level." Kissa visits the dilapidated theater, suspects something is off, and escapes. However, Kissa's family and girlfriend, Aasai Harshini, unaware of the danger, attend the screening. Kissa rushes to rescue them and finds himself trapped with two other reviewers, "Veen Pechu" Babu and "Veen Pechu" Mani, thrown into the film by Hitchcock Iruthyaraj's spirit.

=== DD Next Level: Chapter 1 - Mask Killer ===

In the film, Kissa finds himself trapped in a haunted cruise ship, and a masked assailant kills Mani. Iruthyaraj appears outside the screen, challenging Kissa and Babu to survive until the end credits roll to escape the film and return to reality. Kissa's family members, including his father Auto Baskar (now Captain McDonald), mother Devaki (now Shilpa, a Telugu-speaking actress), and younger sister Devi (now Maya, the film's female lead actress), no longer recognize him. Kissa meets the film's lead actor, Ragavan, and his assistant, Gopal, but they don't understand him. Iruthyaraj hints that Kissa's mother, Shilpa, is destined to be killed according to the film's script. To save his mother, Kissa directs the masked killer to himself and gets beaten unconscious.

=== DD Next Level: Chapter 2 - Mystic Island ===

The cruise ship passengers move to a nearby island, Cuckoo's Nest, owned by Robert. Kissa and Babu hear the voice of Aasai Harshini, now known as Jessica Sebastian, and are shocked to see her portrait in the resort. Kissa learns that Jessica Sebastian went missing years ago, and the island is said to be haunted by her spirit. A tribesman hints to Kissa and Babu about a diary hidden on the third floor of the resort, which might reveal ways to escape the dangers. Before they can investigate, the other passengers, including Maya, Shilpa, Gopal, and Arumugam, enter the haunted room, fearing spirits. Meanwhile, Ragavan suspects the resort owners are cannibals and holds them at gunpoint, but the masked killer, revealed to be Robert, apprehends Ragavan. Robert chases Maya, Shilpa, Gopal, and Arumugam, but Kissa helps them escape. Kissa ventures to retrieve the diary from a deep pit with the help of a rope. However, as soon as he opens the diary, the spirit of Jessica Sebastian is unleashed. The witchcraft woman orders Robert to fetch Jessica's diary to destroy her soul permanently.

Despite the diary changing hands multiple times, Kissa eventually retrieves it. With the diary, Kissa plans to travel to the past to prevent Jessica's death and the curse that haunts the island. As Captain reads the diary, the flashback reveals Jessica's story. She had purchased the island and resort, only to discover Robert's activities of killing humans as sacrifices to their forefathers. Before Robert could kill her, Kissa and Babu travel to the past and safeguard her, killing Robert and his men in the process. With the curse lifted, Kissa rejoices, thinking they can now safely return to the real world. However, Iruthyaraj reveals a twist: by saving Jessica, Kissa has inadvertently brought back to life the man-eating cannibals that Jessica's spirit had previously killed. Kissa asks Iruthyaraj how to escape the trap, and Iruthyaraj replies that Kissa must fight them off to safeguard his family.

=== DD Next Level: Chapter 3 - Haunted Factory ===

Kissa, along with Babu, Ragavan, Arumugam, Jessica, and Gopal, embarks on a mission to rescue his family from the cannibals. As they fight the four cannibals, the film's rolling title symbolizes their limited time. Kissa and Ragavan kill one cannibal, and the Captain's idea sets a room full of traps, but Arumugam and Gopal get caught and die. Kissa and Babu use a huge metal ball to kill another cannibal, and a bomb blast kills the third one. However, Babu sacrifices himself, considering his wastrel nature in the real world. With everyone's help, Kissa finally kills the last cannibal. But just as they think they've won, the four cannibals return to life, hinting at a sequel, "DD Never Ends". A black hole appears, sucking Kissa's family and girlfriend into it. Iruthyaraj laughs, expecting Kissa to continue the cycle. However, Kissa outsmarts him by killing Ragavan, ensuring there's no hero to continue the sequel.

==='E'ffort 'N'ever 'D'ies ===
Kissa tells Iruthyaraj that reviews don't define a film's quality, and finally Iruthyaraj sets Kissa free, and he returns to the real world, where his family is safe. The film ends with fake and paid reviewers entering the theater.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Krishnamoorthy "Kissa 47"
* [[Selvaraghavan]] as "Hitchcock" Iruthyaraj
* [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] as Ragavan, the film's male lead
* Geethika Tiwary in a [[dual role]] as
** Aasai Harshini, Kissa's girlfriend
** Jessica Sebastian, a vengeful spirit ([[Voice-over|Voice dubbed]] by Ashmini Balakrishnan)
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] in a dual role as
** Auto Baskar, Kissa's father
** Captain Mc Donald
* [[Kasthuri Shankar]] in a dual role as
** Devaki, Kissa's mother
** Shilpa, a Telugu-speaking actress
* [[Yashika Aannand]] in a dual role as
** Devi, Kissa's younger sister
** Maya, the film's female lead
* [[Rajendran]] as "Veen Pechu" Babu
* [[Lollu Sabha Maaran]] as "All Language" Arumugam
* [[Redin Kingsley]] as Gopal, Ragavan's assistant
* It's Prashanth as himself
* Raveendran as a producer
* [[Ganeshkar|Ganesh]] as "Veen Pechu" Mani
* Varshini Venkat as Lily
* Chamanthy Priya
* Reehana
* [[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as himself
* Filmi Craft Arun as himself
* Vera Level Cinema Karthik
* Ottran Durai
* Gopikumar M
* Rudra Kamal
}}

== Production ==
In 2024, [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] and [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] announced the sequel of ''[[DD Returns]]'' (2023) on 7 July 2024, written and directed by S. Prem Anand.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-08 |title=Santhanam's 'DD Returns' gets a sequel; Arya to present film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/santhanams-dd-returns-gets-a-sequel-arya-to-present-film/article68380595.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205005130/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/santhanams-dd-returns-gets-a-sequel-arya-to-present-film/article68380595.ece |archive-date=5 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film is produced by Venkat Boyanapalli under his Niharika Entertainment and presented by Arya under his [[The Show People]] banner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DD Next Level update: Santhanam's horror comedy wraps filming {{!}} See pics |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dd-next-level-update-santhanams-horror-comedy-wraps-filming-see-pics/de7fbe3e0f105 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was officially announced on 20 January 2025, titled as ''DD Next Level''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-22 |title=Santhanam's 'DD Returns' gets a sequel, title and first look revealed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanams-dd-returns-gets-a-sequel-title-and-first-look-revealed/articleshow/117448614.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212053618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanams-dd-returns-gets-a-sequel-title-and-first-look-revealed/articleshow/117448614.cms |archive-date=12 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film also stars [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], [[Selvaraghavan]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-01-20 |title=Santhanam, Selvaraghavan, Gautham Vasudev Menon to join hands for DD Next Level |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/20/santhanam-selvaraghavan-gautham-vasudev-menon-to-join-hands-for-dd-next-level |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Geethika Tiwary, [[Yashika Aannand]], [[Kasthuri Shankar]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-12 |title="டிடி நெக்ஸ்ட் லெவல்" - கஸ்தூரியின் கதாபாத்திர அறிமுக போஸ்டர் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/devils-double-nextlevel-character-intro-in-kasthuri-as-devaki-shilpa-1157330 |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta |archive-date=12 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512094154/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/devils-double-nextlevel-character-intro-in-kasthuri-as-devaki-shilpa-1157330 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Nizhalgal Ravi]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-13 |title="டிடி நெக்ஸ்ட் லெவல்" - நிழல்கள் ரவியின் கதாபாத்திர அறிமுக போஸ்டர் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/dd-next-level-nizhalgal-ravis-character-introduction-poster-released-1157675 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta |archive-date=14 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514022413/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/dd-next-level-nizhalgal-ravis-character-introduction-poster-released-1157675 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lollu Sabha Maaran|Maaran]] and [[Rajendran]] in key roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After Madha Gaja Raja success, Santhanam unveils DD Next Level first look; to release in May |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/after-madha-gaja-raja-success-santhanam-unveils-dd-next-level-first-look-to-release-in-may/a1a52fc2ca864 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> The technical team consists of music composed by [[OfRo]], cinematography by Dipak Kumar Padhy, editing by Bharath Vikraman<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-02-22 |title=First single from Santhanam's DD Next Level to be unveiled on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/22/first-single-from-santhanams-dd-next-level-to-be-unveiled-on-this-date#google_vignette |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> and art direction by AR Mohan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-08 |title=Story Of Santhanam's DD Returns Sequel Takes Place On An Island! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/story-of-santhanams-dd-returns-sequel-takes-place-on-an-island-article-111570539 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> On 28 April 2025, during the trailer announcement, the film's title was revealed to be ''Devil's Double Next Level''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=DD Next Level trailer drops on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/28/dd-next-level-trailer-drops-on-this-date |access-date=28 April 2025 |work=[[Cinema Express]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-30 |title='Devil's Double Next Level' trailer: Santhanam is a film critic stuck inside a quirky horror film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/devils-double-next-level-trailer-santhanam-dd-next-level-dhillukku-dhuddu/article69508714.ece |access-date=2025-04-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began in early-July 2024 and was wrapped in January 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-29 |title=Shooting of Santhanam-starrer DD Next Level wrapped up; Film to release in May this year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shooting-of-santhanam-starrer-dd-next-level-wrapped-up-film-to-release-in-may-this-year/articleshow/117671943.cms |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-01-29 |title=It's a wrap for DD Next Level |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/29/its-a-wrap-for-dd-next-level |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> On 13 February 2025, it was officially announced that the dubbing process had begun.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-14 |title=Santhanam starts dubbing for 'DD Next Level' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanam-starts-dubbing-for-dd-next-level/articleshow/118245785.cms |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Devil's Double Next Level
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[OfRo]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[OfRo]]
| prev_title = [[Rebel (2024 film)|Rebel]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2025
| misc = {{Singles
|name = Devil's Double Next Level
|type = soundtrack
|single1 = Kissa 47
|single1date = 26 February 2025
|single2 = Cinemakaran
|single2date = 4 May 2025}}
}}
The soundtrack and background is composed by [[OfRo]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-07-11 |title=Horror, humour, and an island seen in Santhanam & Arya's next |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Jul/11/horror-humour-and-an-island-3 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> in his second collaboration with Santhanam and S. Prem Anand after ''[[DD Returns]]'' (2023). The first single "Kissa 47" was released on 26 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ganesh.perumal |title=சந்தானத்தின் டிடி நெக்ஸ்ட் லெவல் படத்தின் மெர்சலான 'கிஸா 47' பாட்டு வந்தாச்சு |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/video/cinema/santhanam-starrer-dd-next-level-movie-kissa-47-song-released-gan-ssa1cw |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Asianet News Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> The second single "Cinemakaran" was released on 4 May 2025.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 10:54
| title1 = Kissa 47
| length1 = 2:51
| lyrics1 = Kelithee
| extra1 = [[OfRo]]
| title2 = Arey Bapre
| length2 = 2:36
| lyrics2 = [[Pa.Vijay]]
| extra2 = Punya Selva, Rockzane
| title3 = Cinemakaran
| length3 = 2:16
| lyrics3 = Thamizh Aadhavan
| extra3 = Vangal Pulla Vicky
| title4 = Gada Gada
| length4 = 1:23
| lyrics4 = Gana Francis
| extra4 = Gana Francis, Urban Thozha
| title5 = Bro Bro Bro
| length5 = 1:17
| lyrics5 = [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
| extra5 = [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
| title6 = Mella Saav
| length6 = 1:11
| lyrics6 = Gana Francis
| extra6 = [[OfRo]]
}}

== Marketing ==
The film's trailer was released on 30 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Devil's Double Next Level - Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/devils-double-next-level-official-trailer/amp_videoshow/120754317.cms |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Devil's Double Next Level'' was released theatrically on 16 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DD Next Level release date out: Santhanam's film to hit theatres for summer |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dd-next-level-release-date-out-santhanams-film-to-hit-theatres-for-summer/6b81e88015632 |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film began streaming on [[ZEE5]] from 13 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-10 |title=Santhanam's DD Next Level gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/10/santhanams-dd-next-level-gets-ott-release-date |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Akshay Kumar of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Self-awareness is the biggest strength of DD Next Level and it is also a risk taken by the director.[...] The screenplay is largely breezing through one humour trope after the other. There are well-written, enjoyable and elaborate sequences that effectively overshadow the wafer-thin plotline of the story."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-05-16 |title=DD Next Level Movie Review: Surface-level storytelling helped by next-level jokes |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/May/16/dd-next-level-movie-review-surface-level-storytelling-helped-by-next-level-jokes |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated with 2/5 stars and wrote "When the most memorable parts of your comedy are the awkward silences where the jokes were supposed to be, it’s a clear sign that the script might have needed a few more levels of refinement."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Abhinav |date=16 May 2025 |title=Devil's Double Next Level Movie Review: Trapped in a punchline purgatory |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/devils-double-next-level/movie-review/121206330.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' rated with 2/5 stars and wrote "Barring a few fun gags, the film is replete with outdated fart jokes."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=16 May 2025 |title=DD Next Level review: Few gags aside, Santhanam's film is mostly torture |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/showbuzz/reviews/story/dd-next-level-review-santhanam-prem-anand-gautham-menon-dhilluku-dhuddu-2725776-2025-05-16 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=16 May 2025 |archive-date=17 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517053915/https://www.indiatoday.in/showbuzz/reviews/story/dd-next-level-review-santhanam-prem-anand-gautham-menon-dhilluku-dhuddu-2725776-2025-05-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated with 1/5 stars and wrote "Fails to capitalise on its unique premise of film reviewers, devolving into a confusing mix of horror and comedy."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=16 May 2025 |title=Devil's Double Next Level movie review: Starring Santhanam, this meta horror comedy is an excruciating watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/devils-double-next-level-movie-review-starring-santhanam-this-meta-horror-comedy-is-an-excruciating-watch-101747394886122.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "After a hilariously meta first half, S Prem Anand’s horror comedy turns into a dreadful mess."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2025-05-16 |title='Devil's Double Next Level' movie review: Santhanam's barely funny, least scary addition to an uneven franchise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/devils-double-next-level-review-santhanam-rajendran-dd-next-level-dhilluku-dhuddu-4-kissa-47/article69583802.ece |access-date=2025-06-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612053704/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/devils-double-next-level-review-santhanam-rajendran-dd-next-level-dhilluku-dhuddu-4-kissa-47/article69583802.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Controversy ==
The makers took down the "Srinivasa Govinda" and "Govind Govinda" chants from the "Kissa 47" song after receiving criticism and condemnations for their inclusion in the song. Earlier, Santhanam and Niharika Entertainments received a defamation notice from [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] member Bhanuprakash Reddy, who demanded that the song be taken down or that they pay {{INRConvert|100|c}} in damages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=DD Next Level: 'Govinda, Govinda' track from 'Kissa 47' song removed following backlash |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/15/dd-next-level-govinda-govinda-track-from-kissa-47-song-removed-following-backlash |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515160722/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/15/dd-next-level-govinda-govinda-track-from-kissa-47-song-removed-following-backlash |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, Kiran Royal, the in-charge of the [[Janasena Party]], filed a complaint against the filmmakers with the Tirupati One Town Police Station, claiming that they had offended Hindu feelings and harmed the deity's reputation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-15 |title=Controversial 'Govinda… Govinda…' song from Santhanam's 'DD Next Level' removed amid protests |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/controversial-govinda-govinda-song-from-santhanams-dd-next-level-removed-amid-protests/articleshow/121182040.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516120415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/controversial-govinda-govinda-song-from-santhanams-dd-next-level-removed-amid-protests/articleshow/121182040.cms |archive-date=16 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:2015 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Self-reflexive films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sanjay Kumar Singh (RJD politician)

2026-04-21T04:20:17Z

VanessaColls18: adding a biography

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjay Kumar Singh
| birth_name = Sanjay Yadav
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1977|10|30}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/213.pdf|title=Member Profile|website=Bihar Vidhan Sabha|accessdate=20 November 2015}}</ref>
| birth_place = Village Tenduli ward No.04, Post+Thana Bikramganj Dist-[[Rohtas district]], Bihar
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Karakaat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karakaat]]
| term_start = 2015
| term_end = 2020
| predecessor = Rajeshwar Raj
| successor = [[Arun Singh Kushwaha|Arun Kumar]]
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater = Bachelor of Arts, [[Magadh University]]
| profession = Politician, social worker, Professor- delhi university
| date =

|
| year =

|
| source = http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/213.pdf
}}
'''Sanjay Kumar Singh''' also known as '''Sanjay Yadav''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Karakaat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karakaat]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/karakat.html|title=Karakat Assembly Election Results 2015|website=www.elections.in}}</ref> and Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] as a member of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] in 2015.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sanjay Kumar}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Rohtas district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]

{{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}

DC Kizhakemuri Foundation

2026-04-20T04:31:22Z

VanessaColls18: New new details - done

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
|image =
|caption =
|map =
|formation = {{Start date and age|2001}}
|extinction =
|type = Literary Foundation
|status =
|purpose =
|headquarters = [[Kottayam]]
|language = [[Malayalam]]
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|parent_organization =
|affiliations =
|remarks =
|name = DC Kizhakemuri Foundation
|abbreviation = DCKF
|founder =
|location = [[Kerala]]
|region_served =
|membership =
|num_staff =
|num_volunteers =
|website =
}}

'''DC Kizhakemuri Foundation''' (DCKF), conceived in 2001 under the Travancore Cochin Legislation of 1957, is formed as a tribute to the late [[D. C. Kizhakemuri]], founder of [[DC Books]]. The DC Kizhakemuri Foundation organises a wide range of art, education and cultural activities.

DC Kizhakemuri Foundation also conducts annual [[literary festival]], [[Kerala Literature Festival]] (KLF), with support from various writers and other organisations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://educationpostonline.in/2017/01/01/registration-begins-for-the-second-edition-of-kerala-literature-festival/|title=Registration begins for the second edition of Kerala Literature Festival – The Education Post|publisher=}}</ref> DCKF always strives to achieve the principles by which [[D. C. Kizhakemuri]] lived.
The foundation runs [[DC School of Management and Technology]] (DCSMAT) and DC School of Architecture and Design, which has campuses in [[Vagamon]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The institutions provides courses such as [[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA), [[Bachelor of Architecture]] (B.Arch), [[Bachelor of Commerce]] (B.Com), [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] (BBA), [[Bachelor of Fine Arts]], Bachelor of Arts in Interior Design (BA Interior Design), [[Certified Management Accountant]] (CMA) and [[Association of Chartered Certified Accountants]] (ACCA).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Ravi-Deecee-to-set-up-two-new-campuses/articleshow/18937564.cms|title=Ravi Deecee to set up two new campuses|date=13 March 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Shenoy|last=Karun|accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref>

[[Radio DC]] 90.4 [[MHz]] [[Community FM]], managed by the DCSMAT, is a non-commercial [[community radio]] station located in [[Trivandrum]], Kerala. [[Radio DC]] is the first [[Internet radio]] to be started in an Indian [[Business School]] and first private [[Community Radio]] Station in [[Kerala]]. [[Radio DC]] started its function on 6 January 2005 and approved by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/kerala-tunes-in-to-first-campus-community-radio/article2189893.ece|title=Kerala tunes in to first campus community radio- The Hindu Business Line|publisher=}}</ref>

== Scholarships ==
DC Kizhakemuri Foundation gives scholarships in the form of 100 [[per cent]] [[tuition fee]] waiver for dependent children of serving defense and paramilitary personnel, ex- servicemen, [[Tibet]]an and Sri Lankan refugee students and students from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tibet.net/2016/10/dc-school-of-management-and-technology-scholarship-kerala-2017/|title=DC School of Management and Technology Scholarship, Kerala 2017– Tibet.net|publisher=|access-date=15 February 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042352/http://tibet.net/2016/10/dc-school-of-management-and-technology-scholarship-kerala-2017/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== The inspiration ==

[[D. C. Kizhakemuri]] was a [[freedom fighter]], [[visionary]], thinker, writer and publisher who left an indelible mark in the modern [[literary]] [[history of Kerala]]. [[D. C. Kizhakemuri]] started his career as a teacher and was also the first columnist in [[Malayalam]]. He was awarded [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1999.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |accessdate=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archivedate=15 October 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref> He was involved in starting a library in [[Kanjirapally]] in 1942 and this passion continued throughout his lifetime. This led to the beginning of Kerala Library Movement in 1945 initiated by [[P. N. Panicker]] which successfully resulted in building over 8,000 rural libraries and reading rooms in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cafetalks.net/kind-attention-please-the-week-is-reminding-the-library-movement-in-kerala-have-you-heard-about-the-person-named-pn-panicker/|title=Have you heard about the person named PN Panicker.?- Cafe talks|publisher=|access-date=15 February 2017|archive-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215220349/http://cafetalks.net/kind-attention-please-the-week-is-reminding-the-library-movement-in-kerala-have-you-heard-about-the-person-named-pn-panicker/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://dckf.in/ DC Kizhakemuri Foundation Official Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170215211836/http://www.keralaliteraturefestival.com/dc-kizhakemuri-fondation/ DC Kizhakemuri Foundation]

[[Category:Foundations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kerala]]
[[Category:Arts foundations based in Asia]]
[[Category:Arts organizations established in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Kerala]]

Sihawa Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:11Z

VanessaColls18: adding new data

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sihawa
| mla = [[Ambika Markam]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kanker (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanker]]
| established = 2003
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:193736}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| constituency_no = 56
| map_image = Sihawa Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Sihawa''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoMap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2 | Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |''Before 1961: Constituency did not exist''
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Narayan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Pusauram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Madhav Laxman
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Ram Nath
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Ashok Som
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|rowspan=3 |Madhav Singh Dhruw
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name="election2003">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3882-chhattisgarh-2003/ |url-access=limited |accessdate=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|Pinky Dhruw
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3883-chhattisgarh-2008/ |accessdate=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Ambika Markam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3884-chhattisgarh-2013/ |accessdate=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|Shravan Markam
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|Dr. Lakshmi Dhruw
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Sihawa Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/sihawa-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687399.html |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Ambika Markam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sihawa<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ambika Markam]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 84,891
|percentage = 49.81
|change = -6.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shrawan Markam
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 71,725
|percentage = 42.08
|change = +14.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jeewrakhan Marai
|party = Hamar Raj Party
|votes = 4,492
|percentage = 2.64
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Manmohan Singh Bisen
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 1,821
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Domar Singh Netam
|party = Bharatiya Shakti Chetna Party
|votes = 1,623
|percentage = 0.95
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Devchandra Uike
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes = 1,579
|percentage = 0.93
|change = -4.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3574
|percentage = 2.10
|change = -0.65
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 13,166
|percentage = 7.73
|change = -21.27
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 170,445
|percentage = 87.98
|change = +5.30
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Sihawa<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Lakshmi Dhruw
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 88,451
|percentage = 56.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pinky Shivaraj Shah
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 43,015
|percentage = 27.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vinod Kumar Nagvanshi
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes = 8,126
|percentage = 5.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Makhan Lal Markam
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 4,729
|percentage = 3.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shantanu Som
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 2,312
|percentage = 1.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Akbar Mandavi
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 1,544
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 4,306
|percentage = 2.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 45,436
|percentage = 29.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 156,695
|percentage = 82.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dhamtari district]]
* [[Sihawa]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Dhamtari district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2003]]
{{coord|20.28|81.93|display=title}}

Narpatganj Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:07Z

VanessaColls18: new first stub nd citations

{{for|other places with same/similar name|Narpatganj (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Narpatganj
| type = SLA
| map_image = 46-Narpatganj constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Devanti Yadav]] 
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Araria district|Araria]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|46]]
| established = 1962
| electors = 301,120
| reservation = None
| abolished = 
}}
'''Narpatganj Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Araria district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. Jai Prakash Yadav (BJP), elected in 2020 is the MLA.<ref name="election2020">{{cite news |title=Jai Prakash Yadav Election Result Narpatganj Live: Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Election Results 2020 Jai Prakash Yadav Narpatganj Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/bihar-assembly-elections-2020/jai-prakash-yadav-narpatganj-candidate-s04a046c01/ |access-date=12 October 2021 |work=News18}}</ref>
{{Pie chart
| caption = Each election in the Narpatganj Vidhansabha constituency has been won by a different political party (1962–2025).
| value1 = 31.25
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']] (5 term)
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| value2 = 37.5
| label2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']] (6 term)
| color2 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| value3 = 6.25
| label3 = [[Janata Party|'''JP''']] (1 term)
| color3 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
| value4 = 12.5
| label4 = [[Janata Dal|'''JD''']] (2 term)
| color4 = {{party color|Janata Dal}}
| value5 = 12.5
| label5 = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|'''RJD''']] (2 term)
|colour5 = {{Party color| Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
}}
==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No 46 Narpatganj Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Narpatganj (community development block)]]; [[Bhargama]], Jainagar, Khajuri, Kushmaul, Manullahpatti, Paikpar, Raghunathpur North, Raghunathpur South, Rampur Aadi, Shankarpur, Simarbani, Sirsiya Hanumanganj and Sirsiya Kala of [[Bhargama (community development block)]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Narpatganj Assembly constituency is part of No 9 [[Araria (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020-1">{{Cite web |title=Narpatganj Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/narpatganj.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Dumar Lal Baitha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="3" |Satya Narayan Yadav
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |Janardan Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Indranand Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Dayanand Yadav
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Janardan Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Anil Kumar Yadav (politician, born 1960)|Anil Kumar Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|Janardan Yadav
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Devanti Yadav]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Anil Kumar Yadav (politician, born 1960)|Anil Kumar Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Jai Prakash Yadav (politician)|Jai Prakash Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Devanti Yadav]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Narpatganj<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Narpatganj">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Narpatganj |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0446.htm |access-date=24 November 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124174757/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0446.htm|archive-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Devanti Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:120557}}
|percentage = 49.89
|change = +0.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Manish Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:95204}}
|percentage = 39.4
|change = +4.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Anil Kumar Yadav (politician, born 1960)|Anil Kumar Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:10669}}
|percentage = 4.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shravan Kumar Das
|votes = {{formatnum:3761}}
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2796}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change = +0.72
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25353}}
|percentage = 10.49
|change = -3.78
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:241647}}
|percentage = 71.79
|change = +10.74
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Narpatganj<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jai Prakash Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:98397}}
|percentage = 49.06
|change = +12.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Anil Kumar Yadav (politician, born 1960)|Anil Kumar Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:69787}}
|percentage = 34.79
|change = -16.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Hadis
|votes = {{formatnum:5495}}
|percentage = 2.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Akhilesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:4891}}
|percentage = 2.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Prince Victor
|votes = {{formatnum:3993}}
|percentage = 1.99
|change = -0.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janta Dal Rashtravadi
|candidate = Harun
|votes = {{formatnum:2863}}
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Alok Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2774}}
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prasenjeet Krishna
|votes = {{formatnum:2288}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Anant Kumar Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:1950}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change = +0.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:874}}
|percentage = 0.44
|change = -2.2
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:28610}}
|percentage = 14.27
|change = -0.48
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:200574}}
|percentage = 61.05
|change = -1.36
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Narpatganj<ref name="Narpatganj Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Narpatganj Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/narpatganj |access-date=24 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124174055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/narpatganj |archive-date=24 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Anil Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:90250}}
|percentage = 51.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Janardan Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:64299}}
|percentage = 36.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Prince Victor
|votes = {{formatnum:4377}}
|percentage = 2.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Guru Prasad Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2483}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Shyam Deo Roy
|votes = {{formatnum:2410}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4637}}
|percentage = 2.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25951}}
|percentage = 14.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:175843}}
|percentage = 62.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Purnia Division topics}}
{{coord|26|20|N|87|07|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Araria district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Bihar]]

Mob lynchings after 2014 in India

2026-04-13T01:51:43Z

VanessaColls18: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[List of incidents of cow vigilante violence in India]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R from merge}}
{{R to related topic}}
}}

[[Category:Lynchings in India]]
[[Category:21st-century religiously motivated violence]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses]]
[[Category:Racially motivated violence]]
[[Category:Lynching deaths in India]]

HOPE Charitable Trust

2026-04-12T02:51:48Z

VanessaColls18: added a data.

{{Short description|Humanitarian organisation in Kerala, India}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2021}}

{{Infobox organization
| name = HOPE (Hold On Pain Ends) Charitable Trust
| logo = HOPE NGO Logo.png
| founder = Mahesh Parameswaran Nair
| dissolved =
| type = [[Charitable trust]]
| focus = [[Environmentalism]], [[health]], [[ecology]]
| location = [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| origins =
| region_served =
| method =
| owner =
| key_people =
| footnotes =
| num_volunteers = 1500
| website =
| founded = 2014
}}
'''HOPE (Hold On Pain Ends) Charitable Trust''' is a not for profit organization in [[Kerala]] that is engaged in humanitarian work and awareness programs for those in distress. The organization was founded in January 2014 by Mahesh Parameswaran Nair (an IT professional) who started with the support of family and friends. The organization later registered volunteers who collectively do a diverse range of social work.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where your pain is bound to end|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2014/jul/18/where-your-pain-is-bound-to-end-637208.html|access-date=2020-11-27|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> As reported in 2019, the organization had 1500 volunteers.<ref name=":0" />

== Work and activities ==
The idea, which initially started through Facebook, has become an endeavour to serve the needful and general society.<ref name="Hope1">{{cite news |title=Hold On, Pain Ends – HOPE from Trivandrum! - TechnoparkToday.com - Techies News, Jobs, Events & Lifestyle! |url=https://www.technoparktoday.com/hold-on-pain-ends-hope-trivandrum/ |access-date=3 March 2021 |publisher=TechnoparkToday.com - Techies News, Jobs, Events & Lifestyle! |date=July 2014}}</ref>

HOPE organizes [[blood donation]] camps, organ donation awareness camps, anti-narcotics awareness camps, and awareness camps on cancer care.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mathrubhumi - Print|url=http://archives.mathrubhumi.com/online/php/print.php?id=3407917|access-date=2020-11-27|website=archives.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref> They build homes for the poor, create rehabilitation and shelter homes, and rehabilitate people living on the streets or those who are disabled. They provide educational aid<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mathrubhumi - Print|url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/online/php/print.php?id=3567595|access-date=2020-11-27|website=archives.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref> and give medical assistance such as donating wheelchairs and supporting people in old age with medicines, food, and provisions. They arrange funds for surgeries, help with organ donation, give marriage assistance, give financial assistance, and organize cleaning drives.<ref name="Hope1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-08-11|title=Shri. Mahesh Parameshwaran Nair - Winner of Indian Achievers' Award 2020|url=https://www.iafindia.com/shri-mahesh-parameshwaran-nair/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=INDIAN ACHIEVERS' FORUM|language=en-US}}</ref> In March 2019, the organization adopted the Attinkara colony ([[Beemapally]]) to help with drainage leaks, dilapidated houses, unpaved roads and lack of water supply. The organisation encouraged women empowerment by supporting small-scale businesses in the communities.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Hold On, Pain Ends – HOPE from Trivandrum! - TechnoparkToday.com - Techies News, Jobs, Events & Lifestyle!|url=https://www.technoparktoday.com/hold-on-pain-ends-hope-trivandrum/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=TechnoparkToday.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=M|first=Athira|date=2019-03-15|title=Voluntary groups are setting an example|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/voluntary-groups-in-the-capital-city/article26544863.ece|access-date=2020-11-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19]] pandemic, HOPE launched the 'Back to Home' program and helped stranded people come back home, including nurses and students. The volunteers arranged for smartphones, laptops and internet connection for underprivileged students for uninterrupted education and sanitary pads for menstrual hygiene. A dress bank was set up by the organization to support with clothes. They also gave food and medicine related assistance. Prior to this, HOPE had helped those in need during the floods.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahesh Parameswaran Nair : Forever Star India Awards - The Real Super Heros Awards 2020|url=https://fsia.in/dr-mahesh-parameswaran-nair-super-heroes-awards-2022-id-26722|access-date=2020-11-26|website=www.fsia.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=ചന്ദ്രൻ|first=വിവേക് ആർ|title=മഹേഷിന്റെ പ്രതീക്ഷകള്‍|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/thiruvananthapuram/nagaram/trivandrum-nagaram-22-03-2017-1.1815815|access-date=2020-11-27|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>

HOPE is now a family of volunteers including IT professionals, doctors, police officers, architects, MBA students, and various other college students.<ref name="Hope1"/>

== Awards ==

* Youth Icon Award from Dr [[Shashi Tharoor]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=A beacon of hope|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/sep/13/a-beacon-of-hope-1656791.html|access-date=2020-12-08|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
*Nirbhaya Indian Icon Award<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2017-04-13|title=Debating society anniversary on Sunday|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/debating-society-anniversary-on-sunday/article17970049.ece|access-date=2020-12-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Health charities in India]]
[[Category:Charities based in India]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]

Mahabubnagar Municipal Corporation

2026-03-24T09:40:11Z

VanessaColls18: added

{{Short description|Local civic body in Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Mahabubnagar Municipal Corporation
| legislature =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 250px
| coa_alt =
| logo =
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| body = Mahabubnagar
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = G. Mamatha
| party1 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = Surender Reddy
| party2 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 =
| last_election1 = [[2026 Telangana local elections|2026]]
|seats = 60
| session_room =
| session_res = 250px
| meeting_place =
| website = {{URL|https://mahabubnagarcorporation.telangana.gov.in/ |Mahabubnagar Municipal Corporation}}
| motto =
| structure1 =
| structure1_res = 300px
|political_groups1 =
'''Government (37)'''
*{{colorbox|{{party color| Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress |INC]] (29)
*{{colorbox|{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}}} [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen |AIMIM]] (3)
*{{colorbox|#757575}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (5)
'''Opposition (23)'''
*{{colorbox|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}}} [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi |BRS]] (15)
*{{colorbox|#FF9933}} [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]] (8)

}}
The '''Mahabubnagar Municipal Corporation''' is the [[Local government|local governing body]], administering the city of [[Mahabubnagar]], [[Mahabubnagar district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Telangana]].

The [[municipal corporation]] consists of democratically elected members, is headed by a [[mayor]] and administers the city's governance, infrastructure and administration.
This city is selected under central government scheme of [[AMRUT]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of cities covered by AMRUT|url=http://amrut.gov.in/list_of_cities.aspx|publisher=Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation(AMRUT)|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}
{{Municipal corporations in Telangana}}
{{State Agencies of Telangana}}

{{Telangana}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Telangana]]
[[Category:Local government in Telangana]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

Cochin Haneefa

2026-03-17T22:50:22Z

VanessaColls18: added references

{{short description|Indian actor, film director, and screenwriter}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{family name hatnote|Cochin|Haneefa|Indian name|lang=Toponymic}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Cochin Haneefa
| image = Cochin Haneefa 2008.jpg
| imagesize = 220px
| caption = Haneefa in 2008
| othername = VMC Haneefa
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1951|04|22}}
| birth_place = [[Kochi|Cochin]], [[Travancore–Cochin|State of Travancore–Cochin]] (present day [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]), India
| death_date = {{Death date and age |df=yes|2010|02|02|1951|03|19}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Actor
* Film director
* Screenwriter
}}
| parents = {{Plainlist|
* Veluthedathu Muhammed
* Hajira
}}
| years_active = 1972–2010
| spouse = Fasila
| children = 2
}}

'''Cochin Haneefa''' (22 April 1951 – 2 February 2010) was an Indian actor, film director, and screenwriter. He started his career in the 1970s mainly portraying [[villain]]ous roles, before going on to become one of the most popular comedians of [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref name="mathrubhumi_2feb10">{{cite news|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=81082|title=സിനിമാ-'ജീവിത'ത്തിലെ ഹനീഫ|date=2 February 2010|publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]]|language=ml|access-date=2 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205080306/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=81082|archive-date=5 February 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He acted in more than 300 films in Malayalam and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]].<ref name="hindu_2feb10">{{cite news|url=http://beta.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article99332.ece?homepage=true|title=Actor Cochin Haneefa dies|date=2 February 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2 February 2010|location=Chennai, India|first1=Meera|last1=Srinivasan|first2=Ramya|last2=Kannan}}</ref>

As a director he is best known for the films ''[[Aankiliyude Tharattu]]'' (1987) and ''[[Vatsalyam]]'' (1993).<ref name="hindu_2feb10" />

==Personal life and education==
Haneefa was born in [[Kochi, India|Cochin]] (present-day Kochi) to Veluthedathu Tharavattil A. B. Muhammed and Hajira, as the second among their eight children.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/33072/ |title=എന്നെ മനസ്സിലായാ...? വാപ്പച്ചിയാടാ... വാപ്പച്ചി, Interview - Mathrubhumi Movies |access-date=2013-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219055850/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/33072/ |archive-date=19 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He studied at Kochi St. Augustine's School and [[St. Albert's College]] and graduated with a degree in commerce.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/91647 |title=വീടുണ്ടായിട്ടും വാടകവീട്ടില്‍ | mangalam.com |website=www.mangalam.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907022509/http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/91647 |archive-date=7 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He was married to Fasila and they had twin daughters, Safa and Marwa.

==Career==
He made his film debut in 1972 in ''[[Azhimukham]]'' directed by Vijayan and went on to act in over 300 films in [[Malayalam]]. He also acted in over 80 [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]], including popular movies like ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadi]]'' with [[Kamal Haasan]],<ref name="hindu_2feb10" /> ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' and ''[[Enthiran]]'' with [[Rajinikanth]].

Haneefa played memorable roles in many Malayalam films, including ''[[Mannar Mathai Speaking]]'', ''[[Devaasuram]]'', ''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]'', [[Chenkol]] '', [[Punjabi House]]'' and ''[[Swapnakoodu]]'', [[Pulival Kalyanam|''Pulivaal Kalyanam'']], ''[[Meesa Madhavan]]'', [[C.I.D. Moosa|''C.I.D Moosa'']], ''[[Thilakkam]]'' etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/3065/ci-mahadevan-5-adi-4.html|title=C.I. Mahadevan 5 Adi 4 Inchu|access-date=2 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008062124/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/3065/ci-mahadevan-5-adi-4.html|archive-date=8 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0406622|title=C.I. Mahadevan 5 Adi 4 Inchu|website=[[IMDb]]|access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> He also directed around 20 films, including ''[[Valtsalyam]]'' and ''Moonu Masangalkku Munbu''. The last Tamil films in which he appeared were ''[[Madrasapattinam]]''<ref name="hindu_2feb10" /> and ''[[Enthiran]]''. His final Malayalam film was the 2010 film ''[[Body Guard (2010 film)|Body Guard]]''.

Even though he started off in villain roles, he slowly transitioned to the comedic characters. He had also played dramatic supporting character roles to a great effect. Haneefa's comedic roles smartly captured his physique in a self-deprecating nature and eventually, he became one of the most popular comedians in Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Remembering Cochin Haneefa on his 10th death anniversary|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/remembering-cochin-haneefa-on-his-10th-death-anniversary/articleshow/73844320.cms|access-date=2021-06-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In ''Kireedam'', he played the role of Hydrose, a hilarious rowdy. His first noted role as a comedian came in ''Mannar Mathai Speaking'', where he played the role of Eldho.

''[[Punjabi House]]'' was the movie which established him as a major comedian in Malayalam cinema. Considered one of the best [[Slapstick|slapstick comedy]] film in Malayalam cinema, Haneefa portrayed the character Gangadharan in the movie.<ref>{{Cite web|last=James|first=Anu|date=2017-02-02|title=Mammootty, Jayaram remember Cochin Haneefa on Punjabi House actor's 7th death anniversary|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mammootty-jayaram-remember-cochin-haneefa-punjabi-house-actors-7th-death-anniversary-714527|access-date=2021-06-12|website=IBTimes India|language=en}}</ref> ''Punjabi House'' was a major breakthrough in the careers of [[Harisree Ashokan|Harishree Asokan]] and [[Dileep]] as well. The movie eventually developed into a cult.<ref>{{Cite web|title=My career will endure as long as 'Punjabi House' is remembered: Harisree Asokan|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2019/03/01/harisree-ashokan-on-movies-direction-acting-ramanan.html|access-date=2021-06-12|website=OnManorama}}</ref> Haneefa along with these Asokan and Dileep eventually formed a successful trio in Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cochin Haneefa remembered - The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2013/Feb/07/cochin-haneefa-remembered-448347.html|access-date=2021-06-12|website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=4 February 2013 }}</ref> They acted together in numerous movies such as ''[[Udayapuram Sulthan]]'', ''[[Ee Parakkum Thalika]]'', ''[[Meesa Madhavan]]'', ''[[Thilakkam]]'', ''[[C.I.D. Moosa]]'', [[Runway (2004 film)|''Runway'']] and ''[[Pandippada]]''. Haneefa played the role of ''S.I'' ''Veerappan Kurupp'' in the 2001 slapstick comedy movie ''Ee Parakkum Thalika''. He again played the role of a hilarious police officer, this time becoming Sudarshanan in the movie ''[[Snehithan]]'', which was released the same year. His role as Mathukkutty in the 2002 film ''[[Mazhathullikkilukkam]]'' was also noted. Haneefa's character Thrivikraman in the 2002 movie ''[[Meesa Madhavan]]'' was highly appreciated. It was the highest-grossing movie of that year and many of the characters in the movie like Pillechan and Pattalam Purushu became a cult.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-25|title=Meesha Madhavan {{!}} ചേക്കിലെ മാധവന്റെയും പട്ടാളം പുരുഷുവിന്റെയും വീടുകൾ കണ്ടിട്ടുണ്ടോ? വീഡിയോ ഇതാ|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/take-a-look-at-the-shooting-locations-in-meesha-madhavan-movie-mm-341013.html|access-date=2021-06-12|website=News18 Malayalam}}</ref> It was in the year 2003 that Haneefa played some of the best iconic comedy characters in his career. In ''[[Thilakkam]]'', he became the local rowdy called Bhaskaran and in ''[[Kilichundan Mampazham]]'', he portrayed the role of Kalanthan Haji.<ref>{{Cite web|title=വേർപാടിന്റെ 11 വർഷങ്ങൾ; കൊച്ചിൻ ഹനീഫയെ ഓർത്ത് മമ്മൂട്ടി|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/mammootty-cochin-haneefa-remembering-11th-death-anniversary-458220/|access-date=2021-06-12|website=Indian Express Malayalam|date=2 February 2021 |language=ml-IN}}</ref> Haneefa's one of the career best role came in the slapstick comedy movie ''C.I.D Moosa'', where he played the role of Vikaraman. Similar to that of ''Punjabi House'', ''Ee Parakkum Thalika'' and ''Meesa Madhavan'', the performance of Dileep-Asokan-Haneefa trio along with [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] in this movie were highly appreciated and it became the second highest-grossing movie in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|title=17 വർഷങ്ങൾക്ക് ശേഷം വ്യത്യസ്ത അവതാരത്തിൽ അവൻ വരുന്നു, സിഐഡി മൂസ|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/cid-moosa-animation-series-dileep-johny-antony-udaykrishna-sibi-k-thomas-bhavana-1.5163909|access-date=2021-06-12|website=Mathrubhumi|date=28 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In ''[[Swapnakoodu]]'', he played the role of Philipose and as Panchayath President in [[Vellithira (2003 film)|''Vellithira'']]. Haneefa's another memorable character came out in the movie ''[[Pulival Kalyanam]]'', where he played as Dharmendra, often mistaken in the movie with the Bollywood legendary superstar of the same name. This movie was well appreciated especially for the comedy scenes between Haneefa and [[Salim Kumar]], who played as Manavalan in the movie. Manavalan eventually became a cult character in Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{Cite news|title=What makes Salim Kumar the face of Malayalam memes?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/what-makes-salim-kumar-the-face-of-malayalam-memes/articleshow/58548837.cms|access-date=2021-06-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=George |first1=Anjana }}</ref>

==Awards==
'''[[Kerala State Film Awards]]:'''
* 2001 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor|Second Best Actor]] – ''[[Soothradharan]]''

==Death==
Haneefa died on 2 February 2010, aged 58, at Sri Ramachandra Hospital in [[Chennai]], from multiple organ failure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=13355715&programId=7940855&BV_ID=@@@&channelId=-1073750705&tabId=3 |title=Manorama Online | Movies | Nostalgia | |website=www.manoramaonline.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202150417/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=13355715&programId=7940855&BV_ID=@@@&channelId=-1073750705&tabId=3 |archive-date=2 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He had been treated for [[liver cancer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14929820 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205194539/http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14929820 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 February 2010 |title=VMC Haneefa passes away |website=[[Sify]] |date=2 February 2010 |access-date=21 August 2011}}</ref> He was buried at Ernakulam Central Juma Masjid with full state honours.

==Filmography==

=== As actor ===

==== Malayalam films ====

===== 1970s =====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Azhimukham]]''|| ||
|-
| 1974 || ''[[College Girl (1974 film)|College Girl]]'' || College Student ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1975 || ''[[Love Letter (1975 film)|Love Letter]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Velicham Akale]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kalyaanappanthal]]'' ||
|-
|| ''[[Hello Darling (1975 film)|Hello Darling]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1976 || ''[[Chottanikkara Amma]]'' || Kannappan ||
|-
|| ''[[Yudhabhoomi]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Panchami (film)|Panchami]]'' || Rajan ||
|-
|| ''[[Chirikkudukka]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1977 || ''Mini Mol'' || ||
|-
|| ''Niraparayum Nilavilakkum'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Aval Oru Devaalayam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Rathimanmadhan]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Pattalam Janaki]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1978 || ''[[Thacholi Ambu]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Aval Kanda Lokam ]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1979 || ''[[Maamaankam]]'' || Vellodi - Zamorin's Warrior ||
|-
|| ''[[Manasa Vacha Karmana]]'' || Rameshan ||
|-
|| ''[[Irumbazhikal]]'' || Krishnankutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Aavesham (1979 film)|Aavesham]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Ponnil Kulicha Rathri'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kochu Thampuratti]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Choola]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Sarapancharam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Allauddinum Albhutha Vilakkum]]'' || Yusaf ||
|-
|}

===== 1980s =====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1980 || ''[[Benz Vasu]]'' || Thoma ||
|-
|| ''[[Dwik Vijayam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Sakthi (1980 film)|Sakthi]]'' || Khadir ||
|-
|| ''[[Karimpana]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kari Puranda Jeevithangal]]'' || Muthalali||
|-
|| ''[[Sathyam (1980 film)|Sathyam]]'' || Appu ||
|-
|| ''[[Moorkhan (film)|Moorkhan]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1981|| ''[[Aarathi (film)|Aarathi]]'' || Gangan ||
|-
|| ''[[Vayal]]'' || Paappi ||
|-
|| ''[[Sambhavam]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Adima Changala]]''
|
|
|-
|| ''[[Kaahalam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Itha Oru Dhikkari]]'' || Sekharan ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1982 || ''[[Sharam (film)|Sharam]]'' ||
|-
|| ''[[Kayam (1982 film)|Kayam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Dheera]]'' || Williams ||
|-
|| ''[[Ivan Oru Simham]]'' || Joseph ||
|-
|| ''[[Sree Ayyappanum Vavarum|Sree Ayappanum Vavarum]]'' || Kaliyappan ||
|-
|| ''[[Aadharsam]]'' || Babu ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1983 || ''[[Himam]]'' || Ameer Khan ||
|-
|| ''[[Thaalam Thettiya Tharattu]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
|| ''[[Bhookambam]]'' || Anwar ||
|-
|| ''[[Aattakalasam|Attakkalasam]]'' || Kuttappan ||
|-
|| ''[[Aa Raathri]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Charam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ee Yugam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaathirunna Divasam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kodungattu]]'' || Vijayan ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaathirunna Divasam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1984 || ''[[Koottinilamkili]]'' || Krishnanunny's Roommate ||
|-
|| ''[[Chakkarayumma|Chakkaraumma]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Sandarbham]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Krishna Guruvayoorappa]]'' || Pandya Rajan ||
|-
|| ''Oru Nimisham Tharu'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Inakkily|Inakkilly]]'' || Peter ||
|-
|| ''[[Piriyilla Naam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Umanilayam]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
|| ''[[Ente Upasana]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1985 || ''[[Oru Sandesam Koodi]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaiyum Thlayum Purathidaruthe]]'' || Bus Passenger ||
|-
|| ''[[Makan Ente Makan]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1986 || ''[[Thalavattam]]'' || Antony ||
|-
|| ''[[Rakkuyilin Ragasadassil]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Mazha Peyyunnu Maddalam Kottunnu]]'' || Kadathanattu Pappan Gurukal ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1987 || ''[[Aankiliyude Tharattu]]'' || Sudhir ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Sindoora Pottinte Ormaykku]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Cheppu]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1988 || ''Inquilabinte Puthri'' || Das ||
|-
|| ''[[Mukunthetta Sumitra Vilikkunnu]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1989 || ''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]'' || Haidros ||
|-
|| ''[[Vandhanam]]'' || Salim ||
|-
|| ''[[Lal Americayil]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Eenam Thettatha Kattaru]]'' || George ||
|-
|}

===== 1990s =====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1990 || ''[[No.20 Madras Mail]]'' || Himself || Cameo
|-
|| ''[[Kadathanadan Ambadi]]'' || Kathiroor Chandrappan ||
|-
|| ''Veena Meettiya Vilangukal'' || Antony ||
|-
|| ''Sunday 7 PM'' || ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Abhimanyu]]'' || Chotta ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1993 || ''[[Devaasuram]]'' || Achuthan ||
|-
|| ''[[Vatsalyam]]'' || Bullock cart driver ||
|-
|| ''[[Chenkol]]'' || Haidros ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1994 || ''[[Kinnaripuzhayoram]]'' || Mental Patient ||
|-
|| ''Bheesmacharya'' || Sidharthan ||
|-
|| '' [[Chakoram]]'' || Sreedharan Kartha ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1995 || ''[[Mannar Mathai Speaking]]'' || Eldho ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaattile Thadi Thevarude Ana]]'' || Nagayya ||
|-
|| ''[[Thacholi Varghese Chekavar]]'' || Puthooran ||
|-
|| ''Kakkakkum Poochakkum Kalyanam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Achan Rajavu Appan Jethavu]]'' || Thalakkadi Thankappan ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1996 || ''[[Kalyanji Anandji (film)|Kalyanji Anandji]]'' || Vengalam Chakkunni / Adv. General Oorumadam Subbarama Iyer ||
|-
|| ''Udyanapalakan'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kala Pani (1996 film)|Kala Pani]]'' || Ahmed Kutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Hitler (1996 film)|Hitler]]'' || Jabbar ||
|-
|| ''King Solomon'' || ||
|-
|| ''Sulthan Hyderali'' || Damu ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaliveedu]] '' || Dr. Gonzales ||
|-
|| ''[[Azhakiya Ravanan]]'' || Varghese ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1997 || ''[[Superman (1997 film)|Superman]]'' || Rajan Philip ||
|-
|| ''[[Mayaponman]]'' || Pattalam Vasu ||
|-
|| ''[[Newspaper Boy (1997 film)|News paper boy]]'' || Jagadeeshwara Iyer ||
|-
|| ''Nagarapuranam'' || Manikyan Thampuran ||
|-
|| ''[[Chandralekha (1997 film)|Chandralekha]]'' || Sathyapalan ||
|-
|| ''[[Mangalya Pallakku]]'' || Raghavan ||
|-
|| ''Vamsham'' || Thampan ||
|-
|| ''[[Aaraam Thampuran]]'' || Govindan Kutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Lelam]]'' || Jayasimhan ||
|-
|| ''[[Aniyathipraavu]]'' || Inspector Eeyyo ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1998 || ''[[Vismayam (1998 film)|Vismayam]]'' || Janardhana Kurup ||
|-
|| ''[[Punjabi House]]'' || Gangadharan ||
|-
|| ''[[Mayilpeelikkavu]]'' || Gopichetty ||
|-
|| ''[[Kanmadam]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
|| ''[[Harikrishnans]]'' || Kunjikuttan ||
|-
|| ''[[Elavamkodu Desam]]'' || Singer ||
|-
|| ''[[The Truth (1998 film)|The Truth]]'' || Kumaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Sreekrishnapurathe Nakshathrathilakkam]]'' || KrishnaKumar ||
|-
|| ''[[Anuragakottaram ]]'' || Pala Poulose ||
|-
|| ''[[Sooryaputhran]]'' || Chekanoor Neelakantan Karthavu ||
|-
| rowspan=13 | 1999 || ''[[Udayapuram Sulthan]]'' || Beeran Kutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Pathram]]'' || David Sabhapathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Panchapandavar (1999 film) | Panchapaandavar]]'' || Varkey ||
|-
|| ''[[Vazhunnor]]'' || Vadakethala Sivadas ||
|-
|| ''[[Njangal Santhushtaranu]]''|| Soudamini's Husband ||
|-
|| ''[[Megham]]'' || Kunjikuttan ||
|-
|| ''[[Crime File]]'' || SI Jamal ||
|-
|| ''English Medium'' || ''Mathukutty'' ||
|-
|| ''Auto Brothers'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Independence (1999 film)|Independence]]'' || ||
|-
|| '' [[Charlie Chaplin (1999 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Friends (1999 film)|Friends]]'' || Sundareshan ||
|-
|| ''[[Chandamama (1999 film)|Chandamama]]'' || Natwarlal ||
|-
|}

===== 2000s =====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2000 || ''[[Mr. Butler]]'' || Swamy ||
|-
|| ''[[Dada Sahib]]'' || Raghavan ||
|-
|| '' [[Snehapoorvam Anna]]'' || Abu Uncle ||
|-
|| ''[[Arayannangalude Veedu]]'' || Gangadharan ||
|-
|| ''[[Indriyam]]'' || C.I Theepori Veerabhadran ||
|-
|| ''[[Sathyam Sivam Sundaram (2000 film)|Sathyam Sivam Sundaram]]'' || Ajayan ||
|-
| rowspan=14 | 2001 || ''[[Rakshasa Rajavu]]'' || Attuva Antony ||
|-
|| ''[[Praja]]'' || Hamid Plaavullakandi Methar / Malayalees ||
|-
|| ''Pranayamanthram'' || ||
|-
|| ''Goa'' || Kanakambharan / David Thomas ||
|-
|| ''Nalacharitham Naalam Divasam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Dubai (2001 film)|Dubai]]'' || Vincent Sebastian ||
|-
|| ''[[Soothradharan]]'' || Mani Uncle ||
|-
|| ''[[Kakkakuyil]]'' || Local goon ||
|-
|| ''[[Ee Parakkum Thalika]]'' || Veerappan Kurup ||
|-
|| ''[[Narendran Makan Jayakanthan Vaka]]'' || Kittunni ||
|-
|| ''[[Ee Naadu Innale Vare]]'' || Chandrakumar ||
|-
|| ''Rajapattam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Sundara Purushan (2001 film)|Sundrapurushan]]'' || Alavuddin ||
|-
|| ''Barthavudyokam'' || Pratapan Nair ||
|-
| rowspan=16 | 2002 || ''[[Snehithan]]'' || Sudarshanan ||
|-
|| ''[[Pranyamanithooval]]'' || Moosakka ||
|-
|| ''[[Phantom (2002 film)|Phantom]]'' || Sexton Devasia ||
|-
|| ''[[Oomappenninu Uriyadappayyan]]'' || Punchiri Pushparaj ||
|-
|| ''[[Mazhathullikkilukkam]]'' || Mathukutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Kunjikoonan (2002 film)|Kunjikoonan]]'' || Thoma ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaiyethum Doorath]]'' || Kundara Sharangan ||
|-
|| ''Chirikkudukka'' || Sathyavan ||
|-
|| ''[[Bamboo Boys]]'' || Makku ||
|-
|| ''[[Meesa Madhavan]]'' || Thrivikraman ||
|-
|| ''[[Kasthooriman]]'' || Philipose Uncle ||
|-
|| ''[[Kattuchembakam]]'' || Kankani Rajappan ||
|-
|| ''[[Kannaki (film)|Kannaki]]'' || Ravunni ||
|-
|| ''Bucket'' || Shilpa ||
|-
|| ''Ee Bhargavinilayam'' || ||
|-
|| ''www.anukudumbam.com'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=13 | 2003 || ''Relax'' || Ganesh ||
|-
|| ''[[Thilakkam (film)|Thilakkam]]'' || Bhaskaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Kilichundan Mampazham]]'' || Kalanthan Haji ||
|-
|| ''[[Sadanandante Samayam]]'' || Headmaster Chacko ||
|-
|| ''[[Vellithira (2003 film)|Vellithira]]'' || Panchayath President ||
|-
|| ''[[C.I.D. Moosa]]'' || Vikraman ||
|-
|| ''[[Meerayude Dukhavum Muthuvinte Swapnavum]]'' || Divakaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Swapnakoodu]]'' || Philipose ||
|-
|| ''[[Hariharan Pillai Happy Aanu]]'' || Velappan ||
|-
|| ''Valathottu Thirinjal Nalamathe Veedu'' || Bullet Ismail ||
|-
|| ''[[Pulival Kalyanam]]'' || Dharmendra ||
|-
|| ''Malsaram'' || Bhaskaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Pattanathil Sundaran]]'' || Shekhara Pillai ||
|-
| rowspan=14 | 2004 || ''[[Kerala House Udan Vilpanakku]]'' || Vadival Vasu ||
|-
|| ''[[C. I. Mahadevan 5 Adi 4 Inchu]]'' || Mahadevan ||
|-
|| ''[[Vismayathumbathu]]'' || Nandakumar ||
|-
|| ''[[Chathikkatha Chanthu]]'' || Dharma ||
|-
|| ''[[Runway (2004 film)|Runway]]'' || Divakaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Vettam]]'' || Kurup ||
|-
|| ''Maratha Nadu'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ee Snehatheerathu]]'' || Neelan ||
|-
|| ''[[Ennittum]]'' || Professor Villas ||
|-
|| ''Youth Festival'' || Kannappan ||
|-
|| ''[[Mampazhakkalam]]'' || Manathudi Madhavan ||
|-
|| ''[[Vesham]]'' || Adv. Chithrabhanu ||
|-
|| ''[[Vellinakshatram (2004 film)|Vellinakshatram]]'' || CI Velayudhan || Cameo
|-
|| ''[[Vacation (2005 film)|Vacation]]'' || Urumees ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 2005 || ''[[Udayananu Tharam]]'' || 'Sona' Balan ||
|-
|| ''[[Chandrolsavam]]'' || Sreedharan ||
|-
|| ''[[Daivanamathil]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Iruvattam Manavaatti]]'' || Ambujakshan/ Ambiyannan ||
|-
|| ''[[Pandippada]]'' || Ummachan ||
|-
|| ''[[Nerariyan CBI]]'' || George C. Nair ||
|-
|| ''Chiratta Kalippattangal'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ben Johnson (film)|Ben Johnson]]'' || ASI Eenashu ||
|-
|| ''[[Immini Nalloraal]]'' || Sub Inspector ||
|-
|| ''[[Rajamanikyam]]'' || Varghese ||
|-
|| ''[[Anandabhadram]]'' || Maravi Mathai ||
|-
| rowspan=13 | 2006 || ''[[Vargam]]'' || A.S.I Gopala Krishna Pilla ||
|-
|| ''[[Kilukkam Kilukilukkam]]'' || Appukuttan / Annamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Madhuchandralekha]]'' || Abootty ||
|-
|| ''[[Thuruppugulan]]'' || Raman Kartha ||
|-
|| ''[[Keerthi Chakra (film)|Keerthi Chakra]]'' || Nairettan ||
|-
|| ''[[The Don (2006 film)|The Don]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Aanachandam]]'' || Pulikkathara ||
|-
|| ''Janmam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Lion (2006 film)|Lion]]'' || Vendor Chandy ||
|-
|| ''[[Rashtram]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Chakkaramuthu]]'' || Kumarettan ||
|-
|| ''[[Red Salute (2006 film)|Red Salute]]'' || Hamsa Koya ||
|-
|| ''[[Bada Dosth|Badadosth]]'' || Javed ||
|-

| rowspan=15 | 2007 || ''[[Rathri Mazha]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Changathipoocha]]'' || Vattu Bhargavan ||
|-
|| ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]'' || Vasuttan ||
|-
|| ''[[Inspector Garud]]'' || Gopalan ||
|-
|| ''[[July 4 (film)|July 4]]'' || Abukka alias Abu ||
|-
|| ''[[Mayavi (2007 film)|Mayavi]]'' || Jailor ||
|-
|| ''[[Panthaya Kozhi]]'' || Parunthu Bhaskaran ||
|-
|| '' [[Paradesi (2007 film)|Paradeshi]]'' || Head Constable ||
|-
|| ''[[Detective (2007 film)|Detective]]'' || Shivaraman ||
|-
|| ''[[Heart Beats (film)|Heart Beats]]'' || Plaparabil Inashu ||
|-
|| ''[[Kichamani MBA]]'' || Jinnah ||
|-
|| ''[[Romeo (2007 film)|Romeo]]'' || Ratheesh Kumar ||
|-
|| ''[[Avan Chandiyude Makan]]'' || Chackochi ||
|-
|| ''[[Indrajith (2007 film)|Indrajith]]'' || Udumbu Rudrakshan ||
|-
|| ''[[Ali Bhai]]'' || Kunji Kannan ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2008 || ''Mayakazhcha'' || Kilippadan ||
|-
|| ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'' || Peruchazhi Vasu ||
|-
|| ''[[Annan Thampi]]'' || ||
|-
|| '' [[Parunthu]]'' || Kunjachan ||
|-
|| '' [[Bullet (2008 film)|Bullet]]'' || Uttaman Vellayani ||
|-
|| ''[[Thirakkatha]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kurukshetra (2008 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' || Havildar ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2009 || ''[[Loudspeaker (2009 film)|Loudspeaker]]'' || Organ agent Sarangadharan ||
|-
|| ''Changathikoottam'' || Pathrose ||
|-
|| ''[[Colours (2009 film)|Colours]]'' || Rahul's father ||
|-
|| ''[[Hailesa]]'' || Police Inspector Pothuval ||
|-
|| ''Venalmaram'' || Achuthankutty ||
|-
|}

===== 2010s =====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2010 || ''[[3 Char Sau Bees]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Body Guard (2010 film)|Body Guard]]'' || Principal ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Kalabha Mazha]]'' || || Posthumous release
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Musafir (2013 film)|Musafir]]'' || GK || Posthumous release
|-
| 2015 || ''3 Wicketinu 365 Runs'' || || Posthumous release
|-
|}

==== Tamil films ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1988 || ''[[Paasa Paravaigal]]''|| Dhanraj ||
|-
|| ''[[Paadatha Thenikkal]]'' || Killer ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1990 || ''[[Pagalil Pournami]]'' || Hotel Manager ||
|-
|| ''[[Mounam Sammadham]]'' || Kallupatti Rangan ||
|-
|| ''[[Vaigasi Poranthachu]]'' || Malaiyappan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1991 || ''[[Gopura Vasalile]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Vaasalil Oru Vennila'' || Singer ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1992 || ''[[Vaaname Ellai]]'' || M.R.T. ||
|-
|| ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadi]]'' || Dhanush ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Kala Pani (1996 film)|Siraichalai]]'' || Ahmmed Kutty ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1998 || ''[[Thulli Thirintha Kaalam]]'' || Nair ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaathala Kaathala]]'' || Vikadananda ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1999 || ''[[Adutha Kattam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kakkai Siraginile]]'' || Kanmani's father ||
|-
|| ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' || Paandi ||
|-
|| ''[[Mudhalvan]]'' || Chinnasamy ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Mugavaree]]'' || Director ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Citizen (film)|Citizen]]'' || Manmadha Kutty ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2002 || ''[[Youth (2002 film)|Youth]]'' || Dhanushkodi ||
|-
|| ''[[Maaran (2002 film)|Maaran]]'' || C.B.I officer Madanagopal ||
|-
|| ''[[Paarthale Paravasam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2003 || ''[[Lesa Lesa]]'' || Kailasam ||
|-
|| ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Nadhi Karaiyinile]]'' || ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Attahasam]]'' || Swapna's father ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2005 || ''[[Anniyan]]'' || Delinquent car owner ||
|-
|| ''[[Thotti Jaya]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Chanakya (2005 film)|Chanakya]]'' || MLA ||
|-
|| ''[[Kasthuri Maan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2006 || ''[[Pattiyal]]'' || Saamy ||
|-
| ''[[Suyetchai MLA]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Unakkum Enakkum]]'' || Ravichandran ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2007 || ''[[Madurai Veeran (2007 film)|Madurai Veeran]]'' || Teacher ||
|-
|| ''[[Deepavali (2007 film)|Deepavali]]'' || Sait ||
|-
|| ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji: The Boss]]'' || A. Kuzhandhaivel ||
|-
|| ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]'' || Chellapandi ||
|-
|| ''[[Sringaram]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2008 || ''[[Theekuchi]]'' || Kasi ||
|-
|| ''[[Tharagu]]'' || Kanmani's assistant ||
|-
|| ''[[Arai En 305-il Kadavul]]'' || Giri Chettan ||
|-
|| ''[[Jayamkondaan|Jeyam Kondaan]]'' || Kasi ||
|-
|| ''[[Poi Solla Porom]]'' || Vijayakumar ||
|-
|| ''[[Aegan]]'' || Hanifa ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2009 || ''[[A Aa E Ee (2009 Tamil film)|A Aa E Ee]]'' || Vedachalam ||
|-
|| ''[[Modhi Vilayadu]]'' || Chanakya ||
|-
|| ''[[Vettaikaran (2009 film)|Vettaikaran]]'' || Complex Owner ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2010 || ''[[Kattradhu Kalavu]]'' || Vaikavardhan || Posthumous release
|-
|| ''[[Ambasamudram Ambani]]'' || Nandhini's father || Posthumous release
|-
|| ''[[Madrasapattinam]]'' || Nambi || Posthumous release
|-
|| ''[[Enthiran]]'' || Traffic police officer || Posthumous release
|-
|| ''[[Thottu Paar]]'' || || Posthumous release
|-
|}

==== Hindi films ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1988 || ''[[New Delhi (1988 Hindi film)|New Delhi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Gardish]]'' || Bank robber ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[No Problem (2010 film)|No Problem]]'' || Dr. Ramacharya ||
|}

==== Telugu films ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Thiru Ranga|Julayi]]'' || Gopalakrishna ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2010 || ''[[Puli (2010 film)|Puli]]'' || Al Saleem's PA || Posthumous release
|-
| ''[[Thakita Thakita]]'' || Alagappan || Posthumous release
|-
|}

===As director===

'''Malayalam Films'''

* ''[[Bheesmacharya]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Vatsalyam]]'' (1993)
* ''Veena Meettiya Vilangukal'' (1990)
* ''[[Aankiliyude Tharattu]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Oru Sindoora Pottinte Ormaykku]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Moonnu Masangalkku Munpu]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Oru Sandesam Koodi]]'' (1985)

'''Tamil films'''
* ''[[Paasa Paravaigal]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Paadatha Thenikkal]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Pagalil Pournami]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Pillai Paasam]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Vaasalile Oru Vennila]]'' (1991)
* ''Naalai Engal Kalyanam'' (later released as ''Kadalora Kaadhal'')

===As writer===
* ''[[Aval Oru Devaalayam]]'' (1977) (Directed by A.B. Raj)
* ''[[Adima Changala]]'' (1981) (Directed by A.B. Raj)
* ''Ithihasam'' (1981)
* ''Chicagoyil Cheenthiya Raktham''
* ''[[Aarambham]]'' (1982) (Directed by [[Joshi (director)|Joshi]])
* ''[[Dheera]]'' (1982) (Directed by [[Joshi (director)|Joshi]])
* ''[[Thaalam Thettiya Tharattu]]'' (1983) (Directed by A.B. Raj)
* ''[[Sandharbham]]'' (1984) (Directed by [[Joshi (director)|Joshi]])
* ''[[Inakkilly]]'' (1984) (Directed by [[Joshi (director)|Joshi]])
* ''[[Piriyilla Naam]]'' (1984) (Directed by [[Joshi (director)|Joshi]])
* ''[[Parayanumvayya Parayathirikkanumvayya]]'' (1985) (Directed by [[Priyadarshan]])
* ''[[Puthiya Karukkal]]'' (1989) (Directed by Thampi Kannanthanam)
* ''[[Lal Americayil]]'' (1989) (Directed by [[Sathyan Anthikkad]])
* ''[[Kadathanadan Ambadi]]'' (1990) (Directed by [[Priyadarshan]])
* ''[[Bheesmacharya]]'' (1994) (Directed by himself)
* ''Mission'' (2010)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0359880|name=Cochin Haneefa}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Cochin%20Haneefa&limit=178 Cochin Haneefa at MSI]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100205085756/http://www.dishtracking.com/forum/cochin-haneefa-vmc-haneefa-passed-away-t-6926.html "Cochin Haneefa Passed Away"]
* [http://yeskerala.com/index.php/2010/02/02/cochin-haneefa-passed-away Notice of death of Cochin Haneefa aka Salim Ahmed Ghoush]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100205075751/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=81055 Mathrubhumi Online website]
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haneefa, Cochin}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian slapstick comedians]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Deaths from multiple organ failure]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kochi]]
[[Category:Deaths from liver cancer in India]]

Lodhruva

2026-03-13T22:56:53Z

VanessaColls18: small update information after review and updated info for consistency

{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lodrawa
| image_skyline = Lodurva Temples.jpg
| image_caption = [[Lodhurva Jain temple]]
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jaisalmer]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 8th century CE
| named_for =
| government_type = Village
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2023
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demographics_type1 =
| population_demographics1_title1 =
| population_demographics1_info1 =
| population_rank =
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi, Rajasthani
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| mapframe = yes
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name = Lodurva, Lodarva or Laudrava
| founder = Rawal Deoraj
}}
'''Lodrawa''' (aka Lodurva, Lodarva or Laudrava) is a village in [[Jaisalmer district]], Rajasthan, [[India]]. It is located 15 kilometers to the north-west of [[Jaisalmer]]. Lodrawa was the ancient capital of the [[Bhati|Bhati Rajputs]] until [[Rawal Jaisal]] founded the [[Jaisalmer state]] and moved the capital to Jaisalmer in 1156 CE. According to historical sources, the city was originally under the control of the [[Lodhi Rajputs|Lodhis]].{{sfn|Tod|1832|p=1198}}

== Rule of the Lodha Rajputs ==
Before coming under Bhatti control, Lodhorva was ruled by the [[Lodha|Lodhi Rajputs]](also referred to as Lodra Rajputs), a prominent Chandravanshi Rajput clan in the region. Lodhorva during their rule was described as "an immense city with twelve gates," highlighting its political and military importance.{{sfn|Tod|1832|p=1198}} The Lodha Rajputs played a crucial role in establishing Lodhorva as a fortified city and cultural center prior to its annexation by the Bhattis.

== Conquest by Deoraj Bhatti ==
The fall of the Lodha Rajputs came with the strategic conquest by Deoraj Bhatti, a powerful Bhatti Rajput chief. According to Colonel James Tod in *Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan*, Deoraj was approached by a discontented Purohit (priest) who had taken sanctuary with him after being wronged by the Lodha ruler. The Purohit advised Deoraj to take Lodhorva for himself.

To do this, Deoraj proposed marriage to the daughter of [[Nripbhan]], the Lodha Rajput chief. Arriving at Lodhorva with a force of 1,200 chosen horsemen disguised as a wedding procession, Deoraj was allowed entry into the city. Once inside, the Bhatti warriors launched a surprise attack and seized Lodhorva. Deoraj married the Lodha chief's daughter, established a garrison, and returned to his own capital at Derawar, marking the end of Lodha Rajput rule in Lodhorva.{{sfn|Tod|1832|p=1198}}

This event not only marked the political demise of the Lodha Rajputs in Lodhorva but also represented the beginning of Bhatti dominance in the region, eventually leading to the founding of Jaisalmer.
.

== Decline and Abandonment ==
Over the centuries, repeated invasions and the harsh desert environment led to the decline of Lodhorva. The city was eventually abandoned when [[Rawal Jaisal]], a Bhatti descendant of Deoraj, considered it too exposed to external threats. After conspiring with the Sultan of Ghor to attack his nephew Bhojdeo, who then ruled Lodhorva, Jaisal founded the fortified city of [[Jaisalmer]] further into the desert, which became the new seat of power.{{sfn|Tod|1832|p=1198}}

== Legacy of the Lodha Rajputs ==
Although their rule over Lodhorva ended, the Lodha Rajputs remain historically significant as one of the early ruling clans in the desert frontier of Rajasthan. Their fall became a defining moment in the rise of the Bhatti Rajput power and the founding of one of the region's most iconic cities—Jaisalmer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-05-31/news/27346177_1_jaisalmer-rawal-jaisal-trikuta-hill|title=Jawahar Niwas: Grace of Jaisalmer|last=Singh|first=Ranjeni A|date=31 May 2002|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=14 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103234011/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-05-31/news/27346177_1_jaisalmer-rawal-jaisal-trikuta-hill|archive-date=3 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="rjt">{{cite web|url=http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/Destinations/Jaisalmer/NearJaisalmer4.aspx|title=Bada Bagh|website=Department of Tourism, Government of Rajasthan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215034310/http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/Destinations/Jaisalmer/NearJaisalmer4.aspx|archive-date=15 December 2012|access-date=21 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/Destinations/Jaisalmer/AboutJaisalmer.aspx|title=About Jaisalmer|publisher=Department of Tourism, Govt. of Rajasthan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228074848/http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/Destinations/Jaisalmer/AboutJaisalmer.aspx|archive-date=28 December 2012|access-date=21 December 2012}}</ref>

The village and the surrounding area are famous for their historic temples, mostly [[Jainism|Jain]], originally constructed in the pre-12th-century [[Māru-Gurjara architecture|Maru-Gurjara style]] of the [[Chalukya Empire]] and reconstructed in a similar but more ornate revivalist style in the 17th century.

==History==
Rawal Deoraj of the Bhati clan established Lodhruva as the capital in the 8th century CE.{{sfn|Tod|1832|p=239}}<ref>{{cite book |title=The Rough Guide to India | series=Rough Guides |url={{Google books|aL_kDAAAQBAJ|pg=PT307|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> The city stood on an ancient trade route through the [[Thar Desert]], which also made it vulnerable to frequent attacks. [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] laid siege on the city in 1025 CE. It was again ransacked by [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muhammad Ghori]] in 1152 CE, leading to its abandonment and the establishment of the new fortified capital of [[Jaisalmer]] by [[Rawal Jaisal]] in 1156 CE. Jaisalmer was situated 16 km away on the [[Trikuta|Trikuta Hill]], where the [[Jaisalmer Fort|present fortress]] stands today.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sonar Qila|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/sonar-qila/48364/0|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |date=9 January 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra (Lonely Planet Travel Guides)|author=Lindsay Brown |author2=Amelia Thomas |publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2008|isbn=978-1-74104-690-8 |page=335 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz0_zXPb68kC&dq=Lodhruva&pg=PA335 }}</ref>

Lodrawa was also the setting for the doomed love story of Princess Mumal and Mahendra, a prince of [[Amarkot]], recounted in local folklore and songs.<ref>{{cite news |title=A story around every dune Published: Sunday |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/books-and-more_a-story-around-every-dune_1152595-all |publisher=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] |date=24 February 2008 }}</ref>

==Visitor's attractions==
{{Main|Lodhurva Jain temple}}
Lodrawa is a popular tourist destination, known for its architectural ruins and surrounding sand dunes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2007/07/15/tra06.asp|title=Camel safari in India|date=15 July 2007|work=Sunday Observer|access-date=14 June 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429203817/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2007/07/15/tra06.asp|archive-date=29 April 2014}}</ref> Lodrawa is also famous for the [[Jain temple]] dedicated to the 23rd [[Tirthankara]], [[Parshvanatha]]. The original temple was destroyed in 1178 AD when [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muhammad Ghori]] attacked the city, but it was reconstructed by Seth Tharu Shah in 1615, with further additions in 1675 and 1687.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jaindharmonline.com/pilgri/jaisal.htm|title=Jain Temples Jaisalmer|website=Jaindharm online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818175311/http://www.jaindharmonline.com/pilgri/jaisal.htm|archive-date=18 August 2007|access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref> Restored using state-of-the-art methods in the late 1970s, the temples are reminders of the city's former glory.<ref name=lonely>{{cite book |title=Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra (Lonely Planet Travel Guides)|author=Lindsay Brown |author2=Amelia Thomas |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2008|isbn= 978-1-74104-690-8|page= 335|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz0_zXPb68kC&dq=Lodhruva&pg=PA335 }}</ref> Other old temples in the area are dedicated to the deities [[Rishabhanatha]], [[Sambhavanatha]], [[Hinglaj|Hinglaj Mata]], [[Chamunda]], and [[Shiva]].

==Further reading==
* ''Beyond The Dunes: Journeys In Rajasthan'', by Juhi Sinha. Penguin Global. {{ISBN|978-0-14-306306-3}}.

==See also==
* [[History of Jaisalmer]]
* [[Bada Bagh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book |last=Tod |first=James|author-link=James Tod |title=Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han: Or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India | volume=2 |url={{Google books|OYVIAQAAMAAJ|page=1198|plainurl=yes}} |date=1832 |publisher=[[Smith, Elder & Co.|Smith, Elder and Company]] }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lodurva}}
* [http://wikimapia.org/1042614/Lodurva Lodurva] at [[wikimapia]]
* [http://vimeo.com/11662309 Legend of Mumal and Mahender in Rajastahni folksong]
* [https://archive.org/details/annalsantiquitie02todj/page/542/mode/2up Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan – Lodhorva section]

[[Category:Villages in Jaisalmer district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jaisalmer district]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Rajasthan]]

Mushika-vamsha

2026-03-12T15:59:27Z

VanessaColls18: new some article more to come

{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}

'''''Mushika-vamsha''''' ([[IAST]]: Mūṣika-vaṃśa mahā-kāvyam) is a [[Sanskrit]] dynastic chronicle composed in 11th century by poet [[Atula]].<ref name=":3">Thapar, Romila'', The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.'' Penguin Books, 2002. 394-95.</ref><ref name=":2">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 178-179.</ref> It narrates the legendary history of the [[Mushika dynasty]], which ruled the northern part of the present-day [[Kerala]] state of India.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> The chronicle moves from mythological beginnings of the founding ancestors to more authentic genealogical history in later chapters (''sargas'').<ref name=":3" />

Several kings mentioned in the text, such as Validhara Vikrama Rama (c. 929),<ref name=":62">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 180-181.</ref> Jayamani<ref name=":18">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 480-81.</ref> and Kantan Karivarman (Srikantha Kartha) (both c. 1020)<ref name=":62"/> and [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] king [[Goda Ravi|Kota Ravi Vijayaraga]] (c. 883–913)<ref name=":9">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 97-98.</ref> can be found in the medieval inscriptions discovered from north Kerala.

== Date ==

''Mushika-vamsha'' is believed to have been written during the reign of the Mushika ruler Shrikantha, who is assumed to be a contemporary of the 11th century [[Chola]] ruler [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra I]] (see [[#Historicity|Historicity]] below). If this belief is true, ''Mushika-vamsha'' is the earliest known historical Sanskrit ''[[mahakavya]]'', pre-dating [[Kalhana]]'s ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' by a few decades.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=vi}}

Indologist [[A. K. Warder]] classifies Atula's style as ''[[Vidarbha|Vaidarbhi]]'', and believes that he was influenced by the 6th century poet [[Bharavi]], among others.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=52}}

== Plot ==

=== Origin of the dynasty ===

{{Quote box |width=25em |align=right |salign = right
|quote=<poem>
...you should not take your own unhappy life,
Nor yet ought you to obstruct this offspring
left like this in you by your husband.
</poem>
|source = ''Mushika-vamsha'' introductory verse, describing how the royal preceptor dissuaded the queen from committing suicide{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=33}}
}}

Atula provides a mythological origin of the Mushika dynasty, tracing its descent to a [[Heheya Kingdom|Heheya]] queen, whose family was killed during [[Parashurama]]'s slaughter of the [[Kshatriya]] rulers.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xiii}} The pregnant queen initially wanted to commit suicide, but her family preceptor dissuaded her from doing so, encouraging her not to destroy her unborn baby.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|pp=1-2}}{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=33}} With the help of the preceptor, the queen fled southwards, and came to the coastal region that later became the Mushika kingdom.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xiii}} There, she was attacked by a huge rat (''mushika''), who was actually the divine spirit of the Eli mountain ([[Ezhimala Hill|Ezhimala]]), and had been cursed by the sage [[Kaushika]] to become a rat. The queen burned the rat to ashes with the flame emitted from her eyes: the rat was thus redeemed, and became transformed into its original form.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|pp=xiii-xiv}}{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=34}}

=== Rama, the dynasty's founder ===

At the request of the divine spirit, the queen started living in a cave of the mountain, protected from Parashurama.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=34}} There, she gave birth to a boy, who received education from the preceptor. By the time the prince grew up, Parashurama had wiped the Kshatriyas from the earth 21 times. Feeling sorry for their widows, he decided to perform a ritual sacrifice to absolve himself from the sin of killing the Kshatriyas at the Eli mountain. For one of the sacrificial ceremonies, he needed a Kshatriya prince.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=34}} The divine spirit of the mountain brought to him the Heheya prince, who belonged to the [[lunar dynasty]].{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=35}} After the end of Parashurama's ceremony, the prince was crowned as a king, and thus, became the founder of the Mushika dynasty. Since Parashurama performed his consecration with the holy water from a ''ghata'' (earthen pot), the king came to be known as Rama-ghata-mushika.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xiv}}

The first six cantos deal with the exploits of Rama. He established a council of ministers, and his favourite minister was Mahanavika ("great sailor"), a member of the trading class (''Shreshti'') of [[Mahishmati]].{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xiv}}{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=35}} Rama also established the fortified city of Kolam, and the Mushika rulers came to be known as Kolabhupas.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xiv}} Once, he visited the hermitage of Parashurama, who gave him an invincible bow called ''Ajita'' and several divine missiles. Meanwhile, he received the news that his ancestral Heheya kingdom had been conquered by the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]s. Rama wanted to march against Magadha, but his ministers advised him to subjugated the southern kingdoms first.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xv}} After consolidating his rule in southern India, Rama crossed the [[Vindhyas|Vindhya mountain]], and asked the Magadha ruler Suvarman to hand over the former Heheya territory to him. When Suvarman refused, the two kings fought a battle in which Suvarman used divine missiles, but Rama could counter him without use of Parashurama's divine missiles. Ultimately, Rama defeated and killed him in a duel.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|pp=xv-xvi}} The vassals of Magadha accepted his suzerainty. He married Suvarman's daughter, and restored the Magadha territory to Suvarman's son.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xvi}}

Gradually, Rama conquered the entire [[Names of India|Bharata]] (India) and "the islands", and became a [[Chakravartin]] (universal emperor).{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=38}} He appointed his elder son Vatu as the ruler of the Heheya kingdom, and returned to Kola with his younger son Nandana.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xvi}} At Kola, he performed a [[ashvamedha|horse sacrifice]], and after a long time, [[sannyasa|retired to penance]], crowning Nandana as the new king of the Mushika kingdom.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xvi}}{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=38}}

=== Nandana and his successors ===
{{Quote box |width=30em |align=left |salign = left
|quote=<poem>
The very skilful girl friend, having understood the emotion
of the playful one whose mind was besieged by Love,
On the pretext of a spray she could pick with her own hand,
led the beloved to a deserted creeper-house.
</poem>
|source = ''Mushika-vamsha'' 7.65, describing an incident during Nandana's stay with young women in a mountain forest{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=40}}
}}

The Cantos 7-10 describe the "amorous exploits" of Nandana: the poet describes him as a mighty and glorious monarch, but does not describe his achievements as a king. Nandana was succeeded by Ugra; Canto 11 lists the names of the next 51 rulers (all patrilineal descendants).{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xxi}}

Ugrasena, the sixth successor of Nandana, repulsed an invasion from the Kerala Kingdom. His successor Chitrasena was killed by a lion during a hunting expedition. The next ruler Shatasoma, described as a descendant of the [[solar dynasty]], performed a hundred [[ashvamedha|horse sacrifices]]. On the advice of sage [[Agastya]], he visited [[Mount Kailash|Kailasha]] and brought a sacred idol of the god [[Shiva]]. This idol was installed in a [[Rajarajeshwara Temple|newly-constructed shrine]] at Celera (also known as Cellura, [[Taliparamba]] or Lakshmipura).{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xxiii}}

Shatasoma's descendant Sharmadatta obtained the boon of living as long as he wished from Shiva, for himself and his 20 descendants. His descendant Vatukavarman built the large [[Vadeshwaram Temple|Vatukeshvara Shiva temple]] at Alashuddhi. His successor Ahirana built the Ahiraneshvara Shiva temple on the western bank of the Pṛthana river{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=42}} (identified as [[Valapattanam River|Valapattanam]]).{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xxiii}} Ahirana's son Ranabhara was attracted some girls while chasing elephants in the [[Sahyadri|Sahya]] mountains. He followed them into a big cave, spent some days with a thousand cave girls, and then brought them to his kingdom using an [[elixir]]. After the birth of his son Aryagupta, he entered the cave once again, accompanied by many women.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=42}}{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xxiv}}

Aryagupta's son Achala built the city of Achalapattana on the Eli mountain. His younger son Vikramasena ascended the throne after expelling the elder son Ashvasena from the kingdom. Vikramasena's son Vinayavarman ruled by ''[[dharma]]'', and the next ruler Rajavarman built a Buddhist monastery ([[vihara]]) called Rajavihara.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=43}}

Ashvasena's son Jayamanin I became the next ruler with the help of an army from the [[Pandya kingdom]]. Jayamanin's grandson Udayavarman patronized [[Brahmin]]s. The next ruler Virochana I killed a [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] king, and married his daughter Harini. Two of his descendants—Shashidatta and Janavrata—killed each other in order to seize the throne. Nothing is known about the last 38 kings mentioned in the Canto 11, except their names.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=43}}

=== Kunchivarman and Ishanavarman ===
{{Quote box |width=30em |align=right |salign = right
|quote=<poem>
Where (in Kola) the totality of deities live together
like the species of animals of the forest who have found a place
In a hermitage of successful ascetics,
perceived in the world as extremely contradictory.
</poem>
|source = ''Mushika-vamsha'' 12.112, describing the tolerance for different faiths in the Mushika kingdom{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=52}}
}}

Canto 12 begins with the reign of Kunchivarman, whose daughter married the ruler of the neighbouring Kerala Kingdom.
{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xxiv}} His son Ishanavarman married Nandini, the daughter of a [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]] king who had been dethroned. Ishanavarman led an army to Chedi, and restored the throne to his father-in-law.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xxv}} Upon his return to the Mushika kingdom, he faced an invasion from the Kerala king Jayaraga.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=44}} The warring kings decided to engage in a personal combat, but the Kerala prince Goda and Ishanavarman's nephew negotiated a peace treaty between the two kingdoms.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xxvi}} Ishanavarman and Nandini did not have any children, so he married a [[Chola]] princess, with whom he had a son named Nrparama (or Nrpavarman).{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xxvi}}{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=45}}

=== Nandini's descendants ===

An upset Nandini prayed to the goddess [[Bhadrakali]] (or Chandika),{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=44}} and obtained a boon that the Mushika throne would be passed on to the sons of the female members of her family.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xxvi}} (The manuscript is mutilated here, but it is clear that the Goddess says something about women: the editor theorized that the goddess talks about matrilineal descent, which is what effectively happens in the subsequent portions of the text.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=47}}) Sometime later, she gave birth to a son named Palaka, and a daughter named Nandini (II).{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xxvi}} To avoid a war of succession between Nrparama and Palaka, Ishanavarman sent Palaka to the Chedi kingdom. Ishanavarman patronized scholars, and built several Shiva temples. Towards the end of his life, he suffered from a severe fever, and died after performing a ''[[sixteen great gifts|Mahadana]]'' ("Great Donation") ceremony.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xxvii}}

The ministers then appointed Nrparama as the new king,{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=45}} whose infant son Chandravarman became the titular ruler after his death. Taking advantage of this situation, the Kerala king invaded the Mushika kingdom, whose ministers recalled Palaka from Chedi. Palaka repulsed the invasion, slaughtered the enemies on the battlefield, and became the king. He was succeeded by Validhara, the son of his sister.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xxvii}}{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=46}}

Validhara defended his kingdom against the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Ganga]] invaders, and was succeeded by his maternal nephews, first Ripurama, and then Vikramarama. Vikramarama build a huge wall of large rocks to prevent a Buddha (''Jina'') shrine from being swallowed by the [[Arabian Sea]].{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xxviii}} (This temple remains unidentified, and was probably lost to the sea in the later years.){{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=47}} His successors were Janamani, Samghavarman (or Shankhavarman), Jayamani (Jayamanin II), and Valabha I.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xxviii-xxix}}{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=44}}

{{Quote box |width=35em |align=left |salign = left
|quote=<poem>
Excellent women emerged from the houses because of the threshing fire,
their children hanging on to them in the danger;
Their very unsteady hands
waving to the dancing of their braids of hair.
</poem>
|source = ''Mushika-vamsha'' 13.34, describing the burning of Manapura by Gambhira's forces{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=48}}
}}

Valabha I, described in Canto 13, was a powerful warrior king, who subjugated the chieftain of Bhatasthali, and made his relative Nrparama the in-charge of that territory. His younger brother and successor Kundavarman built the Narayananapura city and a [[Vishnu]] temple in that city. The next ruler Palaka was a son of a sister of Kundavarman. At the time of his death, Palaka did not have an adult younger brother or a maternal nephew. He was succeeded by Ripurama, a chieftain of Bhatasthali. After a glorious reign, Ripurama was succeeded by Gambhira, a son of Palaka's sister. Gambhira was a strong ruler, who crushed a revolt by the subordinate chief of Marupura, and burnt down that city.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xxix}}

=== Vallabha II ===

Jayamani (Jayamanin III), the successor and younger brother of Gambhira, became a renowned ruler. During the last years of his reign, he was assisted in administration by his nephew, the crown prince Valabha II.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xxix}} Valabha II, said to be an [[avatar|incarnation]], partially that of [[Shiva]] and partially that of [[Vishnu]], made grants to the Vedic ''[[agrahara]]'' of Cellura. This ''agrahara'' is described as a hermitage with a variety of trees.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=48}}

At Cellura, there were two head [[brahmins|brahmanas]] (priests) named Bhava and Nandin, said to have descended from the heavens. They are compared to [[Shukra]] and [[Brihaspati]] (the teachers of the [[Asura]] and [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] respectively, in Hindu mythology). Vallabha visited the "cities" (shrines) of [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]], the latter of which had been built by the earlier king Shatasoma, and paid obeisance to the deities. He commissioned repairs to these two temples, which had decayed with age, and gave benedictions to the brahmanas before leaving.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=49}}

Jayamani made Vallabha his [[heir apparent]], and then asked him to march to aid the Kerala king, who was preparing to attack the [[Chola]] king. Vallabha had to abandon the march midway, when a loyal subject told him that Jayamani had died, and an enemy named Ramavikrama had usurped the throne. Vallabha sent an envoy to the Kerala king, and then turned back towards the Mushika capital. On the way back, he visited the [[Sri Mulavasam|Mulavasa]] shrine, and paid obeisance to the [[Buddha]].{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=49}}

{{Quote box |width=30em |align=right |salign = right
|quote=<poem>
His belly rent by a sharp sword,
though fallen on the ground unconscious,
The enemy soldier slowly regained consciousness
through the breeze from the wings of a bird violently dragging out his intestines
</poem>
|source = ''Mushika-vamsha'' 14.33, describing the battle between Vallabha and Ramavikrama{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=50}}
}}

Vallabha's army defeated Ramavikrama's forces in a fierce battle.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=49}} Vallabha punished the surviving dissidents, and took control of the Mushika kingdom. The poet describes his coronation and construction activities in detail. Vallabha built the city of [[Madayi|Marahi]], an international commercial port, at the mouth of the [[Kuppam River|Killa]] river. He also built the [[Valapattanam|Vallabhapatnam]] fort, named after himself. He installed a statue of [[Shiva]] at the Vatukeshvara temple. His army crossed the ocean, and conquered many islands.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=50}}

=== Shrikantha ===

Vallabha II was succeeded by his younger brother Shrikantha ([[IAST]]: Śrīkaṇṭha) alias Rajavarman. He commissioned restoration of the Vatukeshvara, Kharavana, and Ahiraneshvara temples. He restored the wealth that the enemies had plundered from the temples, and paid obeisance to [[Shiva]]. The extant text breaks off after a description of the Shiva worship and rituals.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=51}}

== Historicity ==

The poet Atula was primarily focused on eulogizing the dynasty's rulers, rather than on describing their reign based on the historical facts.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xviii}} The first six cantos, which are about the dynasty's founder Rama, describe an ideal ruler rather than a historical figure. There is no evidence that a ruler from present-day Kerala conquered Magadha or other regions of northern India.{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xix}}

Although the text's description of the dynasty's origin is purely legendary, some historians, such as [[M. G. S. Narayanan]], believe that it indicates northern origins of the dynasty. Narayanan theorizes that the Mushika family may have migrated from the [[Heheya Kingdom|Heheya]] kingdom of Central India to Kerala at the beginning of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan rule]].{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xvi-xvii}}

Nandana of Atula's text may be same as Nannan, a king described in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Sangam literature]], but this cannot be said with certainty. According to the Sangam literature, Nannan ruled Ezhilmalai (Eli mountain), and fought many battles against the neighbouring rulers. However, Atula does not credit Nandana with any military achievements.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=39}}

Indologist [[A. K. Warder]] notes that the story of Shiva's boon (of living as long as they wished) to Sharmadatta and his 20 successors solves the chronological inconsistencies arising from dating the dynasty's origin to [[Parashurama]]'s time, by allowing as much as hundred years for the kings' lifespans. All of these kings appear to be imaginary.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=42}}

Canto 12 onwards, the text describes rulers who can be identified as historical figures.
{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xxiv}} However, not all of the events described in this and subsequent cantos are historical. For example, Ishanavarman's purported march to Chedi is of doubtful historicity,{{sfn|K. P. A. Menon|1999|p=xxv}} although his conflict with the Kerala king seems to have some historical basis.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=44}}

Shrikantha is identified with king Kandan (Kantan) Karivarman mentioned in the [[Eramam]] inscription, which records the ''Samayasanketam'' ceremony conducted at the [[Chalappuram, Kozhikode|Chalappuram]] temple during Kandan's reign. The inscription also mentions ''Rajendra-chola Samayasenapati'' of Kadappappalli, who is identified as the 11th century [[Chola]] king [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra]].{{sfn|K. Maheswaran Nair|1972|p=49}} The ''Mushika-vamsha'' mentions that Shrikantha restored the temples that had been plundered by the enemies, and then ends abruptly after describing the worship rituals at the restored temples. It appears that the Chola king Rajendra successfully invaded Kerala around 1020, and Atula has omitted this fact to avoid spoiling his glorious description of Vallabha's reign. Shrikantha seems to have restored the temples in the aftermath of this first Chola invasion, as described in the Mushika-vamsha and the Eramam inscription. The Kerala kingdom subsequently rebelled against Rajendra's overlordship, leading to a second Chola invasion around 1028, in which both the Kerala king and Kandan were killed.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1992|p=51}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=A. K. Warder |author-link=Anthony Kennedy Warder |title=Indian Kāvya Literature |volume=6: The Art of Storytelling |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl0l5ZTkNxIC&pg=PA42 |year=1992 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0615-3 }}
* {{cite book |editor=K. Maheswaran Nair |title=Epigraphia Malabarica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrABAAAAMAAJ |year=1972 |publisher=Kerala Historical Society |oclc=1695063 }}
* {{cite book |author=K. P. A. Menon |title=Mūṣikavaṃśamahākāvyam |series=Classical Sanskrit Literature of Kerala (Volume 8) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Us1jAAAAMAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Nag |isbn=978-81-7081-508-2 }}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Epic poems in Sanskrit]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Works about monarchs]]
[[Category:History of Kannur district]]
[[Category:History books about India]]
[[Category:11th-century Sanskrit literature]]

Alirajpur State

2026-03-09T13:13:45Z

VanessaColls18: expanded structure for clarity

{{Short description|Princely state of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name = अलीराजपुर रियासत
|conventional_long_name =Alirajpur State
|common_name =Alirajpur
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|capital = [[Alirajpur]]
|era =
|year_start = 1437
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= Accession of [[Dominion of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = Drapeau AliRajpur.png
|image_coat = Alirajpur State CoA.png
|image_map = AlirajpurKart.jpg
|image_map_caption = Alirajpur State in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
|stat_area1 =2165.24
|stat_year1 = 1941
|stat_pop1 = 112,754
|today = [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Republic of India]]
|footnotes = <ref>{{EB1911|wstitle=Alirajpur|inline=1}}</ref>
}}
'''Alirajpur State''' was formerly a [[princely state]] of India, administratively under the [[Bhopawar Agency]] subdivision of the [[Central India Agency]]. The state covered an area of 2165 square kilometres, with a population of 50,185 in 1901 and its capital at [[Alirajpur]]. The average revenue of the state was Rs.100,000 in 1901.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_153.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 8, page 147 — Imperial Gazetteer of India — Digital South Asia Library|access-date=19 August 2019|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805170921/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_153.gif|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Bhopawar Agency States and estates.jpg|thumb|Bhopawar Agency Information]]
The early history of the state is not very clear, the founder of the state was either Anand Deo or Ude Deo. The state got its name from the fort of Ali and the capital of Rajpur. The rulers of Alirajpur claim to be Rathore's from the royal family of Jodhpur, however this claim is not accepted by the Maharaja's of Jodhpur. The state came under British rule in 1817.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gujarat State Gazetteer|publisher=Government Press|year=1989|pages=3|quote=Alirajpur, Baria and Jhabua, which entered into treaties in 1817 AD were placed under the Bhopawar sub-agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_231.gif|title=Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu|access-date=22 March 2020|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807085504/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_231.gif|url-status=dead}}</ref> The last ruler of Ali Rajpur was Surendra Singh, who subsequently served as the [[Ambassador]] of India to [[Spain]] in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/a/alirajpur.html |title=Alirajpur Princely State (11 gun salute) |access-date=21 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316151733/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/a/alirajpur.html |archive-date=16 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After Indian independence in 1947, Alirajpur acceded to the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]], and the principality was incorporated into the new state of [[Madhya Bharat]], which subsequently became [[Madhya Pradesh]] state on 1 November 1956.

The state flag consisted of 12 red and white horizontal stripes. The Raja had a personal flag with five stripes of different colors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html|title=Indian Princely States before 1947 A–J|website=worldstatesmen.org|accessdate=2 June 2023}}</ref>

Alirajpur State is the birthplace of the Indian revolutionary from the Indian struggle against the British Rule, [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]].

===Rulers===

====Ranas====
*1437–1440: Anand Deo (d. 1440)
*1440–....: Pratap Deo
*.... - .... Chanchal Deo
*.... - .... Gugal Deo
*.... - .... Bachchharaj Deo
*.... - .... Dip Deo
*.... - .... Pahad Deo I
*.... - .... Udai Deo
*.... - 1765 Pahad Deo II (d. 1765)
*1765 - 1818 Pratap Singh I (d. 1818)
*1818 Musafir Makrani
*1818 - 17 Mar 1862 [[Jaswant Singh of Alirajpur|Jashwant Singh]] (usurper) (b. 1818 - d. 1862)
*1818 - 1839 Musafir Makrani -Manager
*1862 - 1869 [[Ganga Deo]] (b. c.1845 - d. 1871)
*1871 - 29 Oct 1881 [[Rup Deo]] (b. 1847 - d. 1881)
*1869 - 1873 Muhammad Najaf Khan -Superintendent
*Shamsuddin Makrani Superintendent of Police alirajpur State
*1881 - 16 Aug 1890 [[Bijai Singh of Alirajpur|Bijai Singh]] (b. 1881 - d. 1890)
*16 Aug 1890 – 14 Feb 1891 Interregnum
*14 Feb 1891 - 1911 [[Pratap Singh II of Alirajpur|Pratap Singh II]] (b. 1881 - d. af. 1950) (installed Mar 1892)

==== Rajas====
*1911 - 1941 [[Pratap Singh II of Alirajpur|Pratap Singh II]] (s.a.) (from 3 Jun 1933, Sir Pratap Singh II)(personal style of Maharaja from 1941)
*1941 - 23 Oct 1941 [[Fateh Singh of Alirajpur|Fateh Singh]] (b. 1904 - d. 1941)
*23 Oct 1941 – 15 Aug 1947 Surendra Singh (b. 1923 - d. 1996)
*23 Oct 1941 – 15 Aug 1947 Sir Pratap Singh -Regent (s.a.)

==See also==
*[[Bhopawar Agency]]
*[[Political integration of India]]
*[[Chandra Shekhar Azad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{commons category-inline}}
{{Coord|22|18|19|N|74|21|9|E|region:IN-GU_type:city_source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}
{{MP Princely States}}
{{Princely states of India}}

[[Category:Alirajpur district]]
[[Category:Princely states of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]
[[Category:15th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1437 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1437]]
[[Category:Rathore (clan)]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]

[[ca:Alirajpur]]

The Journey of Punjab 2016

2026-03-08T02:54:11Z

VanessaColls18: basic expanded section as per guidelines additionally and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Journey of Punjab 2016
| image =
| caption =
| director = Inderjit Moga, Balraj Sagar
| writer = Deep Jagdeep
| starring = Rana Ranbir, Rahul Jugral, Surjit Singh Sidhu, Anita Meet, Gurchet Chitarkar, Gurpreet Bhangu, Mintu Kapa
| music =
| released = {{Film date|2016}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
}}
'''''The Journey of Punjab 2016''''' is a 2016 Punjabi film directed by [[Inderjit Moga]] and [[Balraj Sagar]]. It is written by [[Deep Jagdeep]]. The film is about the menace of drugs in the Indian state of Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/the-journey-of-punjab-2016/ET00049508 |title=The Journey of Punjab 2016}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film revolves around four Punjabi youngsters.

==Cast==
* [[Rana Ranbir]] as Raj Rai, minister
* [[Rahul Jugral]] as Chandigarhiya
* [[Surjit Singh Sidhu]] as Bai Ji
* [[Anita Meet]]
* [[Gurchet Chitarkar]]
* [[Gurpreet Bhangu]]
*[[Mintu kapa]]

==Pre-Production and Production==
[[Red Arts Punjab]] started its journey by doing a series of performances of the play [[Aakhir Kadon Tak]] at various places in Punjab and its neighboring states.

The idea of making a film materialized after Surjeet Singh Sidhu, a college principal, agreed to produce it. The story of the play Aakhir Kadon Tak was then transformed into the screenplay by Inderjit Moga.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/journey-of-punjab-2016-college-principal-finances-film-on-drugs-after-losing-kin-3740994/ |title=Journey of Punjab 2016: College principal finances film on drugs after losing kin |last=Goyal |first=Divya |date=7 November 2016 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Journey of Punjab 2016, The}}
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 Punjabi-language films]]
{{Punjabi-film-stub}}

Swaraj Express

2026-03-07T16:44:38Z

VanessaColls18:

{{Italic title}}{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Swaraj Express
| logo =
| image = Swaraj express at jammu.jpg
| image_width = 250
| caption = Swaraj Express Crossing [[Tawi River]] At [[Jammu]]
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] & [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| first = * {{start date and age|df=yes|1976|12|24}}{{small|(initial service)}}
* {{start date and age|df=yes|2015|09|01}}<ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=List of the trains announced in the Railway Budget 2014-15 which would serve the State of Jammu & Kashmir and status of implementation|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=126640|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=4 September 2015}}</ref>{{small|(extended upto {{stnlnk|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra||SMVD Katra}})}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Bandra Terminus}} (BDTS)
| stops = 25
| end = {{stnlnk|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra||SMVD Katra}} (SVDK)
| distance = {{convert|2028|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 29 hours
| frequency = 4 days a week
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC First Class]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[Broad Gauge]]
| el =
| trainnumber = 12471 / 12472
| speed = {{convert|68|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Swaraj Express (Mumbai Bandra - Vaishnodevi Katra) route map.png|250px|Swaraj Express (Mumbai Bandra–Vaishnodevi Katra) route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12471 / 12472 '''Swaraj Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast express]] train belonging to [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways Zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Bandra Terminus}} and {{stnlnk|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra}} in India. It gets a very high priority on its route. It is the one and only train from Mumbai which directly connects Katra in Jammu & Kashmir.

It operates as train number 12471 from Bandra Terminus to Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra and as train number 12472 in the reverse direction.

It would initially run from {{stnlnk|Mumbai Central}}. Later it was transferred to Bandra Terminus.

==Coaches==

The train has standard [[LHB coach|LHB rakes]] with a maximum speed of 130 km/h between {{stnlnk|Virar}} and Block Hut 01. The train consists of 21 coaches:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://etrain.info/in?TRAIN=12471 |title=Swaraj Express 12471 |publisher=etrain.info |accessdate=8 August 2016}}</ref>
* 1 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC I]]
* 2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC II Tier]]
* 4 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC III Tier]]
* 2 Economy AC Tier
* 6 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper coaches]]
* 1 [[Pantry car]]
* 4 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]]
* 2 [[Diesel generator|End-on generator]]

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

12471 Bandra Terminus–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Swaraj Express covers the distance of 2030 kilometres in 33 hours 15 mins (63.41 km/h) and 2030 kilometres in 32 hours 55 mins (63.24 km/h) as 12472 Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra–Bandra Terminus Swaraj Express.

As the average speed of the train is above 55 km/h, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Route and halts==

*'''{{rws|Bandra Terminus}}'''
*{{rws|Borivali}}
*[[Palghar railway station|Palghar]]
*[[Vapi railway station|Vapi]]
*{{rws|Surat}}
*[[Bharuch Junction railway station|Bharuch Junction]]
*{{rws|Vadodara Junction}}
*{{rws|Godhra Junction}}
*[[Dahod railway station|Dahod]]
*{{rws|Ratlam Junction}}
*{{rws|Nagda Junction}}
*{{rws|Sawai Madhopur}}
*[[Gangapur City Junction|Gangapur City]]
*{{rws|Mathura Junction}}
*{{rws|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}
*{{rws|New Delhi}}
*{{rws|Panipat Junction}}
*{{rws|Ambala Cantonment}}
*{{rws|Ludhiana Junction}}
*[[Jalandhar Cantonment railway station|Jalandhar Cantonment Junction]]
*{{rws|Kathua}}
*{{rws|Jammu Tawi}}
*[[Martyr Captain Tushar Mahajan Udhampur railway station|MCTM Udhampur]]
*'''{{rws|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra}}'''

==Coach positioning==

LOCO-GS-GS-S6-S5-S4-S3-S2-S1-PC-M2-M1-B4-B3-B2-B1-A2-A1-H1-GS-GS-EOG

==Rake sharing==

This train shares its rake with,

* 12473/12474 [[Gandhidham–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Sarvodaya Express]]
* 12475/12476 [[Hapa–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Sarvodaya Express]]
* 12477/12478 [[Jamnagar–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Express]]

==Traction==

It is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from end to end.

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in|title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry|publisher=indianrail.gov.in|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-05-30}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swaraj Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1976]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

North-West Frontier Province

2026-03-06T15:01:43Z

VanessaColls18: revised

{{Short description|Former Province of British India and Pakistan}}
{{About|the former province of British India (1901–1947) and Pakistan (1947–1955; 1970–2010)|its renamed successor province|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|other uses|North West Frontier (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|North-Western Provinces}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}

{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = North-West Frontier Province
| common_name = North-West Frontier
| status =
*[[Chief Commissioner's Province]] of [[British India]] (1901–1932)
*[[List of governors of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Governor]]-led province of British India (1932–1947)
*[[Administrative units of Pakistan|Province of Pakistan]] (1947–1955; 1970–2010)
| native_name = {{nq|صوبہ سرحد}} {{small|ṣūbah sarḥad}}
| image_flag = Flag_of_NWFP.svg
| image_flag2 = British_Raj_Red_Ensign_%283-2%29.svg
| flag_type =
{{ubl|Top: Flag in Pakistan|Bottom: Flag in British India}}
| alt_flag =
| image_coat = File:Coat_of_arms_of_NWFP.svg
| symbol_width = 60px
| alt_coat =
| symbol_type = [[State emblem of Pakistan#Regional emblems|Coat of arms]] (Pakistan)
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:PakistanNorthWestFrontier.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|The North-West Frontier in Pakistan (1970–2010)|[[File:NWFP (1901-1955) map.gif|upright=1.15|frameless]]|The North-West Frontier in Pakistan (1947–1955)|[[File:IndianEmpireCeylon1915.jpg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|The North-West Frontier in the British Empire|default=1}}
| map_width = 250px
| alt_map = Images of maps of the North-West Frontier Province
| capital = [[Peshawar]]
| official_languages = {{Hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[Urdu]]}}
| languages_type = Native languages
| languages = {{Hlist|[[Pashto]]|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]{{efn|name=PunjabiLanguages}}|[[#Language|others]]}} 
| demonym = Sarhadī
| title_leader = [[List of chief commissioners of the North-West Frontier Province|Chief Commissioner]]
| leader1 = [[Harold Arthur Deane]] (first)
| year_leader1 = 1901–1908
| leader2 = [[Ralph Griffith (Indian Army officer)|Ralph Griffith]] (last)
| year_leader2 = 1931–1932
| title_representative = [[List of governors of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Governor]]
| representative1 = Ralph Griffith (first)
| year_representative1 = 1932–1937
| representative2 = [[Owais Ahmed Ghani]] (last)
| year_representative2 = 2008–2010{{efn|Continued as [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] till 2011}}
| title_deputy = [[List of chief ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Chief Minister]]
| deputy1 = [[Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum]] (first)
| year_deputy1 = 1937
| deputy2 = [[Haider Khan Hoti]] (last)
| year_deputy2 = 2008–2010{{efn|Continued as [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] till 2013}}
| legislature = [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa#History|Legislative Council]] (1932–1937) [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa#History|Provincial Assembly]] (1937–1955; 1970–2010)
| event_start = [[#Formation|Separated from Punjab]]
| year_start = 1901
| date_start = 9 November
| event_end = [[Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Renamed]]
| year_end = 2010
| date_end = 19 April
| event1 = [[Pakistan Movement|Accession to Pakistan]]
| date_event1 = 14 August 1947
| event2 = [[One Unit Scheme|Merged into West Pakistan]]
| date_event2 = 14 October 1955
| event3 = [[Legal Framework Order, 1970|Reestablished]]
| date_event3 = 1 July 1970
| stat_year1 = 1970–2010
| stat_area1 = 74521
| stat_year2 = 1950–1955
| stat_area2 = 34267
| stat_year3 = 1901–1950
| stat_area3 = 34169
| date_format = {{ubl
| {{nowrap|{{abbr|dd|day}}-{{abbr|mm|month}}-{{abbr|yyyy|year}}}}
}}
| p1 = Punjab Province (British India){{!}}'''1901''': British Punjab
| flag_p1 = Flag of the Province of Punjab of British India.svg
| p2 = Phulra{{!}}'''1950''': Phulra State
| flag_p2 = Flag of Phulra.jpg
| p3 = West Pakistan{{!}}'''1970''': West Pakistan
| flag_p3 = Emblem of West Pakistan (green version).svg
| p4 = Hazara Tribal Agency
| flag_p4 =
| p5 = Kohistan region, Pakistan{{!}}Kohistan Tribal Area
| flag_p5 =
| flag_s1 = Emblem of West Pakistan (green version).svg
| s1 = West Pakistan{{!}}'''1955:''' West Pakistan
| s2 = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa{{!}}'''2010:''' Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
| flag_s2 = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa flag.png
| today = [[Pakistan]]
*[[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
}}
{{Former administrative units of Pakistan}}

The '''North-West Frontier Province''' ({{small|abbr.}} '''NWFP'''), commonly known as '''''Sarhad''''' ({{lit|Frontier}}), was a [[Administrative units of Pakistan|province of Pakistan]] from 1947 to 1955 and from 1970 to 2010; and prior, a [[British India|province of British India]] from [[#Formation|its establishment]] in 1901 to [[Pakistan Movement|Pakistan's independence]] in 1947. It was established from the north-western districts of [[Punjab Province (British India)|British Punjab]] during the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shāh |first=Sayyid Vaqār ʻAlī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_edtAAAAMAAJ |title=North-West Frontier Province: History and Politics |date=2007 |publisher=National Institute of Historical & Cultural Research, Centre of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam University |isbn=978-969-415-084-0 |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref> Following the [[1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum|referendum in 1947 to join either Pakistan or India]], the province voted hugely in favour of joining [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] and it acceded accordingly on 14 August 1947. It was dissolved to form a unified province of [[West Pakistan]] in 1955 upon promulgation of [[One Unit Scheme]] and was reestablished in [[Legal Framework Order, 1970|1970]]. It was known by this name until 19 April 2010, when it was dissolved and redesignated as the province of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] following the enactment of the [[Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Eighteenth Amendment]] to the [[Constitution of Pakistan]].

The province covered an area of {{Convert|70709|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, including much of the current Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province but excluding the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] and the former [[princely state]]s of [[Amb (princely state)|Amb]], [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]], [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]], [[Phulra]] and [[Swat (princely state)|Swat]]. Its capital was the city of [[Peshawar]], and the province was composed of six [[Divisions of Pakistan|divisions]] ([[Bannu Division|Bannu]], [[Dera Ismail Khan Division|Dera Ismail Khan]], [[Hazara Division|Hazara]], [[Kohat Division|Kohat]], [[Mardan Division|Mardan]], and [[Peshawar Division]]; [[Malakand Division|Malakand]] was later added as the seventh division). Until 1947, the province was bordered by five princely states to the north, the minor states of the [[Gilgit Agency]] to the northeast, the province of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] to the east and the province of [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Balochistan]] to the south. The [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]] lay to the northwest, with the Federally Administered Tribal Areas forming a buffer zone between the two.

== History ==
===Formation===
{{See also|Military history of the North-West Frontier}}
The northwestern frontier areas were annexed by the [[East India Company]] after the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War|Second Sikh War]] (1848–49). The territories thenceforth formed a part of Punjab until the province, then known as North West Frontier Province, was created in 1901 from the north-western districts of the Punjab Province.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khyber Pakhtunkhwa {{!}} province, Pakistan|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>
This region, along with the 'Frontier Tribal Areas', acted as a [[buffer zone]] with Afghanistan.

<gallery>
File:Pope1880Panjab3.jpg|The Punjab in 1880 (included areas of the later North-West Frontier Province)
File:Map of the North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir from The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1907-1909).jpg|Map of the North-West Frontier Province and [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]] from The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1907-1909)
File:Map of the North-West Frontier Province, British India, published in 'The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir' (1916).jpg|Map of the North-West Frontier Province, British India, published in 'The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir' (1916)
File:North-Western India in 1946 map of India by National Geographic.jpg|Map of the North-West Frontier Province and neighbouring regions (National Geographic, 1946)
</gallery>

===Inside Pakistan===
Before the [[Partition of India]], the [[1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum]] was held in July 1947 to decide the future of NWFP, in which the people of the province decided in favor of joining Pakistan. [[List of Chief Ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Chief Minister]] [[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan|Dr Khan Sahib]], along with his brother [[Bacha Khan]] and the [[Khudai Khidmatgar]]s, boycotted the referendum, citing that it did not have the options of the NWFP becoming [[Pashtunistan|independent]] or joining Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9iwFmvKTwcC |title=The Dust of Empire: The Race For Mastery in the Asian Heartland – Karl E. Meyer – Google Boeken |date= 5 August 2008|isbn=9780786724819 |access-date=10 July 2013|last1=Meyer |first1=Karl E. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/110699/was-jinnah-democratic-ii/|title=Was Jinnah democratic? – II|website=Daily Times|date=25 December 2011|access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref>

As a separate province, the NWFP lasted until 1955 when it was merged into the new province of [[West Pakistan]], under the [[One Unit]] policy announced by [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Chaudhry Mohammad Ali]]. It was recreated after the dissolution of the One Unit system and lasted under its old nomenclature until April 2010, when it was renamed the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province.

== Government ==
The offices of '''Governor''' and '''Chief Minister''' of the North-West Frontier Province lasted until 14 October 1955.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Tenure||Governors of the North-West Frontier Province<ref name="worldstatesmen">{{cite web| url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Pakistan_states.html#North-West-Frontier| title=Pakistan Provinces| author=Ben Cahoon, WorldStatesmen.org| access-date=2007-10-03}}</ref>
|-
| 14 August 1947 – 8 April 1948||[[George Cunningham (governor)|Sir George Cunningham]]
|-
| 8 April 1948 – 16 July 1949||[[Ambrose Flux Dundas|Sir Ambrose Dundas Flux Dundas]]
|-
| 16 July 1949 – 14 January 1950||[[Sahibzada Mohammad Kursheed]]
|-
| 14 January 1950 – 21 February 1950||[[Mohammad Ibrahim Khan Jhagra]] (acting)
|-
| 21 February 1950 – 23 November 1951||[[I. I. Chundrigar|Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar]]
|-
| 24 November 1951 – 17 November 1954||[[Khwaja Shahabuddin]]
|-
| 17 November 1954 – 14 October 1955||Qurban Ali Khan
|-
| 14 October 1955||''North-West Frontier Province dissolved''
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Tenure||Chief Ministers of the North-West Frontier Province<ref name="worldstatesmen" />||Political party
|-
| 1 April 1937 – 7 September 1937||Sir [[Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan]]||Non-party government nominee
|-
| 7 September 1937 – 10 November 1939||[[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan]] (1st time)||[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 10 November 1939 – 25 May 1943||colspan=2|''Governor's rule''
|-
| 25 May 1943 – 16 March 1945||Sardar Aurangzeb Khan||[[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]
|-
| 16 March 1945 – 22 August 1947||[[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan]] (2nd time)||Indian National Congress
|-
| 14 August 1947||colspan=2|''Independence of Pakistan''
|-
| 23 August 1947 – 23 April 1953||[[Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri]]||Pakistan Muslim League
|-
| 23 April 1953 – 18 July 1955||[[Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan]]||
|-
| 19 July 1955 – 14 October 1955||[[Sardar Bahadur Khan]]||
|-

|}

== Demographics ==
{{distinguish|Federally Administered Tribal Areas#Demographics}}
{{Historical populations
| title = Population history
| type = Pakistan
| direction = vertical
| align = right
| percentages = pagr
| footnote = ''Source: [[Census of India]]'' 
<ref name="NWFP1855">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31709 |access-date=1 December 2024 |title=Report on the census, taken on the 1st January 1855, of the population of the Punjab Territories; Papers connected with the administration of Mysore |website=Census Digital Library|year=1855}}</ref>{{rp|31}}<ref name="NWFP1881">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=16 June 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 }}</ref>{{rp|11–13}}<ref name="NWFP1891">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318669 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318669 |access-date=22 June 2024 |title=The Punjab and its feudatories, part II--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the British Territory |year=1891 }}</ref>{{rp|1–2}}<ref name="NWFP1901">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739 |jstor=saoa.crl.25363739 |access-date=25 February 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province. |year=1901}}</ref>{{rp|7}}<ref name="NWFP1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394102 |jstor=saoa.crl.25394102 |access-date=23 September 2021 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 13, North-west Frontier Province : part I, Report; part II, Tables. |year=1911}}</ref>{{rp|30}}<ref name="NWFP1921">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430163 |jstor=saoa.crl.25430163 |access-date=2 February 2023 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 14, North-west Frontier Province : part I, Report; part II, Tables. |year=1921}}</ref>{{rp|345–346}}<ref name="NWFP1931">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793233|jstor=saoa.crl.25793233 |access-date=7 February 2023 |title=Census of India, 1931, vol. XV. North-west frontier province. Part I-Report. Part II-Tables |last1=Mallam |first1=G. L. |last2=Dundas |first2=A. D. F. |year=1933 |publisher=Peshawar, Printed by the manager, Government stationery and printing, 1933. }}</ref><ref name="NWFP1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215543 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215543 |access-date=23 September 2021 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 10, North-West Frontier Province |year=1941}}</ref>
| 1855|1209736
| 1868|1713596
| 1881|1955515
| 1891|2281708
| 1901|2050724
| 1911|2196933
| 1921|2251340
| 1931|2425076
| 1941|3038067
}}
=== Population ===
Historical population, language, and religious counts in North-West Frontier Province were enumerated in all districts ([[Hazara District|Hazara]], [[Mardan District|Mardan]], [[Peshawar District|Peshawar]], [[Kohat District|Kohat]], [[Bannu District|Bannu]], and [[Dera Ismail Khan District|Dera Ismail Khan]]), detailed in the population, language, and religious tables above and below. Separate population counts were taken in the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|Agencies and Tribal Areas]], as detailed on the respective article page.

At independence, there was a clear Muslim [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]], [[Hindkowans|Hindkowan]], and [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] majority in the North-West Frontier Province, although there were also significant Hindu and Sikh [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]], [[Hindkowans|Hindkowan]], and [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] minorities scattered across the province.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population of North–West Frontier Province by District (1855–1941)
! rowspan="2" |[[Census in British India|Census Year]]
! colspan="2" |[[Peshawar District|Peshawar District]]
! colspan="2" |[[Dera Ismail Khan District|Dera Ismail Khan District]]
! colspan="2" |[[Hazara District|Hazara District]]
! colspan="2" |[[Bannu District|Bannu District]]
! colspan="2" |[[Kohat District|Kohat District]]
! colspan="2" |[[Mardan District|Mardan District]]
! colspan="2" |[[North-West Frontier Province|North-West Frontier Province]]
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! 1855<ref name="NWFP1855"/>
| 450,099
| {{Percentage | 450099 | 1209736 | 2 }}
| 362,041
| {{Percentage | 362041 | 1209736 | 2 }}
| 296,364
| {{Percentage | 296364 | 1209736 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 101,232
| {{Percentage | 101232 | 1209736 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
! 1,209,736
! {{Percentage | 1209736 | 1209736 | 2 }}
|-
! 1868<ref name="NWFP1881"/>
| 523,152
| {{Percentage | 523152 | 1713596 | 2 }}
| 394,889
| {{Percentage | 394889 | 1713596 | 2 }}
| 365,320
| {{Percentage | 365320 | 1713596 | 2 }}
| 284,816
| {{Percentage | 284816 | 1713596 | 2 }}
| 145,419
| {{Percentage | 145419 | 1713596 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
! 1,713,596
! {{Percentage | 1713596 | 1713596 | 2 }}
|-
! 1881<ref name="NWFP1881"/>
| 592,674
| {{Percentage | 592674 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 441,649
| {{Percentage | 441649 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 407,075
| {{Percentage | 407075 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 332,577
| {{Percentage | 332577 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 181,540
| {{Percentage | 181540 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
! 1,955,515
! {{Percentage | 1955515 | 1955515 | 2 }}
|-
! 1891<ref name="NWFP1891"/>
| 703,768
| {{Percentage | 703768 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| 486,201
| {{Percentage | 486201 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| 516,288
| {{Percentage | 516288 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| 372,276
| {{Percentage | 372276 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| 203,175
| {{Percentage | 203175 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
! 2,281,708
! {{Percentage | 2281708 | 2281708 | 2 }}
|-
! 1901<ref name="NWFP1901"/>
| 788,707
| {{Percentage | 788707 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| 252,379
| {{Percentage | 252379 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| 560,288
| {{Percentage | 560288 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| 231,485
| {{Percentage | 231485 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| 217,865
| {{Percentage | 217865 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
! 2,050,724
! {{Percentage | 2050724 | 2050724 | 2 }}
|-
! 1911<ref name="NWFP1911"/>
| 865,009
| {{Percentage | 865009 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 256,120
| {{Percentage | 256120 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 603,028
| {{Percentage | 603028 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 250,086
| {{Percentage | 250086 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 222,690
| {{Percentage | 222690 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
! 2,196,933
! {{Percentage | 2196933 | 2196933 | 2 }}
|-
! 1921<ref name="NWFP1921"/>
| 907,367
| {{Percentage | 907367 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| 260,767
| {{Percentage | 260767 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| 622,349
| {{Percentage | 622349 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| 246,734
| {{Percentage | 246734 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| 214,123
| {{Percentage | 214123 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
! 2,251,340
! {{Percentage | 2251340 | 2251340 | 2 }}
|-
! 1931<ref name="NWFP1931"/>
| 974,321
| {{Percentage | 974321 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 274,064
| {{Percentage | 274064 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 670,117
| {{Percentage | 670117 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 270,301
| {{Percentage | 270301 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 236,273
| {{Percentage | 236273 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
! 2,425,076
! {{Percentage | 2425076 | 2425076 | 2 }}
|-
! 1941<ref name="NWFP1941"/>
| 851,833
| {{Percentage | 851833 | 3038067 | 2 }}
| 298,131
| {{Percentage | 298131 | 3038067 | 2 }}
| 796,230
| {{Percentage | 796230 | 3038067 | 2 }}
| 295,930
| {{Percentage | 295930 | 3038067 | 2 }}
| 289,404
| {{Percentage | 289404 | 3038067 | 2 }}
| 506,539
| {{Percentage | 506539 | 3038067 | 2 }}
! 3,038,067
! {{Percentage | 3038067 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|}

=== Language ===
The languages of the North-West Frontier Province included Pashto, Punjabi, Kohistani and others, although most of the population spoke either [[Pashto language|Pashto]] or [[Lahnda|Western Punjabi]] (primarily [[Hindko]] and [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]). Prior to the arrival of the British, the ''[[official language]]'', for governmental uses and such, was [[Persian language|Persian]].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Language in North–West Frontier Province (1881–1931)
! rowspan="2" |[[First language|Mother Tongue]]
! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="NWFP1881"/>{{rp|168}}
! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="NWFP1891"/>{{rp|116}}
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="NWFP1901"/>{{rp|181}}
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="NWFP1911"/>{{rp|330}}
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="NWFP1921"/>{{rp|370}}
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="NWFP1931"/>{{rp|357}}
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Punjabi dialects|Punjabi]]{{efn|name=PunjabiLanguages|Includes speakers of [[Western Punjabi (Lahnda)]] ([[Hindko]]-[[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]: [[Peshawari dialect|Peshawari]], [[Pahari-Pothwari]], [[Derawali dialect|Derawali]], Chinawab, [[Multani (language)|Multani]], [[Chachhi dialect|Chachhi]], [[Ghebi]], [[Tanoli]], [[Kohati]], [[Awankari dialect|Awankari]], Hariani, and others) and also includes speakers of [[Standard Punjabi]]. Both are included as one on table for continuity between censuses, as enumeration results frequently shifted as standardization of the various Punjabi dialects and languages was an ongoing process, with speakers of Standard Punjabi comprising a majority as per the 1911 census, while speakers of Western Punjabi (Lahnda) comprised a majority as per the 1921 and 1931 census.}}
| 1,050,061
|{{Percentage | 1050061 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 1,226,648
|{{Percentage | 1226648 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| 876,604
|{{Percentage | 876604 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| 916,365
|{{Percentage | 916365 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 1,000,255
|{{Percentage | 1000255 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| 1,102,905
|{{Percentage | 1102905 | 2425076 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Pashto]]
| 870,816
|{{Percentage | 870816 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 1,023,021
|{{Percentage | 1023021 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| 1,088,606
|{{Percentage | 1088606 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| 1,221,859
|{{Percentage | 1221859 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 1,202,326
|{{Percentage | 1202326 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| 1,279,471
|{{Percentage | 1279471 | 2425076 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
| 17,645
|{{Percentage | 17645 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 15,686
|{{Percentage | 15686 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| 15,598
|{{Percentage | 15598 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| 16,995
|{{Percentage | 16995 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 8,814
|{{Percentage | 8814 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| 19,221
|{{Percentage | 19221 | 2425076 | 2 }}
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| 4,554
|{{Percentage | 4554 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 5,204
|{{Percentage | 5204 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| 4,601
|{{Percentage | 4601 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| 5,720
|{{Percentage | 5720 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 9,762
|{{Percentage | 9762 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| 7,852
|{{Percentage | 7852 | 2425076 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Persian language|Persian]]
| 4,028
|{{Percentage | 4028 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 3,962
|{{Percentage | 3962 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| 2,851
|{{Percentage | 2851 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| 3,454
|{{Percentage | 3454 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 2,352
|{{Percentage | 2352 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| 6,030
|{{Percentage | 6030 | 2425076 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| 3,736
|{{Percentage | 3736 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 2,218
|{{Percentage | 2218 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| 821
|{{Percentage | 821 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| 533
|{{Percentage | 533 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 343
|{{Percentage | 343 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| 1,796
|{{Percentage | 1796 | 2425076 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Balochi language|Balochi]]
| 2,510
|{{Percentage | 2510 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 554
|{{Percentage | 554 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| 92
|{{Percentage | 92 | 2050724 | 3 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| 1,020
|{{Percentage | 1020 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 2,655
|{{Percentage | 2655 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 5,179
|{{Percentage | 5179 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 4,149
|{{Percentage | 4149 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| 5,140
|{{Percentage | 5140 | 2425076 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Dogri language|Dogri]]
| 624
|{{Percentage | 624 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 336
|{{Percentage | 336 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| 674
|{{Percentage | 674 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| 46
|{{Percentage | 46 | 2196933 | 3 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| 204
|{{Percentage | 204 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 101
|{{Percentage | 101 | 2281708 | 3 }}
| 196
|{{Percentage | 196 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 7
|{{Percentage | 7 | 2251340 | 4 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| 202
|{{Percentage | 202 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 106
|{{Percentage | 106 | 2281708 | 3 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 217
|{{Percentage | 217 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]]
| 38
|{{Percentage | 38 | 1955515 | 3 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| 32
|{{Percentage | 32 | 1955515 | 3 }}
| 151
|{{Percentage | 151 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 16
|{{Percentage | 16 | 2196933 | 3 }}
| 23
|{{Percentage | 23 | 2251340 | 3 }}
| 62
|{{Percentage | 62 | 2425076 | 3 }}
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| 23
|{{Percentage | 23 | 1955515 | 3 }}
| 37
|{{Percentage | 37 | 2281708 | 3 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 68
|{{Percentage | 68 | 2251340 | 3 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| 16
|{{Percentage | 16 | 1955515 | 3 }}
| 282
|{{Percentage | 282 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 97
|{{Percentage | 97 | 2196933 | 3 }}
| 11
|{{Percentage | 11 | 2251340 | 4 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| 1
|{{Percentage | 1 | 1955515 | 4 }}
| 61
|{{Percentage | 61 | 2281708 | 3 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 219
|{{Percentage | 219 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 1
|{{Percentage | 1 | 2251340 | 4 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Arabic]]
| 1
|{{Percentage | 1 | 1955515 | 4 }}
| 17
|{{Percentage | 17 | 2281708 | 3 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 12
|{{Percentage | 12 | 2196933 | 3 }}
| 54
|{{Percentage | 54 | 2251340 | 3 }}
| 24
|{{Percentage | 24 | 2425076 | 3 }}
|-
| [[German language|German]]
| 1
|{{Percentage | 1 | 1955515 | 4 }}
| 10
|{{Percentage | 10 | 2281708 | 4 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 5
|{{Percentage | 5 | 2196933 | 4 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 3
|{{Percentage | 3 | 2425076 | 4 }}
|-
| [[French language|French]]
| 1
|{{Percentage | 1 | 1955515 | 4 }}
| 4
|{{Percentage | 4 | 2281708 | 4 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 4
|{{Percentage | 4 | 2196933 | 4 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 9
|{{Percentage | 9 | 2425076 | 4 }}
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 2
|{{Percentage | 2 | 2281708 | 4 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 2
|{{Percentage | 2 | 2196933 | 4 }}
| 1
|{{Percentage | 1 | 2251340 | 4 }}
| 5
|{{Percentage | 5 | 2425076 | 4 }}
|-
| Italian
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 2
|{{Percentage | 2 | 2281708 | 4 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| 0
|{{Percentage | 1881pop | 1955515 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 34
|{{Percentage | 34 | 2196933 | 3 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 14
|{{Percentage | 14 | 2425076 | 3 }}
|-
| [[Chitrali language|Chitrali]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 7
|{{Percentage | 7 | 2281708 | 4 }}
| 1
|{{Percentage | 1 | 2050724 | 4 }}
| 41
|{{Percentage | 41 | 2196933 | 3 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 2
|{{Percentage | 2 | 2281708 | 4 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 1
|{{Percentage | 1 | 2425076 | 4 }}
|-
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 2
|{{Percentage | 2 | 2281708 | 4 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 1
|{{Percentage | 1 | 2425076 | 4 }}
|-
| Oria
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 1
|{{Percentage | 1 | 2281708 | 4 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Turanian languages|Turanian]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 1
|{{Percentage | 1 | 2281708 | 4 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 2
|{{Percentage | 2 | 2196933 | 4 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Russian language|Russian]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 1
|{{Percentage | 1 | 2196933 | 4 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Greek language|Greek]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 2
|{{Percentage | 2 | 2425076 | 4 }}
|-
| [[Gujari language|Gujari]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 53,021
|{{Percentage | 53021 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| 25,668
|{{Percentage | 25668 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 22,637
|{{Percentage | 22637 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| 596
|{{Percentage | 596 | 2425076 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Odki]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 308
|{{Percentage | 308 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| 95
|{{Percentage | 95 | 2196933 | 3 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Purbi]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 359
|{{Percentage | 359 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 98
|{{Percentage | 98 | 2251340 | 3 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Kohistani language|Kohistani]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 117
|{{Percentage | 117 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 222
|{{Percentage | 222 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| 377
|{{Percentage | 377 | 2425076 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Marwari language|Marwari]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 49
|{{Percentage | 49 | 2196933 | 3 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Pashayi languages|Pashayi]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 16
|{{Percentage | 16 | 2196933 | 3 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 2
|{{Percentage | 2 | 2196933 | 4 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Irish language|Irish]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 1
|{{Percentage | 1 | 2196933 | 4 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 1
|{{Percentage | 1 | 2425076 | 4 }}
|-
| [[Welsh language|Welsh]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 19
|{{Percentage | 19 | 2425076 | 3 }}
|-
| [[Scotch language|Scotch]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 1
|{{Percentage | 1 | 2425076 | 4 }}
|-
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 1
|{{Percentage | 1 | 2425076 | 4 }}
|-
| [[Languages of Africa|East African Dialects]]
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 2
|{{Percentage | 2 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| Other [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] or [[Dravidian languages]]
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 631
|{{Percentage | 631 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| 5,886
|{{Percentage | 5886 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| 42
|{{Percentage | 42 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| 1,545
|{{Percentage | 1545 | 2425076 | 2 }}
|-
| Other [[Asian languages]]
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| 206
|{{Percentage | 206 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| Other [[European languages]]
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| 20
|{{Percentage | 20 | 2050724 | 3 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| Not returned
| 2
|{{Percentage | 2 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 1,239
|{{Percentage | 1239 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! Total
! 1,955,515
! {{Percentage | 1955515 | 1955515 | 2 }}
! 2,281,708
! {{Percentage | 2281708 | 2281708 | 2 }}
! 2,050,724
! {{Percentage | 2050724 | 2050724 | 2 }}
! 2,196,933
! {{Percentage | 2196933 | 2196933 | 2 }}
! 2,251,340
! {{Percentage | 2251340 | 2251340 | 2 }}
! 2,425,076
! {{Percentage | 2425076 | 2425076 | 2 }}
|}

==== Districts ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Language in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1931)<ref name="NWFP1931"/>{{rp|357}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Districts of British India|District]]
! colspan="2" |[[Pashto]]
! colspan="2" |[[Greater Punjabi]]{{efn|name=PunjabiLanguages}}
! colspan="2" |[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
! colspan="2" |[[English language|English]]
! colspan="2" |[[Persian language|Persian]]
! colspan="2" |Others
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Peshawar District]]
| 781,773
| {{Percentage | 781773 | 974321 | 2 }}
| 167,994
| {{Percentage | 167994 | 974321 | 2 }}
| 11,798
| {{Percentage | 11798 | 974321 | 2 }}
| 5,864
| {{Percentage | 5864 | 974321 | 2 }}
| 3,952
| {{Percentage | 3952 | 974321 | 2 }}
| 2,940
| {{Percentage | 2940 | 974321 | 2 }}
! 974,321
! {{Percentage | 974321 | 974321 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hazara District]]
| 29,375
| {{Percentage | 29375 | 670117 | 2 }}
| 630,704
| {{Percentage | 630704 | 670117 | 2 }}
| 4,113
| {{Percentage | 4113 | 670117 | 2 }}
| 257
| {{Percentage | 257 | 670117 | 2 }}
| 24
| {{Percentage | 24 | 670117 | 2 }}
| 5,644
| {{Percentage | 5644 | 670117 | 2 }}
! 670,117
! {{Percentage | 670117 | 670117 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Dera Ismail Khan District]]
| 53,643
| {{Percentage | 53643 | 274064 | 2 }}
| 217,561
| {{Percentage | 217561 | 274064 | 2 }}
| 419
| {{Percentage | 419 | 274064 | 2 }}
| 336
| {{Percentage | 336 | 274064 | 2 }}
| 1,678
| {{Percentage | 1678 | 274064 | 2 }}
| 427
| {{Percentage | 427 | 274064 | 2 }}
! 274,064
! {{Percentage | 274064 | 274064 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bannu District]]
| 228,381
| {{Percentage | 228381 | 270301 | 2 }}
| 39,814
| {{Percentage | 39814 | 270301 | 2 }}
| 1,181
| {{Percentage | 1181 | 270301 | 2 }}
| 556
| {{Percentage | 556 | 270301 | 2 }}
| 13
| {{Percentage | 13 | 270301 | 2 }}
| 356
| {{Percentage | 356 | 270301 | 2 }}
! 270,301
! {{Percentage | 270301 | 270301 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kohat District]]
| 186,299
| {{Percentage | 186299 | 236273 | 2 }}
| 46,832
| {{Percentage | 46832 | 236273 | 2 }}
| 1,710
| {{Percentage | 1710 | 236273 | 2 }}
| 839
| {{Percentage | 839 | 236273 | 2 }}
| 363
| {{Percentage | 363 | 236273 | 2 }}
| 230
| {{Percentage | 230 | 236273 | 2 }}
! 236,273
! {{Percentage | 236273 | 236273 | 2 }}
|-
! Total
! 1,279,471
! {{Percentage | 1,279,471 | 2425076 | 2 }}
! 1,102,905
! {{Percentage | 1102905 | 2425076 | 2 }}
! 19,221
! {{Percentage | 19,221 | 2425076 | 2 }}
! 7,852
! {{Percentage | 7,852 | 2425076 | 2 }}
! 6,030
! {{Percentage | 6030 | 2425076 | 2 }}
! 9,597
! {{Percentage | 9597 | 2425076 | 2 }}
! 2,425,076
! {{Percentage | 2425076 | 2425076 | 2 }}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Language in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1921)<ref name="NWFP1921"/>{{rp|370}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Districts of British India|District]]
! colspan="2" |[[Pashto]]
! colspan="2" |[[Greater Punjabi]]{{efn|name=PunjabiLanguages}}
! colspan="2" |[[Gujari language|Gujari]]
! colspan="2" |[[English language|English]]
! colspan="2" |[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
! colspan="2" |Others
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Peshawar District]]
| 738,325
| {{Percentage | 738325 | 907367 | 2 }}
| 153,904
| {{Percentage | 153904 | 907367 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 907367 | 2 }}
| 7,137
| {{Percentage | 7137 | 907367 | 2 }}
| 6,041
| {{Percentage | 6041 | 907367 | 2 }}
| 1,960
| {{Percentage | 1960 | 907367 | 2 }}
! 907,367
! {{Percentage | 907367 | 907367 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hazara District]]
| 31,975
| {{Percentage | 31975 | 622349 | 2 }}
| 562,298
| {{Percentage | 562298 | 622349 | 2 }}
| 22,637
| {{Percentage | 22637 | 622349 | 2 }}
| 355
| {{Percentage | 355 | 622349 | 2 }}
| 445
| {{Percentage | 445 | 622349 | 2 }}
| 4,639
| {{Percentage | 4639 | 622349 | 2 }}
! 622,349
! {{Percentage | 622349 | 622349 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Dera Ismail Khan District]]
| 59,211
| {{Percentage | 59211 | 260767 | 2 }}
| 200,035
| {{Percentage | 200035 | 260767 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 260767 | 2 }}
| 1,237
| {{Percentage | 1237 | 260767 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 260767 | 2 }}
| 284
| {{Percentage | 284 | 260767 | 2 }}
! 260,767
! {{Percentage | 260767 | 260767 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bannu District]]
| 201,592
| {{Percentage | 201592 | 246734 | 2 }}
| 44,773
| {{Percentage | 44773 | 246734 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 246734 | 2 }}
| 187
| {{Percentage | 187 | 246734 | 2 }}
| 48
| {{Percentage | 48 | 246734 | 2 }}
| 134
| {{Percentage | 134 | 246734 | 2 }}
! 246,734
! {{Percentage | 246734 | 246734 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kohat District]]
| 171,223
| {{Percentage | 171223 | 214123 | 2 }}
| 39,245
| {{Percentage | 39245 | 214123 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 214123 | 2 }}
| 846
| {{Percentage | 846 | 214123 | 2 }}
| 2,280
| {{Percentage | 2280 | 214123 | 2 }}
| 529
| {{Percentage | 529 | 214123 | 2 }}
! 214,123
! {{Percentage | 214123 | 214123 | 2 }}
|-
! Total
! 1,202,326
! {{Percentage | 1202326 | 2251340 | 2 }}
! 1,000,255
! {{Percentage | 1000255 | 2251340 | 2 }}
! 22,637
! {{Percentage | 22637 | 2251340 | 2 }}
! 9,762
! {{Percentage | 9762 | 2251340 | 2 }}
! 8,814
! {{Percentage | 8814 | 2251340 | 2 }}
! 7,546
! {{Percentage | 7546 | 2251340 | 2 }}
! 2,251,340
! {{Percentage | 2251340 | 2251340 | 2 }}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Language in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1911)<ref name="NWFP1911"/>{{rp|330}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Districts of British India|District]]
! colspan="2" |[[Pashto]]
! colspan="2" |[[Greater Punjabi]]{{efn|name=PunjabiLanguages}}
! colspan="2" |[[Gujari language|Gujari]]
! colspan="2" |[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
! colspan="2" |[[English language|English]]
! colspan="2" |Others
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Peshawar District]]
| 709,465
| {{Percentage | 709465 | 865009 | 2 }}
| 134,962
| {{Percentage | 134962 | 865009 | 2 }}
| 27
| {{Percentage | 27 | 865009 | 2 }}
| 11,224
| {{Percentage | 11224 | 865009 | 2 }}
| 5,028
| {{Percentage | 5028 | 865009 | 2 }}
| 4,303
| {{Percentage | 4303 | 865009 | 2 }}
! 865,009
! {{Percentage | 865009 | 865009 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hazara District]]
| 29,151
| {{Percentage | 29151 | 603028 | 2 }}
| 542,131
| {{Percentage | 542131 | 603028 | 2 }}
| 25,641
| {{Percentage | 25641 | 603028 | 2 }}
| 515
| {{Percentage | 515 | 603028 | 2 }}
| 144
| {{Percentage | 144 | 603028 | 2 }}
| 5,446
| {{Percentage | 5446 | 603028 | 2 }}
! 603,028
! {{Percentage | 603028 | 603028 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Dera Ismail Khan District]]
| 71,015
| {{Percentage | 71015 | 256120 | 2 }}
| 182,139
| {{Percentage | 182139 | 256120 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 256120 | 2 }}
| 2,531
| {{Percentage | 2531 | 256120 | 2 }}
| 247
| {{Percentage | 247 | 256120 | 2 }}
| 188
| {{Percentage | 188 | 256120 | 2 }}
! 256,120
! {{Percentage | 256120 | 256120 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bannu District]]
| 218,845
| {{Percentage | 218845 | 250086 | 2 }}
| 29,875
| {{Percentage | 29875 | 250086 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 250086 | 2 }}
| 1,204
| {{Percentage | 1204 | 250086 | 2 }}
| 121
| {{Percentage | 121 | 250086 | 2 }}
| 41
| {{Percentage | 41 | 250086 | 2 }}
! 250,086
! {{Percentage | 250086 | 250086 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kohat District]]
| 193,383
| {{Percentage | 193383 | 222690 | 2 }}
| 27,258
| {{Percentage | 27258 | 222690 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 222690 | 2 }}
| 1,521
| {{Percentage | 1521 | 222690 | 2 }}
| 180
| {{Percentage | 180 | 222690 | 2 }}
| 348
| {{Percentage | 348 | 222690 | 2 }}
! 222,690
! {{Percentage | 222690 | 222690 | 2 }}
|-
! Total
! 1,221,859
! {{Percentage | 1221859 | 2196933 | 2 }}
! 916,365
! {{Percentage | 916365 | 2196933 | 2 }}
! 25,668
! {{Percentage | 25668 | 2196933 | 2 }}
! 16,995
! {{Percentage | 16995 | 2196933 | 2 }}
! 5,720
! {{Percentage | 5720 | 2196933 | 2 }}
! 10,326
! {{Percentage | 10326 | 2196933 | 2 }}
! 2,196,933
! {{Percentage | 2196933 | 2196933 | 2 }}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Language in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1901)<ref name="NWFP1901"/>{{rp|181}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Districts of British India|District]]
! colspan="2" |[[Pashto]]
! colspan="2" |[[Greater Punjabi]]{{efn|name=PunjabiLanguages}}
! colspan="2" |[[Gujari language|Gujari]]
! colspan="2" |[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
! colspan="2" |[[English language|English]]
! colspan="2" |Others
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Peshawar District]]
| 619,025
| {{Percentage | 619025 | 788707 | 2 }}
| 153,637
| {{Percentage | 153637 | 788707 | 2 }}
| 55
| {{Percentage | 55 | 788707 | 2 }}
| 8,620
| {{Percentage | 8620 | 788707 | 2 }}
| 4,058
| {{Percentage | 4058 | 788707 | 2 }}
| 3,312
| {{Percentage | 3312 | 788707 | 2 }}
! 788,707
! {{Percentage | 788707 | 788707 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hazara District]]
| 31,564
| {{Percentage | 31564 | 560288 | 2 }}
| 471,474
| {{Percentage | 471474 | 560288 | 2 }}
| 52,966
| {{Percentage | 52966 | 560288 | 2 }}
| 1,114
| {{Percentage | 1114 | 560288 | 2 }}
| 89
| {{Percentage | 89 | 560288 | 2 }}
| 3,081
| {{Percentage | 3081 | 560288 | 2 }}
! 560,288
! {{Percentage | 560288 | 560288 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Dera Ismail Khan District]]
| 73,132
| {{Percentage | 73132 | 252379 | 2 }}
| 174,632
| {{Percentage | 174632 | 252379 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 252379 | 2 }}
| 1,949
| {{Percentage | 1949 | 252379 | 2 }}
| 159
| {{Percentage | 159 | 252379 | 2 }}
| 2,507
| {{Percentage | 2507 | 252379 | 2 }}
! 252,379
! {{Percentage | 252379 | 252379 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bannu District]]
| 195,820
| {{Percentage | 195820 | 231485 | 2 }}
| 33,656
| {{Percentage | 33656 | 231485 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 231485 | 2 }}
| 1,714
| {{Percentage | 1714 | 231485 | 2 }}
| 124
| {{Percentage | 124 | 231485 | 2 }}
| 171
| {{Percentage | 171 | 231485 | 2 }}
! 231,485
! {{Percentage | 231485 | 231485 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kohat District]]
| 169,065
| {{Percentage | 169065 | 217865 | 2 }}
| 43,205
| {{Percentage | 43205 | 217865 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 217865 | 2 }}
| 2,201
| {{Percentage | 2201 | 217865 | 2 }}
| 171
| {{Percentage | 171 | 217865 | 2 }}
| 3,223
| {{Percentage | 3223 | 217865 | 2 }}
! 217,865
! {{Percentage | 217865 | 217865 | 2 }}
|-
! Total
! 1,088,606
! {{Percentage | 1088606 | 2050724 | 2 }}
! 876,604
! {{Percentage | 876604 | 2050724 | 2 }}
! 53,021
! {{Percentage | 53021 | 2050724 | 2 }}
! 15,598
! {{Percentage | 15598 | 2050724 | 2 }}
! 4,601
! {{Percentage | 4601 | 2050724 | 2 }}
! 12,294
! {{Percentage | 12294 | 2050724 | 2 }}
! 2,050,724
! {{Percentage | 2050724 | 2050724 | 2 }}
|}

=== Religion ===
{{see also|Hinduism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
Religious counts below is for the entirety of NWFP ([[Hazara District|Hazara]], [[Mardan District|Mardan]], [[Peshawar District|Peshawar]], [[Kohat District|Kohat]], [[Bannu District|Bannu]], and [[Dera Ismail Khan District|Dera Ismail Khan]]). The [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|Agencies and Tribal Areas]] constituted a separate [[administrative division]] where religious composition was not enumerated, except at small Trans-Frontier Posts in the region.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in North–West Frontier Province (1855–1941)
! rowspan="2" |Religious group
! colspan="2" |1855<ref name="NWFP1855"/>{{rp|31}}
! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="NWFP1881"/>{{rp|17–18}}
! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="NWFP1891"/>{{rp|14–15}}
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="NWFP1901"/>{{rp|34-36}}
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="NWFP1911"/>{{rp|307–308}}
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="NWFP1921"/>{{rp|345–346}}
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="NWFP1931"/>{{rp|373–375}}
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="NWFP1941"/>{{rp|22}}
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 1,099,134{{efn|Includes all [[Abrahamic religions]] and others ([[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], others).}}
|{{Percentage | 1099134 | 1209736 | 2 }}
| 1,787,341
|{{Percentage | 1787341 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 2,088,015
|{{Percentage | 2088015 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| 1,890,479
|{{Percentage | 1890479 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| 2,039,994
|{{Percentage | 2039994 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 2,062,786
|{{Percentage | 2062786 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| 2,227,303
|{{Percentage | 2227303 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 2,788,797
|{{Percentage | 2788797 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
| 110,602{{efn|Includes all [[Dharmic faith|Dharmic religions]] ([[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], others).}}
|{{Percentage | 110602 | 1209736 | 2 }}
| 154,081
|{{Percentage | 154081 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 166,984
|{{Percentage | 166984 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| 129,306
|{{Percentage | 129306 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| 119,942
|{{Percentage | 119942 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 149,881
|{{Percentage | 149881 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| 142,977
|{{Percentage | 142977 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 180,321
|{{Percentage | 180321 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 9,205
|{{Percentage | 9205 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 21,110
|{{Percentage | 21110 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| 25,733
|{{Percentage | 25733 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| 30,345
|{{Percentage | 30345 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 28,040
|{{Percentage | 28040 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| 42,510
|{{Percentage | 42510 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 57,939
|{{Percentage | 57939 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 4,725
|{{Percentage | 4725 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 5,437
|{{Percentage | 5437 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| 5,119
|{{Percentage | 5119 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| 6,585
|{{Percentage | 6585 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 10,610
|{{Percentage | 10610 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| 12,213
|{{Percentage | 12213 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 10,889
|{{Percentage | 10889 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 106
|{{Percentage | 106 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 108
|{{Percentage | 108 | 2281708 | 3 }}
| 37
|{{Percentage | 37 | 2050724 | 3 }}
| 4
|{{Percentage | 4 | 2196933 | 4 }}
| 3
|{{Percentage | 3 | 2251340 | 4 }}
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 1
|{{Percentage | 1 | 3038067 | 4 }}
|-
| [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 52
|{{Percentage | 52 | 1955515 | 3 }}
| 48
|{{Percentage | 48 | 2281708 | 3 }}
| 46
|{{Percentage | 46 | 2050724 | 3 }}
| 49
|{{Percentage | 49 | 2196933 | 3 }}
| 20
|{{Percentage | 20 | 2251340 | 3 }}
| 60
|{{Percentage | 60 | 2425076 | 3 }}
| 24
|{{Percentage | 24 | 3038067 | 3 }}
|-
| [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 1955515 | 2 }}
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 2281708 | 2 }}
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| 2
|{{Percentage | 2 | 2425076 | 4 }}
| 25
|{{Percentage | 25 | 3038067 | 3 }}
|-
| [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 4
|{{Percentage | 4 | 2281708 | 4 }}
| 4
|{{Percentage | 4 | 2050724 | 4 }}
| 14
|{{Percentage | 14 | 2196933 | 3 }}
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| 11
|{{Percentage | 11 | 2425076 | 4 }}
| 71
|{{Percentage | 71 | 3038067 | 3 }}
|-
| Others
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 5
|{{Percentage | 5 | 1955515 | 4 }}
| 2
|{{Percentage | 2 | 2281708 | 4 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 2050724 | 2 }}
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 2196933 | 2 }}
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 2251340 | 2 }}
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|-
! Total Population
! 1,209,736
! {{Percentage | 1209736 | 1209736 | 2 }}
! 1,955,515
! {{Percentage | 1955515 | 1955515 | 2 }}
! 2,281,708
! {{Percentage | 2281708 | 2281708 | 2 }}
! 2,050,724
! {{Percentage | 2050724 | 2050724 | 2 }}
! 2,196,933
! {{Percentage | 2196933 | 2196933 | 2 }}
! 2,251,340
! {{Percentage | 2251340 | 2251340 | 2 }}
! 2,425,076
! {{Percentage | 2425076 | 2425076 | 2 }}
! 3,038,067
! {{Percentage | 3038067 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|}

Adherents of Islam who were indigenous to frontier regions that continued to have relatively large Hindu populations, and who were also relatively recent [[Conversion to Islam|converts]], were influenced by some traditions of Hinduism; in contrast, Muslims in frontier regions that had been further influenced by [[orthodox Islam]] and converted at a much earlier date were noted in their relatively different cultural habits.
{{blockquote|{{smaller|''"The high road, along which the [[Mohammedan]] [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|conquerors and rulers of India]] passed and repassed lay through the north (the [[Khyber Pass|Khyber]], [[Kurram District|Kurram]] and other routes); and it is probable that Islam never took so firm a hold of the inhabitants of the southern district as of the people to the north of them. In this connection it is interesting to notice that the [[Mussalman]] of the [[Derajat]] is less strict in his observance of the duties of his religion, such as fasts, prayers and the like, than his northern neighbours. Through [[Hazara region|Hazara]] lay the road by which the Emperors of [[Delhi]] went to and fro between the capital and their summer retreat in [[Kashmir]], and it was natural that Islam should thoroughly permeate the district. Similarly [[Kohat District|Kohat]], from its situation with regard to the [[Kurram Valley]], which at no very distant period was, nominally at least, a portion of the [[Durrani Empire|Afghan kingdom]], has been more influenced in the past by its [[Mohammedan]] neighbours to the west than have the [[Districts of British India|districts]] to the south of it. There is no need to consider here the probable date at which the bulk of the [[Pathans]] living in the Province, or rather their ancestors, were [[converted to Islam]]. It is enough to notice that they had long been Mohammadan when they settled in their present homes, and that their [[fanaticism]] and intolerance, especially in the districts where they are strongest, rendered the Province no very inviting place of residence for settlers of a different creed. If no fanaticism in its inhabitants acted as a bar to the settlement of [[Hindus]] in [[Hazara region|Hazara]], the absence of any large [[trade]] centres was at least equally efficacious. The only other district in which there is a non-Pathan element in the population in any way commensurate to that of Hazara is [[Dera Ismail Khan District|Dera Ismail Khan]]. The population here is mainly composed of tribes of Indian origin. Its conversion to [[Islam]] is of much later data; fanaticism does not exist, and no particular dislike to the Hindu seems to have existed."'' <ref name="NWFP1911"/>{{rp|64–65}}}}
|source=Excerpt from the [[Census of India]] (North-West Frontier Province), 1911 AD}}

Similarly, adherents of Hinduism who belonged to the various [[Caste|castes]] and [[Tribe|tribes]] who were [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] to the frontier regions had considerable Islamic influence, owing to their status as a [[religious minority]] in the region for centuries, and thus formed [[religious syncretism]] that incorporated aspects from both faiths into their cultures and traditions.
{{blockquote|{{smaller|''"[[Hinduism]], as it exists in the North-West Frontier Province, is but a pale reflection of the system which flourishes in the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]] and other areas to the east. Even of the [[Derajat]], where, as we have seen, the [[Hindus|Hindu]] population is proportionately most numerous, the writer of the [[Dera Ismail Khan District|Dera Ismail Khan]] [[Gazetteer]] notes, "the [[Hindus]] of this district are less particular in the matter of caste prejudices and observances than down country Hindus. Most of them will drink water that has been carried in Mussaks (skins for carrying water) or out of [[Lota (vessel)|lotas]] detached from a working [[well]]. They habitually ride on [[Donkey|donkeys]] and do a multitude of other things which an [[Orthodox Hinduism|orthodox Hindu]] would shrink from. All [[idolatrous]] observances are kept very much in the background. Except a few small images (thakurs) kept in their [[mandirs]] they have no [[Cult image|idols]] at all. Nor is it their habit to take their [[Gods in Hinduism|gods]] about in [[procession]]. No one, in fact, sees anything of their [[Worship in Hinduism|worship]]. They [[cremation|burn their dead]], and throw the ashes into the [[Indus River|Indus]]. They always keep a few of the bones, and take them, when the opportunity offers, to the [[Ganges]]... There are a good many [[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamsalas]], [[mandirs]], and dawaras at [[Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil|Dera Ismail Khan]] and in the cis-[[Indus River|Indus]] [[Tehsil|tehsils]]."'' <ref name="NWFP1911"/>{{rp|93}}}}
|source=Excerpt from the [[Census of India]] (North-West Frontier Province), 1911 AD}}

Lastly, decadal census reports throughout the colonial era frequently detailed the difficulty of differentiating adherents of [[Hinduism]] with adherents of [[Sikhism]], owing to the traditional ability of the former in [[Cultural assimilation|assimilating]] and integrating followers of varied thought into Hinduism.
{{blockquote|{{smaller|''"The [[Sikh religion]] was born out of [[Hinduism]], and fears have been expressed of its being reabsorbed into it. Truly wonderful is the strength and [[vitality]] of Hinduism. It is like the [[boa constrictor]] of the Indian forests; when a petty enemy appears to worry it, it winds round its opponent, crushes it in its folds, and finally causes it to disappear in its capacious interior. In this way, many centuries ago, [[Hinduism]] on its own ground disposed of [[Buddhism]] which was largely a [[Hindu reformation]] in this way in a [[History of India#Classical period (c. 200 BCE – c. 650 CE)|prehistoric period]] it absorbed the religion of the [[Indo-Scythians|Scythian invaders of Northern India]]; in this way it has converted [[Hindu–Islamic relations#Similarities|educated Islam in India]] into a semi-[[paganism]]; and in this way it is disposing of the reformed and once hopeful religion of [[Baba Nanak]]. [[Hinduism and Sikhism|Hinduism has embraced Sikhism]] in its folds; the still comparatively young religion is making a vigorous struggle for life, but its ultimate destruction is, it is apprehended, inevitable without State support. Notwithstanding the [[Sikh gurus|Sikh Guru's]] powerful denunciation of [[Brahmin|Brahmans]], [[secular]] [[Sikhs]] now rarely do anything without their assistance. [[Brahmin|Brahmans]] help them to be born, help them [[Anand Karaj|to wed]], help them to die and help their souls after death to obtain a state of bliss. And Brahmans, with all the deftness of [[Roman Catholic]] [[missionaries]] in [[Protestantism|Protestant]] countries have partially succeeded in persuading the Sikhs to restore to their niches the images of [[Devi]], the Queen of Heaven, and the Saints and gods of the ancient faith."'' <ref name="NWFP1911"/>{{rp|62}}}}
|source=Excerpt from the [[Census of India]] (North-West Frontier Province), 1911 AD)}}

==== Districts ====
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in North–West Frontier Province (1941)<ref name="NWFP1941"/>{{rp|22}}
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 91.8
|color1 = Green
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|value2 = 5.94
|color2 = Orange
|label3 = [[Sikhism]]
|value3 = 1.91
|color3 = DarkKhaki
|label4 = [[Christianity]]
|value4 = 0.36
|color4 = DodgerBlue
|label5 = Others{{efn|name=1941OthersTotal}}
|value5 = 0.004
|color5 = grey
}}
With rapid population growth occurring across all districts in the province, [[Mardan District]] was added to the North–West Frontier Province in 1941.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1941)<ref name="NWFP1941"/>{{rp|22–23}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Districts of British India|District]]
! colspan="2" |[[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |Others{{efn|name=others|Including [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Tribal religions in India|Tribals]], others, or not stated}}
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Peshawar District]]
| 769,589
| {{Percentage | 769589 | 851833 | 2 }}
| 51,212
| {{Percentage | 51212 | 851833 | 2 }}
| 24,030
| {{Percentage | 24030 | 851833 | 2 }}
| 6,890
| {{Percentage | 6890 | 851833 | 2 }}
| 112{{efn|Including 70 [[Jews]], 24 [[Parsis]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]]), and 18 [[Buddhists]]}}
| {{Percentage | 112 | 851833 | 2 }}
! 851,833
! {{Percentage | 851833 | 851833 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hazara District]]
| 756,004
| {{Percentage | 756004 | 796230 | 2 }}
| 30,267
| {{Percentage | 30267 | 796230 | 2 }}
| 9,220
| {{Percentage | 9220 | 796230 | 2 }}
| 737
| {{Percentage | 737 | 796230 | 2 }}
| 2{{efn|Including 2 [[Buddhists]]}}
| {{Percentage | 2 | 796230 | 4 }}
! 796,230
! {{Percentage | 796230 | 796230 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mardan District]]
| 483,575
| {{Percentage | 483575 | 506539 | 2 }}
| 10,677
| {{Percentage | 10677 | 506539 | 2 }}
| 11,838
| {{Percentage | 11838 | 506539 | 2 }}
| 449
| {{Percentage | 449 | 506539 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 506539 | 2 }}
! 506,539
! {{Percentage | 506539 | 506539 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Dera Ismail Khan District]]
| 255,757
| {{Percentage | 255757 | 298131 | 2 }}
| 39,167
| {{Percentage | 39167 | 298131 | 2 }}
| 2,390
| {{Percentage | 2390 | 298131 | 2 }}
| 810
| {{Percentage | 810 | 298131 | 2 }}
| 7{{efn|Including 5 [[Buddhists]], 1 [[Jainism|Jain]], and 1 [[Jew]].}}
| {{Percentage | 7 | 298131 | 3 }}
! 298,131
! {{Percentage | 298131 | 298131 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bannu District]]
| 257,648
| {{Percentage | 257648 | 295930 | 2 }}
| 31,471
| {{Percentage | 31471 | 295930 | 2 }}
| 6,112
| {{Percentage | 6112 | 295930 | 2 }}
| 699
| {{Percentage | 699 | 295930 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 295930 | 2 }}
! 295,930
! {{Percentage | 295930 | 295930 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kohat District]]
| 266,224
| {{Percentage | 266224 | 289404 | 2 }}
| 17,527
| {{Percentage | 17527 | 289404 | 2 }}
| 4,349
| {{Percentage | 4349 | 289404 | 2 }}
| 1,304
| {{Percentage | 1304 | 289404 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 289404 | 2 }}
! 289,404
! {{Percentage | 289404 | 289404 | 2 }}
|-
! Total
! 2,788,797
! {{Percentage | 2788797 | 3038067 | 2 }}
! 180,321
! {{Percentage | 180321 | 3038067 | 2 }}
! 57,939
! {{Percentage | 57939 | 3038067 | 2 }}
! 10,889
! {{Percentage | 10889 | 3038067 | 2 }}
! 121{{efn|name=1941OthersTotal|Included 71 [[Judaism|Jews]], 25 [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], 24 [[Parsis]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]]), and 1 [[Jainism|Jain]].}}
! {{Percentage | 121 | 3038067 | 3 }}
! 3,038,067
! {{Percentage | 3038067 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1931)<ref name="NWFP1931"/>{{rp|373–375}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Districts of British India|District]]
! colspan="2" |[[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |Others{{efn|name=others}}
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Peshawar District]]
| 898,683
| {{Percentage | 898683 | 974321 | 2 }}
| 42,321
| {{Percentage | 42321 | 974321 | 2 }}
| 24,271
| {{Percentage | 24271 | 974321 | 2 }}
| 8,974
| {{Percentage | 8974 | 974321 | 2 }}
| 72{{efn|Including 59 [[Parsis]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]]), 11 [[Jews]], and 2 [[Buddhists]]}}
| {{Percentage | 72 | 974321 | 2 }}
! 974,321
! {{Percentage | 974321 | 974321 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hazara District]]
| 636,794
| {{Percentage | 636794 | 670117 | 2 }}
| 25,260
| {{Percentage | 25260 | 670117 | 2 }}
| 7,630
| {{Percentage | 7630 | 670117 | 2 }}
| 432
| {{Percentage | 432 | 670117 | 2 }}
| 1{{efn|Including 1 [[Parsi]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]])}}
| {{Percentage | 1 | 670117 | 4 }}
! 670,117
! {{Percentage | 670117 | 670117 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Dera Ismail Khan District]]
| 235,707
| {{Percentage | 235707 | 274064 | 2 }}
| 35,822
| {{Percentage | 35822 | 274064 | 2 }}
| 1,878
| {{Percentage | 1878 | 274064 | 2 }}
| 657
| {{Percentage | 657 | 274064 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 274064 | 2 }}
! 274,064
! {{Percentage | 274064 | 274064 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bannu District]]
| 237,674
| {{Percentage | 237674 | 270301 | 2 }}
| 26,181
| {{Percentage | 26181 | 270301 | 2 }}
| 5,482
| {{Percentage | 5482 | 270301 | 2 }}
| 964
| {{Percentage | 964 | 270301 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 270301 | 2 }}
! 270,301
! {{Percentage | 270301 | 270301 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kohat District]]
| 218,445
| {{Percentage | 218445 | 236273 | 2 }}
| 13,393
| {{Percentage | 13393 | 236273 | 2 }}
| 3,249
| {{Percentage | 3249 | 236273 | 2 }}
| 1,186
| {{Percentage | 1186 | 236273 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 236273 | 2 }}
! 236,273
! {{Percentage | 236273 | 236273 | 2 }}
|-
! Total
! 2,227,303
! {{Percentage | 2227303 | 2425076 | 2 }}
! 142,977
! {{Percentage | 142977 | 2425076 | 2 }}
! 42,510
! {{Percentage | 42510 | 2425076 | 2 }}
! 12,213
! {{Percentage | 12213 | 2425076 | 2 }}
! 73{{efn|name=1931OthersTotal|Included 60 [[Parsis]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]]), 11 [[Judaism|Jews]], and 2 [[Buddhism|Buddhists]].}}
! {{Percentage | 73 | 2425076 | 3 }}
! 2,425,076
! {{Percentage | 2425076 | 2425076 | 2 }}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1921)<ref name="NWFP1921"/>{{rp|344–346}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Districts of British India|District]]
! colspan="2" |[[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |Others{{efn|name=others}}
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Peshawar District]]
| 836,222
| {{Percentage | 836222 | 907367 | 2 }}
| 48,144
| {{Percentage | 48144 | 907367 | 2 }}
| 15,326
| {{Percentage | 15326 | 907367 | 2 }}
| 7,652
| {{Percentage | 7652 | 907367 | 2 }}
| 23{{efn|name=1921OthersTotal}}
| {{Percentage | 23 | 907367 | 3 }}
! 907,367
! {{Percentage | 907367 | 907367 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hazara District]]
| 591,058
| {{Percentage | 591058 | 622349 | 2 }}
| 26,038
| {{Percentage | 26038 | 622349 | 2 }}
| 4,850
| {{Percentage | 4850 | 622349 | 2 }}
| 403
| {{Percentage | 403 | 622349 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 622349 | 2 }}
! 622,349
! {{Percentage | 622349 | 622349 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Dera Ismail Khan District]]
| 218,315
| {{Percentage | 218315 | 260767 | 2 }}
| 39,311
| {{Percentage | 39311 | 260767 | 2 }}
| 1,904
| {{Percentage | 1904 | 260767 | 2 }}
| 1,237
| {{Percentage | 1237 | 260767 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 260767 | 2 }}
! 260,767
! {{Percentage | 260767 | 260767 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bannu District]]
| 219,695
| {{Percentage | 219695 | 246734 | 2 }}
| 23,509
| {{Percentage | 23509 | 246734 | 2 }}
| 3,286
| {{Percentage | 3286 | 246734 | 2 }}
| 244
| {{Percentage | 244 | 246734 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 246734 | 2 }}
! 246,734
! {{Percentage | 246734 | 246734 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kohat District]]
| 197,496
| {{Percentage | 197496 | 214123 | 2 }}
| 12,879
| {{Percentage | 12879 | 214123 | 2 }}
| 2,674
| {{Percentage | 2674 | 214123 | 2 }}
| 1,074
| {{Percentage | 1074 | 214123 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 214123 | 2 }}
! 214,123
! {{Percentage | 214123 | 214123 | 2 }}
|-
! Total
! 2,062,786
! {{Percentage | 2062786 | 2251340 | 2 }}
! 149,881
! {{Percentage | 149881 | 2251340 | 2 }}
! 28,040
! {{Percentage | 28040 | 2251340 | 2 }}
! 10,610
! {{Percentage | 10610 | 2251340 | 2 }}
! 23{{efn|name=1921OthersTotal|Included 20 [[Parsis]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]]) and 3 [[Jainism|Jains]].}}
! {{Percentage | 23 | 2251340 | 3 }}
! 2,251,340
! {{Percentage | 2251340 | 2251340 | 2 }}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1881)<ref name="NWFP1881"/>{{rp|17–18}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Districts of British India|District]]
! colspan="2" |[[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |Others{{efn|name=others}}
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Peshawar District]]
| 546,117
| {{Percentage | 546117 | 592674 | 2 }}
| 39,321
| {{Percentage | 39321 | 592674 | 2 }}
| 3,103
| {{Percentage | 3103 | 592674 | 2 }}
| 4,088
| {{Percentage | 4088 | 592674 | 2 }}
| 45{{efn|Included 39 [[Parsis]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]]), 3 [[Jainism|Jains]], and 3 Others.}}
| {{Percentage | 45 | 592674 | 2 }}
! 592,674
! {{Percentage | 592674 | 592674 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Dera Ismail Khan District]]
| 385,244
| {{Percentage | 385244 | 441649 | 2 }}
| 54,446
| {{Percentage | 54446 | 441649 | 2 }}
| 1,691
| {{Percentage | 1691 | 441649 | 2 }}
| 253
| {{Percentage | 253 | 441649 | 2 }}
| 15{{efn|Included 13 [[Parsis]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]]), and 2 [[Jainism|Jains]].}}
| {{Percentage | 15 | 441649 | 2 }}
! 441,649
! {{Percentage | 441649 | 441649 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hazara District]]
| 385,759
| {{Percentage | 385759 | 407075 | 2 }}
| 19,843
| {{Percentage | 19843 | 407075 | 2 }}
| 1,381
| {{Percentage | 1381 | 407075 | 2 }}
| 90
| {{Percentage | 90 | 407075 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 407075 | 2 }}
! 407,075
! {{Percentage | 407075 | 407075 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bannu District]]
| 301,002
| {{Percentage | 301002 | 332577 | 2 }}
| 30,643
| {{Percentage | 30643 | 332577 | 2 }}
| 790
| {{Percentage | 790 | 332577 | 2 }}
| 82
| {{Percentage | 82 | 332577 | 2 }}
| 60{{efn|Included 60 [[Jainism|Jains]].}}
| {{Percentage | 60 | 332577 | 2 }}
! 332,577
! {{Percentage | 332577 | 332577 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kohat District]]
| 169,219
| {{Percentage | 169219 | 181540 | 2 }}
| 9,828
| {{Percentage | 9828 | 181540 | 2 }}
| 2,240
| {{Percentage | 2240 | 181540 | 2 }}
| 212
| {{Percentage | 212 | 181540 | 2 }}
| 41{{efn|Included 41 [[Jainism|Jains]].}}
| {{Percentage | 41 | 181540 | 2 }}
! 181,540
! {{Percentage | 181540 | 181540 | 2 }}
|-
! Total
! 1,787,341
! {{Percentage | 1787341 | 1955515 | 2 }}
! 154,081
! {{Percentage | 154081 | 1955515 | 2 }}
! 9,205
! {{Percentage | 9205 | 1955515 | 2 }}
! 4,725
! {{Percentage | 4725 | 1955515 | 2 }}
! 163{{efn|name=1881OthersTotal|Included 106 [[Jainism|Jains]], 52 [[Parsis]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]]) and 3 Others.}}
! {{Percentage | 163 | 1955515 | 2 }}
! 1,955,515
! {{Percentage | 1955515 | 1955515 | 2 }}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1855)<ref name="NWFP1855"/>{{rp|31}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Districts of British India|District]]
! colspan="2" |[[Abrahamic religions]] & Others ([[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], others)
! colspan="2" |[[Dharmic faith|Dharmic religions]] ([[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], others)
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Peshawar District]]
| 403,534
| {{Percentage | 403534 | 450099 | 2 }}
| 46,565
| {{Percentage | 46565 | 450099 | 2 }}
! 450,099
! {{Percentage | 450099 | 450099 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Dera Ismail Khan District]]
| 323,071
| {{Percentage | 323071 | 362041 | 2 }}
| 38,970
| {{Percentage | 38970 | 362041 | 2 }}
! 362,041
! {{Percentage | 362041 | 362041 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hazara District]]
| 276,927
| {{Percentage | 276927 | 296364 | 2 }}
| 19,437
| {{Percentage | 19437 | 296364 | 2 }}
! 296,364
! {{Percentage | 296364 | 296364 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kohat District]]
| 95,602
| {{Percentage | 95602 | 101232 | 2 }}
| 5,630
| {{Percentage | 5630 | 101232 | 2 }}
! 101,232
! {{Percentage | 101232 | 101232 | 2 }}
|-
! Total
! 1,099,134
! {{Percentage | 1099134 | 1209736 | 2 }}
! 110,602
! {{Percentage | 110602 | 1209736 | 2 }}
! 1,209,736
! {{Percentage | 1209736 | 1209736 | 2 }}
|}

==== Tehsils ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in the Tehsils of North–West Frontier Province (1941)<ref name="NWFP1941"/>{{rp|30}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Tehsil]]
! colspan="2" |[[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=Christian|[[Tehsil]] and city religious breakdown figures for Christianity only includes local Christians, labeled as "Indian Christians" on [[Census in British India|census]]. Does not include [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian Christians]] or [[British Christianity|British Christians]], who were classified under "Other" category.}}
! colspan="2" |Others{{efn|name=othersB|Including [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian Christians]], [[British Christianity|British Christians]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Tribal religions in India|Tribals]], others, or not stated}}
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Peshawar Tehsil]]
| 335,871
| {{Percentage | 335871 | 389329 | 2 }}
| 33,551
| {{Percentage | 33551 | 389329 | 2 }}
| 15,454
| {{Percentage | 15454 | 389329 | 2 }}
| 2,618{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 2618 | 389329 | 2 }}
| 1,835{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 1835 | 389329 | 2 }}
! 389,329
! {{Percentage | 389329 | 389329 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Abbottabad Tehsil]]
| 284,228
| {{Percentage | 284228 | 308518 | 2 }}
| 17,558
| {{Percentage | 17558 | 308518 | 2 }}
| 6,035
| {{Percentage | 6035 | 308518 | 2 }}
| 278{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 278 | 308518 | 2 }}
| 419{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 419 | 308518 | 2 }}
! 308,518
! {{Percentage | 308518 | 308518 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mardan Tehsil]]
| 281,161
| {{Percentage | 281161 | 299384 | 2 }}
| 8,709
| {{Percentage | 8709 | 299384 | 2 }}
| 9,091
| {{Percentage | 9091 | 299384 | 2 }}
| 360{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 360 | 299384 | 2 }}
| 63{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 63 | 299384 | 2 }}
! 299,384
! {{Percentage | 299384 | 299384 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Charsadda Tehsil]]
| 239,634
| {{Percentage | 239634 | 244246 | 2 }}
| 2,533
| {{Percentage | 2533 | 244246 | 2 }}
| 1,940
| {{Percentage | 1940 | 244246 | 2 }}
| 127{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 127 | 244246 | 2 }}
| 12{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 12 | 244246 | 3 }}
! 244,246
! {{Percentage | 244246 | 244246 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mansehra Tehsil]]
| 237,306
| {{Percentage | 237306 | 243203 | 2 }}
| 4,910
| {{Percentage | 4910 | 243203 | 2 }}
| 965
| {{Percentage | 965 | 243203 | 2 }}
| 22{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 22 | 243203 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 243203 | 2 }}
! 243,203
! {{Percentage | 243203 | 243203 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Nowshera Tehsil]]
| 194,084
| {{Percentage | 194084 | 218258 | 2 }}
| 15,128
| {{Percentage | 15128 | 218258 | 2 }}
| 6,636
| {{Percentage | 6636 | 218258 | 2 }}
| 652{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 652 | 218258 | 2 }}
| 1,758{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 1758 | 218258 | 2 }}
! 218,258
! {{Percentage | 218258 | 218258 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Swabi Tehsil]]
| 202,414
| {{Percentage | 202414 | 207155 | 2 }}
| 1,968
| {{Percentage | 1968 | 207155 | 2 }}
| 2,747
| {{Percentage | 2747 | 207155 | 2 }}
| 16{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 16 | 207155 | 2 }}
| 10{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 10 | 207155 | 3 }}
! 207,155
! {{Percentage | 207155 | 207155 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Haripur Tehsil]]
| 178,545
| {{Percentage | 178545 | 187854 | 2 }}
| 7,278
| {{Percentage | 7278 | 187854 | 2 }}
| 2,011
| {{Percentage | 2011 | 187854 | 2 }}
| 14{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 14 | 187854 | 2 }}
| 6{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 6 | 187854 | 3 }}
! 187,854
! {{Percentage | 187854 | 187854 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bannu Tehsil]]
| 157,097
| {{Percentage | 157097 | 187598 | 2 }}
| 24,517
| {{Percentage | 24517 | 187598 | 2 }}
| 5,285
| {{Percentage | 5285 | 187598 | 2 }}
| 467{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 467 | 187598 | 2 }}
| 232{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 232 | 187598 | 2 }}
! 187,598
! {{Percentage | 187598 | 187598 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil]]
| 155,100
| {{Percentage | 155100 | 187585 | 2 }}
| 30,065
| {{Percentage | 30065 | 187585 | 2 }}
| 1,740
| {{Percentage | 1740 | 187585 | 2 }}
| 195{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 195 | 187585 | 2 }}
| 485{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 485 | 187585 | 2 }}
! 187,585
! {{Percentage | 187585 | 187585 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kohat Tehsil]]
| 100,868
| {{Percentage | 100868 | 114616 | 2 }}
| 9,156
| {{Percentage | 9156 | 114616 | 2 }}
| 3,613
| {{Percentage | 3613 | 114616 | 2 }}
| 596{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 596 | 114616 | 2 }}
| 383{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 383 | 114616 | 2 }}
! 114,616
! {{Percentage | 114616 | 114616 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Teri, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Teri Tehsil]]
| 110,146
| {{Percentage | 110146 | 112709 | 2 }}
| 2,462
| {{Percentage | 2462 | 112709 | 2 }}
| 86
| {{Percentage | 86 | 112709 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 112709 | 2 }}
| 15{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 15 | 112709 | 2 }}
! 112,709
! {{Percentage | 112709 | 112709 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Lakki Marwat Tehsil|Marwat Tehsil]]
| 100,551
| {{Percentage | 100551 | 108332 | 2 }}
| 6,954
| {{Percentage | 6954 | 108332 | 2 }}
| 817
| {{Percentage | 817 | 108332 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 108332 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 108332 | 2 }}
! 108,332
! {{Percentage | 108332 | 108332 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hangu Tehsil]]
| 55,210
| {{Percentage | 55210 | 62079 | 2 }}
| 5,909
| {{Percentage | 5909 | 62079 | 2 }}
| 650
| {{Percentage | 650 | 62079 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 62079 | 2 }}
| 310{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 310 | 62079 | 2 }}
! 62,079
! {{Percentage | 62079 | 62079 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Tank Tehsil]]
| 49,847
| {{Percentage | 49847 | 55664 | 2 }}
| 5,279
| {{Percentage | 5279 | 55664 | 2 }}
| 401
| {{Percentage | 401 | 55664 | 2 }}
| 81{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 81 | 55664 | 2 }}
| 56{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 56 | 55664 | 2 }}
! 55,664
! {{Percentage | 55664 | 55664 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kulachi Tehsil]]
| 50,810
| {{Percentage | 50810 | 54882 | 2 }}
| 3,823
| {{Percentage | 3823 | 54882 | 2 }}
| 249
| {{Percentage | 249 | 54882 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 54882 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 54882 | 2 }}
! 54,882
! {{Percentage | 54882 | 54882 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Amb (princely state)|Amb Tehsil]]
| 47,288
| {{Percentage | 47288 | 47916 | 2 }}
| 433
| {{Percentage | 433 | 47916 | 2 }}
| 195
| {{Percentage | 195 | 47916 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 47916 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 47916 | 2 }}
! 47,916
! {{Percentage | 47916 | 47916 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Phulra|Phulra Tehsil]]
| 8,637
| {{Percentage | 8637 | 8739 | 2 }}
| 88
| {{Percentage | 88 | 8739 | 2 }}
| 14
| {{Percentage | 14 | 8739 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 8739 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 8739 | 2 }}
! 8,739
! {{Percentage | 8739 | 8739 | 2 }}
|-
! Total
! 2,788,797
! {{Percentage | 2788797 | 3038067 | 2 }}
! 180,321
! {{Percentage | 180321 | 3038067 | 2 }}
! 57,929
! {{Percentage | 57929 | 3038067 | 2 }}
! 5,426{{efn|name=Christian}}
! {{Percentage | 5426 | 3038067 | 2 }}
! 5,583{{efn|name=othersB}}
! {{Percentage | 5583 | 3038067 | 2 }}
! 3,038,067
! {{Percentage | 3038067 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in the Tehsils of North–West Frontier Province (1931)<ref name="NWFP1931"/>{{rp|393–396}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Tehsil]]
! colspan="2" |[[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |Others
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Peshawar Tehsil]]
| 240,642
| {{Percentage | 240642 | 278947 | 2 }}
| 23,538
| {{Percentage | 23538 | 278947 | 2 }}
| 9,736
| {{Percentage | 9736 | 278947 | 2 }}
| 4,991
| {{Percentage | 4991 | 278947 | 2 }}
| 40{{efn|name=OthersPeshawar1931|Including 27 [[Parsis]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]]), 11 [[Jews]], and 2 [[Buddhism|Buddhists]].}}
| {{Percentage | 40 | 278947 | 2 }}
! 278,947
! {{Percentage | 278947 | 278947 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Abbottabad Tehsil]]
| 235,454
| {{Percentage | 235454 | 253779 | 2 }}
| 13,378
| {{Percentage | 13378 | 253779 | 2 }}
| 4,599
| {{Percentage | 4599 | 253779 | 2 }}
| 347
| {{Percentage | 347 | 253779 | 2 }}
| 1{{efn|name=OthersAbbottabad1931|Including 1 [[Parsis|Parsi]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]])}}
| {{Percentage | 1 | 253779 | 2 }}
! 253,779
! {{Percentage | 253779 | 253779 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mansehra Tehsil]]
| 203,374
| {{Percentage | 203374 | 208660 | 2 }}
| 4,308
| {{Percentage | 4308 | 208660 | 2 }}
| 966
| {{Percentage | 966 | 208660 | 2 }}
| 12
| {{Percentage | 12 | 208660 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 208660 | 2 }}
! 208,660
! {{Percentage | 208660 | 208660 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mardan Tehsil]]
| 187,180
| {{Percentage | 187180 | 198561 | 2 }}
| 5,941
| {{Percentage | 5941 | 198561 | 2 }}
| 5,174
| {{Percentage | 5174 | 198561 | 2 }}
| 266
| {{Percentage | 266 | 198561 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 198561 | 2 }}
! 198,561
! {{Percentage | 198561 | 198561 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Charsadda Tehsil]]
| 173,970
| {{Percentage | 173970 | 177860 | 2 }}
| 2,145
| {{Percentage | 2145 | 177860 | 2 }}
| 1,653
| {{Percentage | 1653 | 177860 | 2 }}
| 92
| {{Percentage | 92 | 177860 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 177860 | 2 }}
! 177,860
! {{Percentage | 177860 | 177860 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil]]
| 143,559
| {{Percentage | 143559 | 171019 | 2 }}
| 25,982
| {{Percentage | 25982 | 171019 | 2 }}
| 894
| {{Percentage | 894 | 171019 | 2 }}
| 584
| {{Percentage | 584 | 171019 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 171019 | 2 }}
! 171,019
! {{Percentage | 171019 | 171019 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Haripur Tehsil]]
| 160,630
| {{Percentage | 160630 | 169735 | 2 }}
| 7,016
| {{Percentage | 7016 | 169735 | 2 }}
| 2,019
| {{Percentage | 2019 | 169735 | 2 }}
| 70
| {{Percentage | 70 | 169735 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 169735 | 2 }}
! 169,735
! {{Percentage | 169735 | 169735 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bannu Tehsil]]
| 138,152
| {{Percentage | 138152 | 161882 | 2 }}
| 17,789
| {{Percentage | 17789 | 161882 | 2 }}
| 4,979
| {{Percentage | 4979 | 161882 | 2 }}
| 962
| {{Percentage | 962 | 161882 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 161882 | 2 }}
! 161,882
! {{Percentage | 161882 | 161882 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Nowshera Tehsil]]
| 142,962
| {{Percentage | 142962 | 160542 | 2 }}
| 9,271
| {{Percentage | 9271 | 160542 | 2 }}
| 4,678
| {{Percentage | 4678 | 160542 | 2 }}
| 3,599
| {{Percentage | 3599 | 160542 | 2 }}
| 32{{efn|Including 32 [[Parsis]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]]).}}
| {{Percentage | 32 | 160542 | 2 }}
! 160,542
! {{Percentage | 160542 | 160542 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Swabi Tehsil]]
| 153,929
| {{Percentage | 153929 | 158411 | 2 }}
| 1,426
| {{Percentage | 1426 | 158411 | 2 }}
| 3,030
| {{Percentage | 3030 | 158411 | 2 }}
| 26
| {{Percentage | 26 | 158411 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 158411 | 2 }}
! 158,411
! {{Percentage | 158411 | 158411 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Lakki Marwat Tehsil|Marwat Tehsil]]
| 99,522
| {{Percentage | 99522 | 108419 | 2 }}
| 8,392
| {{Percentage | 8392 | 108419 | 2 }}
| 503
| {{Percentage | 503 | 108419 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 108419 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 108419 | 2 }}
! 108,419
! {{Percentage | 108419 | 108419 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Teri, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Teri Tehsil]]
| 100,179
| {{Percentage | 100179 | 103011 | 2 }}
| 2,788
| {{Percentage | 2788 | 103011 | 2 }}
| 27
| {{Percentage | 27 | 103011 | 2 }}
| 17
| {{Percentage | 17 | 103011 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 103011 | 2 }}
! 103,011
! {{Percentage | 103011 | 103011 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kohat Tehsil]]
| 77,408
| {{Percentage | 77408 | 88310 | 2 }}
| 7,615
| {{Percentage | 7615 | 88310 | 2 }}
| 2,184
| {{Percentage | 2184 | 88310 | 2 }}
| 1,103
| {{Percentage | 1103 | 88310 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 88310 | 2 }}
! 88,310
! {{Percentage | 88310 | 88310 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kulachi Tehsil]]
| 46,709
| {{Percentage | 46709 | 51851 | 2 }}
| 4,731
| {{Percentage | 4731 | 51851 | 2 }}
| 410
| {{Percentage | 410 | 51851 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 51851 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 51851 | 2 }}
! 51,851
! {{Percentage | 51851 | 51851 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Tank Tehsil]]
| 45,439
| {{Percentage | 45439 | 51194 | 2 }}
| 5,109
| {{Percentage | 5109 | 51194 | 2 }}
| 574
| {{Percentage | 574 | 51194 | 2 }}
| 72
| {{Percentage | 72 | 51194 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 51194 | 2 }}
! 51,194
! {{Percentage | 51194 | 51194 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hangu Tehsil]]
| 40,858
| {{Percentage | 40858 | 44952 | 2 }}
| 2,990
| {{Percentage | 2990 | 44952 | 2 }}
| 1,038
| {{Percentage | 1038 | 44952 | 2 }}
| 66
| {{Percentage | 66 | 44952 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 44952 | 2 }}
! 44,952
! {{Percentage | 44952 | 44952 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Amb (princely state)|Amb Tehsil]]
| 30,742
| {{Percentage | 30742 | 31299 | 2 }}
| 509
| {{Percentage | 509 | 31299 | 2 }}
| 45
| {{Percentage | 45 | 31299 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 31299 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 31299 | 2 }}
! 31,299
! {{Percentage | 31299 | 31299 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Phulra|Phulra Tehsil]]
| 6,594
| {{Percentage | 6594 | 6644 | 2 }}
| 49
| {{Percentage | 49 | 6644 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 6644 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 6644 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 6644 | 2 }}
! 6,644
! {{Percentage | 6644 | 6644 | 2 }}
|-
! Total
! 2,227,303
! {{Percentage | 2227303 | 2425076 | 2 }}
! 142,977
! {{Percentage | 142977 | 2425076 | 2 }}
! 42,510
! {{Percentage | 42510 | 2425076 | 2 }}
! 12,213
! {{Percentage | 12213 | 2425076 | 2 }}
! 73{{efn|name=1931OthersTotal}}
! {{Percentage | 73 | 2425076 | 2 }}
! 2,425,076
! {{Percentage | 2425076 | 2425076 | 2 }}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in the Tehsils of North–West Frontier Province (1921)<ref name="NWFP1921"/>{{rp|510–516}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Tehsil]]
! colspan="2" |[[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |Others
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Peshawar Tehsil]]
| 225,897
| {{Percentage | 225897 | 263228 | 2 }}
| 25,414
| {{Percentage | 25414 | 263228 | 2 }}
| 8,223
| {{Percentage | 8223 | 263228 | 2 }}
| 3,671
| {{Percentage | 3671 | 263228 | 2 }}
| 23{{efn|name=1921OthersTotal}}
| {{Percentage | 23 | 263228 | 2 }}
! 263,228
! {{Percentage | 263228 | 263228 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Abbottabad Tehsil]]
| 214,720
| {{Percentage | 214720 | 232034 | 2 }}
| 13,580
| {{Percentage | 13580 | 232034 | 2 }}
| 3,344
| {{Percentage | 3344 | 232034 | 2 }}
| 390
| {{Percentage | 390 | 232034 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 232034 | 2 }}
! 232,034
! {{Percentage | 232034 | 232034 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mansehra Tehsil]]
| 195,812
| {{Percentage | 195812 | 200879 | 2 }}
| 4,592
| {{Percentage | 4592 | 200879 | 2 }}
| 468
| {{Percentage | 468 | 200879 | 2 }}
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7 | 200879 | 3 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 200879 | 2 }}
! 200,879
! {{Percentage | 200879 | 200879 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mardan Tehsil]]
| 161,726
| {{Percentage | 161726 | 171642 | 2 }}
| 6,846
| {{Percentage | 6846 | 171642 | 2 }}
| 2,874
| {{Percentage | 2874 | 171642 | 2 }}
| 196
| {{Percentage | 196 | 171642 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 171642 | 2 }}
! 171,642
! {{Percentage | 171642 | 171642 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Charsadda Tehsil]]
| 161,406
| {{Percentage | 161406 | 164438 | 2 }}
| 2,183
| {{Percentage | 2183 | 164438 | 2 }}
| 787
| {{Percentage | 787 | 164438 | 2 }}
| 62
| {{Percentage | 62 | 164438 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 164438 | 2 }}
! 164,438
! {{Percentage | 164438 | 164438 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Haripur Tehsil]]
| 153,645
| {{Percentage | 153645 | 161981 | 2 }}
| 7,362
| {{Percentage | 7362 | 161981 | 2 }}
| 968
| {{Percentage | 968 | 161981 | 2 }}
| 6
| {{Percentage | 6 | 161981 | 3 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 161981 | 2 }}
! 161,981
! {{Percentage | 161981 | 161981 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Swabi Tehsil]]
| 155,116
| {{Percentage | 155116 | 159242 | 2 }}
| 3,063
| {{Percentage | 3063 | 159242 | 2 }}
| 1,062
| {{Percentage | 1062 | 159242 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 159242 | 3 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 159242 | 2 }}
! 159,242
! {{Percentage | 159242 | 159242 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil]]
| 129,919
| {{Percentage | 129919 | 156017 | 2 }}
| 24,685
| {{Percentage | 24685 | 156017 | 2 }}
| 884
| {{Percentage | 884 | 156017 | 2 }}
| 529
| {{Percentage | 529 | 156017 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 156017 | 2 }}
! 156,017
! {{Percentage | 156017 | 156017 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Nowshera Tehsil]]
| 132,077
| {{Percentage | 132077 | 148817 | 2 }}
| 10,638
| {{Percentage | 10638 | 148817 | 2 }}
| 2,380
| {{Percentage | 2380 | 148817 | 2 }}
| 3,722
| {{Percentage | 3722 | 148817 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 148817 | 2 }}
! 148,817
! {{Percentage | 148817 | 148817 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bannu Tehsil]]
| 123,384
| {{Percentage | 123384 | 142535 | 2 }}
| 16,130
| {{Percentage | 16130 | 142535 | 2 }}
| 2,777
| {{Percentage | 2777 | 142535 | 2 }}
| 244
| {{Percentage | 244 | 142535 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 142535 | 2 }}
! 142,535
! {{Percentage | 142535 | 142535 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Lakki Marwat Tehsil|Marwat Tehsil]]
| 96,311
| {{Percentage | 96311 | 104199 | 2 }}
| 7,379
| {{Percentage | 7379 | 104199 | 2 }}
| 509
| {{Percentage | 509 | 104199 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 104199 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 104199 | 2 }}
! 104,199
! {{Percentage | 104199 | 104199 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Teri, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Teri Tehsil]]
| 89,924
| {{Percentage | 89924 | 92237 | 2 }}
| 2,239
| {{Percentage | 2239 | 92237 | 2 }}
| 45
| {{Percentage | 45 | 92237 | 2 }}
| 29
| {{Percentage | 29 | 92237 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 92237 | 2 }}
! 92,237
! {{Percentage | 92237 | 92237 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kohat Tehsil]]
| 67,535
| {{Percentage | 67535 | 77171 | 2 }}
| 6,415
| {{Percentage | 6415 | 77171 | 2 }}
| 2,195
| {{Percentage | 2195 | 77171 | 2 }}
| 1,026
| {{Percentage | 1026 | 77171 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 77171 | 2 }}
! 77,171
! {{Percentage | 77171 | 77171 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Tank Tehsil]]
| 47,895
| {{Percentage | 47895 | 59637 | 2 }}
| 10,224
| {{Percentage | 10224 | 59637 | 2 }}
| 811
| {{Percentage | 811 | 59637 | 2 }}
| 707
| {{Percentage | 707 | 59637 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 59637 | 2 }}
! 59,637
! {{Percentage | 59637 | 59637 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kulachi Tehsil]]
| 40,501
| {{Percentage | 40501 | 45113 | 2 }}
| 4,402
| {{Percentage | 4402 | 45113 | 2 }}
| 209
| {{Percentage | 209 | 45113 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 45113 | 3 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 45113 | 2 }}
! 45,113
! {{Percentage | 45113 | 45113 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hangu Tehsil]]
| 40,037
| {{Percentage | 40037 | 44715 | 2 }}
| 4,225
| {{Percentage | 4225 | 44715 | 2 }}
| 434
| {{Percentage | 434 | 44715 | 2 }}
| 19
| {{Percentage | 19 | 44715 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 44715 | 2 }}
! 44,715
! {{Percentage | 44715 | 44715 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Amb (princely state)|Amb Tehsil]]
| 21,244
| {{Percentage | 21244 | 21754 | 2 }}
| 440
| {{Percentage | 440 | 21754 | 2 }}
| 70
| {{Percentage | 70 | 21754 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 21754 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 21754 | 2 }}
! 21,754
! {{Percentage | 21754 | 21754 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Phulra|Phulra Tehsil]]
| 5,637
| {{Percentage | 5637 | 5701 | 2 }}
| 64
| {{Percentage | 64 | 5701 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 5701 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 5701 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 5701 | 2 }}
! 5,701
! {{Percentage | 5701 | 5701 | 2 }}
|-
! Total
! 2,062,786
! {{Percentage | 2062786 | 2251340 | 2 }}
! 149,881
! {{Percentage | 149881 | 2251340 | 2 }}
! 28,040
! {{Percentage | 28040 | 2251340 | 2 }}
! 10,610
! {{Percentage | 10610 | 2251340 | 2 }}
! 23{{efn|name=1921OthersTotal}}
! {{Percentage | 23 | 2251340 | 2 }}
! '''2,251,340'''
! '''{{Percentage | 2251340 | 2251340 | 2 }}'''
|}

==== Cities ====
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in [[Urban area|Urban]] North–West Frontier Province (1941)<ref name="NWFP1941"/>{{rp|19}}
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 66.26
|color1 = Green
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|value2 = 24.34
|color2 = Orange
|label3 = [[Sikhism]]
|value3 = 7.5
|color3 = DarkKhaki
|label4 = Others
|value4 = 1.9
|color4 = grey
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in the Cities of North–West Frontier Province (1941)<ref name="NWFP1941"/>{{rp|19}}
! rowspan="2" |[[City]]/[[Urban area|Urban Area]]
! colspan="2" |[[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=Christian}}
! colspan="2" |Others{{efn|name=othersB}}
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Peshawar]]{{efn|name=City}}
| 122,972
| {{Percentage | 122972 | 173420 | 2 }}
| 31,630
| {{Percentage | 31630 | 173420 | 2 }}
| 14,245
| {{Percentage | 14245 | 173420 | 2 }}
| 2,586{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 2586 | 173420 | 2 }}
| 1,987{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 1987 | 173420 | 2 }}
! 173,420
! {{Percentage | 173420 | 173420 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Dera Ismail Khan]]{{efn|name=City}}
| 26,424
| {{Percentage | 26424 | 51306 | 2 }}
| 22,815
| {{Percentage | 22815 | 51306 | 2 }}
| 1,412
| {{Percentage | 1412 | 51306 | 2 }}
| 195{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 195 | 51306 | 2 }}
| 460{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 460 | 51306 | 2 }}
! 51,306
! {{Percentage | 51306 | 51306 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kohat]]{{efn|name=City}}
| 32,111
| {{Percentage | 32111 | 44977 | 2 }}
| 8,250
| {{Percentage | 8250 | 44977 | 2 }}
| 3,562
| {{Percentage | 3562 | 44977 | 2 }}
| 445{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 445 | 44977 | 2 }}
| 609{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 609 | 44977 | 2 }}
! 44,977
! {{Percentage | 44977 | 44977 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Nowshera]]{{efn|name=CityB|Includes total [[Cantonment]] and [[Notified area]] population.}}
| 28,132
| {{Percentage | 28132 | 44022 | 2 }}
| 9,831
| {{Percentage | 9831 | 44022 | 2 }}
| 4,253
| {{Percentage | 4253 | 44022 | 2 }}
| 412{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 412 | 44022 | 2 }}
| 1,394{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 1394 | 44022 | 2 }}
! 44,022
! {{Percentage | 44022 | 44022 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mardan]]{{efn|name=City}}
| 30,301
| {{Percentage | 30301 | 42494 | 2 }}
| 5,851
| {{Percentage | 5851 | 42494 | 2 }}
| 6,014
| {{Percentage | 6014 | 42494 | 2 }}
| 282{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 282 | 42494 | 2 }}
| 46{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 46 | 42494 | 2 }}
! 42,494
! {{Percentage | 42494 | 42494 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bannu]]{{efn|name=City}}
| 10,696
| {{Percentage | 10696 | 38504 | 2 }}
| 22,175
| {{Percentage | 22175 | 38504 | 2 }}
| 4,894
| {{Percentage | 4894 | 38504 | 2 }}
| 467{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 467 | 38504 | 2 }}
| 232{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 232 | 38504 | 2 }}
! 38,504
! {{Percentage | 38504 | 38504 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Abbottabad]]{{efn|name=City|Includes total Municipality and [[Cantonment]] population.}}
| 12,192
| {{Percentage | 12192 | 27424 | 2 }}
| 11,886
| {{Percentage | 11886 | 27424 | 2 }}
| 2,680
| {{Percentage | 2680 | 27424 | 2 }}
| 298{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 298 | 27424 | 2 }}
| 368{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 368 | 27424 | 2 }}
! 27,424
! {{Percentage | 27424 | 27424 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Charsadda]]
| 15,747
| {{Percentage | 15747 | 16845 | 2 }}
| 745
| {{Percentage | 745 | 16845 | 2 }}
| 294
| {{Percentage | 294 | 16845 | 2 }}
| 54{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 54 | 16845 | 2 }}
| 5{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 5 | 16845 | 2 }}
! 16,845
! {{Percentage | 16845 | 16845 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Prang, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Parang]]
| 13,494
| {{Percentage | 13494 | 13496 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 13496 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 13496 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 13496 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 13496 | 2 }}
! 13,496
! {{Percentage | 13496 | 13496 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Tangi, Pakistan|Tangi]]
| 12,456
| {{Percentage | 12456 | 12906 | 2 }}
| 444
| {{Percentage | 444 | 12906 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 12906 | 2 }}
| 4{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 4 | 12906 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 12906 | 2 }}
! 12,906
! {{Percentage | 12906 | 12906 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mansehra]]
| 8,141
| {{Percentage | 8141 | 10217 | 2 }}
| 1,699
| {{Percentage | 1699 | 10217 | 2 }}
| 375
| {{Percentage | 375 | 10217 | 2 }}
| 2{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 2 | 10217 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 10217 | 2 }}
! 10,217
! {{Percentage | 10217 | 10217 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Lakki Marwat|Lakki]]{{efn|name=CityC}}
| 5,883
| {{Percentage | 5883 | 10141 | 2 }}
| 3,710
| {{Percentage | 3710 | 10141 | 2 }}
| 548
| {{Percentage | 548 | 10141 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 10141 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 10141 | 2 }}
! 10,141
! {{Percentage | 10141 | 10141 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Utmanzai, Charsadda|Utmanzai]]
| 9,768
| {{Percentage | 9768 | 10129 | 2 }}
| 182
| {{Percentage | 182 | 10129 | 2 }}
| 171
| {{Percentage | 171 | 10129 | 2 }}
| 8{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 8 | 10129 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 10129 | 2 }}
! 10,129
! {{Percentage | 10129 | 10129 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Haripur, Pakistan|Haripur]]
| 5,174
| {{Percentage | 5174 | 9322 | 2 }}
| 3,113
| {{Percentage | 3113 | 9322 | 2 }}
| 1,035
| {{Percentage | 1035 | 9322 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 9322 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 9322 | 2 }}
! 9,322
! {{Percentage | 9322 | 9322 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Tank (city)|Tank]]{{efn|name=CityC}}
| 5,531
| {{Percentage | 5531 | 9089 | 2 }}
| 3,296
| {{Percentage | 3296 | 9089 | 2 }}
| 181
| {{Percentage | 181 | 9089 | 2 }}
| 66{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 66 | 9089 | 2 }}
| 15{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 15 | 9089 | 2 }}
! 9,089
! {{Percentage | 9089 | 9089 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Risalpur]]
| 3,506
| {{Percentage | 3506 | 9007 | 2 }}
| 3,937
| {{Percentage | 3937 | 9007 | 2 }}
| 1,024
| {{Percentage | 1024 | 9007 | 2 }}
| 333{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 333 | 9007 | 2 }}
| 207{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 207 | 9007 | 2 }}
! 9,007
! {{Percentage | 9007 | 9007 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kulachi]]{{efn|name=CityC}}
| 6,610
| {{Percentage | 6610 | 8840 | 2 }}
| 2,092
| {{Percentage | 2092 | 8840 | 2 }}
| 138
| {{Percentage | 138 | 8840 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 8840 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 8840 | 2 }}
! 8,840
! {{Percentage | 8840 | 8840 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Baffa]]{{efn|name=CityC|Includes total [[Notified area]] population.}}
| 7,166
| {{Percentage | 7166 | 7988 | 2 }}
| 735
| {{Percentage | 735 | 7988 | 2 }}
| 81
| {{Percentage | 81 | 7988 | 2 }}
| 6{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 6 | 7988 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 7988 | 2 }}
! 7,988
! {{Percentage | 7988 | 7988 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Nawan Shehr]]{{efn|name=CityC}}
| 5,075
| {{Percentage | 5075 | 6414 | 2 }}
| 1,030
| {{Percentage | 1030 | 6414 | 2 }}
| 309
| {{Percentage | 309 | 6414 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 6414 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 6414 | 2 }}
! 6,414
! {{Percentage | 6414 | 6414 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kot Najeebullah|Kot Najibullah]]
| 4,228
| {{Percentage | 4228 | 5315 | 2 }}
| 929
| {{Percentage | 929 | 5315 | 2 }}
| 156
| {{Percentage | 156 | 5315 | 2 }}
| 2{{efn|name=Christian}}
| {{Percentage | 2 | 5315 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 5315 | 2 }}
! 5,315
! {{Percentage | 5315 | 5315 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Cherat]]
| 270
| {{Percentage | 270 | 337 | 2 }}
| 30
| {{Percentage | 30 | 337 | 2 }}
| 25
| {{Percentage | 25 | 337 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 337 | 2 }}
| 12{{efn|name=othersB}}
| {{Percentage | 12 | 337 | 2 }}
! 337
! {{Percentage | 337 | 337 | 2 }}
|-
! Total Urban population
! 365,877
! {{Percentage | 365877 | 552193 | 2 }}
! 134,382
! {{Percentage | 134382 | 552193 | 2 }}
! 41,399
! {{Percentage | 41399 | 552193 | 2 }}
! 5,160{{efn|name=Christian}}
! {{Percentage | 5160 | 552193 | 2 }}
! 5,335{{efn|name=othersB}}
! {{Percentage | 5335 | 552193 | 2 }}
! 552,193
! {{Percentage | 552193 | 552193 | 2 }}
|}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in [[Urban area|Urban]] North–West Frontier Province (1931)<ref name="NWFP1931"/>{{rp|257–259}}
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 66.34
|color1 = Green
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|value2 = 24.12
|color2 = Orange
|label3 = [[Sikhism]]
|value3 = 6.57
|color3 = DarkKhaki
|label4 = [[Christianity]]
|value4 = 2.95
|color4 = DodgerBlue
|label5 = Others{{efn|name=1931OthersTotal}}
|value5 = 0.02
|color5 = grey
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in the Cities of North–West Frontier Province (1931)<ref name="NWFP1931"/>{{rp|257–259}}
! rowspan="2" |[[City]]/[[Urban area|Urban Area]]
! colspan="2" |[[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |Others
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Peshawar]]{{efn|name=City}}
| 86,369
| {{Percentage | 86369 | 121866 | 2 }}
| 21,973
| {{Percentage | 21973 | 121866 | 2 }}
| 8,630
| {{Percentage | 8630 | 121866 | 2 }}
| 4,854
| {{Percentage | 4854 | 121866 | 2 }}
| 40{{efn|name=OthersPeshawar1931}}
| {{Percentage | 40 | 121866 | 2 }}
! 121,866
! {{Percentage | 121866 | 121866 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Dera Ismail Khan]]{{efn|name=City}}
| 22,321
| {{Percentage | 22321 | 40331 | 2 }}
| 16,761
| {{Percentage | 16761 | 40331 | 2 }}
| 708
| {{Percentage | 708 | 40331 | 2 }}
| 541
| {{Percentage | 541 | 40331 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 40331 | 2 }}
! 40,331
! {{Percentage | 40331 | 40331 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kohat]]{{efn|name=City}}
| 24,388
| {{Percentage | 24388 | 34350 | 2 }}
| 6,709
| {{Percentage | 6709 | 34350 | 2 }}
| 2,152
| {{Percentage | 2152 | 34350 | 2 }}
| 1,101
| {{Percentage | 1101 | 34350 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 34350 | 2 }}
! 34,350
! {{Percentage | 34350 | 34350 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bannu]]{{efn|name=City}}
| 10,607
| {{Percentage | 10607 | 30539 | 2 }}
| 15,036
| {{Percentage | 15036 | 30539 | 2 }}
| 3,947
| {{Percentage | 3947 | 30539 | 2 }}
| 949
| {{Percentage | 949 | 30539 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 30539 | 2 }}
! 30,539
! {{Percentage | 30539 | 30539 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Nowshera]]{{efn|name=CityB}}
| 19,662
| {{Percentage | 19662 | 28966 | 2 }}
| 4,675
| {{Percentage | 4675 | 28966 | 2 }}
| 3,042
| {{Percentage | 3042 | 28966 | 2 }}
| 1,560
| {{Percentage | 1560 | 28966 | 2 }}
| 27{{efn|Including 27 [[Parsis]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]])}}
| {{Percentage | 27 | 28966 | 2 }}
! 28,966
! {{Percentage | 28966 | 28966 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mardan]]{{efn|name=City}}
| 19,579
| {{Percentage | 19579 | 26279 | 2 }}
| 3,605
| {{Percentage | 3605 | 26279 | 2 }}
| 2,927
| {{Percentage | 2927 | 26279 | 2 }}
| 168
| {{Percentage | 168 | 26279 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 26279 | 2 }}
! 26,279
! {{Percentage | 26279 | 26279 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Abbottabad]]{{efn|name=City|Includes total Municipality and [[Cantonment]] population.}}
| 7,026
| {{Percentage | 7026 | 16165 | 2 }}
| 7,753
| {{Percentage | 7753 | 16165 | 2 }}
| 1,039
| {{Percentage | 1039 | 16165 | 2 }}
| 346
| {{Percentage | 346 | 16165 | 2 }}
| 1{{efn|name=OthersAbbottabad1931}}
| {{Percentage | 1 | 16165 | 2 }}
! 16,165
! {{Percentage | 16165 | 16165 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Charsadda]]
| 10,703
| {{Percentage | 10703 | 11537 | 2 }}
| 519
| {{Percentage | 519 | 11537 | 2 }}
| 287
| {{Percentage | 287 | 11537 | 2 }}
| 28
| {{Percentage | 28 | 11537 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 11537 | 2 }}
! 11,537
! {{Percentage | 11537 | 11537 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Prang, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Parang]]
| 10,211
| {{Percentage | 10211 | 10227 | 2 }}
| 16
| {{Percentage | 16 | 10227 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 10227 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 10227 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 10227 | 2 }}
! 10,227
! {{Percentage | 10227 | 10227 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Tangi, Pakistan|Tangi]]
| 8,320
| {{Percentage | 8320 | 8689 | 2 }}
| 362
| {{Percentage | 362 | 8689 | 2 }}
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7 | 8689 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 8689 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 8689 | 2 }}
! 8,689
! {{Percentage | 8689 | 8689 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kulachi]]{{efn|name=CityC}}
| 6,115
| {{Percentage | 6115 | 8425 | 2 }}
| 2,182
| {{Percentage | 2182 | 8425 | 2 }}
| 128
| {{Percentage | 128 | 8425 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 8425 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 8425 | 2 }}
! 8,425
! {{Percentage | 8425 | 8425 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Risalpur]]
| 3,170
| {{Percentage | 3170 | 8016 | 2 }}
| 2,900
| {{Percentage | 2900 | 8016 | 2 }}
| 314
| {{Percentage | 314 | 8016 | 2 }}
| 1,629
| {{Percentage | 1629 | 8016 | 2 }}
| 3{{efn|Including 3 [[Parsis]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]]).}}
| {{Percentage | 3 | 8016 | 2 }}
! 8,016
! {{Percentage | 8016 | 8016 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Lakki Marwat|Lakki]]{{efn|name=CityC}}
| 4,630
| {{Percentage | 4630 | 7703 | 2 }}
| 2,805
| {{Percentage | 2805 | 7703 | 2 }}
| 268
| {{Percentage | 268 | 7703 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 7703 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 7703 | 2 }}
! 7,703
! {{Percentage | 7703 | 7703 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Haripur, Pakistan|Haripur]]
| 4,253
| {{Percentage | 4253 | 7653 | 2 }}
| 2,693
| {{Percentage | 2693 | 7653 | 2 }}
| 696
| {{Percentage | 696 | 7653 | 2 }}
| 11
| {{Percentage | 11 | 7653 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 7653 | 2 }}
! 7,653
! {{Percentage | 7653 | 7653 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Baffa]]{{efn|name=CityC}}
| 6,409
| {{Percentage | 6409 | 7257 | 2 }}
| 762
| {{Percentage | 762 | 7257 | 2 }}
| 86
| {{Percentage | 86 | 7257 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 7257 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 7257 | 2 }}
! 7,257
! {{Percentage | 7257 | 7257 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Tank (city)|Tank]]{{efn|name=CityC}}
| 3,929
| {{Percentage | 3929 | 6421 | 2 }}
| 2,244
| {{Percentage | 2244 | 6421 | 2 }}
| 240
| {{Percentage | 240 | 6421 | 2 }}
| 8
| {{Percentage | 8 | 6421 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 6421 | 2 }}
! 6,421
! {{Percentage | 6421 | 6421 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mansehra]]
| 4,217
| {{Percentage | 4217 | 5780 | 2 }}
| 1,091
| {{Percentage | 1091 | 5780 | 2 }}
| 469
| {{Percentage | 469 | 5780 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 5780 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 5780 | 2 }}
! 5,780
! {{Percentage | 5780 | 5780 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Nawan Shehr]]{{efn|name=CityC}}
| 3,884
| {{Percentage | 3884 | 5130 | 2 }}
| 883
| {{Percentage | 883 | 5130 | 2 }}
| 363
| {{Percentage | 363 | 5130 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 5130 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 5130 | 2 }}
! 5,130
! {{Percentage | 5130 | 5130 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Cherat]]
| 396
| {{Percentage | 396 | 843 | 2 }}
| 158
| {{Percentage | 158 | 843 | 2 }}
| 74
| {{Percentage | 74 | 843 | 2 }}
| 213
| {{Percentage | 213 | 843 | 2 }}
| 2{{efn|Including 2 [[Parsis]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]]).}}
| {{Percentage | 2 | 843 | 2 }}
! 843
! {{Percentage | 843 | 843 | 2 }}
|-
! Total Urban population
! 256,189
! {{Percentage | 256189 | 386177 | 2 }}
! 93,127
! {{Percentage | 93127 | 386177 | 2 }}
! 25,377
! {{Percentage | 25377 | 386177 | 2 }}
! 11,411
! {{Percentage | 11411 | 386177 | 2 }}
! 73{{efn|name=1931OthersTotal}}
! {{Percentage | 73 | 386177 | 2 }}
! 386,177
! {{Percentage | 386177 | 386177 | 2 }}
|}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in [[Urban area|Urban]] North–West Frontier Province (1921)<ref name="NWFP1921"/>{{rp|340–342}}
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 63.28
|color1 = Green
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|value2 = 28.19
|color2 = Orange
|label3 = [[Sikhism]]
|value3 = 5.58
|color3 = DarkKhaki
|label4 = [[Christianity]]
|value4 = 2.95
|color4 = DodgerBlue
|label5 = Others{{efn|name=1921OthersTotal}}
|value5 = 0.01
|color5 = grey
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in the Cities of North–West Frontier Province (1921)<ref name="NWFP1921"/>{{rp|340–342}}
! rowspan="2" |[[City]]/[[Urban area|Urban Area]]
! colspan="2" |[[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |Others{{efn|name=others}}
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Peshawar]]{{efn|name=City}}
| 73,882
| {{Percentage | 73882 | 104452 | 2 }}
| 20,981
| {{Percentage | 20981 | 104452 | 2 }}
| 6,152
| {{Percentage | 6152 | 104452 | 2 }}
| 3,414
| {{Percentage | 3414 | 104452 | 2 }}
| 23{{efn|name=1921OthersTotal}}
| {{Percentage | 23 | 104452 | 2 }}
! 104,452
! {{Percentage | 104452 | 104452 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Dera Ismail Khan]]{{efn|name=City}}
| 21,056
| {{Percentage | 21056 | 39341 | 2 }}
| 17,077
| {{Percentage | 17077 | 39341 | 2 }}
| 724
| {{Percentage | 724 | 39341 | 2 }}
| 484
| {{Percentage | 484 | 39341 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 39341 | 2 }}
! 39,341
! {{Percentage | 39341 | 39341 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kohat]]{{efn|name=City}}
| 18,898
| {{Percentage | 18898 | 27853 | 2 }}
| 5,796
| {{Percentage | 5796 | 27853 | 2 }}
| 2,139
| {{Percentage | 2139 | 27853 | 2 }}
| 1,020
| {{Percentage | 1020 | 27853 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 27853 | 2 }}
! 27,853
! {{Percentage | 27853 | 27853 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Nowshera]]{{efn|name=CityB}}
| 18,335
| {{Percentage | 18335 | 27742 | 2 }}
| 6,192
| {{Percentage | 6192 | 27742 | 2 }}
| 1,319
| {{Percentage | 1319 | 27742 | 2 }}
| 1,896
| {{Percentage | 1896 | 27742 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 27742 | 2 }}
! 27,742
! {{Percentage | 27742 | 27742 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bannu]]{{efn|name=City}}
| 6,376
| {{Percentage | 6376 | 22261 | 2 }}
| 13,222
| {{Percentage | 13222 | 22261 | 2 }}
| 2,421
| {{Percentage | 2421 | 22261 | 2 }}
| 242
| {{Percentage | 242 | 22261 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 22261 | 2 }}
! 22,261
! {{Percentage | 22261 | 22261 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Abbottabad]]{{efn|name=City}}
| 5,007
| {{Percentage | 5007 | 13620 | 2 }}
| 7,346
| {{Percentage | 7346 | 13620 | 2 }}
| 879
| {{Percentage | 879 | 13620 | 2 }}
| 388
| {{Percentage | 388 | 13620 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 13620 | 2 }}
! 13,620
! {{Percentage | 13620 | 13620 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mardan]]{{efn|name=CityB}}
| 5,890
| {{Percentage | 5890 | 10930 | 2 }}
| 3,220
| {{Percentage | 3220 | 10930 | 2 }}
| 1,679
| {{Percentage | 1679 | 10930 | 2 }}
| 141
| {{Percentage | 141 | 10930 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 10930 | 2 }}
! 10,930
! {{Percentage | 10930 | 10930 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Tank (city)|Tank]]{{efn|name=CityB}}
| 6,043
| {{Percentage | 6043 | 10846 | 2 }}
| 4,197
| {{Percentage | 4197 | 10846 | 2 }}
| 344
| {{Percentage | 344 | 10846 | 2 }}
| 262
| {{Percentage | 262 | 10846 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 10846 | 2 }}
! 10,846
! {{Percentage | 10846 | 10846 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Charsadda]]
| 9,710
| {{Percentage | 9710 | 10232 | 2 }}
| 484
| {{Percentage | 484 | 10232 | 2 }}
| 30
| {{Percentage | 30 | 10232 | 2 }}
| 8
| {{Percentage | 8 | 10232 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 10232 | 2 }}
! 10,232
! {{Percentage | 10232 | 10232 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Prang, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Parang]]
| 9,869
| {{Percentage | 9869 | 9886 | 2 }}
| 16
| {{Percentage | 16 | 9886 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 9886 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 9886 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 9886 | 2 }}
! 9,886
! {{Percentage | 9886 | 9886 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Tangi, Pakistan|Tangi]]
| 9,528
| {{Percentage | 9528 | 9843 | 2 }}
| 314
| {{Percentage | 314 | 9843 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 9843 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 9843 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 9843 | 2 }}
! 9,843
! {{Percentage | 9843 | 9843 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Risalpur]]
| 2,721
| {{Percentage | 2721 | 8499 | 2 }}
| 3,369
| {{Percentage | 3369 | 8499 | 2 }}
| 601
| {{Percentage | 601 | 8499 | 2 }}
| 1,808
| {{Percentage | 1808 | 8499 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 8499 | 2 }}
! 8,499
! {{Percentage | 8499 | 8499 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kulachi]]
| 5,649
| {{Percentage | 5649 | 7895 | 2 }}
| 2,162
| {{Percentage | 2162 | 7895 | 2 }}
| 84
| {{Percentage | 84 | 7895 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 7895 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 7895 | 2 }}
! 7,895
! {{Percentage | 7895 | 7895 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Baffa]]
| 6,703
| {{Percentage | 6703 | 7603 | 2 }}
| 861
| {{Percentage | 861 | 7603 | 2 }}
| 39
| {{Percentage | 39 | 7603 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 7603 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 7603 | 2 }}
! 7,603
! {{Percentage | 7603 | 7603 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Lakki Marwat|Lakki]]
| 4,463
| {{Percentage | 4463 | 7476 | 2 }}
| 2,543
| {{Percentage | 2543 | 7476 | 2 }}
| 470
| {{Percentage | 470 | 7476 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 7476 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 7476 | 2 }}
! 7,476
! {{Percentage | 7476 | 7476 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Jamrud]]
| 1,507
| {{Percentage | 1507 | 6128 | 2 }}
| 3,114
| {{Percentage | 3114 | 6128 | 2 }}
| 1,254
| {{Percentage | 1254 | 6128 | 2 }}
| 253
| {{Percentage | 253 | 6128 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 6128 | 2 }}
! 6,128
! {{Percentage | 6128 | 6128 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Haripur, Pakistan|Haripur]]
| 2,907
| {{Percentage | 2907 | 5889 | 2 }}
| 2,636
| {{Percentage | 2636 | 5889 | 2 }}
| 346
| {{Percentage | 346 | 5889 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 5889 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 5889 | 2 }}
! 5,889
! {{Percentage | 5889 | 5889 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Nawan Shehr]]
| 3,794
| {{Percentage | 3794 | 5092 | 2 }}
| 1,052
| {{Percentage | 1052 | 5092 | 2 }}
| 246
| {{Percentage | 246 | 5092 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 5092 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 5092 | 2 }}
! 5,092
! {{Percentage | 5092 | 5092 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Cherat]]
| 173
| {{Percentage | 173 | 261 | 2 }}
| 80
| {{Percentage | 80 | 261 | 2 }}
| 8
| {{Percentage | 8 | 261 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 261 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 261 | 2 }}
! 261
! {{Percentage | 261 | 261 | 2 }}
|-
! Total Urban population
! 212,511
! {{Percentage | 212511 | 335849 | 2 }}
! 94,662
! {{Percentage | 94662 | 335849 | 2 }}
! 18,737
! {{Percentage | 18737 | 335849 | 2 }}
! 9,916
! {{Percentage | 9916 | 335849 | 2 }}
! 23{{efn|name=1921OthersTotal}}
! {{Percentage | 23 | 335849 | 2 }}
! 335,849
! {{Percentage | 335849 | 335849 | 2 }}
|}

=== Castes and tribes ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Castes and Tribes of North-West Frontier Province (1931–1941)
! rowspan="2" |[[Caste system in India|Caste]] or [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India|Tribe]]
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="NWFP1931"/>{{rp|377–383}}
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="NWFP1941"/>{{rp|26}}{{efn|During the 1941 census, many traditional census datasets including caste/tribe enumeration were not extensive due to World War II.}}
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! [[Pashtun tribes|Pathan]]
| 905,122
| {{Percentage | 905122 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 795,400
| {{Percentage | 795400 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Awan (tribe)|Awan]]
| 280,995
| {{Percentage | 280995 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 178,896
| {{Percentage | 178896 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Gurjar|Gujar]]
| 121,170
| {{Percentage | 121170 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 114,746
| {{Percentage | 114746 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Tanoli]]
| 86,003
| {{Percentage | 86003 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 113,850
| {{Percentage | 113850 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Sayyid#South Asia|Sayyid]]
| 81,972
| {{Percentage | 81972 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 71,271
| {{Percentage | 71271 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Jats|Jat]]
| 73,919
| {{Percentage | 73919 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 43,041
| {{Percentage | 43041 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Arora]]
| 60,283
| {{Percentage | 60283 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 17,817
| {{Percentage | 17817 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Swati (Pashtun tribe)|Swathi]]
| 46,556
| {{Percentage | 46556 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 37,245
| {{Percentage | 37245 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Tarkhan (Punjab)|Tarkhan]]
| 45,088
| {{Percentage | 45088 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Julaha]]
| 40,055
| {{Percentage | 40055 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Dhund (tribe)|Dhund]]
| 39,322
| {{Percentage | 39322 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Baloch people|Baluch]]
| 37,145
| {{Percentage | 37145 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Khatri]]
| 33,804
| {{Percentage | 33804 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 13,946
| {{Percentage | 13946 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Lohar (caste)|Lohar]]
| 28,968
| {{Percentage | 28968 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Baghban]]
| 28,422
| {{Percentage | 28422 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Qureshi]]
| 27,211
| {{Percentage | 27211 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Karlal]]
| 27,185
| {{Percentage | 27185 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Mochi (Hindu)|Mochi]]
| 26,628
| {{Percentage | 26628 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Kumhar]]
| 23,109
| {{Percentage | 23109 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]]
| 21,704
| {{Percentage | 21704 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Nai (caste)|Nai]]
| 17,178
| {{Percentage | 17178 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Brahmin|Brahman]]
| 16,379
| {{Percentage | 16379 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 13,478
| {{Percentage | 13478 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Mughal people|Mughal]]
| 16,047
| {{Percentage | 16047 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Rajput]]
| 14,681
| {{Percentage | 14681 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Shaikhs in South Asia|Sheikh]]
| 13,046
| {{Percentage | 13046 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Dhobi]]
| 11,699
| {{Percentage | 11699 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Qassab]]
| 11,534
| {{Percentage | 11534 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Mirasi]]
| 10,869
| {{Percentage | 10869 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! Sarara
| 9,984
| {{Percentage | 9984 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Sunar (caste)|Sonar]]
| 9,532
| {{Percentage | 9532 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Chuhra]]
| 8,444
| {{Percentage | 8444 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 3,838
| {{Percentage | 3838 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Paracha]] & [[Banjara]]
| 8,259
| {{Percentage | 8259 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Teli]]
| 7,174
| {{Percentage | 7174 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Gakhars|Gakhar]]
| 7,098
| {{Percentage | 7098 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Maliar]]
| 6,622
| {{Percentage | 6622 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Mallaah|Mallah]]
| 6,578
| {{Percentage | 6578 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Bhatia caste|Bhatia]]
| 6,522
| {{Percentage | 6522 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Arain]]
| 6,480
| {{Percentage | 6480 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Mashwani]]
| 6,084
| {{Percentage | 6084 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Rangrez]]
| 5,703
| {{Percentage | 5703 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! Turk
| 5,277
| {{Percentage | 5277 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Bhatiara]]
| 4,998
| {{Percentage | 4998 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Khoja]]
| 4,986
| {{Percentage | 4986 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Gurkha]]
| 4,565
| {{Percentage | 4565 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Machiyar|Machhi]]
| 4,130
| {{Percentage | 4130 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Chamar]]
| 2,901
| {{Percentage | 2901 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 12,990
| {{Percentage | 12990 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Pinjara|Penjara]]
| 2,573
| {{Percentage | 2573 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Darzi]]
| 2,177
| {{Percentage | 2177 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Jhinwar]]
| 1,108
| {{Percentage | 1108 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! Others or Not Stated
| 157,787
| {{Percentage | 157787 | 2425076 | 2 }}
| 1,621,549
| {{Percentage | 1621549 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|-
! Total
! 2,425,076
! {{Percentage | 2425076 | 2425076 | 2 }}
! 3,038,067
! {{Percentage | 3038067 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|}

==See also==
* [[Frontier Regions]]
* [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]]
* [[Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India'' (26 vol, 1908–31), a highly detailed description of all of India in 1901. [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ online edition]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110225010611/http://khyberpakhtunkhwa.gov.pk/ Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]

{{coord missing|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
{{Presidencies and provinces of British India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:North-West Frontier Province (1901-1955)}}
[[Category:North-West Frontier Province| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of British India]]
[[Category:Former provinces of Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:1901 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in Pakistan]]

Kapoor

2026-03-04T16:19:11Z

VanessaColls18: Expanded article with relevant info

{{Short description|Indian Khatri clan}}
{{About|the name|other uses}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Infobox surname
| name = '''Kapoor''', '''Kapur'''
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| meaning =
| motto =
| region = [[Punjab region|Punjab]]
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[Hindko]] [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ([[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]])
| variant = ''Kapur''
| footnotes =
}}
{{wiktionary|Kapoor|Kapur}}

'''Kapoor''' or '''Kapur''' ({{ipa|hi|kəpuːɾ|ipa}}) is a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] surname of [[Khatri]] caste<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumari |first=Patiraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHNsxbiEM4UC&pg=PA580 |title=Psychological Implications in Industrial Performance |last2=Singh |first2=Ashok Pratap |date=2007 |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-200-9 |language=en |quote=The Nais have several got/gotra and clans. Among the gotra, the common ones are Kasab/Kashyap, Bhardwaj and Kaundal. Several Rajput clans are distinguished which are also used as surnames by younger, educated persons, viz., Jaswal, Jammual, Patial, Chandel, Katoch and others like '''Kapoor''' and Gangotiya.}}</ref> found in the [[Punjabi Hindu]] and [[Punjabi Sikhs|Sikh]] communities.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Kakar |first=Sudhir |author-link=Sudhir Kakar |title=A Book of Memory: Confessions and Reflections |date=30 October 2014 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9789351188858 |edition=2014}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=November 2025}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hanks |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Hanks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJoDDAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA275 |title=Dictionary of American Family Names |date=8 May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19977-169-1 |edition=2003 |page=275 |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>

{{TOC right}}

==Notable people==
Notable people bearing the name ''Kapoor'' include:

===Academia===

* [[Anuradha Kapur]] (born 1951), Indian theatre director and professor at the National School of Drama
* [[Arnav Kapur]], American computer scientist and engineer
* [[Deepak Kapur]] (born 1950), Indian-American computer scientist and professor
* [[Devesh Kapur]], Indo-British scholar and author
* [[Ilan Kapoor]] (born 1959), Indian postcolonial scholar
* [[Jagdish Chandra Kapur]] (1920–2010), Indian social scientist, entrepreneur and the founder of ''Kapur Surya Foundation''
* [[Kapil Kapoor]] (born 1940), Indian scholar of linguistics and literature and an authority on Indian intellectual traditions at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|JNU]]
* [[Mahendra Nath Kapur]] (1910–1994), Indian educator served as the Principal of Modern School, New Delhi, for thirty years
* [[Neera Kapur Badhwar]], Indian philosopher and professor
* [[Pradeep Kumar Kapur]] (born 1954), Indian academic and diplomat
* [[Ratna Kapur]] (born 1959), Indian law professor and former director of the Centre for Feminist Legal Research in New Delhi, India
* [[Shitij Kapur]], Indo-British doctor and administrator
* [[Shiv G. Kapoor]], Indian-American professor at the University of Illinois
* [[S. Paul Kapur]], American scholar, professor and administrator
* [[Sudarshan Kapoor]], Indian-American professor emeritus, California State University
* [[Sukhbir Singh Kapoor]] (born 1935), Indian writer and educator
* [[V.K. Kapoor|V. K. Kapoor]], Vice Chancellor of Raffles University, Neemrana, Rajasthan

=== Activists ===

* [[Jaidev Kapoor]] (1908–1994), Indian freedom fighter who worked for the Hindustan Republican Association along with [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]]
* [[Jawahir Singh Kapur]] (1858–1910), Sikh activist, social reformer and writer
* [[Nita Kapoor]] (born 1956), Indian-Norwegian activist. She has worked extensively on immigrants' issues in Norway and women's issues globally.
* [[Shruti Kapoor]], Indian economist, women's rights activist, and [[social entrepreneur]]
* [[Sunil Kapoor]] (1989–2025), Indian jeweller and activist

=== Army ===

* [[Deepak Kapoor]] (born 1948), Indian general and former chief of Army staff
* [[G. S. Kapoor]] (1915–2001), Indian Navy commander
* [[H. L. Kapur]] (1923–2020), former Air Vice Marshal of Indian Air Force and a member of the Indian National Congress
* [[Nagesh Kapoor]], Indian air marshal
* [[Raj Kumar Kapoor]] (1932–2019), Indian colonel, film director and producer
* [[Rakesh Kapoor (general)|Rakesh Kapoor]], Indian general
* [[Ravi Gopal Krishana Kapoor]], Indian air marshal
* [[Sanjeev Kapoor (air marshal)]], Air Marshal in the Indian Air Force

===Artists===

* [[Anish Kapoor]] (born 1954), British - Indian sculptor, creator of ''[[Cloud Gate]]''
* [[Atul Kapoor]] (born 1966), Indian voice artist who gave the voice of ''[[Bigg Boss]]''
* [[Anita Kapoor]], Indo-Singaporean television presenter
* [[D. S. Kapoor]] (born 1954), Indian art historian and educator
* [[Gaurav Kapur]] (born 1981), Indian actor and cricket presenter
* [[Geeta Kapur]] (born 1943), noted Indian art critic, art historian and curator based in New Delhi; one of the pioneers of critical art writing
* [[Mohan Kapur]], Indian voice artist who gave the Hindi voice of the MCU's [[Stephen Strange (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Dr. Strange]]

=== Authors ===

* [[Deepti Kapoor]] (born 1980), Indian author and journalist
* [[Kanhaiya Lal Kapoor]] (1910–1980), Urdu satirist
* [[Manju Kapur]], Punjabi novelist
* [[Narinder Singh Kapoor]] (born 1944), Punjabi writer
* [[Pramod Kapoor]] (born 1953), Indian writer and publisher
* [[Rta Kapur Chishti]], Indian historian and scholar
* [[Salik Lucknawi]] (born Shaukat Riaz Kapoor, 1913–2013), Indian journalist and Urdu poet
* [[Seema Kapoor]], Indian filmmaker and writer

=== Bureaucrats and politicians ===

* [[Ajay Kapoor (politician)]] (born 1967), Indian politician
* [[Anita Kapur]], Indian IRS officer. She is the former Chairperson of the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT)
* [[Harbans Kapoor]] (1946–2021), Indiann
* [[Jaspat Roy Kapoor]] (1896–1984), Indian politician. He was a Member of Parliament, representing Uttar Pradesh.
* [[Kishan Kapoor]] (1951–2025), Indian politician and parliamentarian
* [[Mudassar Kapur]] (born 1976), Pakistani-Norwegian politician
* [[Pavan Kapoor]] (born 1966), Indian diplomat
* [[Pooja Kapur]], Indian Ambassador to the Kingdom of Denmark. She was formerly the Indian Ambassador to the Republic of Bulgaria and North Macedonia
* [[Sanjay Kapoor (politician)]] (born 1962), Indian politician and a member of the 16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh
* [[Sat Pal Kapur]] (1931–2007), Indian politician
* [[Savita Kapoor]], Indian politician
* [[Sheila Dikshit|Sheila Kapur Dikshit]] (1938–2019), Indian politician and the longest serving Chief Minister of Delhi
* [[Vijai Kapoor]], Indian bureaucrat
* [[Yashpal Kapur]] (1929–1993), leader of the Indian National Congress and a close aide of Indira Gandhi

=== Businessmen ===

* [[Amit Kapur]], American-born internet entrepreneur. He is the co-founder of WhoCo and Gravity. Served as COO of MySpace
* [[B. K. Kapur]], Indian businessman and former chairman of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
* [[Jagdish Capoor]], Indian banker
* [[John Kapoor]], American multi-millionaire, pharmaceutical entrepreneur, former CEO of Insys Therapeutics
* [[Mike Kapur]] (born 1962), British entrepreneur
* [[Rakesh Kapoor]] (born 1958), Indian businessman, former chief executive officer of Reckitt Benckiser
* [[Rakhee Kapoor Tandon]] (born 1986), Indian business entrepreneur and venture capitalist
* [[Rana Kapoor]] (born 1957), Indian banker and the founder of Yes Bank
* [[Ritu Kapur]], CEO of Quintillion Media, which jointly owns BloombergQuint with Bloomberg L.P. She is the co-founder of ''The Quint and'' Network18.
* [[Subhash Kapoor (art dealer)|Subhash Kapoor]], Indian art dealer and smuggler
* [[Sunjay Kapur]] (1971–2025), Indian industrialist and billionaire
* [[Vimal Kapur]], Indian-American executive

=== Chefs ===

* [[Kunal Kapur]] (born 1979), Indian celebrity chef and restaurateur known for hosting and judging ''MasterChef India''.
* [[Sanjeev Kapoor]] (born 1964), Indian celebrity chef

=== Directors and producers ===

* [[Bharat Kapoor]] (born 1940), Indian director, writer, producer
* [[Boney Kapoor]] (born 1953), Indian film director and producer, son of Surinder Kapoor
* [[J. K. Kapur]] (1927–2004), Indian filmmaker, producer, activist and restaurateur
* [[Jyoti Kapur Das]], Indian director and script writer
* [[Mona Shourie Kapoor]] (1964–2012), Indian producer and entrepreneur
* [[Rajit Kapur]] (born 1963), Indian film and theater actor and director
* [[Rhea Kapoor]] (born 1987), film producer, daughter of Anil Kapoor
* [[Nitin Kapoor]] (1959–2017), Indian producer
* [[Shekhar Kapur]] (born 1945), Indian filmmaker
* [[Shobha Kapoor]] (born 1949), Indian television and film producer
* [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]] (born 1974), Indian actor and producer
* [[Subhash Kapoor]], Indian film director, producer and screenwriter
* [[Surinder Kapoor]] (1925–2011), Indian film producer

===Film actors===
{{see also|Kapoor family}}
* [[Abhishek Kapoor]] (born 1971), Indian actor, director and producer
* [[Abhinav Kapoor]] (born 1984), Indian actor
* [[Aditya Raj Kapoor]] (born 1956), Indian actor and filmmaker from the Kapoor family
* [[Aditya Roy Kapur]] (born 1985), Indian actor
* [[Akansha Ranjan Kapoor]] (born 1993), Indian-American actress
* [[Akhil Kapur]] (born 1985), Indian actor
* [[Akshay Kapoor]] (born 1980), Indian actor
* [[Akshita Kapoor]], Indian actress
* [[Anil Kapoor]] (born 1956), Indian actor and film producer, son of Surinder Kapoor
* [[Anupriya Kapoor]] (born 1990), Indian television actress
* [[Annu Kapoor]] (born 1956), Indian actor
* [[Arjun Kapoor]] (born 1985), Indianon of Boney Kapoor and [[Mona Shourie Kapoor]]
* [[Ayesha Kapur]] (born 1994), German former actress of Indian descent
* [[Babita Kapoor]] (born 1947), Indianf Randhir Kapoor
* [[Dhiraj Vinod Kapoor]] (born 1978), Indian model and actor
* [[Ekta Kapoor]] (born 1975), Indian producer of television shows and movies
* [[Harsh Varrdhan Kapoor]] (born 1990), Indian actor
* [[Gautami Kapoor]], Indian television actress and model
* [[Goga Kapoor]] (1940–2011), Indian actor
* [[Janhvi Kapoor]] (born 1997), Indian actress
* [[Jayasudha|Jayasudha Kapoor]] (born 1958), Indian actress, wife of Nitin Kapoor
* [[Jeetendra|Jeetendra Kapoor]] (born 1942), Indian actor
* [[Kamal Kapoor]] (1920–2010), Indian actor
* [[Kanikka Kapur]] (born 1995), Indian actress and model
* [[Karan Kapoor]] (born 1962), Indian actor and model, son of Shashi Kapoor
* [[Kareena Kapoor]] (born 1980), Indian actress
* [[Karisma Kapoor]] (born 1974), Indian actress
* [[Kashika Kapoor]] (born 2006), Indian actress and model
* [[Kavita Kapoor]], Indian actress
* [[Khushi Kapoor]] (born 2000), Indian actress
* [[Kishore Namit Kapoor]] (born 1949), Indian actor and film-acting trainer
* [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1959)]], India actor, son of Shashi Kapoor
* [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)]], Indian actor
* [[Kunal Karan Kapoor]] (born 1982), Indian actor
* [[Kunaal Roy Kapur]] (born 1979), Indian actor
* [[Leena Kapoor]], Indian actress and model
* [[Malini Kapoor]], Indian actress
* [[Mallika Kapoor]], Indian actress
* [[Neha Kapur]] (born 1983), Indian model and [[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India Universe 2006]]
* [[Omkar Kapoor]], Bollywood actor
* [[Pankaj Kapur]] (born 1954), Indian actor and filmmaker
* [[Pinchoo Kapoor]] (1927–1989), Indian actor
* [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] (1906–1972), Indian theatre and Hindi film industry entrepreneur, patriarch of the [[Kapoor family]] of entertainers
* [[Raj Kapoor]] (1924–1988), Indian producer and director, son of Prithviraj Kapoor
* [[Rajat Kapoor]], Indian actor, writer and director
* [[Rajiv Kapoor]] (1962–2021), Indian actor, son of Raj Kapoor
* [[Ram Kapoor]] (born 1973), Indianctor and model
* [[Ranbir Kapoor]] (born 1982), Indian actor, son of Rishi Kapoor
* [[Randhir Kapoor]] (born 1947), Indian actor, son of Raj Kapoor
* [[Ravi Kapoor]] (born 1969), British actor
* [[Ravindra Kapoor]] (1940–2011), Indian actor
* [[Reena Kapoor]], Indian actress
* [[Rishi Kapoor]] (1952–2020), Indian actor, son of Raj Kapoor
* [[Sanjana Kapoor]] (born 1967), Indian actress, theatre-person, owner of Prithvi Theatre
* [[Sanjay Kapoor]] (born 1965), Indian actor, son of Surinder Kapoor
* [[Seerat Kapoor]] (born 1993), Indian actress, model, choreographer and dancer
* [[Shahid Kapoor]] (born 1981), Indian actor, son of Pankaj Kapur
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] (born 1952), Indian actor and comedian
* [[Shalini Kapoor (actress)|Shalini Kapoor]], Indian actress
* [[Shammi Kapoor]] (1931–2011), Indian actor
* [[Sharad Kapoor]] (born 1976), Indian actor
* [[Shraddha Kapoor]] (born 1987), Indian actress, daughter of [[Shakti Kapoor]]
* [[Shashi Kapoor]] (1938–2017), Indian actor
* [[Shivani Kapoor]], British model
* [[Shobu Kapoor]], British actress of Indian descent
* [[Siddhanth Kapoor]] (born 1984), Indian actor and assistant director, son of Shakti Kapoor
* [[Sohaila Kapur]], Indian actress and writer
* [[Sonam Kapoor]] (born 1985), Bollywood actress
* [[Sonia Kapoor]], Indian actress
* [[Sridevi Kapoor]] (1963–2018), Indian actress and film producer
* [[Swati Kapoor]], Indian actress and model
* [[Trilok Kapoor]] (1912–1988), Indian actor, brother of Prithviraj Kapoor
* [[Tusshar Kapoor]] (born 1976), Indian actor
* [[Vaani Kapoor]] (born 1988), Indian actress and model
* [[Varun Kapoor]] (born 1986), Indian actor
* [[Vinod Kapoor]], Indian actor
* [[Yukti Kapoor]] (born 1992), Indian actress
* [[Zahan Kapoor]] (born 1992), Indian film actor, model and theatre personality

=== Journalists ===

* [[Akash Kapur]], Indian-American journalist and author
* [[Coomi Kapoor]], Indian journalist

=== Science and technology ===

* [[Anuja Trehan Kapur]] (born 1975), Indian criminal psychologist
* [[Kishen Singh Kapoor]] (1873–1936), Indian mathematician, author and teacher.
* [[Raman Kapur]], Indian medical acupuncturist, author and the president of the Indian Society of Medical Acupuncture.
* [[Shyam Sunder Kapoor]] (born 1938), Indian nuclear physicist and a former director of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

=== Singers and dancers ===

* [[Geeta Kapoor]] (born 1973), Indian choreographer and television personality
* [[Himani Kapoor]] (born 1988), Indian singer and finalist of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005
* [[Kanika Kapoor]] (born 1978), Indian singer
* [[Mahendra Kapoor]] (1934–2008), Indian singer
* [[Meena Kapoor]] (1930–2017), Indian singer
* [[Raman Kapoor]], Indian singer and songwriter. He was a contestant on the TV shows Sa Re Ga Ma Pa and Rising Star.
* [[Sneha Kapoor]] (born 1986), Indian salsa dancer, choreographer, and instructor
* [[Steven Kapur]] (born 1967), also known as "Apache Indian", British pop singer

=== Sportspersons ===

* [[Aashish Kapoor]] (born 1971), Indian cricketer
* [[Jagdish Singh Kapoor]] (born 1947), Ugandan field hockey player who competed in the men's tournament at the 1972 Summer Olympics
* [[Kunal Kapoor (cricketer)]] (born 1987), Indian cricketer
* [[Raag Kapur]] (born 1999), Hong Kong cricketer
*[[Ranjin Singh (Dave Kapoor)]] (born 1975), Indian-American wrestler
*[[Raunaq Kapur]] (born 2004), Hong Kong cricketer
*[[Rohan Kapoor (badminton)|Rohan Kapoor]] (born 1997), Indian badminton player
*[[Shiv Kapur]] (born 1982), Indian golfer
*[[Sushil Kapoor]] (born 1939), Indian cricketer
*[[Upkar Singh Kapoor]] (born 1937), Ugandan field hockey player who competed in the men's tournament at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
*[[Vani Kapoor]], Indian golfer
*[[Varun Kapur]] (born 2003), Indian badminton player

==Fictional characters==
* [[Gita Kapoor]], a character in the British TV drama ''[[EastEnders]]''
* [[Kelly Kapoor]], a character in the US TV show ''The Office''
* [[Sanjay Kapoor (EastEnders)]], a character in the British TV drama ''EastEnders''
* [[Sharmilla Kapoor]], a character in the British TV drama ''EastEnders''
*[[Ajay Kapoor (Neighbours)]], a character in the soap opera ''[[Neighbours]]''
*[[Priya Kapoor]], a character in the soap opera ''Neighbours''
*[[Rani Kapoor]], a character in the soap opera ''Neighbours''
*[[Vincent Kapoor]], a character in the movie ''The Martian''
*[[Venkat Kapoor]], a character in the novel by Andy Weir ''The Martian''

== See also ==
* [[Kapoor family]], Indian family
* [[Garhi Kapoora]], town in Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
* [[Kapurpur, Pakistan]]
* [[Kapoor Haveli]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Surname}}

{{Ethnic and social groups of the Punjab|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Khatri surnames]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]

Yaava Janmada Maitri

2026-03-03T22:24:57Z

VanessaColls18: adding article...

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yaava Janmada Maitri
| image = Yaava Janmada Maitri.jpg
| director = [[Geethapriya]]
| writer = Ma.Bhi.She
| based_on = ''Jeevana Chaduranga''
| starring = [[Gangadhar (Kannada actor)|Gangadhar]] [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]] [[K. S. Ashwath]] [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]
| producer = M. V. Venkatachalam
| music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| cinematography = V. Manohar
| editing = Bal G. Yadav N. M. Victor
| studio = Sudarshan Films (P) Limited
| released = {{Film date|1972}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Yaava Janmada Maitri''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಯಾವ ಜನ್ಮದ ಮೈತ್ರಿ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1972 [[Kannada language]] [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[Geethapriya]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/celebs/veteran-geethapriya/filmography.html |title=Geethapriya filmography |access-date=17 May 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517122849/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/celebs/veteran-geethapriya/filmography.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and starring [[Gangadhar (Kannada actor)|Gangadhar]] and [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]] in the lead roles. The film is a direct screen adaptation of the Ma. Bhi. She novel "Jeevana Chaduranga". Actress [[Vaishali Kasaravalli]] made her debut in this film, opposite comedian [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2010/vaishali-kasaravalli-tribute-290910.html |title=A glowing tribute to Vaishali Kasaravalli |access-date=17 May 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517122902/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2010/vaishali-kasaravalli-tribute-290910.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was remade in Telugu in 1973 as ''[[Sarada (1973 film)|Sarada]]'', in Tamil in 1973 as ''[[Radha (1973 film)|Radha]]'' and in Hindi in 1975 as ''[[Dulhan (1975 film)|Dulhan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=6uURipZE5Yw|title = ಉತ್ತರ ಭಾರತೀಯರ ರಾಜಕೀಯದಿಂದಾಗಿ ಕಲ್ಪನಾಗೆ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪಶಸ್ತಿ ತಪ್ಪಿಹೋಯ್ತು..! | Cinema Swarasyagalu Ep 130|website = [[YouTube]]| date=8 March 2022 }}</ref>

Besides direction, Geethapriya also wrote the lyrics, screenplay and dialogues and won [[Karnataka State Film Award]] for the year 1972 for this story. The soundtrack and original score composed by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] was widely acclaimed and won the State Award for music. Actress Kalpana got her maiden [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Kannada|Filmfare Best Actress]] award for her complex portrayal of the lead character.

==Cast==
*[[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]] as Lalitha
*[[Gangadhar (Kannada actor)|Gangadhar]] as Krishna Murthy
* [[K. S. Ashwath]] as Shankar, Lalitha's brother
* [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]
* [[Vaishali Kasaravalli]]
* [[B. V. Radha]]
* [[Rathna (actress)|Rathna]]
* Dr. Sampath Kumar

==Crew==
* Producer: M V Venkatachalam
* Production Company: Sudarshan Films (P) Limited
* Director: [[Geethapriya]]
* Music: [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
* Lyrics: Geethapriya
* Story: Ma Bhi She
* Screenplay: Geethapriya
* Dialogues: Geethapriya
* Editing: Bal G Yadav, N M Victor
* Cinematography: V Manohar
* Art Direction: Perumal Raju

==Soundtrack==
The songs composed by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] and sung by [[P. Susheela]], [[S. Janaki]] and L. R. Anjali found wide reach and considered one of the best soundtracks winning him a State Award.<ref>[http://www.raaga.com/channels/kannada/moviedetail.asp?mid=k0001159 Uyyale songs list]</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! Sl No !! Song title !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Madhura Murali Lola" || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Geethapriya]]
|-
| 2 || "Manjula Naada" || [[S. Janaki]] || Geethapriya
|-
| 3 || "Jyothi Kirana Kande" || [[P. Susheela]] || Geethapriya
|-
| 4 || "Ananda Kanda" || [[S. Janaki]], L. R. Anjali || Geethapriya
|-
| 5 || "Savira Preshneya" || [[P. Susheela]] || Geethapriya
|-
|}

==Awards==

* [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
# [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|Second Best Film]]
# [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] - [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]

* [[Filmfare Awards South]]<ref>https://archive.org/details/20th-filmfare-best-director-actress-winners</ref>
# [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Kannada|Best Actress]] - [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt14624480}}

{{Geethapriya}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yaava Janmada Maitri}}
[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijaya Bhaskar]]
[[Category:1972 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1972 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Geethapriya]]

Palkigundu and Gavimath, Koppal

2026-02-27T20:46:02Z

VanessaColls18: made new details from scratch

{{Short description|Ancient rock inscriptions in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{main|Minor Rock Edicts}}
[[File:Palkigundu Ashoka Minor Edict.jpg|thumb|Rock of the inscription of Ashoka, at Palkigundu.]]
[[File:Gavimath Ashoka Minor Edict.jpg|thumb|Rock of the inscription of Ashoka, at Gavimath.]]
[[File:Gavimath Ashoka Minor Edict Inscription.jpg|thumb|Detail of the Gavimath inscription.]]
'''Palkigundu''' ({{Coord|15.344167|76.136944|display=inline}}) and '''Gavimath''' ({{coord|15.3372926|76.1621377|display=inline, title}}) near [[Koppal]] in [[Karnataka]] are two locations where inscriptions of Emperor [[Ashoka]] (304–232 BCE) were found. These inscriptions represent some of India's oldest written records, and are part of Ashoka's [[Minor Rock Edicts]]. [[Jain]] monks used to meditate there. The Palkigundu and Gavimath edicts are in [[Prakrit]], written in [[Brahmi script]]. A [[Kannada]] translation of the inscriptions is available.

At Palkigundu (''palanquin rock''), two huge boulders are topped with a flat-shaped rock forming a canopy. Rough steps lead to the top of the boulders, where a 2,300-year-old inscription is located. Similar edicts have been found in 17 places in India.

About 2.5 km to the southeast of Palkigundu, at Gavimath, there is another rock inscription, also an edict from Ashoka.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/82315/message-rock.html | title=Message on a rock - Palkigundu and Gavimath near Koppal | accessdate=2013-06-06}}</ref> The Gavimath inscription is situated on a boulder in a sheltered place with a rock canopy. Jain monks used both Gavimath and Palkigundu as locations to meditate.

==Ashoka Edicts at Palkigundu==
The rock edicts written in Brahmi script, talk about Ashoka becoming closer to the Sangha and becoming more ardent. Further it says any person, small or big, can achieve something if they put the effort.<ref name=DH-Meera>{{cite news|last1=Iyer|first1=Meera|title=A dolmen, a shop and a Jina|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/366966/a-dolmen-shop-jina.html|accessdate=21 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=5 November 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Edicts of Ashoka#Minor Rock Edicts|List of Edicts of Ashoka - Minor Rock Edicts]]
* [[Edicts of Ashoka]]
* [[Maski]]
* [[Kanaganahalli]]
* [[Sannati]]

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Edicts Of Ashoka}}
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Edicts of Ashoka| ]]
[[Category:Memorials to Ashoka]]

Mumbai Indians (WPL)

2026-02-17T13:17:03Z

VanessaColls18: new new info initial version

{{Short description|Indian women's cricket team}}
{{About|the women's team|the men's team|Mumbai Indians}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Mumbai Indians
| image = Mumbai Indians Logo.svg
|logo_image=MI_Logo_2015.svg| league = [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]]
| city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| colours = Blue and Gold {{color box|#0044AA}} {{color box|#D1AB3E}}
| coach = [[Lisa Keightley]]<ref name="Mumbai Indians">{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbaiindians.com/news/two-time-world-cup-winner-lisa-keightley-appointed-head-coach-of-mumbai-indians-women|title=Two-time World Cup winner Lisa Keightley appointed Head Coach of Mumbai Indians Women|publisher=Mumbai Indians|accessdate=5 November 2025}}</ref>
| captain = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]]
| owner = [[Reliance Industries]]
| founded = {{start date and age|2023}}
|ground=[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]|capacity=33,100| title1 = [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|WPL]]
| title1wins = 2 ([[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2023]], [[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2025]])
| t_pattern_la = _pinkborder
| t_pattern_b = _mi_wpl26
| t_pattern_ra = _pinkborder
| t_pattern_pants =
| t_body = 0046B7
| t_pants = 0046B7
| t_rightarm = 0046B7
| t_leftarm = 0046B7
| t_title = T20 kit
| website = {{URL|https://www.mumbaiindians.com/|mumbaiindians.com}}
}}

The '''Mumbai Indians''' are an Indian professional franchise [[women's cricket]] team that compete in the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] (WPL), based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. The team is owned by [[India]]'s biggest [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] [[Reliance Industries]], through its 100% [[subsidiary]] Indiawin Sports that also owns the [[Mumbai Indians|men's team]], winning the rights to own and operate the Mumbai-based franchise for a sum of {{INRConvert|912.99|c|lk=on}}. The team is coached by [[Lisa Keightley]] and captained by [[Harmanpreet Kaur]]. The team won the [[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|inaugural]] and the [[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2025 edition]] of the WPL, both times beating [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]] in the final.

==History==
In October 2022, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] announced its intentions to hold a five-team women's franchise cricket tournament in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wipl-2023-inaugural-womens-ipl-likely-to-be-played-from-march-3-to-26-1348845 |title=Inaugural Women's IPL likely to be played from March 3 to 26 |date=9 December 2022 |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The tournament was named the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] in January 2023, with investors buying the rights to franchises through a closed bidding process during the same month.<ref name="rights">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mumbai-indians-delhi-capitals-royal-challengers-bangalore-adani-group-capri-global-to-own-womens-ipl-teams-1355823 |title=Owners of Mumbai Indians, Delhi Capitals, RCB win bids to own Women's Premier League teams |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=25 January 2023 |access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref> Indiawin Sports, the owners of [[Mumbai Indians]] in the [[Indian Premier League]], bought the rights to one of the franchises.<ref name="rights"/>

In February 2023, [[Charlotte Edwards]] was announced as head coach of the team, with [[Jhulan Goswami]] named as their bowling coach and mentor and [[Devika Palshikar]] as the batting coach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/charlotte-edwards-to-coach-mumbais-wpl-team-1357369 |title=Charlotte Edwards to coach Mumbai's WPL team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=5 February 2023 |access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 February 2023 |title=WPL 2023: Former India pacer Jhulan Goswami snubs Sourav Ganguly's Delhi Capitals for Mumbai Indians, signs as bowling coach and mentor |url=https://www.insidesport.in/wpl-2023-former-india-pacer-jhulan-goswami-snubs-sourav-gangulys-delhi-capitals-for-mumbai-indians-signs-as-bowling-coach-and-mentor-check-details/ |access-date=2 February 2023 |publisher=Inside Sport}}</ref> The inaugural player auction for the WPL was held on 13 February 2023, with Mumbai Indians signing 18 players for their squad.<ref name="auction">{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/live-blog/live-blog-2023-wpl-auction-1358703 |title=Bid-by-bid updates - 2023 WPL auction |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=13 February 2023 |access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref>

In March 2023, The Mumbai Indians, captained by [[Harmanpreet Kaur]], went on to win the [[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|inaugural edition]] of the WPL, finishing second in the initial group stage before beating [[UP Warriorz]] in the eliminator and [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]] in the final.<ref name="23table">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2022-23-1348825/points-table-standings |title=Women's Premier League 2022/23 - Table |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="23eliminator">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2022-23-1348825/mumbai-indians-women-vs-up-warriorz-women-eliminator-1358949/match-report |title=Sciver-Brunt fifty, Wong hat-trick put Mumbai in WPL final |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=24 March 2023 |access-date=27 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="23final">{{cite web |date=26 March 2023 |title=Mumbai Indians become the first WPL champions thanks to Sciver-Brunt and Wong |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2022-23-1348825/delhi-capitals-women-vs-mumbai-indians-women-final-1358950/match-report |access-date=27 March 2023 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Mumbai Indians all-rounder [[Hayley Matthews]] was named Player of the Tournament.<ref name="23final"/>

In March 2025, the Mumbai Indians created history and became the first team to win multiple WPL trophies. [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] led the team to clinch their title for the second time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wplt20.com/news/match-report-tata-wpl-2025-eliminator |title=Match Report | TATA WPL 2025 | Eliminator |date=13 March 2025 }}</ref>
The captain was awarded player of the match, and the team extended dominance to win the orange and purple cap; the holders being [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] and [[Amelia Kerr]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbaiindians.com/news/all-in-mi-orange-cap-purple-cap-mvp-emerging-player-trophy |title=All in MI: Orange Cap, Purple Cap, MVP, Emerging Player, TROPHY |date=15 March 2025 }}</ref>

In September 2025, [[Lisa Keightley]] was named the new head coach after [[Charlotte Edwards]] resigned to become coach of the [[England women's cricket team|England]] team.<ref name="Mumbai Indians">{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbaiindians.com/news/two-time-world-cup-winner-lisa-keightley-appointed-head-coach-of-mumbai-indians-women|title=Two-time World Cup winner Lisa Keightley appointed Head Coach of Mumbai Indians Women|publisher=Mumbai Indians|accessdate=5 November 2025}}</ref>

==Current squad==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Nationality
!Birth date
!Batting style
!Bowling style
!Notes
|-
|'''[[Harmanpreet Kaur]]'''
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|1989|3|8|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Off spin|off break]]
|Captain
|-
|'''[[Nicola Carey]]'''
|{{crw|AUS}}
|{{Birth date and age|1993|9|10|df=y}}
|Left-handed
|Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
|Overseas player
|-
|Rahila Firdous
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|1998|3|5|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|{{n/a}}
|[[Wicket-keeper]]
|-
|Sanskriti Gupta
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|2004|12|2|df=y}}
|Left-handed
|Right-arm [[Off spin|off break]]
|
|-
|[[Milly Illingworth]]
|{{crw|AUS}}
|{{Birth date and age|2005|7|15|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]]
|Overseas player
|-
|'''[[Saika Ishaque]]'''
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|1995|10|8|df=y}}
|Left-handed
|[[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left-arm orthodox]]
|
|-
|'''[[Shabnim Ismail]]'''
|{{crw|RSA}}
|{{Birth date and age|1988|10|5|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]]
|Overseas player
|-
|[[Gunalan Kamalini|G Kamalini]]
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|2008|7|20|df=y}}
|Left-handed
|Left-arm [[Leg spin|leg break]]
|[[Wicket-keeper]]
|-
|'''[[Amanjot Kaur]]'''
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|2000|1|1|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
|
|-
|'''[[Amelia Kerr]]'''
|{{crw|NZL}}
|{{Birth date and age|2000|10|13|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Leg spin|leg break]]
|Overseas player
|-
|Poonam Khemnar
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|1994|5|9|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Leg spin|leg break]]
|
|-
|'''[[Hayley Matthews]]'''
|{{crw|WIN}}
|{{Birth date and age|1998|3|19|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Off spin|off break]]
|Overseas player
|-
|Nalla Kranthi Reddy
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|2004|8|13|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
|
|-
|'''[[Sajeevan Sajana]]'''
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|1995|1|4|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Off spin|off break]]
|
|-
|'''[[Nat Sciver-Brunt]]'''
|{{crw|ENG}}
|{{Birth date and age|1992|8|20|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
|Overseas player
|-
|Triveni Vasistha
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|2007|5|30|df=y}}
|Left-handed
|[[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left-arm orthodox]]
|
|-
|'''[[Vaishnavi Sharma]]'''
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|2005|12|18|df=y}}
|Left-handed
|[[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left-arm orthodox]]
|
|-
|}
* Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Batch of WPL 2026 is here, say hello to MI's title-defending squad |url=https://www.mumbaiindians.com/news/batch-of-wpl-2026-is-here-say-hello-to-mumbai-indians-title-defending-squad |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Mumbai Indians |date=27 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Support staff==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Position
!Name
|-
|Head coach|| [[Lisa Keightley]]<ref name="Mumbai Indians">{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbaiindians.com/news/two-time-world-cup-winner-lisa-keightley-appointed-head-coach-of-mumbai-indians-women|title=Two-time World Cup winner Lisa Keightley appointed Head Coach of Mumbai Indians Women|publisher=Mumbai Indians|accessdate=5 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Bowling coach & Mentor|| [[Jhulan Goswami]]
|-
|Batting coach || [[Devika Palshikar]]
|-
|Fielding coach || [[Nicole Bolton]]
|-
|Spin bowling coach || [[Kristen Beams]]
|-
|}

Source: Official website<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbaiindians.com/players-women|title=Mumbai Indians/Players/Women |publisher=Mumbai Indians |access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>

==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2025}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Year
!Kit manufacturer
!Main shirt sponsor
!Back sponsor
|-
|2023
|Performax
| rowspan="4" |Lotus Herbals
| rowspan="4" |[[Ashok Leyland]]
|-
|2024
| rowspan="3" | [[Skechers]]
|-
|2025
|-
|2026
|-
|}

==Seasons==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!Played
!Won
!Lost
!Success Rate
!League standings
!Final standings
|-
![[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2023]]
|10
|8
|2
|80.00
| rowspan="3"| 2/5
| style="background: gold;" | '''Champions'''
|-
![[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024]]
|9
|5
|4
|55.56
| style="background: lightgreen;" |Playoffs
|-
![[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2025]]
|10
|7
|3
|70.00
| style="background: gold;" | '''Champions'''
|-
![[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026]]
|8
|3
|5
|37.50
|4/5
|League stage
|-
!Total
!37
!23
!14
!62.16
! colspan="2" |'''Two-time champions'''
|}

=== Head to Head Records ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Opponent
! Played
! Won
! Lost
! Success Rate
|-
| [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
| 10
| 5
| 5
| 50.00
|-
| [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
| 9
| 8
| 1
| 88.89
|-
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| rowspan="2"| 9
| rowspan="2"| 5
| rowspan="2"| 4
| rowspan="2"| 55.56
|-
|[[UP Warriorz]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Mumbai Indians]]
* [[Sports in Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.mumbaiindians.com/players-women}}

{{Women's Premier League (cricket)}}
{{Mumbai Indians WPL squad}}
{{Mumbai Indians (WPL)}}
{{Reliance Group}}

[[Category:Mumbai Indians]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 2023]]
[[Category:Women's Premier League (cricket) teams]]
[[Category:Cricket in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Reliance Sports]]
[[Category:Mumbai Indians (WPL)]]

Arvind Vaidya

2026-02-16T10:24:10Z

VanessaColls18: New new entry

{{short description|Indian actor and theatre director}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arvind Vaidya
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Arvind Gopal Vaidya
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date | 85 | 2026 | 01 | 29 }}
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actor, director
| years_active = 1967–present
| spouse =
| children = 2 including [[Vandana Pathak]]
| known_for = ''[[Anupamaa]]'', ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]'', ''[[Khichdi (2002 TV series)|Khichdi]]''
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2026)
}}

'''Arvind Gopal Vaidya''' (born {{birth based on age as of date | 85 | 2026 | 01 | 29 |noage=yes }}) is an Indian actor and director in [[Gujarati theatre]] and Hindi television.

In January 2026, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian honour, in recognition of his contributions to the performing arts over a career spanning more than six decades.<ref name="HT26">{{cite news |last=Rizvi |first=S Farah |date=2026-01-29 |title=Arvind Vaidya wins a Padma Shri; Veteran actor says, 'I miss my friends and mentors' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/arvind-vaidya-wins-a-padma-shri-veteran-actor-says-i-miss-my-friends-and-mentors-101769684533260.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=2026-02-10 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Vaidya was born in {{birth based on age as of date | 85 | 2026 | 01 | 29 |noage=yes }} into a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] family. Despite not knowing the [[Gujarati language]], he began working in Gujarati theatre. He credits [[Jashwant Thaker]], an initial member of the [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA), as his mentor. Thaker assisted him in mastering the Gujarati language and the nuances of performance.<ref name="HT26"/>

==Career==
Vaidya's career began in theatre; his directorial debut was the play ''Paritran'' in 1967. Over sixty years, he has directed more than 200 plays and appeared in over 100 television series. He is also the founder of the acting institute Natya Sampada, where he teaches acting techniques.<ref name="HT26"/>

He gained widespread popularity for his work in comedy TV series such as ''[[Khichdi (2002 TV series)|Khichdi]]'' and ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]''. Since 2020, he has been widely recognized for his portrayal of Hasmukh "Bapuji" Shah in the drama series ''[[Anupamaa]]''.<ref name="HT26"/>

In January 2026, he was conferred with the [[Padma Shri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-26 |title=Art, social service and literature: Five from Gujarat get Padma Shri |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/art-social-service-and-literature-five-from-gujarat-get-padma-shri-10495002/ |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2010
|''Right Yaaa Wrong''
|Police chief
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Khichdi: The Movie]]''
|Chandrakant Seth
|Hansa's father
|-
|2015
|''Maal Kiska Kamal Kiska''
|
|Director
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2002–2004 || ''[[Khichdi (2002 TV series)|Khichdi]]'' || Chandrakant Seth || Recurring role
|-
| 2004–2006 || ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]'' || Madhusudan Bhai ("Fufa") || Recurring role
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Instant Khichdi]]'' || Chandrakant Seth || Hansa's father
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai|Sarabhai vs Sarabhai: Take 2]]'' || Madhusudan Bhai || Madhu Fufa
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Khichdi (2018 TV series)|Khichdi]]'' || Chandrakant Seth || Hansa's father
|-
| 2020–present || ''[[Anupamaa]]'' || Hasmukh "Bapuji" Shah || Main cast<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-27 |title=Exclusive - Ishita Dixit gets emotional as Anupamaa co-star Arvind Vaidya receives Padma Shri; says 'Feels like a personal win' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-ishita-dixit-gets-emotional-as-anupamaa-co-star-arvind-vaidya-receives-padma-shri-says-feels-like-a-personal-win/articleshow/127643769.cms |access-date=2026-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==Personal life==
Vaidya has a son who lives in [[Atlanta]], United States. His daughter, [[Vandana Pathak]], is also a noted actress. He currently resides in India, where he remains active in the television industry.<ref name="HT26"/>

==Awards==
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)|Padma Shri (2026)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaidya, Arvind}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Coutrallam Falls

2026-02-14T12:12:14Z

VanessaColls18:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox waterfall
| name = Coutrallam Falls
| alt_name = Coutrallam Falls
| photo_caption = Main Coutrallam Falls
| photo = Main Falls From Thalavai House Hotel.jpg
| map = Tamil Nadu
| map_width = 220
| relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|8|55|55|N|77|16|09|E|type:waterbody_scale:50000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Tenkasi district]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and Punalur taluk, Kollam district, Kerala
| type = Segmented Plunges
| elevation =
| height = {{convert|167|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| height_longest =
| number_drops =
| average_width =
| average_flow =
| watercourse = [[Chittar River|Chittar]]
| world_rank =
}}

'''Coutrallam Falls''' (also called '''Kutralam/Kuttalam Falls''') is located in [[Tenkasi district]] in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]] bordering [[Kollam district]], [[Kerala]]. The falls is located on the [[Western Ghats]] on the river [[Chittar River|Chittar]] and is considered a "medical spa" on account of the medical smell in the waters. {{clarify| What is a 'medical smell'?|date=December 2016}} It is located {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the nearest city [[Tenkasi]]. There are a total of nine falls of which Peraruvi, [[Aintharuvi]], Puli Aruvi and shenbaga devi being the most prominent.

The [[Tirunelveli district]] administration organises Saral Vila, an eight-day festival every year during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Adi'' (July - August). The falls is the most prominent tourist destination in the region and usually frequented by devotees of the [[Papanasanathar Temple]] and [[Sabarimala]]. The season starts with the South West monsoon from July to September. The [[Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation]] (TTDC) has a boat house that operates boating during season.

==Legend==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=left
| total_width = 300
| width1 = 802 | height1 = 1164
| width2 = 1173 | height2 = 1788
|direction=horizontal
|image1=0050 Fall at Courtallum (1801).jpg
|image2=35Courtallum Waterfall.jpg
|foot_notes=Historical image of the falls
}}
As per [[Hindu]] legend, during the divine wedding of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvathi]], there was heavy crowd at [[Kailash]], the abode of Shiva. Sage [[Agasthya]] could not view event and prayed to [[Shiva]] at this place to get him a view of the event. Shiva told him that he would offer darshan in Kutralam itself. [[Dvarapalas]], the gateway deities did not allow entry to Agasthya, which was originally a Vishnu temple. With his powers, he changed Vishnu to Shiva, conch to deer and Tulsi to crescent moon and pressed the head of Vishnu until it became a lingam, the iconic form of Shiva. On account of the heavy pressing, Shiva got a headache and it is believed that in modern times, the image of the presiding deity carries the hand marks of the sage. To alleviate the headache of Shiva, the sage prepared an oil with cow milk, green coconut and mixture of 42 herbs and applied it to Shiva. Pleased by his devotion, Shiva made the place his abode and came to be called Kutralanathar and the falls nearby the temple got the name of Coutrallam as Coutrallam Falls. The tradition is followed in the [[Kutralanathar Temple]] in modern times as well.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Kuttralanathar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=601|year=2014|access-date=1 November 2015|publisher=Dinamalar}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Courtallam Five Falls Tirunelveli District.JPG|200px|Image of Aintharuvi, Five Falls|thumb]]
Coutrallam Falls is located in [[Western Ghats]] to the South of Coutrallam town and to the north of Coutrallam Lower, the first lake in the descent of [[Chittar River|Chittar]]. It is located {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the nearest town [[Tenkasi]] and {{convert|59|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the nearest city [[Tirunelveli]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Falls in Tirunelveli district|url=http://tirunelveli.nic.in/falls.html|publisher=Tirunelveli district administration|year=2011|access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> The place is frequented by animals like [[Tiger]] and [[Leopard|Panther]], which are frequently spotted in the route from Coutrallam Falls to Papansam as both are located close to [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]].<ref name=hindu3>{{cite news|title=Animals come out in open even during day|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/animals-come-out-in-open-even-during-day/article3710079.ece|publisher=The Hindu|location=Tirunelveli|date=1 August 2012|access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> There are a total of nine falls namely, Peraruvi (Main Falls), Aintharuvi (Five Falls), Shenbaga Devi Aruvi, Thenaruvi (Honey Falls), Chitraruvi, Puli Aruvi (Tiger Falls), Pazhaya Aruvi (Old Falls), Puthu Aruvi (New Falls) and Pazhathotta Aruvi (Fruit Garden Falls), each of which is located within {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} radius. The falls receives its waters during the [[South-west monsoon]] from May to September, but the maximum amount of rainfall is received during the [[North-east monsoon]] during October to December. The [[Kutralanathar Temple]] is located close to the main falls.<ref>{{cite news|title=Feel the thunder|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/feel-the-thunder/article1408271.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date=18 February 2008|access-date=18 November 2015}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Boat House.jpg|200px|right|thumb|The Boat House in the Falls]]
The [[Tirunelveli district]] administration organises Saral Vizha every year during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Aadi'' (July - August). The falls is usually frequented by devotees of the [[Papanasanathar Temple]], who take a holy dip in the falls before visiting the temple.<ref>{{cite news|title=‘Saaral Thiruvizha 2015’ celebrations postponed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/saaral-thiruvizha-2015-celebrations-postponed/article7475732.ece|publisher=The Hindu|location=Tirunelveli|date=29 July 2015|access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Make Courtallam a major tourism spot|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/make-courtallam-a-major-tourism-spot/article2289731.ece|publisher=The Hindu|location=Tirunelveli|date=24 July 2011|access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> The falls is also frequented by tourists to [[Sabarimala]] during the November - December season in a religious circuit in the region and [[Agasthiyar Falls]].<ref name=hindu1>{{cite news|title=Tirparappu falls attracts tourists|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tirparappu-falls-attracts-tourists/article7376643.ece|publisher=The Hindu|location=Nagercoil|date=2 July 2015|access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> Various competitions like Swimming, pedal boating, row boating and debating are organised during the festival. There are also flower exhibits from [[Ooty]] and [[Kodaikanal]], light music shows, dog show and dance performance.<ref name=hindu4>{{cite news|title=Colourful start to ‘Saaral Thiruvizha’|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/colourful-start-to-saaral-thiruvizha/article4962509.ece|publisher=The Hindu|location=Courtallam|date=28 July 2013|access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> The [[Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation]] (TTDC) has a boat house that boatincontrols during season.<ref>{{cite report|title=Potential and prospects in tourism sector in Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.spc.tn.gov.in/reports/TN_Tourism_new.pdf|format=PDF|page=11|publisher=State Planning Commission, Government of Tamil nadu|access-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119162610/http://www.spc.tn.gov.in/reports/TN_Tourism_new.pdf|archive-date=19 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of waterfalls]]
* [[List of waterfalls in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{commons category|Courtallam waterfalls}}

[[Category:Waterfalls of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Geography of Tirunelveli district]]

Abul Mahasin Muhammad Sajjad

2026-02-14T00:57:25Z

VanessaColls18: New a details

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1880–1940)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{similar names|Mohammed Sajid (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Mawlānā
| title = {{small|Mufakkir-e-Islām}}
| name = Abul Mahasin Muhammad Sajjad
| office1 = 2nd General Secretary of [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]
| term_start1 = 13 July 1940
| term_end1 = 23 November 1940
| predecessor1 = [[Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi]]
| successor1 = Abdul Haleem Siddiqi<ref name="salman"/>
| module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed = yes|religion=Islam
|birth_date = 1880
|birth_place = Panhessa, Nalanda District now [[Bihar Province]], [[Colonial India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1940|11|23|1880}}
|nationality = Indian
|denomination = [[Sunni Islam]]
|jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
|alma_mater = Madrasa Subhāniya, Allahabad
|notable_works = ''Fatwa Tark-e-Mawalat''
|founder = [[Muslim Independent Party]]
}}
}}
'''Abul Mahasin Muhammad Sajjad'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siddiqui |first=Dr Sohaira Z. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kTMqEQAAQBAJ&dq=abul+mahasin+sajjad&pg=PA107 |title=Islamic Law on Trial: Contesting Colonial Power in British India |date=2025-04-15 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-39639-5 |page=107 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V_VtAAAAMAAJ&q=abul+mahasin+sajjad |title=South Asian Studies |date=1993 |publisher=Centre for South Asian Studies, University of the Punjab |pages=60, 91 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aziz |first=Khursheed Kamal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JituAAAAMAAJ&q=abul+mahasin+sajjad |title=Public Life in Muslim India, 1850-1947: A Compendium of Basic Information on Political, Social, Religious, Cultural and Educational Organizations Active in Pre-partition India |date=1992 |publisher=Vanguard |isbn=978-969-402-119-5 |page=121 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alam |first=Mohammad Manzoor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzRuAAAAMAAJ&q=abul+mahasin+sajjad |title=100 Great Muslim Leaders of the 20th Century |date=2005 |publisher=Institute of Objective Studies |isbn=978-81-85220-06-2 |page=177 |language=en}}</ref> (1880 – 23 November 1940) was an Indian Islamic scholar who was one of the most influential [[ulama|ulemas]] of the 20th century.<ref name="Mohammad1987">{{cite book |last1=Mohammad |first1=Muzaffar Imam |title=Role of Muslims in the National Movement, 1912-1930: A Study of Bihar |date=1987 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-033-8 |page=250 |language=en|quote=MAULANA MUHAMMAD SAJJAD ( 1880 - 1940 ) Maulana Mohammad Sajjad was one of the most reverend and revolutionary leaders of Bihar, who served religion and politics equally. He was born in the year 1880 at Panhessa village in...}}</ref> Sajjad was a founder of Anjuman-Ulama-i-Bihar, [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], and [[Imarat-e-Shariah|Imarat-i-Sharia]].<ref name="Alam2004" /> A leader in the [[Indian independence movement]], Abul Mahasin Muhammad Sajjad participated in the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation Movement]], [[Khilafat Movement]], and [[Civil Disobedience Movement]]; he [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]] and championed the concept of [[composite nationalism]]. He also founded the [[Muslim Independent Party]] in 1935 to represent Muslims in Bihar who were disillusioned with Congress and the Muslim League. The Muslim Independent Party formed the government in Bihar in 1937. Yunus, the party president, became the chief minister of Bihar on 1 April 1937.<ref name="Sajjad2018">{{cite web |last1=Sajjad |first1=Mohammad |title=The real culprits behind India's Partition |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/the-real-culprits-behind-indias-partition/20180524.htm |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=30 October 2020 |language=en |date=24 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="Ashraf2016">{{cite web |last1=Ashraf |first1=Ajaz |title=The forgotten story of two Maulanas who mocked Jinnah's idea of Pakistan |url=https://scroll.in/article/814820/the-forgotten-story-of-two-maulanas-who-mocked-jinnahs-idea-of-pakistan |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |access-date=3 November 2020 |language=en |date=6 September 2016}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Muhammad Sajjad was born in the Panhessa village in the [[Sheikhpura district]] of the [[Bihar Province]] in [[Colonial India]].<ref name="asir">{{Cite book|title=Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta|author=[[Asir Adrawi]]|page=13|location=[[Deoband]]|publisher= Darul Muallifeen |language=ur |edition = 2 April 2016}}</ref> His father was Hussain Baksh who died when he was only 4 years old.<ref name="Hayāt">{{Cite book |author=Akhtar Imām Aadil Qāsimi |title=Hayāt-e-Abul Mahāsin |publisher=Jāmia Rabbāni Manorwa Sharīf |edition=2019 |location=[[Samastipur District]], [[Bihar]] |page=108,109 |language=ur}}</ref>

Sajjad's elder brother was the revered Sufi saint Sufi Ahmad Sajjad who lived until 1948. Sufi Ahmad Sajjad's Mazar is located near a mosque in the village where Urs of the great Sufi Saint is celebrated every year on the 27th day of Muharram. The shrine's current Sajjada Nashin (hereditary administrator) is the saint's grandson Pir Syed Shah Mohammad Ziauddin (born 1953).<ref name="Alam2004">{{cite book |last1=Alam |first1=Jawaid |title=Government and Politics in Colonial Bihar, 1921-1937 |date=1 January 2004 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-979-9 |page=225 |language=en|quote=Sajad, Maulana Muhammad (1884-1940); pan-Islamist ''alim'' from Panasha, a village in Nalanda district: educated at Bihar Sharif, Deoband, and Allahabad; started career as a teacher of theology and taught at Bihar Sharif, Gaya and Allahabad; founded Anjuman-Ulama-i-Bihar, 1917; one of the founders of Jamiyat al-Ulama-i-Hind and became its Secretary; founder-Secretary, Imarat-i-Sharia Bihar and Orissa; took prominent part in the Khilafat and Non-cooperation movements, 1920-22; worked for Hindu-Muslim unity; actively participated in the hartals to boycott the Simon Commission; took active part in the Civil Disobedience movement, 1930 and was imprisoned; established Anwarul Ulum Madrass at Gaya.}}</ref>

Sajjad started studying at Madrasa Islamiya in Bihar, and then studied at Madrasa Subhaniya in Allahabad for about six years. His major teachers include Abdul Kāfi. He graduated in 1323 [[Hijri year|AH]].<ref name="asir"/> Sajjad completed his studies in [[Bihar Sharif]], [[Deoband]], and [[Allahabad]].<ref name="Alam2004"/>

== Career ==
He later returned to [[Bihar Sharif]] and [[Allahabad]], to teach theology, as well as at [[Gaya, India|Gaya]].<ref name="Alam2004"/> In 1917, Sajjad founded the Anjuman-Ulama-i-Bihar and also became one of the founders of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiyat al-Ulama-i-Hind]].<ref name="Alam2004"/> He served as the secretary of Imarat-i-Sharia, which he helped found.<ref name="Alam2004"/>

A leader in the [[Indian independence movement]], Sajjad took part in the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement]], [[Khilafat Movement]] and [[Civil Disobedience Movement]].<ref name="Alam2004"/> He was a proponent of [[Hindu-Muslim unity]] and was a leader in the [[hartal]]s that boycotted the [[Simon Commission]].<ref name="Alam2004"/> He along with [[Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi]], [[Shaukat Ali (politician)|Shaukat Ali]], Begum Md. Ali, Azad Subhani, [[Abdul Majid Daryabadi]] and others represented the Central Khilafat Committee at the All Parties Conferences and All Muslim Parties Conferences on [[Nehru Report]].<ref name="youngbites">{{cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Major Kulbir|title=Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi: Political activist from Bihar|url=http://www.youngbites.com/newsdet.aspx?q=204964|website=youngbites.com|date=1 July 2017}}</ref> He [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]] and the separatist campaign of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]].<ref name="Sajjad2018"/> He established Anwarul Ulum Madrasa in [[Gaya, India|Gaya]].<ref name="Alam2004"/>

Sajjad authored the ''Fatwa Tark-e-Mawalat'', the religious edict on boycotting the British goods, on 8 September 1920. It was signed by 500 Muslim scholars and issued from the Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wasif Dehlavi |first1=Hafizur Rahman |author1-link=Hafizur Rahman Wasif Dehlavi |title=Jamī'at-i Ulamā par ek tārīk̲h̲ī tabṣirah |page= 58|language=ur|oclc=16907808}}</ref> He was appointed the general secretary of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind on 13 July 1940.<ref name="salman">{{cite book |author1=Salman Mansoorpuri |title=Tehreek Azadi-e-Hind Mai Muslim Ulama aur Awaam ka Kirdar |date=2014 |publisher=Deeni Kitab Ghar |location=Deoband |pages=194–196 |language=ur}}</ref> He would earlier serve as the working general secretary in absence of [[Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi]].<ref name="salman"/>

==Death==
Sajjad died on 23 November 1940.<ref name="asir"/>
[[File:Abul mahasin Mohammad sajjad (cropped).jpg|thumb|Inscription on the grave of Abul Mahasin Muhammad Sajjad]]

==See more==
* [[List of Deobandis]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Talha Nemat |title=Hadhrat Mawlāna Abul Mahasin Muḥammad Sajjad |publisher=Abjad Publishers |year=2018 |edition=2nd, 2019 |location=[[New Delhi]] |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |title=Hayāt-e-Abul Mahāsin |author=Akhtar Imām Aadil Qāsimi |location=[[Samastipur District]], [[Bihar]] |publisher=Jāmia Rabbāni Manorwa Sharīf |language=ur |edition=2019}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sajjad, Abul Muhasin Muhammad}}
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Founders of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]

RJ Disha Oberoi

2026-02-10T02:41:19Z

VanessaColls18: made some info first draft - done

{{short description|Indian radio jockey}}
{{Notability|Biography|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Disha Oberoi
| image =
| birth_name = Disha Oberoi
| other names = RJ Disha
| birth_place = [[Delhi]]
| alma_mater = [[Manipal Institute of Communication]]
| occupation = [[radio jockey|RJ]], [[Flight Attendant]]
}}

'''Disha Oberoi''', popularly known as '''RJ Disha''', is a [[Radio personality|radio jockey]] from [[Bangalore]], India. She works as RJ in [[Red FM 93.5]].<ref name="redfm">{{cite web|url=https://www.redfmindia.in/bengaluru/rjs/disha|title=Bengaluru - RJ Disha|publisher=redfmindia.in}}</ref><ref name="tnm">{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/life-airwaves-bengaluru-rjs-what-its-have-steamy-affair-radio-41701|title=Life on the airwaves|publisher=thenewsminute.com|accessdate=2016-04-16}}</ref><ref name="storified">{{cite web|url=http://www.storified.me/disha-cabin-crew-turned-rj/|title=Disha Oberoi – How a Cabin Crew turned into the most famous RJ of Namma Bengaluru|publisher=storified.me|accessdate=2016-03-16|archive-date=18 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318204105/http://www.storified.me/disha-cabin-crew-turned-rj/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Disha was born in [[Delhi]], brought up in [[Chennai]]. She went to college in Manipal.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==Career==
Disha started her career as a flight attendant with Jetairways an international airline. During her stint as a flight attendant, people used to compliment her on a unique voice and announcement skills and also advised her to experiment by putting it to good use. She attended a workshop on RJ'ing and ended up being an RJ in Chennai. She moved to Bangalore later and became one among the best RJ's the city has ever seen.<ref name="hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-voice-that-wakes-Bengaluru-up/article14483379.ece|title=The voice that wakes Bengaluru up|publisher=thehindu.com|accessdate=2016-07-11}}</ref>

==Awards==
Disha's show "Morning No 1 with Disha" has won the "New York Film Festival’s World’s Best Radio Programs Awards" in different categories consecutively for 4 years now.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

* Best Information/News Talk Show in 2015 <ref name="nyf">{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorkfestivals.com/worldsbestradio/2015/pieces-mobile.php?iid=492553&pid=1&d=m|title=New York Film Festivals - 2015 Worlds Best Radio Programs|publisher=[[NewYorkFestivals.com]]}}</ref>
* Best Human Interest Story in 2016.<ref name="nyf1">{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorkfestivals.com/worldsbestradio/2016/pieces-mobile.php?iid=507114&pid=1&d=m|title=New York Film Festivals - 2016 Worlds Best Radio Programs|publisher=[[NewYorkFestivals.com]]}}</ref><ref name="dna">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/bengaluru-central/disha-oberoi-voice-behind-red-fm%E2%80%99s-hit-morning-show-bags-new-york-festivals-award-63705|title=Disha Oberoi, the voice behind Red FM's hit morning show |publisher=dnaindia.com}}</ref><ref name="deccan">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150701/lifestyle-offbeat/article/she%E2%80%99s-right-disha|title=She's in the right disha|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://tedxnmimsbangalore.in/speakers/disha-oberoi/|title=Dying Art of Listening|publisher=tedxnmimsbangalore.in}}
*{{cite web|url=http://travelrope.com/you-inspire-me-disha-oberoi/|title=You Inspire Me : Disha Oberoi|publisher=travelrope.com}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkGvy2QcG6Y|title=Dying Art of Listening - Disha Oberoi - TEDxNMIMSBangalore|publisher=TEDx Talks YouTube Channel}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/RJdishaoberoi/|title=RJ Disha Oberoi|publisher=facebook.com}}
*{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/OberoiD|title=Disha Oberoi "@OberoiD"|publisher=twitter.com}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/disha-oberoi-44a52474/|title=Disha Oberoi|publisher=linkedin.com}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Disha Oberoi, RJ}}
[[Category:Indian women radio presenters]]
[[Category:Indian radio presenters]]
[[Category:Mass media people from Delhi]]
[[Category:Writers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Journalists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Women writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Indu Jain

2026-02-07T22:55:00Z

VanessaColls18: added new pg

{{Short description|Indian businesswoman (1936–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Indu Jain
| image = Indu-jain.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1936|09|08|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ayodhya]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2021|5|13|1936|09|08}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India
| occupation = Chairman and CEO of Bennett Coleman & Co Ltd.
| spouse = [[Ashok Kumar Jain]]
| children = [[Samir Jain]], [[Vineet Jain]]
| known_for = The Times Foundation The Oneness Forum
}}

'''Indu Jain''' (8 September 1936 – 13 May 2021) was an Indian media executive and philanthropist. She belonged to the [[Sahu Jain family]] and was the chairperson of India's largest [[media group]], popularly known as [[The Times Group]].

As of 2006, Indu Jain had an estimated net worth of $2.4 billion, making her the 317th-richest person in the world.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://images.forbes.com/lists/2006/10/SU4J.html |title=Indu Jain|website=Forbes|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref> She was involved in philanthropy related to development and disaster relief, as well as literary endeavours.

==Career and philanthropy==
In 1999, following the death of her husband, publishing magnate [[Ashok Kumar Jain]], Indu Jain became chair of [[The Times Group]], India's largest [[media group]] (formally named Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hiscock|first=Geoff|title=India's Global Wealth Club: The Stunning Rise of Its Billionaires and Their Secrets of Success|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2008|isbn=978-0-470-82238-8|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YiLBD_IpgIkC&pg=PA73 73]|language=en}}</ref> This group owns ''[[The Times of India]]'' and other newspapers and media outlets.<ref name="times">{{cite web|date=14 May 2021|title=Indu Jain, Times Group chairman, attains nirvana|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indu-jain-times-group-chairman-attains-nirvana/articleshow/82611933.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514001711/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indu-jain-times-group-chairman-attains-nirvana/articleshow/82611933.cms|archive-date=14 May 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=14 May 2021}}</ref> In 2012, the Times Group employed 11,000 people, and controlled 38 per cent of the Indian newspaper market.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/05/15/layoffs-hit-economic-times-is-times-of-india-next |title=Layoffs hit Economic Times. Is Times of India next?|website=News Laundry|date=15 May 2020 |access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref> The key to the success of the Times Group is that the newspapers are not about investigative reporting, but selling advertisements with large parts of the papers dedicated to [[Bollywood]] and paid editorials.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/08/citizens-jain |title=Citizens Jain|magazine=The New Yorker|date=1 October 2012|author=Ken Auletta|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref>

According to ''[[Forbes]]''{{'}}s 2006 rankings, Indu Jain had a net worth of $2.4 billion and was the 317th-richest person in the world.<ref name=":1" /> In 2006, Indu Jain filed charges against ''Forbes'' for breach of privacy and stated that the estimates were speculative. The [[Delhi High Court]] dismissed the case in October 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/58117fb72713e17947946af7 |title=Indu Jain V. Forbes Incorporated|website=Case Mine|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref> As of 2007, she was estimated to be the richest woman in Asia.<ref>Eng, Dennis. "Crown of Asia's Richest Woman Will Now Pass to India Or the Mainland." ''South China Morning Post''. 5 April 2007: 3. {{ProQuest| }}</ref>

In 2000 Jain founded The Times Foundation, which she also chaired.<ref name="lifetimeachievement">{{Cite news|date=30 November 2019|title=Times Group Chairman Indu Jain gets Lifetime Achievement Award|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/times-group-chairman-gets-lifetime-award-from-icsi/articleshow/72301722.cms|access-date=5 July 2020|archive-date=5 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705185725/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/times-group-chairman-gets-lifetime-award-from-icsi/articleshow/72301722.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The Times Foundation runs Community Services, Research Foundation and Times Relief Fund for relief from disasters such as floods, cyclones, earthquakes and epidemics.<ref name="lifetimeachievement" /> In 2000, Jain addressed the [[Millennium Peace Summit of Religious and Spiritual Leaders]] at the [[United Nations]].<ref name="times" />

Jain was the founder and president of the ladies' wing of [[FICCI]] ([[FICCI#Ladies Organisation|FLO]]) as of March 2017. From 1999 to her death, she chaired the [[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] Trust, a literary organization founded by her father-in-law [[Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain]] in 1944.<ref name=":0" /> The Trust administers the [[Jnanpith]] award, the highest honour for authors writing in Indian languages.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/article/sachin-tendulkar-pays-tribute-to-times-group-chairman-indu-jain-as-she-passes-away-due-to-covid-complications/756849 |title=Sachin Tendulkar pays tribute to Times Group chairman Indu Jain as she passes away due to Covid complications |website=Times Now News|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref>

Jain was an author, who published a two-volume ''Encyclopedia of Indian Saints and Sages'' in 2012 and 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|title=Book throws new light on India's mystics and their message {{!}} India News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/book-throws-new-light-on-indias-mystics-and-their-message/articleshow/69669270.cms|access-date=14 May 2021|website=The Times of India|date=6 June 2019|language=en}}</ref> Co-authored with N. K. Prasad and published by Times Group Books, the second instalment was launched at an event for World Environmental Day with religious leaders.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 June 2019|title=Spiritual leaders attend Indu Jain's book launch, give green push|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/spiritual-leaders-attend-indu-jains-book-launch-give-green-push/articleshow/69669738.cms|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref>

==Awards==
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Bhushan Award to Smt. Indu Jain, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 12, 2016.jpg|thumb|Indu Jain awarded Padma Bhushan Award by President [[Shri Pranab Mukherjee]]]]

Indu Jain was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] by the government of India in January 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Times Group chairman Indu Jain, Rajinikanth and 50 others receive Padmas from President|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Times-Group-chairman-Indu-Jain-Rajinikanth-and-50-others-receive-Padmas-from-President/articleshow/51803010.cms|website=Times of India|access-date=7 June 2017|date=13 April 2016|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615082453/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Times-Group-chairman-Indu-Jain-Rajinikanth-and-50-others-receive-Padmas-from-President/articleshow/51803010.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2019, she received the Lifetime Achievement award from the [[Institute of Company Secretaries of India]] "for translating excellence in corporate governance into reality".<ref name=lifetimeachievement/>

She also won a Lifetime Contribution to Media award from the All India Management Association in 2018 as part of the group's annual Managing India Awards for excellence in leadership and nation building.<ref>23 April 2018. "AIMA honours Indu Jain, chairman emeritus, Bennett Coleman & Co." ''The Times of India (Online)'' {{ProQuest| }}</ref> She won a Lifetime Achievement Award from the [[Indian Congress of Women]].<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
Indu Jain was married to [[Ashok Kumar Jain]], with whom she had two sons, [[Samir Jain|Samir]] and [[Vineet Jain]], and a daughter.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/times-group-chairperson-indu-jain-passes-away-11620933848815.html |title=Times Group chairperson Indu Jain passes away|website=Live Mint|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/owner/owner/show/the-jain-family/ |title=The Jain Family|website=Reporters without Borders|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref>

She died on 13 May 2021 in Delhi due to complications from [[COVID-19]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Times Group chairperson Indu Jain dies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/times-group-chairperson-indu-jain-dies/article34552791.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 May 2021 |publisher=PTI |access-date=13 May 2021 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513175305/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/times-group-chairperson-indu-jain-dies/article34552791.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{The Times Group}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Indu}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Female billionaires]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Indian mass media owners]]
[[Category:People from Faizabad]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]
[[Category:The Times Group people]]
[[Category:The Times of India]]
[[Category:Indian Jains]]

Involvement of Northeast Indian insurgents in the Myanmar conflict

2026-02-05T15:07:48Z

VanessaColls18: added post.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Spillover of the Northeast Indian insurgency in Myanmar
| partof = the [[Insurgency in Northeast India]] and the [[Myanmar conflict]]
| image = File:Burma Indian map.png
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Map of Northern [[Myanmar]] and [[Northeast India]]
| date = 1950s–present
| place = [[India–Myanmar border]]
}}

Throughout the long-running [[separatism in India|separatist]] [[Insurgency in Northeast India|insurgencies in Northeast India]], dozens of India-based [[insurgency|insurgent]] groups have been involved in the neighboring [[Myanmar conflict|conflict]] in [[Myanmar]], both sheltering in Myanmar from the [[counterinsurgent]] [[Assam Rifles]] and participating in the conflict itself. Outside of several Indian-led operations, including [[Operation Golden Bird]] in 1995, [[2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar|Operation Hot Pursuit]] in 2015, or [[Operation Sunrise (2019)|Operation Sunrise I and II]] in 2019, areas in which these insurgent groups are active have scarcely experienced fighting. Amid the [[Myanmar civil war (2021–present)|escalation of civil war in Myanmar from 2021]], several sources claim that the majority of Indian [[list of ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar|ethnic armed organisations]] (IEAOs) are allied, or have some level of understanding, with the ruling [[State Administrative Council|military junta]] of Myanmar, who allows them to maintain bases inside mountainous areas of northern Myanmar, typically in return for the IEAOs attacking [[List of ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar|anti-junta resistance groups]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Nagaland: NSCN factions have tacit understanding with Myanmar military junta, claims RPP |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/nagaland/nagaland-nscn-factions-have-tacit-understanding-with-myanmar-military.html |work=Northeast Now |date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403144200/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/nagaland/nagaland-nscn-factions-have-tacit-understanding-with-myanmar-military.html|archive-date=3 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India's security and the fencing of the Myanmar border |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/indias-security-and-the-fencing-of-the-myanmar-border-13740601.html |work=Firstpost |date=22 February 2024}}</ref>

==History==
===Background===
The [[Insurgency in Northeast India]] is the name for the collective [[insurgencies]] throughout the "seven sister states" making up [[Northeastern India]]. Starting shortly after the [[Partition of India|British withdrawal from India]] in 1947, the seven states have been subject to usually violent clashes between the [[Indian Army]] with the [[counterinsurgent]] and [[paramilitary]] [[Assam Rifles]] against dozens of [[separatism in India|secessionist groups]]. Over 200 tribal groups and subgroups live in the Northeast, with several having long-running historic rivalries.<ref name=ITNE/>

Historically, the Northeastern states were controlled by the [[Kingdom of Ahom]]. From the 13th Century until the 19th Century, the states were ruled by the [[Ahom Dynasty]] (excluding [[Manipur]], which was controlled by the [[Manipur Kingdom]]). This was until [[Moamoria rebellion|several internal rebellions]] which severely weakened the kingdom and the [[Burmese invasions of Assam]], which lead Ahom to collapse and become occupied by the [[Konbaung dynasty]]. Shortly after, the Burmese had to cede the Northeast to the [[British East India Company]] after the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]].

In 1947, after the British withdrawal from the India, several ethnic groups in the Northeast quickly revolted, starting when the [[Naga people|Naga]] declared independence, and spreading to include [[Mizo people|Mizo]], [[Assamese people|Assamese]], [[Boro people|Boro]], [[Meitei people|Meitei]], [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]], [[Zo people|Zo]]/[[Kuki people|Kuki]], and several other smaller ethnic groups.<ref name="CBC"/>

===1950s-1990s===
Indian-insurgents involvement in Myanmar (then called Burma) began in the 1950s when the leader of the [[separatism in India|successionist]] [[Naga National Council]], [[Angami Zapu Phizo]], encouraged the [[Naga people]] of Burma to join the separatist [[Naga Conflict|revolt]].<ref name=ITNE>{{cite news |title=India's Turbulent Northeast |url=https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/sam35.pdf |date=5 July 2001 |work=South Asia Monitor|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240508145743/https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/sam35.pdf|archive-date=8 May 2024}}</ref> In response, [[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] sought to make Myanmar a [[neutral country]] so it would not arm the small Naga insurgency.<ref name=CBC>{{cite news |title=Cross-Border Chaos: A Critique of India's Attempts to Secure Its Northeast Tribal Areas through Cooperation with Myanmar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27000130 |work=Dominic J. Nardi |date=2008| jstor=27000130 }}</ref> Starting in 1956, [[Pakistan]]'s [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI), [[China]], and possibly the [[Yunnan]]-based Blackhouse [[mafia]] began supplying weaponry and aid to the Naga National Council, [[Mizo National Front]], Sengkrak of [[Tripura]], [[United Liberation Front of Asom]], and later the [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]] through Burma and [[Bhutan]], with Naga insurgents receiving arms and training in [[East Pakistan]] (until [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971]]).<ref name=IIINE>{{cite news |title=Insurgencies in India's Northeast: Conflict, Co-option & Change |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/45471990-933f-4ea7-99fe-02c9e7e4b9ff/content |work=Subir Bhaumik |date=July 2007}}</ref> Starting in the 1960s, [[List of Naga ethnic groups|tribal divisions]] began to impact the Naga insurgency.<ref name=ITNE/> In 1962, a misunderstanding occurred in [[India-Myanmar relations]] which lead to Myanmar allowing Indian insurgents in its territory.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why do states like Bangladesh and Myanmar support insurgency in India? |url=https://idsa.in/askanexpert/BangladeshandMyanmarsupportinsurgencyinIndia |work=Anand Kumar }}</ref> In 1963, one of the largest Naga rebel columns, led by Dusoi Chakesang, traveled to East Pakistan through the [[Chin Hills]].<ref name=IIINE/> In January 1967, members of the Naga National Council traveled through Myanmar's [[Naga Hills]] to Yunnan in seeking Chinese backing for their cause,<ref>{{cite news |title=North East Insurgency |url=https://unacademy.com/content/upsc/study-material/post-independence-india/north-east-insurgency/ |work=Unacademy }}</ref> to which the Chinese would accept. In the later 1960s Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] began improving relations with Burmese [[dictator]] [[Ne Win]], leading to the [[Tatmadaw]] agreeing to crack down on Naga and Mizo rebels heading to [[China]] for training.<ref name=Telegraph>{{cite news |title=Myanmar's army is increasingly turning to India for training and weapons |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/myanmar-s-army-is-increasingly-turning-to-india-for-training-and-weapons/cid/1688466 |work=The Telegraph |date=4 October 2019}}</ref>

====Growth of the insurgency and Kachin Involvement====
Starting in the late 1970s, several major insurgent groups -many of which are active in Myanmar- were founded. These include the:
* [[People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak]] (1977)
* [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]] (1978)
* [[United Liberation Front of Asom]] (1979)
* [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (1980)
* [[Kangleipak Communist Party]] (1980)
* [[National Democratic Front of Boroland]] (1986)
* [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]] (1989)
* [[All Tripura Tiger Force]] (1990)

In the mid-1980s, primarily due to its leader [[S. S. Khaplang]], the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (NSCN) had established good relations with several Indian insurgent groups, with the NSCN allowing groups like the [[United Liberation Front of Asom]] (ULFA) and [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]] (PLA-M) to maintain bases in [[Naga Self-Administered Zone|north]] [[Sagaing Region]].<ref name=Irrawaddy_1>{{cite news |title=Indian Militant Trained by Myanmar Rebels Gives Up the Struggle in Border Region |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/guest-column/indian-militant-trained-myanmar-rebels-gives-struggle-border-region.html |work=The Irrawaddy |date=18 December 2020}}</ref> In 1985, China assisted the PLA-M in establishing relations with the [[Kachin State]]-based [[Kachin Independence Organisation]] and its [[Kachin Independence Army|army]] (KIA). The PLA-M was the first Indian rebel group to be trained and armed by the KIA. In 1987, through their bases in northern Sagaing, the ULFA sent the first cadres into KIA-controlled territory for training. A second batch of cadres were trained the next year. Eventually, 2,500 ULFA soldiers were trained by the KIA and the army was supplied with weapons primarily from Myanmar.<ref name=IIINE/> The KIA and ULFA carried out several joint operations in Myanmar through this time.<ref name=Eurasian_Times>{{cite news |title=Kachin Independence Army That Once Trained Indian Militants Ambushes Military Bases In Myanmar |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/myanmar-rebel-group-kachin-independence-army |work=Eurasian Times |date=16 March 2021}}</ref> Both [[Naga people|Naga]] and [[Mizo people|Mizo]] rebels also got training from the KIA and supplies from China, half of which they had to give to the KIA.<ref name=IIINE/>

In 1989, the [[United National Liberation Front]], [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland - Khaplang]], [[United Liberation Front of Asom]], and [[Kuki National Army]], with aid from the [[Chin National Front]], formed the [[Indo-Burma Revolutionary Front]].<ref name=UNLFW_ToI>{{cite news |title=UNLFW: The new name for terror in NE |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/unlfw-the-new-name-for-terror-in-ne/articleshow/47547899.cms |work=Times of India |date=5 June 2015}}</ref> The same year India's [[foreign intelligence agency]], the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW), reached out to the KIA, [[Chin National Front]], and several other Burmese insurgent groups to request that the armies would stop harbouring Indian militants in their territory. In return, the RAW would supply the groups with weapons through hideouts and caches in the seven sister states. It was reported that the KIA only received 2 consignments of weapons, far less than they expected.<ref name=Eurasian_Times/> By 1992, the Burmese military discovered the supply routes between the KIA and India and quickly dismantled them. In winter of the same year, the KIA lost vast amounts of territories due to a Tatmadaw offensive, and the relations between the KIA and RAW began to break down. Despite this, the army kept its promise of not allowing Indian militants in its territory.<ref name=CBC/> The year after, the Tatmadaw and India began cooperating to attack Indian militants in Myanmar, with the Tatmadaw being supplied with Indian weapons.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assessing Tatmadaw's intention and capabilities: What is next for the North-East insurgencies? |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/assessing-tatmadaws-intention-and-capabilities |work=Observer Research Foundation |date=4 May 2021}}</ref>

===India-Myanmar operations (1990s-2010s)===
====Operation Golden Bird====
[[Operation Golden Bird]] was a 2 month long [[Indian Army|India]]-[[Myanmar Army|Myanmar]] joint military operation from March to May 1995.<ref name="Chin/India">{{cite news |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/guest-column/myanmar-chin-armed-groups-rivalry-with-indian-rebel-outfits-dates-back-decades.html |title=Myanmar Chin Armed Group's Rivalry With Indian Rebel Outfits Dates Back Decades |date=15 February 2022 |work=The Irrawaddy}}</ref><ref name=TheQuint>{{cite news |title=Before Myanmar, There Were These Five Great Indian Military Ops |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/before-myanmar-there-were-these-five-great-indian-military-ops |date=12 June 2015 |work=The Quint}}</ref> The goal of the operation was to cut off a weapon smuggling trail used by several [[Northeast India|Northeastern]] rebel groups to smuggle weapons into India's [[Manipur State]]. [[Cadre (politics)|Cadres]] numbering around 170 of the [[United Liberation Front of Asom]] (ULFA), the [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]] (PLA-M), and the [[All Tripura Tiger Force]] (ATTF) planned to pick up an arms shipment near [[Cox Bazar]], [[Bangladesh]], and transport it to Manipur. After the cadres accidentally crossed the [[India-Myanmar border]] in [[Chin State]], they came into conflict with the [[Chin National Front]] (CNF), a [[Chin people|Chin]] nationalist organisation.<ref name="Chin/India"/> After reportedly clashing with the CNF, the CNF and the [[National United Party of Arakan]] (NUPA) began supplying the [[Indian Army]] with information about the movements of the cadres.<ref name=Golden_Bird>{{cite news |title=Operation Golden Bird: Revisiting Counter-Insurgency on the India-Myanmar Border |url=https://www.idsa.in/system/files/jds/jds_10_3_2016_operation-golden-bird.pdf |work=Rumel Dahiya |date=September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502170631/https://www.idsa.in/system/files/jds/jds_10_3_2016_operation-golden-bird.pdf|archive-date=2 May 2024}}</ref> After this, the [[Assam Rifles]] and the Myanmar military clashed with the cadres several times while they moved deeper into Burmese territory. Several times, discoordination led to both Myanmar Army and Indian Army troops requesting for the other to withdraw. By the end of April, the rebel column was severely weakened and demoralised.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

On 4 May, India announced that the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding]] was being given to [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner and pro-democracy politician [[Aung San Suu Kyi]]. In response, the [[Tatmadaw|military junta]] of Myanmar withdrew from the front and released "scores" of detained militants,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://capsindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/CAPS_Infocus_GP_2.pdf |title=TIME FOR JOINT OPERATIONS WITH MYANMAR ARMY TO FLUSH OUT INSURGENTS? |date=1 September 2014 |work=Centre for Air Power Studies (CAPS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706013857/https://capsindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/CAPS_Infocus_GP_2.pdf|archive-date=6 July 2024}}</ref> allowing the besieged rebel column to escape and eventually make it to Manipur. Operation Golden Bird ended 21 May 1995.<ref name="Chin/India"/><ref name=Golden_Bird/>

====1995-2015====
In mid-1995, the [[NSCN-K]] and [[ULFA]] formed the [[United Liberation Front of Seven Sisters]], which broke up shortly after.<ref name=UNLFW_ToI/>

After 1997, Indian intelligence discontinued all support to Burmese rebels -including the Kachin Independence Organisation, Chin National Front, and [[National United Party of Arakan]]- and began supplying the Burmese military with heavy weaponry. In return, the Burmese Army started attacking Naga rebel bases, but the army avoided Assamese and Manipuri rebels. In November 2001, in a military operation conducted by the Burmese military, 192 Manipuri rebels were captured, including [[United National Liberation Front|UNLF]] chairman Rajkumar Meghen, and around 1,600 weapons were seized around [[Tamu (Myanmar)|Tamu]].<ref name=IIINE/> The Burmese military refused to hand over the rebels to India. B.B. Nandy, a Myanmar rights activist based in India, claimed that ''"the Tatmadaw don't attack the powerful Manipuri or Assamese guerrillas who pay off the generals."'' Despite this, India resumed arms shipments to Myanmar the next year despite protests from the [[European Union]]. In September 2006, Indian officials greeted a Burmese delegation by submitting to them a list of 15 Indian insurgent bases in Myanmar. Afterwards, during the following [[Climate of Myanmar|monsoon season]], the Tatmadaw attacked several Naga and Assamese bases. After the violent suppression of the 2007 [[Saffron Revolution]] by the Tatmadaw, India suspended all arms sales to Myanmar.<ref name=CBC/>

In July 2011, several Myanmar-based insurgent groups -those being the [[Kangleipak Communist Party]], [[Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup]], [[People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak]], [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]], [[United National Liberation Front]], and [[United Peoples Party of Kangleipak]]- formed a [[united front]] called the Coordination Committee (CorCom) after a meeting in [[Ruili]], [[China]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Coordination Committee (CorCom) |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/terrorist_outfits/CorCom.htm |work=South Asia Terrorism Portal}}</ref> Leaders from the [[NSCN-K]] and [[ULFA]] also attended the meeting.<ref name=UNLFW_ToI/> Chinese officials supported the formation of the front, promised to provide weapons and logistics to the front in return for them destabilising [[Arunachal Pradesh]], which [[Sino-Indian border dispute|China claims as its own territory]].<ref name=UNLFW_CAPS>{{cite news |title=UNITED NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT OF SOUTH WEST ASIA (UNLFW): SECURITY CONCERN |url=https://capsindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/CAPS_Infocus_GP_3.pdf |work=Centre for Air Power Studies |date=29 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706034311/https://capsindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/CAPS_Infocus_GP_3.pdf|archive-date=6 July 2024}}</ref>

Sometime in 2013, the [[Zomi Revolutionary Army]] (ZRA), the military wing of the [[Zomi Re-Unification Organisation]], established a presence in [[Chin State]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Myanmar Military Jets Continue Bombing Town in Chin State Near India Border |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-military-jets-continue-bombing-town-in-chin-state-near-india-border.html |work=The Irrawaddy |date=21 May 2024}}</ref>

On 27 March 2015, the [[NSCN-K]] abrogated the ceasefire with the Indian government it had held since 2001, possibly under the influence of Chinese officials. A month later, on 17 April, the NSCN-K, [[ULFA]], [[NDFB]]-S, and [[Kamtapur Liberation Organisation|KLO]] formed a [[united front]] under the name of the [[United National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia]] (UNLFWSEA or UNLFW) after a series of meetings in Taga, [[Myanmar]], which would become the group's main base of operations. Members of the Coordination Committee participated in the meetings, but did not join the front due to disagreements.<ref name=UNLFW_ToI/><ref name=UNLFW_CAPS/> On 3 May, the front ambushed the 23 [[Assam Rifles]] battalion and 164 Territorial Army Battalion of the [[Indian Army]] in [[Mon District]] of [[Nagaland]], killing 8.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why the Formation of a Common Platform by Insurgent Groups from the Northeast Should Give the Government Cause for Worry |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/common-platform-insurgent-groups-northeast-unlfw-worry-government |work=The Caravan |date=7 May 2015}}</ref>

====Operation Hot Pursuit====
{{main|2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar}}

===Diminished rebel activity and [[Operation Sunrise (2019)|Operation Sunrise]] (2010s-2021)===
{{Empty section|date=July 2024}}

===Post-Coup resurgence (2021-present)===
{{Expand section|date=August 2024}}

====Anti-Junta rebels====
The [[Kuki National Army]] and the [[People's Defence Force (Myanmar)|People's Defense Force]] conducted a joint raid on a [[United National Liberation Front]] encampment in [[Tamu Township]] on 23 November 2023.<ref>[https://www.borderlens.com/2023/11/25/pdf-anti-junta-offensives-hits-manipurs-pla-hideouts-along-india-myanmar-border/ PDF anti-junta offensives hits Manipur's PLA hideouts along India-Myanmar border]. 25 November 2023. The Borderlens {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20240807030834/https://www.borderlens.com/2023/11/25/pdf-anti-junta-offensives-hits-manipurs-pla-hideouts-along-india-myanmar-border/ |date=7 August 2024 }}</ref>

====Pro-Junta rebels====
Meitei rebel groups such as the [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]] were involved in aiding the Myanmar military junta in cracking down on protests and fighting the PDF.<ref>[https://eng.mizzima.com/2024/02/20/7315 Meitei rebel groups and Myanmar state's problem]. 20 February 2024. [[Mizzima]].{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228051720/https://eng.mizzima.com/2024/02/20/7315|date=28 February 2024}}</ref>

The [[Zomi Revolutionary Army]] frequently clashes with the [[Chinland Defense Force]], with alleged aid by the military junta. While the ZRA denied allegations of direct aid from the Tatmadaw, they confirmed that they are not against them as "They do not attack us and neither do we."<ref>[https://mmpeacemonitor.org/322744/we-have-no-cooperation-with-the-military-council-and-have-not-held-a-political-dialogue-with-the-military-council-we-have-not-attacked-them-since-the-military-coup-in-2021-they-don/ "We have no cooperation with the military council and have not held a political dialogue with the military council. We have not attacked them since the military coup in 2021. They don't attack us and neither do we. We don't want to fight the organizations and the people who don't attack us." Sr. JK, Acting Spokesperson of Zomi Revolutionary Army (Eastern Command)] Myanmar Peace Monitor. 21 September 2023. {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20240807030833/https://mmpeacemonitor.org/322744/we-have-no-cooperation-with-the-military-council-and-have-not-held-a-political-dialogue-with-the-military-council-we-have-not-attacked-them-since-the-military-coup-in-2021-they-don/ |date=7 August 2024 }}</ref> Eventually, the ZRA signed a peace treaty with the [[Chin National Army]], but still officially remain neutral with the military junta.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Myanmar-based ZRO and CNF sign peace agreement in Mizoram
| newspaper = Northeast Now
| location = Aizawl
| date = 29 July 2024
| url = https://nenow.in/neighbour/myanmar/myanmar-based-zro-and-cnf-sign-peace-agreement-in-mizoram.html
| access-date =5 August 2024
| archive-date=29 July 2024
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729073407/https://nenow.in/neighbour/myanmar/myanmar-based-zro-and-cnf-sign-peace-agreement-in-mizoram.html
}}</ref>

The [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] accused the Indian government of supplying bomb-making materials to the [[Kuki National Army|Kuki National Army-Burma]] and supporting the PDF.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-forces-using-kuki-and-myanmar-groups-to-wage-war-nscn/article68207046.ece Indian forces using Kuki and Myanmar groups to wage war: NSCN]. The Hindu. 23 May 2024. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528165537/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-forces-using-kuki-and-myanmar-groups-to-wage-war-nscn/article68207046.ece|date=28 May 2024}}</ref>

===2025===
On 13 July, media reports claimed that India launched drone and airstrikes against insurgent camps in Myanmar, targeting ULFA positions near the Indo-Myanmar border in [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-13 |title=India's drone strikes in Myanmar raise alarms again over regional sovereignty |url=https://24newshd.tv/13-Jul-2025/india-s-drone-strikes-in-myanmar-raise-alarms-again-over-regional-sovereignty |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=24 News HD |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-07-13 |title=ULFA(I) claims missile strikes killed its commanders in Myanmar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ulfa-i-myanamar-camp-attack-leader-killed-july-13-2025/article69806870.ece |access-date=2025-07-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The ULFA alleged that these strikes resulted in the death of Lieutenant General [[Nayam Asom]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karmakar |first=Sumir |date=2025-07-13 |title=Drone attacks on ULFA(I) camps along Myanmar border? Defence officials deny |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/assam/ulfai-claims-drone-attacks-on-its-camps-by-army-defence-official-says-no-such-information-3628131 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> During his funeral, a subsequent missile attack reportedly killed Brigadier Ganesh Asom, Colonel Pradip Asom, and others. The ULFA accused the Indian Air Force of targeting camps belonging to the [[NSCN-K]] and PLA in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-13 |title=Indian drones hit ULFA-I bases in Myanmar, Chief Nayan Asom down |url=https://newsarenaindia.com/nation/indian-drones-hit-ulfa-i-bases-in-myanmar-chief-nayan-asom-down/50130 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=News Arena India |language=en}}</ref> However, Indian Army officials, including Colonel Mahendra Rawat, denied any knowledge of the strikes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-13 |title=Army strikes ULFA-I camps in Myanmar; top commander Nayan Asom among alleged casualties: Reports |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/army-strikes-ulfa-i-camps-in-myanmar-top-commander-nayan-asom-among-alleged-casualties-reports-1243841-2025-07-13 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-13 |title=Indian Army denies ULFA-I claim of drone strike on Myanmar camp |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/indian-army-denies-ulfa-i-claim-of-drone-strike-on-myanmar-camp-13906216.html |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

On 14 July, ULFA's commander-in-chief [[Paresh Baruah]] contradicted initial reports, stating that Colonel Pradip Asom, previously thought dead, had survived the attack.<ref name="o254">{{cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=আলফাৰ কৰ্নেল প্ৰদীপ অসম জীৱিত : পৰেশ বৰুৱা |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJ_ta9l--ao |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=YouTube}}</ref> Assam Chief Minister [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] clarified that the state police had no involvement in the drone strikes.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Pubby |first1=Manu |last2=Singh |first2=Bikash |date=2025-07-14 |title=Three senior members killed in Indian strikes: Ulfa; Army denies Op |url=https://www.economictimes.com/news/defence/three-senior-members-killed-in-indian-strikes-ulfa-army-denies-op/articleshow/122422950.cms |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Later in January 2026, India confirmed that Indian forces conducted strikes into the region, during the presentation of gallantry awards for successful execution of the strikes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghoshal |first=Sudeshna |date=2026-01-26 |title=Seven months later, first official account of Indian Army’s covert 2025 Myanmar operation in Shaurya Chakra citation {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/seven-months-later-first-official-account-of-indian-army-s-covert-2025-myanmar-operation-in-shaurya-chakra-citation-11769436132892.html |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2026-01-25 |title=Shaurya Chakra citation reveals details of Army’s covert Myanmar Op in July 2025 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shaurya-chakra-citation-reveals-details-indian-army-covert-myanmar-operation-july-2025-2857683-2026-01-25 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

===2026===
Throughout January 2026, Naga factions NSCN-Yung Aung and NSCN-Ang Mai clashed several times in the [[Naga Self-Administered Zone]] over disputes regarding territory and legitimacy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Three clashes in 16 days as Naga factions fight for territory and trade control in Sagaing |url=https://eng.mizzima.com/2026/01/26/30638 |work=Mizzima |date=26 January 2026 |lang=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Myanmar civil war (2021–present)}}

[[Category:Myanmar civil war (2021–present)]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Northeast India]]
[[Category:India–Myanmar relations]]
[[Category:Internal conflict in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Spillover of wars]]

Rajasthan State Election Commission

2026-02-04T16:36:05Z

VanessaColls18:

{{Short description|Governing body of elections in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Rajasthan State Election Commission
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo =
| logo_width =
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| seal =
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| formed = July 1994<ref name="rec ref3">{{cite web |title=Election Commission of Rajasthan- its history, functions and officers |url=https://www.elections.in/election-commission/rajasthan.html |website=www.elections.in |access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref>
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Rajasthan]]
| headquarters = Smt. Chitra Gupta (Secretary),2nd Floor, Development Block, Secretariat, Jaipur - 302 005.<ref name="rec ref1">{{cite web |title=State Election Commission, Rajasthan |url=https://sec.rajasthan.gov.in/ |website=sec.rajasthan.gov.in |access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref>
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Sri Rajeshvar singh.
| chief1_position = State Election Commissioner.
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
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| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
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| parent_department =
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| website = {{URL|https://sec.rajasthan.gov.in/}}
{{URL|https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rajasthan State Election Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[statutory]] body constituted in [[India]]n state of [[Rajasthan]] for ensuring that [[Elections in Rajasthan|elections]] in are conducted in free, fair and unbiased way. [[Constitution of India]] with provisions as per Article 243K and 243 ZA and Article 324 ensures creation and safeguarding of the powers of [[States Election Commission (India)|State Election Commissions]]. Rajasthan State Election Commission is responsible for conducting elections for [[Municipal governance in India|Urban Local Bodies]] like [[Municipality|Municipalities]], [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporations]], [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]s and any other specified by [[Election Commission of India]]. Rajasthan State Election Commissioner is appointed by [[Governor (India)|Governor]] of Rajasthan.

== History and administration ==

Rajasthan State Election Commission was formed in accordance with powers of Election Commission of India, which was constituted in year 1950<ref name="sec ref1">{{cite news |title=WHAT IS ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA (ECI)? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-election-commission-of-india#collapse |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India}}</ref> to supervise state level elections.<ref name="sec ref3">{{cite news |title=State election panels: Independent of central EC, with similar powers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/state-election-panels-independent-of-central-ec-with-similar-powers-5132220/ |access-date=6 December 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> State election commissioner is appointed by Governor.<ref name="sec ref2">{{cite news |title=India Code: Section Details |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_18_21_00005_199426_1517807320414&sectionId=42788&sectionno=98&orderno=98 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="sec ref6">{{cite news |title=State Election Commissioner Conditions of Service Rules, 1994 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/HRY/HL534.HTM |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.bareactslive.com |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206113835/http://www.bareactslive.com/HRY/HL534.HTM |url-status=dead }}</ref> To ensure the autonomy of the position, the Rajasthan state election commissioner cannot be removed from office except on the grounds and manner specified for [[judge]] of [[High courts of India|High Court]].

== Powers and responsibilities ==

Rajasthan States Election Commission is responsible for the following:<ref name="sec ref1" /><ref name="sec ref7">{{cite news |title=Election Commission directs all state electoral officers to immediately redress all pending voter applications |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/election-commission-directs-state-electoral-officers-immediately-redress-pending-voter-applications-1503026387.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=The Statesman |date=23 November 2021}}</ref>

* Releasing election schedule.<ref name="rec ref9">{{cite news |title=Over 68 per cent voting recorded in second phase of Rajasthan zila parishad, panchayat samiti polls |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/dec/15/over-68-per-centvoting-recorded-in-secondphase-of-rajasthan-zila-parishad-panchayat-samiti-polls-2395923.html |access-date=18 December 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=15 December 2021}}</ref>
* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.<ref name="rec ref8">{{cite news |title=Rajasthan civic polls: Nearly 72% voting in urban local body polls |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/urban-local-bodies-poll-underway-in-jaipur-43-voting-recorded-till-1-pm-119111600733_1.html |access-date=18 December 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=16 November 2019}}</ref>
* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.<ref name="rec ref6">{{cite news |title=Over 21% polling recorded in Rajasthan urban local body polls |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/over-21-polling-recorded-in-rajasthan-urban-local-body-polls/articleshow/79676250.cms?from=mdr |access-date=18 December 2021 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=11 December 2020}}</ref>
* Laying guidelines for persons eligible to contest in elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Model code of conduct are following in elections for local bodies.<ref name="rec ref4">{{cite news |title=Rajasthan: Zila Parishad, Panchayat Samiti polls to be held in four phases from November 23 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/rajasthan-zila-parishad-panchayat-samiti-polls-to-be-held-in-four-phases-from-november-23-906551.html |access-date=18 December 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=24 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* Updating Electoral rolls with new additions.
* Updating Electoral rolls with removals, if any.
* Declaration of results of elections held for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Declaration of results of elections held for Municipal panchayats in State.<ref name="rec ref5">{{cite news |title=Rajasthan Panchayat Election Results 2020: BJP maintains lead, bags 1,835 panchayat samiti wards, 312 zilla parishad seats |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/rajasthan-panchayat-election-results-2020-bjp-maintains-lead-bags-1835-panchayat-samiti-wards-312-zilla-parishad-seats-9091451.html |access-date=18 December 2021 |publisher=Firstpost |date=9 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rec ref7">{{cite news |title=Rajasthan: Rajya Sabha bypoll, ZP and Panchayat Samiti elections to be held in October |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/rajasthan-rajya-sabha-bypoll-zp-and-panchayat-samiti-elections-to-be-held-in-october |access-date=18 December 2021 |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=28 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Ordering repoll if needed.
* Making arrangements for Statewide polls.
* Monitoring poll expenditure for Panchayat polls.
* Laying guidelines for issue of opinion polls.
* Decision on conducting elections.
* Ensure proper counting of votes polled in local body polls.<ref name="rec ref16">{{cite news |title=Rajasthan Panchayat Election Results 2020: Counting of votes across 21 districts underway |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/rajasthan-gram-panchayat-chunav-zilla-parishad-2020-counting-of-votes-across-21-districts-underway-9090821.html |access-date=18 December 2021 |publisher=Firstpost |date=8 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* Declaring results of local body polls.
* Municipal and Panchayat constituencies delimitation exercise.
* Countermanding elections in case of mal practices.
* Issuing guidelines for voting in local body elections.

== Composition ==

Rajasthan State Election Commission is headed by Chief Election Commissioner and as many members as specified in State Act.<ref name="rec ref3" /> State Election Commissioners are independent persons not holding position or office in any Central or State Government organisations.<ref name="sec ref5">{{cite news |title=State election commissioners should be independent, says SC |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/state-election-commissioners-should-be-independent-says-sc/cid/1809411 |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com |date=13 March 2021}}</ref>

Presently(2022),Sri madhukar gupta,is the Chief Election Commissioner of Rajasthan State Election Commission.<ref name="rec ref2">{{cite news |title=Rajasthan panchayat elections: First phase of polling today, 519 seats in fray |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-panchayat-elections-first-phase-of-polling-today-519-seats-in-fray-101629936584653.html |access-date=18 December 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=26 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> His period of service will be 5 years or attaining an age of 65 years whichever is earlier.

== Constitutional requirements ==

Rajasthan State Election Commission was formed after amendment of Constitution with 73rd and 74th declaration.<ref name="sec ref4">{{cite news |title=India State Election - Find information of all State elections in India |url=https://www.elections.in/state-elections.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref> State Election Commissions were formed as per Article 243K of the Constitution, similar to setting up of Election commission of India as per Article 324.<ref name="sec ref3" />

== See also ==
* [[Election Commission of India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://sec.rajasthan.gov.in/ Official Website]
* [https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/ Official Website]

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:State election commissioners of India]]
[[Category:Local government in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Elections in Rajasthan]]

Murder in Mahim

2026-02-04T16:05:06Z

VanessaColls18: new a info more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Murder In Mahim.jpg
| caption =
| genre = {{ubl|[[Crime film|Crime]]|[[Drama]]}}
| creator =
| inspired_by =
| based_on = {{Based on|'' Murder in Mahim''|[[Jerry Pinto]]}}
| writer = Mustafa Neemuchwala [[Udai Singh Pawar]]
| screenplay =
| director = Raj Acharya
| cinematography =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vijay Raaz]]
* [[Ashutosh Rana]]
* [[Shivani Raghuvanshi]]
* [[Shivaji Satam]]
}}
| music =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| editor = Zubin Sheikh
| executive_producer = Anjali Bhushan Rajnish Lall Mark Benjamin
| producer = Ajit Andhare
| company = {{Plainlist|
* Tipping Point Films
* Jigsaw Pictures Productions
}}
| network = [[JioCinema]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|05|10|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Murder In Mahim''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Crime film|crime]] [[drama]] [[TV series]] on [[JioCinema]] written by Mustafa Neemuchwala and [[Udai Singh Pawar]] and directed by Raj Acharya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Murder in Mahim: Vijay Raaz and Ashutosh Rana enter Mumbai's seedy underbelly in JioCinema crime series|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/murder-in-mahim-vijay-raaz-and-ashutosh-rana-enter-mumbais-seedy-underbelly-in-jiocinema-crime-series-9305205/|website=The Indian Express|date=3 May 2024|access-date=10 May 2024|language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Vijay Raaz]], [[Ashutosh Rana]], [[Shivani Raghuvanshi]], Nishant Kkhanduja and [[Shivaji Satam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=JioCinema sets Ashutosh Rana-Vijay Raaz series 'Murder in Mahim' for May 10 release|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/jiocinema-sets-ashutosh-rana-vijay-raaz-series-murder-in-mahim-for-may-10-release-101714737234144.html|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=3 May 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=JioCinema sets Ashutosh Rana-Vijay Raaz series 'Murder in Mahim' for May 10 release|url=https://theprint.in/feature/jiocinema-sets-ashutosh-rana-vijay-raaz-series-murder-in-mahim-for-may-10-release/2068547/|website=The Print|date=3 May 2024|access-date=10 May 2023|language=en}}</ref> It was released on 10 May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=Murder in Mahim trailer: Ashutosh Rana, Vijay Raaz hunt a serial killer in this psychological thriller|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/murder-in-mahim-trailer-ashutosh-rana-vijay-raaz-hunt-a-serial-killer-in-upcoming-psychological-thriller-watch-2024-05-03-929347|website=India TV|date=3 May 2024|access-date=10 May 2023|language=en}}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
Police officer Shivajirao Jende and his friend, retired journalist Peter Fernandes, dive into a murder case in [[Mumbai|Mumbai's]] darker side. In a gripping story based on [[Jerry Pinto]]'s highly praised book, they discover hidden truths about longing, avarice, hopelessness, and also face the ghosts of their estranged friendship.

== Cast ==
* [[Vijay Raaz]] as Shivajirao Jende
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as Peter Fernandes
* [[Shivani Raghuvanshi]] as Firdaus Rabbani
* [[Shivaji Satam]] as Dullar Jende ( Shivajirao's father)
* Divya Jagdale as Millie
* [[Smita Tambe]] as Kalpana Jende
* [[Rajesh Khattar]] as Leslie
* [[Sonal Jha]] as Shaheen
* Benafsha Soonawalla as Rehana
* Rohan Verma as Sunil
* Ashitosh Gaikwad as Unit
* Nishant Kkhanduja as Viral
* Bharat Ganeshpure as Durra

== Release ==
''Murder in Mahim'' was released on [[JioCinema]] on 10 May 2024.<ref>{{cite news|title=Murder in Mahim: Ashutosh Rana, Vijay Raaz's drama premieres May 10|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/murder-in-mahim-ashutosh-rana-vijay-raazs-drama-premieres-may-10-1503296830.html|access-date=10 May 2024|work=The Statesman|date=10 May 2024|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Yatamanyu Narain of ''[[News18]]'' rated the series 4 stars and penned "‘Murder In Mahim’ transcends the boundaries of a mere investigation, evolving into a searing portrayal of a world tainted by ignorance and intolerance—a poignant reminder of the enduring struggles faced by those battling to find acceptance and justice in a realm engulfed by shadows. This coming-of-age thriller, while not devoid of flaws, makes for an engaging and thought-provoking watch.<ref>{{cite news |last=Narain |first=Yatamanyu|title= Murder In Mahim Review: Vijay Raaz, Ashutosh Rana Delivering Thought Provoking Series Despite Its Flaws|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/murder-in-mahim-review-vijay-raaz-ashutosh-rana-deliver-thought-provoking-series-laced-with-daddy-issues-8884945.html|access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=10 May 2024}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2.5 stars and wrote "The eight-part series focuses on regular people (and their families) to be found in modest dwellings and crowded police thanas, through a sharp look at the LGBTQ community".<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=Murder In Mahim review: Vijay Raaz, Ashutosh Rana-starrer forces you to confront the stink of prejudice, homophobia|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kaalkoot-review-vijay-varma-leads-the-charge-in-understated-police-procedural-2-5-stars-4244538 |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=10 May 2024}}</ref>

Rahul Desai of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote "Murder in Mahim is not unwatchable, but it fumbles the fundamentals of its genre. It mistakes slow-burning for slow. If it were an Indian batsman, it would be criticized for its strike rate – in Test cricket no less."<ref>{{cite news |last=Desai |first=Rahul|title= Murder in Mahim Review: A Toothless Caricature of a Crime Drama|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/streaming-reviews/murder-in-mahim-review-a-toothless-caricature-of-a-crime-drama|access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[Film Companion]] |date=10 May 2024}}</ref>

Abhishek Srivastava from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3.5 stars stating, "Beyond its suspenseful plot, 'Murder in Mahim' offers a commentary on the challenges faced by the LGBTQ community."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Abhishek |title=MURDER IN MAHIM SEASON 1 REVIEW : VIJAY RAAZ AND ASHUTOSH RANA JOINTLY WEAVE A GRIPPING TALE OF CRIME AND ACCEPTANCE|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/murder-in-mahim/season-1/seasonreview/109889726.cms|access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 May 2024}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

[[Deepa Gahlot]] from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated 3/5 and stated "Among the many reasons to watch Murder In Mahim is that it may be a chance to wipe out -- if it is achievable by a Web series -- the air of judgment towards those who do not conform to the majority's idea of normal."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |title=Murder In Mahim Review: Must Watch
|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/murder-in-mahim-review/20240510.htm|access-date=10 May 2024|work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=10 May 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Shilajit Mitra or ''[[The Hindu]]'' said in his review that "This (mostly) faithful adaptation of Jerry Pinto's novel lacks the subtlety and craft of a really great crime show."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |title='Murder in Mahim' series review: A cut below the rest|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/murder-in-mahim-series-review-pride-and-prejudice-in-mumbai/article68160677.ece|access-date=10 May 2024|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' stated in her review that "Murder in Mahim can never escape the suspicion that it would have been more effective as a movie. Overloaded with family bonding scenes and slippery on the procedural aspect, the show steadies itself through its unwavering focus on the murderous consequences of [[homophobia]]."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Murder in Mahim' review: A crime as unjust as wrongful death
|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1067531/murder-in-mahim-review-a-bigger-crime-is-afoot-than-wrongful-death|access-date=10 May 2024|work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=10 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Troy Ribeiro of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' rated 3.5/5 and said that "The series challenges societal norms and provokes conversations about acceptance, justice, and the complexities of human nature."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ribeiro |first=Troy |title=Murder In Mahim Review: Vijay Raaz, Ashutosh Rana's Show Is A Worthy Addition To Pantheon Of Crime Dramas|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/movie-review/murder-in-mahim-review-vijay-raaz-ashutosh-ranas-show-is-a-worthy-addition-to-pantheon-of-crime-dramas|access-date=10 May 2024|work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=10 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Rishil Jogani from ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' rated 3.5 out of 5 and stated that "Murder In Mahim is more than just an investigation drama. It is layered and manages to ask some very tough questions. It also makes you self-introspect."<ref>{{cite news |last=Jogani |first=Rishil |title=Murder In Mahim Review: Ashutosh Rana, Vijay Raaz fronted investigation-drama vouches for a society of equals|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/murder-in-mahim-review-ashutosh-rana-vijay-raaz-fronted-investigation-drama-vouches-for-a-society-of-equals-1304003|access-date=10 May 2024|work=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=10 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Soumyabrata Gupta of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated 3/5 and wrote "Raj Acharya directs Murder In Mahim, spotlighting the riveting portrayals of Ashutosh Rana and Vijay Raaz. The film delves into the chilling murders at Mahim railway station, exploring the perilous trend of honey-trapping within the LGBTQIA+ community. It blends elements of investigation and drama to illuminate this disturbing phenomenon."<ref>{{cite news |last= Gupta|first=Soumyabrata|title=Murder In Mahim Review: Ashutosh Rana Film Is A Compelling Exploration of Secrets and Identity|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/murder-in-mahim-review-ashutosh-rana-film-is-a-compelling-exploration-of-secrets-and-identity-review-110003059|access-date=10 May 2024|work=[[Times Now]] |date=10 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt32258354}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020s crime drama television series]]

Athavanad Gram Panchayat

2026-01-27T20:16:55Z

VanessaColls18: New data

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Athavanad Grama Panchayat
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Grama Panchayat
| image_skyline = Puthanthani city.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Puthanathani, Athavanad
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.905870|N|76.0251400|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malappuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Grama Panchayat]]
| governing_body = Athavanad Grama Panchayat
| leader_title1 = Panchayat President
| leader_name1 = Sinobiya ([[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]])<ref name=" Athavanad Grama Panchayat ">{{Cite web|url=https://www.trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php|title= Athavanad Grama Panchayat 2020|access-date=2020-12-11|website=lbtrend}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = Vice President
| leader_name2 = HARIS KT
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 41187
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = Language
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 676552
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

''' Athavanad ''' is a village and Grama Panchayat in the [[Malappuram district]], the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Kerala]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|last=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|archivedate=8 December 2008|url-status=dead|accessdate=2008-12-10}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[Puthanathani]] is the main town there, sited on [[National Highway 17 (India)|National Highway 17]] between [[Kottakkal]] and [[Valanchery]]. Roads to [[Vailathur]] (and hence [[Tirur]]) and [[Thirunavaya]] run through Puthanathani. Many people from Puthanathani and surrounding areas work overseas, mostly in [[Persian Gulf]] countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lsgkerala.in/athavanadpanchayat/|title=ആതവനാട് ഗ്രാമപഞ്ചായത്ത് (Athavanad Grama Panchayat)|website=lsgkerala.in|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref>

== History ==
In ancient times, the region was under the feudal lords [[Azhvanchery Thamprakkal]]. In [[Malayalam]], "Athavanad" is the abbreviation of "'''A'''zhvanchery '''Tha'''mbrakkal '''Va'''zhunna '''Nadu'''". The [[Zamorin]] of [[History of Kozhikode|Calicut]] also controlled the area.

==Demographics==
{{update after|2022}}
As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Athavanad had a population of 41187, with 19298 males and 21889females.<ref name="censusindia" />

==[[2020 Kerala local body elections|Athavanad Grama Panchayat]] Election 2020==
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party name !! Party symbol !! Number of Ward Members
|-
| 01 || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] ||[[File:UDF logo.png|50px]] || 11
|-
| 02 || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] ||[[File:Left Democratic Front (Kerala) Logo.svg|50px]] || 10
|-
| 03 || Sdpi|| [[File:No flag.svg|75px]] || 01
|-
|}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php|title=Athavanad Grama Panchayat 2020|access-date=2020-12-11|website=lbtrend|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309203519/http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Local Administration 2020 ==
The region is administered by the Athavanad Grama Panchayat. It is composed of 22 wards:<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php
| website = trend.kerala.gov.in
| title = Members of Athavanad Grama Panchayath since 2020 Kerala local body elections.
| access-date = 20 December 2020
| archive-date = 9 March 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210309203519/http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
{| align="left" class="toccolours" style="margin-right: .5em; margin-top: .4em;font-size: 95%; cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" text-align="center" ;
|-
|- bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top"
!Ward
!Name
!Party
!Alliance
!Member
|-po
|1
|[[Puthanathani]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};"|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|Suhra Arikadan
|-
|2
|[[Punnathala]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};"|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|Jasar Karingappara
|-
|3
|Chirakkal
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};"|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|Sinobiya
|-
|4
| Vettichira
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};"|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|KT Rubeena Jasmin
|-
|5
| Kambivalapp
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};"|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|Shahina Basheer Thiruthi
|-
|6
|Karippol
|style="background-color:{{party color|CPIM}};"|[[CPIM|CPIM]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|Ashraf Neyyathoor
|-
|7
|Pattrakallu
|style="background-color:{{party color|CPIM}};"|[[Independent politician|CPIM.]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|Fousiya Shahul Hameed
|-
|8
|Chottoor
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};"|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|Saleena
|-
|9
|Parappuram
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}};"|[[Independent politician|CPIM.]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|Najmath
|-
|10
|Parithi
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}};"|[[Independent politician|CPIM.]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|KP. Pavitran
|-
|11
|Kavungal
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|Hareesh KT
|-
|12
|Kattilangadi
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}};"|[[Independent politician|CPIM.]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|Sreeja Malayath
|-
|13
|Mannekkara
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};"|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|Suneera
|-
|14
| AKK Nagar
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};"|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|Munjakkal Rajeena
|-
|15
|Yatheemkhana Nagar
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};"|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| Shihabudheen Athikkattil
|-
|16
|Kurumbathoor
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}};"|[[Independent politician|CPIM.]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| Munjakkal Musthafa
|-
|17
|Kattamkunnu
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};"|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|Ibrahim
|-
|18
|Koodassery
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};"|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|Nasar Pulikkal
|-
|19
|Karuvanpadi
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}};"|[[Independent politician|CPIM.]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|Shijil MP
|-
|20
|Cheloor
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}};"|[[Independent politician|CPIM.]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|Karingappara Rubeena
|-
|21
|Kuttikalathani
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}};"|[[Independent politician|CPIM.]]
|{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|Kunjahmmed
|-
|22
|Pallippara
|{{Colorsample|Green}}{{Colorsample|Red}}
|SDPI
||[[Social Democratic Party of India|SDPI]]|Zakariya Puthanathani
|}
{{clear}}

==Culture==
Athavanad village is predominantly a Muslim area. Hindus exist in comparatively smaller numbers. People gather in mosques for prayers and remain after prayers to discuss social and cultural issues.

Business and family issues are also sorted out during evening meetings. The Hindu minority of this area keeps their rich traditions by celebrating various festivals in their temples. In Athavanad, Hindu rituals are done with a regular devotion, as in other parts of Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malappuram.net/art-and-culture.htm |title=Malappuram News, Malappuram District Map, Malappuram Muslim, Malappuram Hospitals, Malappuram College, Malappuram Directory |accessdate=2016-07-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401052519/http://malappuram.net/art-and-culture.htm |archivedate=2016-04-01 }}</ref>

==Transport==
Athavanad village connects to other parts of India through the town of [[valanchery]]. National highway No.66 passes through [[valanchery, Malappuram|valanchery]] and the northern stretch connects to [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]]. The southern stretch connects to [[Cochin]] and [[Trivandrum]].

State Highway No.28 starts from Nilambur and connects to [[Ooty]], [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]] through Highways.12,29 and 181. National Highway No.966 connects to [[Palakkad]] and [[Coimbatore]]. The nearest airport is at [[Kozhikode Airport|Kozhikode]]. The nearest major railway station is at [[Tirur]].

==Education==
The village has several educational institutions, from the school level to higher education. Institutions include:
{{Cleanup-list|section|date=November 2024}}
* [[AMUPS poolamangalam]]
* [[AMUPS Punnathala]]
* [[Athavanad Mattummal Higher Secondary School]]
* [[Athavanad Parithi High school]]
* [[Athavanadu]]
* [[Badariyya Arabic college Palathani]]
* [[GMHS Karippol]]
* [[Gups Karipol]]
* [[Hifz college]]
* [[Kattilangadi yatheemkhana higher secondary school ]]
* [[KMCT Law College]]
* [[KMCT Polytechnic College]]
* [[Majmau Da'awa College]]
* [[Majmau Higher secondary school]]
* [[Majmau Lower Primary School]]
* [[Majmau Orphanage]]
* [[Majmau Shareeath College]]
* [[Majmau Thazkiyyathul Islamia Hiflul Quran College]]
* [[Majmau Thazkiyyathul Islamia]]
* [[Markaz Arts And Science College Karthala]]
* [[Markaz Residential School]]
* [[Markazu Tharbiyathul Islam ]]
* [[Markazu Tharbiyathul Islam B-Ed]]
* [[Markazu Tharbiyathul Islam Higher Secondary School]]
* [[Markazu Tharbiyathul Teachers Training Center]]
* [[Mohammed Ali Shihab Thangal Memorial Arts And Science College]]
* [[PMSA ASMI School ]]
* [[PMSA orphanage hospital athavanad kattilangadi]]
* [[PMSA WAFI College ]]
* [[ZMHS Poolamangalam]]

== Ayyappanov waterfalls ==
{{main| Ayyapanov Waterfalls }}
Ayyappanov Waterfalls is an Athavanad waterfall in the Athavanad village of Tirur taluk in Kerala, India. It is 4 kilometers from Puthanathani town and attracts tourists from various parts of Kerala. This is a seasonal waterfall. During Summer, water flow is low
[[File: Ayyappanov_waterfalls_2021.jpg |thumbnail|Ayyappanov waterfalls]]

==See also==
*[[Kuttippuram Block Panchayat]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309203519/http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php |date=9 March 2021 }}

{{Malappuram district}}

[[Category:Villages in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Kottakkal area]]

Indian 50-rupee note

2026-01-24T21:16:04Z

VanessaColls18: updated

{{Short description|Denomination of the Indian rupee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox banknote
| country = India
| denomination = Fifty rupees
| value = {{Indian Rupee}}50 (approx. ${{To USD|50|IND}})
| unit =
| width_mm = 135
| height_mm = 66
| security_features = Security thread, latent image, micro-lettering, intaglio print, fluorescent ink, watermark, and see through registration device.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=39#32 |title=Are there any special features in the banknotes of Mahatma Gandhi series- 1996? |work=Your Guide to Money Matters |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=11 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112123135/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=39 |archive-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref>
| paper_type =
| years_of_printing = August 2017 - present
| obverse = India new 50 INR, MG series, 2018, obverse.jpg
| obverse_design = [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
| obverse_designer = [[Reserve Bank of India]]
| obverse_design_date = 2017
| reverse = India_new_50_INR,_MG_series,_2018,_reverse.jpg
| reverse_design = [[Hampi]] with [[:File:Hampi8.JPG|Chariot]]
| reverse_designer = [[Reserve Bank of India]]
| reverse_design_date = 2017
}}
The '''Indian 50-rupee banknote''' ({{Indian Rupee}}50) is a denomination of the [[Indian rupee]]. The present {{INR}}50 banknote in circulation is a part of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] of banknotes. However, {{INR}}50 banknotes of the previous series ([[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] and [[Lion Capital Series]]) will continue to be legal tender.<ref>{{cite news|title=Yes, RBI will shortly issue new Rs 50 currency note|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/reserve-bank-of-india-new-rs-50-currency-note-mahatma-gandhi-series-urjit-patel-4802853/|agency=Indian Express}}</ref>

The {{INR}}50 banknote denomination was first introduced by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) in 1975 as a part of the [[Lion Capital Series]], which had the [[Ashoka pillar]] on the banknote. It was replaced by a watermark of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in the Mahatma Gandhi Series, in 1996.<ref>[http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/p-rep.html Republic India Issues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118054306/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/p-rep.html |date=18 January 2012 }} Reserve Bank of India.</ref>

== Mahatma Gandhi Ji New Series ==
{{Further|Mahatma Gandhi New Series}}
On 10 November 2016, the Reserve Bank of India announced, a new redesigned {{INR}}50 banknote was to be available as a part of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=41412|title=Reserve Bank of India - Press Releases}}</ref> On 18 August 2017, the Reserve Bank of India introduced a new {{INR}}50 banknote in the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series|Mahatma Gandhi (New) Series]]. However, {{INR}}50 banknotes of the previous series will continue to be legal tender.<ref>{{cite news|title=Yes, RBI will shortly issue new Rs 50 currency note|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/reserve-bank-of-india-new-rs-50-currency-note-mahatma-gandhi-series-urjit-patel-4802853/|agency=Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Design ===
The new version of the note has a depiction of [[Hampi]] with Chariot on the reverse, depicting the country's cultural heritage. The base colour of the note is [[Fluorescent Blue ( As per RBI's official website )]]. The note has other designs, geometric patterns aligning with the overall colour scheme, both at the obverse and reverse.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=41412|title=RBI Introduces 50 banknote in Mahatma Gandhi (New) Series|date=18 August 2017|website=Reserve Bank of India|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref> The dimensions of the banknote are measured at 135 mm × 66 mm.<ref>{{cite news|title=RBI announces new Rs 50 currency note, here's how it looks like.|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/rbi-to-issue-new-rs-50-currency-note/articleshow/60121122.cms|agency=Economic Times}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Lion capital series ===
{{Further|Lion Capital Series}}
{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| image1 = India 50-rupee, 1981, obverse.png
| image2 = India 50-rupee, 1981, reverse.png
| footer = India 50-rupee, 1981
}}
The {{INR}}50 banknote in the Lion capital series was the highest denomination.

==== Design ====
The obverse design included the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka|Lion Capital]]. The reverse design included an image of the [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Old Parliament House]].

=== Mahatma Gandhi Series ===
{{Further|Mahatma Gandhi Series}}
{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| image1 = India 50 INR, MG series, 2011, obverse.jpg
| caption1 = India 50 INR, MG series, 2011, obverse
| image2 = India 50 INR, MG series, 2011, reverse.jpg
| caption2 = India 50 INR, MG series, 2011, reverse
}}

==== Design ====
As of 2012, the new [[Indian rupee sign|{{INR}} sign]] has been incorporated in revised versions of the {{INR}}50 note.<ref>{{cite web|title=Issue of ₹20/- and ₹50/- denomination Bank notes without inset letter and with ₹ symbol|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_ViewCurrencyPressRelease.aspx?Id=26294|publisher=RBI|access-date=12 April 2012}}</ref> In January 2014 RBI announced that it would be withdrawing from circulation all banknotes printed prior to 2005 by 31 March 2014. The deadline was later extended to 1 January 2015, then to 30 June 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=107510 | title=Withdrawal of Currencies Issued Prior to 2005 | publisher=Press Information Bureau | date=25 July 2014 | access-date=25 July 2014}}</ref>

==== Security features ====

The security features of the {{INR}}50 banknote includes:<ref>[https://paisaboltahai.rbi.org.in/50.aspx RBI - {{INR}}50 security features]</ref>

*A windowed [[security thread]] that reads 'भारत' (''Bharat in the [[Devanagari]] script'') and 'RBI' alternately.
*[[Latent image]] of the value of the banknote on the vertical band next to the right hand side of Mahatma Gandhi's portrait.
*[[Watermark]] of Gandhi that is a mirror image of the main portrait.
*The number panel of the banknote is printed in embedded [[fluorescent]] fibers and optically variable ink.
*Since 2005 additional security features like machine-readable security thread, electrotype watermark, and year of print appears on the bank note.

== Languages ==

Like the other Indian rupee banknotes, the {{INR}}50 banknote has its amount written in 17 languages. On the obverse, the denomination is written in [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]]. On the reverse is a language panel which displays the denomination of the note in 15 of the 22 [[List of official languages of India|official languages of India]]. The languages are displayed in alphabetical order. Languages included on the panel are [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
! colspan="2" |Denominations in [[Languages with official status in India|central level official languages]] (At below either ends)
|-
!Language
! {{INR}}50
|-
|[[English language|English]] || Fifty rupees
|-
|[[Hindi]] || {{lang|hi|पचास रुपये}}
|-
! colspan="12" |Denominations in 15 [[Languages with official status in India#Schedule|state level/other official languages]] (As seen on the language panel)
|-
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || {{lang|as|পঞ্চাশ টকা}}
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || {{lang|bn|পঞ্চাশ টাকা}}
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || {{lang|gu|પચાસ રૂપિયા}}
|-
| [[Kannada]] || {{lang|kn|ಐವತ್ತು ರುಪಾಯಿಗಳು}}
|-
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] || {{lang|ks|پَنٛژاہ رۄپیہِ}}
|-
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]] || {{lang|kok|पन्नास रुपया}}
|-
| [[Malayalam]] || {{lang|ml|അൻപതു രൂപ}}
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|पन्नास रुपये}}
|-
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]] || {{lang|ne|पचास रुपियाँ}}
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]] || {{lang|or|ପଚାଶ ଟଙ୍କା}}
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || {{lang|pa|ਪੰਜਾਹ ਰੁਪਏ}}
|-
| [[Sanskrit]] || {{lang|sa|पञ्चाशत् रूप्यकाणि}}
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || {{lang|ta|ஐம்பது ரூபாய்}}
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || {{lang|te|యాభై రూపాయలు}}
|-
| [[Urdu language|Urdu]] || {{lang|ur|پچاس روپیے}}
|}

== References ==
{{Portal|India|Money|Numismatics}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian currency}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Banknotes of India]]
[[Category:Rupee]]
[[Category:Fifty-base-unit banknotes]]

Minaketan Das

2026-01-21T10:19:58Z

VanessaColls18:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{infobox person
| image = Minaketan Das.jpg
|birth_date = {{birth date|1961|9|7}}
|birth_place = [[India]]
|occupation = Actor
|death_date = {{death date and age|2017|6|30|1961|9|7}}
|death_place = Balianta (6 km east of [[Bhubaneswar]])
}}
'''Minaketan Das''' (7 September 1961<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/tarangcineproductions/photos/a.1416688385243304.1073741830.1416643981914411/1757367454508727/?type=3&theater Tarang Cine Productions]</ref> – 30 June 2017) was an [[Indian actor]], [[Comedian]], and [[Villain]] active in the [[cinema of Odisha]].

==Career==
He made his debut in [[cinema of Odisha|Odia cinema]] with the Odia - language film ''Sindura Nuhein Khela Ghara'' in 2002.

==Death==
He died on 30 June 2017 of pancreatic cancer at his home in Balianta, [[Bhubaneswar]], aged 56.<ref>{{cite news|title=Odisha CM condoles death of actor Minaketan|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2017/07/01/odisha-cm-condoles-death-of-actor-minaketan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701104058/http://odishasuntimes.com/2017/07/01/odisha-cm-condoles-death-of-actor-minaketan/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=July 1, 2017|accessdate=2 July 2017|work=Odisha Sun Times|date=1 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Popular Odia actor Minaketan Das passes away at 56 due to pancreatic cancer|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/popular-odia-actor-minaketan-das-passes-away-at-56-due-to-pancreatic-cancer-3764331.html|accessdate=2 July 2017|work=First Post|date=1 July 2017}}</ref>
==Filmography==
He appeared in supporting roles in Odia films.
==Selected filmography==
*''Jiye Jaha Kahu Mora Dho'' (2015)
*''[[My Love Story (2013 film)|My Love Story]]'' (2013)
*''[[Deewana Deewani]]'' (2013)
*''[[Idiot: I Do Ishq Only Tumse]]'' (2012)
*''[[Balunga Toka]]'' (2011)
*''Sindura Nuhein Khela Ghara'' (2002)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons cat}}
*{{IMDb name|nm3451090}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Minaketan}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Odia cinema]]
[[Category:Deaths from pancreatic cancer in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

C. Uday Bhaskar

2026-01-08T12:01:13Z

VanessaColls18:

{{Short description|Indian military officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Family name hatnote|Chitrapu|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = C. Uday Bhaskar
| birth_name = Chitrapu Uday Bhaskar
| image = C. Uday Bhaskar (6419252005).jpg
| caption = Bhaskar in 2011
| spouse = [[Ira Bhaskar]]
| children = 2; including [[Swara Bhaskar]]
| rank = [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]]
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|03|02|df=yes}}
| alma_mater = [[Sainik School, Korukonda]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| serviceyears = 1970–2007
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| otherwork = Security and strategic affairs analyst
}}

'''Chitrapu Uday Bhaskar''' is a retired military officer who served in the [[Indian Navy]]. He is a critic of security and strategic affairs.<ref name="mari">{{cite web |url= http://maritimeindia.org/member/cuday-bhaskar |title= C.Uday Bhaskar - Designation: Senior Fellow |quote= Commodore (retd) C Uday Bhaskar, former Film Director IDSA, New Delhi retired from the Indian Navy in early 2006 after 37 years service. |publisher= maritimeindia.org |access-date= 19 April 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120305211437/http://maritimeindia.org/member/cuday-bhaskar |archive-date= 5 March 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="ipcs">{{cite web |url=http://www.ipcs.org/staff_details.php?member_id=42 |title= Cmdr. Uday Bhaskar - Former Deputy Director, IDSA |quote= He is one of India's leading experts on strategic affairs. He regularly writes columns for some of the country's leading English publications such as The Indian Express. |publisher= ipcs.org |access-date= 19 April 2012 }}</ref><ref name="fair">{{cite web |url= http://www.fairobserver.com/users/c-uday-bhaskar |title= C. Uday Bhaskar - New Delhi, India |quote= Commodore C Uday Bhaskar, is currently Senior Fellow at the National Maritime Foundation, New Delhi, where he served as Director from 2009 - 2011. |publisher= fairobserver.com |access-date= 19 April 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120330205420/http://www.fairobserver.com/users/c-uday-bhaskar |archive-date= 30 March 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="brus">{{cite web |url= http://brussels.gmfus.org/archives/2011-2/speaker-biographies-2011/ |title= Brussels Forum - Speaker's Biographies 2011 - C. Uday Bhaskar, Director, National Maritime Foundation, India |quote= Commodore C. Uday Bhaskar is currently the director of the National Maritime Foundation, New Delhi. He retired from the Indian Navy in 2007 after 37 years of service. He is concurrently a contributing editor to South Asia Monitor and a Reuters columnist. |publisher= brussels.gmfus.org |access-date= 19 April 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120509041614/http://brussels.gmfus.org/archives/2011-2/speaker-biographies-2011/ |archive-date= 9 May 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

He is currently serving as the Director of the Society for Policy Studies (SPS), an independent think-tank based in New Delhi, India. He is a [[columnist]], editor, and contributor of numerous [[Academic publishing|research-articles]] on nuclear and international security issues to reputed journals in India and abroad. He is also a life member of the [[United Service Institution]] (USI) of India.<ref name="mari" /><ref name="fair" /> His daughter, [[Swara Bhasker]] is a [[Hindi]] film actress.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|date=23 August 2020|title=Swara Bhasker on being an outsider in Bollywood: There is a certain credibility that comes with it|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/swara-bhasker-on-being-an-outsider-in-bollywood-there-is-a-certain-credibility-that-comes-with-it-1714202-2020-08-23|access-date=2020-09-14|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Chitrapu Uday Bhaskar was born on 2 March 1951.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 March 2021|title=Inside pictures from Swara Bhasker's father's birthday party|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/delhi/inside-pictures-from-swara-bhaskers-fathers-birthday-party/articleshow/81339812.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-14|website=[[Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313030123/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/delhi/inside-pictures-from-swara-bhaskers-fathers-birthday-party/articleshow/81339812.cms |archive-date=13 March 2021 }}</ref> He hails from [[Godavari River|Godavari belt]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2013-06-18|title='Films are forever'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/films-are-forever/article4826634.ece|access-date=2020-09-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is alumnus of [[Sainik School, Korukonda]].

Uday Bhaskar married [[Ira Bhaskar]], a former professor of Cinema studies at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]], [[Delhi]] and author of ''Islamicate Cultures of Bombay Cinema''. The couple has two children, a daughter and son. Their daughter [[Swara Bhaskar]], is Bollywood actress, and son Ishan Bhaskar is a film director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-09 |title=Commodore C Uday Bhaskar, Director of the Society for Policy Studies (SPS) - TBCY |url=https://tbcy.in/brand/commodore-c-uday-bhaskar-director-of-the-society-for-policy-studies-sps/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Swara's cool daddy fields questions from millennials |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/swaras-cool-daddy-fields-questions-from-millennials-741226.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Swara Bhaskar Birthday: पिता पूर्व सैनिक तो मां जेएनयू में हैं प्रोफेसर, कुछ ऐसा है स्वरा भास्कर का परिवार |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/swara-bhaskar-birthday-who-is-swara-bhaskar-father-c-uday-bhaskar-and-mother-ira-bhaskar-know-swara-bhaskar-family-details-here |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

==Career==
He served in [[Indian Navy]] till 2007 for 37 years. He was associated with [[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]] (IDSA) from 1990, served as Deputy director from 1996 to 2004, and as an Officiating director of IDSA from 2004 to 2005. Later, was appointed as secretary to the [[Government of India]]'s task force on ''Global Strategic Developments''. He retired in 2007.<ref name="mari"/><ref name="ipcs"/><ref name="fair"/><ref name="brus"/><ref name="idsa">{{cite web |url= http://www.idsa.in/taxonomy/term/226|title= C Uday Bhaskar|quote= Commodore C. Uday Bhaskar is former officiating Director of Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi.|publisher= idsa.in |access-date= 18 April 2012 }}</ref>

He worked as an editor of ''Maritime affairs'' and ''Strategic analysis'' - currently, serving on the editorial board of ''Contemporary Security Policy''. He edited books on nuclear, maritime, and international security related issues; and contributed over sixty research-articles to reputed journals, both in India and abroad—US Naval Institute Proceedings, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, and the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists - and in books published by the [[Naval War College|US Naval War College]] and Royal Navy Defence studies.<ref name="mari"/><ref name="eindia">{{cite book |last= Sisodia |first= N.S |author2=Chitrapu Uday Bhaskar |title= Emerging India: Security and Foreign Policy Perspectives|publisher= Bibliophile South Asia |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ykZKWATQgcoC&q=C.+Uday+Bhaskar&pg=PA379|year= 2005|page=379 |isbn=978-81-86019-51-1}}</ref>

Currently, he is a life member of United Services Institute (USI), a member of advisory panel of the [[India Habitat Centre]] in [[New Delhi]], chairman of the Middle East Institute in New Delhi, director of National Maritime Foundation, and a frequent (guest) lecturer at the Indian National Defence College, including other military colleges.<ref name="mari"/><ref name="fair"/><ref name="brus"/>

This strategic analyst regularly writes columns for some of the country's leading English publications such as [[The Indian Express]], [[Reuters]], [[Dainik Jagran]], [[The Economic Times]], and several alike.<ref name="mari"/><ref name="ipcs"/><ref name="fair"/><ref name="brus"/><ref>
{{cite web |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/columnist/cudaybhaskar/ |title= C. Uday Bhaskar- The Indian Express Group|quote= IE - Columnist - Cudaybhaskar |publisher= indianexpress.com |access-date= 19 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Works==
===Books===
* ''United Nations: Multilateralism and International security''.
* ''Emerging India: Security and Foreign policy perspectives''.<ref name="eindia"/><ref>{{cite book |last= C. |first= Uday Bhaskar |title= United Nations: Multilateralism and International Security Asian strategic review |publisher= Shipra Publications|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tzxPAAAACAAJ&q=C.+Uday+Bhaskar|year= 2005 |isbn=978-81-7541-224-8}}</ref>

===Articles===
* ''Manmohan Singh's Seoul Visit- Strategic Implications''.
* ''ZARDARI VISIT TO AJMER: SIGNIFICANCE OF DELHI DETOUR''.
* ''London Attacks: Abiding Pattern of Global Terrorism''.
* ''Pak Support to Terrorism: Yasin Malik Revelation''.
* ''Bangladesh Blasts: Wake up call''.
* ''Resolution of North Korean Imbroglio''.
* ''Vote at IAEA Not Anti-Iranian But Pro-India''.
* ''Dhaka SAARC Summit: Political Compulsions Blunt Economic Progress''.
* ''34th Anniversary of Bangladesh Liberation - Cause for Concern''.
* ''Intel Inside: Securing IT Cities''.
* ''China's GDP & Asian strategic matrix''.
* ''Maldives Crisis Tests India's Regional Profile''.
* ''India in 2012: Strategic and Security Challenges Beckon''
* ''Pre-Halloween Terror Attacks in Kabul: Ominous for Obama''.
* ''China's Recall Of 1911: Implications for India''.
* ''Southern Asia's nuclear myths revisited post bin Laden''.
* ''First India-China Nuclear Dialogue : Huge Misperceptions''.
* ''Direct action day the core of PAK malignancy''.
* ''How the U.S. could have saved 225,000 lives and $4 trillion''.
* ''Non-use of nuclear weapons''.
* ''PM’s Africa visit: Need for sincere review''.
* ''The CDS that should be''.
<ref name="mari"/><ref name="fair"/><ref name="idsa"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://maritimeindia.org/ |title= Expert's View |quote= ZARDARI VISIT TO AJMER: SIGNIFICANCE OF DELHI DETOUR - Manmohan Singh's Seoul Visit- Strategic Implications |publisher= maritimeindia.org |access-date= 19 April 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160125010338/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-10/news/29642933_1_mf-husain-progressive-artists-group-ns-bendre MF Husain: Charismatic and controversial colossus]
* [http://www.rediff.com/chat/udaychat.htm 'India's relevance has increased significantly in the US perception']
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/19990222092956/http://www.idsa-india.org/an-mar-3.html Maritime Security and the Aircraft Carrier - Cmde. C. Uday Bhaskar, Deputy Director, IDSA]}}
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/column/yearend-2011-india-in-2012-strategic-and-security-challenges-beckon/20120103.htm India in 2012: Strategic and security challenges beckon]
* [http://kumar-theloneranger.blogspot.in/2011/06/indian-special-forces-capabilities-and.html Indian Special Forces - Capabilities and Shortcomings - Does India have the ability to launch operations similar to Operation Neptune’s Spear? What are the requirements for undertaking such missions?]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cae3qTvDZ-Q Analysing security failure of India-C Uday Bhaskar-3]—on [[YouTube]]
* [https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/india-tests-nuke-capable-missile-hit-china-16169270 Home> International India Tests Nuke-Capable Missile Able to Hit China]
* [https://archive.today/20130103095810/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-03/edit-page/27963357_1_indian-navy-joint-exercises-foreign-policy LEADER ARTICLE: Don't Muddy The Waters]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article520486.ece The over 370-page tome "Anjolie Ela Menon: Through the Patina," by noted art critic Isana Murty, the pen name for defence analyst C. Uday Bhaskar]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaskar, C. Uday}}
[[Category:Sainik School alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses]]
[[Category:Indian Navy officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian military writers]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1951 births]]

National Institute of Mountaineering and Adventure Sports

2025-12-26T13:51:08Z

VanessaColls18: new a pg basic info

{{short description|Government institute in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox institute
| name = National Institute of Mountaineering and Adventure Sports
| image = NIMAS logo.png
| image_size = 197
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| parent = [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]
| established = {{start date and age|df=y|2013|5|30}}
| mission =
| focus = Adventure sports
| president = [[Defence Minister of India]], ([[Rajnath Singh]])
| head_label = Director
| head = [[Ranveer Jamwal]]
| key_people = [[Chief Minister of Assam]] (vice president) Satyajit Mohanty (secretary)
| budget =
| endowment =
| num_members =
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| slogan =
| former_name =
| address =
| location = [[Dirang]]
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates =
| website = {{URL|nimasdirang.com}}
}}
'''National Institute of Mountaineering and Adventure Sports''' ('''NIMAS''') is an [[Adventure sports|adventure]] training institute located in [[Dirang]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India. Established in 2013, under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], [[Government of India]], NIMAS is the first institution in the country that offers land, air, and water-based adventure training. It provides certified courses in [[mountaineering]], [[mountain biking]], [[scuba diving]], [[whitewater rafting]], [[paragliding]], and [[paramotoring]].<ref name="pib" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Mt Baisakhi trip begins |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/mt-baisakhi-trip-begins/cid/1666640 |publisher=[[Telegraph India]] |date=September 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh seeks to become adventure tourism hotspot |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/destination-of-the-week/arunachal-seeks-to-become-adventure-tourism-hotspot-4401451/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=November 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Expedition to Mount Everest approved |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/expedition-to-mount-everest-approved/693647/ |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]] |date=May 31, 2017}}</ref>

== History ==
The institute was established on 30 May 2013.<ref name=pib>{{cite news |title=Setting up of National Institute of Mountaineering & Allied Sports at Dirang in Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=76836 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=October 25, 2011}}</ref> Col Sarfraz Singh of 6 PARA SF was the first director of NIMAS.

== Courses ==
The institute offers variety of mountaineering, aero and water related courses.<ref>{{cite news |title=NIMAS starts first mountaineering course |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/nimas-starts-first-mountaineering-course-113090300758_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=September 3, 2013}}</ref>
* Basic Mountaineering Course
* Advance Mountaineering Course
* Method of Instruction Course
* Search & Rescue Course
* Basic MTB course
* Advance MTB Course
* Mountain Guide Course
* Special Land Adventure Courses
* Special Aqua Adventure Courses
* Basic & Intermediate White Water Rafting Course
* Basic & Advance Para Gliding Course
* Basic & Intermediate Para Motor Course
* Mountaineering Expedition course
* Rafting Expedition course

== See also ==
* [[Mountaineering in India]]
* [[Indian Mountaineering Foundation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://nimasdirang.com/ Official website]

{{coord|27.370|92.231|display=title}}

[[Category:Mountaineering in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2011]]
[[Category:Education in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{India-sport-stub}}

Mappedu Singeeswarar Temple

2025-12-06T02:09:53Z

VanessaColls18: new some place needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Mappedu Singeeswarar Temple
| image = Singeeswarar Temple Kopuram.jpg
| caption = Singeeswarar Temple, Mappedu, [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| map_type = Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Singeeswarar Temple, Mappedu, [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0303|N|79.8584|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
| location = Mappedu
| elevation_m = 84.18
| deity = [[Shiva|Singeeswarar]]
| festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]], Brahmotsav
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity = One
| inscriptions = found
| year_completed = 976 A. D.
| creator = [[Aditha Karikalan|Aditya Karikal Chollha II]]
}}

'''Singeeswarar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple|Shiva temple]] which is maintained under the control of [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arulmigu Singeeswarar Temple, Mappedu - 631402, Tiruvallur District [TM001589]., Singeeswarar |url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=1589 |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}</ref>

== Location ==
This temple is located with the [[Geographic coordinate system|coordinates]] of ({{coord|13.0303|N|79.8584|E}}) at Mappedu in [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in India.<ref>{{Cite book |author=S. PRAKASH |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exo5EAAAQBAJ&q=Mappedu%2520Singeeswarar%2520Temple&pg=PT402 |title=Unlock Purva Punya and Paap from the Stories of 27 Nakshatras: Curses through Medical Astrology |date=20 July 2021 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-63957-558-9 |language=en}}</ref>

From Poonamallee, about 20 km on the Chennai Poontamalli - Perambakkam highway, this temple is situated and considered to be a special temple with Anjaneya in the state of subtle, playing Veena.<ref>{{Cite web |author=சக்தி விகடன் டீம் |date=10 January 2023 |title=ஆஞ்சநேயர் சூட்சும வடிவில் வீணை இசைக்கும் சிவாலயம்! |url=https://www.vikatan.com/spiritual/temples/mappedu-lord-singeeswarar-temple-story |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref>

{{Location map many | India Tamil Nadu
| width = 200
| float = middle
| label1 = Mappedu Singeeswarar Temple
| pos1 = left
| bg1 = pink
| label1_width = 8
| mark1size = 6
| coordinates1 = {{coord|13.0303|N|79.8584|E}}
}}

== Creation ==
This temple was built by [[Aditha Karikalan|Aditya Karikal Chollha II]] (elder brother of [[Rajaraja I|Rajaraja Chollha]]) in the year 976 A. D.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit Temples : Best Website for Visiting Temples in India |url=https://www.visittemples.com/hindu/arulmigusingeeswarartemplemappedutiruvallurdistricttamilnadu |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=www.visittemples.com}}</ref>

During the reign of King Tirumala Nayaka, Kalathiappa Mudaliyar was his officer. Ariyanatha Mudaliar, son of Kalathiappa Mudaliar, served as the minister of King Tirumala Nayaka. Later he served as the chief officer viz., 'Thalavai' of King Krishnappa Nayaka II. He was born in Mappedu also called as 'Meippedu'. Therefore, he executed the restoration work of erecting the Main tower (Raja Gopuram) of this temple located in his birthplace Mappedu and also renovated the shrine of Veerabaaleeswarar in this temple.<ref>{{Cite web |author=மாலை மலர் |date=2 March 2018 |title=மூல நட்சத்திரக்காரர்கள் குறை நீக்கும் மப்பேடு சிங்கீஸ்வரர் திருக்கோவில் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/temples/2018/03/02080636/1148469/singeeswarar-temple-mappedu.vpf |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Mythical importance ==
# In Mythology, [[Vishnu]] appeared in the form of 'Mohini' (special avatar) to share the nectar obtained by the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] from the sea named [[Kshira Sagara|Thiruppaarkadal]] and recognized the two [[Asura]]s who were with them and killed the Asuras. Incarnated as Mohini, he worshiped [[Shiva]] at Meippedu (now Mappedu) area of this temple location to regain his true form. That is why this place was known as 'Meippedu' (Mei in Tamil - truth; pedu in Tamil - form) and later as 'Mappedu'.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ganesh |date=17 August 2019 |title=Sri Singeeswarar Temple- Mappedu |url=https://www.indiatempletour.com/sri-singeeswarar-temple-mappedu/ |access-date=28 September 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>
# During the period of [[Ramayana]], [[Hanuman]] came to this place, in search of lost [[Sita]], without knowing her hidden place, he played the [[Amritvarshini (raga)|Amritvarshini]] on the veena in this temple area. Hearing the melody, Shiva in the form of Singeeswarar appeared in front of him and directed him to go to Sri Lanka for searching Sita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=மப்பேடு சிங்கீஸ்வரர் கோவில் |url=https://www.alayathuligal.com/blog/mk72fnscchf7f563p4jamlk46sp42h |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=௳ (முகப்பு) |language=en-US}}</ref>
# When Shiva was performing [[Tandava|Ananda Tandava]] at [[Thiruvalangadu]], one of his [[Pancha Sabhai|pancha sabha sthalams]], Nandi Devar named Singhi played [[Mridangam]] there. Because Nandi devar sat blindfolded due to his preoccupation with the mridangam, he was unable to experience the blissful dance of Shiva. Therefore, Nandi devar explained his condition to Shiva and requested Him to see Shiva's dance again. Shiva again performed Ananda Tandava for him at the temple area, presently Mappedu called Meippedu earlier and blessed him. Shiva is called Singeeswarar because He blessed Nandi named Singhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Singeeswarar temple |url=https://templefolks.com/temple-pedia/sri-singeeswarar-temple |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=Templefolks |language=EN}}</ref>

== Importance of Tamil ==
Shiva gifted tha Tamil alphabet 'nga' to sage [[Agastya]]. Later Agastya, in this temple, shared this knowledge with sage Sudha Budha who introduced the alphabet to the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.bhaktikalpa.com/special_temple_details.aspx?id=4827 |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=www.bhaktikalpa.com}}</ref>

== Sub deities ==
Aadhikesava Perumal with His consorts goddess Sridevi and goddess Boodevi, Veerabaaleeswarar, [[Durga]], Chandikeswarar, Asthaana Vinayaka, Subramanian with His consorts Valli and Devasena, Veena Anjaneya, Sun and Kaala Bhairava are the sub deities in this temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singeeswarar Temple : Singeeswarar Temple Details |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1390 |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=temple.dinamalar.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Tiruvallur district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tiruvallur district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu by district]]

Ameira Punvani

2025-11-23T12:20:09Z

VanessaColls18: New new stub

{{Short description|Indian costume designer and celebrity stylist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup|reason=REFBOMB|date=March 2025}}
{{Notability|bio|date=March 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ameira Punvani
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| education = [[Lady Shri Ram College for Women]]
| occupation = [[Costume designer]] and [[Wardrobe stylist|celebrity stylist]]
| years_active = 2004–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Shiv Panditt]]|2018}}
}}

'''Ameira Punvani''' is an Indian [[costume designer]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fashionfad.in/designer-biography/ameira-punvani |title=Designer Biography - Ameira Punvani |publisher=fashionfad.in |date=19 May 2014 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/573505/always-style.html |title=Always in style |publisher=www.deccanherald.com |date=2 October 2016 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20100315-keep-it-real-742207-2010-03-04 |title=Keep it real |publisher=www.indiatoday.in |date=15 March 2010 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/fashion-tips-from-bollywood-stylists/story-07CSxSX3yZmaYUCFSaBvyM.html |title=Fashion tips from Bollywood stylists |publisher=www.hindustantimes.com |date=11 February 2013 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/2009/mar/29offramp4-lakme-fashion-week.htm |title=Off the ramp fashion |work=www.rediff.com |date=29 March 2009 |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> and [[wardrobe stylist|celebrity stylist]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/fashion/style-tips/367609/celebrity-stylist-ameira-punvani-gives-us-10-simple-tips-make-your-clothes |title=Celebrity stylist Ameira Punvani gives us 10 simple tips to make your clothes look expensive! |publisher=www.pinkvilla.com |date=2 December 2016 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.missmalini.com/2017/07/19/tisca-chopra-pulls-of-stripes-in-the-most-fashionable-way |title=Tisca Chopra Pulls Of Stripes In The Most Fashionable Way |publisher=www.missmalini.com |date=19 July 2017 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-wear-it-like-royalty-1804125 |title=Wear it like royalty |publisher=www.dnaindia.com |date=25 February 2013 |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> who works in [[Hindi cinema]] (Bollywood).

== Career ==
Punvani graduated from [[Lady Shri Ram College|Lady Shri Ram College for Women]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Garima |date=2010-12-18 |title=Ayesha and Ameira's sister act |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ayesha-and-ameiras-sister-act/articleshow/7116639.cms |access-date=2024-10-07 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She started her film career with Let's Enjoy in 2004. She got her big banner break with [[Yash Raj Films]]' [[Bunty Aur Babli]] in 2005 & [[Badmaash Company]] in 2010. She got noticed for her work in the [[Historical period drama|period]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film [[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]] in 2007 directed by [[Mani Ratnam]], for which she was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design]] and in the [[Crime film|crime]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film [[Rustom (film)|Rustom]] in 2016 directed by [[Tinu Suresh Desai]], for which she was nominated for the [[Stardust Awards|Stardust Award]] for Best Costume Design. She was further lauded for her work in the [[Crime film|crime]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film(s) [[David (2013 Hindi film)|David]] in 2013 directed by [[Bejoy Nambiar]], by a [[blog]] - 'The Lazy Critic' which gave her the TLC award for 'Best Costume'.

== Personal life ==
Punvani is friends with [[film director]] [[Zoya Akhtar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/photos/ranveer-singh-with-deepika-padukone-katrina-kaif-at-zoya-akhtars-party/34404/234641 |title=Ranveer Singh with Deepika Padukone, Katrina Kaif at Zoya Akhtar's party |publisher=www.mid-day.com |date=28 December 2018 |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> & [[Actor|actress]] [[Anushka Sharma]], the latter whom she met on the sets of the [[Yash Raj Films|Yash Raj Film]], [[Badmaash Company]] in 2010. The two have maintained their friendship since, with Punvani being one of the few select guests<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/editors-pick/did-you-know-shiv-pandits-wife-designer-ameira-punvani-was-present-at-anushka-sharma-virat-kohlis-italy-wedding |title=Did you know Shiv Panditt's wife designer Ameira Punvani was present at Anushka Sharma-Virat Kohli's Italy wedding? |publisher=www.bollywoodlife.com |date=10 May 2018 |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> invited to attend the actor's wedding<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/discussion/exclusive-ameria-punvani-virushka-wedding-italy-i-have-never-experienced-such-sanctity-and-such-love |title=EXCLUSIVE: Ameira Punvani on Virushka wedding in Italy: "I have never experienced such sanctity and such love" |publisher=www.pinkvilla.com |date=15 March 2018 |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> to [[cricket]]er [[Virat Kohli]] in [[Tuscany]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/virushka-wedding/story/virat-kohli-anushka-sharma-wedding-venue-photos-1144479-2017-12-10 |title=Virat and Anushka Italian wedding in Tuscany: Everything about the destination venue, see pics |publisher=www.indiatoday.in |date=10 December 2017 |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> [[Italy]] in 2017. The two are often seen being affectionate towards each other on social media.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/photos/anushka-sharma-hugs-close-friend-ameira-candid-photo-424602 |title=Anushka Sharma hugs close friend Ameira in this candid photo |publisher=www.pinkvilla.com |date=1 September 2018 |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stardust.co.in/article/latest-buzz/candid-when-anushka-sharma-hugged-her-bhai-ameira/14440 |title=CANDID! When Anushka Sharma hugged her BHAI Ameira! |publisher=www.stardust.co.in |date=31 August 2018 |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> Punvani was a guest<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bfa.com/home/photo/948910?people=ameira-punvani |title=ASMALLWORLD WINTER WEEKEND IN GSTAAD HOSTED BY PATRICK LIOTARD-VOGT AND SABINE HELLER |publisher=bfa.com |date=13-14 December 2013 |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> at [[ASmallWorld|ASmallWorld / ASW]]'s winter weekend gala<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.grazia.co.in/lifestyle/what-happens-when-kangana-ranaut-daft-punk-freida-pinto-and-arizona-muse-spend-a-weekend-together-1092.html |title=What Happens When Kangana Ranaut, Daft Punk, Freida Pinto and Arizona Muse Spend A Weekend Together |publisher=www.grazia.co.in |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> held in [[Gstaad]], [[Switzerland]] in 2013, along with [[Actor|actress]] [[Kangana Ranaut]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepurplewindow.com/home/2013/12/17/asmallworld-hosts-winter-weekend-in-gstaad.html |title=ASMALLWORLD Hosts Winter Weekend In Gstaad |publisher=www.thepurplewindow.com |date=17 December 2013 |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> from [[India]]. She married<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/congratulations-fir-actor-shiv-pandit-and-girlfriend-designer-ameira-punvani-are-married-now |title=Congratulations! FIR actor Shiv Panditt and girlfriend-designer Ameira Punvani are married now |publisher=www.bollywoodlife.com |date=10 May 2018 |access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> her longtime boyfriend, [[actor]] [[Shiv Panditt]] in a private ceremony in New Delhi on 18 April 2018. The news of her wedding was shared by her close friends, [[Zoya Akhtar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shaitan-actor-shiv-pandit-marries-designer-ameira-punvani-in-a-private-ceremony-1230925-2018-05-10 |title=Shaitan actor Shiv Panditt marries designer Ameira Punvani in a private ceremony |publisher=www.indiatoday.in |date=10 May 2018 |access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> & [[Anushka Sharma]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/wedding-season-continues-anushka-sharma-shares-marriage-picture-shaitaan-actor-shiv-pandit-ameira-punvani/ |title=WEDDING SEASON continues: Anushka Sharma shares marriage picture of Shaitaan actor Shiv Panditt and Ameira Punvani |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=11 May 2018 |access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Feature films ===
* ''Let's Enjoy'' (2004) - Directed by Siddharth Anand Kumar & Ankur Tewari - Styled the costumes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.verveonline.com/49/people/vervedebutfull.shtml |title=The Bright Brigade |publisher=www.verveonline.com |date=5 May 2007 |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> for [[Aashish Chaudhary]], Arzoo Govitrikar, [[Roshni Chopra]], Vinod Sharawat & [[Shiv Panditt]]
* ''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]'' (2005) - Directed by [[Shaad Ali]] - (Associate [[Costume designer|Costume Designer]]) - Styled the costumes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ayesha-and-Ameiras-sister-act/articleshow/7116639.cms |title=Ayesha and Ameira's sister act |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=18 December 2010 |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> for [[Prem Chopra]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Puneet Issar]], [[Kiran Juneja]], [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], [[Ravi Baswani]], [[Virendra Saxena]], [[Yunus Parvez]], [[Tania Zaetta]], [[Rajesh Vivek]], [[Ranjeet]], [[Lilliput (actor)|Lilliput]], [[Talluri Rameshwari|Rameshwari]], [[Antara Biswas]] & [[Shaad Ali]]
* ''[[Zinda (film)|Zinda]]''> (2006) - Directed by [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]] - Styled the costumes for [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Celina Jaitly]], [[Rajendranath Zutshi|Raj Zutshi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-celluloid-style-1011351 |title=Celluloid style |publisher=www.dnaindia.com |date=5 February 2006 |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> & [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
* ''[[Banaras (2006 film)|Banras]]'' (2006) - Directed by [[Pankaj Parashar]] - Styled the costumes for [[Urmila Matondkar]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Ashmit Patel]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Akash Khurana]] & [[Arif Zakaria]]
* ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' (2007) - Directed by [[Mani Ratnam]] - Styled the costumes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/suitable-attire-for-stars/story-4nXESYqNeDX6EqFOpn7Z5N.html |title=Suitable attire for stars |publisher=www.hindustantimes.com |date=25 January 2007 |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dressing-guru-1074699 |title=Dressing 'Guru' |publisher=www.dnaindia.com |date=16 January 2007 |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/lucknow-times/I-am-a-perfectionist/articleshow/1552674.cms |title='I am a perfectionist' |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=1 February 2007 |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://prezi.com/t8qt0zqnsyow/fashion-orientation |title=FASHION ORIENTATION |publisher=prezi.com |date=19 September 2016 |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> for [[Abhishek Bachchan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20070205-ameira-punvani-designs-for-abhi-ash-in-guru-748978-2007-02-05 |title=Ameira Punvani dresses up Abhishek Bachchan, Aishwarya in Mani Ratnam's Guru |publisher=www.indiatoday.in |date=5 February 2007 |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nation.lk/2007/01/28/enter2.htm |title=A suit for Bachchan - How a young designer got to dress up Guru and its power couple in period finery |publisher=www.nation.lk |date=2007 |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> [[Aishwarya Rai|Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/fashion/interview/366410/celebrity-stylist-ameira-punvani-when-aishwarya-sewed-her-own-saree-fall |title=Celebrity stylist, Ameira Punvani on when Aishwarya sewed on her own saree fall, style tips and more! |publisher=www.indiatoday.in |date=17 November 2016 |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.fashion101.in/news/FAS-CELF-CSF-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-dramatic-looks-5302689.html |title=Aishwarya Rai's Movie Looks That Inspired Generations of Fans |publisher=english.fashion101.in |date=18 April 2016 |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> [[Mallika Sherawat]] - Song : ''[[Mayya (song)|Mayya]]''), [[Arjan Bajwa]], [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] & [[Roshan Seth]]
* ''[[Shortkut|Shortkut: The Con is On]]'' (2009) - Directed by [[Neeraj Vora]] - Styled the costumes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/shortkut-the-con-is-on-10591/cast-crew |title=SHORTKUT - THE CON IS ON: CAST & CREW |publisher=www.cinestaan.com |date=2009 |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> for [[Akshaye Khanna]], [[Amrita Rao]], [[Chunky Pandey]] & [[Tiku Talsania]]
* ''[[Teen Patti (film)|Teen Patti]]'' (2010) - Directed by [[Leena Yadav]] - Styled the costumes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/gambling-with-designs/73222 |title=Gambling with designs |publisher=www.mid-day.com |date=23 February 2010 |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> for [[Amitabh Bachchan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/big-b-wears-watch-from-chor-bazaar-in-teen-patti/story-s32KKzL6Fdo1mV8dplPpBL.html |title=Big B wears watch from Chor Bazaar in Teen Patti |publisher=www.hindustantimes.com |date=15 February 2010 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Finding-perfect-glasses-for-Amitabh/articleshow/5658746.cms |title=Finding perfect glasses for Amitabh |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=9 March 2010 |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> [[Shraddha Kapoor|Shaddha Kapoor]], [[Raima Sen]], [[R. Madhavan]], Dhruv Ganesh, Siddharth Kher, [[Vaibhav Talwar]], [[Saira Mohan]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], [[Tinnu Anand]], [[Shakti Kapoor]] & [[Ranjeet]]
* ''[[Badmaash Company]]'' (2010) - Directed by [[Parmeet Sethi]] - Styled the costumes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/designs-on-bollywood/story-8Bz2htu9HHKmtv3KPKdxTI.html |title=Designs on Bollywood |publisher=www.hindustantimes.com |date=24 May 2010 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> for [[Shahid Kapoor]], [[Anushka Sharma]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/style-and-substance-1986-3.html |title=Style and substance |publisher=www.filmfare.com |date=21 December 2012 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> [[Vir Das]], [[Meiyang Chang]], [[Pavan Malhotra]], [[Jameel Khan]] & [[Kiran Juneja]]
* ''[[David (2013 Hindi film)|David]]'' (2013) - Directed by [[Bejoy Nambiar]] - Styled the costumes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dressing-up-david/1067437 |title=Dressing up David |publisher=archive.indianexpress.com |date=1 February 2013 |access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/designs-on-david/article4348034.ece |title= Designs on David |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=26 January 2013 |access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-asian-age/20130127/282716224368377 |title= Dressing up 3 eras |publisher=The Asian Age via www.pressreader.com |date=27 January 2013 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> for [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/david-star-and-style/cid/341300 |title=David: star and style |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com |date=31 January 2013 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], Vinay Virmani, [[Jiiva]], [[Lara Dutta]], [[Isha Sharvani]], [[Monica Dogra]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/press-the-rewind-button/cid/1555032 |title=PRESS THE REWIND BUTTON |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com |date=12 March 2013 |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> [[Milind Soman]], [[Ajinkya Deo]], Neil Bhoopalam, [[Sarika]], Nikhil Chinapa, [[Saurabh Shukla]], [[Satish Kaushik]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Shweta Pandit]], [[Prahlad Kakkar]], [[Rohini Hattangadi]] & [[Sheetal Menon]]
* ''[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]]'' (2016) - Directed by [[Tinu Suresh Desai]] - Styled the costumes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pandolin.com/production-posts-rustom |title=Production Posts – Rustom |publisher=pandolin.com |date=10 August 2016 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-BOW-bollywood-movie-rustom-5387804-PHO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918075728/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-BOW-bollywood-movie-rustom-5387804-PHO.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 September 2016 |title=Akshay, Ileana, Esha's Look In Rustom Is Inspired from These Hollywood Actors |work=DailyBhaskar |publisher=daily.bhaskar.com |date=3 August 2016 |access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/costume-drama-how-fashion-plays-a-big-part-in-period-films/17526154 |title=Costume drama! How fashion plays a big part in period films |publisher=www.mid-day.com |date=15 August 2016 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> for [[Akshay Kumar]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-rustom-look/cid/1442219 |title=THE RUSTOM LOOK |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com |date=14 August 2016 |access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rustom-first-look-akshay-kumar-looks-impressive-dressed-as-a-navy-officer-1207624.html |title='Rustom' first look: Akshay Kumar looks impressive, dressed as a navy officer |publisher=www.news18.com |date=25 February 2016 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> [[Ileana D'Cruz]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/with-ileana-dcruz-esha-gupta-nailing-retro-fashion-in-rustom-here-are-10-ways-to-recreate-it-2968850 |title=With Ileana D'Cruz, Esha Gupta nailing retro fashion in Rustom, here are 10 ways to recreate the look |publisher=indianexpress.com |date=11 August 2016 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.johbawa.com/news/ileana-dcruz-is-nailing-vintage-parsi-fashion-in-rustom.html |title=ILEANA D'CRUZ IS NAILING VINTAGE PARSI FASHION IN 'RUSTOM' |publisher=www.johbawa.com |date=18 July 2016 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> [[Esha Gupta]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://t2online.com/entertainment/how-akshay-kumar-ileana-d-cruz-and-esha-gupta-rolled-back-to-the-50s-for-rustom/cid/4194 |title=How Akshay Kumar, Ileana D'Cruz and Esha Gupta rolled back to the 50s for Rustom |publisher=t2online.com |date=5 August 2016 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> [[Arjan Bajwa]], [[Pavan Malhotra]], [[Kumud Mishra]], [[Anang Desai]], [[Sachin Khedekar]], [[Usha Nadkarni]], [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]], [[Brijendra Kala]] & [[Parmeet Sethi]]
* ''[[Raid (2018 film)|Raid]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/lucknow/it-was-amazing-to-shoot-in-my-hometown-lucknow/articleshow/63096733.cms |title='It was amazing to shoot in my hometown, Lucknow' |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=28 February 2018 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> (2018) - Directed by [[Raj Kumar Gupta]] - Styled the costumes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/661062/she-loves-challenges.html |title=She loves challenges |publisher=www.deccanherald.com |date=23 February 2018 |access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref> for [[Ileana D'Cruz]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/fashion/celebrity-style/exclusive-raid-costume-designer-ameira-punvani-reveals-what-went-behind-curating-ileana-dcruzs-wardrobe |title=EXCLUSIVE - Raid's costume designer Ameira Punvani reveals what went behind curating Ileana D'Cruz's wardrobe |publisher=www.pinkvilla.com |date=14 March 2018 |access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref>
* ''[[Romeo Akbar Walter]]'' (2019) - Directed by Robbie Grewal - Styled the costumes for [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Mouni Roy]], [[Sikandar Kher]] & [[Suchitra Krishnamoorthi]]
* ''[[Section 375]]''(2019) - Directed by Ajay Bahl - Styled the costumes for [[Akshaye Khanna]], [[Richa Chadha]], [[Rahul Bhat]], [[Shriswara]] & [[Meera Chopra]]

=== Short films ===
* ''[[Positive (2007 film)|Positive]]'' (2007) - Directed by [[Farhan Akhtar]] - Styled the costumes for [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Boman Irani]] & [[Arjun Mathur]]
* ''Deja Vu''(2012) - Directed by [[Wong Kar-wai]] for [[Chivas Regal]] - Styled the costumes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sidharthmathawan.in/DEJA-VU-WONG-KAR-WAI |title=DÉJÀ VU: WONG KAR WAI |publisher=sidharthmathawan.in |date=2011 |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> along with [[French people|French]] [[costume designer]] [[Madeline Fontaine]]
* ''Chhuri'' (2017) - Directed by Mansi Jain - Styled the costumes for [[Tisca Chopra]], [[Surveen Chawla]] & [[Anurag Kashyap]]
* ''The Playboy Mr. Sawhney''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/the-playboy-mr-sawhney-38782/cast-crew |title=THE PLAYBOY MR. SAWHNEY |publisher=www.cinestaan.com |date=24 October 2018 |access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref> (2018) - Directed by Tariq Naved Siddiqui - Styled the costumes for [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Arjan Bajwa]], [[Sudhir Mishra|Sudhir Misra]], [[Tahir Raj Bhasin]], [[Divya Dutta]], [[Neetu Chandra]], [[Manjari Fadnis]] & Pitobash

=== Television ===
* ''[[Zara Nachke Dikha]]'' (''[[Zara Nachke Dikha#Season 2|Season 2]]'') - Styled the costumes for [[Karan Singh Grover]]

=== Web series ===
* ''[[Inside Edge (TV series)|Inside Edge]]''(Season 1) (2017) - Directed by [[Karan Anshuman]] - Styled the costumes for [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Richa Chadda|Richa Chadha]], [[Sarah-Jane Dias]], [[Angad Bedi]], [[Tanuj Virwani]], [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]], [[Sayani Gupta]], [[Sanjay Suri]] & [[Aahana Kumra]]

=== Music videos ===
* ''[[Ghoom Taana|Ghoom Tana]]'' - [[Duet]] by : [[Salman Ahmad]] & [[Shubha Mudgal]] - Directed by Saqib Malik - Styled the costumes for [[Nandita Das]]
* ''Chalte Chalte'' - The Haveli Mix - A [[remix]] of the song from the film [[Pakeezah]] - Styled the costumes for [[Roshni Chopra]] * ''Pathway to the Unknown'' - [[Duet]] by : [[Amaan Ali Khan]] & [[Ayaan Ali Khan]] - Directed by Shiraz Bhattacharya - Styled the costumes for [[Amaan Ali Khan]] & [[Ayaan Ali Khan]]
* ''Mere Baap Pehle Aap'' - Title song of the film [[Mere Baap Pehle Aap]] - Directed by [[Priyadarshan]] - Styled the costumes for [[Akshaye Khanna]]
* ''Ishq Subhan Allah'' - Song from the film [[Mere Baap Pehle Aap]] - Directed by [[Priyadarshan]] - Styled the costumes for [[Akshaye Khanna]]
* ''Khoya Khoya Chand'' - The Bartender Mix - A [[remix]] of the song from the film [[Kala Bazar]] for the film [[Shaitan (film)|Shaitan]] - Directed by [[Bejoy Nambiar]] - Styled the costumes for [[Karishma Tanna]], [[Avinash Tiwary]], [[Gulshan Devaiah]], Neil Bhoopalam, [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Kirti Kulhari]] & [[Shiv Panditt]]
* ''Fuk Fuk Fukrey'' - Title song of the film [[Fukrey]] - Directed by Shujaat Saudagar - Styled the costumes for [[Pulkit Samrat]], [[Ali Fazal]], [[Manjot Singh]], [[Varun Sharma]], [[Priya Anand]] & [[Vishakha Singh]]
* ''Lag Gayi Lottery''- Song from the film [[Fukrey]] - Directed by Shujaat Saudagar - Styled the costumes for [[Pulkit Samrat]], [[Ali Fazal]], [[Manjot Singh]], [[Varun Sharma]], [[Priya Anand]] & [[Vishakha Singh]]
* ''Tan Tan Tan''- Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan - Right to Education Scheme (Educational Initiative Video) - Directed by Shujaat Saudagar - Styled the costumes for [[Anushka Sharma]]
* ''Phool Khil Jayenge'' - Tikakaran Abhiyan - Child Immunization Scheme (Educational Initiative Video) - Directed by [[Ruchi Narain]] - Styled the costumes for [[Farhan Akhtar]]
* ''Ishq Karenge'' - Song from the film [[Bangistan]] - Directed by Shujaat Saudagar - Styled the costumes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bollynewsuk.com/2015/07/15/jacqueline-riteish-pulkit-groove-to-5-world-cultural-dances |title=Jacqueline, Riteish & Pulkit groove to 5 world cultural dances |publisher=bollynewsuk.com |date=15 July 2015 |access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref> for [[Pulkit Samrat]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] & [[Riteish Deshmukh]]
* ''Maula'' - Song from the film [[Bangistan]] - Directed by Shujaat Saudagar - Styled the costumes for [[Pulkit Samrat]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] & [[Riteish Deshmukh]]
* ''You Know What I Mean'' - Song from the film [[Rock On 2]] - Directed by [[Farah Khan]] - Styled the costumes for [[Farhan Akhtar]], Luke Kenny, [[Arjun Rampal]] & [[Purab Kohli]]
* ''Kudi Daru Wargi Aa'' - Song from the film [[Why Cheat India]] - Directed by Nitin Parmar - Styled the costumes for [[Emraan Hashmi]] & [[Shreya Dhanwanthary]]

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Award !! Category !! Result
|-
|| [[53rd Filmfare Awards|2008]] || [[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]] || [[Filmfare Awards]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]] || {{nom}}{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
|-
|| 2017 || [[Rustom (film)|Rustom]] || [[Stardust Awards]] || Best Costume Design || {{nom}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-stardust-awards-2016/ |title=Nominations for Stardust Awards 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=19 December 2016 |access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|2396247}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/tag/ameira-punvani/ Ameira Punvani] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punvani, Ameira}}
[[Category:Indian costume designers]]
[[Category:Indian fashion stylists]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]

Siddhu Kumar

2025-11-19T04:30:17Z

VanessaColls18: adding new biography...

{{Short description|Indian music director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Siddhu Kumar
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|10|06}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
| education =
| occupation = Composer, song writer, singer
| years_active = 2012–present
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
}}

'''Siddhu Kumar''' is an Indian music director who works predominantly in [[Tamil cinema]]. He made his debut as a music director with ''[[Sivappu Manjal Pachai]]''.<ref name="T">{{Cite news |date=2021-09-04 |title=Music videos will add diversity to our non-film music scene: Siddhu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-videos-will-add-diversity-to-our-non-film-music-scene-siddhu/articleshow/85900166.cms |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2019, Siddhu Kumar made his debut with ''[[Sivappu Manjal Pachai]]'', which was well-received for its musical arrangements.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-review-sivappu-manjal-pachai/articleshow/71010656.cms|title=Music Review: Sivappu Manjal Pachai|date=7 September 2019|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/23357/sivappu-manjal-pachai-songs---music-review|title=Sivappu Manjal Pachai Songs – Music Review|website=Movie Crow}}</ref>

In 2021, he worked on an independent project for [[Think Music India]]. He composed the track ''Adipoli'' and directed the music video.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-21 |title=Watch: Sivaangi and Vineeth's Tamil track 'Adipoli' recreates Onam celebrations |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/watch-sivaangi-and-vineeth-s-tamil-track-adipoli-recreates-onam-celebrations-154199 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, he composed another two films: ''[[Trip (film)|Trip]]'' and ''[[Anandham Vilayadum Veedu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-20 |title=Anandham Vilayadum Veedu will be a beautiful treat for all audiences: Siddhu Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/anandham-vilayadum-veedu-will-be-a-beautiful-treat-for-all-audiences-sidhu-kumar/articleshow/88397297.cms |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He also scored for [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]’s ''[[Bachelor (2021 film)|Bachelor]]'' that year as well, in which he did the background score for the film and composed a song, "Maalai Nera Theneer".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bachelor (Original Background Score) by Siddhu Kumar on Apple Music |date=2022-01-25 |url=https://music.apple.com/my/album/bachelor-original-background-score/1607329898 |access-date=2024-03-25 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 2023, he composed music for three films: ''[[Kannai Nambathey]]'', ''[[Theera Kaadhal]]'', and ''[[Joe (2023 film)|Joe]]''.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

== Filmography ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= April 2024}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Notes
|-
|2019
|''[[Sivappu Manjal Pachai]]''
|
|-
| 2020
|''Kadhal Ondru Kanden''
| Short film
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Trip (film)|Trip]]''
|
|-
|''[[Bachelor (2021 film)|Bachelor]]''
|1 song
|-
|''[[Anandham Vilayadum Veedu]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''[[Kannai Nambathey]]''
|
|-
|''[[Theera Kaadhal]]''
|
|-
|''[[Joe (2023 film)|Joe]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Rebel (2024 film)|Rebel]]''
| Only additional score
|-
|''[[Sir (2024 film)|Sir]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Aan Paavam Pollathathu]]''
|
|-
|''[[Aaromaley]]''
|
|}

=== Music video ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2021
|''Adipoli''
|[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar|Sivaangi K.]] || Also actor
|<ref name="T"/>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|10695561}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Siddhu}}
[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1993 births]]

Basanta

2025-11-18T14:07:46Z

VanessaColls18: New stub

{{Wikt|hi:बसन्त}}

'''Basanta''' may refer to:

*[[Basanta Bahadur Rana]], Indian athlete
*[[Basanta Choudhury]], Indian actor
*[[Basanta Kumar Biswas]], Indian independence activist
*[[Basanta Kumar Das (disambiguation)]]
*[[Basanta Kumar Nemwang]], Nepalese politician
*[[Basanta Mullick]], Indian Judge
*[[Basanta Regmi]], Nepalese cricketer
*[[José María Basanta]], Argentine footballer
*[[Basanta Utsav (film)|''Basanta Utsav'' (film)]], a 2013 Indian Bengali-language film

== See also ==
*[[Vasanta (disambiguation)]]
*[[Basant (disambiguation)]]
*[[Basanti (disambiguation)]]
*[[Basanta Uṯsab]], an Indian spring festival

{{Disambiguation}}

Patuli, Kolkata

2025-09-28T00:05:36Z

VanessaColls18: made basic entry added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Patuli
|official_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta)
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|pushpin_mapsize =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = City
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = {{Bulleted list|[[Kavi Nazrul Metro Station|Kavi Nazrul]]|[[Shahid Khudiram metro station|Shahid Khudiram]]|[[Kavi Subhash Metro Station|Kavi Subhash]]}}
| subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] Ward
| subdivision_name5 = [[Ward No. 101, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|101]], [[Ward No. 110, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|110]]
|government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
|governing_body = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|demographics_type1 = Languages
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5:30
|coordinates = {{coord|22.4714|N|88.3844|E|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 700084, 700094
|area_code_type = Telephone code
|area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jadavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Patuli''' is a locality of [[South Kolkata]] in [[West Bengal]], India. It is a part of [[Garia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/baishnabghat-patuli_township_3d8899|title=Baishnabghat-Patuli Township|publisher=KMDA|access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Geography of Kolkata]]

G. Nageswara Reddy

2025-09-13T00:10:17Z

VanessaColls18: New info - done

{{short description|*Director:* Eeshwar (Gabu Nageswar Reddy), also known as Gabu Eeshwar Reddy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}

'''G. Nageswara Reddy''' ({{langx|te|జి.నాగేశ్వర రెడ్ది}}) is an [[Indian film]] director, known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He worked as an assistant director to [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]], for several films like ''[[Rajendrudu Gajendrudu]]'', ''[[Mayalodu]]'', ''[[Yamaleela]]'', ''[[Subhalagnam]]'', ''[[Number One (1994 film)|Number One]]'', ''[[Ghatotkachudu]]'', ''[[Vajram (1995 film)|Vajram]]'' and ''[[Maavichiguru]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/230118/my-strength-lies-in-comedy-films-says-g-nageswara-reddy.html|title=My strength lies in comedy films, says G Nageswara Reddy}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
!Year !! Film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001 || ''[[6 Teens]]''
|-
| ''Ide Naa Modati Premalekha ''
|-
|2002 || ''[[Girl Friend (2002 film)|Girl Friend]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003 || ''[[Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnula Pelli]] ''
|-
| ''[[Nenu Seetamahalakshmi]]''
|-
|2005 || ''[[Good Boy (2005 film)|Good Boy]]''
|-
|2007 || ''[[Seema Sastry]]''
|-
|2009 || ''[[Kasko]]''
|-
|2011 || ''[[Seema Tapakai]] ''
|-
|2012 || ''[[Dhenikaina Ready]] ''
|-
|2014 || ''[[Current Theega]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016 || ''[[Eedo Rakam Aado Rakam]]''
|-
| {{Lang|te-latn|[[Aatadukundam Raa]]}}<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.indiaglitz.com/sushanth-confident-on-aatadukundam-raa-telugu-news-148554.html| title = Sushanth confident on Aatadukundam Raa - Telugu News - IndiaGlitz.com}} </ref>
|-
|''[[Intlo Deyyam Nakem Bhayam]]''
|-
|2018 ||''[[Achari America Yatra]]''
|-
|2019||''[[Tenali Ramakrishna BA. BL]]''
|-
|2021|| ''[[Gully Rowdy]]''
|-
|}
;As writer
*''[[Bujji Ila Raa]]'' (2022)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3139460}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, G. Nageswara}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri

2025-08-24T09:08:33Z

VanessaColls18: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Diocese of Dharmapuri]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Tertiary sector of the economy

2025-08-14T23:34:47Z

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#REDIRECT [[Tertiary sector]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

SVR PU College

2025-07-27T22:27:03Z

VanessaColls18:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{orphan|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| name =
| logo =
| type = [[Pre-University course|Pre-University College]]
| affiliation = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| address = SVR Pre-University College, Chinmaya Vidya Mandira Campus, Samasandrapalya, 2nd Sector, H.S.R. Layout,
| city = [[Bangalore]] 560102
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| established =
| gender = Coeducational
| grades = I PUC & II PUC
| country = [[India]]
| information = +91 80469 24292
| website = [https://www.deekshalearning.com/campus/svr-pu-college SVR Pre-University College]
}}

'''SVR PU College''' is a [[pre-university course|pre-university college]] in [[Bangalore | Bangalore, Karnataka, India]].<ref>Retrieved from Google Maps https://www.google.com/maps/place/Deeksha,+HSR+Layout,+Bengaluru/@12.899341,77.651948,11z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x27928eee04d103ab!8m2!3d12.899341!4d77.651948?hl=en-US</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.deekshalearning.com/campus/svr-pu-college|title=SVR Pre-University College location in HSR Layout}}</ref> It is affiliated to Karnataka Pre-University Education Board.<ref>Retrieved from Department of Pre University Education, Karnataka http://www.pue.kar.nic.in/PUE/PDF_files/colleges/AS.pdf</ref> It is located in Samasandrapalya, HSR Layout.<ref>Retrieved from National Informatics Centre, Karnataka State Unit http://www.kar.nic.in/pue/PUE/PDF_files/colleges/AS.pdf</ref><ref>Retrieved from Wikimapia http://wikimapia.org/9425587/SVR-Public-School-SVR-PU-Degree-College-Chinmaya-Vidya-Mandira</ref>

==Streams offered==
The college offers courses in the below mentioned science streams 
1. '''PCMB -''' [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]], [[Mathematics]], [[Biology]] 
2. '''PCMC -''' [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]], [[Mathematics]], [[Computer Science]]

==Facilities==
1. Laboratories 
2. Library 
3. Canteen 
4. Play Ground 
5. Transport Facility

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|12|53|57.7|N|77|39|07.0|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Pre-university colleges in Karnataka]]

Guntata Hriday He

2025-07-05T19:00:19Z

VanessaColls18:

{{Short description|Marathi-language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Guntata Hriday He.jpeg
| image_size =
| genre = [[Horror film|Horror]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer =
| director = [[Satish Rajwade]]
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 164
| list_episodes =
| company =
| producer =
| news_editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2011|6|27}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2012|1|13}}
| related =
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
}}

'''''Guntata Hriday He''''' is an Indian [[Marathi-language]] television series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ZEE Marathi to expand its prime time|url=https://www.zee.com/in-the-news/zee-marathi-to-expand-its-prime-time/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Marathi expands its prime time|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/industry-briefing-news/zee-marathi-expands-its-prime-time-42646.html|website=Exchange4media}}</ref> It starred [[Mrinal Kulkarni]] in lead role.<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘गुंतता’च्या गुंत्यात पुरुष प्रेक्षकही|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/MAG-rasik-article-on-soap-opera-2489274.html|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='गुंतता -हदय हे'मधील रहस्‍यांचा गुंता सुटणार का?|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-guntata-hriday-he-major-twist-2624720.html|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>
==Plot==
The storyline revolves around Naina and Vikram, a content couple with a unique family dynamic. Although Naina's parents live with them, Vikram takes charge of his father-in-law's business. Vikram's parents, however, don't share a warm relationship with him, especially his father, who never approves of Vikram. Despite this, Naina manages to secure Vikram's commitment to their marriage, even amidst his father's disapproval.

Mayank, Vikram's friend and business partner, adds another layer of complexity to the narrative. Vikram harbors a bit of resentment towards Mayank, yet Ananya, who works with Vikram, develops a romantic connection with him. Ananya, married to a naval officer, faces the challenges of a long-distance relationship. Eventually, Ananya and Vikram find themselves drawn to each other romantically, leading to a complex and unconventional relationship. In the end, both Vikram and Ananya must navigate the intricacies of their personal lives, including unexpected and mysterious events that bring about significant changes in their perspectives.

As the plot unfolds, unforeseen incidents disrupt the seemingly smooth course of their lives, introducing an element of suspense and mystery. These events not only impact Vikram and Ananya but also have a transformative effect on their emotional landscapes. The narrative takes unexpected turns, pushing both characters to confront challenges and uncertainties. Amidst crises, Vikram and Ananya find themselves facing the repercussions of these mysterious occurrences, leading to a paradigm shift in their emotional worlds. The unfolding events also bring a new character into the picture, someone intimately connected to the twists and turns of Vikram and Ananya's lives. The story explores how they grapple with adversity, evolve as individuals, and build connections amidst the unforeseen mysteries that life unfolds before them.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Mrinal Kulkarni]] as Nayana Banarase
* [[Ritika Shrotri]] as Devi Banarase
* [[Sandeep Kulkarni]] as Vikram Banarase

=== Recurring ===
* [[Vivek Lagoo]] as Vishwas Sahastrabuddhe, Nayana's father
* Sagar Talashikar as Mayank Dhurandar, Vikram's business partner
* [[Pallavi Subhash]] as Ananya
* [[Mohan Agashe]] as Ananya's father-in-law
* Madhavi Soman as Bhagyashree, Nayana's friend
* Sneha Majgaonkar as Gauri
* Shivraj Walvekar as Shailesh, Police Inspector and Vikram's friend
* Angad Mhaskar as Abhay, Ananya's husband
* [[Ajay Purkar]] as Kapil Bhutkar, Private detective, Fake Vinay Vengurlekar
* Asha Shelar as Lata, Househelp in Nayana's House
* [[Tushar Dalvi]] as Avinash, Nayana's friend

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Awards 2011]]
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|Best Actress
|rowspan="2"|[[Mrinal Kulkarni]]
|rowspan="2"|Nayana Banarase
|rowspan="5"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘झी मराठी पुरस्कार सोहळा’: ‘पिंजरा’ मालिकेस सर्वाधिक पुरस्कार|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-zee-marathi-awards-function-2011-2438008.html|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Mother
|-
|Best Character Male
|Sagar Talashikar
|Mayank Banarase
|-
|Best Child Character
|[[Ritika Shrotri]]
|Devi Banarase
|-
|Best Supporting Male
|[[Vivek Lagoo]]
|Vishwas Banarase
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web | url = http://www.zeemarathi.com/Zee_Archives.aspx?zhid=503 | title = Guntata Hriday He | archive-date = 2014-04-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140421072010/http://www.zeemarathi.com/Zee_Archives.aspx?zhid=503 | access-date = 2022-11-30 | url-status = live }}
* {{IMDb title|tt7504176}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/guntata-hriday-he/0-6-56 ''Guntata Hriday He''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series endings]]

Abdul Salam (Indian politician)

2025-06-05T12:20:12Z

VanessaColls18: New new post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Haji Abdul Salam
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name=
| birth_date = {{birth date|1948|3|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = Heibong Makhong, [[Manipur]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|2|28|1948|3|1|df=y}}
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] for [[Manipur]]
| term_start = 10 April 2014
| term_end= 28 February 2017
| predecessor = ?
| successor = [[Bhabananda Singh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Haji Abdul Salam''' (1 March 1948 – 28 February 2017) was an Indian politician. He represented the state of [[Manipur]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] from 2014 until his death in 2017. He was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="mn-gov">{{cite web |title=Haji Abdul Salam - Member Of Parliament |url=http://manipur.gov.in/?page_id=697 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531124711/http://manipur.gov.in/?page_id=697 |archive-date=May 31, 2020 |accessdate=12 October 2015 |website=[[Government of Manipur]]}}</ref> Salam had previously been a member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Wabgai Assembly constituency]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Congress Rajya Sabha member from Manipur, Haji Abdul Salam passes away |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/congress-rajya-sabha-mp-from-manipur-haji-abdul-salam-passes-away/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302035132/https://thenortheasttoday.com/congress-rajya-sabha-mp-from-manipur-haji-abdul-salam-passes-away/ |archive-date=2017-03-02 |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=The Northeast Today}}</ref>

Salam died on 28 February 2017 at the age of 68.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salam Haji Abdul}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Thoubal district]]

{{Manipur-INC-politician-stub}}

Pragathi Dharmaram

2025-05-26T16:09:50Z

VanessaColls18: made basic data added tags - done

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pragathi Dharmaram
| other_name = Earlier known as D. Dharmaram
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Close pedthum.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Pedda tuumu
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.059936|N|78.500388|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Medak
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 240
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4999
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 21
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 502101
| registration_plate = TG
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 51.37%
| website = {{URL|www.ddharmaram.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
''' Pragathi Dharmaram''' is a village situated in [[Medak district]], [[India]],<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> with [[Ramayampet]] as its mandal headquarters.

==ZPHS High School==
ZPHS (Zilla Parishat High School), Dharmaram is one of the oldest schools in [[Medak district]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

{{Medak district}}
[[Category:Villages in Medak district]]